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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Update: April 19, 2018\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Oakland reports the operator of a debris-hauling business has refused to halt operations, in violation of a court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The injunction, issued April 3, ordered Moacir Santos to cease transporting debris to and from his West Oakland warehouse. The injunction followed the filing of a lawsuit by the city claiming Santos was harming air quality in the neighborhood, allowing contaminated water to flow into the city’s storm-water system and violating Oakland’s zoning laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are closely monitoring Santos’ operations and will submit evidence to the court to hold defendants in contempt if necessary,” City Attorney Barbara Parker said in a statement Thursday. “It is unconscionable and contemptible for anyone to try to profit from poisoning the neighborhood – including the children and adults who live there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is also alleging that a man who had been speaking on behalf of the company and who identified himself as “Jim Wolf” is actually James Philip Lucero, \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/south-bay-resident-convicted-illegal-dumping-wetlands-and-other-protected-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">convicted\u003c/a> in February of violating the Federal Clean Water Act for discharging waste and pollutants into protected wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santos declined to comment on the city’s most recent accusations and referred KQED to his attorney, who has yet to return a message left with his office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Original post from Feb. 8, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Oakland has filed an environmental justice lawsuit against debris-hauling company Santos Engineering for allegedly releasing harmful dust emissions into the surrounding neighborhood and contributing to heightened levels of diesel pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/NLC/People%20v.%20Santos%20Engineering%20et%20al.%20-%20Complaint%20(file-stamped).pdf\"> complaint\u003c/a>, filed in late January, says the company’s operations are a public nuisance that pose a “grave and immediate threat to the health and safety of Oakland residents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Ul09RImqllzWU3EFG9cmyhOBlbfcoGyH”]City Attorney Barbara Parker wants a court to issue an injunction that would force the company to immediately suspend operations. The city is also seeking punitive damages on behalf of West Oakland residents, who say they their health has suffered since the company began operating last July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moacir Santos, the owner of the company, called the allegations baseless and accused the city of caving in to “rumors” aimed at discrediting his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The neighbors want to shut down businesses like mine to make the area more residential,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919676\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919676 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diesel excavator owned by Santos Engineering sits in his facility. \u003ccite>(Amel Ahmed/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city’s lawsuit comes shortly after a federal civil rights complaint was filed last spring by a group of black residents who say the city has compromised their health with diesel emissions. The civil rights complaint accuses the city of engaging in a “pattern of neglect and systemic disregard” for the well-being of residents, ignoring input from West Oakland neighborhoods in favor of industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, two federal agencies \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LaNXgfAe148QJJ5G8aXzleQjdLPY_kWh4oUaZ64AKSFMIHw2NIasR5q4nm3NvLPl7q0xiQZ9vMqdzSpH/view\">announced\u003c/a> last July that they were launching a formal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Wake Up With My Eyes Swollen’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HIelmBvmdH8ga9DVwNls7RrlslYCfW7j”]West Oakland residents like 71-year-old Barbara Johnson complain of experiencing symptoms like difficulty breathing, severe allergies, lightheadness and severe coughing since Santos Engineering started operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wake up with my eyes swollen,” said Johnson, who lives directly across the street from the warehouse with her two grandchildren.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919481\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919481 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1020x1022.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-800x801.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-768x769.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1920x1923.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1180x1182.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-960x962.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-375x376.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-520x521.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Johnson, 71, poses with her two grandchildren, Lawrence, 8, and Marley, 10. Johnson said ever since Santos Engineering opened its operations in the neighborhood, her family has suffered from respiratory problems. \u003ccite>(Amel Ahmed / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the company opened, Johnson says she began noticing coatings of dust on neighborhood cars and homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust got so bad, she said, that she had to send her grandchildren away to stay with relatives during the recent winter break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We let them get away so they can breathe and get fresh air,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report issued by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District said an inspector who visited the facility in September observed dust emissions and a large diesel excavator that was being used to load construction debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No water was being used to control fugitive dust which was drifting out of the building,” the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint also alleges that the company uses a diesel excavator to pulverize construction material such as drywall, a known source of asbestos, and fiberglass, an irritant that can aggravate respiratory disorders such as asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘ I need guidance from the city.’\u003ccite>Moacir Santos, Santos Engineering\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Santos denied storing any drywall and fiberglass in his facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland Fire Department conducted its own inspection in January and found the company to be in violation of the city’s fire regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city also accuses the company of allowing its trucks to drive along prohibited residential streets, contributing to heightened levels of diesel pollution in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Santos said that he has been fully cooperative with the city and that he has made all the requested modifications to his facility following the citations he received from the fire department and BAAQMD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a recent tour of his facility, Santos pointed to some of these corrective measures, including adding overhead ventilation panels and installing a sprinkler system to wash away stray dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After the inspector came here, I made all the changes they asked me to and emailed the inspector pictures as proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from being a bad neighbor, Santos said, he has even employed local homeless people to clean his trucks in an effort to promote positive community relations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been paying the homeless to wash my trucks to make the dust go down,” he said. When asked where the dust came from, Santos blamed it on other “passing trucks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santos said that at this point, he is not sure what more can be done to stop the neighbors from complaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I need guidance from the city,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Environmental Injustice’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For City Attorney Parker, however, actions taken by Santos don’t go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can make some changes but it’s not fixing the bigger problem,” said Alex Katz, Parker’s chief of staff. “Neighbors to this day are still complaining about the dust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a neighborhood historically plagued by air pollution, the complaint says the community has suffered long enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is the story of environmental racism and unequal protection.’\u003ccite>Robert Bullard, Texas Southern University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the country’s fifth largest container port, West Oakland is littered with rail and trucking facilities. The city has 90 times more diesel pollution per square mile on average than the rest of the state, according to a 2013 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacinst.org/reports/diesel/clearing_the_air_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> by the nonprofit Pacific Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who live in West Oakland can expect to live nine years less than other Californians due to the poor air quality, according to a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.acphd.org/media/401560/cumulative-health-impacts-east-west-oakland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor neighborhoods like West Oakland are often disproportionately exposed to toxic facilities, according to the complaint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scholar Robert Bullard, widely known as the father of the environmental justice movement, called the accusations against Santos Engineering a “textbook case” of environmental injustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the story of environmental racism and unequal protection. The fact that you have dust blowing across this vulnerable community, actions should be taken to immediately halt this operation,” said Bullard, a distinguished professor at Texas Southern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One landmark \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> spanning 20 years found that more than half of the people who live within 1.86 miles of toxic waste facilities are people of color. Their proximity to hazardous sites exposes them to higher rates of air pollution than people in predominantly white neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally, it takes more time and effort to get these industries to stop when it’s happening in a low-income or community of color than in a white affluent community in the suburbs,” Bullard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Santos said he has no problem with making additional modifications to his facility, including dealing with the alleged dust problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If dust is the problem, I’ll resolve all this in 20 to 25,000 dollars. I can make this place perfect.” He added that city inspectors have never actually tested his facility for toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Katz said the city isn’t required to test the facility in order to file a public nuisance claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a business that hauls construction debris from all over the Bay Area. And while no one has gone out and collected the dust to test it, if the neighbors are still complaining . . . our office considers this to be serious enough to ask the court to intervene.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city now waits to see if a judge agrees with them and issues an order to stop the company’s operations.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Oakland Says Debris Company Still Polluting, Defying Court Order | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Update: April 19, 2018\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Oakland reports the operator of a debris-hauling business has refused to halt operations, in violation of a court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The injunction, issued April 3, ordered Moacir Santos to cease transporting debris to and from his West Oakland warehouse. The injunction followed the filing of a lawsuit by the city claiming Santos was harming air quality in the neighborhood, allowing contaminated water to flow into the city’s storm-water system and violating Oakland’s zoning laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are closely monitoring Santos’ operations and will submit evidence to the court to hold defendants in contempt if necessary,” City Attorney Barbara Parker said in a statement Thursday. “It is unconscionable and contemptible for anyone to try to profit from poisoning the neighborhood – including the children and adults who live there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is also alleging that a man who had been speaking on behalf of the company and who identified himself as “Jim Wolf” is actually James Philip Lucero, \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/south-bay-resident-convicted-illegal-dumping-wetlands-and-other-protected-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">convicted\u003c/a> in February of violating the Federal Clean Water Act for discharging waste and pollutants into protected wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santos declined to comment on the city’s most recent accusations and referred KQED to his attorney, who has yet to return a message left with his office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Original post from Feb. 8, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Oakland has filed an environmental justice lawsuit against debris-hauling company Santos Engineering for allegedly releasing harmful dust emissions into the surrounding neighborhood and contributing to heightened levels of diesel pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/NLC/People%20v.%20Santos%20Engineering%20et%20al.%20-%20Complaint%20(file-stamped).pdf\"> complaint\u003c/a>, filed in late January, says the company’s operations are a public nuisance that pose a “grave and immediate threat to the health and safety of Oakland residents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>City Attorney Barbara Parker wants a court to issue an injunction that would force the company to immediately suspend operations. The city is also seeking punitive damages on behalf of West Oakland residents, who say they their health has suffered since the company began operating last July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moacir Santos, the owner of the company, called the allegations baseless and accused the city of caving in to “rumors” aimed at discrediting his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The neighbors want to shut down businesses like mine to make the area more residential,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919676\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919676 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diesel excavator owned by Santos Engineering sits in his facility. \u003ccite>(Amel Ahmed/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city’s lawsuit comes shortly after a federal civil rights complaint was filed last spring by a group of black residents who say the city has compromised their health with diesel emissions. The civil rights complaint accuses the city of engaging in a “pattern of neglect and systemic disregard” for the well-being of residents, ignoring input from West Oakland neighborhoods in favor of industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, two federal agencies \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LaNXgfAe148QJJ5G8aXzleQjdLPY_kWh4oUaZ64AKSFMIHw2NIasR5q4nm3NvLPl7q0xiQZ9vMqdzSpH/view\">announced\u003c/a> last July that they were launching a formal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Wake Up With My Eyes Swollen’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>West Oakland residents like 71-year-old Barbara Johnson complain of experiencing symptoms like difficulty breathing, severe allergies, lightheadness and severe coughing since Santos Engineering started operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wake up with my eyes swollen,” said Johnson, who lives directly across the street from the warehouse with her two grandchildren.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919481\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919481 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1020x1022.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-800x801.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-768x769.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1920x1923.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1180x1182.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-960x962.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-375x376.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-520x521.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Johnson, 71, poses with her two grandchildren, Lawrence, 8, and Marley, 10. Johnson said ever since Santos Engineering opened its operations in the neighborhood, her family has suffered from respiratory problems. \u003ccite>(Amel Ahmed / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the company opened, Johnson says she began noticing coatings of dust on neighborhood cars and homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust got so bad, she said, that she had to send her grandchildren away to stay with relatives during the recent winter break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We let them get away so they can breathe and get fresh air,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report issued by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District said an inspector who visited the facility in September observed dust emissions and a large diesel excavator that was being used to load construction debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No water was being used to control fugitive dust which was drifting out of the building,” the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint also alleges that the company uses a diesel excavator to pulverize construction material such as drywall, a known source of asbestos, and fiberglass, an irritant that can aggravate respiratory disorders such as asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘ I need guidance from the city.’\u003ccite>Moacir Santos, Santos Engineering\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Santos denied storing any drywall and fiberglass in his facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland Fire Department conducted its own inspection in January and found the company to be in violation of the city’s fire regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city also accuses the company of allowing its trucks to drive along prohibited residential streets, contributing to heightened levels of diesel pollution in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Santos said that he has been fully cooperative with the city and that he has made all the requested modifications to his facility following the citations he received from the fire department and BAAQMD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a recent tour of his facility, Santos pointed to some of these corrective measures, including adding overhead ventilation panels and installing a sprinkler system to wash away stray dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After the inspector came here, I made all the changes they asked me to and emailed the inspector pictures as proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from being a bad neighbor, Santos said, he has even employed local homeless people to clean his trucks in an effort to promote positive community relations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been paying the homeless to wash my trucks to make the dust go down,” he said. When asked where the dust came from, Santos blamed it on other “passing trucks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santos said that at this point, he is not sure what more can be done to stop the neighbors from complaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I need guidance from the city,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Environmental Injustice’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For City Attorney Parker, however, actions taken by Santos don’t go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can make some changes but it’s not fixing the bigger problem,” said Alex Katz, Parker’s chief of staff. “Neighbors to this day are still complaining about the dust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a neighborhood historically plagued by air pollution, the complaint says the community has suffered long enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is the story of environmental racism and unequal protection.’\u003ccite>Robert Bullard, Texas Southern University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the country’s fifth largest container port, West Oakland is littered with rail and trucking facilities. The city has 90 times more diesel pollution per square mile on average than the rest of the state, according to a 2013 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacinst.org/reports/diesel/clearing_the_air_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> by the nonprofit Pacific Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who live in West Oakland can expect to live nine years less than other Californians due to the poor air quality, according to a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.acphd.org/media/401560/cumulative-health-impacts-east-west-oakland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor neighborhoods like West Oakland are often disproportionately exposed to toxic facilities, according to the complaint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scholar Robert Bullard, widely known as the father of the environmental justice movement, called the accusations against Santos Engineering a “textbook case” of environmental injustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the story of environmental racism and unequal protection. The fact that you have dust blowing across this vulnerable community, actions should be taken to immediately halt this operation,” said Bullard, a distinguished professor at Texas Southern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One landmark \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> spanning 20 years found that more than half of the people who live within 1.86 miles of toxic waste facilities are people of color. Their proximity to hazardous sites exposes them to higher rates of air pollution than people in predominantly white neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally, it takes more time and effort to get these industries to stop when it’s happening in a low-income or community of color than in a white affluent community in the suburbs,” Bullard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Santos said he has no problem with making additional modifications to his facility, including dealing with the alleged dust problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If dust is the problem, I’ll resolve all this in 20 to 25,000 dollars. I can make this place perfect.” He added that city inspectors have never actually tested his facility for toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Katz said the city isn’t required to test the facility in order to file a public nuisance claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a business that hauls construction debris from all over the Bay Area. And while no one has gone out and collected the dust to test it, if the neighbors are still complaining . . . our office considers this to be serious enough to ask the court to intervene.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city now waits to see if a judge agrees with them and issues an order to stop the company’s operations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the first time, a treatment that boosts the immune system greatly improved survival in people newly diagnosed with the most common form of lung cancer. It’s the biggest win so far for immunotherapy, which has had much of its success until now in less common cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, Merck’s Keytruda, given with standard chemotherapy, cut in half the risk of dying or having the cancer worsen, compared to chemo alone after nearly one year. The results are expected to quickly set a new standard of care for about 70,000 patients each year in the United States whose lung cancer has already spread by the time it’s found.[contextly_sidebar id=”F91JtPkny8aMmVDgSzhDCLKl8i9h66i6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study found that an immunotherapy combo — the Bristol-Myers Squibb drugs Opdivo and Yervoy — worked better than chemo for delaying the time until cancer worsened in advanced lung cancer patients whose tumors have many gene flaws, as nearly half do. But the benefit lasted less than two months on average and it’s too soon to know if the combo improves overall survival, as Keytruda did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these immune therapy treatments worked for only about half of patients, but that’s far better than chemo has done in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not nearly where we need to be yet,” said Dr. Roy Herbst, a Yale Cancer Center lung expert who had no role in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results were discussed Monday at an American Association for Cancer Research conference in Chicago and published by the New England Journal of Medicine. The studies were sponsored by the drugmakers, and many study leaders and Herbst consult for the companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Drugs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda, Yervoy and Opdivo are called checkpoint inhibitors. They remove a cloak that some cancer cells have that hides them from the immune system. The drugs are given through IVs and cost about $12,500 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda was approved last year as an initial treatment with chemo for the most common form of advanced lung cancer, but doctors have been leery to use it because that was based on a small study that did not show whether it prolongs life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”H5opvucYu977iQMrSp93NaQuUngGsm4g”]The new study, led by Dr. Leena Gandhi of NYU’s Perlmutter Cancer Center, gives that proof. In it, 616 patients were given chemo and some also received Keytruda. Those not given Keytruda were allowed to switch to it if their cancer worsened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After one year, 69 percent of people originally assigned to Keytruda were alive versus 49 percent of the others — a result that experts called remarkable considering that the second group’s survival was improved because half of them wound up switching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much it ultimately will extend life isn’t known — more than half in the Keytruda group are still alive; median survival was just over 11 months for the others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keytruda combo also delayed the time until cancer worsened — an average of nine months versus five months for the chemo-only group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a big difference for such an advanced cancer, said Dr. Alice Shaw, a Massachusetts General Hospital lung cancer expert and one of the conference leaders. “This is really a pivotal study … a new standard of care,” said Shaw, who has no ties to the drugmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of serious side effects were similar, but twice as many in the Keytruda group dropped out because of them. More than 4 percent of that group developed lung inflammation and three patients died of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Hellmann of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York led a study testing the Opdivo-Yervoy combo versus chemo in a slightly different group of newly diagnosed advanced lung cancer patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study design was changed after it was underway to look at results according to patients’ tumor mutation burden — a measure of how flawed their cancer genes are, according to a profiling test by Foundation Medicine. Medicare recently agreed to cover the $3,000 test for advanced cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of 679 patients, 299 had a high number of gene flaws in their tumors. In that group, survival without worsening of disease was 43 percent after one year for those on the immunotherapy drugs versus 13 percent of those on chemo. The immunotherapy drugs did not help people with fewer tumor gene flaws.[contextly_sidebar id=”k103627drh9G9sgLgZTkEEvh7CJBZPBb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a tool that helps us determine who are the patients that are most likely to benefit from this combination,” Hellmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median time until cancer worsened was about 7 months on the immunotherapy drugs versus 5.5 months for chemo. Serious side effects were a little more common in the chemo group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another rival, Genentech, recently announced that its checkpoint inhibitor, Tecentriq, improved survival in a study similar to the one testing Keytruda. Details are expected in a couple months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"se0:a5bebef0-20f0-11e8-bcf7-7ddee2fbdb58\" class=\"social-embed\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"display-block\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time, a treatment that boosts the immune system greatly improved survival in people newly diagnosed with the most common form of lung cancer. It’s the biggest win so far for immunotherapy, which has had much of its success until now in less common cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, Merck’s Keytruda, given with standard chemotherapy, cut in half the risk of dying or having the cancer worsen, compared to chemo alone after nearly one year. The results are expected to quickly set a new standard of care for about 70,000 patients each year in the United States whose lung cancer has already spread by the time it’s found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study found that an immunotherapy combo — the Bristol-Myers Squibb drugs Opdivo and Yervoy — worked better than chemo for delaying the time until cancer worsened in advanced lung cancer patients whose tumors have many gene flaws, as nearly half do. But the benefit lasted less than two months on average and it’s too soon to know if the combo improves overall survival, as Keytruda did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these immune therapy treatments worked for only about half of patients, but that’s far better than chemo has done in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not nearly where we need to be yet,” said Dr. Roy Herbst, a Yale Cancer Center lung expert who had no role in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results were discussed Monday at an American Association for Cancer Research conference in Chicago and published by the New England Journal of Medicine. The studies were sponsored by the drugmakers, and many study leaders and Herbst consult for the companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Drugs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda, Yervoy and Opdivo are called checkpoint inhibitors. They remove a cloak that some cancer cells have that hides them from the immune system. The drugs are given through IVs and cost about $12,500 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda was approved last year as an initial treatment with chemo for the most common form of advanced lung cancer, but doctors have been leery to use it because that was based on a small study that did not show whether it prolongs life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The new study, led by Dr. Leena Gandhi of NYU’s Perlmutter Cancer Center, gives that proof. In it, 616 patients were given chemo and some also received Keytruda. Those not given Keytruda were allowed to switch to it if their cancer worsened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After one year, 69 percent of people originally assigned to Keytruda were alive versus 49 percent of the others — a result that experts called remarkable considering that the second group’s survival was improved because half of them wound up switching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much it ultimately will extend life isn’t known — more than half in the Keytruda group are still alive; median survival was just over 11 months for the others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keytruda combo also delayed the time until cancer worsened — an average of nine months versus five months for the chemo-only group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a big difference for such an advanced cancer, said Dr. Alice Shaw, a Massachusetts General Hospital lung cancer expert and one of the conference leaders. “This is really a pivotal study … a new standard of care,” said Shaw, who has no ties to the drugmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of serious side effects were similar, but twice as many in the Keytruda group dropped out because of them. More than 4 percent of that group developed lung inflammation and three patients died of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Hellmann of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York led a study testing the Opdivo-Yervoy combo versus chemo in a slightly different group of newly diagnosed advanced lung cancer patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study design was changed after it was underway to look at results according to patients’ tumor mutation burden — a measure of how flawed their cancer genes are, according to a profiling test by Foundation Medicine. Medicare recently agreed to cover the $3,000 test for advanced cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of 679 patients, 299 had a high number of gene flaws in their tumors. In that group, survival without worsening of disease was 43 percent after one year for those on the immunotherapy drugs versus 13 percent of those on chemo. The immunotherapy drugs did not help people with fewer tumor gene flaws.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a tool that helps us determine who are the patients that are most likely to benefit from this combination,” Hellmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median time until cancer worsened was about 7 months on the immunotherapy drugs versus 5.5 months for chemo. Serious side effects were a little more common in the chemo group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another rival, Genentech, recently announced that its checkpoint inhibitor, Tecentriq, improved survival in a study similar to the one testing Keytruda. Details are expected in a couple months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"se0:a5bebef0-20f0-11e8-bcf7-7ddee2fbdb58\" class=\"social-embed\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"display-block\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Here’s some sobering news: A large international study says adults should average no more than one alcoholic drink per day, and that means drinking guidelines in many countries may be far too loose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that people who down more than seven drinks a week can expect to die sooner than those who drink less.[contextly_sidebar id=”3kWm4DI3iVJYPMRs18be6GS4w2yZC31b”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this is saying is, if you’re really concerned about your longevity, don’t have more than a drink a day,” said David Jernigan, a Johns Hopkins University alcohol researcher who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the U.S. government currently recommends no more than seven drinks a week for women, the recommendation for men is 14 drinks. That’s because earlier studies found women are hit by the effects of alcohol at lower amounts than men for several reasons, including women weigh less than men on average and blood alcohol concentrations rise faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study estimates that 40-year-old men who drink as much as the current U.S. guidelines allow can expect to live one to two years less than men who have no more than seven drinks per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HyboG9XiQBIkWZh1aRuQHOgnuXyNe7P8″]Canada and Sweden have guidelines similar to those in the U.S. set by the Department of Agriculture. Some countries have much higher ceilings. Spain and Romania set the upper limit for men at the equivalent of 20 drinks each week, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>British guidelines were like the U.S. standards until two years ago, when U.K. health officials brought the recommendation for men down to the level for women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study “is a serious wake-up call for many countries,” Jeremy Pearson of the British Heart Foundation said in a statement. The group partly funded the study, which was published Thursday by the Lancet journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research combined results from 83 studies conducted in 19 countries, tracking nearly 600,000 people who drank alcohol. The researchers focused on who developed — and died from — stroke and different forms of heart disease. They made a point of excluding people who had a known history of heart problems at the time they had entered a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the participants said they had more than 100 grams of alcohol a week. There’s variation from country to country as to how many grams of alcohol are generally found in a standard drink. In Britain, that’s about six pints of beer a week. But in the U.S., 100 grams is equivalent to what’s in seven 12-ounces cans of beer, 5-ounce glasses of wine, or 1.5-ounce shots of rum, gin or other distilled spirits.[contextly_sidebar id=”60IZVuLOHERq8r5KjLnvVsIEeretG7j6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found a higher risk of stroke, heart failure and other problems in that group of heavier drinkers. That may partly reflect that alcohol can elevate blood pressure and alter cholesterol levels, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the heavier drinkers were less likely to have a heart attack. But balanced against the increased risk of a stroke and other heart problems, the impact of drinking more than seven drinks a week is more bad than good, said the study’s lead author, Dr. Angela Wood of the University of Cambridge in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most studies, this one has flaws. It’s not built to make firm conclusions about cause and effect. Research that rolls together previous studies can be problematic if they aren’t similar enough, though this one appears to have done a good job at overcoming that obstacle and combining comparable data, Jernigan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers relied on what participants reported drinking at the start, recognizing that many people may be lowballing how much they actually down. And the study didn’t account for any changes in their drinking habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At O’Hara’s Restaurant and Pub, a watering hole in lower Manhattan, one patron shrugged off the study and its recommendation. Shawn Freeman, visiting from St. Louis, said other things influence how much he drinks, like his mood and whether he’ll be driving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another patron, Jaussi Ruotsalainen, a tourist from Finland, said he rarely drinks because he has two young kids at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That takes care of it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here’s some sobering news: A large international study says adults should average no more than one alcoholic drink per day, and that means drinking guidelines in many countries may be far too loose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that people who down more than seven drinks a week can expect to die sooner than those who drink less.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this is saying is, if you’re really concerned about your longevity, don’t have more than a drink a day,” said David Jernigan, a Johns Hopkins University alcohol researcher who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the U.S. government currently recommends no more than seven drinks a week for women, the recommendation for men is 14 drinks. That’s because earlier studies found women are hit by the effects of alcohol at lower amounts than men for several reasons, including women weigh less than men on average and blood alcohol concentrations rise faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study estimates that 40-year-old men who drink as much as the current U.S. guidelines allow can expect to live one to two years less than men who have no more than seven drinks per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Canada and Sweden have guidelines similar to those in the U.S. set by the Department of Agriculture. Some countries have much higher ceilings. Spain and Romania set the upper limit for men at the equivalent of 20 drinks each week, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>British guidelines were like the U.S. standards until two years ago, when U.K. health officials brought the recommendation for men down to the level for women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study “is a serious wake-up call for many countries,” Jeremy Pearson of the British Heart Foundation said in a statement. The group partly funded the study, which was published Thursday by the Lancet journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research combined results from 83 studies conducted in 19 countries, tracking nearly 600,000 people who drank alcohol. The researchers focused on who developed — and died from — stroke and different forms of heart disease. They made a point of excluding people who had a known history of heart problems at the time they had entered a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the participants said they had more than 100 grams of alcohol a week. There’s variation from country to country as to how many grams of alcohol are generally found in a standard drink. In Britain, that’s about six pints of beer a week. But in the U.S., 100 grams is equivalent to what’s in seven 12-ounces cans of beer, 5-ounce glasses of wine, or 1.5-ounce shots of rum, gin or other distilled spirits.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found a higher risk of stroke, heart failure and other problems in that group of heavier drinkers. That may partly reflect that alcohol can elevate blood pressure and alter cholesterol levels, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the heavier drinkers were less likely to have a heart attack. But balanced against the increased risk of a stroke and other heart problems, the impact of drinking more than seven drinks a week is more bad than good, said the study’s lead author, Dr. Angela Wood of the University of Cambridge in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most studies, this one has flaws. It’s not built to make firm conclusions about cause and effect. Research that rolls together previous studies can be problematic if they aren’t similar enough, though this one appears to have done a good job at overcoming that obstacle and combining comparable data, Jernigan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers relied on what participants reported drinking at the start, recognizing that many people may be lowballing how much they actually down. And the study didn’t account for any changes in their drinking habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At O’Hara’s Restaurant and Pub, a watering hole in lower Manhattan, one patron shrugged off the study and its recommendation. Shawn Freeman, visiting from St. Louis, said other things influence how much he drinks, like his mood and whether he’ll be driving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another patron, Jaussi Ruotsalainen, a tourist from Finland, said he rarely drinks because he has two young kids at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That takes care of it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "70 Percent of Fruit and Vegetables in the U.S. Contain Pesticide Residue, Says Report",
"headTitle": "70 Percent of Fruit and Vegetables in the U.S. Contain Pesticide Residue, Says Report | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even after being carefully washed or peeled, nearly 70 percent of fruit and vegetables sold in the U.S. contained pesticide residues, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/summary.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a review\u003c/a> of recent tests conducted by the Department of Agriculture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is vitally important that everyone eats plenty of produce, but it is also wise to avoid dietary exposure to toxic pesticides, from conception through childhood,” said Sonya Lunder, senior analyst with nonprofit Environmental Working Group, which conducted the analysis.[contextly_sidebar id=”O0cpPxNFGgzCXffMm7o1WNVaL4GDVESD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reviewed data revealed a total of 230 pesticides and pesticide breakdown products in thousands of crops that were sampled.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/release/out-now-ewg-s-2018-shopper-s-guide-pesticides-produce#.Ws1HEZPwZAb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the report’s key findings: \u003c/a>mo\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">re than one-third of strawberry samples analyzed in 2016 contained 10 or more pesticide residues. M\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ore than 98 percent of apples, cherries, nectarines, peaches, potatoes, and strawberries tested positive for at least one pesticide residue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinach\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> had almost twice as much pesticide residue by weight compared to other crops. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EWG publishes a separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual shoppers guide\u003c/a> based on the underlying review of USDA data. The guide consists of the “Dirty Dozen,” a list of produce with high levels of pesticide residue, and the “Clean Fifteen,” a list of produce with the least residue detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Produce on the healthy list include avocados and sweet corn, which had less than one percent of pesticide residues. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this year’s main report, m\u003c/span>ore than 80 percent of the following fruits and vegetables had no sign of pesticide residues: pineapples, papayas, asparagus, onions and cabbage. [contextly_sidebar id=”0Lgkj01P40FcCNzCg9DSvcfg67qFp0yS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hot peppers was added this year to the dirty dozen list after researchers found that 739 samples of hot peppers contained residues of three “highly toxic” insecticides, including a neurotoxin called chlorpyrifos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found that pregnant women who are exposed to high levels of chlorpyrifos have children who display \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1003160/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lower IQ scores \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/6/e1845\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poorer mental development\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to hot peppers, researchers found chlorpyrifos residue in apples, nectarines, and peaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was slated to ban the use of chlorpyrifos in foods. But incoming EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt overturned the scheduled ban.[contextly_sidebar id=”pHl5s4r9Obq1OdAQd6AvkbBBjQlK64Fy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report notes that cooking the hot peppers typically diminishes any pesticide levels in the vegetable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EWG report also cites two studies that link \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2659557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poor fertility\u003c/a> with consuming high-residue produce. The studies, conducted by researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, looked at couples seeking treatment at a fertility clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2659557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who ate\u003c/a> two or more servings per day of high-residue produce were 26 percent less likely to have a successful pregnancy, according to the 2018 study. Researchers looked at the diets of more than 340 women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going into the study, I was positive that we would find absolutely no relation between exposure to pesticide residues and adverse reproductive outcomes,” senior author Dr. Jorge Chavarro, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/30/health/pesticides-in-food-fertility-study/index.html\">CNN. \u003c/a>“While I think we need more studies to confirm or refute our findings, I am now more willing to pay the extra money for organic apples and strawberries than I was when we started this project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A separate Harvard study in 2015 found that male participants who consumed high-residue produce showed poorer sperm quality. The men \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25824023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were tested\u003c/a> over an 18-month period.[contextly_sidebar id=”sazEaynRryWJ9yYri7whIak6pwM1GWG8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at pesticide residue in food, it’s consistent with a number of studies that look at diet as a source of exposure. When you switch to organic food, you find lower levels of exposure to pesticides,” said Asa Bradman, the associate director at the Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he cautions against alarmism and says that the issue is more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at government data, very few samples actually exceed the standards for exposure,” said Bradman. “There is tension between the public health folks who want people to eat healthier, and those who want to encourage people to minimize pesticide exposure. But the American diet is really not optimal and I would never want to discourage anyone from eating more fruits and vegetables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bradman said in California at least, the use of more toxic pesticides has been declining for a number of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there is some potential benefit to organic agriculture in terms of lower exposure rates and perhaps lower impact on the environment,” he said. “In the general agriculture sector, there’s already a movement towards a more environmentally friendly and safer food production.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even after being carefully washed or peeled, nearly 70 percent of fruit and vegetables sold in the U.S. contained pesticide residues, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/summary.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a review\u003c/a> of recent tests conducted by the Department of Agriculture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is vitally important that everyone eats plenty of produce, but it is also wise to avoid dietary exposure to toxic pesticides, from conception through childhood,” said Sonya Lunder, senior analyst with nonprofit Environmental Working Group, which conducted the analysis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reviewed data revealed a total of 230 pesticides and pesticide breakdown products in thousands of crops that were sampled.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/release/out-now-ewg-s-2018-shopper-s-guide-pesticides-produce#.Ws1HEZPwZAb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the report’s key findings: \u003c/a>mo\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">re than one-third of strawberry samples analyzed in 2016 contained 10 or more pesticide residues. M\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ore than 98 percent of apples, cherries, nectarines, peaches, potatoes, and strawberries tested positive for at least one pesticide residue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinach\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> had almost twice as much pesticide residue by weight compared to other crops. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EWG publishes a separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual shoppers guide\u003c/a> based on the underlying review of USDA data. The guide consists of the “Dirty Dozen,” a list of produce with high levels of pesticide residue, and the “Clean Fifteen,” a list of produce with the least residue detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Produce on the healthy list include avocados and sweet corn, which had less than one percent of pesticide residues. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this year’s main report, m\u003c/span>ore than 80 percent of the following fruits and vegetables had no sign of pesticide residues: pineapples, papayas, asparagus, onions and cabbage. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hot peppers was added this year to the dirty dozen list after researchers found that 739 samples of hot peppers contained residues of three “highly toxic” insecticides, including a neurotoxin called chlorpyrifos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found that pregnant women who are exposed to high levels of chlorpyrifos have children who display \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1003160/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lower IQ scores \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/6/e1845\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poorer mental development\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to hot peppers, researchers found chlorpyrifos residue in apples, nectarines, and peaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was slated to ban the use of chlorpyrifos in foods. But incoming EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt overturned the scheduled ban.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report notes that cooking the hot peppers typically diminishes any pesticide levels in the vegetable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EWG report also cites two studies that link \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2659557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poor fertility\u003c/a> with consuming high-residue produce. The studies, conducted by researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, looked at couples seeking treatment at a fertility clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2659557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who ate\u003c/a> two or more servings per day of high-residue produce were 26 percent less likely to have a successful pregnancy, according to the 2018 study. Researchers looked at the diets of more than 340 women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going into the study, I was positive that we would find absolutely no relation between exposure to pesticide residues and adverse reproductive outcomes,” senior author Dr. Jorge Chavarro, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/30/health/pesticides-in-food-fertility-study/index.html\">CNN. \u003c/a>“While I think we need more studies to confirm or refute our findings, I am now more willing to pay the extra money for organic apples and strawberries than I was when we started this project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A separate Harvard study in 2015 found that male participants who consumed high-residue produce showed poorer sperm quality. The men \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25824023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were tested\u003c/a> over an 18-month period.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at pesticide residue in food, it’s consistent with a number of studies that look at diet as a source of exposure. When you switch to organic food, you find lower levels of exposure to pesticides,” said Asa Bradman, the associate director at the Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he cautions against alarmism and says that the issue is more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at government data, very few samples actually exceed the standards for exposure,” said Bradman. “There is tension between the public health folks who want people to eat healthier, and those who want to encourage people to minimize pesticide exposure. But the American diet is really not optimal and I would never want to discourage anyone from eating more fruits and vegetables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bradman said in California at least, the use of more toxic pesticides has been declining for a number of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there is some potential benefit to organic agriculture in terms of lower exposure rates and perhaps lower impact on the environment,” he said. “In the general agriculture sector, there’s already a movement towards a more environmentally friendly and safer food production.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration is suing California over a legislative hurdle that effectively prevents the federal government from selling public land to large oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department announced on April 2 plans to challenge a state law passed in 2017 that allows California the right to intervene in the sale of federal public lands.[contextly_sidebar id=”sK92V9fMLxxVMFicYKmfUA37cfBeZBmt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration is arguing the law constitutes improper state interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-lawsuit-invalidate-new-california-law-restricting-federal-land-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a DOJ release\u003c/a> Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the state legislation “extreme” and blasted California for causing the department to waste “valuable time and resources” in filing the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AGBecerra/status/980897241756942336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fired back on Twitter\u003c/a> the same day with, “Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Info/SB50.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 50\u003c/a>, allows the state the right of first refusal in the sale of federal public lands, meaning the state can match the sale price that another purchaser has offered. If it chooses to forego the option, it provides the purchaser with a compliance certificate. The certificate allows the purchaser to record the transfer at the county land records office.[contextly_sidebar id=”tDvVCJXAC02E3drmXcSZGdBrMkZbdOiK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invalidating the sale itself, the law prevents the purchaser from recording it with the land recorder’s office unless California signs off. That can impact the purchaser’s ability to sell the land or obtain a mortgage, says Eric Biber, an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not a requirement, there are important reasons for why a landowner might want to record their deed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reasons you want to record your transfer is because you don’t want to risk losing your land to a subsequent transaction on that property,” says Biber. “In addition, no bank will ever lend you money or a mortgage if you do a transfer without that land recording.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal complaint alleges that California has already intervened in multiple land sales since SB50 was passed. Among those cited include the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Army’s plan to convey public land in Alameda County to a developer for the purpose of constructing facilities. The Veterans Affairs Department in Los Angeles also wants to lease part of their land to create housing for veterans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legislation & the Constitution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Legal experts say California’s law may be difficult to defend in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution’s Property Clause broadly restricts states from interfering with federal land disposal. In addition, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal law prevails over the state law if a conflict arises between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the essence of the whole system,” says John Cary Sims, a constitutional law professor at the McGeorge School of Law. “So if the federal government says that racial segregation is illegal, then states don’t have a choice in whether they’re going to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1047936/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> complaint\u003c/a> also points to the act that formally admitted California as a state in 1850. In return for statehood, California promised not to interfere with the disposal of public lands. Several federal laws also provide for land disposal, say legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?’\u003ccite>John Cary Sims, Constitutional Law Professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California does not see the issue as a conflict between federal and state law, but as California’s right to control the environment. Nearly 46 percent of land in California is federally owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the SB 50 was introduced, Senator Ben Allen \u003ca href=\"http://focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/preserveca/SB-50_Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was aimed at\u003c/a> protecting California’s public lands from being sold off to the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]e have seen a drastic shift in Congress which has culminated in efforts to open federal public lands for more oil and gas exploration and to even give lands away outright to corporations or states,” said Allen. “There are significant questions about the Trump administration’s support, or lack of support, of public lands based on his appointments and their stated positions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Buyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome legal experts say California may have a case because of \u003cem>who\u003c/em> the law targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing here, at least from the state’s perspective, is that they aren’t directly regulating the sale,” says Biber. “What they’re doing stems from this concept of land recording that has existed for centuries in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will argue that they aren’t regulating the federal government, only the purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental law professor Richard Frank says the phrasing of the statute is a “clever attempt” to avoid preemption by focusing on the purchaser rather than the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California may try to advance this argument but I’m not sure that’s a persuasive or powerful argument,” says Frank. “A federal judge might well conclude that the state of California can’t do indirectly what the state can’t do directly.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IYTR9q4Ma734TYhUCB9sivFVD2S9i0y6”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sims says it would all depend on the mechanics of the statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims says the court might look to the historical record to see whether federal policy reflects any preference for who can buy the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California cares about who ultimately buys the land but there is no manifested federal policy that prefers one purchaser over the other, than maybe what California is doing is fine,” says Sims. “Those who happen to sit in office may care but the law may not embody any federal policy about the purchaser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain federal laws on land transfers also require federal agencies to comply with state law, says Biber.[contextly_sidebar id=”lfQGINmX1ayg6vxqxlv3Jiw0nZQJ5Vl9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That goes to the state’s second argument — they would say, ‘Sure, we are regulating you, but the law says we can.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those laws are those aimed at conservation efforts such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which applies to large swathes of the California desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FLPMA in part prohibits transfers of public lands that contain restrictions that would violate “any law or regulation pursuant to state and local land use plans, or programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mantle of State’s Rights\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegal experts point to a potential double standard, between the Trump Administration’s position in this case versus their position on federal monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the context of national monuments, the Trump administration has argued that the federal government has a duty to transfer federal lands to the state,” says Alex Camacho, professor of environmental law at the University of California, Irvine. “This issue of states rights has been levied by this administration to support states that fall within agreement with the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Frank says while ironic, the practice is nothing new and refers to it as “situational federalism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Republicans and Democrats both invoke states’ rights when it involves their agenda. There isn’t a whole lot of ideological purity when it comes to the issue of federalism and states rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it was then-Texas’ attorney general Greg Abbott, who during the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/may/10/greg-abbott/greg-abbott-says-he-has-sued-obama-administration-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> “I go into the office, I sue the federal government and I go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pubic lands case is slated for initial hearings on August 13, 2018 in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration is suing California over a legislative hurdle that effectively prevents the federal government from selling public land to large oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department announced on April 2 plans to challenge a state law passed in 2017 that allows California the right to intervene in the sale of federal public lands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration is arguing the law constitutes improper state interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-lawsuit-invalidate-new-california-law-restricting-federal-land-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a DOJ release\u003c/a> Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the state legislation “extreme” and blasted California for causing the department to waste “valuable time and resources” in filing the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AGBecerra/status/980897241756942336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fired back on Twitter\u003c/a> the same day with, “Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Info/SB50.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 50\u003c/a>, allows the state the right of first refusal in the sale of federal public lands, meaning the state can match the sale price that another purchaser has offered. If it chooses to forego the option, it provides the purchaser with a compliance certificate. The certificate allows the purchaser to record the transfer at the county land records office.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invalidating the sale itself, the law prevents the purchaser from recording it with the land recorder’s office unless California signs off. That can impact the purchaser’s ability to sell the land or obtain a mortgage, says Eric Biber, an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not a requirement, there are important reasons for why a landowner might want to record their deed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reasons you want to record your transfer is because you don’t want to risk losing your land to a subsequent transaction on that property,” says Biber. “In addition, no bank will ever lend you money or a mortgage if you do a transfer without that land recording.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal complaint alleges that California has already intervened in multiple land sales since SB50 was passed. Among those cited include the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Army’s plan to convey public land in Alameda County to a developer for the purpose of constructing facilities. The Veterans Affairs Department in Los Angeles also wants to lease part of their land to create housing for veterans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legislation & the Constitution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Legal experts say California’s law may be difficult to defend in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution’s Property Clause broadly restricts states from interfering with federal land disposal. In addition, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal law prevails over the state law if a conflict arises between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the essence of the whole system,” says John Cary Sims, a constitutional law professor at the McGeorge School of Law. “So if the federal government says that racial segregation is illegal, then states don’t have a choice in whether they’re going to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1047936/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> complaint\u003c/a> also points to the act that formally admitted California as a state in 1850. In return for statehood, California promised not to interfere with the disposal of public lands. Several federal laws also provide for land disposal, say legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?’\u003ccite>John Cary Sims, Constitutional Law Professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California does not see the issue as a conflict between federal and state law, but as California’s right to control the environment. Nearly 46 percent of land in California is federally owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the SB 50 was introduced, Senator Ben Allen \u003ca href=\"http://focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/preserveca/SB-50_Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was aimed at\u003c/a> protecting California’s public lands from being sold off to the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]e have seen a drastic shift in Congress which has culminated in efforts to open federal public lands for more oil and gas exploration and to even give lands away outright to corporations or states,” said Allen. “There are significant questions about the Trump administration’s support, or lack of support, of public lands based on his appointments and their stated positions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Buyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome legal experts say California may have a case because of \u003cem>who\u003c/em> the law targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing here, at least from the state’s perspective, is that they aren’t directly regulating the sale,” says Biber. “What they’re doing stems from this concept of land recording that has existed for centuries in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will argue that they aren’t regulating the federal government, only the purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental law professor Richard Frank says the phrasing of the statute is a “clever attempt” to avoid preemption by focusing on the purchaser rather than the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California may try to advance this argument but I’m not sure that’s a persuasive or powerful argument,” says Frank. “A federal judge might well conclude that the state of California can’t do indirectly what the state can’t do directly.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sims says it would all depend on the mechanics of the statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims says the court might look to the historical record to see whether federal policy reflects any preference for who can buy the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California cares about who ultimately buys the land but there is no manifested federal policy that prefers one purchaser over the other, than maybe what California is doing is fine,” says Sims. “Those who happen to sit in office may care but the law may not embody any federal policy about the purchaser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain federal laws on land transfers also require federal agencies to comply with state law, says Biber.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That goes to the state’s second argument — they would say, ‘Sure, we are regulating you, but the law says we can.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those laws are those aimed at conservation efforts such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which applies to large swathes of the California desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FLPMA in part prohibits transfers of public lands that contain restrictions that would violate “any law or regulation pursuant to state and local land use plans, or programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mantle of State’s Rights\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegal experts point to a potential double standard, between the Trump Administration’s position in this case versus their position on federal monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the context of national monuments, the Trump administration has argued that the federal government has a duty to transfer federal lands to the state,” says Alex Camacho, professor of environmental law at the University of California, Irvine. “This issue of states rights has been levied by this administration to support states that fall within agreement with the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Frank says while ironic, the practice is nothing new and refers to it as “situational federalism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Republicans and Democrats both invoke states’ rights when it involves their agenda. There isn’t a whole lot of ideological purity when it comes to the issue of federalism and states rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it was then-Texas’ attorney general Greg Abbott, who during the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/may/10/greg-abbott/greg-abbott-says-he-has-sued-obama-administration-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> “I go into the office, I sue the federal government and I go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pubic lands case is slated for initial hearings on August 13, 2018 in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "10 Teams Advance in International Carbon Dioxide Competition",
"headTitle": "10 Teams Advance in International Carbon Dioxide Competition | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A $20 million international competition to make profitable products from a gas that otherwise would contribute to global warming has entered its final stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists in the contest sponsored by a U.S. energy company and a group of Canadian oil sands producers have shown in a lab they can use carbon dioxide from power plants to potentially turn a profit making everything from concrete to methanol, an alcohol used in a range of products.[contextly_sidebar id=”ozexLDEtLHzrUKaHmWU2485uuX4uP10b”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists announced Monday — from India, China, Scotland, Canada and the U.S. — will collect $5 million in prize money, or $500,000 apiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teams also get the chance to put their ideas to work using much larger volumes of CO2 obtained from actual power plant emissions. The 1 metric ton of CO2 they will need to use daily is 10 times more than they had to demonstrate in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ton is still only about 1 percent of a power plant’s daily output of CO2. But the competition is more about inspiring than immediate solutions to climate change, said Marcius Extavour, senior director of energy and resources for the XPRIZE Foundation organizing the contest.[contextly_sidebar id=”FR5pE3YPpyk9SubIfy2pa6aUReRbVgOs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about opening people’s minds and really demonstrating what is possible,” Extavour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the finalists will compete to make use of actual flue gases from a Wyoming coal-fired power plant. The other five will compete at a gas-fired power plant in Alberta, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting this summer, they will have a year to practice at the plants before data collection for competition begins. The two winners, one at each site, will each collect a $7.5 million grand prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemistry is why the competition has two tracks. Carbon dioxide concentrations at the Wyoming Integrated Test Center, a new research facility at the Dry Fork Station coal-fired power plant near Gillette, are about double those at the Alberta Carbon Conversion Technology Centre, a new research facility at the Shepard Energy Centre gas-fired power plant in Calgary, Alberta.[contextly_sidebar id=”VBJ5NyD2v8hkuy5uJzZ6c211OG4H21M6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists scored highest among 20 semifinalists on how much CO2 they could put to use, as well as the value of their products. Making concrete, for example, scores high on volume but not product value, while making relatively small amounts of pricey carbon fiber scores low on volume but high on value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists include C2CNT, a team from Ashburn, Virginia, making carbon nanotubes, and CarbonCure, of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, which already has been using carbon dioxide on a commercial scale to chemically create limestone in concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonCure works with almost 100 concrete plants in the U.S. and Canada but gets its CO2 from a variety of sources, said Jennifer Wagner, CarbonCure’s XPRIZE team leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the technology works. We know there is an environmental benefit and an economic benefit to the concrete producers,” Wagner said. “What we need to show for the purposes of the XPRIZE is that technology can score the highest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides saving concrete producers money, the process can potentially reduce demand for cement from plants that are responsible for up to 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The competition is sponsored by NRG Energy and Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance. XPRIZE is an organizer of technological innovation contests including one that awarded $10 million for the first private organization to launch a manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A $20 million international competition to make profitable products from a gas that otherwise would contribute to global warming has entered its final stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists in the contest sponsored by a U.S. energy company and a group of Canadian oil sands producers have shown in a lab they can use carbon dioxide from power plants to potentially turn a profit making everything from concrete to methanol, an alcohol used in a range of products.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists announced Monday — from India, China, Scotland, Canada and the U.S. — will collect $5 million in prize money, or $500,000 apiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teams also get the chance to put their ideas to work using much larger volumes of CO2 obtained from actual power plant emissions. The 1 metric ton of CO2 they will need to use daily is 10 times more than they had to demonstrate in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ton is still only about 1 percent of a power plant’s daily output of CO2. But the competition is more about inspiring than immediate solutions to climate change, said Marcius Extavour, senior director of energy and resources for the XPRIZE Foundation organizing the contest.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about opening people’s minds and really demonstrating what is possible,” Extavour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the finalists will compete to make use of actual flue gases from a Wyoming coal-fired power plant. The other five will compete at a gas-fired power plant in Alberta, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting this summer, they will have a year to practice at the plants before data collection for competition begins. The two winners, one at each site, will each collect a $7.5 million grand prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemistry is why the competition has two tracks. Carbon dioxide concentrations at the Wyoming Integrated Test Center, a new research facility at the Dry Fork Station coal-fired power plant near Gillette, are about double those at the Alberta Carbon Conversion Technology Centre, a new research facility at the Shepard Energy Centre gas-fired power plant in Calgary, Alberta.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists scored highest among 20 semifinalists on how much CO2 they could put to use, as well as the value of their products. Making concrete, for example, scores high on volume but not product value, while making relatively small amounts of pricey carbon fiber scores low on volume but high on value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists include C2CNT, a team from Ashburn, Virginia, making carbon nanotubes, and CarbonCure, of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, which already has been using carbon dioxide on a commercial scale to chemically create limestone in concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonCure works with almost 100 concrete plants in the U.S. and Canada but gets its CO2 from a variety of sources, said Jennifer Wagner, CarbonCure’s XPRIZE team leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the technology works. We know there is an environmental benefit and an economic benefit to the concrete producers,” Wagner said. “What we need to show for the purposes of the XPRIZE is that technology can score the highest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides saving concrete producers money, the process can potentially reduce demand for cement from plants that are responsible for up to 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The competition is sponsored by NRG Energy and Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance. XPRIZE is an organizer of technological innovation contests including one that awarded $10 million for the first private organization to launch a manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Scientists in Antarctica have harvested their first crop of vegetables grown without earth, daylight or pesticides as part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Germany’s Neumayer Station III say they’ve picked 8 pounds of salad greens, 18 cucumbers and 70 radishes grown inside a high-tech greenhouse as temperatures outside dropped below -4 Fahrenheit.[contextly_sidebar id=”2wg6PO03zcv7nxs4zNB3HrqWtg1KflMX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German Aerospace Center DLR, which coordinates the project, said Thursday that by May scientists hope to harvest 4-5 kilograms of fruit and vegetables a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While NASA has successfully grown greens on the International Space Station, DLR’s Daniel Schubert says the Antarctic project aims to produce a wider range of vegetables that might one day be grown on Mars or the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_66467 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, turned his sights this week on a nearly half-century-old federal waiver that allows California to pursue its own, tough tailpipe emission standards, and allows other states to opt in to California’s standards rather than federal ones if they choose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waiver has allowed California, the U.S. state with the most people and the biggest economy, to steer the rest of nation toward tougher limits on car and truck emissions that pollute the air and change the climate.[contextly_sidebar id=”kYiX9Yy6kOaTLV1xzkFzRsqTmkFo9o8n”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said this week the agency will work with all states, including California, to set new pollution and mileage standards for gas- and diesel-powered vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at California’s unique waiver from federal emissions standards for cars, why it matters to the rest of the country, and what could happen if the Trump administration moves against California’s ability to set its own vehicle-emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>A combination of climate, geography and a lot of cars and trucks has given California some of the worst smog in the country, especially in the Los Angeles basin and other inland valleys. To fight that, California has regulated vehicle-tailpipe emissions since before 1970, when the EPA and the federal Clean Air Act came into force. Because of that, Congress wrote an exemption into the landmark Clean Air Act: California could seek waivers to set its own limits for pollutants from cars as long as its rules were at least as tough as federal standards. Since then, Democratic and Republican administrations have renewed California’s waiver dozens of times. A Trump administration challenge would revive an abortive 2007 effort by the Bush administration to block California’s power to set its own emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Waiver Matter?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>While California’s waiver is unique, at least 12 other states in the Northeast and elsewhere have chosen to opt into the tougher tailpipe emissions standards that California sets. That means up to 40 percent of cars on the road nationwide follow California’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gasoline and diesel exhaust is a main source of pollutants and gases that endanger public health and are changing the climate. California Gov. Jerry Brown, a Democrat, wants to reduce the state’s climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Receiving continued federal waivers for progressively tougher state emissions standards will be a critical part of that.[contextly_sidebar id=”LLlksREiLTb7Uw9l5MEKa7ouFx7mppmb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the federal and California standards are the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some car manufacturers and conservative groups want the EPA to roll back federal controls on greenhouse-gas emissions from vehicles, arguing for a single emission standard set by the federal government. That makes the question of whether California’s waiver survives still more critical nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happens if the Trump Administration Moves Against the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>California officials have vowed to fight to preserve the state’s waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re ready to file suit if needed to protect these critical standards and to fight the Administration’s war on our environment,” California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said Monday in a statement. “California didn’t become the sixth-largest economy in the world by spectating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration would have a tough fight legally if it tries to revoke California’s waiver outright, especially since it’s stood for nearly a half-century, said Richard Frank, director of the California Environmental Law and Policy Center at the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would have “somewhat less of a powerful argument” legally, however, if the Trump administration refuses to renew the waiver the next time the state comes before the EPA with a plan to tighten state emissions rules, Frank said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President George W. Bush’s administration made its own move against California’s unique say on emissions standards in 2007, for the first time denying California its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before courts could decide the matter conclusively, the Obama administration reversed that waiver denial in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, turned his sights this week on a nearly half-century-old federal waiver that allows California to pursue its own, tough tailpipe emission standards, and allows other states to opt in to California’s standards rather than federal ones if they choose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waiver has allowed California, the U.S. state with the most people and the biggest economy, to steer the rest of nation toward tougher limits on car and truck emissions that pollute the air and change the climate.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said this week the agency will work with all states, including California, to set new pollution and mileage standards for gas- and diesel-powered vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at California’s unique waiver from federal emissions standards for cars, why it matters to the rest of the country, and what could happen if the Trump administration moves against California’s ability to set its own vehicle-emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>A combination of climate, geography and a lot of cars and trucks has given California some of the worst smog in the country, especially in the Los Angeles basin and other inland valleys. To fight that, California has regulated vehicle-tailpipe emissions since before 1970, when the EPA and the federal Clean Air Act came into force. Because of that, Congress wrote an exemption into the landmark Clean Air Act: California could seek waivers to set its own limits for pollutants from cars as long as its rules were at least as tough as federal standards. Since then, Democratic and Republican administrations have renewed California’s waiver dozens of times. A Trump administration challenge would revive an abortive 2007 effort by the Bush administration to block California’s power to set its own emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Waiver Matter?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>While California’s waiver is unique, at least 12 other states in the Northeast and elsewhere have chosen to opt into the tougher tailpipe emissions standards that California sets. That means up to 40 percent of cars on the road nationwide follow California’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gasoline and diesel exhaust is a main source of pollutants and gases that endanger public health and are changing the climate. California Gov. Jerry Brown, a Democrat, wants to reduce the state’s climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Receiving continued federal waivers for progressively tougher state emissions standards will be a critical part of that.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the federal and California standards are the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some car manufacturers and conservative groups want the EPA to roll back federal controls on greenhouse-gas emissions from vehicles, arguing for a single emission standard set by the federal government. That makes the question of whether California’s waiver survives still more critical nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happens if the Trump Administration Moves Against the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>California officials have vowed to fight to preserve the state’s waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re ready to file suit if needed to protect these critical standards and to fight the Administration’s war on our environment,” California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said Monday in a statement. “California didn’t become the sixth-largest economy in the world by spectating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration would have a tough fight legally if it tries to revoke California’s waiver outright, especially since it’s stood for nearly a half-century, said Richard Frank, director of the California Environmental Law and Policy Center at the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would have “somewhat less of a powerful argument” legally, however, if the Trump administration refuses to renew the waiver the next time the state comes before the EPA with a plan to tighten state emissions rules, Frank said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President George W. Bush’s administration made its own move against California’s unique say on emissions standards in 2007, for the first time denying California its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before courts could decide the matter conclusively, the Obama administration reversed that waiver denial in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Video produced by Josh Cassidy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Leeches get a bad rap — but they might not deserve it. Yes, they’re creepy crawly bloodsuckers. And they can instill an almost primal sense of disgust and revulsion. Humphrey Bogart’s character in the 1951 film “The African Queen” even went so far as to call them “\u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043265/?ref_=vi_close\">filthy little devils\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the humble leech is making a comeback. Contrary to the typical derogatory definition of a human “leech,” this critter is increasingly playing a key role as a sidekick to scientists and doctors, simply by being its bloodthirsty self.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distant cousins of the earthworm, most leech species are parasites that feed on the blood of animals and humans alike. They are often found in freshwater and navigate either by swimming or by inching themselves along, using two suckers — one at each end of their body — to anchor themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-swimming.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921760\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-swimming.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aquatic leeches flatten themselves to swim with an undulating motion. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Upon reaching an unsuspecting host, a leech will surreptitiously attach itself and begin to feed. It uses a triangular set of three teeth to cut in, and secretes a suite of chemicals to thin the blood and numb the skin so that its presence goes undetected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921762\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-mouth-from-below.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921762\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-mouth-from-below.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leeches clamp on to their host with their front sucker, then use three teeth to cut in and start feeding. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED; Quentin Gaudry, University of Maryland; Michael Baltzley, Western Oregon University; Krista Todd, Westminster College)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some leech species can also live on land, thriving in humid environments like the forests of southern Asia. Biologists \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772000.2018.1433729?journalCode=tsab20&\">recently reported\u003c/a> that leeches in that region can provide a valuable snapshot of which animals are present in a particular area: The parasites carry their host’s blood, and DNA, within their gut after each meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They find things you don’t find,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaeltessler.net/\">Michael Tessler\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral scholar at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.amnh.org/\">American Museum of Natural History\u003c/a> in New York. As an added bonus (depending on your perspective), “leeches are very excited to find humans,” he said, which makes sample collection quick and easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tessler and several colleagues gathered 750 small terrestrial leeches in the genus \u003cem>Haemadipsa \u003c/em>from Cambodia, Bangladesh and southern China. Then they analyzed the DNA from each leech’s bloodmeal to identify the unwilling blood donors. With this analysis, the scientists were able to identify wild and domestic animals common in those areas, including some species of concern for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also revealed a few surprises. Some leech meals had come from a few bird species, and one came from a bat. “Clearly these things get around,” Tessler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mobility makes leeches a great complement to time-consuming traditional methods of monitoring biodiversity, like motion-sensing cameras, he added. Using a combination of the two approaches could be especially important in future work to preserve endangered species, Tessler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond their utility in field biology, leeches also have an important role to play in surgeons’ medical kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The association between doctors and leeches dates back to the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks. According to Greek philosophers, illness was the result of an imbalance in bodily fluids, or humors. Applying leeches to patients would help restore a proper balance. Leeches were widely used as a cure-all for an array of ailments, especially in medieval Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These practices were quickly relegated to the status of quackery by the advent of modern medicine in the 20th century. Nowadays, however, medical leeches are experiencing a renaissance, as their bloodsucking ability is tuned to a more scientific purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leeches come in handy during reconstructive surgeries, such as those to reattach fingers, according to Dr. Rudolf Buntic, a hand surgeon and director of microsurgery for \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpmc.org/\">California Pacific Medical Center\u003c/a> in San Francisco. During such a procedure, surgeons repair small arteries that carry blood into the severed digit. However, the tiny veins that carry blood back out may be too damaged or too small to repair, leaving blood to stagnate in the finger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when \u003cem>Hirudo medicinalis\u003c/em> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1921670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-1020x573.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-1920x1079.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger.jpg 1922w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Medical leeches, like this \u003cem>Hirudo medicinalis\u003c/em>, can help maintain blood circulation in reattached fingers, giving the body time to grow new veins. \u003ccite>((Walter Lin/California Pacific Medical Center))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The leech acts as a vein,” said Buntic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It draws stale blood out of the reattached finger as it feeds, allowing fresh oxygenated blood to come in. Chemicals in the leech’s saliva also help prevent blood clots from forming in the damaged tissue. Doctors apply fresh leeches over the course of about 10 days. This provides enough time for new tiny veins to regrow and create channels for blood to leave the patient’s finger on its own, Buntic said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the treatment, surgeons order leeches from the pharmacy, just as they would any other medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921672\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921672 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-1020x573.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-1920x1079.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC.jpg 1922w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When surgeons request medical leeches, pharmacists at California Pacific Medical Center answer the call, wrangling the leeches into ‘pill’ bottles. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If these little guys still give you the heebie-jeebies, don’t worry: They won’t be showing up at your local drugstore anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might run into them in some research labs, however. \u003ca href=\"https://mcb.berkeley.edu/faculty/CDB/weisblatd.html\">David Weisblat\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, has been studying leech development and evolution for more than 40 years. He has recently started a project to learn more about leech behavior and neurobiology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This involves placing them on a checkerboard of sorts, made of sandpaper. The squares alternate between rough and smooth grains. Many of the leeches, small snail-hunters in the genus \u003cem>Helobdella\u003c/em>, have a strong preference for the smoother squares, moving in strictly diagonal patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921673 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Weisblat uses this sandpaper checkerboard to study leech behavior and decisions. The leeches have a strong preference for smooth surfaces over rough. \u003ccite>(David Weisblat/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a little pawn on the chessboard that’s gone crazy,” Weisblat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though leeches may have an unimpressive nervous system by vertebrate standards, they are still capable of using information from their environment to make decisions, said Weisblat. And figuring out how this process works is easier in a leech than in the nervous system of mice or rats. In understanding how leeches find their way around with so few neurons, we can begin to understand how the nervous system processes and encodes information, Weisblat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921674\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1921674\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-1020x573.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-1920x1079.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker.jpg 1922w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leeches can “inchworm” along using their suckers as anchors. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Capturing the way leeches sense and move through their environment could also one day translate to bioengineering applications, like designing small exploratory robotics, said Weisblat. “Leeches can go on glass surfaces, crawling with their suckers, and exploring all sorts of different ways,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty amazing, when you think about how simple they are.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The same blood-sucking leeches feared by hikers and swimmers are making a comeback... in hospitals. Once used for questionable treatments, leeches now help doctors complete complex surgeries to reattach severed body parts.",
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"title": "Take Two Leeches And Call Me In The Morning | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Video produced by Josh Cassidy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Leeches get a bad rap — but they might not deserve it. Yes, they’re creepy crawly bloodsuckers. And they can instill an almost primal sense of disgust and revulsion. Humphrey Bogart’s character in the 1951 film “The African Queen” even went so far as to call them “\u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043265/?ref_=vi_close\">filthy little devils\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the humble leech is making a comeback. Contrary to the typical derogatory definition of a human “leech,” this critter is increasingly playing a key role as a sidekick to scientists and doctors, simply by being its bloodthirsty self.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distant cousins of the earthworm, most leech species are parasites that feed on the blood of animals and humans alike. They are often found in freshwater and navigate either by swimming or by inching themselves along, using two suckers — one at each end of their body — to anchor themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-swimming.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921760\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-swimming.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aquatic leeches flatten themselves to swim with an undulating motion. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Upon reaching an unsuspecting host, a leech will surreptitiously attach itself and begin to feed. It uses a triangular set of three teeth to cut in, and secretes a suite of chemicals to thin the blood and numb the skin so that its presence goes undetected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921762\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-mouth-from-below.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921762\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-mouth-from-below.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leeches clamp on to their host with their front sucker, then use three teeth to cut in and start feeding. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED; Quentin Gaudry, University of Maryland; Michael Baltzley, Western Oregon University; Krista Todd, Westminster College)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some leech species can also live on land, thriving in humid environments like the forests of southern Asia. Biologists \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772000.2018.1433729?journalCode=tsab20&\">recently reported\u003c/a> that leeches in that region can provide a valuable snapshot of which animals are present in a particular area: The parasites carry their host’s blood, and DNA, within their gut after each meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They find things you don’t find,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaeltessler.net/\">Michael Tessler\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral scholar at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.amnh.org/\">American Museum of Natural History\u003c/a> in New York. As an added bonus (depending on your perspective), “leeches are very excited to find humans,” he said, which makes sample collection quick and easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tessler and several colleagues gathered 750 small terrestrial leeches in the genus \u003cem>Haemadipsa \u003c/em>from Cambodia, Bangladesh and southern China. Then they analyzed the DNA from each leech’s bloodmeal to identify the unwilling blood donors. With this analysis, the scientists were able to identify wild and domestic animals common in those areas, including some species of concern for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also revealed a few surprises. Some leech meals had come from a few bird species, and one came from a bat. “Clearly these things get around,” Tessler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mobility makes leeches a great complement to time-consuming traditional methods of monitoring biodiversity, like motion-sensing cameras, he added. Using a combination of the two approaches could be especially important in future work to preserve endangered species, Tessler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond their utility in field biology, leeches also have an important role to play in surgeons’ medical kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The association between doctors and leeches dates back to the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks. According to Greek philosophers, illness was the result of an imbalance in bodily fluids, or humors. Applying leeches to patients would help restore a proper balance. Leeches were widely used as a cure-all for an array of ailments, especially in medieval Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These practices were quickly relegated to the status of quackery by the advent of modern medicine in the 20th century. Nowadays, however, medical leeches are experiencing a renaissance, as their bloodsucking ability is tuned to a more scientific purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leeches come in handy during reconstructive surgeries, such as those to reattach fingers, according to Dr. Rudolf Buntic, a hand surgeon and director of microsurgery for \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpmc.org/\">California Pacific Medical Center\u003c/a> in San Francisco. During such a procedure, surgeons repair small arteries that carry blood into the severed digit. However, the tiny veins that carry blood back out may be too damaged or too small to repair, leaving blood to stagnate in the finger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when \u003cem>Hirudo medicinalis\u003c/em> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1921670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-1020x573.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-1920x1079.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-leech-on-reatached-finger.jpg 1922w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Medical leeches, like this \u003cem>Hirudo medicinalis\u003c/em>, can help maintain blood circulation in reattached fingers, giving the body time to grow new veins. \u003ccite>((Walter Lin/California Pacific Medical Center))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The leech acts as a vein,” said Buntic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It draws stale blood out of the reattached finger as it feeds, allowing fresh oxygenated blood to come in. Chemicals in the leech’s saliva also help prevent blood clots from forming in the damaged tissue. Doctors apply fresh leeches over the course of about 10 days. This provides enough time for new tiny veins to regrow and create channels for blood to leave the patient’s finger on its own, Buntic said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the treatment, surgeons order leeches from the pharmacy, just as they would any other medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921672\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921672 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-1020x573.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-1920x1079.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-in-bottle-wide-at-CPMC.jpg 1922w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When surgeons request medical leeches, pharmacists at California Pacific Medical Center answer the call, wrangling the leeches into ‘pill’ bottles. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If these little guys still give you the heebie-jeebies, don’t worry: They won’t be showing up at your local drugstore anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might run into them in some research labs, however. \u003ca href=\"https://mcb.berkeley.edu/faculty/CDB/weisblatd.html\">David Weisblat\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, has been studying leech development and evolution for more than 40 years. He has recently started a project to learn more about leech behavior and neurobiology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This involves placing them on a checkerboard of sorts, made of sandpaper. The squares alternate between rough and smooth grains. Many of the leeches, small snail-hunters in the genus \u003cem>Helobdella\u003c/em>, have a strong preference for the smoother squares, moving in strictly diagonal patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921673 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/IMG_2776-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Weisblat uses this sandpaper checkerboard to study leech behavior and decisions. The leeches have a strong preference for smooth surfaces over rough. \u003ccite>(David Weisblat/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a little pawn on the chessboard that’s gone crazy,” Weisblat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though leeches may have an unimpressive nervous system by vertebrate standards, they are still capable of using information from their environment to make decisions, said Weisblat. And figuring out how this process works is easier in a leech than in the nervous system of mice or rats. In understanding how leeches find their way around with so few neurons, we can begin to understand how the nervous system processes and encodes information, Weisblat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921674\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1921674\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-1020x573.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-1920x1079.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL506-Leeches-Medicinal-leech-showing-suckers-with-mouth-on-right-sucker.jpg 1922w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leeches can “inchworm” along using their suckers as anchors. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Capturing the way leeches sense and move through their environment could also one day translate to bioengineering applications, like designing small exploratory robotics, said Weisblat. “Leeches can go on glass surfaces, crawling with their suckers, and exploring all sorts of different ways,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty amazing, when you think about how simple they are.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Science Says: What We Know About Cancer Risk and Coffee",
"headTitle": "Science Says: What We Know About Cancer Risk and Coffee | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Trouble is brewing for coffee lovers in California, where \u003ca href=\".kqed.org/science/1921850/california-judge-coffee-needs-cancer-warnings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a judge ruled that sellers\u003c/a> must post scary warnings about cancer risks. But how frightened should we be of a daily cup of joe? Not very, some scientists and available evidence seem to suggest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific concerns about coffee have eased in recent years, and many \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-study-finds-coffee-drinkers-have-lower-risk-death\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studies\u003c/a> even suggest it can help health.[contextly_sidebar id=”fhwkLqW2VJvTZj61NKZfRVvIksjj1YTf”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the minimum, coffee is neutral. If anything, there is fairly good evidence of the benefit of coffee on cancer,” said Dr. Edward Giovannucci, a nutrition expert at the Harvard School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization’s cancer agency moved coffee off the “possible carcinogen” \u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2016/pdfs/pr244_E.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list\u003c/a> two years ago, though it says evidence is insufficient to rule out any possible role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current flap isn’t about coffee itself, but a chemical called \u003ca href=\"https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/acrylamide_508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acrylamide\u003c/a> (ah-KRILL-ah-mide) that’s made when the beans are roasted. Government agencies call it a probable or likely carcinogen, based on animal research, and a group sued to require coffee sellers to warn of that under a California \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/about-proposition-65\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> passed by voters in 1986.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem: No one knows what levels are safe or risky for people. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sets acrylamide limits for drinking water, but there aren’t any for food.[contextly_sidebar id=”QCYdnQUjIDkg7KaYYCechX3b77fUWTNy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A cup of coffee a day, exposure probably is not that high,” and probably should not change your habit, said Dr. Bruce Y. Lee of Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. “If you drink a lot of cups a day, this is one of the reasons you might consider cutting that down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what’s known about the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Chemical\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nStart with the biggest known risk factor for cancer — smoking — which generates \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/acrylamide-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acrylamide\u003c/a> . In the diet, French fries, potato chips, crackers, cookies, cereal and other high-carbohydrate foods contain it as a byproduct of roasting, baking, toasting or frying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/ChemicalContaminants/ucm053549.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tests\u003c/a> of acrylamide levels found they ranged from 175 to 351 parts per billion (a measure of concentration for a contaminant) for six brands of coffee tested; the highest was for one type of decaf coffee crystals. By comparison, French fries at one fast food chain ranged from 117 to 313 parts per billion, depending on the location tested. Some commercial fries had more than 1,000.[contextly_sidebar id=”dC2gyMVpcgQvvg28hRoQyCZeHVOF9OGX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even some baby foods contain acrylamide, such as teething biscuits and crackers. One brand of organic sweet potatoes tested as having 121 parts per billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the Risk?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The “probable” or “likely” carcinogen label is based on studies of animals given high levels of acrylamide in drinking water. But people and rodents absorb the chemical at different rates and metabolize it differently, so its relevance to human health is unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of 23 scientists convened by the WHO’s cancer agency in 2016 looked at coffee — not acrylamide directly — and \u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/2016/DebunkMyth.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decided\u003c/a> coffee was unlikely to cause breast, prostate or pancreatic cancer, and that it seemed to lower the risks for liver and uterine cancers. Evidence was inadequate to determine its effect on dozens of other cancer types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The California Law\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSince 1986, businesses have been required to post warnings about chemicals known to cause cancer or other health risks — more than 900 substances are on the state’s list today — but what’s a “significant” risk is arguable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coffee sellers and other defendants in the lawsuit that spurred Thursday’s ruling have a couple weeks to challenge it or appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law “has potential to do much more harm than good to public health,” by confusing people into thinking risks from something like coffee are similar to those from smoking, Giovannucci said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Food Information Council and Foundation, an organization funded mostly by the food and beverage industry, says the law is confusing the public because it doesn’t note levels of risk, and adds that U.S. dietary guidelines say up to five cups of coffee a day can be part of a healthy diet.[contextly_sidebar id=”fE3v7Cn5MLcbvitroBXFRpPTh0iSbNI8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Otis Brawley, the American Cancer Society’s chief medical officer, said, “The issue here is dose, and the amount of acrylamide that would be included in coffee, which is really very small, compared to the amount from smoking tobacco. I don’t think we should be worried about a cup of coffee.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amy Trenton-Dietz, public health specialist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, said the California ruling contrasts with what science shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studies in humans suggest that if anything, coffee is protective for some types of cancer,” she said. “As long as people are not putting a lot of sugar or sweeteners in, coffee, tea and water are the best things for people to be drinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Associated Press \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/tag/ScienceSays\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series\u003c/a> was produced in \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all contentchemic\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Trouble is brewing for coffee lovers in California, where \u003ca href=\".kqed.org/science/1921850/california-judge-coffee-needs-cancer-warnings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a judge ruled that sellers\u003c/a> must post scary warnings about cancer risks. But how frightened should we be of a daily cup of joe? Not very, some scientists and available evidence seem to suggest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific concerns about coffee have eased in recent years, and many \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-study-finds-coffee-drinkers-have-lower-risk-death\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studies\u003c/a> even suggest it can help health.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the minimum, coffee is neutral. If anything, there is fairly good evidence of the benefit of coffee on cancer,” said Dr. Edward Giovannucci, a nutrition expert at the Harvard School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization’s cancer agency moved coffee off the “possible carcinogen” \u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2016/pdfs/pr244_E.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list\u003c/a> two years ago, though it says evidence is insufficient to rule out any possible role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current flap isn’t about coffee itself, but a chemical called \u003ca href=\"https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/acrylamide_508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acrylamide\u003c/a> (ah-KRILL-ah-mide) that’s made when the beans are roasted. Government agencies call it a probable or likely carcinogen, based on animal research, and a group sued to require coffee sellers to warn of that under a California \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/about-proposition-65\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> passed by voters in 1986.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem: No one knows what levels are safe or risky for people. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sets acrylamide limits for drinking water, but there aren’t any for food.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A cup of coffee a day, exposure probably is not that high,” and probably should not change your habit, said Dr. Bruce Y. Lee of Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. “If you drink a lot of cups a day, this is one of the reasons you might consider cutting that down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what’s known about the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Chemical\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nStart with the biggest known risk factor for cancer — smoking — which generates \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/acrylamide-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acrylamide\u003c/a> . In the diet, French fries, potato chips, crackers, cookies, cereal and other high-carbohydrate foods contain it as a byproduct of roasting, baking, toasting or frying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/ChemicalContaminants/ucm053549.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tests\u003c/a> of acrylamide levels found they ranged from 175 to 351 parts per billion (a measure of concentration for a contaminant) for six brands of coffee tested; the highest was for one type of decaf coffee crystals. By comparison, French fries at one fast food chain ranged from 117 to 313 parts per billion, depending on the location tested. Some commercial fries had more than 1,000.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even some baby foods contain acrylamide, such as teething biscuits and crackers. One brand of organic sweet potatoes tested as having 121 parts per billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the Risk?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The “probable” or “likely” carcinogen label is based on studies of animals given high levels of acrylamide in drinking water. But people and rodents absorb the chemical at different rates and metabolize it differently, so its relevance to human health is unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of 23 scientists convened by the WHO’s cancer agency in 2016 looked at coffee — not acrylamide directly — and \u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/2016/DebunkMyth.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decided\u003c/a> coffee was unlikely to cause breast, prostate or pancreatic cancer, and that it seemed to lower the risks for liver and uterine cancers. Evidence was inadequate to determine its effect on dozens of other cancer types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The California Law\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSince 1986, businesses have been required to post warnings about chemicals known to cause cancer or other health risks — more than 900 substances are on the state’s list today — but what’s a “significant” risk is arguable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coffee sellers and other defendants in the lawsuit that spurred Thursday’s ruling have a couple weeks to challenge it or appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law “has potential to do much more harm than good to public health,” by confusing people into thinking risks from something like coffee are similar to those from smoking, Giovannucci said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Food Information Council and Foundation, an organization funded mostly by the food and beverage industry, says the law is confusing the public because it doesn’t note levels of risk, and adds that U.S. dietary guidelines say up to five cups of coffee a day can be part of a healthy diet.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Otis Brawley, the American Cancer Society’s chief medical officer, said, “The issue here is dose, and the amount of acrylamide that would be included in coffee, which is really very small, compared to the amount from smoking tobacco. I don’t think we should be worried about a cup of coffee.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amy Trenton-Dietz, public health specialist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, said the California ruling contrasts with what science shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studies in humans suggest that if anything, coffee is protective for some types of cancer,” she said. “As long as people are not putting a lot of sugar or sweeteners in, coffee, tea and water are the best things for people to be drinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Associated Press \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/tag/ScienceSays\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series\u003c/a> was produced in \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all contentchemic\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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