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"content": "\u003cp>Alameda County’s lone oil field will close up shop after nearly five decades of production, following a county decision to deny its permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The field, located just outside of Livermore, produces about 30 barrels of oil a day and is one of two remaining oil producers in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebresources.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E&B Natural Resources\u003c/a>, which purchased the oil field in 2007, had reapplied for two 10-year conditional use permits in January that were approved in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change.’ \u003ccite>Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The decision was challenged by two environmental advocacy groups, the Center for Biological Diversity and Livermore Eco Watchdog, because of perceived risks to Livermore’s groundwater. Accompanying the appeal was a signed letter endorsed by more than 20 public health and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California wants to be a leader in fighting climate change, it makes no sense for us to continue approving oil projects like this around the state,” says Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups’ appeal was brought before the Board of Supervisors last week in a hearing that ran for more than three hours. The board ultimately ruled against approving the permits in a 4-0 vote, with Supervisor Nate Miley abstaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the final vote, 4-0, reflects widespread opposition from people from all parts of the county,” says Kretzmann. “The board prioritized the community rather than the profits of the oil company and they should be applauded for standing up to the oil industry and putting their constituents first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B, based in Bakersfield, uses a method known as waterflooding to extract oil from the ground. The process pumps water down one well, pushing the oil up through a different well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change by reducing fossil fuel production and moving us toward renewable energy,” says Kretzmann. “Alameda County has shown bold decision-making and it can be a model for other cities and counties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for E&B called the decision “disappointing,” pointing to a recommendation to approve the permits from the county planning department and a green light from the local zoning board. He also implied that the fight isn’t over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“E&B Natural Resources will continue to explore a mutually agreeable resolution with the County on our conditional use permits,” spokesman Ted Cordova wrote in a statement emailed to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B has been cited for safety violations over the years, including a 2015 fine for failing to report a spill and disposing of the contaminated soil without testing for toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also that year, E&B agreed to an $85,000 settlement with the county for mixing sludge with non-hazardous soils. At the time, the company argued that the violation occurred before E&B took over operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two state agencies, the California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources and the Water Resources Board, have said that the groundwater \u003ca href=\"https://patch.com/california/livermore/protest-planned-public-meeting-new-exemption-oil-producer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the oil field\u003c/a> is not suitable for drinking because of its high mineral and salt content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kretzmann takes issue with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their own documents show that the water could be treated and used for other types of use,” he says. “The water should be preserved for future use — especially given the fact that California is likely to experience more severe droughts in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups’ appeal was brought before the Board of Supervisors last week in a hearing that ran for more than three hours. The board ultimately ruled against approving the permits in a 4-0 vote, with Supervisor Nate Miley abstaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the final vote, 4-0, reflects widespread opposition from people from all parts of the county,” says Kretzmann. “The board prioritized the community rather than the profits of the oil company and they should be applauded for standing up to the oil industry and putting their constituents first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B, based in Bakersfield, uses a method known as waterflooding to extract oil from the ground. The process pumps water down one well, pushing the oil up through a different well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change by reducing fossil fuel production and moving us toward renewable energy,” says Kretzmann. “Alameda County has shown bold decision-making and it can be a model for other cities and counties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for E&B called the decision “disappointing,” pointing to a recommendation to approve the permits from the county planning department and a green light from the local zoning board. He also implied that the fight isn’t over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“E&B Natural Resources will continue to explore a mutually agreeable resolution with the County on our conditional use permits,” spokesman Ted Cordova wrote in a statement emailed to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B has been cited for safety violations over the years, including a 2015 fine for failing to report a spill and disposing of the contaminated soil without testing for toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also that year, E&B agreed to an $85,000 settlement with the county for mixing sludge with non-hazardous soils. At the time, the company argued that the violation occurred before E&B took over operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two state agencies, the California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources and the Water Resources Board, have said that the groundwater \u003ca href=\"https://patch.com/california/livermore/protest-planned-public-meeting-new-exemption-oil-producer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the oil field\u003c/a> is not suitable for drinking because of its high mineral and salt content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kretzmann takes issue with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their own documents show that the water could be treated and used for other types of use,” he says. “The water should be preserved for future use — especially given the fact that California is likely to experience more severe droughts in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration says people would drive more and be exposed to increased risk if their cars get better gas mileage, an argument intended to justify freezing Obama-era toughening of fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transportation experts dispute the arguments, contained in a draft of the administration’s proposals prepared this summer, excerpts of which were obtained by The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excerpts also show the administration plans to challenge California’s long-standing authority to enact its own, tougher pollution and fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revisions to the mileage requirements for 2021 through 2026 are still being worked on, the administration says, and changes could be made before the proposal is released as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration gave notice earlier this year that it would roll back tough new fuel standards put into place in the waning days of the Obama administration. Anticipating the new regulation, California and 16 other states sued the Trump administration in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, “improvements over time have better longer-term effects simply by not alienating consumers, as compared to great leaps forward” in fuel efficiency and other technology, the administration argues. It contends that freezing the mileage requirements at 2020 levels would save up to 1,000 lives per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New vehicles would be cheaper — and heavier — if they don’t have to meet more stringent fuel requirements and more people would buy them, the draft says, and that would put more drivers in safer, newer vehicles that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the draft says that people will drive less if their vehicles get fewer miles per gallon, lowering the risk of crashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Zuby, chief research officer at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, said he’s doubtful about the administration’s estimate of lives saved because other factors could affect traffic deaths, such as automakers agreeing to make automatic emergency braking standard on all models before 2022. “They’re making assumptions about stuff that may or may not be the same,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the logic that heavier vehicles are safer doesn’t hold up because lighter, newer vehicles perform as well or better than older, heavier versions in crash tests, and because the weight difference between the Obama and Trump requirements would be minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Allow me to be skeptical,” said Giorgio Rizzoni, an engineering professor and director of the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. “To say that safety is a direct result of somehow freezing the fuel economy mandate for a few years, I think that’s a stretch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that a heavier, bigger vehicle would incur less damage in a crash with a smaller, lighter one and that fatality rates also are higher for smaller vehicles. But they also say that lighter vehicles with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and lighter, high-strength steel alloys perform as well or better than their predecessors in crash tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Taub, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, said he would choose a 2017 Malibu over a heavier one from 20 years earlier. It’s engineered better, has more features to avoid crashes and additional air bags, among other things. “You want to be in the newer vehicle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An April draft from the Trump administration said freezing the requirements at 2020 levels would save people $1,900 per new vehicle. But the later draft raises that to $2,100 and even as high as $2,700 by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups questioned the justification for freezing the standards. Luke Tonachel, director of the clean-vehicle program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the risk from people driving more due to higher mileage is “tiny and maybe even negligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Trump administration proposal, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average roughly 30 mpg in real-world driving, and that wouldn’t change through 2026.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has had the authority under the half-century-old Clean Air Act to set its own mileage under a special rule allowing the state to curb its chronic smog problem. More than a dozen states follow California’s standards, amounting to about 40 percent of the country’s new-vehicle market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if he thinks a freeze in U.S. mileage standards is warranted, EPA acting administrator Andrew Wheeler told a small group of reporters at EPA headquarters last week, “I think we need to go where the technology takes us” on fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler did not elaborate. Agency spokespeople did not respond when asked specifically if the EPA acting chief was making the case that modern cars could be both fuel efficient and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler also spoke out for what he called “a 50-state solution” that would keep the U.S car and truck market from splitting between two different mileage standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation said in a statement that the final fuel economy standards would be based on sound science. The department cautioned that a draft doesn’t capture the whole picture of the proposed regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft said a 2012 analysis of fuel economy standards under the Obama administration deliberately limited the amount of mass reduction necessary under the standards. This was done “in order to avoid the appearance of adverse safety effects,” the draft stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krisher reported from Detroit.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Trump Admin: Driving Would be Riskier with Tougher Fuel Standards | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration says people would drive more and be exposed to increased risk if their cars get better gas mileage, an argument intended to justify freezing Obama-era toughening of fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transportation experts dispute the arguments, contained in a draft of the administration’s proposals prepared this summer, excerpts of which were obtained by The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excerpts also show the administration plans to challenge California’s long-standing authority to enact its own, tougher pollution and fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revisions to the mileage requirements for 2021 through 2026 are still being worked on, the administration says, and changes could be made before the proposal is released as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration gave notice earlier this year that it would roll back tough new fuel standards put into place in the waning days of the Obama administration. Anticipating the new regulation, California and 16 other states sued the Trump administration in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, “improvements over time have better longer-term effects simply by not alienating consumers, as compared to great leaps forward” in fuel efficiency and other technology, the administration argues. It contends that freezing the mileage requirements at 2020 levels would save up to 1,000 lives per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New vehicles would be cheaper — and heavier — if they don’t have to meet more stringent fuel requirements and more people would buy them, the draft says, and that would put more drivers in safer, newer vehicles that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the draft says that people will drive less if their vehicles get fewer miles per gallon, lowering the risk of crashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Zuby, chief research officer at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, said he’s doubtful about the administration’s estimate of lives saved because other factors could affect traffic deaths, such as automakers agreeing to make automatic emergency braking standard on all models before 2022. “They’re making assumptions about stuff that may or may not be the same,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the logic that heavier vehicles are safer doesn’t hold up because lighter, newer vehicles perform as well or better than older, heavier versions in crash tests, and because the weight difference between the Obama and Trump requirements would be minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Allow me to be skeptical,” said Giorgio Rizzoni, an engineering professor and director of the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. “To say that safety is a direct result of somehow freezing the fuel economy mandate for a few years, I think that’s a stretch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that a heavier, bigger vehicle would incur less damage in a crash with a smaller, lighter one and that fatality rates also are higher for smaller vehicles. But they also say that lighter vehicles with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and lighter, high-strength steel alloys perform as well or better than their predecessors in crash tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Taub, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, said he would choose a 2017 Malibu over a heavier one from 20 years earlier. It’s engineered better, has more features to avoid crashes and additional air bags, among other things. “You want to be in the newer vehicle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An April draft from the Trump administration said freezing the requirements at 2020 levels would save people $1,900 per new vehicle. But the later draft raises that to $2,100 and even as high as $2,700 by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups questioned the justification for freezing the standards. Luke Tonachel, director of the clean-vehicle program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the risk from people driving more due to higher mileage is “tiny and maybe even negligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Trump administration proposal, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average roughly 30 mpg in real-world driving, and that wouldn’t change through 2026.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has had the authority under the half-century-old Clean Air Act to set its own mileage under a special rule allowing the state to curb its chronic smog problem. More than a dozen states follow California’s standards, amounting to about 40 percent of the country’s new-vehicle market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if he thinks a freeze in U.S. mileage standards is warranted, EPA acting administrator Andrew Wheeler told a small group of reporters at EPA headquarters last week, “I think we need to go where the technology takes us” on fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler did not elaborate. Agency spokespeople did not respond when asked specifically if the EPA acting chief was making the case that modern cars could be both fuel efficient and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler also spoke out for what he called “a 50-state solution” that would keep the U.S car and truck market from splitting between two different mileage standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation said in a statement that the final fuel economy standards would be based on sound science. The department cautioned that a draft doesn’t capture the whole picture of the proposed regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft said a 2012 analysis of fuel economy standards under the Obama administration deliberately limited the amount of mass reduction necessary under the standards. This was done “in order to avoid the appearance of adverse safety effects,” the draft stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krisher reported from Detroit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters",
"headTitle": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>The West is known for summer wildfires. Now it seems Western summers will be distinguished by another kind of flare-up: algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>This summer has witnessed an explosion of algae problems in Western water bodies. Usually marked by a bright green mat of floating scum, the blooms are unsightly and unpleasant for water lovers. More concerning are potentially toxic cyanobacteria often produced by the algae, which can be deadly to pets and livestock and cause illnesses in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms have popped up in freshwater lakes and streams for years. But in recent years they seem bigger and more widespread than ever, resulting in closed beaches, public health warnings and risks to drinking water in a few locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are even popping up in unlikely places, such as high-elevation mountain lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is currently no federal drinking water standard for algal toxins and in many places, data monitoring of blooms is still scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really a devilish problem,” said Craig Cox, a senior vice-president for agriculture and natural resources at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> who is tracking the issue. “The more I look into it, the more stunning the state of play seems to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cause of each incident is not always known, two of the main known drivers of algal blooms are excess nutrients in the water and extreme heat. As a result, algae-coated lakes could become one of the most visible consequences of rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Understanding the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most serious incident recently occurred in May in Salem, Oregon, where a health advisory was issued to more than 200,000 customers of the city water department following the detection of algal toxins in the drinking water supply. Young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions were warned not to drink tap water for most of the month of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727081904/USACE_Detroit_Dam_Oregon1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detroit Lake and Dam on the North Santiam River, a source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon, the state capital. A toxic algal bloom at the lake in May and June resulted in a weeks-long public health advisory in which children, the elderly and other sensitive groups were urged not to consume Salem’s drinking water. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Salem officials still don’t know what caused the toxic bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the million-dollar question that everybody wants to know,” said Lacey Goeres-Priest, water quality supervisor at the Salem Public Works Department. “There’s a lot of different factors that play into this type of event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae and the bacteria involved in harmful blooms are all naturally occurring and are important building blocks of all life on Earth. But the two main causes of the blooms are not natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion and excessive fertilizer are to blame for the high levels of nutrients. For the second factor, warm temperatures cause algae to bloom more aggressively and climate change seems a likely culprit. Scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts published a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/climate-change-projected-significantly-increase-harmful-algal-blooms-us-freshwaters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in 2017 predicting toxic algal blooms would increase as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They like it hot, and this helps them outcompete beneficial phytoplankton,” said Ali Dunn, an environmental scientist at the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) who studies blooms in that state. “It’s definitely been a catalyst for their growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the Data Gaps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms are unpredictable, typically resulting from a suite of biological and environmental conditions. Most algal toxins come from a class of cyanobacteria present with some – but not all – algae. So the mere presence of algae does not mean a toxin is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to detect algal toxins is through laboratory testing of water samples. This can take days, adding significant delay to any public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each lake, river, water body kind of has its own story to tell,” said Dunn. “The drivers are going to be different and unique to that system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows precisely how often blooms occur because there is no monitoring of the problem on a national scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox, based in Ames, Iowa, and his team at EWG decided to gather their own data by recording how often algal blooms were mentioned in the news media. He admits this was a crude method, but no other data was available. In their resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, released in May, they documented 169 blooms in 2017 – up from 51 the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly a low estimate, because many blooms probably don’t get reported in the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: in 2016, the SWRCB launched its own \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algal bloom reporting program\u003c/a>. It is based entirely on volunteer reports. Even so, in \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2017\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">it recorded\u003c/a> 181 algal blooms just in California, an increase from 91 the year before. Of the 2017 blooms, 141 were serious enough to prompt health advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the 2017 reports illustrates how algal blooms are popping up where they once didn’t seem possible. On Sept. 8, a bright green lake-wide algal bloom was reported at Rim Rock Lake, a natural water body at the 7,000-feet (2,130 meters) elevation deep inside Lassen National Forest in Northern California. Water samples revealed four species of cyanobacteria, but none was producing toxins at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/national-lakes-assessment-2012-key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Lakes Assessment\u003c/a> every five years that sheds a little more light on the issue. The most recent assessment now dates back to 2012. It found cyanobacteria and \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a>, a key algal toxin, had increased 8.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, in the nation’s lakes compared with 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the presence of phosphorus – a main nutrient from fertilizers that feeds algal blooms – also grew significantly worse. Eighteen percent of lakes showed increasing phosphorus concentrations compared with 2007. And 40 percent were recorded as having excess phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to show, with our occurrence data, that toxins are present across the country in all surface water types,” said Keith Loftin, a research chemist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas. “But in terms of an exact count year to year, we do not have that data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close this gap, Loftin is helping develop a new national \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyanobacteria Assessment Network\u003c/a>. He’s part of a team that includes the EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA. They plan to use satellite sensors to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms nationwide. It will include a smartphone app to make the data widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082028/DiamondValleyCyanotracker1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"538\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satellite image shows the state of an algal bloom in July at Diamond Valley Lake near Riverside, California, a critical storage reservoir for the Metropolitan Water District. In June, the district closed the lake to recreating as a result of the bloom. (Image Courtesy Cyanotracker/University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The system is being tested now and Loftin hopes it will be publicly available within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data produced by the system could help develop new algae management techniques and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drinking Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, the nation’s water-quality police, has only issued recommendations and has yet to impose federal drinking water standards for algal toxins. As a result, many utilities are forced to improvise when an algal bloom strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was the case during Salem’s recent crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first indicator came on May 8, when an algal bloom appeared at Detroit Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the North Santiam River. Salem draws its drinking water from the reservoir, which is also popular for boating, swimming and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it had experienced blooms before, Salem already had a weekly testing program for algal toxins. Now it increased testing to twice weekly, sending samples to a laboratory in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until May 25, just before Memorial Day weekend, that test results from a sample of the city’s water confirmed the presence of a type of cyanotoxin. Consulting with the Oregon Health Authority, the city took a wait-and-see approach to the problem over the long holiday weekend, Goeres-Priest said. It tweaked the water treatment process to try to control the toxin, and tapped a backup supply from the neighboring city of Keizer to help dilute the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bloom continued. So on Tuesday, May 29, the city issued a health advisory urging sensitive groups not to drink the tap water. It affected not just Salem, but three neighboring communities that draw water from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With help from the state, Salem began distributing bottled water and the National Guard mobilized tankers to dispense clean water at two dozen sites for residents who brought their own containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city lifted the health advisory five days later, on June 2, after two consecutive days of clean water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the bloom roared back, and on June 6 Salem was forced to impose the advisory again, adding to public confusion. It was finally lifted on July 3, only after 12 consecutive days of clean water tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms had struck Detroit Lake before, but none had ever lasted that long or required health warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is different about this year than previous years? At this point, I don’t know the answer to that,” Goeres-Priest said. “We’re still learning a lot about the toxins themselves, and trying to understand what triggers that toxin release.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A forest fire may be one new contributor. The Whitewater Fire, which started in July 2017, burned 14,000 acres of forest in the Santiam River watershed east of Salem. Fire ash contains phosphorus, a nutrient that could have fed this year’s algal bloom. Goeres-Priest doesn’t know to what extent that was a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algal bloom episode was costly for Salem, she said, although a full tally is not yet available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the city spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on water sample testing. Later, to avoid the delay of sending samples to Ohio, the city bought its own testing machine at a cost of $35,000. It also bought a cryofreezer because laboratory protocol requires samples to be flash-frozen and thawed three times before testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salem also had to upgrade its water treatment plant, adding a process involving powdered activated carbon to remove algal toxins from the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082114/lab-technician-at-willow-lake-prepares-water-samples-next-to-caas-equipment_web_1600x1067_color-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Salem, Oregon, city employee prepares water samples for testing to determine the presence of algal toxins. The city purchased new testing machines during a recent toxic algal bloom to avoid delays in sending water samples to a lab in Ohio. (Photo Courtesy city of Salem)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to Salem’s travails, the Oregon Health Authority imposed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/06/29/salem-water-alert-oregon-algal-toxins-test-oha/746671002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interim water quality standards\u003c/a> for algal toxins. It now requires all water agencies to test for them regularly while it develops permanent standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solving the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear about toxic algal blooms is that treating the outbreak doesn’t solve the problem. They are likely to recur until the root cause is corrected. Watsonville, California, provides an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake, a Watsonville city recreation site, began experiencing algal blooms as early as the 1980s, said Jackie McCloud, the city’s environmental projects manager. The lake drains into the Pajaro River, then into Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms were not a drinking water concern, because the lake isn’t used for that purpose. But the algae problem became unavoidable when sea otters, protected by the state and federal Endangered Species Act, began turning up dead on the bay shore in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necropsies cited liver failure as cause of death in 33 sea otters. That, in turn was caused by exposure to microcystin, an algal toxin that accumulated in the tissues of sea urchins and shellfish eaten by the otters. It was the first time the freshwater toxin had been documented to survive in seawater and cause the death of marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxin was traced upstream to Pinto Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud said the lake’s algae problem dates back to the earliest days of settlement in the area. Vast redwood forests in the coastal mountains draining into the watershed were cut down for building materials, and the resulting erosion coated the bottom of the lake with nutrients – specifically phosphorus. Farming, road building and housing development sent more phosphorus-laden runoff into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just seeing massive amounts of erosion from the watershed coming into the lake,” McCloud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city took a two-pronged approach: stop the algal blooms and stop the erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the blooms, the city hired a consultant who applied alum, a chemical compound meant to neutralize and isolate phosphorus in the lakebed. McCloud called this a “Band-Aid” measure because the real solution lies in the watershed upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the city has no land use authority in the watershed, so it began working with Santa Cruz County and the local Resource Conservation District, an organization that helps farmers improve land use practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landowners were encouraged to adopt erosion control measures, such as water bars on dirt roads to manage runoff and buffer strips of vegetation to capture it. The county adopted similar measures on its public lands in the watershed, including Mt. Madonna County Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work, including the alum treatment, was funded by $900,000 in EPA grants administered by the SWRCB. McCloud called it a success: there have been no algal blooms since the work began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knows the job isn’t done. The alum treatment will eventually wear off, and erosion controls require ongoing maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to see more of these hot, intense weather events where we don’t have a lot of water coming into the system anymore and we’re concentrating this phosphorus,” McCloud said. “We knew the lake was the biggest problem, but we realized we’re not going to solve anything by just looking at that one spot. You have to look bigger than just your lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/30/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Toxic bacteria produced by some algae are a threat to public health. Climate change may be one reason algal blooms have become a growing concern for many water agencies.",
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"description": "Toxic bacteria produced by some algae are a threat to public health. Climate change may be one reason algal blooms have become a growing concern for many water agencies.",
"title": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters | KQED",
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"headline": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters",
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"slug": "hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters",
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"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>The West is known for summer wildfires. Now it seems Western summers will be distinguished by another kind of flare-up: algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>This summer has witnessed an explosion of algae problems in Western water bodies. Usually marked by a bright green mat of floating scum, the blooms are unsightly and unpleasant for water lovers. More concerning are potentially toxic cyanobacteria often produced by the algae, which can be deadly to pets and livestock and cause illnesses in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms have popped up in freshwater lakes and streams for years. But in recent years they seem bigger and more widespread than ever, resulting in closed beaches, public health warnings and risks to drinking water in a few locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are even popping up in unlikely places, such as high-elevation mountain lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is currently no federal drinking water standard for algal toxins and in many places, data monitoring of blooms is still scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really a devilish problem,” said Craig Cox, a senior vice-president for agriculture and natural resources at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> who is tracking the issue. “The more I look into it, the more stunning the state of play seems to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cause of each incident is not always known, two of the main known drivers of algal blooms are excess nutrients in the water and extreme heat. As a result, algae-coated lakes could become one of the most visible consequences of rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Understanding the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most serious incident recently occurred in May in Salem, Oregon, where a health advisory was issued to more than 200,000 customers of the city water department following the detection of algal toxins in the drinking water supply. Young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions were warned not to drink tap water for most of the month of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727081904/USACE_Detroit_Dam_Oregon1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detroit Lake and Dam on the North Santiam River, a source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon, the state capital. A toxic algal bloom at the lake in May and June resulted in a weeks-long public health advisory in which children, the elderly and other sensitive groups were urged not to consume Salem’s drinking water. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Salem officials still don’t know what caused the toxic bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the million-dollar question that everybody wants to know,” said Lacey Goeres-Priest, water quality supervisor at the Salem Public Works Department. “There’s a lot of different factors that play into this type of event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae and the bacteria involved in harmful blooms are all naturally occurring and are important building blocks of all life on Earth. But the two main causes of the blooms are not natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion and excessive fertilizer are to blame for the high levels of nutrients. For the second factor, warm temperatures cause algae to bloom more aggressively and climate change seems a likely culprit. Scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts published a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/climate-change-projected-significantly-increase-harmful-algal-blooms-us-freshwaters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in 2017 predicting toxic algal blooms would increase as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They like it hot, and this helps them outcompete beneficial phytoplankton,” said Ali Dunn, an environmental scientist at the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) who studies blooms in that state. “It’s definitely been a catalyst for their growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the Data Gaps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms are unpredictable, typically resulting from a suite of biological and environmental conditions. Most algal toxins come from a class of cyanobacteria present with some – but not all – algae. So the mere presence of algae does not mean a toxin is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to detect algal toxins is through laboratory testing of water samples. This can take days, adding significant delay to any public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each lake, river, water body kind of has its own story to tell,” said Dunn. “The drivers are going to be different and unique to that system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows precisely how often blooms occur because there is no monitoring of the problem on a national scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox, based in Ames, Iowa, and his team at EWG decided to gather their own data by recording how often algal blooms were mentioned in the news media. He admits this was a crude method, but no other data was available. In their resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, released in May, they documented 169 blooms in 2017 – up from 51 the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly a low estimate, because many blooms probably don’t get reported in the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: in 2016, the SWRCB launched its own \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algal bloom reporting program\u003c/a>. It is based entirely on volunteer reports. Even so, in \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2017\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">it recorded\u003c/a> 181 algal blooms just in California, an increase from 91 the year before. Of the 2017 blooms, 141 were serious enough to prompt health advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the 2017 reports illustrates how algal blooms are popping up where they once didn’t seem possible. On Sept. 8, a bright green lake-wide algal bloom was reported at Rim Rock Lake, a natural water body at the 7,000-feet (2,130 meters) elevation deep inside Lassen National Forest in Northern California. Water samples revealed four species of cyanobacteria, but none was producing toxins at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/national-lakes-assessment-2012-key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Lakes Assessment\u003c/a> every five years that sheds a little more light on the issue. The most recent assessment now dates back to 2012. It found cyanobacteria and \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a>, a key algal toxin, had increased 8.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, in the nation’s lakes compared with 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the presence of phosphorus – a main nutrient from fertilizers that feeds algal blooms – also grew significantly worse. Eighteen percent of lakes showed increasing phosphorus concentrations compared with 2007. And 40 percent were recorded as having excess phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to show, with our occurrence data, that toxins are present across the country in all surface water types,” said Keith Loftin, a research chemist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas. “But in terms of an exact count year to year, we do not have that data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close this gap, Loftin is helping develop a new national \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyanobacteria Assessment Network\u003c/a>. He’s part of a team that includes the EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA. They plan to use satellite sensors to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms nationwide. It will include a smartphone app to make the data widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082028/DiamondValleyCyanotracker1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"538\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satellite image shows the state of an algal bloom in July at Diamond Valley Lake near Riverside, California, a critical storage reservoir for the Metropolitan Water District. In June, the district closed the lake to recreating as a result of the bloom. (Image Courtesy Cyanotracker/University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The system is being tested now and Loftin hopes it will be publicly available within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data produced by the system could help develop new algae management techniques and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drinking Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, the nation’s water-quality police, has only issued recommendations and has yet to impose federal drinking water standards for algal toxins. As a result, many utilities are forced to improvise when an algal bloom strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was the case during Salem’s recent crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first indicator came on May 8, when an algal bloom appeared at Detroit Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the North Santiam River. Salem draws its drinking water from the reservoir, which is also popular for boating, swimming and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it had experienced blooms before, Salem already had a weekly testing program for algal toxins. Now it increased testing to twice weekly, sending samples to a laboratory in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until May 25, just before Memorial Day weekend, that test results from a sample of the city’s water confirmed the presence of a type of cyanotoxin. Consulting with the Oregon Health Authority, the city took a wait-and-see approach to the problem over the long holiday weekend, Goeres-Priest said. It tweaked the water treatment process to try to control the toxin, and tapped a backup supply from the neighboring city of Keizer to help dilute the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bloom continued. So on Tuesday, May 29, the city issued a health advisory urging sensitive groups not to drink the tap water. It affected not just Salem, but three neighboring communities that draw water from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With help from the state, Salem began distributing bottled water and the National Guard mobilized tankers to dispense clean water at two dozen sites for residents who brought their own containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city lifted the health advisory five days later, on June 2, after two consecutive days of clean water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the bloom roared back, and on June 6 Salem was forced to impose the advisory again, adding to public confusion. It was finally lifted on July 3, only after 12 consecutive days of clean water tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms had struck Detroit Lake before, but none had ever lasted that long or required health warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is different about this year than previous years? At this point, I don’t know the answer to that,” Goeres-Priest said. “We’re still learning a lot about the toxins themselves, and trying to understand what triggers that toxin release.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A forest fire may be one new contributor. The Whitewater Fire, which started in July 2017, burned 14,000 acres of forest in the Santiam River watershed east of Salem. Fire ash contains phosphorus, a nutrient that could have fed this year’s algal bloom. Goeres-Priest doesn’t know to what extent that was a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algal bloom episode was costly for Salem, she said, although a full tally is not yet available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the city spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on water sample testing. Later, to avoid the delay of sending samples to Ohio, the city bought its own testing machine at a cost of $35,000. It also bought a cryofreezer because laboratory protocol requires samples to be flash-frozen and thawed three times before testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salem also had to upgrade its water treatment plant, adding a process involving powdered activated carbon to remove algal toxins from the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082114/lab-technician-at-willow-lake-prepares-water-samples-next-to-caas-equipment_web_1600x1067_color-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Salem, Oregon, city employee prepares water samples for testing to determine the presence of algal toxins. The city purchased new testing machines during a recent toxic algal bloom to avoid delays in sending water samples to a lab in Ohio. (Photo Courtesy city of Salem)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to Salem’s travails, the Oregon Health Authority imposed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/06/29/salem-water-alert-oregon-algal-toxins-test-oha/746671002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interim water quality standards\u003c/a> for algal toxins. It now requires all water agencies to test for them regularly while it develops permanent standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solving the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear about toxic algal blooms is that treating the outbreak doesn’t solve the problem. They are likely to recur until the root cause is corrected. Watsonville, California, provides an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake, a Watsonville city recreation site, began experiencing algal blooms as early as the 1980s, said Jackie McCloud, the city’s environmental projects manager. The lake drains into the Pajaro River, then into Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms were not a drinking water concern, because the lake isn’t used for that purpose. But the algae problem became unavoidable when sea otters, protected by the state and federal Endangered Species Act, began turning up dead on the bay shore in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necropsies cited liver failure as cause of death in 33 sea otters. That, in turn was caused by exposure to microcystin, an algal toxin that accumulated in the tissues of sea urchins and shellfish eaten by the otters. It was the first time the freshwater toxin had been documented to survive in seawater and cause the death of marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxin was traced upstream to Pinto Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud said the lake’s algae problem dates back to the earliest days of settlement in the area. Vast redwood forests in the coastal mountains draining into the watershed were cut down for building materials, and the resulting erosion coated the bottom of the lake with nutrients – specifically phosphorus. Farming, road building and housing development sent more phosphorus-laden runoff into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just seeing massive amounts of erosion from the watershed coming into the lake,” McCloud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city took a two-pronged approach: stop the algal blooms and stop the erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the blooms, the city hired a consultant who applied alum, a chemical compound meant to neutralize and isolate phosphorus in the lakebed. McCloud called this a “Band-Aid” measure because the real solution lies in the watershed upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the city has no land use authority in the watershed, so it began working with Santa Cruz County and the local Resource Conservation District, an organization that helps farmers improve land use practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landowners were encouraged to adopt erosion control measures, such as water bars on dirt roads to manage runoff and buffer strips of vegetation to capture it. The county adopted similar measures on its public lands in the watershed, including Mt. Madonna County Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work, including the alum treatment, was funded by $900,000 in EPA grants administered by the SWRCB. McCloud called it a success: there have been no algal blooms since the work began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knows the job isn’t done. The alum treatment will eventually wear off, and erosion controls require ongoing maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to see more of these hot, intense weather events where we don’t have a lot of water coming into the system anymore and we’re concentrating this phosphorus,” McCloud said. “We knew the lake was the biggest problem, but we realized we’re not going to solve anything by just looking at that one spot. You have to look bigger than just your lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/30/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Prison Inmates Battle Fires",
"headTitle": "California Prison Inmates Battle Fires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>National Guard troops, Highway Patrol officers and teams of state prison inmates have joined fire crews struggling to battle the deadly Carr and Ferguson fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Triple-digit temperatures and steep terrain are challenging firefighters’ containment efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.’\u003ccite>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5927/\">Ferguson Fire\u003c/a> is burning in remote areas surrounding Yosemite National Park.The wildfire has scarred more than 56,000 acres and is currently 30 percent contained. CalFire officials say they should have it fully contained in roughly two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\">Carr Fire\u003c/a> continues to threaten homes in Shasta and Trinity counties, as firefighters battle against wind and extreme fire conditions. Fire officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.co.shasta.ca.us/index/sheriff_index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lifted some evacuation orders\u003c/a> today, but thousands of people are still prohibited from returning home. The fire is 20 percent contained, with crews working to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hold the control lines\u003c/a> they built Sunday night .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore spoke of the fear many are feeling and the need for prompt evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert on your phone or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources Strained\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr and Ferguson fires are only 2 of 17 major blazes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866493/firefighters-battle-17-major-blazes-across-california\">currently being fought\u003c/a> across the state. Each requires a dedicated team of firefighters, and as resources become strained the state is mobilizing additional sources of manpower across 125 agencies to help with firefighting efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gZYDcQ9h4mrAu0SMhcBI4IdMuilw7bcs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Highway Patrol Commissioner Warren Stanley has sent 118 uniformed officers to the Carr Fire to help with evacuations, including officers from the Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Conservation_Camps/\">Conservation Camp Program\u003c/a>, an inmate work project under the direction of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, is also sending its teams. The program provides an able-bodied, trained work force of inmates who must be approved to work alongside Cal Fire crews on fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program supports around 3,500 inmates, spread across the state in 43 camps. The men and women of the program live in their assigned camps year-round, working on fire prevention and conservation projects when not actively fighting fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have large fires like this, we move crews all over the state,” says Bill Sessa, an information officer with CDCR. “We move crews from other areas to provide backup fire protection. Literally, we have all our crews moving all day, every day, when we get into these major firestorms that are spread all over the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation Camp teams numbering 1,700 inmates are currently being dispatched across 10 different fires to help cut containment lines and maintain equipment. Most of the effort, Sessa says, is being directed toward the largest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some have been working on the Ferguson fire since it broke out more than a week ago,” he says, “and many are being redirected to the Carr fire, which seems to have exploded in size.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently 450 inmates assigned to the Ferguson fire and 599 to the Carr fire. They frequently work for 24 hours straight, carrying heavy loads of up to 60 pounds. Working in teams of 12 under the direction of Cal Fire captains, they hack away vegetation in an effort to stop the spread of fire or to change its direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you hear news reports of a fire being ‘X-percent contained,’” says Sessa, that is the work of our crews.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928286\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928286\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inmate firefighters battle the Ferguson fire in Jerseydale, California, on July 22, 2018. \u003ccite>(NOAH BERGER/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Volunteers are evaluated based on their security risk, physical ability and criminal history, Sessa said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a great amount of teamwork that is required for these teams to work, so we are looking for those who have a respect for the law, a willingness to work as a team, a willingness to take on the discipline of working on a fire crew.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California National Guard has also sent 800 troops to the Carr Fire. Among them are crews to operate six helicopters, two C-130 planes to drop fire retardant, and an MQ-9 remotely-piloted aircraft for collecting real-time footage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is our home,” Major Todd Morgan wrote in a \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAGUARD/\">Facebook\u003c/a> post. Whether it is in Napa, Yosemite, Fresno, or Ventura County, every Californian is affected by the wildfires. When we go out, this isn’t just another mission we are tasked with, this is taking care of and defending our home, our neighbors, friends, and family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson and Carr fires combined are responsible for eight \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683457/death-toll-up-to-5-as-carr-fire-continues-to-burn-in-redding\">fatalities\u003c/a>, including four firefighters and four civilians. But with more than a dozen people reported missing, authorities warn this number could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Carr fire encroaches on Redding city limits, the threat of extensive property and structural damage also increases. Several hundred structures have already been destroyed, with a further 5,012 threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown received a fire management assistance grant to help fund firefighting efforts, and has also received direct federal assistance from the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Michelle Wiley contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California wildfires have gotten so large and unruly that crews from the National Guard and the state prison system's Conservation Camp are helping battle the blazes.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>National Guard troops, Highway Patrol officers and teams of state prison inmates have joined fire crews struggling to battle the deadly Carr and Ferguson fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Triple-digit temperatures and steep terrain are challenging firefighters’ containment efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.’\u003ccite>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5927/\">Ferguson Fire\u003c/a> is burning in remote areas surrounding Yosemite National Park.The wildfire has scarred more than 56,000 acres and is currently 30 percent contained. CalFire officials say they should have it fully contained in roughly two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\">Carr Fire\u003c/a> continues to threaten homes in Shasta and Trinity counties, as firefighters battle against wind and extreme fire conditions. Fire officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.co.shasta.ca.us/index/sheriff_index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lifted some evacuation orders\u003c/a> today, but thousands of people are still prohibited from returning home. The fire is 20 percent contained, with crews working to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hold the control lines\u003c/a> they built Sunday night .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore spoke of the fear many are feeling and the need for prompt evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert on your phone or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources Strained\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr and Ferguson fires are only 2 of 17 major blazes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866493/firefighters-battle-17-major-blazes-across-california\">currently being fought\u003c/a> across the state. Each requires a dedicated team of firefighters, and as resources become strained the state is mobilizing additional sources of manpower across 125 agencies to help with firefighting efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Highway Patrol Commissioner Warren Stanley has sent 118 uniformed officers to the Carr Fire to help with evacuations, including officers from the Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Conservation_Camps/\">Conservation Camp Program\u003c/a>, an inmate work project under the direction of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, is also sending its teams. The program provides an able-bodied, trained work force of inmates who must be approved to work alongside Cal Fire crews on fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program supports around 3,500 inmates, spread across the state in 43 camps. The men and women of the program live in their assigned camps year-round, working on fire prevention and conservation projects when not actively fighting fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have large fires like this, we move crews all over the state,” says Bill Sessa, an information officer with CDCR. “We move crews from other areas to provide backup fire protection. Literally, we have all our crews moving all day, every day, when we get into these major firestorms that are spread all over the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation Camp teams numbering 1,700 inmates are currently being dispatched across 10 different fires to help cut containment lines and maintain equipment. Most of the effort, Sessa says, is being directed toward the largest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some have been working on the Ferguson fire since it broke out more than a week ago,” he says, “and many are being redirected to the Carr fire, which seems to have exploded in size.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently 450 inmates assigned to the Ferguson fire and 599 to the Carr fire. They frequently work for 24 hours straight, carrying heavy loads of up to 60 pounds. Working in teams of 12 under the direction of Cal Fire captains, they hack away vegetation in an effort to stop the spread of fire or to change its direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you hear news reports of a fire being ‘X-percent contained,’” says Sessa, that is the work of our crews.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928286\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928286\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inmate firefighters battle the Ferguson fire in Jerseydale, California, on July 22, 2018. \u003ccite>(NOAH BERGER/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Volunteers are evaluated based on their security risk, physical ability and criminal history, Sessa said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a great amount of teamwork that is required for these teams to work, so we are looking for those who have a respect for the law, a willingness to work as a team, a willingness to take on the discipline of working on a fire crew.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California National Guard has also sent 800 troops to the Carr Fire. Among them are crews to operate six helicopters, two C-130 planes to drop fire retardant, and an MQ-9 remotely-piloted aircraft for collecting real-time footage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is our home,” Major Todd Morgan wrote in a \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAGUARD/\">Facebook\u003c/a> post. Whether it is in Napa, Yosemite, Fresno, or Ventura County, every Californian is affected by the wildfires. When we go out, this isn’t just another mission we are tasked with, this is taking care of and defending our home, our neighbors, friends, and family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson and Carr fires combined are responsible for eight \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683457/death-toll-up-to-5-as-carr-fire-continues-to-burn-in-redding\">fatalities\u003c/a>, including four firefighters and four civilians. But with more than a dozen people reported missing, authorities warn this number could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Carr fire encroaches on Redding city limits, the threat of extensive property and structural damage also increases. Several hundred structures have already been destroyed, with a further 5,012 threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown received a fire management assistance grant to help fund firefighting efforts, and has also received direct federal assistance from the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Michelle Wiley contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Garlic! Stuff You Probably Didn't Know About Gilroy's Prized Crop",
"headTitle": "Garlic! Stuff You Probably Didn’t Know About Gilroy’s Prized Crop | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>“Please, treat your garlic with respect … Too lazy to peel fresh? You don’t deserve to eat garlic.” ~ Anthony Bourdain\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that time of year that cuisine connoisseurs love and vampires don’t: \u003ca href=\"https://gilroygarlicfestival.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gilroy’s annual celebration of all things garlic \u003c/a>(including garlic ice cream — just thought we’d mention that at the get go). KQED Science wanted to get into the spirit by diving into the science behind the wonder bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically known for its medicinal power, garlic has been revered for thousands of years by ancient civilizations such as the Greeks, Egyptians, Romans, Chinese and Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A natural antibiotic, garlic is known to heal wounds faster. Many soldiers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249897/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during World War II\u003c/a> used garlic to treat their injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern times it’s often used as a dietary supplement to treat ailments including high blood pressure and the common cold. According to the National Cancer Institute, a survey of available research \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/garlic-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicates garlic may reduce cancer risk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study that looked at people who ate raw garlic at least twice a week over a 7-year period showed a \u003ca href=\"http://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/content/6/7/711?sid=179e57a9-3770-409d-84bc-cd83ef816963\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">44 percent\u003c/a> lower risk of developing lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is it about garlic’s makeup that has made it such an enduring drug?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garlic’s medicinal properties are assumed to stem from its sulfur compounds, which are also responsible for its strong odor. The most well known of these sulfur compounds is allicin, others include diallyl disulfide and s-allyl cystein. The power of these compounds is activated only when a clove is chopped, pressed or smashed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How garlic is prepared affects not only the taste, but which sulfur compounds are released. Allicin, for example, is unstable and is only briefly present in fresh garlic once cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How the body metabolizes garlic’s many compounds is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2018/april/the-complicated-biology-of-garlic.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">still largely unknown\u003c/a>, leaving open a wide area for future research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some fun and interesting facts about garlic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Chicago is named after garlic. “Chicagaoua” was the Native American word for a \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ts7OCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA538&lpg=PA538&dq=%22Chicagaoua%22+was+the+Native+American+word+for+a+wild+garlic+that+grows+near+Lake+Michigan.&source=bl&ots=IJRsH733fl&sig=SnwFm8Dotead9KuooYSrEE6nnsI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjw1Z6U9b3cAhXJlFQKHQ2oCUEQ6AEwAXoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Chicagaoua%22%20was%20the%20Native%20American%20word%20for%20a%20wild%20garlic%20that%20grows%20near%20Lake%20Michigan.&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wild garlic that grows\u003c/a> near Lake Michigan.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Garlic is a natural adhesive. In China, garlic juice is \u003ca href=\"http://groovygreenliving.com/5-extraordinary-uses-for-garlic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">used as glue for glass\u003c/a> and porcelain. To make some of your own, crush a few cloves and use the resulting juice as a glue.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ancient Egyptians\u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=0EgoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT59&lpg=PT59&dq=%22Chicagaoua%22+was+the+Native+American+word+for+a+wild+garlic+that+grows+near+Lake+Michigan.&source=bl&ots=47BruwLwlV&sig=N-7p821e0ZdZuzCYRj0vPQKesEo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia3MmW8r3cAhXLhVQKHTZYA3QQ6AEwAHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Chicagaoua%22%20was%20the%20Native%20American%20word%20for%20a%20wild%20garlic%20that%20grows%20near%20Lake%20Michigan.&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> used to swear on garlic\u003c/a> when taking an oath.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Stinking Rose is a San Francisco-based restaurant whose dishes all feature garlic. It’s mantra is: “We season our garlic with food.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Studies \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/garlic-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show that eating raw garli\u003c/a>c can reduce the risk of developing colon or rectal cancer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Garlic may be useful for deterring ticks: People who consumed high amounts of garlic over an 8-week period \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1030915\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">showed a reduced\u003c/a> number of tick bites.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>If you live in the Bay Area and you want to celebrate garlic’s awesomeness, head out to the Gilroy Garlic Festival on July 27 – 29th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilroy is known as the garlic capital of the world and its festival draws in more than 100,000 guests a year. Now entering it’s 40th year, a roster of celebrity hosts will mark the milestone, including Iron Chef Michael Symon and Food Network star Brian Boitano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928020\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds a garlic clove. \u003ccite>(DALIBOR DANILOVIC/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Need a way to get there without the hassle of driving? Caltrain is providing \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltrain.com/riderinfo/specialevents/GilroyGarlicFestival.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a roundtrip Garlic Train\u003c/a> to the event. The train will depart at 10 a.m. from San Jose Diridon station to Gilroy station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information, check out the festival’s\u003ca href=\"https://gilroygarlicfestival.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> official website here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>“Please, treat your garlic with respect … Too lazy to peel fresh? You don’t deserve to eat garlic.” ~ Anthony Bourdain\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that time of year that cuisine connoisseurs love and vampires don’t: \u003ca href=\"https://gilroygarlicfestival.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gilroy’s annual celebration of all things garlic \u003c/a>(including garlic ice cream — just thought we’d mention that at the get go). KQED Science wanted to get into the spirit by diving into the science behind the wonder bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically known for its medicinal power, garlic has been revered for thousands of years by ancient civilizations such as the Greeks, Egyptians, Romans, Chinese and Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A natural antibiotic, garlic is known to heal wounds faster. Many soldiers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249897/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during World War II\u003c/a> used garlic to treat their injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern times it’s often used as a dietary supplement to treat ailments including high blood pressure and the common cold. According to the National Cancer Institute, a survey of available research \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/garlic-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicates garlic may reduce cancer risk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study that looked at people who ate raw garlic at least twice a week over a 7-year period showed a \u003ca href=\"http://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/content/6/7/711?sid=179e57a9-3770-409d-84bc-cd83ef816963\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">44 percent\u003c/a> lower risk of developing lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is it about garlic’s makeup that has made it such an enduring drug?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garlic’s medicinal properties are assumed to stem from its sulfur compounds, which are also responsible for its strong odor. The most well known of these sulfur compounds is allicin, others include diallyl disulfide and s-allyl cystein. The power of these compounds is activated only when a clove is chopped, pressed or smashed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How garlic is prepared affects not only the taste, but which sulfur compounds are released. Allicin, for example, is unstable and is only briefly present in fresh garlic once cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How the body metabolizes garlic’s many compounds is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2018/april/the-complicated-biology-of-garlic.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">still largely unknown\u003c/a>, leaving open a wide area for future research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some fun and interesting facts about garlic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Chicago is named after garlic. “Chicagaoua” was the Native American word for a \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ts7OCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA538&lpg=PA538&dq=%22Chicagaoua%22+was+the+Native+American+word+for+a+wild+garlic+that+grows+near+Lake+Michigan.&source=bl&ots=IJRsH733fl&sig=SnwFm8Dotead9KuooYSrEE6nnsI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjw1Z6U9b3cAhXJlFQKHQ2oCUEQ6AEwAXoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Chicagaoua%22%20was%20the%20Native%20American%20word%20for%20a%20wild%20garlic%20that%20grows%20near%20Lake%20Michigan.&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wild garlic that grows\u003c/a> near Lake Michigan.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Garlic is a natural adhesive. In China, garlic juice is \u003ca href=\"http://groovygreenliving.com/5-extraordinary-uses-for-garlic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">used as glue for glass\u003c/a> and porcelain. To make some of your own, crush a few cloves and use the resulting juice as a glue.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ancient Egyptians\u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=0EgoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT59&lpg=PT59&dq=%22Chicagaoua%22+was+the+Native+American+word+for+a+wild+garlic+that+grows+near+Lake+Michigan.&source=bl&ots=47BruwLwlV&sig=N-7p821e0ZdZuzCYRj0vPQKesEo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia3MmW8r3cAhXLhVQKHTZYA3QQ6AEwAHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Chicagaoua%22%20was%20the%20Native%20American%20word%20for%20a%20wild%20garlic%20that%20grows%20near%20Lake%20Michigan.&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> used to swear on garlic\u003c/a> when taking an oath.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Stinking Rose is a San Francisco-based restaurant whose dishes all feature garlic. It’s mantra is: “We season our garlic with food.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Studies \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/garlic-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show that eating raw garli\u003c/a>c can reduce the risk of developing colon or rectal cancer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Garlic may be useful for deterring ticks: People who consumed high amounts of garlic over an 8-week period \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1030915\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">showed a reduced\u003c/a> number of tick bites.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>If you live in the Bay Area and you want to celebrate garlic’s awesomeness, head out to the Gilroy Garlic Festival on July 27 – 29th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilroy is known as the garlic capital of the world and its festival draws in more than 100,000 guests a year. Now entering it’s 40th year, a roster of celebrity hosts will mark the milestone, including Iron Chef Michael Symon and Food Network star Brian Boitano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928020\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-158868448-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds a garlic clove. \u003ccite>(DALIBOR DANILOVIC/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Need a way to get there without the hassle of driving? Caltrain is providing \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltrain.com/riderinfo/specialevents/GilroyGarlicFestival.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a roundtrip Garlic Train\u003c/a> to the event. The train will depart at 10 a.m. from San Jose Diridon station to Gilroy station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information, check out the festival’s\u003ca href=\"https://gilroygarlicfestival.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> official website here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Heat Rises, So Do Suicides, a Stanford Study Finds",
"headTitle": "As Heat Rises, So Do Suicides, a Stanford Study Finds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A warming climate may carry a sneaky effect on mental health. A Stanford University-led research team warns \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0222-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a study published today\u003c/a> that hotter temperatures are raising the risk of suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ547&warncounty=CAC037&firewxzone=CAZ547&local_place1=2%20Miles%20WSW%20Burbank%20CA&product1=Excessive+Heat+Warning&lat=34.182&lon=-118.3595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excessive Heat Warning\u003c/a> issued for the San Gabriel, San Fernando and Ventura County Valleys, through Thursday. Temperatures up to 108 degrees with high nighttime temperatures. \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-during\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Take precautions\u003c/a>.\u003ccite>National Weather Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Going back to the early 19th century, scientists, sociologists and poets all noticed more people die by suicide in spring. That’s caused other teams to investigate \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1901524\">sunlight’s influence on mental health \u003c/a>and the connection between \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/the-troubling-link-between-allergies-and-suicide/523608/\">allergies and suicide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall Burke, an associate professor of earth systems sciences at Stanford, worked with colleagues at UC Berkeley and an international team to amass decades of death records for the U.S. and Mexico, and localized temperature records. They found that when temperatures rose about 2 degrees Fahrenheit in a given location and given month, deaths by suicide rose by about 1 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a one percent effect – if multiplied across many people in the United States – implies a very large additional health burden from increasing temperature,” says Burke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, nearly 800,000 people die by suicide each year, according to the World Health Organization. Suicides in the United States and Mexico represent abut 7% of the total. In the United States, suicide is a top-ten leading cause of death, and in the most recent 17 years on record, the nation’s overall suicide rate has increased 28%, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml\">according to\u003c/a> the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke’s newly-released study doesn’t suggest that hot temperatures cause people to harm themselves. And he stresses that suicide has other larger and well-documented risk factors. Researchers now wonder \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245634/\">whether warmer temperatures are\u003c/a> some sort of a biological trigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But based on this data and on global models, this team projects that if climate change continues unchecked until the middle of this century, hotter temperatures could cause at least 20,000 additional deaths in the two countries studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sounds like an abstract statistic,” Burke says, “but we should think of that as individuals and individual families that are going to be fundamentally affected by that if temperatures increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that air conditioning and wealth don’t seem to mitigate the link between hotter temperatures and suicide. So as temperatures rise, he expects the risks of heat to human health will continue to rise too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A warming climate may carry a sneaky effect on mental health. A Stanford University-led research team warns \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0222-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a study published today\u003c/a> that hotter temperatures are raising the risk of suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ547&warncounty=CAC037&firewxzone=CAZ547&local_place1=2%20Miles%20WSW%20Burbank%20CA&product1=Excessive+Heat+Warning&lat=34.182&lon=-118.3595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excessive Heat Warning\u003c/a> issued for the San Gabriel, San Fernando and Ventura County Valleys, through Thursday. Temperatures up to 108 degrees with high nighttime temperatures. \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-during\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Take precautions\u003c/a>.\u003ccite>National Weather Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Going back to the early 19th century, scientists, sociologists and poets all noticed more people die by suicide in spring. That’s caused other teams to investigate \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1901524\">sunlight’s influence on mental health \u003c/a>and the connection between \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/the-troubling-link-between-allergies-and-suicide/523608/\">allergies and suicide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall Burke, an associate professor of earth systems sciences at Stanford, worked with colleagues at UC Berkeley and an international team to amass decades of death records for the U.S. and Mexico, and localized temperature records. They found that when temperatures rose about 2 degrees Fahrenheit in a given location and given month, deaths by suicide rose by about 1 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a one percent effect – if multiplied across many people in the United States – implies a very large additional health burden from increasing temperature,” says Burke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, nearly 800,000 people die by suicide each year, according to the World Health Organization. Suicides in the United States and Mexico represent abut 7% of the total. In the United States, suicide is a top-ten leading cause of death, and in the most recent 17 years on record, the nation’s overall suicide rate has increased 28%, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml\">according to\u003c/a> the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke’s newly-released study doesn’t suggest that hot temperatures cause people to harm themselves. And he stresses that suicide has other larger and well-documented risk factors. Researchers now wonder \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245634/\">whether warmer temperatures are\u003c/a> some sort of a biological trigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But based on this data and on global models, this team projects that if climate change continues unchecked until the middle of this century, hotter temperatures could cause at least 20,000 additional deaths in the two countries studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sounds like an abstract statistic,” Burke says, “but we should think of that as individuals and individual families that are going to be fundamentally affected by that if temperatures increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that air conditioning and wealth don’t seem to mitigate the link between hotter temperatures and suicide. So as temperatures rise, he expects the risks of heat to human health will continue to rise too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California wants to pay you to light up and drive. Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recreational use of marijuana has been legal in California since January but traffic laws are lagging behind. While current sobriety tests can detect the presence of marijuana in the driver’s system, they can’t test for impairment. That’s because it’s not currently known what level of THC — the psychoactive compound in marijuana called tetrahydrocannabinol — significantly impairs drivers.[contextly_sidebar id=”Fn8sDFZVNFPCdkyTV1gZUay5OsCyXqPl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address the problem, the California legislature is funding a UC San Diego study that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu/index.php/2015-11-20-20-52-15/active-studies/62-ab266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will determine how\u003c/a> pot affects driving performance and how soon after smoking pot is it safe to drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are recruiting 180 people for the study, which will consist of having participants smoke varying amounts of marijuana or a placebo and then participate in driving simulations and cognitive tests. Participants will be monitored for 5 to 6 hours after smoking and will be tested about every hour-and-a-half, plus have blood, saliva, and breath samples taken at regular intervals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not only looking at how impaired a driver is at different levels of smoking, but also how long that impairment lasts,” says Tom Marcotte, co-director of the UCSD’s Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research, which is conducting the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A law that went into effect this year prohibits marijuana use by the driver or passengers but it is difficult to enforce because unlike alcohol, there is no established legal limit for driving while under the influence of marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']Marcotte says that merely having THC in your system isn’t enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gold standard for any sobriety test is whether the driver is impaired,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UC San Diego hope their findings will be used to draft clearer guidelines for police officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of a drunk driver, a breathalyzer or blood test is used to determine whether a driver has enough alcohol in their system to be impaired. But similar tools don’t exist for marijuana testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a blood test can detect the presence of marijuana, the lack of evidence for what constitutes impairment means the blood test alone isn’t helpful, according to Marcotte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A device \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-marijuana-dui-20180322-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that tests the driver’s saliva,\u003c/a> used by San Diego police, suffers from the same shortcoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Current sobriety tests are good but they provide limited information on the impact of smoking on the driver’s performance,” says Marcotte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qqBiZKiwzZwruaM10tMA0qGYLd23a6Fu”]Right now, specially trained officers can perform cognitive tests and look for physical signs of marijuana-induced impairment during a traffic stop. But without an objective standard for determining impairment, it’s left wholly to the officer’s judgement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of subjectivity on the officers, and it puts a lot of pressure on them, in that moment, to determine what to do without having any forensic evidence to prove it,” Lou Shapiro, a Los Angeles criminal defense attorney,\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-marijuana-dui-20180322-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told the\u003c/a> Los Angeles Times in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of current methods, like cannabis entrepreneur Virgil Grant, worry that the lack of an objective standard could lead to increased racial profiling on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a black man in America, I think that’s a no-brainer,” Grant told the Times. “If we left everything up to law enforcement in our community, we would be getting locked up at even more alarming rates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is expected to be completed in spring of 2019. In the future, researchers hope to also examine the effects of marijuana edibles on driving impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Edibles act differently in the body than smoking, which gets in the system more quickly,” says Marcotte. “Edibles take an hour or two to hit you and the effects lasts longer. So testing requires a different approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have already recruited 100 participants for the study and \u003ca href=\"https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/AB266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are looking\u003c/a> for the final 80.\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California legalized recreational marijuana use this year but traffic laws have not kept up with the changes. A state funded study aims to determine what levels of psychoactive compound THC are enough to impair drivers. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California wants to pay you to light up and drive. Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recreational use of marijuana has been legal in California since January but traffic laws are lagging behind. While current sobriety tests can detect the presence of marijuana in the driver’s system, they can’t test for impairment. That’s because it’s not currently known what level of THC — the psychoactive compound in marijuana called tetrahydrocannabinol — significantly impairs drivers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address the problem, the California legislature is funding a UC San Diego study that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu/index.php/2015-11-20-20-52-15/active-studies/62-ab266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will determine how\u003c/a> pot affects driving performance and how soon after smoking pot is it safe to drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are recruiting 180 people for the study, which will consist of having participants smoke varying amounts of marijuana or a placebo and then participate in driving simulations and cognitive tests. Participants will be monitored for 5 to 6 hours after smoking and will be tested about every hour-and-a-half, plus have blood, saliva, and breath samples taken at regular intervals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not only looking at how impaired a driver is at different levels of smoking, but also how long that impairment lasts,” says Tom Marcotte, co-director of the UCSD’s Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research, which is conducting the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Marcotte says that merely having THC in your system isn’t enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gold standard for any sobriety test is whether the driver is impaired,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UC San Diego hope their findings will be used to draft clearer guidelines for police officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of a drunk driver, a breathalyzer or blood test is used to determine whether a driver has enough alcohol in their system to be impaired. But similar tools don’t exist for marijuana testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a blood test can detect the presence of marijuana, the lack of evidence for what constitutes impairment means the blood test alone isn’t helpful, according to Marcotte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A device \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-marijuana-dui-20180322-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that tests the driver’s saliva,\u003c/a> used by San Diego police, suffers from the same shortcoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Current sobriety tests are good but they provide limited information on the impact of smoking on the driver’s performance,” says Marcotte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Right now, specially trained officers can perform cognitive tests and look for physical signs of marijuana-induced impairment during a traffic stop. But without an objective standard for determining impairment, it’s left wholly to the officer’s judgement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of subjectivity on the officers, and it puts a lot of pressure on them, in that moment, to determine what to do without having any forensic evidence to prove it,” Lou Shapiro, a Los Angeles criminal defense attorney,\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-marijuana-dui-20180322-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told the\u003c/a> Los Angeles Times in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of current methods, like cannabis entrepreneur Virgil Grant, worry that the lack of an objective standard could lead to increased racial profiling on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a black man in America, I think that’s a no-brainer,” Grant told the Times. “If we left everything up to law enforcement in our community, we would be getting locked up at even more alarming rates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is expected to be completed in spring of 2019. In the future, researchers hope to also examine the effects of marijuana edibles on driving impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Edibles act differently in the body than smoking, which gets in the system more quickly,” says Marcotte. “Edibles take an hour or two to hit you and the effects lasts longer. So testing requires a different approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have already recruited 100 participants for the study and \u003ca href=\"https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/AB266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are looking\u003c/a> for the final 80.\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Health Officials Warn Public to Stay Out of Discovery Bay’s Toxic Waters",
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"content": "\u003cp>Contra Costa health officials are warning people to stay out of Discovery Bay after recent tests showed elevated levels of a toxin from blue-green algae.[contextly_sidebar id=”HOFJjjVVgSKMJov7SbkcjgstMPSsA2D0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">routine sampling\u003c/a> of the waters on June 27 by health officials found high concentrations of blue-green algae, which contains cyanotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”BE53mysKwhQp94VJXpgB5zkaKFuA9ekn”]Contra Costa Health Services issued an advisory Thursday, July 19 warning that exposure to the toxin can cause\u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> rashes, skin and eye irritation\u003c/a>, and upset stomach. In high enough levels, exposure can lead to serious illness and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Environmental Health advises residents and visitors to Discovery Bay to avoid coming into contact with water in affected areas,” the advisory stated. “Avoiding contact with the water is also advised for pets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures contribute to the sudden growth of the harmful algae, which eventually dissipate naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dogs are especially sensitive to the toxin. In 2017, two dogs \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly died after they swam in a contaminated pond\u003c/a> in Southern Napa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tap water remains safe to drink as the toxin is not in the community’s well water system, according to the advisory.[contextly_sidebar id=”9LPlFctPIz2XxR4ELVFBaosWMf6LFUwK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">best way to\u003c/a> prevent the blooms is to reduce water pollution, especially from runoff containing fertilizers or pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you believe you’ve been exposed to Blue-green algae, health officials recommend taking the following steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Wash your skin and hair thoroughly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If your pet comes into contact with the algae, wash\u003cbr>\nit thoroughly to prevent ingestion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contact a licensed veterinarian immediately if you believe your pet may have ingested algae.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not consume fish caught or harvested in a\u003cbr>\nbloom area.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Respect closures by public health authorities.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you ingest blue-green algae or begin to experience symptoms,\u003cbr>\ncontact your health care provider or California Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>For updates on this advisory, visit \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\">http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Contra Costa health officials are warning people to stay out of Discovery Bay after recent tests showed elevated levels of a toxin from blue-green algae.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">routine sampling\u003c/a> of the waters on June 27 by health officials found high concentrations of blue-green algae, which contains cyanotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Contra Costa Health Services issued an advisory Thursday, July 19 warning that exposure to the toxin can cause\u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> rashes, skin and eye irritation\u003c/a>, and upset stomach. In high enough levels, exposure can lead to serious illness and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Environmental Health advises residents and visitors to Discovery Bay to avoid coming into contact with water in affected areas,” the advisory stated. “Avoiding contact with the water is also advised for pets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures contribute to the sudden growth of the harmful algae, which eventually dissipate naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dogs are especially sensitive to the toxin. In 2017, two dogs \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly died after they swam in a contaminated pond\u003c/a> in Southern Napa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tap water remains safe to drink as the toxin is not in the community’s well water system, according to the advisory.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/eh/hab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">best way to\u003c/a> prevent the blooms is to reduce water pollution, especially from runoff containing fertilizers or pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you believe you’ve been exposed to Blue-green algae, health officials recommend taking the following steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Wash your skin and hair thoroughly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If your pet comes into contact with the algae, wash\u003cbr>\nit thoroughly to prevent ingestion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contact a licensed veterinarian immediately if you believe your pet may have ingested algae.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not consume fish caught or harvested in a\u003cbr>\nbloom area.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Respect closures by public health authorities.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you ingest blue-green algae or begin to experience symptoms,\u003cbr>\ncontact your health care provider or California Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>For updates on this advisory, visit \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\">http://cchealth.org/eh/blue-green-algae.php\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Protect Yourself From Poison Oak Exposure in Wildfire Smoke",
"headTitle": "Protect Yourself From Poison Oak Exposure in Wildfire Smoke | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Californians living near wildfire outbreaks are used to worrying about an array of fire hazards, but poison oak poisoning transmitted by wildfire smoke is not usually one of them. [contextly_sidebar id=”JKkMt8yvdWLQCSEIHTClXYYhUiDaZ5c5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of Rancho Cordova, just east of Sacramento, began discussing on Facebook last week what might have caused the rashes they were noticing. The\u003ca href=\"https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2018/07/11/did-nearby-fires-cause-mystery-rashes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> speculation began when Jenni Matamoro uploaded a photo\u003c/a> of her skin rash, and several other residents began replying with their own experiences, saying they, too, developed similar rashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time Matamoro noticed the rash, she was at home with the windows open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My skin was getting tight and swollen and I was constantly itching my neck,” Matamoros \u003ca href=\"https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2018/07/11/did-nearby-fires-cause-mystery-rashes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told local news outlets.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also sent the photo to her sister, a registered nurse, who told her to take Benadryl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the exact cause of the neighborhood’s bout with skin rashes remains unknown, many residents began linking it to nearby wildfires at the time, including the \u003ca href=\"https://fox40.com/2018/07/08/wind-fuels-vegetation-fire-in-rancho-cordova/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon St. Fire\u003c/a> that burned more than 200 acres.[contextly_sidebar id=”S9U9Fh4WrixgpVr8kzJTP3z5jmoFKeVB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pacific poison oak burns, the urushiol oil in the plant dissipates in the air and is \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/toxdiv/all.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">then distributed by\u003c/a> the wildfire smoke, according to the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poison oak is highly immunogenic, meaning even mild exposure can trigger an eruption, according to Dr. Emmanuel Maverakis, an associate professor of dermatology at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poison oak is one of the strongest allergens out there,” says Maverakis. “People have varying sensitivity but the vast majority will likely experience a reaction. Even a single exposure can cause an allergic response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maverakis, however, urged caution and said widespread poison oak poisoning from wildfires is rare.[contextly_sidebar id=”4aVhIqGYdJwyVxt14myABBh3lMY9jKAq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of how close you actually have to be to contract poison oak via wildfire smoke, no clear guidance has yet been issued, however, experts say that individual variables like wind and personal sensitivity play a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The farther away you are from the fire,” says Maverakis, “the less exposure you will have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 70 to 85 percent of the population will develop an allergic reaction to\u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf07672313/pdf07672313dpi72.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> poison oak although it\u003c/a> seldom occurs on the first exposure, according to the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sensitivity increases with each exposure,” says the U.S. Forest Service. “People who are exposed to urushiol oil repeatedly may become more sensitive, reacting to lower and lower concentrations. However, people become less sensitive to urushiol oil as they get older.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of Rancho Cordova, Dr. Maverakis says that, based on the few photos he’s seen of residents’ rashes, the sun is a more likely culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, after all, sunburn season and the thing with a sunburn is that it doesn’t happen right away,” he says. “It would be easy for someone to blame a rash on other causes if it developed hours later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms of poison oak usually develop within 24 hours of exposure and include \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/plants/symptoms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rash, itching and swelling\u003c/a>, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.firehouse.com/safety-health/news/12357457/poison-oak-effects-hundreds-of-firefighters-on-wildland-frontlines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 400 firefighters\u003c/a> battling wildifres in Santa Barbara County alone were treated for poison oak, according to Firehouse News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poison oak is just a hazard of the job,” Santa Barbara County firefighter Danny Haynes told KEYT during the 2017 wildfires. “There’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.keyt.com/news/wildfire/hundreds-of-firefighters-get-poison-oak-poisoning-while-fighting-whittier-fire/599760765\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poison oak\u003c/a> on almost every fire we go on here on the Central Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you believe you have been exposed to urushiol oil from poison oak, the CDC recommends the following steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Immediately rinse skin with rubbing alcohol, specialized poison plant washes, dishwashing soap, and plenty of water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Rinse frequently. Make sure that wash solutions do not dry on the skin and further spread the urushiol.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scrub under nails with a brush.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Apply wet compresses, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone cream to the affected area to reduce itching. Do not apply to broken skin.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take an antihistamine such as Benadryl for itching.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In severe cases, such as difficulty breathing or if the rash is on the face or genitals, seek immediate medical attention.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Wildfire smoke can carry the oil from burned poison oak. Residents in one Rancho Cordova community think that might be what caused their mysterious rashes.",
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"description": "Wildfire smoke can carry the oil from burned poison oak. Residents in one Rancho Cordova community think that might be what caused their mysterious rashes.",
"title": "Protect Yourself From Poison Oak Exposure in Wildfire Smoke | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians living near wildfire outbreaks are used to worrying about an array of fire hazards, but poison oak poisoning transmitted by wildfire smoke is not usually one of them. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of Rancho Cordova, just east of Sacramento, began discussing on Facebook last week what might have caused the rashes they were noticing. The\u003ca href=\"https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2018/07/11/did-nearby-fires-cause-mystery-rashes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> speculation began when Jenni Matamoro uploaded a photo\u003c/a> of her skin rash, and several other residents began replying with their own experiences, saying they, too, developed similar rashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time Matamoro noticed the rash, she was at home with the windows open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My skin was getting tight and swollen and I was constantly itching my neck,” Matamoros \u003ca href=\"https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2018/07/11/did-nearby-fires-cause-mystery-rashes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told local news outlets.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also sent the photo to her sister, a registered nurse, who told her to take Benadryl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the exact cause of the neighborhood’s bout with skin rashes remains unknown, many residents began linking it to nearby wildfires at the time, including the \u003ca href=\"https://fox40.com/2018/07/08/wind-fuels-vegetation-fire-in-rancho-cordova/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon St. Fire\u003c/a> that burned more than 200 acres.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pacific poison oak burns, the urushiol oil in the plant dissipates in the air and is \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/toxdiv/all.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">then distributed by\u003c/a> the wildfire smoke, according to the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poison oak is highly immunogenic, meaning even mild exposure can trigger an eruption, according to Dr. Emmanuel Maverakis, an associate professor of dermatology at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poison oak is one of the strongest allergens out there,” says Maverakis. “People have varying sensitivity but the vast majority will likely experience a reaction. Even a single exposure can cause an allergic response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maverakis, however, urged caution and said widespread poison oak poisoning from wildfires is rare.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of how close you actually have to be to contract poison oak via wildfire smoke, no clear guidance has yet been issued, however, experts say that individual variables like wind and personal sensitivity play a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The farther away you are from the fire,” says Maverakis, “the less exposure you will have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 70 to 85 percent of the population will develop an allergic reaction to\u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf07672313/pdf07672313dpi72.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> poison oak although it\u003c/a> seldom occurs on the first exposure, according to the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sensitivity increases with each exposure,” says the U.S. Forest Service. “People who are exposed to urushiol oil repeatedly may become more sensitive, reacting to lower and lower concentrations. However, people become less sensitive to urushiol oil as they get older.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of Rancho Cordova, Dr. Maverakis says that, based on the few photos he’s seen of residents’ rashes, the sun is a more likely culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, after all, sunburn season and the thing with a sunburn is that it doesn’t happen right away,” he says. “It would be easy for someone to blame a rash on other causes if it developed hours later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms of poison oak usually develop within 24 hours of exposure and include \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/plants/symptoms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rash, itching and swelling\u003c/a>, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.firehouse.com/safety-health/news/12357457/poison-oak-effects-hundreds-of-firefighters-on-wildland-frontlines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 400 firefighters\u003c/a> battling wildifres in Santa Barbara County alone were treated for poison oak, according to Firehouse News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poison oak is just a hazard of the job,” Santa Barbara County firefighter Danny Haynes told KEYT during the 2017 wildfires. “There’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.keyt.com/news/wildfire/hundreds-of-firefighters-get-poison-oak-poisoning-while-fighting-whittier-fire/599760765\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poison oak\u003c/a> on almost every fire we go on here on the Central Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you believe you have been exposed to urushiol oil from poison oak, the CDC recommends the following steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Immediately rinse skin with rubbing alcohol, specialized poison plant washes, dishwashing soap, and plenty of water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Rinse frequently. Make sure that wash solutions do not dry on the skin and further spread the urushiol.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scrub under nails with a brush.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Apply wet compresses, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone cream to the affected area to reduce itching. Do not apply to broken skin.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take an antihistamine such as Benadryl for itching.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In severe cases, such as difficulty breathing or if the rash is on the face or genitals, seek immediate medical attention.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists, Lawmakers Assail EPA's 'Secret Science' Proposal",
"headTitle": "Scientists, Lawmakers Assail EPA’s ‘Secret Science’ Proposal | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Critics at a public hearing Tuesday sounded off on the Environmental Protection Agency’s plans to limit the use of scientific research in drafting new regulations.[contextly_sidebar id=”3tfPN7YoRxvBaYZlYXcNJNaLDBoebZJc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the draft rule — who ranged from congressmen, former health officials and scientists — voiced their concerns at the agency’s Washington, D.C. headquarters this morning at a hearing that’s expected to last all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics urged EPA officials not to adopt a measure that they say would jeopardize the health and safety of Americans by excluding critical research that can lead to stronger environmental protections. Those expressing their concerns Tuesday include \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/bio/gretchen.html#.W05r07enFEY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gretchen Goldman\u003c/a>, the research director at the Center for Science and Democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I can’t always protect my kids from unsafe air outside, but the EPA can. That’s why the agency should withdraw this proposal. You can submit your own comments here: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/bRc4t7LrGA\">https://t.co/bRc4t7LrGA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/6duv4cklrd\">pic.twitter.com/6duv4cklrd\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr Gretchen Goldman (@GretchenTG) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GretchenTG/status/1019272196840132609?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Unveiled in April, the draft rule — “Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science” — would bar the EPA from considering scientific studies that “are not publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent validation,” according to the text.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Attacking science under the guise of transparency would have chilling consequences for the EPA and every person who benefits from clean air and water. Today I testified in person against this insidious proposed rule. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ScienceNotSilence?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ScienceNotSilence\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/c78SIzcFqV\">https://t.co/c78SIzcFqV\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/RZYN7dLH1X\">pic.twitter.com/RZYN7dLH1X\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Suzanne Bonamici (@RepBonamici) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepBonamici/status/1019219585088835590?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>At the time it was revealed, former EPA chief Scott Pruitt said it would make the agency’s decision-making more transparent. But critics like Jennifer McPartland, a senior scientist with the Environmental Defense Fund, say the rule is a disguised attempt to bar consideration of research that could lead to tighter regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data underlying many scientific studies are not publicly available and cannot be made publicly available,” McPartland told EPA officals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the proposed plan “serves the interests of polluters, not the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acting EPA chief Andrew Wheeler \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060089071\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has indicated in interviews\u003c/a> that he would pursue the draft rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who oppose the rule argue that it’s not always feasible to make data public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data underlying many scientific studies are not publicly available and cannot be made publicly available,” Jennifer McPartland, a senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, told officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because such a move could compromise patient privacy and the personal data of study participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aapOmByHebQvGF8oaajRRdXdNJyO6SdT”]”If those [confidentiality] documents say we will be required to release your private information to the U.S. government or to the public, [people] would be wise not to participate,” Peter Thorne, a toxicologist and former chairman of EPA’s science advisory board, told Science Magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne was removed from the board in late 2017, when his membership wasn’t renewed by Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research that has shaped EPA decision-making \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/six-cities-air-pollution-study-turns-20/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">includes a groundbreaking air pollution\u003c/a> study by Harvard scientists which found a strong link between death rates and dirty air in several major U.S. cities. The findings led to tighter air-quality rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others at the hearing, however, urged the EPA to adopt the controversial rule. Among those expressing their support include Dan Byers, vice president for policy at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s Global Energy Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">GEI’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DByers21?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@DByers21\u003c/a> testifies before \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/EPA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@EPA\u003c/a> in support of proposed rulemaking on strengthening transparency in regulatory science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Federal rules that impact millions of people and billions of dollars should be held to a higher standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See more here: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/YgagUrYJ1l\">https://t.co/YgagUrYJ1l\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/v3S1dxrfUZ\">pic.twitter.com/v3S1dxrfUZ\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Global Energy Inst (@globalenergy) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/globalenergy/status/1019300337289760769?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A 2015 review by the Congressional Budget Office \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbo.gov/publication/50025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pegged the initial cost of implementing\u003c/a> the rule at $250 million per year. A cost-benefit analysis conducted by the EPA in 2011 found that programs established under the Clean Air Act yield direct benefits to the American people which vastly exceed the cost of compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the study found that for 2020, the maximum estimated benefits\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-and-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> derived from clean air programs\u003c/a> exceed costs by 90-to-1, while the lowest estimated benefits exceed costs by about 3-to-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed rule is \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OA-2018-0259-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">open for public comment\u003c/a> until August 16.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Critics at a public hearing Tuesday sounded off on the Environmental Protection Agency’s plans to limit the use of scientific research in drafting new regulations.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the draft rule — who ranged from congressmen, former health officials and scientists — voiced their concerns at the agency’s Washington, D.C. headquarters this morning at a hearing that’s expected to last all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics urged EPA officials not to adopt a measure that they say would jeopardize the health and safety of Americans by excluding critical research that can lead to stronger environmental protections. Those expressing their concerns Tuesday include \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/bio/gretchen.html#.W05r07enFEY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gretchen Goldman\u003c/a>, the research director at the Center for Science and Democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I can’t always protect my kids from unsafe air outside, but the EPA can. That’s why the agency should withdraw this proposal. You can submit your own comments here: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/bRc4t7LrGA\">https://t.co/bRc4t7LrGA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/6duv4cklrd\">pic.twitter.com/6duv4cklrd\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr Gretchen Goldman (@GretchenTG) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GretchenTG/status/1019272196840132609?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Unveiled in April, the draft rule — “Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science” — would bar the EPA from considering scientific studies that “are not publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent validation,” according to the text.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Attacking science under the guise of transparency would have chilling consequences for the EPA and every person who benefits from clean air and water. Today I testified in person against this insidious proposed rule. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ScienceNotSilence?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ScienceNotSilence\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/c78SIzcFqV\">https://t.co/c78SIzcFqV\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/RZYN7dLH1X\">pic.twitter.com/RZYN7dLH1X\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Suzanne Bonamici (@RepBonamici) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepBonamici/status/1019219585088835590?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>At the time it was revealed, former EPA chief Scott Pruitt said it would make the agency’s decision-making more transparent. But critics like Jennifer McPartland, a senior scientist with the Environmental Defense Fund, say the rule is a disguised attempt to bar consideration of research that could lead to tighter regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data underlying many scientific studies are not publicly available and cannot be made publicly available,” McPartland told EPA officals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the proposed plan “serves the interests of polluters, not the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acting EPA chief Andrew Wheeler \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060089071\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has indicated in interviews\u003c/a> that he would pursue the draft rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who oppose the rule argue that it’s not always feasible to make data public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data underlying many scientific studies are not publicly available and cannot be made publicly available,” Jennifer McPartland, a senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, told officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because such a move could compromise patient privacy and the personal data of study participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”If those [confidentiality] documents say we will be required to release your private information to the U.S. government or to the public, [people] would be wise not to participate,” Peter Thorne, a toxicologist and former chairman of EPA’s science advisory board, told Science Magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne was removed from the board in late 2017, when his membership wasn’t renewed by Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research that has shaped EPA decision-making \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/six-cities-air-pollution-study-turns-20/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">includes a groundbreaking air pollution\u003c/a> study by Harvard scientists which found a strong link between death rates and dirty air in several major U.S. cities. The findings led to tighter air-quality rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others at the hearing, however, urged the EPA to adopt the controversial rule. Among those expressing their support include Dan Byers, vice president for policy at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s Global Energy Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">GEI’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DByers21?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@DByers21\u003c/a> testifies before \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/EPA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@EPA\u003c/a> in support of proposed rulemaking on strengthening transparency in regulatory science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Federal rules that impact millions of people and billions of dollars should be held to a higher standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See more here: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/YgagUrYJ1l\">https://t.co/YgagUrYJ1l\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/v3S1dxrfUZ\">pic.twitter.com/v3S1dxrfUZ\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Global Energy Inst (@globalenergy) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/globalenergy/status/1019300337289760769?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 17, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A 2015 review by the Congressional Budget Office \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbo.gov/publication/50025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pegged the initial cost of implementing\u003c/a> the rule at $250 million per year. A cost-benefit analysis conducted by the EPA in 2011 found that programs established under the Clean Air Act yield direct benefits to the American people which vastly exceed the cost of compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the study found that for 2020, the maximum estimated benefits\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-and-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> derived from clean air programs\u003c/a> exceed costs by 90-to-1, while the lowest estimated benefits exceed costs by about 3-to-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed rule is \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OA-2018-0259-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">open for public comment\u003c/a> until August 16.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Spot quiz: let’s say you’re taking the air on one of Northern California’s many inviting trails, and you suddenly notice you have company. Large company. With fur. What do you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, most wild animals that live among us don’t pose a serious threat to humans and some even make great neighbors, snacking on pesky garden pests and rodents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is in knowing how to adjust your behavior when you find yourself in the presence of a wild animal. Wildlife experts on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866210/look-big-and-other-wildlife-encounter-tips\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program discuss some important steps you can take to protect yourself \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the animal from harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Feed Wild Animals. Seriously, Don’t. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a huge no-no, says San Francisco-based writer Rachel Levin, who dishes out plenty of tips in her useful, engaging book, \u003ca class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/558094/look-big-by-rachel-levin/9780399580376/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Look Big: And Other Tips for Surviving Animal Encounters of All Kinds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says too many conflicts between wildlife and humans occur because the critter is being fed by some people and not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The animal doesn’t understand why some humans feed him while others don’t,” said Levin on Thursday’s Forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that feeding wildlife creates an expectation in the animal that can lead to it becoming a nuisance. But the next human the animal approaches may not be so friendly and may take extreme measures to get rid of the critter. So experts say it’s best to resist the urge to feed one, no matter how cute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Take Selfies with a Wild Animal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one should be self-evident, but in the words of Forum host Michael Krasny, “People do some incredibly stupid things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Install a Scarecrow Sprinkler \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These motion-activated sprinklers are an effective means for scaring wildlife out of your yard. It works for a host of animals, from wild turkeys and deer, to raccoons, rabbits and coyotes. The sudden blast of water causes critters (and sometimes unsuspecting human guests) to panic and run. Just make sure to install it in an area of your yard that’s not frequently used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Not to Run\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this piece of advice might be easier said than done, going into flight mode can actually put you in direct line of danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of black bears, waiving your arms around and yelling is your best bet, say the experts. Levin says that these bears are “big chickens” and are not looking for a fight (a well-documented exception is a mother bear with cubs nearby).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of sharks, blend in with the background, says Terry Gosliner\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a senior curator at the California Academy of Sciences. If you see a shark, avoid erratic movements that might resemble wounded fish. Simply wait for the shark to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoid spearfishing in an area patrolled by sharks. According to Gosliner, it’s the equivalent of “dangling a raw steak in front of a voracious predator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to be Annoying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a low-tech way to discourage curious critters: drop three pennies into an empty soda can. The sound of pennies banging against metal produces an unpleasant sound for the animal, says Levin. Tape the opening and simply shake the can around when confronted with wildlife such as a coyote or a black bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that coyotes in particular are afraid of the unfamiliar. Introducing new elements into the scene, like an unusual jacket or an odd collar on a pet dog, can cause a nervous coyote to head the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Get Tested for Rabies if You Find Bats in Your Home\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although humans can only contract rabies if there has been an exchange of saliva or blood, people don’t always know when they’ve been bitten, according to Alison Hermance, a communications director at nonprofit Wildcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call the Experts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you encounter a sick or injured animal in the Bay Area, call \u003ca href=\"https://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/found-animals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WildCare\u003c/a> at 415-456-7283 or contact \u003ca title=\"Link to list of wildlife rehabilitators\" href=\"http://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/find-a-wildlife-rehabilitator/\"> your local wildlife hospital.\u003c/a> They will help you determine whether and how to intervene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, experts say that it’s important to keep in mind that the odds of a wild animal in the Bay Area harming you are incredibly slim. Should you run into an especially stubborn critter standing in your path, best to simply back away. If these tips seem like pointing out the obvious, Gosliner notes that “common sense just isn’t common enough.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Spot quiz: let’s say you’re taking the air on one of Northern California’s many inviting trails, and you suddenly notice you have company. Large company. With fur. What do you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, most wild animals that live among us don’t pose a serious threat to humans and some even make great neighbors, snacking on pesky garden pests and rodents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is in knowing how to adjust your behavior when you find yourself in the presence of a wild animal. Wildlife experts on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866210/look-big-and-other-wildlife-encounter-tips\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program discuss some important steps you can take to protect yourself \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the animal from harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Feed Wild Animals. Seriously, Don’t. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a huge no-no, says San Francisco-based writer Rachel Levin, who dishes out plenty of tips in her useful, engaging book, \u003ca class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/558094/look-big-by-rachel-levin/9780399580376/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Look Big: And Other Tips for Surviving Animal Encounters of All Kinds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says too many conflicts between wildlife and humans occur because the critter is being fed by some people and not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The animal doesn’t understand why some humans feed him while others don’t,” said Levin on Thursday’s Forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that feeding wildlife creates an expectation in the animal that can lead to it becoming a nuisance. But the next human the animal approaches may not be so friendly and may take extreme measures to get rid of the critter. So experts say it’s best to resist the urge to feed one, no matter how cute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Take Selfies with a Wild Animal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one should be self-evident, but in the words of Forum host Michael Krasny, “People do some incredibly stupid things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Install a Scarecrow Sprinkler \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These motion-activated sprinklers are an effective means for scaring wildlife out of your yard. It works for a host of animals, from wild turkeys and deer, to raccoons, rabbits and coyotes. The sudden blast of water causes critters (and sometimes unsuspecting human guests) to panic and run. Just make sure to install it in an area of your yard that’s not frequently used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Not to Run\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this piece of advice might be easier said than done, going into flight mode can actually put you in direct line of danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of black bears, waiving your arms around and yelling is your best bet, say the experts. Levin says that these bears are “big chickens” and are not looking for a fight (a well-documented exception is a mother bear with cubs nearby).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of sharks, blend in with the background, says Terry Gosliner\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a senior curator at the California Academy of Sciences. If you see a shark, avoid erratic movements that might resemble wounded fish. Simply wait for the shark to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoid spearfishing in an area patrolled by sharks. According to Gosliner, it’s the equivalent of “dangling a raw steak in front of a voracious predator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to be Annoying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a low-tech way to discourage curious critters: drop three pennies into an empty soda can. The sound of pennies banging against metal produces an unpleasant sound for the animal, says Levin. Tape the opening and simply shake the can around when confronted with wildlife such as a coyote or a black bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that coyotes in particular are afraid of the unfamiliar. Introducing new elements into the scene, like an unusual jacket or an odd collar on a pet dog, can cause a nervous coyote to head the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Get Tested for Rabies if You Find Bats in Your Home\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although humans can only contract rabies if there has been an exchange of saliva or blood, people don’t always know when they’ve been bitten, according to Alison Hermance, a communications director at nonprofit Wildcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call the Experts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you encounter a sick or injured animal in the Bay Area, call \u003ca href=\"https://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/found-animals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WildCare\u003c/a> at 415-456-7283 or contact \u003ca title=\"Link to list of wildlife rehabilitators\" href=\"http://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/find-a-wildlife-rehabilitator/\"> your local wildlife hospital.\u003c/a> They will help you determine whether and how to intervene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, experts say that it’s important to keep in mind that the odds of a wild animal in the Bay Area harming you are incredibly slim. Should you run into an especially stubborn critter standing in your path, best to simply back away. If these tips seem like pointing out the obvious, Gosliner notes that “common sense just isn’t common enough.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Decades ago, hundreds of nuns and priests made an extraordinary decision: They agreed to donate their brains upon death to science, hoping to help solve mysteries about Alzheimer’s and other diseases. Now, a study that used their gifts is giving some clues. It reveals that high blood pressure late in life might harm the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autopsies on nearly 1,300 older people, including about 640 clergy members, found more signs of damage and one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease in the brains of those with higher blood pressure than among those with pressure closer to normal, researchers reported Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://n.neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005951\">study\u003c/a> does not prove cause and effect, and it does not yet provide a comparison of rates of dementia or its most common form, Alzheimer’s — those results will take longer to parse. But it challenges a theory that high pressure is not as harmful in old age as it is when people are younger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t be alarmist. This is preliminary data” that needs to be validated by others, said the study leader, Dr. Zoe Arvanitakis of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. “It’s far too soon to make recommendations about blood pressure in older people based on this study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research began in 1994 and combined people from three studies of aging who agreed to donate their brains for autopsy upon their death, including the Religious Orders Study of Catholic clergy throughout the United States. All were over 65 and without known dementia at the start and were followed until they died — at an average age of 89 and after an average of eight years in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds had high blood pressure, defined as a top reading of 140 or more when the study began (it’s now 130 under new guidelines adopted last fall.) Their pressures were measured once a year during the study — a strength of this work over some previous research that just relied on people to say whether they had high pressure or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After each participant died, researchers examined their brains for areas of dead tissue caused by lack of blood supply. These blighted areas can be tiny and cause no symptoms, so they’re sometimes called evidence of “silent strokes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the study participants had one or more of these, and the risk was greater for those with higher blood pressure. For example, people with an average top reading of 147 had a 46 percent greater risk of having one or more of the bad spots than those with an average top reading of 134. People with higher bottom blood pressure readings also had a greater risk for this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Researchers also found a link between higher pressure and one of the signs of Alzheimer’s — tangles of a protein called tau — but not another Alzheimer’s hallmark, amyloid plaques. This needs further research to understand the implications, Arvanitakis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty strong study,” said James Hendrix, director of global science initiatives at the Alzheimer’s Association. “Autopsy data is really powerful” and has been the gold standard for diagnosing Alzheimer’s for many years, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Alzheimer’s, changes in the brain occur a decade or more before symptoms do, so high blood pressure may have been doing damage well before the age when these people enrolled in the study, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How might high pressure do harm?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lower blood pressure reduces the risk of those blood vessel blockages” that can cause a silent stroke, said another independent expert, the Mayo Clinic’s Dr. David Knopman. The work shows that “treating blood pressure throughout the lifespan is important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knopman is a spokesman for the American Academy of Neurology, whose journal, Neurology, published the study. Federal grants paid for the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Decades ago, hundreds of nuns and priests made an extraordinary decision: They agreed to donate their brains upon death to science, hoping to help solve mysteries about Alzheimer’s and other diseases. Now, a study that used their gifts is giving some clues. It reveals that high blood pressure late in life might harm the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autopsies on nearly 1,300 older people, including about 640 clergy members, found more signs of damage and one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease in the brains of those with higher blood pressure than among those with pressure closer to normal, researchers reported Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://n.neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005951\">study\u003c/a> does not prove cause and effect, and it does not yet provide a comparison of rates of dementia or its most common form, Alzheimer’s — those results will take longer to parse. But it challenges a theory that high pressure is not as harmful in old age as it is when people are younger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t be alarmist. This is preliminary data” that needs to be validated by others, said the study leader, Dr. Zoe Arvanitakis of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. “It’s far too soon to make recommendations about blood pressure in older people based on this study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research began in 1994 and combined people from three studies of aging who agreed to donate their brains for autopsy upon their death, including the Religious Orders Study of Catholic clergy throughout the United States. All were over 65 and without known dementia at the start and were followed until they died — at an average age of 89 and after an average of eight years in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds had high blood pressure, defined as a top reading of 140 or more when the study began (it’s now 130 under new guidelines adopted last fall.) Their pressures were measured once a year during the study — a strength of this work over some previous research that just relied on people to say whether they had high pressure or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After each participant died, researchers examined their brains for areas of dead tissue caused by lack of blood supply. These blighted areas can be tiny and cause no symptoms, so they’re sometimes called evidence of “silent strokes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the study participants had one or more of these, and the risk was greater for those with higher blood pressure. For example, people with an average top reading of 147 had a 46 percent greater risk of having one or more of the bad spots than those with an average top reading of 134. People with higher bottom blood pressure readings also had a greater risk for this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Researchers also found a link between higher pressure and one of the signs of Alzheimer’s — tangles of a protein called tau — but not another Alzheimer’s hallmark, amyloid plaques. This needs further research to understand the implications, Arvanitakis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty strong study,” said James Hendrix, director of global science initiatives at the Alzheimer’s Association. “Autopsy data is really powerful” and has been the gold standard for diagnosing Alzheimer’s for many years, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Alzheimer’s, changes in the brain occur a decade or more before symptoms do, so high blood pressure may have been doing damage well before the age when these people enrolled in the study, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How might high pressure do harm?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lower blood pressure reduces the risk of those blood vessel blockages” that can cause a silent stroke, said another independent expert, the Mayo Clinic’s Dr. David Knopman. The work shows that “treating blood pressure throughout the lifespan is important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knopman is a spokesman for the American Academy of Neurology, whose journal, Neurology, published the study. Federal grants paid for the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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"info": "",
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"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
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"ted-radio-hour": {
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"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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