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"content": "\u003cp>In an attempt to reduce fire risks posed by power lines and equipment during extreme weather, PG&E has announced a new plan to cut off power in Northern California neighborhoods during times of extreme fire hazard. [contextly_sidebar id=”tEbNdC5Xer0aXcPjFFNTeynoiGJfj62S”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan has drawn criticism from officials and residents who worry the loss of power during dangerous weather could further threaten public safety. The power cuts would apply to regions the state has designated at high risk for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some worry that a “pre-emptive blackout” could cause medical equipment to malfunction and cut off vital channels of communication in areas with spotty cellular service. \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/NE/20180626/NEWS/180629766\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Santa Cruz Sentinel \u003c/a>reported concerns raised Tuesday after a PG&E presentation at a Santa Cruz Board of Supervisors meeting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s not just the power lines causing fires but a lot of other factors, and, in fact, cutting power lines exacerbates the danger,” County Supervisor Ryan Coonerty told two PG&E representatives Tuesday following a presentation on the utility’s wildfire safety plan at the board of supervisors meeting.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>PG&E says the plan will only apply in extreme circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is really, truly, a last-resort effort, and you’re right, there are tradeoffs,” Gregg Lemler, vice president of electric transmission operations at PG&E, said at the meeting. [contextly_sidebar id=”9h4SOS00OBEvr4djsKyAQWmKb9dZ7PVS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some PG&E customers are on board with the preemptive blackout plan\u003ca href=\"http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2018/06/12/pge-planned-power-outage-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">, reports CBS Sacramento: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I think if they’re proactively looking for a solution and looking ahead of something that could be hazardous or something that’s not good for the community, I think that’s pretty good,” said one customer.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>PG&E’s new measure follows a \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/newsreleases/2018/2017_WildfireSiege_Cause.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Fire report \u003c/a>linking 12 of last year’s destructive blazes to trees and branches that came into contact with PG&E power lines and equipment. The report also found potential violations of state law. Its findings have been forwarded to county district attorneys’ offices, according to\u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/newsreleases/2018/2017_WildfireSiege_Cause.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> a Cal Fire news release.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E told investors last week it expects to pay at least $2.5 billion in damages from those fires, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/northbay/sonomacounty/8458200-181/pge-sonoma-napa-mendocino-lake-wildfire-liability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the North Bay Business Journal.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A family of industrial chemicals turning up in public water supplies around the country is even more toxic than previously thought, threatening human health at concentrations seven to 10 times lower than once realized, according to a government report released Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”aqvGWhtLLdNK6U1XV4gfDx1eLFcDQKu7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals are called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl. They were used in such goods as fire-suppressing foam, nonstick pans, fast-food wrappers, and stain-resistant fabric and carpet, but are no longer used in U.S. manufacturing. Water sampling has found contamination in water around military bases, factories and other sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exposure at high levels is linked to liver damage, developmental problems and some forms of cancer, among other risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft of the report, by the Department of Health and Human Services’ toxicology office, had set off alarms within the Trump administration earlier this year. A January email from a White House official, released under the Freedom of Information Act, referred to the findings as a “potential public relations nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft went under months of government review before Wednesday’s publication, but the key finding — that the chemicals are dangerous at specific levels much lower than previously stated — was not changed.[contextly_sidebar id=”v4zcwzbOTXqHs66iBK4EcM26bHe6ktjS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, which scheduled a series of hearings on the chemicals, said last month that it would move toward formally declaring the two most common forms of PFAS as hazardous substances and make recommendations for groundwater cleanup, among other steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. manufacturers agreed in 2006 to an EPA-crafted deal to stop using one of the most common forms of the chemical in consumer products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings will likely lead state and local water systems with the contaminant to boost filtering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we test, the more we find,” Olga Naidenko, a science adviser to the Environmental Working Group nonprofit, said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>California officials, having concluded coffee drinking is not a risky pastime, are proposing a regulation that will essentially tell consumers of America’s favorite beverage they can drink up without fear.[contextly_sidebar id=”xaUbuzkfrZWU5MCxZmA78HelblVrTsoj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unprecedented action Friday by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment to propose a regulation to clear coffee of the stigma that it could pose a toxic risk followed a review of more than 1,000 studies published this week by the World Health Organization that found inadequate evidence that coffee causes cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency implements a law passed by voters in 1986 that requires warnings of chemicals known to cause cancer and birth defects. One of those chemicals is acrylamide, which is found in many things and is a byproduct of coffee roasting and brewing present in every cup of joe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the regulation is adopted, it would be a huge win for the coffee industry which faces potentially massive civil penalties after recently losing an 8-year-old lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court that could require scary warnings on all coffee packaging sold in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Elihu Berle found that Starbucks and other coffee roasters and retailers had failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any cancer risks. He had previously ruled the companies hadn’t shown the threat from the chemical was insignificant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s action rejects that ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposed regulation would state that drinking coffee does not pose a significant cancer risk, despite the presence of chemicals created during the roasting and brewing process that are listed under Proposition 65 as known carcinogens,” the agency said in a statement. “The proposed regulation is based on extensive scientific evidence that drinking coffee has not been shown to increase the risk of cancer and may reduce the risk of some types of cancer.”[contextly_sidebar id=”Eh68QYmFnPH0bH18ZsZ9bsKDZFnQQzh9”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Raphael Metzger, who won the court case on behalf of The Council for Education and Research on Toxics, said he was shocked the agency would move to nullify the court decision and undermine its own report more than a decade ago that drinking even small amounts of coffee resulted in a significant cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The takeaway is that the state is proposing a rule contrary to its own scientific conclusion. That’s unprecedented and bad,” Metzger said. “The whole thing stinks to high hell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Coffee Association had no comment on the proposed change. In the past, the organization has said coffee has health benefits and that the lawsuit made a mockery of the state law intended to protect people from toxics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific evidence on coffee has gone back and forth over many years, but concerns have eased recently about possible dangers, with some studies finding health benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Coffee didn’t deny that acrylamide was found in the coffee, but argued it was only found at low levels and was outweighed by other benefits such as antioxidants that reduce cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency’s action comes about a week after bipartisan bills were introduced in both houses of Congress to require science-based criteria for labels on food and other products. One of the sponsors, Rep. Kurt Schrader, D-Oregon, alluded to the California coffee lawsuit as an example of misleading warnings.[contextly_sidebar id=”23BFzlQuqcfm2ExTZlPQ7OfGNZchWlLQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have mandatory cancer warnings on a cup of coffee, something has gone seriously wrong with the process,” Schrader said in a news release. “We now have so many warnings unrelated to the actual health risk posed to consumers, that most people just ignore them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit against Starbucks and 90 companies was brought by the tiny nonprofit under a law that allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties for failure to provide warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, better known as Proposition 65, requires warning labels for about 900 chemicals known to cause cancer or birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has been credited with reducing cancer-causing chemicals, but it has been criticized for leading to quick settlement shakedowns and vague warnings that are often ignored.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California officials, having concluded coffee drinking is not a risky pastime, are proposing a regulation that will essentially tell consumers of America’s favorite beverage they can drink up without fear.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unprecedented action Friday by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment to propose a regulation to clear coffee of the stigma that it could pose a toxic risk followed a review of more than 1,000 studies published this week by the World Health Organization that found inadequate evidence that coffee causes cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency implements a law passed by voters in 1986 that requires warnings of chemicals known to cause cancer and birth defects. One of those chemicals is acrylamide, which is found in many things and is a byproduct of coffee roasting and brewing present in every cup of joe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the regulation is adopted, it would be a huge win for the coffee industry which faces potentially massive civil penalties after recently losing an 8-year-old lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court that could require scary warnings on all coffee packaging sold in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Elihu Berle found that Starbucks and other coffee roasters and retailers had failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any cancer risks. He had previously ruled the companies hadn’t shown the threat from the chemical was insignificant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s action rejects that ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposed regulation would state that drinking coffee does not pose a significant cancer risk, despite the presence of chemicals created during the roasting and brewing process that are listed under Proposition 65 as known carcinogens,” the agency said in a statement. “The proposed regulation is based on extensive scientific evidence that drinking coffee has not been shown to increase the risk of cancer and may reduce the risk of some types of cancer.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Raphael Metzger, who won the court case on behalf of The Council for Education and Research on Toxics, said he was shocked the agency would move to nullify the court decision and undermine its own report more than a decade ago that drinking even small amounts of coffee resulted in a significant cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The takeaway is that the state is proposing a rule contrary to its own scientific conclusion. That’s unprecedented and bad,” Metzger said. “The whole thing stinks to high hell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Coffee Association had no comment on the proposed change. In the past, the organization has said coffee has health benefits and that the lawsuit made a mockery of the state law intended to protect people from toxics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific evidence on coffee has gone back and forth over many years, but concerns have eased recently about possible dangers, with some studies finding health benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Coffee didn’t deny that acrylamide was found in the coffee, but argued it was only found at low levels and was outweighed by other benefits such as antioxidants that reduce cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency’s action comes about a week after bipartisan bills were introduced in both houses of Congress to require science-based criteria for labels on food and other products. One of the sponsors, Rep. Kurt Schrader, D-Oregon, alluded to the California coffee lawsuit as an example of misleading warnings.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have mandatory cancer warnings on a cup of coffee, something has gone seriously wrong with the process,” Schrader said in a news release. “We now have so many warnings unrelated to the actual health risk posed to consumers, that most people just ignore them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit against Starbucks and 90 companies was brought by the tiny nonprofit under a law that allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties for failure to provide warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, better known as Proposition 65, requires warning labels for about 900 chemicals known to cause cancer or birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has been credited with reducing cancer-causing chemicals, but it has been criticized for leading to quick settlement shakedowns and vague warnings that are often ignored.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>With frustration mounting over lawmakers’ inaction on gun control, the American Medical Association on Tuesday pressed for a ban on assault weapons and came out against arming teachers as a way to fight what it calls a public health crisis.[contextly_sidebar id=”vwj3gYKaCHGqnLdA70WIcwKi6MInYtra”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its annual policymaking meeting, the nation’s largest physicians group bowed to unprecedented demands from doctor-members to take a stronger stand on gun violence — a problem the organizations says is as menacing as a lethal infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action comes against a backdrop of recurrent school shootings, everyday street violence in the nation’s inner cities, and rising U.S. suicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as physicians are the witnesses to the human toll of this disease,” Dr. Megan Ranney, an emergency-medicine specialist at Brown University, said at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA delegates voted to adopt several of nearly a dozen gun-related proposals presented by doctor groups that are part of the AMA’s membership. They agreed to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Support any bans on the purchase or possession of guns and ammunition by people under 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Back laws that would require licensing and safety courses for gun owners and registration of all firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Press for legislation that would allow relatives of suicidal people or those who have threatened imminent violence to seek court-ordered removal of guns from the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Encourage better training for physicians in how to recognize patients at risk for suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Push to eliminate loopholes in laws preventing the purchase or possession of guns by people found guilty of domestic violence, including expanding such measures to cover convicted stalkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many AMA members are gun owners or supporters, including a doctor from Montana who told delegates of learning to shoot at a firing range in the basement of her middle school as part of gym class. But support for banning assault weapons was overwhelming, with the measure adopted in a 446-99 vote.[contextly_sidebar id=”tIfFD7hejzjbEH7RdfQqADeqHwklWnkT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a place to start and this should be it,” Dr. Jim Hinsdale, a San Jose, California, trauma surgeon, said before the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun violence is not a new issue for the AMA; it has supported past efforts to ban assault weapons; declared gun violence a public health crisis; backed background checks, waiting periods and better funding for mental health services; and pressed for more research on gun violence prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>But Dr. David Barbe, whose one-year term as AMA president ended Tuesday, called the number of related measures on this year’s agenda extraordinary and said recent violence, including the Parkland, Florida, school shooting and the Las Vegas massacre, “spurred a new sense of urgency … while Congress fails to act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been frustrating that we have seen so little action from either state or federal legislators,” he said. “The most important audience for our message right now is our legislators, and second most important is the public, because sometimes it requires public pressure on the legislators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is no longer viewed as the unified voice of American medicine, the AMA has more clout with politicians and the public than other doctor groups. It counted more than 243,000 members in 2017, up slightly for the seventh straight year. But it represents less than one-quarter of the nation’s million-plus physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA members cited U.S. government data showing almost 40,000 deaths by gun in 2016, including suicides, and nearly 111,000 gun injuries. Both have been rising in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, U.S. deaths from diabetes in 2016 totaled almost 80,000; Alzheimer’s, 111,000; and lung disease, 155,000. The leaders are heart disease, with 634,000 deaths in 2016, and cancer, about 600,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Flu killed more U.S. children in the past year than during any other regular flu season in recent history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. health officials said Friday that they had received reports of 172 pediatric flu deaths since October. That surpasses the 2012-2013 flu season, when there were 171. An average season sees about 110.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were more deaths in 2009-2010, when a rare flu pandemic occurred involving a new strain. More than 300 children died that season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The past flu season wasn’t a pandemic, but it was long — 19 weeks. It also was unusually intense, with high levels of illness reported in nearly every state for weeks on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The season peaked in early February. It was mostly over by the end of March, although some flu continued to circulate. The most recent pediatric death occurred in late May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The season was driven by a kind of flu that tends to put more people in the hospital and cause more deaths, particularly among young children and the elderly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making a bad year worse, the flu vaccine didn’t work very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flu vaccinations are recommended annually for all Americans who are 6 months old or older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the children who died this past year were too young for the shots. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has vaccination information on only about 140 of the children who died who were old enough to be vaccinated. Of those, only about 1 in 5 received the vaccine before they became ill, CDC officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the children who died were previously healthy — they didn’t have a diagnosed health condition that might have made them more vulnerable to the flu, the CDC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flu is a contagious respiratory illness, spread by a virus. It can cause a miserable but relatively mild illness in many people, but more a more severe illness in others. Young children and the elderly are at greatest risk from flu and its complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC began counting pediatric flu deaths in 2004. It doesn’t keep an exact count of adult flu-related deaths, but it has estimated there were 12,000 to 56,000 in recent seasons.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sinking land caused by intensive groundwater pumping in the San Joaquin Valley is releasing trapped arsenic — a known carcinogen — into aquifers that supply irrigation and drinking water for a million people, according to a new study published Tuesday in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/ncomms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>. [contextly_sidebar id=”e2HtgwYSiGvYqi4LXO5efN9lFOy4H4pN”]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arsenic, a naturally occurring chemical in the Earth’s crust, is undetectable by the human senses and has been linked to a host of diseases including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Researchers at Stanford University say residents should be concerned about arsenic levels in their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Arsenic is associated with the clay layers in the groundwater system from which they pump their water,” says study co-author Rosemary J. Knight, a professor of geophysics at Stanford. “Overpumping is going to release that arsenic, and there has been significant overpumping during the recent droughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">link\u003c/a> between subsidence (or sinking land) and pumping of fresh water from underground is well-established, according to the US Geological Survey. A previous study led by Knight found that one way of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6810\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reducing the negative impact\u003c/a> of extracting water from the clay layers is for farmers to pull water from more shallow sand and gravel layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight added that residents who obtain their water from a private domestic well in an area that has experienced subsidence are wise to get the water checked for arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers examined arsenic levels in hundreds of wells in San Joaquin Valley’s Tulare basin during two drought periods. They found that in areas where land sank more than 3 inches per year, the risk of finding dangerous levels of arsenic in groundwater tripled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tulare basin aquifers consist of sand and gravel zones separated by thin layers of clay. The clay, which acts as a sponge, absorbs both water and arsenic, which starts off as a solid. Overpumping draws water from the sand and gravel zones, causing the aquifer to compress as land sinks. As those layers press down on the clay regions, arsenic-rich water gets released into the aquifer. [contextly_sidebar id=”1JyrHvzuqfuwV7K3cTgbnnqO96YJSe5q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says overpumping in other regions could result in the same effect if they have three characteristics: alternating layers of clay and sand; a source of arsenic; and relatively low oxygen content, which is common for thick clay zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors say that satellite surveillance can be a powerful tool in protecting communities from contaminated groundwater. Remote sensors that track the measurements of land as it collapses over time can be used to predict arsenic concentrations in groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data could serve as an early warning system for contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remote sensing data give us an incredible view of what is happening in our groundwater systems,” says Knight. “My hope is that we are entering a new era in California, of sustainable groundwater management, and that data such as these can support and inform wise groundwater management decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study notes that aquifers contaminated as a result of overpumping can recover if withdrawals stop; areas that showed slower sinking also had lower arsenic levels.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sinking land caused by intensive groundwater pumping in the San Joaquin Valley is releasing trapped arsenic — a known carcinogen — into aquifers that supply irrigation and drinking water for a million people, according to a new study published Tuesday in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/ncomms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arsenic, a naturally occurring chemical in the Earth’s crust, is undetectable by the human senses and has been linked to a host of diseases including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Researchers at Stanford University say residents should be concerned about arsenic levels in their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Arsenic is associated with the clay layers in the groundwater system from which they pump their water,” says study co-author Rosemary J. Knight, a professor of geophysics at Stanford. “Overpumping is going to release that arsenic, and there has been significant overpumping during the recent droughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">link\u003c/a> between subsidence (or sinking land) and pumping of fresh water from underground is well-established, according to the US Geological Survey. A previous study led by Knight found that one way of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6810\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reducing the negative impact\u003c/a> of extracting water from the clay layers is for farmers to pull water from more shallow sand and gravel layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight added that residents who obtain their water from a private domestic well in an area that has experienced subsidence are wise to get the water checked for arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers examined arsenic levels in hundreds of wells in San Joaquin Valley’s Tulare basin during two drought periods. They found that in areas where land sank more than 3 inches per year, the risk of finding dangerous levels of arsenic in groundwater tripled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tulare basin aquifers consist of sand and gravel zones separated by thin layers of clay. The clay, which acts as a sponge, absorbs both water and arsenic, which starts off as a solid. Overpumping draws water from the sand and gravel zones, causing the aquifer to compress as land sinks. As those layers press down on the clay regions, arsenic-rich water gets released into the aquifer. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says overpumping in other regions could result in the same effect if they have three characteristics: alternating layers of clay and sand; a source of arsenic; and relatively low oxygen content, which is common for thick clay zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors say that satellite surveillance can be a powerful tool in protecting communities from contaminated groundwater. Remote sensors that track the measurements of land as it collapses over time can be used to predict arsenic concentrations in groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data could serve as an early warning system for contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remote sensing data give us an incredible view of what is happening in our groundwater systems,” says Knight. “My hope is that we are entering a new era in California, of sustainable groundwater management, and that data such as these can support and inform wise groundwater management decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study notes that aquifers contaminated as a result of overpumping can recover if withdrawals stop; areas that showed slower sinking also had lower arsenic levels.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Your batteries may be ticking time bombs, according to organizers behind “Avoid the Spark,” a new nationwide campaign launched in California to teach consumers how to properly store and dispose of batteries.[contextly_sidebar id=”2xZL9a1owmEwP85fgY4i6QUgzGip1HPg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology, a hallmark of modern life, brings with it the good and the bad, and some of that bad comes in the form of improperly stored batteries. They’re blamed for the majority of fires at 26 waste facilities throughout California. And with 95 percent of Americans owning a cellphone and nearly half owning portable tablets, battery use will only increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, according to nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.call2recycle.org/?utm_source=California%2520press%2520release\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Call2Recycle\u003c/a>, a North American battery recycling program, many consumers do not know how to properly handle their batteries once they reach the end of their useful lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Nielsen \u003ca href=\"https://www.call2recycle.org/california-campaign-release/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> commissioned by the group in 2016 found that 60 percent of consumers simply tossed out at least some of their single-use batteries, while 15 percent did the same with rechargeable batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of special concern are lithium batteries, the battery of choice for many cellphones, cameras, and computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Call2Recycle’s Carl Smith \u003ca href=\"http://abc7news.com/technology/avoid-the-spark-campaign-launched-to-prevent-fires/3531572/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells ABC affiliate KGO-TV.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Even a perfectly fine laptop battery that is no longer useful can be potentially dangerous if not handled correctly at the end of life.” says Carl Smith, CEO and president of the not-for-profit, Call2Recycle, the country’s largest battery recycling program. He says if a lithium battery comes into contact with metal in just the right way, sparks can fly. “They look like fire crackers going off,” Smith said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>To avoid this risk, the group says consumers should use non-conductive duct tape or clear packing tape to cover the terminals of lithium-based batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers should also avoid storing batteries together, which can lead to a potential explosion and exposure to hazardous materials.[contextly_sidebar id=”3fXkdiS2t16sS1VzL8IbFcmTlWQkF24A”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the batteries can form and release hydrogen, a highly volatile gas that could be ignited by elevated temperatures or static electricity, according to a study commissioned by the California Integrated Waste Management Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The accumulation of hydrogen gas can be avoided if batteries are stored in ventilated containers and/or not allowed to make physical contact [with each other],” says the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/publications/Documents/HHW/40292001.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More tips on how to store and dispose of batteries are posted at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.call2recycle.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Call2Recycle \u003c/a>website, along with a\u003ca href=\"https://www.call2recycle.org/locator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> list of drop-off locations\u003c/a> in the Bay Area for those wishing to dispose of their batteries.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers and U.S. authorities are finding what they say is an alarming increase in the use of a powerful banned pesticide at illegal marijuana farms hidden on public land in California.[contextly_sidebar id=”tnu2cVSM5BB8RzYTVxghpKA5S3c9Np56″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pesticide residue is showing up in about 30 percent of the plants themselves, researcher Mourad Gabriel told The Associated Press. U.S. and state authorities will announce Tuesday that they will use $2.5 million in federal money to target the illegal grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found the highly toxic pesticide Carbofuran at 72 percent of grow sites last year, up from 15 percent in 2012, said Gabriel, executive director and senior ecologist at Integral Ecology Research Center and one of the few researchers studying the ecological impact of illicit grow sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has long allowed medicinal marijuana and legalized recreational pot this year. While U.S. Attorney McGregor Scott will enforce federal laws that ban the drug, he said he is targeting illicit grows on public land with cooperation from California’s attorney general and the state’s National Guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is happening here is illegal for all purposes under anybody’s law,” he said in an interview before Tuesday’s announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the illegally grown California pot is destined for Midwestern and Eastern states where it is more profitable, Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and other officials toured a remote contaminated grow site last week where piles of trash remained months after 3,000 to 4,000 plants were removed. Officials said they are concerned the chemical residue could wash into a watershed and eventually reach areas where increasingly rare salmon breed.[contextly_sidebar id=”FW9X1D3To0bLIZxA56NHg4xfnlSGhYtY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A danger before legalization in California was the uncertainty of what was in pot products, but authorities say the rise in Carbofuran use poses an increased danger. Gabriel’s research found that traces of the chemical are showing up in pot but did not attempt to quantify how much was in each sample or its effects on people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical is intended for use as an insecticide but is so powerful that a quarter of a teaspoon can kill a 300-pound (136-kilogram) bear, Gabriel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research by Gabriel and colleagues previously showed that the use of pesticides at illegal marijuana farms is poisoning significant numbers of California’s few hundred remaining fishers, a threatened weasel-like mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbofuran can’t legally be used in the United States, and every bottle found at the grow sites since 2012 has been labeled in Spanish, Gabriel said.[contextly_sidebar id=”reP3A7AaJ8yFDOyCLdIlTsHnBvwSMztT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott said it is being smuggled in from Mexico by drug cartels and laborers hired to clear forestland and replant it with illegal marijuana. Laborers, who must carry the plants, fertilizer, irrigation hose and camping supplies into faraway sites, tell Gabriel that the remoteness is one reason highly toxic Carbofuran is so popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they are saying to us is this is extremely effective — it takes a little amount to kill a deer or a bear — so we don’t need to bring a lot of it to last a season,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At normal levels, a typical bottle containing less than 1 liter should be diluted with up to 5,000 gallons (18,927 liters) of water, he said. But illegal growers are diluting it with just 3 to 5 gallons (11 to 19 liters) of water to spray plants or using the concentrate directly to kill wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the illegally grown California pot is destined for Midwestern and Eastern states where it is more profitable, Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and other officials toured a remote contaminated grow site last week where piles of trash remained months after 3,000 to 4,000 plants were removed. Officials said they are concerned the chemical residue could wash into a watershed and eventually reach areas where increasingly rare salmon breed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A danger before legalization in California was the uncertainty of what was in pot products, but authorities say the rise in Carbofuran use poses an increased danger. Gabriel’s research found that traces of the chemical are showing up in pot but did not attempt to quantify how much was in each sample or its effects on people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical is intended for use as an insecticide but is so powerful that a quarter of a teaspoon can kill a 300-pound (136-kilogram) bear, Gabriel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research by Gabriel and colleagues previously showed that the use of pesticides at illegal marijuana farms is poisoning significant numbers of California’s few hundred remaining fishers, a threatened weasel-like mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbofuran can’t legally be used in the United States, and every bottle found at the grow sites since 2012 has been labeled in Spanish, Gabriel said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott said it is being smuggled in from Mexico by drug cartels and laborers hired to clear forestland and replant it with illegal marijuana. Laborers, who must carry the plants, fertilizer, irrigation hose and camping supplies into faraway sites, tell Gabriel that the remoteness is one reason highly toxic Carbofuran is so popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they are saying to us is this is extremely effective — it takes a little amount to kill a deer or a bear — so we don’t need to bring a lot of it to last a season,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At normal levels, a typical bottle containing less than 1 liter should be diluted with up to 5,000 gallons (18,927 liters) of water, he said. But illegal growers are diluting it with just 3 to 5 gallons (11 to 19 liters) of water to spray plants or using the concentrate directly to kill wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>An environmental group has \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2018/corals-05-23-2018.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">petitioned\u003c/a> the federal government to ban two coral-killing chemicals from sunscreen and personal care products, just weeks after Hawaii passed a law banning their sale due to alleged toxic effects on marine life.[contextly_sidebar id=”iy7wlGpuXGBaFvWtWUrlXN0ABOSaQGlN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a> petitioned the Food and Drug Administration to ban products containing oxybenzone and octinoxate, noting that even a miniscule amount of oxybenzone is toxic to corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science is clearer every day that coral-killing chemicals are in our sunscreens,” says CBD biologist and lead attorney Emily Jeffers. “This is a nationwide problem and applies everywhere, even to people who don’t live next to the ocean. Whatever sunscreen people apply rubs off into water sources, which eventually flow back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is already wreaking havoc on coral reefs, says Jeffers, and the added stress of chemical contamination is only deepening the crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A widely cited \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/80\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 study\u003c/a> found that oxybenzone and octinoxate, which function as UV blockers, disrupt marine life and contribute to coral bleaching, which occurs when heat stress drives out nutrient-rich algae, which is the coral’s food source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once extremely rare, incidents of oral bleaching have increased fourfold over the last three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924373\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1924373\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Studies find that corals are bleaching due to high water temperature. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not everyone agrees that the two chemicals are to blame for the destruction of coral reefs. Trade groups for cosmetics and over-the-counter drug companies have \u003ca href=\"https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2F19%2Ftravel%2Fmost-sunscreens-can-harm-coral-reefs-what-should-travelers-do.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pointed to\u003c/a> other culprits such as global warming and overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the ban in Hawaii, the Consumer Healthcare Products Association\u003ca href=\"https://chpa.org/SunscreenBan2018.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> accused\u003c/a> the state’s legislature of compromising the safety and welfare of residents by effectively banning at least 70 percent of sunscreen products currently on the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jeffers says that plenty of alternatives exist for effective sunscreen protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people to use sunscreen to protect against skin cancer and there are so many non-toxic alternatives out there,” she says. “So why would we voluntarily put chemicals into our oceans? There’s a way to protect your skin and corals at the same time and that’s what we should be doing.”[contextly_sidebar id=”9uDNWCty7Drr3GiXzu4UpatCYNuGwYZ8”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CBD petition comes one day after the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/sunscreen/report/executive-summary/#.WwXTCqqpVeU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> published its annual sunscreen guide, which found oxybenzone in two-thirds of the 650 sunscreens it reviewed. The group cites oxybenzone as an environmental and health hazard that acts as a hormone disruptor and is measured in the body of nearly every American.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For safe and effective sunscreens, the EWG guide recommends products containing zinc oxide and titanium dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An environmental group has \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2018/corals-05-23-2018.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">petitioned\u003c/a> the federal government to ban two coral-killing chemicals from sunscreen and personal care products, just weeks after Hawaii passed a law banning their sale due to alleged toxic effects on marine life.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a> petitioned the Food and Drug Administration to ban products containing oxybenzone and octinoxate, noting that even a miniscule amount of oxybenzone is toxic to corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science is clearer every day that coral-killing chemicals are in our sunscreens,” says CBD biologist and lead attorney Emily Jeffers. “This is a nationwide problem and applies everywhere, even to people who don’t live next to the ocean. Whatever sunscreen people apply rubs off into water sources, which eventually flow back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is already wreaking havoc on coral reefs, says Jeffers, and the added stress of chemical contamination is only deepening the crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A widely cited \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/80\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 study\u003c/a> found that oxybenzone and octinoxate, which function as UV blockers, disrupt marine life and contribute to coral bleaching, which occurs when heat stress drives out nutrient-rich algae, which is the coral’s food source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once extremely rare, incidents of oral bleaching have increased fourfold over the last three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924373\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1924373\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-528164381-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Studies find that corals are bleaching due to high water temperature. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not everyone agrees that the two chemicals are to blame for the destruction of coral reefs. Trade groups for cosmetics and over-the-counter drug companies have \u003ca href=\"https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2F19%2Ftravel%2Fmost-sunscreens-can-harm-coral-reefs-what-should-travelers-do.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pointed to\u003c/a> other culprits such as global warming and overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the ban in Hawaii, the Consumer Healthcare Products Association\u003ca href=\"https://chpa.org/SunscreenBan2018.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> accused\u003c/a> the state’s legislature of compromising the safety and welfare of residents by effectively banning at least 70 percent of sunscreen products currently on the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jeffers says that plenty of alternatives exist for effective sunscreen protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people to use sunscreen to protect against skin cancer and there are so many non-toxic alternatives out there,” she says. “So why would we voluntarily put chemicals into our oceans? There’s a way to protect your skin and corals at the same time and that’s what we should be doing.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CBD petition comes one day after the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/sunscreen/report/executive-summary/#.WwXTCqqpVeU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> published its annual sunscreen guide, which found oxybenzone in two-thirds of the 650 sunscreens it reviewed. The group cites oxybenzone as an environmental and health hazard that acts as a hormone disruptor and is measured in the body of nearly every American.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For safe and effective sunscreens, the EWG guide recommends products containing zinc oxide and titanium dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cancer Warnings at Calif. Starbucks? Judge's Final Ruling Clears the Way",
"headTitle": "Cancer Warnings at Calif. Starbucks? Judge’s Final Ruling Clears the Way | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A court ruling that gave coffee drinkers a jolt earlier this year was finalized Monday when a Los Angeles judge said coffee sold in California must carry cancer warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee, but they argued it was at harmless levels.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Superior Court Judge Elihu Berle said Starbucks Corp. and other roasters and retailers failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any risks from a carcinogen that is a byproduct of the roasting process. He had tentatively made the same written decision in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit group sued about 90 coffee companies, including Keurig Green Mountain Inc. and Peet’s Operating Co. Inc., under a state law that requires warnings on products and in places where chemicals that can cause cancer are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee. But they argued it was at harmless levels and their product should be exempt from the law because the chemical results naturally from cooking necessary for flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final ruling clears the way for the Council for Education and Research on Toxics to seek a permanent injunction that would either lead to ominous warning labels or a commitment by the industry to remove the chemical from their product — as the potato chip industry did years ago when sued by the same group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Raphael Metzger, who represents the nonprofit, said he hopes mediation will lead to some settlement of the case that has been brewing for eight years. If no agreement is reached, another phase of trial would determine civil penalties as high as $2,500 per person exposed each day since the suit was filed in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all the years I’ve been practicing, I’ve never had a case that got to this point,” Metzger said. “They’ve lost all their defenses and we proved our case. The only issues left are the nature and form of the injunction and the amount of penalties to be assessed. It’s not a pretty place for them to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berle had ruled about two years ago against the industry’s best defense before issuing the tentative decision March 29 that rejected a secondary defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the coffee industry said it was considering all options, including appeals. It said that cancer warnings would be misleading and said numerous studies have shown health benefits of drinking coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry and lawyers in the case did not immediately reply to an email seeking comment sent after business hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”0teFDtcBreWWQS4FC3FZdWkLoUHPY5OR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>World Health Organization Says No Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the International Agency for Research on Cancer — the cancer agency of the World Health Organization — moved coffee off its “possible carcinogen” list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies indicate coffee is unlikely to cause breast, prostate or pancreatic cancer, and it seems to lower the risks for liver and uterine cancers, the agency said. Evidence is inadequate to determine its effect on dozens of other cancer types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legal case has been brewing for eight years and is still not over. A third phase of trial will later determine any civil penalties that coffee companies must pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With potential penalties up to $2,500 per person exposed each day over eight years, that figure could be astronomical in a state with close to 40 million residents, though a massive figure is unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit was brought under the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, passed by voters as Proposition 65 in 1986. It allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has been credited with reducing chemicals that cause cancer and birth defects, such as lead in hair dyes, mercury in nasal sprays and arsenic in bottled water. But it’s also been widely criticized for abuses by lawyers shaking down businesses for quick settlements.[contextly_sidebar id=”SKNr2ZmlOPyVlTmK9PImjJm76yYgdkJv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger, who drinks a few cups of coffee a day, said he wants the industry to remove the chemical from its process. Coffee companies have said that’s not feasible and would make their product taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger’s group brought a similar case later taken up by the state attorney general that resulted in potato-chip makers agreeing in 2008 to pay $3 million and remove acrylamide from their products rather than post startling warnings that can be found throughout California and are largely ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parking garages, for example, post signs saying, “This area contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer, birth defects and other reproductive harm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations adopted in recent years now require more specific warnings that list the chemical consumers may be exposed to and list a website with more information. Parking garages, for example, will have to post that breathing air there exposes drivers to carbon monoxide and gas and diesel exhaust and that people should not to linger longer than necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many coffee companies have already posted warnings that specifically say acrylamide is found in coffee and is among chemicals that cause cancer. However, many of those warnings are posted in places not easily visible, such as below the counter where cream and sugar are available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first phase of the trial, Berle said the defense failed to present enough credible evidence to show there was no significant risk posed by acrylamide in coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law put the burden on the defense to show that the level of the chemical won’t result in one excess case of cancer for every 100,000 people exposed. Berle said the epidemiology studies presented were inadequate to evaluate that risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”vV6z214hD9mRJ4Q2alM2i421KYBHPkhw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the defendants in the coffee case have settled at some point during the long legal process and agreed to post warnings, Metzger said. About 50 defendants remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the latest to settle was 7-Eleven, which agreed to pay $900,000. BP West Coast Products, which operates gas station convenience stores, agreed to pay $675,000. Yum Yum Donuts Inc. agreed to pay about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A court ruling that gave coffee drinkers a jolt earlier this year was finalized Monday when a Los Angeles judge said coffee sold in California must carry cancer warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee, but they argued it was at harmless levels.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Superior Court Judge Elihu Berle said Starbucks Corp. and other roasters and retailers failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any risks from a carcinogen that is a byproduct of the roasting process. He had tentatively made the same written decision in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit group sued about 90 coffee companies, including Keurig Green Mountain Inc. and Peet’s Operating Co. Inc., under a state law that requires warnings on products and in places where chemicals that can cause cancer are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee. But they argued it was at harmless levels and their product should be exempt from the law because the chemical results naturally from cooking necessary for flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final ruling clears the way for the Council for Education and Research on Toxics to seek a permanent injunction that would either lead to ominous warning labels or a commitment by the industry to remove the chemical from their product — as the potato chip industry did years ago when sued by the same group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Raphael Metzger, who represents the nonprofit, said he hopes mediation will lead to some settlement of the case that has been brewing for eight years. If no agreement is reached, another phase of trial would determine civil penalties as high as $2,500 per person exposed each day since the suit was filed in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all the years I’ve been practicing, I’ve never had a case that got to this point,” Metzger said. “They’ve lost all their defenses and we proved our case. The only issues left are the nature and form of the injunction and the amount of penalties to be assessed. It’s not a pretty place for them to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berle had ruled about two years ago against the industry’s best defense before issuing the tentative decision March 29 that rejected a secondary defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the coffee industry said it was considering all options, including appeals. It said that cancer warnings would be misleading and said numerous studies have shown health benefits of drinking coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry and lawyers in the case did not immediately reply to an email seeking comment sent after business hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>World Health Organization Says No Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the International Agency for Research on Cancer — the cancer agency of the World Health Organization — moved coffee off its “possible carcinogen” list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies indicate coffee is unlikely to cause breast, prostate or pancreatic cancer, and it seems to lower the risks for liver and uterine cancers, the agency said. Evidence is inadequate to determine its effect on dozens of other cancer types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legal case has been brewing for eight years and is still not over. A third phase of trial will later determine any civil penalties that coffee companies must pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With potential penalties up to $2,500 per person exposed each day over eight years, that figure could be astronomical in a state with close to 40 million residents, though a massive figure is unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit was brought under the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, passed by voters as Proposition 65 in 1986. It allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has been credited with reducing chemicals that cause cancer and birth defects, such as lead in hair dyes, mercury in nasal sprays and arsenic in bottled water. But it’s also been widely criticized for abuses by lawyers shaking down businesses for quick settlements.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger, who drinks a few cups of coffee a day, said he wants the industry to remove the chemical from its process. Coffee companies have said that’s not feasible and would make their product taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger’s group brought a similar case later taken up by the state attorney general that resulted in potato-chip makers agreeing in 2008 to pay $3 million and remove acrylamide from their products rather than post startling warnings that can be found throughout California and are largely ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parking garages, for example, post signs saying, “This area contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer, birth defects and other reproductive harm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations adopted in recent years now require more specific warnings that list the chemical consumers may be exposed to and list a website with more information. Parking garages, for example, will have to post that breathing air there exposes drivers to carbon monoxide and gas and diesel exhaust and that people should not to linger longer than necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many coffee companies have already posted warnings that specifically say acrylamide is found in coffee and is among chemicals that cause cancer. However, many of those warnings are posted in places not easily visible, such as below the counter where cream and sugar are available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first phase of the trial, Berle said the defense failed to present enough credible evidence to show there was no significant risk posed by acrylamide in coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law put the burden on the defense to show that the level of the chemical won’t result in one excess case of cancer for every 100,000 people exposed. Berle said the epidemiology studies presented were inadequate to evaluate that risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the defendants in the coffee case have settled at some point during the long legal process and agreed to post warnings, Metzger said. About 50 defendants remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the latest to settle was 7-Eleven, which agreed to pay $900,000. BP West Coast Products, which operates gas station convenience stores, agreed to pay $675,000. Yum Yum Donuts Inc. agreed to pay about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Straw Wars! Bay Area Push to Ban Plastic Straws Picks Up Steam",
"headTitle": "Straw Wars! Bay Area Push to Ban Plastic Straws Picks Up Steam | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Oakland is now the latest Bay Area city to consider a proposal to bar food vendors from serving plastic straws unless requested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Councilmember Abel Guillen, who introduced the proposal in March, says the legislation is part of broader effort in the city to reduce environmental waste. In 2006, Oakland adopted a policy called the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/FE/s/IDR/o/ZW/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zero Waste Strategic Plan,\u003c/a> which aims to dramatically reduce the city’s waste disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make further progress on our waste-reduction goals and shift our culture away from single-use products, my ordinance will focus on ‘by request only’ use and better enforcement of existing legislation,” said Guillen in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.abelforoakland.com/abel_s_enews_reducing_waste_and_dumping_standing_up_for_immigrants_updates_on_housing_park_blvd_and_ballpark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley is considering similar legislation that would go one step further by banning single-use plastic straws altogether. Meanwhile straw-upon-request ordinances are already in place in Alameda, Davis, Manhattan Beach and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Big Culprits’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Local environmental advocates say that anti-plastic straw ordinances would eliminate a key source of pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic straws and stirrers are big culprits in trashing San Francisco Bay and our oceans,” David Lewis, the executive director of Save the Bay, told the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864939/the-last-straw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> radio program, the Plastics Industry Association says that straws are not the problem:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Straws have come under fire in some circles. But the issue with straws isn’t that they exist, it’s that they aren’t always being disposed of properly. No matter what straw is made of, it should not end up as litter. The real challenge is making it easier for everyone to better dispose of straws and single use products by enhancing our recycling technologies.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocate Nicole Kozlowski told Forum that the industry has been pointing the finger at consumers for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have surpassed the tipping point of how much plastic can be in the system and we can’t recycle our way out of this issue,” said Kozlowski, who is the co-leader of \u003ca href=\"https://www.surfrider.org/programs/rise-above-plastics\">Rise Above Plastics\u003c/a>, an initiative of the Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are one of the top 10 items routinely found on beaches around the world, according to the nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/International-Coastal-Cleanup_2017-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Conservancy. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic litter is not biodegradable, it ends up breaking into small parts that release toxins into the oceans, threatening the habitat of 500 wildlife species,\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> including 23 endange\u003c/a>red species in San Francisco Bay, the Chronicle reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seabirds for example can ingest as much as 8 percent of their body weight in plastic, which for humans “is equivalent to the average woman having the weight of two babies in her stomach,” said Denise Hardesty, senior research scientist at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Georgia environmental engineering professor Jenna Jambeck calculated that nearly 9 million tons end up in the world’s oceans and coastlines each year, as of 2010, according to her 2015 study in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For every pound of tuna we’re taking out of the ocean, we’re putting two pounds of plastic in the ocean,” said ocean scientist Sherry Lippiatt, California regional coordinator for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s marine debris \u003ca href=\"https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/\">program.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area cities are looking into reinterpreting current laws on the books to go after plastic rather than crafting new legislation from scratch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz, for instance\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/home/showdocument?id=64417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">, expanded a 2007 ordinance\u003c/a> on food packaging to include straws, among other items. That went into effect in November of last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Difficult to Recycle\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Because plastic is potentially recyclable, straws have traditionally been left out of the scope of these ordinances even though many waste-disposal sites don’t accept single-use plastic due to the high costs associated with processing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are especially difficult to recycle because their small size makes them difficult to sort, and they can clog up machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, Emeryville and Albany have existing ordinances on waste reduction with similar wording to Santa Cruz, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-last-straws-several-east-bay-governments-aim-to-ban-the-plastic-foodware/Content?oid=7855804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Express.\u003c/a> On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/4859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/sites/default/files/Ch-5_A-11_PolystyreneFoamBan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayward’s\u003c/a> ordinances explicitly exclude straws from their definition of “disposable foodware” and are therefore exempt from the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area legislation targeting single-use plastic straws is part of a growing effort in the state to curtail their use. An Assembly bill introduced in January would enact a straw-upon-request policy at restaurants statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Oakland is now the latest Bay Area city to consider a proposal to bar food vendors from serving plastic straws unless requested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Councilmember Abel Guillen, who introduced the proposal in March, says the legislation is part of broader effort in the city to reduce environmental waste. In 2006, Oakland adopted a policy called the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/FE/s/IDR/o/ZW/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zero Waste Strategic Plan,\u003c/a> which aims to dramatically reduce the city’s waste disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make further progress on our waste-reduction goals and shift our culture away from single-use products, my ordinance will focus on ‘by request only’ use and better enforcement of existing legislation,” said Guillen in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.abelforoakland.com/abel_s_enews_reducing_waste_and_dumping_standing_up_for_immigrants_updates_on_housing_park_blvd_and_ballpark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley is considering similar legislation that would go one step further by banning single-use plastic straws altogether. Meanwhile straw-upon-request ordinances are already in place in Alameda, Davis, Manhattan Beach and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Big Culprits’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Local environmental advocates say that anti-plastic straw ordinances would eliminate a key source of pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic straws and stirrers are big culprits in trashing San Francisco Bay and our oceans,” David Lewis, the executive director of Save the Bay, told the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864939/the-last-straw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> radio program, the Plastics Industry Association says that straws are not the problem:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Straws have come under fire in some circles. But the issue with straws isn’t that they exist, it’s that they aren’t always being disposed of properly. No matter what straw is made of, it should not end up as litter. The real challenge is making it easier for everyone to better dispose of straws and single use products by enhancing our recycling technologies.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocate Nicole Kozlowski told Forum that the industry has been pointing the finger at consumers for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have surpassed the tipping point of how much plastic can be in the system and we can’t recycle our way out of this issue,” said Kozlowski, who is the co-leader of \u003ca href=\"https://www.surfrider.org/programs/rise-above-plastics\">Rise Above Plastics\u003c/a>, an initiative of the Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are one of the top 10 items routinely found on beaches around the world, according to the nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/International-Coastal-Cleanup_2017-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Conservancy. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic litter is not biodegradable, it ends up breaking into small parts that release toxins into the oceans, threatening the habitat of 500 wildlife species,\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> including 23 endange\u003c/a>red species in San Francisco Bay, the Chronicle reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seabirds for example can ingest as much as 8 percent of their body weight in plastic, which for humans “is equivalent to the average woman having the weight of two babies in her stomach,” said Denise Hardesty, senior research scientist at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Georgia environmental engineering professor Jenna Jambeck calculated that nearly 9 million tons end up in the world’s oceans and coastlines each year, as of 2010, according to her 2015 study in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For every pound of tuna we’re taking out of the ocean, we’re putting two pounds of plastic in the ocean,” said ocean scientist Sherry Lippiatt, California regional coordinator for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s marine debris \u003ca href=\"https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/\">program.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area cities are looking into reinterpreting current laws on the books to go after plastic rather than crafting new legislation from scratch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz, for instance\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/home/showdocument?id=64417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">, expanded a 2007 ordinance\u003c/a> on food packaging to include straws, among other items. That went into effect in November of last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Difficult to Recycle\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Because plastic is potentially recyclable, straws have traditionally been left out of the scope of these ordinances even though many waste-disposal sites don’t accept single-use plastic due to the high costs associated with processing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are especially difficult to recycle because their small size makes them difficult to sort, and they can clog up machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, Emeryville and Albany have existing ordinances on waste reduction with similar wording to Santa Cruz, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-last-straws-several-east-bay-governments-aim-to-ban-the-plastic-foodware/Content?oid=7855804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Express.\u003c/a> On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/4859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/sites/default/files/Ch-5_A-11_PolystyreneFoamBan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayward’s\u003c/a> ordinances explicitly exclude straws from their definition of “disposable foodware” and are therefore exempt from the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area legislation targeting single-use plastic straws is part of a growing effort in the state to curtail their use. An Assembly bill introduced in January would enact a straw-upon-request policy at restaurants statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Happens if Lab-Grown 'Brains' Start to Think?",
"headTitle": "What Happens if Lab-Grown ‘Brains’ Start to Think? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Bits of human brain tissue no larger than a pea are forcing scientists to think about questions as large as the nature of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These clusters of living brain cells are popularly known as minibrains, though scientists prefer to call them cerebral organoids. At the moment, they remain extremely rudimentary versions of an actual human brain and are used primarily to study brain development and disorders like autism.[contextly_sidebar id=”HMQDzS3yCZ9AE13vUOqetj5aN4FdoSXB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But minibrain research is progressing so quickly that scientists need to start thinking about the potential implications now, says \u003ca href=\"https://law.duke.edu/fac/farahany/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nita Farahany\u003c/a>, a professor of law and philosophy at Duke University and the director of Duke Science and Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it possible that an organoid far off in the future could develop something that looks like consciousness or any kind of sentience, the ability to feel something like pain,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farahaney and 16 other prominent scientists, ethicists and philosophers posed this question and many others in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/d41586-018-04813-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary\u003c/a> in this week’s issue of the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrains are usually created by transforming skin cells from a person into neural stem cells. These stem cells can grow into a range of structures like those found in the human brain, and even form networks of cells that communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment these lab-grown minibrains are limited to a few million cells and don’t get much larger than a pea. In contrast, the human brain is thousands of times larger and contains about 85 billion cells.[contextly_sidebar id=”OCnNd7PwCJuJQVywuWz8tdii1h7nfCKc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now they’re pretty good proxies for being able to study how certain kinds of human neurons interact with each other and grow and develop over time,” Farahany says. “But they are still far from what an actual human brain would look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet already, minibrains are helping scientists do remarkable things, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about something like schizophrenia or autism, if you want to model those things, it is difficult to do so with animal models and it is ethically impossible in many instances to do so with living humans,” She says. But it is possible to grow a minibrain from cells with genetic mutations associated with like autism and watch how it develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrain experiments also helped scientists figure out how the Zika virus interferes with normal brain development, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just this month, a team at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> that a human minibrain transplanted into a mouse brain could develop functioning blood vessels. That would, in theory, allow scientists to grow much larger minibrains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s clear the potential of the field is huge, Farahany says. But so are the ethical questions surrounding brain cells that live and grow outside the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One area of concern involves the practice of transplanting human brain tissue into animals. That could eventually lead to, say, mice with exceptional mental abilities, Farahany says.[contextly_sidebar id=”5Sb1luecV0vjqwJczHCqy6sXfrIqNXJb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now, she says, is when scientists and society needs to start asking questions like, “How comfortable are we with certain kinds of hybrids we’re creating and does that change the way we regard those animals or the kinds of protections that should be afforded to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, researchers may need some guidance on what research rules apply to enhanced lab mouse, Farahany says. Do they assume it’s like a typical lab mouse, which can be killed at the end of an experiment? Or do these mice enjoy the protections given to chimps, which are allowed to retire after their time in research is done?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commentary doesn’t offer answers to those questions, or any specific guidelines for research. Instead, it is intended as a way of guiding future discussions about minibrains and other efforts to replicate the functions of a human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really the time to get out ahead of these ethical issues before it becomes deeply problematic to proceed without having addressed them,” Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tiny+Lab-Grown+%27Brains%27+Raise+Big+Ethical+Questions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists are growing increasingly large and sophisticated clusters of human brain cells. Ethicists are now wondering what to do if these minibrains start thinking.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bits of human brain tissue no larger than a pea are forcing scientists to think about questions as large as the nature of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These clusters of living brain cells are popularly known as minibrains, though scientists prefer to call them cerebral organoids. At the moment, they remain extremely rudimentary versions of an actual human brain and are used primarily to study brain development and disorders like autism.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But minibrain research is progressing so quickly that scientists need to start thinking about the potential implications now, says \u003ca href=\"https://law.duke.edu/fac/farahany/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nita Farahany\u003c/a>, a professor of law and philosophy at Duke University and the director of Duke Science and Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it possible that an organoid far off in the future could develop something that looks like consciousness or any kind of sentience, the ability to feel something like pain,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farahaney and 16 other prominent scientists, ethicists and philosophers posed this question and many others in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/d41586-018-04813-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary\u003c/a> in this week’s issue of the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrains are usually created by transforming skin cells from a person into neural stem cells. These stem cells can grow into a range of structures like those found in the human brain, and even form networks of cells that communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment these lab-grown minibrains are limited to a few million cells and don’t get much larger than a pea. In contrast, the human brain is thousands of times larger and contains about 85 billion cells.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now they’re pretty good proxies for being able to study how certain kinds of human neurons interact with each other and grow and develop over time,” Farahany says. “But they are still far from what an actual human brain would look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet already, minibrains are helping scientists do remarkable things, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about something like schizophrenia or autism, if you want to model those things, it is difficult to do so with animal models and it is ethically impossible in many instances to do so with living humans,” She says. But it is possible to grow a minibrain from cells with genetic mutations associated with like autism and watch how it develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrain experiments also helped scientists figure out how the Zika virus interferes with normal brain development, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just this month, a team at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> that a human minibrain transplanted into a mouse brain could develop functioning blood vessels. That would, in theory, allow scientists to grow much larger minibrains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s clear the potential of the field is huge, Farahany says. But so are the ethical questions surrounding brain cells that live and grow outside the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One area of concern involves the practice of transplanting human brain tissue into animals. That could eventually lead to, say, mice with exceptional mental abilities, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now, she says, is when scientists and society needs to start asking questions like, “How comfortable are we with certain kinds of hybrids we’re creating and does that change the way we regard those animals or the kinds of protections that should be afforded to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, researchers may need some guidance on what research rules apply to enhanced lab mouse, Farahany says. Do they assume it’s like a typical lab mouse, which can be killed at the end of an experiment? Or do these mice enjoy the protections given to chimps, which are allowed to retire after their time in research is done?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commentary doesn’t offer answers to those questions, or any specific guidelines for research. Instead, it is intended as a way of guiding future discussions about minibrains and other efforts to replicate the functions of a human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really the time to get out ahead of these ethical issues before it becomes deeply problematic to proceed without having addressed them,” Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tiny+Lab-Grown+%27Brains%27+Raise+Big+Ethical+Questions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"onourwatch": {
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
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