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At the White House, NIH’s Dr. Anthony Fauci said the drug reduced the time it takes patients to recover by 31% — 11 days on average versus 15 days for those just given usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said there was a trend toward fewer deaths among those on remdesivir, and that full results would soon be published in a medical journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it has proven is that a drug can block this virus,” Fauci said. “This will be the standard of care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement from the Food and Drug Administration says that the agency has been talking with California-based Gilead “regarding making remdesivir available to patients as quickly as possible, as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remdesivir is among many treatments being tested against the coronavirus but was the farthest along in study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is given through an IV and is designed to interfere with the virus’s ability to copy its genetic material. In animal tests against SARS and MERS, diseases caused by similar coronaviruses, the drug helped prevent infection and reduced the severity of symptoms when given early enough in the course of illness. But it is not yet approved anywhere in the world for any use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NIH study quickly enrolled its original goal of 440 patients and then was expanded to give more answers on questions such as which subgroups may or may not benefit, and other factors that may affect success, such as how early in the course of illness the drug was given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s main goal also was altered. Originally, it was the percentage of patients having various outcomes such as needing a breathing machine, fully recovered or dying 15 days after starting treatment. The new main goal is time to recovery, such as no longer needing oxygen or hospitalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are excited and optimistic,” said one expert, Vanderbilt University’s Dr. Mark Denison. His lab first tested remdesivir against other coronaviruses in 2013 and has done much research on it since, but was not involved in the NIH study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s active against every coronavirus that we’ve ever tested,” he said. “It was very hard for the virus to develop resistance to remdesivir. That means the drug would likely be effective over longer term use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A less encouraging picture came from partial results from a separate study testing remdesivir in severely ill patients in China, published Wednesday in the British medical journal Lancet. Treatment did not speed recovery in that study, which was stopped after only 237 of a planned 453 patients were enrolled. Researchers gave 158 people the drug and 79 others got usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately on Wednesday, Gilead announced partial results from its own ongoing study of the drug in severely ill, hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The company said patients treated for five days “achieved similar improvement” in health as others treated for 10 days. However, that result is hard to interpret because there is no comparison group of people getting usual care, so it’s impossible to know how much patients would have improved on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also said no new safety problems emerged in that study, and that it would publish results in a medical journal soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead also is testing remdesivir in a separate study of moderately ill coronavirus patients. No results have yet been announced from that study, which does have a comparison group getting usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides these studies, Gilead also has given remdesivir to more than 1,700 patients on a case-by-case emergency basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other treatment-related news this week, two studies gave updates on anti-inflammatory drugs that aim to tamp down the severe inflammation that often develops in later stages of severe COVID-19 and often proves fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A French hospital consortium reported success with using Acetemra, a Roche drug sold for rheumatoid arthritis and some other conditions, in a study of 129 coronavirus patients where 65 got the drug and the rest, usual care. No details were released; doctors said they were preparing to publish results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar drug, Kevzara, did not work as well at low doses in a study of severely ill coronavirus patients, its makers Sanofi and Regeneron said. They’re continuing to test it at higher doses in critically ill patients, though.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An experimental drug has proved effective against the new coronavirus in a major study, shortening the time it takes for patients to recover, U.S. government and company officials announced Wednesday. The median recovery time for patients who were taking the antiviral medication remdesivir was 11 days, compared with 15 days for those who received a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug from Gilead Sciences is the first treatment to pass such a strict test against the virus, which has killed more than 218,000 people since it emerged late last year in China. Having a treatment could have a profound effect on the global pandemic, especially because health officials say any vaccine is likely a year or more away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, run by the National Institutes of Health, tested remdesivir versus usual care in 1,063 hospitalized coronavirus patients around the world. At the White House, NIH’s Dr. Anthony Fauci said the drug reduced the time it takes patients to recover by 31% — 11 days on average versus 15 days for those just given usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said there was a trend toward fewer deaths among those on remdesivir, and that full results would soon be published in a medical journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it has proven is that a drug can block this virus,” Fauci said. “This will be the standard of care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement from the Food and Drug Administration says that the agency has been talking with California-based Gilead “regarding making remdesivir available to patients as quickly as possible, as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remdesivir is among many treatments being tested against the coronavirus but was the farthest along in study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is given through an IV and is designed to interfere with the virus’s ability to copy its genetic material. In animal tests against SARS and MERS, diseases caused by similar coronaviruses, the drug helped prevent infection and reduced the severity of symptoms when given early enough in the course of illness. But it is not yet approved anywhere in the world for any use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NIH study quickly enrolled its original goal of 440 patients and then was expanded to give more answers on questions such as which subgroups may or may not benefit, and other factors that may affect success, such as how early in the course of illness the drug was given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s main goal also was altered. Originally, it was the percentage of patients having various outcomes such as needing a breathing machine, fully recovered or dying 15 days after starting treatment. The new main goal is time to recovery, such as no longer needing oxygen or hospitalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are excited and optimistic,” said one expert, Vanderbilt University’s Dr. Mark Denison. His lab first tested remdesivir against other coronaviruses in 2013 and has done much research on it since, but was not involved in the NIH study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s active against every coronavirus that we’ve ever tested,” he said. “It was very hard for the virus to develop resistance to remdesivir. That means the drug would likely be effective over longer term use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A less encouraging picture came from partial results from a separate study testing remdesivir in severely ill patients in China, published Wednesday in the British medical journal Lancet. Treatment did not speed recovery in that study, which was stopped after only 237 of a planned 453 patients were enrolled. Researchers gave 158 people the drug and 79 others got usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately on Wednesday, Gilead announced partial results from its own ongoing study of the drug in severely ill, hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The company said patients treated for five days “achieved similar improvement” in health as others treated for 10 days. However, that result is hard to interpret because there is no comparison group of people getting usual care, so it’s impossible to know how much patients would have improved on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also said no new safety problems emerged in that study, and that it would publish results in a medical journal soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead also is testing remdesivir in a separate study of moderately ill coronavirus patients. No results have yet been announced from that study, which does have a comparison group getting usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides these studies, Gilead also has given remdesivir to more than 1,700 patients on a case-by-case emergency basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other treatment-related news this week, two studies gave updates on anti-inflammatory drugs that aim to tamp down the severe inflammation that often develops in later stages of severe COVID-19 and often proves fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A French hospital consortium reported success with using Acetemra, a Roche drug sold for rheumatoid arthritis and some other conditions, in a study of 129 coronavirus patients where 65 got the drug and the rest, usual care. No details were released; doctors said they were preparing to publish results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar drug, Kevzara, did not work as well at low doses in a study of severely ill coronavirus patients, its makers Sanofi and Regeneron said. They’re continuing to test it at higher doses in critically ill patients, though.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "West Oakland Environmental Justice Leaders on What's Changed, What Hasn't in the Neighborhood",
"headTitle": "West Oakland Environmental Justice Leaders on What’s Changed, What Hasn’t in the Neighborhood | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the early 1990s, West Oakland resident Ms. Margaret Gordon, as she likes to be called, worked at the neighborhood elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was in the nurse’s office, something caught her attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to see all these inhalers in shoeboxes and a basket with the kids’ names on it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the neighborhood children had asthma, the nurse told her. Ms. Gordon had also noticed that same health condition, for both children and adults, coming up in meeting after meeting in the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wondered if these respiratory issues had to do with all the trucks rolling daily through the neighborhood, heading in and out of the Port of Oakland. They literally left their mark on the inside of her home, where she would see streaks of “black soot on my windowsill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That question prompted Gordon to embark on a decades-long effort to clean up the environmental toxins around her, co-founding an organization called the West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, West Oakland has been the location of heavy industry and discriminatory policies such as \u003ca href=\"https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=12/37.811/-122.312\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">redlining. \u003c/a>This history has resulted in West Oakland residents, primarily people of color, being exposed to more pollution than other neighborhoods in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air in West Oakland contains some of the highest levels of \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">toxic diesel particulates\u003c/a> in the region. The California Environmental Protection Agency has designated the area as a “\u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2017/04/SB-535-Designation-Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">disadvantaged community\u003c/a>,” meaning it’s disproportionately burdened by pollution that can lead to negative health impacts. West Oakland has \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/ab617-community-health/west-oakland/100219-files/final-plan-vol-1-100219-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher rates of asthma, cardiovascular disease and premature death\u003c/a> related to air pollution than other places in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the 50th anniversary of Earth Day last week, KQED asked Gordon and her colleagues in the environmental justice movement to reflect on the changes they’ve seen in their time fighting for a cleaner West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Beveridge, a colleague of Gordon’s, says the community has learned different political strategies over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the 1989 Loma-Prieta earthquake, the Cypress Freeway bisected West Oakland, dividing the neighborhood and subjecting the community to the pollution that comes with a heavily used highway. When the freeway was damaged in the quake, the community lobbied to rebuild it in an area to the west, rejoining the divided streets. “Community members came in the room and fought for what they needed against the big agencies,” including Caltrans, Beveridge said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past several decades, the West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project and other grassroots efforts have threatened lawsuits and brought actions against the city and Port of Oakland, including a 2017 civil rights \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/2017-04-04-TitleVI_Complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">complaint\u003c/a> about what activists called disregard for the health of West Oakland residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Beveridge said that through the years the group “realized we can’t just sue all the time. We have to find a way to have a dialogue and change the dynamic of the conversation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his group now works more collaboratively with government and private groups, and that the attitude of these larger organizations toward West Oakland residents has changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These institutions have begun to realize that the residents have an intrinsic knowledge of their own environment. We are now treated as peers by experts and Ph.D.s and scientists,” Beveridge said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the Beginning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Arnold of Oakland nonprofit Urban Releaf says Gordon and others started engaging in environmental justice work in the 1990s, back before it was well-known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Focusing environmental work on people and communities, instead of nature and conservation, “was kind of a radical idea,” Arnold said. “But now, thanks to the work of activists and advocates, there is substantial policy, substantial legislation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold cited the passage of \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assembly Bill 32\u003c/a>, the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, as a watershed moment. The bill, which requires the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, called for an Environmental Justice Advisory Committee to advise the state in implementing the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naming the movement like that “codified it” and “set a baseline for environmental justice,” Arnold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another big development in the movement came in 2012, when Gov. Jerry Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120SB535\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Senate Bill 535\u003c/a> into law, requiring the investment of cap-and-trade revenues in disadvantaged communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold said the activism in the Bay Area helped push some of these measures through. “West and East Oakland had been some of the meccas for the environmental justice movement, not just in California, but the entire country,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also credited Gordon’s work for pushing the state to collect and share data on pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project has also participated in gathering data independently from the state, in \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/airqualitymaps/oakland/pollution-and-health-concerns-west-oakland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a partnership\u003c/a> with the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google Maps\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://aclima.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aclima\u003c/a> and the University of Texas at Austin. The project, which attached Aclima sensors to Google Street View cars, measured nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and black carbon — pollutants that come from car exhaust. In June 2017, the results were \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.7b00891\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Science & Technology. \u003c/em>The findings showed that air pollution varied widely within neighborhoods and individual blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2018, the Port of Oakland reported that diesel particulate emissions were down 81% from 2005. But Ms. Margaret Gordon said health has not improved by a commensurate amount, and the gains have not been enough to combat decades of pollution in West Oakland’s air, soil and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, Gordon got into this fight because of health. These days, she’d like to see some new data. “How many people still have ended up in the hospital?” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the early 1990s, West Oakland resident Ms. Margaret Gordon, as she likes to be called, worked at the neighborhood elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was in the nurse’s office, something caught her attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to see all these inhalers in shoeboxes and a basket with the kids’ names on it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the neighborhood children had asthma, the nurse told her. Ms. Gordon had also noticed that same health condition, for both children and adults, coming up in meeting after meeting in the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wondered if these respiratory issues had to do with all the trucks rolling daily through the neighborhood, heading in and out of the Port of Oakland. They literally left their mark on the inside of her home, where she would see streaks of “black soot on my windowsill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That question prompted Gordon to embark on a decades-long effort to clean up the environmental toxins around her, co-founding an organization called the West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, West Oakland has been the location of heavy industry and discriminatory policies such as \u003ca href=\"https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=12/37.811/-122.312\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">redlining. \u003c/a>This history has resulted in West Oakland residents, primarily people of color, being exposed to more pollution than other neighborhoods in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air in West Oakland contains some of the highest levels of \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">toxic diesel particulates\u003c/a> in the region. The California Environmental Protection Agency has designated the area as a “\u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2017/04/SB-535-Designation-Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">disadvantaged community\u003c/a>,” meaning it’s disproportionately burdened by pollution that can lead to negative health impacts. West Oakland has \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/ab617-community-health/west-oakland/100219-files/final-plan-vol-1-100219-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher rates of asthma, cardiovascular disease and premature death\u003c/a> related to air pollution than other places in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the 50th anniversary of Earth Day last week, KQED asked Gordon and her colleagues in the environmental justice movement to reflect on the changes they’ve seen in their time fighting for a cleaner West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Beveridge, a colleague of Gordon’s, says the community has learned different political strategies over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the 1989 Loma-Prieta earthquake, the Cypress Freeway bisected West Oakland, dividing the neighborhood and subjecting the community to the pollution that comes with a heavily used highway. When the freeway was damaged in the quake, the community lobbied to rebuild it in an area to the west, rejoining the divided streets. “Community members came in the room and fought for what they needed against the big agencies,” including Caltrans, Beveridge said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past several decades, the West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project and other grassroots efforts have threatened lawsuits and brought actions against the city and Port of Oakland, including a 2017 civil rights \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/2017-04-04-TitleVI_Complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">complaint\u003c/a> about what activists called disregard for the health of West Oakland residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Beveridge said that through the years the group “realized we can’t just sue all the time. We have to find a way to have a dialogue and change the dynamic of the conversation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his group now works more collaboratively with government and private groups, and that the attitude of these larger organizations toward West Oakland residents has changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These institutions have begun to realize that the residents have an intrinsic knowledge of their own environment. We are now treated as peers by experts and Ph.D.s and scientists,” Beveridge said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the Beginning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Arnold of Oakland nonprofit Urban Releaf says Gordon and others started engaging in environmental justice work in the 1990s, back before it was well-known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Focusing environmental work on people and communities, instead of nature and conservation, “was kind of a radical idea,” Arnold said. “But now, thanks to the work of activists and advocates, there is substantial policy, substantial legislation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold cited the passage of \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assembly Bill 32\u003c/a>, the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, as a watershed moment. The bill, which requires the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, called for an Environmental Justice Advisory Committee to advise the state in implementing the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naming the movement like that “codified it” and “set a baseline for environmental justice,” Arnold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another big development in the movement came in 2012, when Gov. Jerry Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120SB535\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Senate Bill 535\u003c/a> into law, requiring the investment of cap-and-trade revenues in disadvantaged communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold said the activism in the Bay Area helped push some of these measures through. “West and East Oakland had been some of the meccas for the environmental justice movement, not just in California, but the entire country,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also credited Gordon’s work for pushing the state to collect and share data on pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project has also participated in gathering data independently from the state, in \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/airqualitymaps/oakland/pollution-and-health-concerns-west-oakland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a partnership\u003c/a> with the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google Maps\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://aclima.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aclima\u003c/a> and the University of Texas at Austin. The project, which attached Aclima sensors to Google Street View cars, measured nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and black carbon — pollutants that come from car exhaust. In June 2017, the results were \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.7b00891\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Science & Technology. \u003c/em>The findings showed that air pollution varied widely within neighborhoods and individual blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2018, the Port of Oakland reported that diesel particulate emissions were down 81% from 2005. But Ms. Margaret Gordon said health has not improved by a commensurate amount, and the gains have not been enough to combat decades of pollution in West Oakland’s air, soil and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, Gordon got into this fight because of health. These days, she’d like to see some new data. “How many people still have ended up in the hospital?” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California doctors are diagnosing anything from appendicitis to strep throat with only a phone during the coronavirus pandemic. Video visits and conversations are the closest doctors can get to patients who are sheltering in place and avoiding potential exposure from doctor visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"Dr. Mark Henderson, UC Davis School of Medicine\"]‘Because of COVID-19…it has accelerated all of these ideas and it’s totally exploded our thinking around what we can do with telemedicine in primary care.’[/pullquote]COVID-19 has catapulted telehealth — those virtual visits — into the mainstream more effectively than years of advocacy and policy-making. Experts and physicians are calling it a rare “silver lining” of the current crisis: An overnight availability of video and phone appointments for medical needs, especially in areas where doctors have been in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“COVID-19 has changed everything,” said Dr. Mark Henderson, professor of internal medicine and associate dean for admissions and outreach at UC Davis School of Medicine. “Because of COVID-19 we have all of this distance and it has accelerated all of these ideas and it’s totally exploded our thinking around what we can do with telemedicine in primary care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telehealth has been in use for decades, long before smartphones or tablets, and California already was poised to expand options under several new laws passed last year. Initially, though, it was seen as a tool for rural communities and inner-city areas with a shortage of providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a change in regulations affecting billing during the pandemic to allow a dramatic pivot to telehealth, as much as 40% to 80% of patient visits in some health systems in recent weeks. The Department of Managed Health Care announced March 18 that all health plans must reimburse telehealth medical care at \u003ca href=\"http://www.dmhc.ca.gov/Portals/0/Docs/OPL/APL%2020-009%20(OPL)%20-%20Reimbursement%20for%20Telehealth%20Services%20(3_18_20).pdf?ver=2020-03-18-105612-547\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the same rate\u003c/a> as face-to-face appointments, and California’s Department of Health Care Services \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/Documents/COVID-19/CA-1135-Waiver-COVID-19-031620.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">obtained a federal waiver\u003c/a> to allow similar Medi-Cal reimbursement. The federal government \u003ca href=\"https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/medicare-telemedicine-health-care-provider-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eased regulations on March 17\u003c/a> affecting Medicare payments to allow the same flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers say telehealth is especially important during the pandemic, allowing doctors to keep tabs on fragile patients, especially those with chronic conditions who are most vulnerable to falling ill from the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Convenience to Necessity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health systems that serve rural and inner-city areas already were investing in telehealth infrastructure to try to bridge the doctor shortage gap. Riverside County in the Inland Empire has only half the physicians it needs, for instance, so telehealth was one way to provide medical care in far-flung corners of the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riverside University Health System, the county’s public health network, had offered limited primary care telehealth for patients facing transportation, childcare and work schedule problems. But telehealth mostly was used by behavioral health teams and those caring for incarcerated patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s changed. In the past week, the system’s medical center and 13 community health centers have handled 5,600 virtual visits by phone or video, accounting for two-thirds of all patient visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This challenging situation right now has shown how telehealth can help us provide the right care in the right setting at the right time for people,” said Dr. Geoffrey Leung, chair of the family medicine department and ambulatory medical director at Riverside University Health System. He called the ingenuity behind telehealth “one of those silver linings during this difficult time for all of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Kaiser Permanente has had a telehealth program in place for years, under pandemic restrictions about 80% of the system’s appointments nationally are for video or phone calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963157 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"836\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic-.jpg 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic--160x243.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past, a lot of what we thought of in respect to telehealth was offering our patients choice and convenience,” said Dr. Edward Lee, the physician leader for telehealth at Kaiser Permanente. “Nowadays, because of COVID-19 and the shelter-in-place order, a lot of patients are seeing this as a necessity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, at UC San Diego Health, about half of all outpatient visits in recent weeks were through video, said Dr. Christopher Longhurst, chief information officer for the health system. Prior to the coronavirus outbreak, UCSD Health already had a well-established telehealth system in place, but still only about 1% of their outpatient visits were handled virtually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did more video visits in the first three days of rolling it out broadly (during pandemic) than we had done in the previous three years,” Longhurst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all providers, however, were as experienced in the world of telehealth as Kaiser or the UC medical centers. Many didn’t have the infrastructure set up, administrators said, and others didn’t get reimbursed for telehealth visits prior to the pandemic. In underserved communities, some health clinics were not allowed to charge Medi-Cal for telehealth appointments until the requirement was waived because of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AltaMed, a health center with sites in Los Angeles and Orange counties, began video and telephone visits on March 16, just days before the state issued its stay-at-home order. AltaMed had to spread the word quickly to let patients know they could keep their appointments, they would just look different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Efrain Talamantes, medical director for the AltaMed’s Institute for Health Equity, said that for patients who didn’t have this option in the past, telehealth is a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s allowed us to care for people in their own homes, so they can stay safe, they don’t have to take time away from their family or work and we can still make sure they have the care and medication they need,” Talamantes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A California law starting next year ensures at least some telehealth appointments will continue to be reimbursed at the same rate as in-person visits after the pandemic. Talamantes doesn’t yet know the impact on his clinic, he said, but thinks the coronavirus shows how useful remote services can be in communities with strapped resources and high poverty. Still, it doesn’t work for every type of visit — you can’t really do a physical exam over the phone, you can’t feel a bump or administer vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson, of UC Davis, who described himself as a telehealth skeptic before the coronavirus, has been pleasantly surprised by how much can be done via video, such as examining a skin rash or a healing wound and assessing breathing or the color of a patient’s skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe strongly in the power of putting your hands on a patient, the connection you form with patients when you lay your hands on them, that to me is something very fundamental and sacred in some ways,” he said. “But that doesn’t mean there isn’t a bigger role for telehealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to see the patient via video makes a huge difference, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a whole new world when you can see them and they can see you. There are nonverbal clues that are visible and you can use to make a connection,” he said. “The video visit adds life to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telehealth also helps to screen patients for the coronavirus. UC Davis Health expanded its telehealth capacity as a way to check in with those who might be infected, Henderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers across California have been screening patients suspected of possible COVID-19 infection using video and the phone and, if they meet testing criteria, directing patients to urgent care centers, emergency rooms or testing facilities such as the temporary tents set up in some clinic parking lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t want them to come in, we wanted to figure out what they looked like and if they had symptoms,” Henderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Offices Afloat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the new payment rules for telehealth, medical visits are down across California. Health centers and private practices are struggling to stay open; for them, a drop in appointments means a drop in revenue. The California Primary Care Association, which oversees nearly 1,400 health centers in the state, has said that clinics are \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2020/04/not-enough-patients-community-clinics-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">losing about $90 million a week collectively during the pandemic.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sumana Reddy runs Acacia Family Medical Group, a private practice with offices in Salinas and Prunedale in Monterey County. She said she’s scrambling to apply for every option to keep her business afloat, from loans for small businesses to advances from insurance providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re working really hard to do what’s right by our patients and community and yet of course the irony is that it can lead to cash flow challenges,” Reddy said. “We were struggling to meet our payroll this last time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full payment for telehealth patient care is a big help, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without that I’m not sure what we would do,” Reddy said. “We made such a rapid pivot that we went within two weeks of never having even thought of telehealth to doing over 75% of our patients’ visits by telehealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But video visits aren’t always the most efficient. Technology can be a barrier, especially with frail patients. Helping patients conduct a video visit is time and labor intensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine someone who is 80 years old, with pain, he has to look for an assistant to hold the phone, and we’re asking can you move the phone around to see the area. The entire process is so much slower,” she said. “It sounds like you could just replace a regular visit with a telehealth visit but actually there are many barriers there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While telehealth is necessary during these times, it can’t solve all of the issues, she said,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural California Still Needs Broadband\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers in rural California are familiar with the technological barriers. Madera Community Hospital serves a region of California’s San Joaquin Valley with a 106-bed hospital and several community clinics. Telehealth there is mostly in the form of phone calls because many patients don’t have access to a smart phone or computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re finding many patients don’t have fast enough internet to even do a telehealth visit,” said Karen Paolinelli, CEO of Madera Community Hospital. “When you take care of patients from all walks of life and different age groups, not everyone has the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who can participate in a video visit, it helps with another big issue in rural areas, and that is transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paolinelli said she believes COVID-19 will forever change how they provide care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know that we can go back,” she said. “To have different ways to see patients — that’s access to care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mei Kwong, executive director of the Center for Connected Health Policy, The National Telehealth Policy Resource Center, said the data from this period about how to use telehealth, when it is best and for whom, will be invaluable in creating a roadmap for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The genie is out of the bottle and you can’t let it back in, people have experienced this,” she said. “Not everybody is going to like it and people are going to want to see their providers but the option should be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>COVID-19 has catapulted telehealth — those virtual visits — into the mainstream more effectively than years of advocacy and policy-making. Experts and physicians are calling it a rare “silver lining” of the current crisis: An overnight availability of video and phone appointments for medical needs, especially in areas where doctors have been in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“COVID-19 has changed everything,” said Dr. Mark Henderson, professor of internal medicine and associate dean for admissions and outreach at UC Davis School of Medicine. “Because of COVID-19 we have all of this distance and it has accelerated all of these ideas and it’s totally exploded our thinking around what we can do with telemedicine in primary care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telehealth has been in use for decades, long before smartphones or tablets, and California already was poised to expand options under several new laws passed last year. Initially, though, it was seen as a tool for rural communities and inner-city areas with a shortage of providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a change in regulations affecting billing during the pandemic to allow a dramatic pivot to telehealth, as much as 40% to 80% of patient visits in some health systems in recent weeks. The Department of Managed Health Care announced March 18 that all health plans must reimburse telehealth medical care at \u003ca href=\"http://www.dmhc.ca.gov/Portals/0/Docs/OPL/APL%2020-009%20(OPL)%20-%20Reimbursement%20for%20Telehealth%20Services%20(3_18_20).pdf?ver=2020-03-18-105612-547\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the same rate\u003c/a> as face-to-face appointments, and California’s Department of Health Care Services \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/Documents/COVID-19/CA-1135-Waiver-COVID-19-031620.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">obtained a federal waiver\u003c/a> to allow similar Medi-Cal reimbursement. The federal government \u003ca href=\"https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/medicare-telemedicine-health-care-provider-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eased regulations on March 17\u003c/a> affecting Medicare payments to allow the same flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers say telehealth is especially important during the pandemic, allowing doctors to keep tabs on fragile patients, especially those with chronic conditions who are most vulnerable to falling ill from the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Convenience to Necessity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health systems that serve rural and inner-city areas already were investing in telehealth infrastructure to try to bridge the doctor shortage gap. Riverside County in the Inland Empire has only half the physicians it needs, for instance, so telehealth was one way to provide medical care in far-flung corners of the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riverside University Health System, the county’s public health network, had offered limited primary care telehealth for patients facing transportation, childcare and work schedule problems. But telehealth mostly was used by behavioral health teams and those caring for incarcerated patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s changed. In the past week, the system’s medical center and 13 community health centers have handled 5,600 virtual visits by phone or video, accounting for two-thirds of all patient visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This challenging situation right now has shown how telehealth can help us provide the right care in the right setting at the right time for people,” said Dr. Geoffrey Leung, chair of the family medicine department and ambulatory medical director at Riverside University Health System. He called the ingenuity behind telehealth “one of those silver linings during this difficult time for all of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Kaiser Permanente has had a telehealth program in place for years, under pandemic restrictions about 80% of the system’s appointments nationally are for video or phone calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963157 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"836\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic-.jpg 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic--160x243.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past, a lot of what we thought of in respect to telehealth was offering our patients choice and convenience,” said Dr. Edward Lee, the physician leader for telehealth at Kaiser Permanente. “Nowadays, because of COVID-19 and the shelter-in-place order, a lot of patients are seeing this as a necessity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, at UC San Diego Health, about half of all outpatient visits in recent weeks were through video, said Dr. Christopher Longhurst, chief information officer for the health system. Prior to the coronavirus outbreak, UCSD Health already had a well-established telehealth system in place, but still only about 1% of their outpatient visits were handled virtually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did more video visits in the first three days of rolling it out broadly (during pandemic) than we had done in the previous three years,” Longhurst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all providers, however, were as experienced in the world of telehealth as Kaiser or the UC medical centers. Many didn’t have the infrastructure set up, administrators said, and others didn’t get reimbursed for telehealth visits prior to the pandemic. In underserved communities, some health clinics were not allowed to charge Medi-Cal for telehealth appointments until the requirement was waived because of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AltaMed, a health center with sites in Los Angeles and Orange counties, began video and telephone visits on March 16, just days before the state issued its stay-at-home order. AltaMed had to spread the word quickly to let patients know they could keep their appointments, they would just look different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Efrain Talamantes, medical director for the AltaMed’s Institute for Health Equity, said that for patients who didn’t have this option in the past, telehealth is a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s allowed us to care for people in their own homes, so they can stay safe, they don’t have to take time away from their family or work and we can still make sure they have the care and medication they need,” Talamantes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A California law starting next year ensures at least some telehealth appointments will continue to be reimbursed at the same rate as in-person visits after the pandemic. Talamantes doesn’t yet know the impact on his clinic, he said, but thinks the coronavirus shows how useful remote services can be in communities with strapped resources and high poverty. Still, it doesn’t work for every type of visit — you can’t really do a physical exam over the phone, you can’t feel a bump or administer vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson, of UC Davis, who described himself as a telehealth skeptic before the coronavirus, has been pleasantly surprised by how much can be done via video, such as examining a skin rash or a healing wound and assessing breathing or the color of a patient’s skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe strongly in the power of putting your hands on a patient, the connection you form with patients when you lay your hands on them, that to me is something very fundamental and sacred in some ways,” he said. “But that doesn’t mean there isn’t a bigger role for telehealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to see the patient via video makes a huge difference, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a whole new world when you can see them and they can see you. There are nonverbal clues that are visible and you can use to make a connection,” he said. “The video visit adds life to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telehealth also helps to screen patients for the coronavirus. UC Davis Health expanded its telehealth capacity as a way to check in with those who might be infected, Henderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers across California have been screening patients suspected of possible COVID-19 infection using video and the phone and, if they meet testing criteria, directing patients to urgent care centers, emergency rooms or testing facilities such as the temporary tents set up in some clinic parking lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t want them to come in, we wanted to figure out what they looked like and if they had symptoms,” Henderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Offices Afloat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the new payment rules for telehealth, medical visits are down across California. Health centers and private practices are struggling to stay open; for them, a drop in appointments means a drop in revenue. The California Primary Care Association, which oversees nearly 1,400 health centers in the state, has said that clinics are \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2020/04/not-enough-patients-community-clinics-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">losing about $90 million a week collectively during the pandemic.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sumana Reddy runs Acacia Family Medical Group, a private practice with offices in Salinas and Prunedale in Monterey County. She said she’s scrambling to apply for every option to keep her business afloat, from loans for small businesses to advances from insurance providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re working really hard to do what’s right by our patients and community and yet of course the irony is that it can lead to cash flow challenges,” Reddy said. “We were struggling to meet our payroll this last time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full payment for telehealth patient care is a big help, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without that I’m not sure what we would do,” Reddy said. “We made such a rapid pivot that we went within two weeks of never having even thought of telehealth to doing over 75% of our patients’ visits by telehealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But video visits aren’t always the most efficient. Technology can be a barrier, especially with frail patients. Helping patients conduct a video visit is time and labor intensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine someone who is 80 years old, with pain, he has to look for an assistant to hold the phone, and we’re asking can you move the phone around to see the area. The entire process is so much slower,” she said. “It sounds like you could just replace a regular visit with a telehealth visit but actually there are many barriers there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While telehealth is necessary during these times, it can’t solve all of the issues, she said,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural California Still Needs Broadband\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers in rural California are familiar with the technological barriers. Madera Community Hospital serves a region of California’s San Joaquin Valley with a 106-bed hospital and several community clinics. Telehealth there is mostly in the form of phone calls because many patients don’t have access to a smart phone or computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re finding many patients don’t have fast enough internet to even do a telehealth visit,” said Karen Paolinelli, CEO of Madera Community Hospital. “When you take care of patients from all walks of life and different age groups, not everyone has the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who can participate in a video visit, it helps with another big issue in rural areas, and that is transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paolinelli said she believes COVID-19 will forever change how they provide care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know that we can go back,” she said. “To have different ways to see patients — that’s access to care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mei Kwong, executive director of the Center for Connected Health Policy, The National Telehealth Policy Resource Center, said the data from this period about how to use telehealth, when it is best and for whom, will be invaluable in creating a roadmap for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The genie is out of the bottle and you can’t let it back in, people have experienced this,” she said. “Not everybody is going to like it and people are going to want to see their providers but the option should be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s Native American communities seem to have avoided the high level of coronavirus infection that the Navajo Nation in the Southwest is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/04/24/842945050/navajo-nation-sees-high-rate-of-covid-19-and-contact-tracing-is-a-challenge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suffering\u003c/a>, and the Yurok in Northern California offer a window into how some tribes are keeping their communities safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, there have been no confirmed cases of the virus on the Yurok Reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key ways the tribe is fending off coronavirus transmission is through culturally relevant public health messaging, says Virginia Hedrick, who directs the \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ccuih.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Consortium for Urban Indian Health \u003c/a>\u003c/span>and was born and raised on the Yurok reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means using “targeted messaging that includes indigenous faces, indigenous colors, and baskets and things that relate to us,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, an ad campaign created by the California Rural Indian Health Board refers to people over the age of 70 as elders instead of seniors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when communicating the idea of social distancing, it doesn’t work to talk about limiting interaction to your family, Hedrick said, because in her community, “we’re all family. If you think, ‘Oh, I can just see my family,’ that’s still a pretty large network of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, referring to social distancing as limiting contact to “people in your household” makes more sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963060\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1963060 size-medium\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent; color: #767676;\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-800x418.jpg\" alt=\"An image from the California Rural Indian Health Board's #stayhomesavelives campaign, public health messaging built by and for California’s Native population. \" width=\"800\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-800x418.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-160x84.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-768x401.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-1020x533.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image from the California Rural Indian Health Board’s #stayhomesavelives campaign, public health messaging built by and for California’s Native American population. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of The California Rural Indian Health Board and The California Tribal Epidemiology Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s important that messages comes from tribal leadership,” Hedrick said, given the egregious injustices to which the U.S. government has subjected Native American communities in the past. She cited the \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coerced sterilization\u003c/a> of Native American women in the 1960s and 1970s as one example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So when you have these same institutions coming out and saying you can’t leave your home and this is the new guidance, it can be hard to trust that agency,” Hedrick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1963056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1020x660.jpg\" alt=\"Yurok Chairman Joseph James at an in-person Tribal Council meeting, which took place before the pandemic began. Tribal Council meetings are now virtual.\" width=\"640\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1020x660.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-800x517.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1920x1242.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok Chairman Joseph James at an in-person Tribal Council meeting, which took place before the pandemic began. Tribal Council meetings are now virtual. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Matt Mais/Yurok Tribe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In March, Joseph James, the Yurok chairman, declared a state of emergency for the tribe. Throughout this period, tribal leadership has been communicating both through social media and more traditional methods, like A-frame signs, as some households on the reservation do not have electricity. For the first time, the tribal council is holding their meetings online instead of in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tribal leadership has closed the reservation, meaning nonresidents can drive through but are not allowed to stop. A curfew has also been instituted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe includes a lot of elders as well as vulnerable members who have high blood pressure or diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over these last two weeks, we made it a huge push, providing food boxes to our elders that live on the reservation and outside of our reservation,” James said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe has relied on its cultural heritage, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As Indian people, we go back to our culture and way of life and prayer,” said James.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a few weeks ago, tribal members scheduled what would traditionally be a communal dance, with restrictions for social distancing. They asked everyone to participate from their homes and pray however they wanted to — by lighting a fire, for instance, or bringing out traditional regalia for what’s known as the jump dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a prayer not just for us,” James said. “It was prayer for everybody across the world in combating and pushing back this COVID-19 virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this virus is new, Chairman James said it’s important to invoke some traditions that are very old.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s Native American communities seem to have avoided the high level of coronavirus infection that the Navajo Nation in the Southwest is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/04/24/842945050/navajo-nation-sees-high-rate-of-covid-19-and-contact-tracing-is-a-challenge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suffering\u003c/a>, and the Yurok in Northern California offer a window into how some tribes are keeping their communities safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, there have been no confirmed cases of the virus on the Yurok Reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key ways the tribe is fending off coronavirus transmission is through culturally relevant public health messaging, says Virginia Hedrick, who directs the \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ccuih.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Consortium for Urban Indian Health \u003c/a>\u003c/span>and was born and raised on the Yurok reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means using “targeted messaging that includes indigenous faces, indigenous colors, and baskets and things that relate to us,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, an ad campaign created by the California Rural Indian Health Board refers to people over the age of 70 as elders instead of seniors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when communicating the idea of social distancing, it doesn’t work to talk about limiting interaction to your family, Hedrick said, because in her community, “we’re all family. If you think, ‘Oh, I can just see my family,’ that’s still a pretty large network of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, referring to social distancing as limiting contact to “people in your household” makes more sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963060\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1963060 size-medium\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent; color: #767676;\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-800x418.jpg\" alt=\"An image from the California Rural Indian Health Board's #stayhomesavelives campaign, public health messaging built by and for California’s Native population. \" width=\"800\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-800x418.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-160x84.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-768x401.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-1020x533.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image from the California Rural Indian Health Board’s #stayhomesavelives campaign, public health messaging built by and for California’s Native American population. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of The California Rural Indian Health Board and The California Tribal Epidemiology Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s important that messages comes from tribal leadership,” Hedrick said, given the egregious injustices to which the U.S. government has subjected Native American communities in the past. She cited the \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coerced sterilization\u003c/a> of Native American women in the 1960s and 1970s as one example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So when you have these same institutions coming out and saying you can’t leave your home and this is the new guidance, it can be hard to trust that agency,” Hedrick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1963056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1020x660.jpg\" alt=\"Yurok Chairman Joseph James at an in-person Tribal Council meeting, which took place before the pandemic began. Tribal Council meetings are now virtual.\" width=\"640\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1020x660.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-800x517.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1920x1242.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok Chairman Joseph James at an in-person Tribal Council meeting, which took place before the pandemic began. Tribal Council meetings are now virtual. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Matt Mais/Yurok Tribe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In March, Joseph James, the Yurok chairman, declared a state of emergency for the tribe. Throughout this period, tribal leadership has been communicating both through social media and more traditional methods, like A-frame signs, as some households on the reservation do not have electricity. For the first time, the tribal council is holding their meetings online instead of in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tribal leadership has closed the reservation, meaning nonresidents can drive through but are not allowed to stop. A curfew has also been instituted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe includes a lot of elders as well as vulnerable members who have high blood pressure or diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over these last two weeks, we made it a huge push, providing food boxes to our elders that live on the reservation and outside of our reservation,” James said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe has relied on its cultural heritage, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As Indian people, we go back to our culture and way of life and prayer,” said James.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a few weeks ago, tribal members scheduled what would traditionally be a communal dance, with restrictions for social distancing. They asked everyone to participate from their homes and pray however they wanted to — by lighting a fire, for instance, or bringing out traditional regalia for what’s known as the jump dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a prayer not just for us,” James said. “It was prayer for everybody across the world in combating and pushing back this COVID-19 virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this virus is new, Chairman James said it’s important to invoke some traditions that are very old.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>By now we’ve heard plenty about the difficulty of accessing widespread testing for the coronavirus. However, there is another approach for municipalities who want to know the presence and extent of the COVID-19 virus in their community…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten counties, coordinated by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>, are giving samples of sewage water to researchers at Stanford for testing. The scientists have received samples once a week for about the past two months, and results are expected soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus begins to show up in feces soon after infection, and according to some studies, well before the development of symptoms. That’s a pretty early warning compared to one given by, say, a diagnostic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eileen White, director of wastewater for East Bay MUD, is spearheading the effort, hoping it will provide information that officials can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can monitor trends in real time, evaluate community-based presence and infection rates,” said White, “and then prioritize to focus areas and theoretically observe the impacts of shelter-in-place orders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay MUD recently secured 1.5 million in anonymous funding to expand and extend the reach of testing. Areas such as Redding, in the northern part of the state, will be included. White sees the need for sampling to last the length of the pandemic, so communities can detect surges or resurgences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can use sewage as the tool,” she said. “You can see if it starts coming up back in the communities as we get into fall, and if you need to go back into shelter-in-place orders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also provide early warning for health departments to ramp up capacity, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great predictive tool for the medical community to know if they need to get ready for surges and patients coming into the hospital.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar sewage monitoring for COVID-19 is happening in Massachusetts, Israel and the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t require sampling a whole bunch of people,” Dr. Angela Rasmussen, associate research scientist at Columbia University, said in an \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Revkin/status/1253352981086351360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">online webinar\u003c/a>. “This is exactly the sort of creative innovative approach we need to test at population scale.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The coronavirus begins to show up in feces soon after infection, and 10 Bay Area counties are giving samples of their sewage water to researchers for testing, hoping the results can provide useful information. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By now we’ve heard plenty about the difficulty of accessing widespread testing for the coronavirus. However, there is another approach for municipalities who want to know the presence and extent of the COVID-19 virus in their community…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten counties, coordinated by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>, are giving samples of sewage water to researchers at Stanford for testing. The scientists have received samples once a week for about the past two months, and results are expected soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus begins to show up in feces soon after infection, and according to some studies, well before the development of symptoms. That’s a pretty early warning compared to one given by, say, a diagnostic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eileen White, director of wastewater for East Bay MUD, is spearheading the effort, hoping it will provide information that officials can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can monitor trends in real time, evaluate community-based presence and infection rates,” said White, “and then prioritize to focus areas and theoretically observe the impacts of shelter-in-place orders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay MUD recently secured 1.5 million in anonymous funding to expand and extend the reach of testing. Areas such as Redding, in the northern part of the state, will be included. White sees the need for sampling to last the length of the pandemic, so communities can detect surges or resurgences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can use sewage as the tool,” she said. “You can see if it starts coming up back in the communities as we get into fall, and if you need to go back into shelter-in-place orders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also provide early warning for health departments to ramp up capacity, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great predictive tool for the medical community to know if they need to get ready for surges and patients coming into the hospital.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar sewage monitoring for COVID-19 is happening in Massachusetts, Israel and the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t require sampling a whole bunch of people,” Dr. Angela Rasmussen, associate research scientist at Columbia University, said in an \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Revkin/status/1253352981086351360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">online webinar\u003c/a>. “This is exactly the sort of creative innovative approach we need to test at population scale.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Analysis: Most U.S. States Will Need a Lot More Testing to Safely Reopen",
"headTitle": "Analysis: Most U.S. States Will Need a Lot More Testing to Safely Reopen | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>More than half of U.S. states will have to significantly step up their Covid-19 testing to even consider starting to relax stay-at-home orders after May 1, according to a new analysis by Harvard researchers and STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that as the U.S. tries to move beyond its months-long coronavirus testing debacle — faulty tests, shortages of tests, and guidelines that excluded many people who should have been tested to mitigate the outbreak — it is at risk of fumbling the next challenge: testing enough people to determine which cities and states can safely reopen and stay open. Doing so will require the ability to catch reappearances of the coronavirus before it again spreads uncontrollably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has repeatedly expressed confidence about states’ ability to do enough testing to begin a phased reopening of the economy. In a briefing last Thursday, President Trump said he \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">disagreed with comments\u003c/a> by Anthony Fauci, the top government infectious disease expert, that “\u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5826161/anthony-fauci-covid-19-testing-capabilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">we are not there yet\u003c/a>” with the number of tests and the capacity to perform them. “No, I think we’re doing a great job in testing,” the president said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new state-by-state review reveals a far more fragmented picture: 31 states and the District of Columbia were doing too little testing last week to identify most infected people in a timely manner. Ten states would need to increase their daily testing totals by at least 10,000 to do so by May 1. New York, for instance, would have to perform more than 100,000 more tests a day, and New Jersey 68,000 more. Nineteen states — all but two in the South or the western half of the country — are already doing enough testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most assessments of the amount of testing that will be needed over the next few months are national. But while those are a good starting point, they do not give individual states, let alone cities, much guidance. “You can’t just take the national number and scale it to states by their population,” said Ashish Jha, director of the Harvard Global Health Institute. “You have to base it on the size of the outbreak in a state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At STAT’s request, Jha and his colleagues at the institute calculated the number of tests that each state would need to be doing as of May 1. STAT then compared those numbers to each state’s daily testing totals in an average week in mid-April, using data collected by the \u003ca href=\"https://covidtracking.com/data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covid Tracking Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that states with few COVID-19 cases and deaths so far will need to perform relatively few tests: between 68 and 145 per day in Alaska and between 31 and 156 in Montana, for instance. States harder hit by the pandemic face a much heavier lift: New York would have to do 130,000 to 155,000 tests every day, New Jersey 75,000 to 90,000, and both Massachusetts and Illinois about 30,000 to 35,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many hard-hit states are not even close to their goals. New York, for instance, has been averaging barely more than 20,000 tests per day since mid-April. New Jersey has been doing about 7,000, on average. Neither has announced reopening plans or dates, giving them time to ramp up testing. Massachusetts and Illinois are in no better shape, conducting just under 7,000 a day. Michigan, Connecticut, and Colorado are all about 15,000 tests a day below their May 1 targets. Texas, with more than 9,000 tests a day, and Washington state, with more than 3,000, are already doing enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more worrisome gap involves states that, despite having thousands of COVID-19 cases, are easing mitigation strategies by, for instance, allowing more businesses and public spaces such as beaches to reopen. To catch hot spots before they turn into wildfires of disease, Georgia must do 9,600 to 10,000 tests per day; it has been averaging around 4,000. Florida will need 16,000; in the last week it has been hitting just above 10,000. South Carolina is a rare bright spot: It will need 1,200 to 1,600 tests per day and has been averaging close to the low end of that, with at least 1,500 tests on several recent days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last week, the U.S. as a whole conducted 1.6 million tests, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://covidtracking.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covid Tracking Project\u003c/a>. The Harvard team says twice that many tests will be needed — at minimum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Performing enough tests is only one of the essential steps before states can reopen, experts say. Test results also have to be returned more quickly, public health workers must identify and contact potentially exposed people, and hospitals and nursing homes require adequate amounts of personal protective equipment and other supplies in case a new wave of seriously ill patients crashes over them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Harvard institute based its calculations on best-case scenarios. If the goal were not to miss a single new infection, “you would need more than 300 million tests a day,” said Jha — testing nearly every resident of every state every day (or every few days). “That’s an interesting theoretical exercise but since it’s not going to happen, it’s policy-irrelevant. If you say that, people stop listening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he said, “we tried to come up with numbers that wouldn’t make governors gag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jha and the institute’s Ben Jacobson crunched the numbers two ways for each state. Both start with the number of deaths projected for May 15 by Los Alamos National Laboratory, whose COVID-19 model the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/forecasting-us.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">consults\u003c/a>. Los Alamos projects that, nationally, the death toll on that day will be 545 — but more if states keep easing up on social distancing. For comparison, on April 25, the U.S. reported just over 2,065\u003cb> \u003c/b>new COVID-19 deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then assume that deaths on May 15 will reflect the number of cases on May 1, since two weeks is the average time between infection and death. If 1 out of every 100 people diagnosed with COVID-19 dies (for a “case fatality rate” of 1%), then on May 1 there would be 100 times as many new cases as there would be deaths on May 15; call it 54,500 (545 times 100) cases on May 1 for the country as a whole. The case fatality rate for COVID-19 remains unknown, so if it is lower, perhaps 0.5%, then the number of cases would be greater: 109,000. Jha’s choice of 1% reflects his decision to make recommendations that are within reach of realistic testing capacity, and 1% is the rough consensus of experts now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the epidemic, public health workers would need to identify those 54,500 new cases on or around May 1 in order to trace and test their contacts, quarantining those who also test positive. (The “around” is because cases don’t have to be identified right away; probably within two or three days of infection is OK.) The chances of picking precisely the right 54,500 people to test are nil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s therefore necessary to test many times more than 54,500 people to find that number of cases. How many more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson and Jha calculated that using two different methods, which serve as a check on each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One method is based on the fact that people most likely to be infected with the new coronavirus are also the most likely to be tested. But because of inadequate testing capacity, and because many people don’t even show symptoms, tens of thousands of cases have been missed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 20% of U.S. tests are positive for the virus. Epidemiologists estimate that for infectious diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis, if more than 3% of people test positive, then the net is not being cast wide enough. South Korea has a 3% positive rate for its coronavirus testing. To achieve that, the U.S. would have to increase its number of daily tests to 2 million by May 1. (It should be 5 million now, but that ship has sailed.) Even 2 million seems beyond reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the World Health Organization says a positive rate below 10% “reflects adequate testing,” Jha said. Using that rate, the U.S. would have to be testing 545,000 people per day by May 1 and every day thereafter, until projected deaths two weeks ahead fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At STAT’s request, Jacobson and Jha then applied the 10% positive rate to each state individually. That yielded an enormous range, from 155,000 a day in New York to just 18 a day in Wyoming. Is it feasible? That will vary by state, but last week California \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-21/california-first-state-coronavirus-tests-without-symptoms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said\u003c/a> it aims to conduct 25,000 tests a day by the end of April, up from an average of about 14,000 in recent days. The Harvard team calculated the Golden State needs about 26,000, suggesting that if California hits its goal it could well be on track to safely reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a check on their work, the researchers did the calculation a second way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They again started with Los Alamos’ 545 projected deaths on May 15 and inferred that there were 100 times as many new cases, 54,500, on May 1. That’s a starting point for tracing contacts, which offers the best shot at containing both the current outbreak and any that threaten to erupt after shutdown orders are lifted: “Reopened” cities and states must catch and quarantine cases, then identify and test their contacts before they infect more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without social distancing, each case has an estimated 19 close contacts, Jha said. With social distancing, each might have 10, again suggesting roughly half a million tests per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of assumptions — case fatality rate, test positivity rate, and more — went into these calculations. But other researchers have come up with approximately the same number via different reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/national-covid-19-testing-action-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> by the Rockefeller Foundation concluded that the U.S. should test 3 million people a week. Vital Strategies, the nonprofit headed by former CDC Director \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/13/video-chat-conversation-on-the-coronavirus-with-tom-frieden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Frieden\u003c/a>, recommended a minimum of 450,000 tests per day. Researchers arrived at that figure by counting the number of people who have the highest priority for testing: people who are sick and their contacts, of course, but also nursing home and shelter residents, prison inmates, and vital workers in health care and public transit and other infrastructure, said epidemiologist Cyrus Shahpar of Vital Strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in the Harvard calculation, the national testing goal of 450,000 would not be evenly distributed according to state (or city) population, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has said that individual states and cities need to do roughly 30 tests per 1,000 people per month, as Deborah Birx, the White House’s COVID-19 response coordinator, \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-april-17-2020/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explained\u003c/a> at a recent briefing, citing New Orleans’ 27 tests per 1,000. Birx said that all but three states — Oregon, Maine, and Montana — had the ability to do that many tests and that the administration is working with states to ensure all the potential for testing is “brought to bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Shahpar’s and Jha’s calculations, however, say the number of needed tests is closer to 45 per 1,000 people per month, but with significant regional variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, both say, is the lower bound of what is needed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than half of U.S. states will have to significantly step up their Covid-19 testing to even consider starting to relax stay-at-home orders after May 1, according to a new analysis by Harvard researchers and STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that as the U.S. tries to move beyond its months-long coronavirus testing debacle — faulty tests, shortages of tests, and guidelines that excluded many people who should have been tested to mitigate the outbreak — it is at risk of fumbling the next challenge: testing enough people to determine which cities and states can safely reopen and stay open. Doing so will require the ability to catch reappearances of the coronavirus before it again spreads uncontrollably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has repeatedly expressed confidence about states’ ability to do enough testing to begin a phased reopening of the economy. In a briefing last Thursday, President Trump said he \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">disagreed with comments\u003c/a> by Anthony Fauci, the top government infectious disease expert, that “\u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5826161/anthony-fauci-covid-19-testing-capabilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">we are not there yet\u003c/a>” with the number of tests and the capacity to perform them. “No, I think we’re doing a great job in testing,” the president said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new state-by-state review reveals a far more fragmented picture: 31 states and the District of Columbia were doing too little testing last week to identify most infected people in a timely manner. Ten states would need to increase their daily testing totals by at least 10,000 to do so by May 1. New York, for instance, would have to perform more than 100,000 more tests a day, and New Jersey 68,000 more. Nineteen states — all but two in the South or the western half of the country — are already doing enough testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most assessments of the amount of testing that will be needed over the next few months are national. But while those are a good starting point, they do not give individual states, let alone cities, much guidance. “You can’t just take the national number and scale it to states by their population,” said Ashish Jha, director of the Harvard Global Health Institute. “You have to base it on the size of the outbreak in a state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At STAT’s request, Jha and his colleagues at the institute calculated the number of tests that each state would need to be doing as of May 1. STAT then compared those numbers to each state’s daily testing totals in an average week in mid-April, using data collected by the \u003ca href=\"https://covidtracking.com/data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covid Tracking Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that states with few COVID-19 cases and deaths so far will need to perform relatively few tests: between 68 and 145 per day in Alaska and between 31 and 156 in Montana, for instance. States harder hit by the pandemic face a much heavier lift: New York would have to do 130,000 to 155,000 tests every day, New Jersey 75,000 to 90,000, and both Massachusetts and Illinois about 30,000 to 35,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many hard-hit states are not even close to their goals. New York, for instance, has been averaging barely more than 20,000 tests per day since mid-April. New Jersey has been doing about 7,000, on average. Neither has announced reopening plans or dates, giving them time to ramp up testing. Massachusetts and Illinois are in no better shape, conducting just under 7,000 a day. Michigan, Connecticut, and Colorado are all about 15,000 tests a day below their May 1 targets. Texas, with more than 9,000 tests a day, and Washington state, with more than 3,000, are already doing enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more worrisome gap involves states that, despite having thousands of COVID-19 cases, are easing mitigation strategies by, for instance, allowing more businesses and public spaces such as beaches to reopen. To catch hot spots before they turn into wildfires of disease, Georgia must do 9,600 to 10,000 tests per day; it has been averaging around 4,000. Florida will need 16,000; in the last week it has been hitting just above 10,000. South Carolina is a rare bright spot: It will need 1,200 to 1,600 tests per day and has been averaging close to the low end of that, with at least 1,500 tests on several recent days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last week, the U.S. as a whole conducted 1.6 million tests, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://covidtracking.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covid Tracking Project\u003c/a>. The Harvard team says twice that many tests will be needed — at minimum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Performing enough tests is only one of the essential steps before states can reopen, experts say. Test results also have to be returned more quickly, public health workers must identify and contact potentially exposed people, and hospitals and nursing homes require adequate amounts of personal protective equipment and other supplies in case a new wave of seriously ill patients crashes over them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Harvard institute based its calculations on best-case scenarios. If the goal were not to miss a single new infection, “you would need more than 300 million tests a day,” said Jha — testing nearly every resident of every state every day (or every few days). “That’s an interesting theoretical exercise but since it’s not going to happen, it’s policy-irrelevant. If you say that, people stop listening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he said, “we tried to come up with numbers that wouldn’t make governors gag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jha and the institute’s Ben Jacobson crunched the numbers two ways for each state. Both start with the number of deaths projected for May 15 by Los Alamos National Laboratory, whose COVID-19 model the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/forecasting-us.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">consults\u003c/a>. Los Alamos projects that, nationally, the death toll on that day will be 545 — but more if states keep easing up on social distancing. For comparison, on April 25, the U.S. reported just over 2,065\u003cb> \u003c/b>new COVID-19 deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then assume that deaths on May 15 will reflect the number of cases on May 1, since two weeks is the average time between infection and death. If 1 out of every 100 people diagnosed with COVID-19 dies (for a “case fatality rate” of 1%), then on May 1 there would be 100 times as many new cases as there would be deaths on May 15; call it 54,500 (545 times 100) cases on May 1 for the country as a whole. The case fatality rate for COVID-19 remains unknown, so if it is lower, perhaps 0.5%, then the number of cases would be greater: 109,000. Jha’s choice of 1% reflects his decision to make recommendations that are within reach of realistic testing capacity, and 1% is the rough consensus of experts now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the epidemic, public health workers would need to identify those 54,500 new cases on or around May 1 in order to trace and test their contacts, quarantining those who also test positive. (The “around” is because cases don’t have to be identified right away; probably within two or three days of infection is OK.) The chances of picking precisely the right 54,500 people to test are nil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s therefore necessary to test many times more than 54,500 people to find that number of cases. How many more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson and Jha calculated that using two different methods, which serve as a check on each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One method is based on the fact that people most likely to be infected with the new coronavirus are also the most likely to be tested. But because of inadequate testing capacity, and because many people don’t even show symptoms, tens of thousands of cases have been missed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 20% of U.S. tests are positive for the virus. Epidemiologists estimate that for infectious diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis, if more than 3% of people test positive, then the net is not being cast wide enough. South Korea has a 3% positive rate for its coronavirus testing. To achieve that, the U.S. would have to increase its number of daily tests to 2 million by May 1. (It should be 5 million now, but that ship has sailed.) Even 2 million seems beyond reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the World Health Organization says a positive rate below 10% “reflects adequate testing,” Jha said. Using that rate, the U.S. would have to be testing 545,000 people per day by May 1 and every day thereafter, until projected deaths two weeks ahead fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At STAT’s request, Jacobson and Jha then applied the 10% positive rate to each state individually. That yielded an enormous range, from 155,000 a day in New York to just 18 a day in Wyoming. Is it feasible? That will vary by state, but last week California \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-21/california-first-state-coronavirus-tests-without-symptoms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said\u003c/a> it aims to conduct 25,000 tests a day by the end of April, up from an average of about 14,000 in recent days. The Harvard team calculated the Golden State needs about 26,000, suggesting that if California hits its goal it could well be on track to safely reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a check on their work, the researchers did the calculation a second way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They again started with Los Alamos’ 545 projected deaths on May 15 and inferred that there were 100 times as many new cases, 54,500, on May 1. That’s a starting point for tracing contacts, which offers the best shot at containing both the current outbreak and any that threaten to erupt after shutdown orders are lifted: “Reopened” cities and states must catch and quarantine cases, then identify and test their contacts before they infect more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without social distancing, each case has an estimated 19 close contacts, Jha said. With social distancing, each might have 10, again suggesting roughly half a million tests per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of assumptions — case fatality rate, test positivity rate, and more — went into these calculations. But other researchers have come up with approximately the same number via different reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/national-covid-19-testing-action-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> by the Rockefeller Foundation concluded that the U.S. should test 3 million people a week. Vital Strategies, the nonprofit headed by former CDC Director \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/13/video-chat-conversation-on-the-coronavirus-with-tom-frieden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Frieden\u003c/a>, recommended a minimum of 450,000 tests per day. Researchers arrived at that figure by counting the number of people who have the highest priority for testing: people who are sick and their contacts, of course, but also nursing home and shelter residents, prison inmates, and vital workers in health care and public transit and other infrastructure, said epidemiologist Cyrus Shahpar of Vital Strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in the Harvard calculation, the national testing goal of 450,000 would not be evenly distributed according to state (or city) population, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has said that individual states and cities need to do roughly 30 tests per 1,000 people per month, as Deborah Birx, the White House’s COVID-19 response coordinator, \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-april-17-2020/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explained\u003c/a> at a recent briefing, citing New Orleans’ 27 tests per 1,000. Birx said that all but three states — Oregon, Maine, and Montana — had the ability to do that many tests and that the administration is working with states to ensure all the potential for testing is “brought to bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Shahpar’s and Jha’s calculations, however, say the number of needed tests is closer to 45 per 1,000 people per month, but with significant regional variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Larry Hawkinson can’t remember the last time he saw his wife, Elise, in person. They both reside at the Saratoga Retirement Community, but live separately, in adjacent buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963034\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963034\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Larry Hawkinson, year unknown. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Larry Hawkinson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Santa Clara County, health officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/covid19/Pages/dashboard.aspx#LTCF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> hundreds of cases of COVID-19 at assisted living and nursing homes. Many of those facilities began to escalate infection control protocols months ago, and those efforts to slow the spread of the virus have changed life dramatically for older couples like the Hawkinsons, who need different levels of care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly, it’s kept the Hawkinsons apart. “It just started tightening up a little bit and tightening up a little bit,” he says. “It’s kind of a dull life. But ‘tis what it is. I would be very upset if I got it, of course,” said Larry, who is 95. He laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Travelers No More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they were young, Larry and Elise, who is 93, wandered Europe, not always knowing where they’d sleep the next night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the difficult distance they have to cover is the one between two buildings on the same property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a dozen years ago, the Hawkinsons moved into a two-bedroom apartment, living independently in the retirement community, commonly known as the Odd Fellows Home. Hawkinson led community emergency response training and was a ham radio enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, on vacation in Hawaii, Elise had a terrible fall that robbed her of mobility. They got caregiver help; eventually, it wasn’t enough. They moved to assisted living. When Elise’s condition declined to the point that she couldn’t recognize her own daughter, Larry reluctantly moved her to the memory care facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s in the closest room possible for me to get to,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two or three times a day, Hawkinson would walk downstairs from his assisted living apartment, past the dining room, across a paved lane to Elise’s room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d be there when they’d put her into bed at night, and we’d kiss goodnight, and she’d say, ‘I love you,’” he said. “And if she didn’t, I’d say, ‘Did you forget to say something?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in February, Santa Clara County reported its first cases of COVID-19. The dining room closed. He couldn’t get permission to visit his wife as much; state and county orders limited visitors and locked down nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county’s stay-at-home order means Hawkinson can’t play golf. Sunday church is now streamed video. He gets three meals a day delivered to his door. He eats them on a TV tray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It pretty well drives me nuts,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saratoga Retirement Community has\u003ca href=\"https://www.retirement.org/saratoga/covid-19-virus/\"> reported\u003c/a> one staffer testing positive for the coronavirus. Still, Hawkinson feels safe, and he welcomes the precautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says it’s horrible that he hasn’t seen his wife in person since early last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkinson calls over to the nurses’ station in his wife’s building a couple of times a week. An aide calls him back from Elise’s room. Then she gets on the phone and her voice journeys back to him. It’s harder to connect that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just chat for a little bit,” he said. No use staying…very long on there cause she doesn’t understand what’s going on. She has pretty bad dementia. But she’s not unhappy. She is not belligerent at all. She just…exists. Pretty tough, but that’s the way it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">This story was reported with the help of a reader. You can share your story with us too…\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Happened in Burlingame…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now married 72 years, the Hawkinsons’ love story began in the Burlingame Public Library.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Elise was in high school, she worked with Hawkinson’s sister there. A graduate of Lowell High School in San Francisco, Larry joined the naval reserve after Pearl Harbor, a military man \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/09/amid-armistice-centenary-one-saratoga-resident-shares-his-personal-connection-to-wwi/\">like his father\u003c/a>. Larry’s sister prodded Elise to send him, a boy she’d never met, a birthday card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got this card, very nice, and so I wrote back and said, ‘Thank you very much for the nice birthday card, whoever you are,” he said. “She wrote back and said, ‘Thank you for the nice thank you card, whoever you are.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He came back from officer candidate school, and they started to date. When he first asked Elise to marry him, she said maybe. “Maybe?” he says now. “I thought maybe she thought I might not come home from the war or maybe she could do better while I was gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was neither: She wanted to finish school and teach kindergarten. She did just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he returned from the Navy, he became a teacher, too, of mathematics, forging a whole career as part of the founding faculty at Gunn High School in Palo Alto. Larry and Elise raised two daughters in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All along the way, Elise matched him in work and adventures. They’ve been to 54 countries together, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the pandemic is over, Hawkinson wants to play golf again. And he holds out hope he can make the trip to his sister’s for her 100th birthday this summer, in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knows his travels with Elise are a thing of the past. But at night, once in a while when he can’t sleep, he relives them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I start redoing the 54 countries in order,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Number one, number two, and so on…”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic!\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[hearken src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/5489.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Larry Hawkinson can’t remember the last time he saw his wife, Elise, in person. They both reside at the Saratoga Retirement Community, but live separately, in adjacent buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963034\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963034\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Larry Hawkinson, year unknown. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Larry Hawkinson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Santa Clara County, health officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/covid19/Pages/dashboard.aspx#LTCF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> hundreds of cases of COVID-19 at assisted living and nursing homes. Many of those facilities began to escalate infection control protocols months ago, and those efforts to slow the spread of the virus have changed life dramatically for older couples like the Hawkinsons, who need different levels of care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly, it’s kept the Hawkinsons apart. “It just started tightening up a little bit and tightening up a little bit,” he says. “It’s kind of a dull life. But ‘tis what it is. I would be very upset if I got it, of course,” said Larry, who is 95. He laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Travelers No More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they were young, Larry and Elise, who is 93, wandered Europe, not always knowing where they’d sleep the next night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the difficult distance they have to cover is the one between two buildings on the same property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a dozen years ago, the Hawkinsons moved into a two-bedroom apartment, living independently in the retirement community, commonly known as the Odd Fellows Home. Hawkinson led community emergency response training and was a ham radio enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, on vacation in Hawaii, Elise had a terrible fall that robbed her of mobility. They got caregiver help; eventually, it wasn’t enough. They moved to assisted living. When Elise’s condition declined to the point that she couldn’t recognize her own daughter, Larry reluctantly moved her to the memory care facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s in the closest room possible for me to get to,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two or three times a day, Hawkinson would walk downstairs from his assisted living apartment, past the dining room, across a paved lane to Elise’s room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d be there when they’d put her into bed at night, and we’d kiss goodnight, and she’d say, ‘I love you,’” he said. “And if she didn’t, I’d say, ‘Did you forget to say something?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in February, Santa Clara County reported its first cases of COVID-19. The dining room closed. He couldn’t get permission to visit his wife as much; state and county orders limited visitors and locked down nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county’s stay-at-home order means Hawkinson can’t play golf. Sunday church is now streamed video. He gets three meals a day delivered to his door. He eats them on a TV tray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It pretty well drives me nuts,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saratoga Retirement Community has\u003ca href=\"https://www.retirement.org/saratoga/covid-19-virus/\"> reported\u003c/a> one staffer testing positive for the coronavirus. Still, Hawkinson feels safe, and he welcomes the precautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says it’s horrible that he hasn’t seen his wife in person since early last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkinson calls over to the nurses’ station in his wife’s building a couple of times a week. An aide calls him back from Elise’s room. Then she gets on the phone and her voice journeys back to him. It’s harder to connect that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just chat for a little bit,” he said. No use staying…very long on there cause she doesn’t understand what’s going on. She has pretty bad dementia. But she’s not unhappy. She is not belligerent at all. She just…exists. Pretty tough, but that’s the way it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">This story was reported with the help of a reader. You can share your story with us too…\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Happened in Burlingame…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now married 72 years, the Hawkinsons’ love story began in the Burlingame Public Library.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Elise was in high school, she worked with Hawkinson’s sister there. A graduate of Lowell High School in San Francisco, Larry joined the naval reserve after Pearl Harbor, a military man \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/09/amid-armistice-centenary-one-saratoga-resident-shares-his-personal-connection-to-wwi/\">like his father\u003c/a>. Larry’s sister prodded Elise to send him, a boy she’d never met, a birthday card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got this card, very nice, and so I wrote back and said, ‘Thank you very much for the nice birthday card, whoever you are,” he said. “She wrote back and said, ‘Thank you for the nice thank you card, whoever you are.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He came back from officer candidate school, and they started to date. When he first asked Elise to marry him, she said maybe. “Maybe?” he says now. “I thought maybe she thought I might not come home from the war or maybe she could do better while I was gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was neither: She wanted to finish school and teach kindergarten. She did just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he returned from the Navy, he became a teacher, too, of mathematics, forging a whole career as part of the founding faculty at Gunn High School in Palo Alto. Larry and Elise raised two daughters in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All along the way, Elise matched him in work and adventures. They’ve been to 54 countries together, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the pandemic is over, Hawkinson wants to play golf again. And he holds out hope he can make the trip to his sister’s for her 100th birthday this summer, in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knows his travels with Elise are a thing of the past. But at night, once in a while when he can’t sleep, he relives them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I start redoing the 54 countries in order,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Number one, number two, and so on…”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic!\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0khDiSoqBw&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">Misinformation about the coronavirus is so widespread, researchers are beginning to \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/US/coronavirus-misinformation-widespread-report-calls-infodemic/story?id=70249400\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">call\u003c/a> it an “infodemic.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">False claims and rumors about everything from treatments and remedies to how the virus is spread are popping up everywhere; it’s hard to keep track of what’s accurate and what’s not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/education/collection/above-the-noise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise \u003c/a>” is a Youtube show for teens that investigates the research behind controversial and trending topics in the news.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this episode, host Myles Bess speaks with John Swartzberg, a professor of infectious disease at UC Berkeley’s School of Public Health, to set the record straight and provide tips for vetting information you might find online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Accidentally Released Data on Remdesivir Shows No Gain for Coronavirus Patients. Drug Maker Sees 'Potential Benefit'",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he antiviral medicine remdesivir from Gilead Sciences failed to speed the improvement of patients with COVID-19 or prevent them from dying, according to results from a long-awaited clinical trial conducted in China. Gilead, however, said the data suggest a “potential benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A summary of the study results was inadvertently posted to the website of the World Health Organization and seen by STAT on Thursday, but then removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A draft document was provided by the authors to WHO and inadvertently posted on the website and taken down as soon as the mistake was noticed. The manuscript is undergoing peer review and we are waiting for a final version before WHO comments,” said WHO spokesperson Tarik Jasarevic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']Gilead spokesperson Amy Flood said the company believes “the post included inappropriate characterization of the study.” Because the study was stopped early because it had too few patients, she said, it cannot “enable statistically meaningful conclusions.” However, she said, “trends in the data suggest a potential benefit for remdesivir, particularly among patients treated early in disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data (for details, see screenshot below) will be closely scrutinized but are also likely imperfect. The study was terminated prematurely, which could have affected the results. The context that would be provided by a full manuscript is missing, and the data have not been reviewed as normally occurs before publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many studies are being run to test remdesivir, and this one will not be the final word. Results are expected soon from a Gilead-run study in severe COVID-19 patients, although that study may be difficult to interpret because the drug is not compared to patients receiving only standard treatment. \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/16/early-peek-at-data-on-gilead-coronavirus-drug-suggests-patients-are-responding-to-treatment/\">Encouraging data from patients\u003c/a> in that study at the University of Chicago were described by researchers at a virtual town hall and obtained by STAT last week. However, unlike those data, these new results are from a randomized controlled trial, the medical gold standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead is also running a study with a control group in more moderate COVID-19 patients, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is running a study that compares remdesivir to placebo. There are even more studies of the drug ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the summary of the China study, remdesivir was “not associated with a difference in time to clinical improvement” compared to a standard of care control. After one month, it appeared 13.9% of the remdesivir patients had died compared to 12.8% of patients in the control arm. The difference was not statistically significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this study of hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19 that was terminated prematurely, remdesivir was not associated with clinical or virological benefits,” the summary states. The study was terminated prematurely because it was difficult to enroll patients in China, where the number of COVID-19 cases was decreasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An outside researcher said that the results mean that any benefit from remdesivir is likely to be small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there is no benefit to remdesivir in a study this size, this suggests that the overall benefit of remdesivir in this population with advanced infection is likely to be small in the larger Gilead trial,” said Andrew Hill, senior visiting research fellow at Liverpool University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that the results of the study should be pooled with larger studies being conducted by Gilead using a technique called meta-analysis to allow for “a balanced view of the efficacy of remdesivir from all randomized trials.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT contacted the lead investigator of the study but did not receive an immediate response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As originally designed, the China study was meant to enroll 453 patients. The patients were allowed to enter the study up to 12 days from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Once enrolled, the patients were randomized in a double-blind fashion and were treated with daily infusions of remdesivir or a placebo for 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primary goal is to show that the drug is better than placebo at improving symptoms within 28 days. That improvement is measured with a six-point scoring system ranging from hospital discharge (a score of 1) to death (a score of 6). In order to count as someone who responded to the drug, a patient must improve by at least two points. Patients can remain hospitalized at the end of the 28-day period of the clinical trial but still improve enough clinically — no longer needing intubation or supplemental oxygen, for example — to count as a responder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the abstract, 158 patients received remdesivir and 79 patients were in the control arm; one patient in the control arm withdrew before receiving treatment. The abstract said that for time to clinical improvement, the hazard ratio was 1.23, which would normally mean the patients on remdesivir improved more slowly than those in the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a previous note to investors preparing them for the data, Umer Raffat, a biotech analyst at Evercore ISI, had said to expect the opposite arrangement: that a hazard ratio of 1.2 would show patients were doing better. It is not certain how the hazard ratio is being described in the abstract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not the drug benefit is trending in a positive or negative direction, the difference described in the abstract is not statistically significant, meaning that the study failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962853\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1962853\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"829\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829-160x83.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829-800x415.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829-768x398.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829-1020x528.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screen capture of WHO website. \u003ccite>(STAT)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are differences in the enrollment criteria of COVID-19 patients and the way remdesivir is being used that make extrapolating results from this China study to the ongoing studies difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flood, the Gilead spokesperson, said the company regrets that “the WHO prematurely posted information regarding the study, which has since been removed” and emphasized that the researchers running the study “did not provide permission for publication of results.” She said the data are expected to be published in a peer-reviewed journal soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/23/data-on-gileads-remdesivir-released-by-accident-show-no-benefit-for-coronavirus-patients/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Gilead spokesperson Amy Flood said the company believes “the post included inappropriate characterization of the study.” Because the study was stopped early because it had too few patients, she said, it cannot “enable statistically meaningful conclusions.” However, she said, “trends in the data suggest a potential benefit for remdesivir, particularly among patients treated early in disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data (for details, see screenshot below) will be closely scrutinized but are also likely imperfect. The study was terminated prematurely, which could have affected the results. The context that would be provided by a full manuscript is missing, and the data have not been reviewed as normally occurs before publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many studies are being run to test remdesivir, and this one will not be the final word. Results are expected soon from a Gilead-run study in severe COVID-19 patients, although that study may be difficult to interpret because the drug is not compared to patients receiving only standard treatment. \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/16/early-peek-at-data-on-gilead-coronavirus-drug-suggests-patients-are-responding-to-treatment/\">Encouraging data from patients\u003c/a> in that study at the University of Chicago were described by researchers at a virtual town hall and obtained by STAT last week. However, unlike those data, these new results are from a randomized controlled trial, the medical gold standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead is also running a study with a control group in more moderate COVID-19 patients, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is running a study that compares remdesivir to placebo. There are even more studies of the drug ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the summary of the China study, remdesivir was “not associated with a difference in time to clinical improvement” compared to a standard of care control. After one month, it appeared 13.9% of the remdesivir patients had died compared to 12.8% of patients in the control arm. The difference was not statistically significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this study of hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19 that was terminated prematurely, remdesivir was not associated with clinical or virological benefits,” the summary states. The study was terminated prematurely because it was difficult to enroll patients in China, where the number of COVID-19 cases was decreasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An outside researcher said that the results mean that any benefit from remdesivir is likely to be small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there is no benefit to remdesivir in a study this size, this suggests that the overall benefit of remdesivir in this population with advanced infection is likely to be small in the larger Gilead trial,” said Andrew Hill, senior visiting research fellow at Liverpool University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that the results of the study should be pooled with larger studies being conducted by Gilead using a technique called meta-analysis to allow for “a balanced view of the efficacy of remdesivir from all randomized trials.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT contacted the lead investigator of the study but did not receive an immediate response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As originally designed, the China study was meant to enroll 453 patients. The patients were allowed to enter the study up to 12 days from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Once enrolled, the patients were randomized in a double-blind fashion and were treated with daily infusions of remdesivir or a placebo for 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primary goal is to show that the drug is better than placebo at improving symptoms within 28 days. That improvement is measured with a six-point scoring system ranging from hospital discharge (a score of 1) to death (a score of 6). In order to count as someone who responded to the drug, a patient must improve by at least two points. Patients can remain hospitalized at the end of the 28-day period of the clinical trial but still improve enough clinically — no longer needing intubation or supplemental oxygen, for example — to count as a responder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the abstract, 158 patients received remdesivir and 79 patients were in the control arm; one patient in the control arm withdrew before receiving treatment. The abstract said that for time to clinical improvement, the hazard ratio was 1.23, which would normally mean the patients on remdesivir improved more slowly than those in the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a previous note to investors preparing them for the data, Umer Raffat, a biotech analyst at Evercore ISI, had said to expect the opposite arrangement: that a hazard ratio of 1.2 would show patients were doing better. It is not certain how the hazard ratio is being described in the abstract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not the drug benefit is trending in a positive or negative direction, the difference described in the abstract is not statistically significant, meaning that the study failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962853\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1962853\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"829\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829-160x83.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829-800x415.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829-768x398.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RemdesivirScreen-1600x829-1020x528.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screen capture of WHO website. \u003ccite>(STAT)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are differences in the enrollment criteria of COVID-19 patients and the way remdesivir is being used that make extrapolating results from this China study to the ongoing studies difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flood, the Gilead spokesperson, said the company regrets that “the WHO prematurely posted information regarding the study, which has since been removed” and emphasized that the researchers running the study “did not provide permission for publication of results.” She said the data are expected to be published in a peer-reviewed journal soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/23/data-on-gileads-remdesivir-released-by-accident-show-no-benefit-for-coronavirus-patients/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>People who think they’ve been exposed to the novel coronavirus are clamoring for antibody tests — blood screens that can detect who has previously been infected and, the hope is, signal who is protected from another case of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the tests roll out, some experts are trying to inject a bit of restraint into the excitement that the results of these tests could, for example, clear people to get back to work. Some antibody tests have not been validated, they warn. Even those that have been can still provide false results. And an accurate positive test may be hard to interpret: the virus is so new that researchers cannot say for sure what sort of results will signal immunity or how long that armor will last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They caution that policymakers may be making sweeping economic and social decisions — plans to reopen businesses or schools, for example — based on limited data, assumptions, and what’s known about other viruses. President Trump last week unveiled a three-phased approach to reopen the country; he said some states that have seen declining case counts could start easing social distancing requirements immediately. And some authorities have raised the idea of granting “immunity passports” to people who recover from the virus to allow them to return to daily life without restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before we embark on huge policy decisions, like issuing immunity certificates to get people back to work, I think it’s good that people are saying, ‘Hold up, we don’t know that much about immunity to this virus,’” said Angela Rasmussen, a Columbia University virologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, most experts do think an initial infection from the coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, will grant people immunity to the virus for some amount of time. That is generally the case with acute infections from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With data limited, “sometimes you have to act on a historical basis,” Anthony Fauci, the head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said in a webcast with JAMA this month. “It’s a reasonable assumption that this virus is not changing very much. If we get infected now and it comes back next February or March we think this person is going to be protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the World Health Organization has stressed that the presumed immunity can only be proven as scientists study those who have recovered for longer periods. The agency is working on guidance for interpreting the results of antibody tests, also called serologic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we have no evidence that the use of a serologic test can show that an individual is immune or is protected from reinfection,” the WHO’s Maria Van Kerkhove said at a briefing last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below, STAT looks at the looming questions about antibodies and immunity that scientists are racing to answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are antibody tests? How widely available are they? And how accurate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests look for antibodies in the blood. Because antibodies are unique to a particular pathogen, their presence is proof the person was infected by the coronavirus and mounted an immune response. The hope is that the presence of the antibodies is an indication that the person is protected from another infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are different from the tests used to diagnose active infections, which look for pieces of the virus’ genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial antibody tests are starting to appear on the market, but so far, the Food and Drug Administration has only cleared a few through Emergency Use Authorizations. And already, health regulators are warning that the ones on the market may vary in their accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am concerned that some of the antibody tests that are on the market that haven’t gone through FDA scientific review may not be as accurate as we’d like them to be,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said on “Meet the Press” earlier this month. He added that “no test is 100% accurate, but what we don’t want are wildly inaccurate tests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the best tests will generate some false positives (identifying antibodies that don’t actually exist) and some false negatives (missing antibodies that really are there). Countries including the U.K. have run into accuracy issues with antibody tests, slowing down their efforts for widespread surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear in this case with imprecise tests is that false positives could errantly lead people to think they’re protected from the virus when they have yet to have an initial infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serology testing “isn’t a panacea,” said Scott Becker, the CEO of the Association of Public Health Laboratories. “When it’s used, we need to ensure there are good quality tests used.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One specific concern with antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2: they might pick up antibodies to other types of coronaviruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, there have only been a few thousand people exposed to the other coronaviruses that have caused outbreak emergencies, SARS and MERS. But there are four other coronaviruses that circulate in people and cause roughly a quarter of all common colds. It’s thought that just about everyone has antibodies to some combination of those coronaviruses, so serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 would need to be able to differentiate among them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can be gleaned from serological results?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting antibodies is the first step. Interpreting what they mean is harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, a virus that causes an acute infection will prompt the body’s immune system to start churning out specific antibodies. Even after the virus is cleared, these “neutralizing” antibodies float around, ready to rally a response should that virus try to infect again. The virus might infect a few cells, but it can’t really gain a toehold before the immune system banishes it. (This is not the case for viruses that cause chronic infections, like HIV and, in many cases, hepatitis C.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The infection is basically stopped in its tracks before it can go anywhere,” said Stephen Goldstein, a University of Utah virologist. But, Goldstein added, “the durability of that protection varies depending on the virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists who have looked at antibodies to other coronaviruses — both the common-cold causing foursome and SARS and MERS — found they persisted for at least a few years, indicating people were protected from reinfection for at least that long. From then, protection might start to wane, not drop off completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience with other viruses, including the other coronaviruses, has encouraged what Harvard epidemiologist Marc Lipsitch summed up as the “educated guess” in a recent column in the New York Times: “After being infected with SARS-CoV-2, most individuals will have an immune response, some better than others. That response, it may be assumed, will offer some protection over the medium term — at least a year — and then its effectiveness might decline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many serological tests aren’t like pregnancy tests, with a yes or no result. They will reveal the levels (or titer) of antibodies in a person’s blood. And that’s where things can get a bit trickier. At this point, scientists can’t say for sure what level of antibodies might be required for a person to be protected from a second COVID-19 case. They also can’t say how long people are safeguarded, though it’s thought that a higher initial titer will take longer to wane than low levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Further investigation is needed to understand the duration of protective immunity for SARS-CoV-2,” a committee from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine wrote in a report this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just whether someone is immune themselves. The next assumption is that people who have antibodies cannot spread the virus to others. Again, that hasn’t been shown yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have nearly the immunological or biological data at this point to say that if someone has a strong enough immune response that they are protected from symptoms, … that they cannot be transmitters,” said Michael Mina, an epidemiologist at Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge, as the National Academies report highlighted, is that no one knew about this virus until a few months ago. That means they haven’t been able to study what happens to people who recover from COVID-19 — and if and how long they are protected — for more than a short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One key uncertainty arises from the fact that we are early in this outbreak and survivors from the first weeks of infection in China are, at most, only three months since recovery,” the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What else can antibody tests show?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to identifying those who have been infected, antibody tests can also suggest at a broader level how widely the virus has spread. These data have implications for how severe future outbreaks of cases might be and what kind of restrictions communities might need to live under. If more people have been infected than known — a strong likelihood, given the number of mild infections that might have been missed and testing limitations in countries including the United States — then more people are thought to be protected going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health have both launched “serosurveys” to assess how many people might have contracted the virus. Even employees of Major League Baseball teams have been enlisted in a study enrolling thousands of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What have data from serosurveys shown thus far about antibody generation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of countries have launched large serosurveys, so hopefully we’ll have a better sense soon of the levels of antibodies being generated by individuals who recover from COVID-19 and among the general population. For now, though, there have only been limited data released from a couple small studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in Europe have pointed to strong antibody production in patients within a few weeks of infection. One study found that people were generally quick to form antibodies, which could help explain why the majority of people do not develop severe cases of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one preprint released this month complicated the landscape. (Preprints have not been peer-reviewed or published yet in a research journal.) Researchers in Shanghai reported that of 175 patients with confirmed COVID-19, about a third had low antibody levels and some had no detectable antibodies. The findings suggest that the strength of the antibody response could correlate to the severity of infection, though that’s not known for sure. They also raised concerns that those with a weaker antibody response might not be immune from reinfection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But outside researchers have said that conclusions about immunity can’t be drawn from what the study found. For one, there are different kinds of antibodies, so some might exist that the test wasn’t looking for. Secondly, studies in other coronaviruses have shown that antibody responses vary from person to person, without clear implications for how protected someone is from another infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, researchers say, antibodies are not the only trick the body has to protect itself. Immune cells also form memories after an initial infection and can be rallied quickly should that same pathogen try to strike again, even without antibodies or after antibody levels fade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People that lose that serum neutralization — it doesn’t mean necessarily that they’re not going to have some level of immunity,” said virologist Vineet Menachery of the University of Texas Medical Branch. “Your immune system hasn’t forgotten. It may just take them a couple of days to generate that immune response and be able to clear a virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that it’s likely that if and when protection starts to wane and people contract the coronavirus a second time, it’s likely to cause an even milder illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve heard reports of reinfection or “reactivated” virus. What’s going on there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials in some countries have said they’ve seen examples of people recovering from COVID-19 only to test positive for the virus again — what they’ve taken to calling “reactivation,” to differentiate it from a second infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts are skeptical that either is occurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no possibility can be eliminated at this early stage of the outbreak, they say that there are more likely explanations for a positive diagnostic test coming after a negative test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one: The tests used to diagnose COVID-19 look for snippets of the virus’ genome, its RNA. But what they can’t tell you is if what they’re finding is evidence of “live” virus, meaning infectious virus. Once a person fights off a virus, viral particles tend to linger for some time. These cannot cause infections, but they can trigger a positive test. The levels of these particles can fluctuate, which explains how a test could come back positive after a negative test. But it does not mean the virus has become active, or infectious, again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And two: the diagnostic tests typically rely on patient samples pulled from way back in their nasal passages. Collecting that specimen is not foolproof. Testing a sample that was improperly collected could lead to a negative test even if the person has the virus. If that patient then gets another test, it might accurately show they have the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Jana Broadhurst, the director of the Nebraska Biocontainment Unit’s clinical laboratory, said, “garbage in, garbage out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sharon Begley contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/20/everything-we-know-about-coronavirus-immunity-and-antibodies-and-plenty-we-still-dont/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People who think they’ve been exposed to the novel coronavirus are clamoring for antibody tests — blood screens that can detect who has previously been infected and, the hope is, signal who is protected from another case of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the tests roll out, some experts are trying to inject a bit of restraint into the excitement that the results of these tests could, for example, clear people to get back to work. Some antibody tests have not been validated, they warn. Even those that have been can still provide false results. And an accurate positive test may be hard to interpret: the virus is so new that researchers cannot say for sure what sort of results will signal immunity or how long that armor will last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They caution that policymakers may be making sweeping economic and social decisions — plans to reopen businesses or schools, for example — based on limited data, assumptions, and what’s known about other viruses. President Trump last week unveiled a three-phased approach to reopen the country; he said some states that have seen declining case counts could start easing social distancing requirements immediately. And some authorities have raised the idea of granting “immunity passports” to people who recover from the virus to allow them to return to daily life without restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before we embark on huge policy decisions, like issuing immunity certificates to get people back to work, I think it’s good that people are saying, ‘Hold up, we don’t know that much about immunity to this virus,’” said Angela Rasmussen, a Columbia University virologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, most experts do think an initial infection from the coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, will grant people immunity to the virus for some amount of time. That is generally the case with acute infections from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With data limited, “sometimes you have to act on a historical basis,” Anthony Fauci, the head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said in a webcast with JAMA this month. “It’s a reasonable assumption that this virus is not changing very much. If we get infected now and it comes back next February or March we think this person is going to be protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the World Health Organization has stressed that the presumed immunity can only be proven as scientists study those who have recovered for longer periods. The agency is working on guidance for interpreting the results of antibody tests, also called serologic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we have no evidence that the use of a serologic test can show that an individual is immune or is protected from reinfection,” the WHO’s Maria Van Kerkhove said at a briefing last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below, STAT looks at the looming questions about antibodies and immunity that scientists are racing to answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are antibody tests? How widely available are they? And how accurate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests look for antibodies in the blood. Because antibodies are unique to a particular pathogen, their presence is proof the person was infected by the coronavirus and mounted an immune response. The hope is that the presence of the antibodies is an indication that the person is protected from another infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are different from the tests used to diagnose active infections, which look for pieces of the virus’ genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial antibody tests are starting to appear on the market, but so far, the Food and Drug Administration has only cleared a few through Emergency Use Authorizations. And already, health regulators are warning that the ones on the market may vary in their accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am concerned that some of the antibody tests that are on the market that haven’t gone through FDA scientific review may not be as accurate as we’d like them to be,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said on “Meet the Press” earlier this month. He added that “no test is 100% accurate, but what we don’t want are wildly inaccurate tests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the best tests will generate some false positives (identifying antibodies that don’t actually exist) and some false negatives (missing antibodies that really are there). Countries including the U.K. have run into accuracy issues with antibody tests, slowing down their efforts for widespread surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear in this case with imprecise tests is that false positives could errantly lead people to think they’re protected from the virus when they have yet to have an initial infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serology testing “isn’t a panacea,” said Scott Becker, the CEO of the Association of Public Health Laboratories. “When it’s used, we need to ensure there are good quality tests used.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One specific concern with antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2: they might pick up antibodies to other types of coronaviruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, there have only been a few thousand people exposed to the other coronaviruses that have caused outbreak emergencies, SARS and MERS. But there are four other coronaviruses that circulate in people and cause roughly a quarter of all common colds. It’s thought that just about everyone has antibodies to some combination of those coronaviruses, so serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 would need to be able to differentiate among them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can be gleaned from serological results?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting antibodies is the first step. Interpreting what they mean is harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, a virus that causes an acute infection will prompt the body’s immune system to start churning out specific antibodies. Even after the virus is cleared, these “neutralizing” antibodies float around, ready to rally a response should that virus try to infect again. The virus might infect a few cells, but it can’t really gain a toehold before the immune system banishes it. (This is not the case for viruses that cause chronic infections, like HIV and, in many cases, hepatitis C.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The infection is basically stopped in its tracks before it can go anywhere,” said Stephen Goldstein, a University of Utah virologist. But, Goldstein added, “the durability of that protection varies depending on the virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists who have looked at antibodies to other coronaviruses — both the common-cold causing foursome and SARS and MERS — found they persisted for at least a few years, indicating people were protected from reinfection for at least that long. From then, protection might start to wane, not drop off completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience with other viruses, including the other coronaviruses, has encouraged what Harvard epidemiologist Marc Lipsitch summed up as the “educated guess” in a recent column in the New York Times: “After being infected with SARS-CoV-2, most individuals will have an immune response, some better than others. That response, it may be assumed, will offer some protection over the medium term — at least a year — and then its effectiveness might decline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many serological tests aren’t like pregnancy tests, with a yes or no result. They will reveal the levels (or titer) of antibodies in a person’s blood. And that’s where things can get a bit trickier. At this point, scientists can’t say for sure what level of antibodies might be required for a person to be protected from a second COVID-19 case. They also can’t say how long people are safeguarded, though it’s thought that a higher initial titer will take longer to wane than low levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Further investigation is needed to understand the duration of protective immunity for SARS-CoV-2,” a committee from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine wrote in a report this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just whether someone is immune themselves. The next assumption is that people who have antibodies cannot spread the virus to others. Again, that hasn’t been shown yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have nearly the immunological or biological data at this point to say that if someone has a strong enough immune response that they are protected from symptoms, … that they cannot be transmitters,” said Michael Mina, an epidemiologist at Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge, as the National Academies report highlighted, is that no one knew about this virus until a few months ago. That means they haven’t been able to study what happens to people who recover from COVID-19 — and if and how long they are protected — for more than a short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One key uncertainty arises from the fact that we are early in this outbreak and survivors from the first weeks of infection in China are, at most, only three months since recovery,” the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What else can antibody tests show?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to identifying those who have been infected, antibody tests can also suggest at a broader level how widely the virus has spread. These data have implications for how severe future outbreaks of cases might be and what kind of restrictions communities might need to live under. If more people have been infected than known — a strong likelihood, given the number of mild infections that might have been missed and testing limitations in countries including the United States — then more people are thought to be protected going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health have both launched “serosurveys” to assess how many people might have contracted the virus. Even employees of Major League Baseball teams have been enlisted in a study enrolling thousands of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What have data from serosurveys shown thus far about antibody generation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of countries have launched large serosurveys, so hopefully we’ll have a better sense soon of the levels of antibodies being generated by individuals who recover from COVID-19 and among the general population. For now, though, there have only been limited data released from a couple small studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in Europe have pointed to strong antibody production in patients within a few weeks of infection. One study found that people were generally quick to form antibodies, which could help explain why the majority of people do not develop severe cases of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one preprint released this month complicated the landscape. (Preprints have not been peer-reviewed or published yet in a research journal.) Researchers in Shanghai reported that of 175 patients with confirmed COVID-19, about a third had low antibody levels and some had no detectable antibodies. The findings suggest that the strength of the antibody response could correlate to the severity of infection, though that’s not known for sure. They also raised concerns that those with a weaker antibody response might not be immune from reinfection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But outside researchers have said that conclusions about immunity can’t be drawn from what the study found. For one, there are different kinds of antibodies, so some might exist that the test wasn’t looking for. Secondly, studies in other coronaviruses have shown that antibody responses vary from person to person, without clear implications for how protected someone is from another infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, researchers say, antibodies are not the only trick the body has to protect itself. Immune cells also form memories after an initial infection and can be rallied quickly should that same pathogen try to strike again, even without antibodies or after antibody levels fade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People that lose that serum neutralization — it doesn’t mean necessarily that they’re not going to have some level of immunity,” said virologist Vineet Menachery of the University of Texas Medical Branch. “Your immune system hasn’t forgotten. It may just take them a couple of days to generate that immune response and be able to clear a virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that it’s likely that if and when protection starts to wane and people contract the coronavirus a second time, it’s likely to cause an even milder illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve heard reports of reinfection or “reactivated” virus. What’s going on there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials in some countries have said they’ve seen examples of people recovering from COVID-19 only to test positive for the virus again — what they’ve taken to calling “reactivation,” to differentiate it from a second infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts are skeptical that either is occurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no possibility can be eliminated at this early stage of the outbreak, they say that there are more likely explanations for a positive diagnostic test coming after a negative test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one: The tests used to diagnose COVID-19 look for snippets of the virus’ genome, its RNA. But what they can’t tell you is if what they’re finding is evidence of “live” virus, meaning infectious virus. Once a person fights off a virus, viral particles tend to linger for some time. These cannot cause infections, but they can trigger a positive test. The levels of these particles can fluctuate, which explains how a test could come back positive after a negative test. But it does not mean the virus has become active, or infectious, again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And two: the diagnostic tests typically rely on patient samples pulled from way back in their nasal passages. Collecting that specimen is not foolproof. Testing a sample that was improperly collected could lead to a negative test even if the person has the virus. If that patient then gets another test, it might accurately show they have the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Jana Broadhurst, the director of the Nebraska Biocontainment Unit’s clinical laboratory, said, “garbage in, garbage out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sharon Begley contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/20/everything-we-know-about-coronavirus-immunity-and-antibodies-and-plenty-we-still-dont/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Researchers Say Adding a Nylon Pantyhose Layer to Your Cloth Mask Could Make it Work Better",
"headTitle": "Researchers Say Adding a Nylon Pantyhose Layer to Your Cloth Mask Could Make it Work Better | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>During World War II, nylon stockings disappeared from store shelves as the valuable synthetic material \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/stocking-series-part-1-wartime-rationing-and-nylon-riots-25391066/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">was diverted to make critical wartime supplies\u003c/a> such as parachutes, flak jackets and aircraft fuel tanks. Now, new research suggests that nylon stockings could once again play a critical role in a national battle — this time by making homemade cloth masks significantly more protective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Northeastern University have found that adding an outer layer made from nylon stockings to a homemade face covering can boost its ability to filter out small particles in the air by creating a tighter seal between the mask and the wearer’s face. In some cases, that extra nylon layer helped homemade cloth masks match or exceed the filtering capability of medical-grade surgical masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really improved the performance of all of the masks, and it brought several of them up and over the baseline mask we were using, which was a 3M surgical-type mask,” says \u003ca href=\"https://coe.northeastern.edu/people/fernandez-loretta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Loretta Fernandez\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at Northeastern University and one of the scientists who conducted the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the surgical mask performed better with stockings in their study: Testing showed that it went from blocking out 75% of small particles to 90% with the addition of a pantyhose overlayer. An N95 respirator, by comparison, is designed to block out at least 95% of small particles when worn properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Adding a layer that keeps the mask tight to the face is going to improve the function of any of these masks,” Fernandez explains, “because how well they protect us is not only a matter of what material we’re using to do the filtering but also how well [the mask] seals to the face, so that we’re trying to avoid air making it around the mask into our breathing zone.” The pantyhose layer, she says, helps creates a tighter seal around the face to reduce how much air leaks around loose edges — similar to the seal on an N95 respirator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings come at a time when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is recommending that Americans wear \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cloth face coverings\u003c/a> in public to help reduce the transmission of the coronavirus, but without offering much guidance on the best practices for making such coverings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research has not yet been peer-reviewed, but it was\u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.20069567v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> posted\u003c/a> Wednesday on the scientific preprint site medRxiv and on\u003ca href=\"https://www.northeastern.edu/envsensorslab/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/FernandezMueller_PreliminaryReportFacemaskTestingProtocol_2020-04-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> the university’s website\u003c/a> in the interest of sharing information quickly in the midst of a pandemic. Scientists who reviewed the study at NPR’s request praised it as vitally needed work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s really a very important study,” says \u003ca href=\"https://sph.hku.hk/en/about-us/faculty-and-staff/academic-staff/cowling,-benjamin-john\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ben Cowling\u003c/a>, a professor of infectious disease epidemiology at the University of Hong Kong who has studied the efficacy of face masks. “We need better information on what kind of homemade masks, what kind of fabric masks, are the best and how we can improve or upgrade basic masks to make them better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC guidelines on cloth face coverings are intended to protect other people \u003cem>from\u003c/em> the wearer, since evidence shows that people can spread the coronavirus before they’re even showing symptoms of infection. However, the new research shows that with the added nylon layer, homemade masks may also offer lots more benefit \u003cem>for\u003c/em> the wearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cloth masks,” Cowling says, “most likely provide some protection, maybe not as good as surgical masks” — which are constructed with nonwoven fabrics made from plastics. “But if we can upgrade [cloth masks] with nylon wrapping around the outside or some other special components, then perhaps we can get a cloth mask which is just as good or even better than a surgical mask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good design feature that they’ve come up with,” says \u003ca href=\"https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/professor-raina-macintyre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Raina MacIntyre\u003c/a>, a biosecurity researcher at the University of New South Wales in Australia and the author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275360639_A_cluster_randomised_trial_of_cloth_masks_compared_with_medical_masks_in_healthcare_workers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one of the few studies\u003c/a> comparing the effectiveness of cloth face coverings with surgical masks. The current shortage of medical-grade masks, she notes, is spurring a new wave of research into creating more effective homemade masks. “There’s some really good solutions out there, some really promising ideas. And this looks like one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the research, Fernandez and her colleagues solicited homemade masks from volunteers who were making them to donate to Boston-area hospitals. To test the various masks’ filtration capabilities, they used an instrument called a PortaCount — which is normally used to \u003ca href=\"https://tsi.com/products/respirator-fit-testers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fit-test\u003c/a> the filtering capabilities of medical-grade masks like N95 respirators — to measure the ability to block out particles ranging from 20 nanometers to 1,000 nanometers. (The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">approximately 60 to 140 nanometers\u003c/a> in diameter — far too small to be visible to the human eye.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device measured the number of particles immediately outside and inside each mask while someone was wearing it. A surgical mask was also tested as a baseline measurement; it blocked out 75% of the particles on average, which is in line with other testing that has suggested that surgical masks filter out between 60% and 80% of small particles in a lab setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the researchers added to the masks a nylon stocking overlayer made by cutting a ring of material, about 8 to 10 inches top to bottom, from one leg on a pair of pantyhose. “I would recommend perhaps a queen-sized [pair of pantyhose] just to make breathing easier,” Fernandez says. The wearer puts the ring over their head like a headband, then pulls it down on top of the cloth mask, creating a tight fit to the face. This forces particles that might have otherwise gone around the loose edges of the mask and been inhaled to instead go through the mask, which can filter them out, Fernandez explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When worn alone, the homemade masks’ abilities to filter varied widely, with some blocking fewer than 30% of particles. But adding the pantyhose layer boosted all the masks’ performance by anywhere from 15% to 50%, the study found. Tights should also work, as long as they offer a snug fit, says Fernandez, who plans to include tights in future testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fernandez says the idea to try stockings came from a colleague at Northeastern who had previously studied how to make effective homemade masks in the early 1980s, in the wake of the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident in Pennsylvania. “And what they found in the ’80s was that if you just put a section of pantyhose over your face and stuffed anything in there, that would do a pretty good job of keeping the fallout particles out,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The homemade cloth masks that performed best in the testing were all made of a tightly woven cotton, the kind used for quilting, and they all contained a filter of some kind — either organic cotton batting or what’s known as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfacing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interfacing\u003c/a>, a lightweight, gauzy textile used to stiffen fabrics, such as shirt collars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacIntyre notes that more research needs to be done, such as how many washings the delicate nylon hosiery can withstand before it loses effectiveness. But in principle, she says, it makes sense that people who are donning homemade masks start snipping away at pantyhose and adding it as an extra layer now. Cowling agrees that it “could be an important aspect of everybody wearing face masks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As research into homemade masks grows, “we’d like to see recommendations from the CDC or elsewhere in the world, from other public health authorities, on what are the best ways to do it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, Cowling stresses that masks alone won’t be enough to manage the transmission of the coronavirus as the world begins to contemplate how to emerge from lockdowns. But in combination with other strategies, such as enhanced testing, contact tracing for confirmed cases and continued social distancing measures, masks could help keep transmission of the virus at a low level.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>So what should I use to make my homemade mask?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While getting a pair of nylons is pretty easy (for now), questions remain in the public’s mind about the best material for a homemade mask. Here are some tips from mask researchers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Use a thick-weave cotton: \u003c/strong>In general, thicker, high-grade cotton masks tend to do a better job of filtering out small particles, says \u003ca href=\"https://school.wakehealth.edu/Faculty/S/B-Scott-Segal\">Dr. Scott Segal\u003c/a>, a professor and chair of anesthesiology at Wake Forest School of Medicine who has been putting various cloth masks to the test since March. His rule of thumb: Hold up the fabric to a bright light or to the sun. If “you can see the light outlining the individual fibers in the fabric, it’s probably not a good filter. And if you can’t, it’s probably going to filter better.” Thin T-shirt material didn’t do a great job in his testing, though “probably anything is better than nothing,” he says. Thicker, heavier-weight T-shirts would probably be better filters, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Layer your fabric:\u003c/strong> Cloth masks made from multiple layers seem to do a better job than single-layer ones, says \u003ca href=\"https://people.mst.edu/faculty/wangy3/index.html\">Yang Wang\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of environmental engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology who studies how fine particles like aerosols are transmitted and has been testing how various household items hold up as mask materials. A single-layer mask made from a 400-thread-count pillowcase had a filtration efficiency of around 10%, but if you bumped it up to four layers of cloth, the efficiency went up to around 20%. “It’s not ideal, but by using more layers, you can bump up the filtration efficiency,” Wang says — just make sure not to use so many layers that you can’t breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Adding+A+Nylon+Stocking+Layer+Could+Boost+Protection+From+Cloth+Masks%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During World War II, nylon stockings disappeared from store shelves as the valuable synthetic material \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/stocking-series-part-1-wartime-rationing-and-nylon-riots-25391066/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">was diverted to make critical wartime supplies\u003c/a> such as parachutes, flak jackets and aircraft fuel tanks. Now, new research suggests that nylon stockings could once again play a critical role in a national battle — this time by making homemade cloth masks significantly more protective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Northeastern University have found that adding an outer layer made from nylon stockings to a homemade face covering can boost its ability to filter out small particles in the air by creating a tighter seal between the mask and the wearer’s face. In some cases, that extra nylon layer helped homemade cloth masks match or exceed the filtering capability of medical-grade surgical masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really improved the performance of all of the masks, and it brought several of them up and over the baseline mask we were using, which was a 3M surgical-type mask,” says \u003ca href=\"https://coe.northeastern.edu/people/fernandez-loretta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Loretta Fernandez\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at Northeastern University and one of the scientists who conducted the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the surgical mask performed better with stockings in their study: Testing showed that it went from blocking out 75% of small particles to 90% with the addition of a pantyhose overlayer. An N95 respirator, by comparison, is designed to block out at least 95% of small particles when worn properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Adding a layer that keeps the mask tight to the face is going to improve the function of any of these masks,” Fernandez explains, “because how well they protect us is not only a matter of what material we’re using to do the filtering but also how well [the mask] seals to the face, so that we’re trying to avoid air making it around the mask into our breathing zone.” The pantyhose layer, she says, helps creates a tighter seal around the face to reduce how much air leaks around loose edges — similar to the seal on an N95 respirator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings come at a time when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is recommending that Americans wear \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cloth face coverings\u003c/a> in public to help reduce the transmission of the coronavirus, but without offering much guidance on the best practices for making such coverings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research has not yet been peer-reviewed, but it was\u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.20069567v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> posted\u003c/a> Wednesday on the scientific preprint site medRxiv and on\u003ca href=\"https://www.northeastern.edu/envsensorslab/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/FernandezMueller_PreliminaryReportFacemaskTestingProtocol_2020-04-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> the university’s website\u003c/a> in the interest of sharing information quickly in the midst of a pandemic. Scientists who reviewed the study at NPR’s request praised it as vitally needed work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s really a very important study,” says \u003ca href=\"https://sph.hku.hk/en/about-us/faculty-and-staff/academic-staff/cowling,-benjamin-john\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ben Cowling\u003c/a>, a professor of infectious disease epidemiology at the University of Hong Kong who has studied the efficacy of face masks. “We need better information on what kind of homemade masks, what kind of fabric masks, are the best and how we can improve or upgrade basic masks to make them better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC guidelines on cloth face coverings are intended to protect other people \u003cem>from\u003c/em> the wearer, since evidence shows that people can spread the coronavirus before they’re even showing symptoms of infection. However, the new research shows that with the added nylon layer, homemade masks may also offer lots more benefit \u003cem>for\u003c/em> the wearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cloth masks,” Cowling says, “most likely provide some protection, maybe not as good as surgical masks” — which are constructed with nonwoven fabrics made from plastics. “But if we can upgrade [cloth masks] with nylon wrapping around the outside or some other special components, then perhaps we can get a cloth mask which is just as good or even better than a surgical mask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good design feature that they’ve come up with,” says \u003ca href=\"https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/professor-raina-macintyre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Raina MacIntyre\u003c/a>, a biosecurity researcher at the University of New South Wales in Australia and the author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275360639_A_cluster_randomised_trial_of_cloth_masks_compared_with_medical_masks_in_healthcare_workers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one of the few studies\u003c/a> comparing the effectiveness of cloth face coverings with surgical masks. The current shortage of medical-grade masks, she notes, is spurring a new wave of research into creating more effective homemade masks. “There’s some really good solutions out there, some really promising ideas. And this looks like one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the research, Fernandez and her colleagues solicited homemade masks from volunteers who were making them to donate to Boston-area hospitals. To test the various masks’ filtration capabilities, they used an instrument called a PortaCount — which is normally used to \u003ca href=\"https://tsi.com/products/respirator-fit-testers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fit-test\u003c/a> the filtering capabilities of medical-grade masks like N95 respirators — to measure the ability to block out particles ranging from 20 nanometers to 1,000 nanometers. (The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">approximately 60 to 140 nanometers\u003c/a> in diameter — far too small to be visible to the human eye.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device measured the number of particles immediately outside and inside each mask while someone was wearing it. A surgical mask was also tested as a baseline measurement; it blocked out 75% of the particles on average, which is in line with other testing that has suggested that surgical masks filter out between 60% and 80% of small particles in a lab setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the researchers added to the masks a nylon stocking overlayer made by cutting a ring of material, about 8 to 10 inches top to bottom, from one leg on a pair of pantyhose. “I would recommend perhaps a queen-sized [pair of pantyhose] just to make breathing easier,” Fernandez says. The wearer puts the ring over their head like a headband, then pulls it down on top of the cloth mask, creating a tight fit to the face. This forces particles that might have otherwise gone around the loose edges of the mask and been inhaled to instead go through the mask, which can filter them out, Fernandez explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When worn alone, the homemade masks’ abilities to filter varied widely, with some blocking fewer than 30% of particles. But adding the pantyhose layer boosted all the masks’ performance by anywhere from 15% to 50%, the study found. Tights should also work, as long as they offer a snug fit, says Fernandez, who plans to include tights in future testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fernandez says the idea to try stockings came from a colleague at Northeastern who had previously studied how to make effective homemade masks in the early 1980s, in the wake of the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident in Pennsylvania. “And what they found in the ’80s was that if you just put a section of pantyhose over your face and stuffed anything in there, that would do a pretty good job of keeping the fallout particles out,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The homemade cloth masks that performed best in the testing were all made of a tightly woven cotton, the kind used for quilting, and they all contained a filter of some kind — either organic cotton batting or what’s known as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfacing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interfacing\u003c/a>, a lightweight, gauzy textile used to stiffen fabrics, such as shirt collars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacIntyre notes that more research needs to be done, such as how many washings the delicate nylon hosiery can withstand before it loses effectiveness. But in principle, she says, it makes sense that people who are donning homemade masks start snipping away at pantyhose and adding it as an extra layer now. Cowling agrees that it “could be an important aspect of everybody wearing face masks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As research into homemade masks grows, “we’d like to see recommendations from the CDC or elsewhere in the world, from other public health authorities, on what are the best ways to do it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, Cowling stresses that masks alone won’t be enough to manage the transmission of the coronavirus as the world begins to contemplate how to emerge from lockdowns. But in combination with other strategies, such as enhanced testing, contact tracing for confirmed cases and continued social distancing measures, masks could help keep transmission of the virus at a low level.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>So what should I use to make my homemade mask?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While getting a pair of nylons is pretty easy (for now), questions remain in the public’s mind about the best material for a homemade mask. Here are some tips from mask researchers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Use a thick-weave cotton: \u003c/strong>In general, thicker, high-grade cotton masks tend to do a better job of filtering out small particles, says \u003ca href=\"https://school.wakehealth.edu/Faculty/S/B-Scott-Segal\">Dr. Scott Segal\u003c/a>, a professor and chair of anesthesiology at Wake Forest School of Medicine who has been putting various cloth masks to the test since March. His rule of thumb: Hold up the fabric to a bright light or to the sun. If “you can see the light outlining the individual fibers in the fabric, it’s probably not a good filter. And if you can’t, it’s probably going to filter better.” Thin T-shirt material didn’t do a great job in his testing, though “probably anything is better than nothing,” he says. Thicker, heavier-weight T-shirts would probably be better filters, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Layer your fabric:\u003c/strong> Cloth masks made from multiple layers seem to do a better job than single-layer ones, says \u003ca href=\"https://people.mst.edu/faculty/wangy3/index.html\">Yang Wang\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of environmental engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology who studies how fine particles like aerosols are transmitted and has been testing how various household items hold up as mask materials. A single-layer mask made from a 400-thread-count pillowcase had a filtration efficiency of around 10%, but if you bumped it up to four layers of cloth, the efficiency went up to around 20%. “It’s not ideal, but by using more layers, you can bump up the filtration efficiency,” Wang says — just make sure not to use so many layers that you can’t breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Adding+A+Nylon+Stocking+Layer+Could+Boost+Protection+From+Cloth+Masks%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Newsom Coronavirus Briefing Goes Deep On Testing; Calif. ‘Not Prepared’ to Open Up Yet",
"headTitle": "Newsom Coronavirus Briefing Goes Deep On Testing; Calif. ‘Not Prepared’ to Open Up Yet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">Gov. Gavin Newsom said today that at least 465,327 Californians have been tested for this coronavirus so far, but he acknowledged that the state’s testing capacity is still coming online and remains inadequate to lift a statewide stay-at-home order and other social distancing restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>We’re not prepared to do that today,” he said. “I very much look forward to making those announcements. And we won’t wait week-to-week to make those announcements. When we’re ready, we’ll make those announcements in real time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He used his daily noon coronavirus \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/GavinNewsom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">briefing\u003c/a> to take a deep dive into the state’s still lagging capacity to test people for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California can currently test around 16,000 people each day for the coronavirus, but Newsom said the state must be able to conduct far more tests than that — between 60,000 and 80,000 per day — before he’d begin talking about lifting the stay-at-home order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Testing Logjams\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">California lacks enough swabs and other vital supplies necessary to perform all the COVID-19 tests it requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said he spoke with President Donald Trump, who promised to send California a minimum of 100,000 swabs this week, followed by an additional 250,000 next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He said the third week to expect to see a substantial increase above the 250,000,” Newsom said. “That was a very good phone call.\u003ci>”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks, both Democratic and Republic governors have publicly \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/19/us/coronavirus-governors-trump-tests.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">chided\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the Trump administration for a slow rollout of tests and bristled at claims that the test supply was enough to move toward restarting the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Newsom also acknowledged another shortfall in California. The state has “struggled” to provide testing to communities spread out across the vast expanse of rural California and to people of color, who live in dense urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the issue “vexing and frustrating” and announced plans to open 86 centers to service people who are living in what he called “testing deserts.” COVID-19 has disproportionately affected African Americans and Latinos in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Training an “Army” of Contact Tracers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials and hospitals are also preparing to train what Newsom called an “army” of 10,000 “contact tracers,” who will play a vital role after the state is reopened in identifying, and following, any future coronavirus outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a major lift, albeit one health officials say is necessary. On April 10 — a mere two weeks ago — the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials sent a \u003ca href=\"https://www.astho.org/Federal-Government-Relations/Correspondence/ASTHO-Issues-Contact-Tracing-Memo-to-Congress/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">letter\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to Congress saying there are 2,200 contact tracers across the entire U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the state will launch an online academy to help train the contact tracers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an individual tests positive for COVID-19, contact tracers perform the labor-intensive work of calling all of the person’s friends, co-workers, relatives or even servers they may have interacted with at a restaurant to see if they are sick and recommend testing.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials say a larger, trained network of contact tracers will be absolutely vital after the statewide stay-at-home order is lifted. Without a vaccine or reliable therapy, officials say, the risk of a “second wave” of coronavirus infections remains a grave threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom also announced certain elective surgeries will begin again in hospitals statewide. Some individual hospitals — like UCSF — began performing limited surgeries recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said California will now resume procedures and preventative care services that were delayed because of the pandemic, including heart valve replacements, colonoscopies, angioplasty and tumor removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor’s announcement that all of California’s hospital systems now have the green light to perform these operations is the first easing of COVID-19 restrictions since they were put in place back in March. Also, he said that hospitalizations and the number of new people entering intensive care both dipped yesterday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said all of these signs point to state “flattening the curve,” but that he is using science and a ‘health-first’ framework to approach any modification of current stay-at-home orders.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">Gov. Gavin Newsom said today that at least 465,327 Californians have been tested for this coronavirus so far, but he acknowledged that the state’s testing capacity is still coming online and remains inadequate to lift a statewide stay-at-home order and other social distancing restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>We’re not prepared to do that today,” he said. “I very much look forward to making those announcements. And we won’t wait week-to-week to make those announcements. When we’re ready, we’ll make those announcements in real time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He used his daily noon coronavirus \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/GavinNewsom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">briefing\u003c/a> to take a deep dive into the state’s still lagging capacity to test people for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California can currently test around 16,000 people each day for the coronavirus, but Newsom said the state must be able to conduct far more tests than that — between 60,000 and 80,000 per day — before he’d begin talking about lifting the stay-at-home order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Testing Logjams\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">California lacks enough swabs and other vital supplies necessary to perform all the COVID-19 tests it requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said he spoke with President Donald Trump, who promised to send California a minimum of 100,000 swabs this week, followed by an additional 250,000 next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He said the third week to expect to see a substantial increase above the 250,000,” Newsom said. “That was a very good phone call.\u003ci>”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks, both Democratic and Republic governors have publicly \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/19/us/coronavirus-governors-trump-tests.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">chided\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the Trump administration for a slow rollout of tests and bristled at claims that the test supply was enough to move toward restarting the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Newsom also acknowledged another shortfall in California. The state has “struggled” to provide testing to communities spread out across the vast expanse of rural California and to people of color, who live in dense urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the issue “vexing and frustrating” and announced plans to open 86 centers to service people who are living in what he called “testing deserts.” COVID-19 has disproportionately affected African Americans and Latinos in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Training an “Army” of Contact Tracers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials and hospitals are also preparing to train what Newsom called an “army” of 10,000 “contact tracers,” who will play a vital role after the state is reopened in identifying, and following, any future coronavirus outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a major lift, albeit one health officials say is necessary. On April 10 — a mere two weeks ago — the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials sent a \u003ca href=\"https://www.astho.org/Federal-Government-Relations/Correspondence/ASTHO-Issues-Contact-Tracing-Memo-to-Congress/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">letter\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to Congress saying there are 2,200 contact tracers across the entire U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the state will launch an online academy to help train the contact tracers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an individual tests positive for COVID-19, contact tracers perform the labor-intensive work of calling all of the person’s friends, co-workers, relatives or even servers they may have interacted with at a restaurant to see if they are sick and recommend testing.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials say a larger, trained network of contact tracers will be absolutely vital after the statewide stay-at-home order is lifted. Without a vaccine or reliable therapy, officials say, the risk of a “second wave” of coronavirus infections remains a grave threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom also announced certain elective surgeries will begin again in hospitals statewide. Some individual hospitals — like UCSF — began performing limited surgeries recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said California will now resume procedures and preventative care services that were delayed because of the pandemic, including heart valve replacements, colonoscopies, angioplasty and tumor removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor’s announcement that all of California’s hospital systems now have the green light to perform these operations is the first easing of COVID-19 restrictions since they were put in place back in March. Also, he said that hospitalizations and the number of new people entering intensive care both dipped yesterday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said all of these signs point to state “flattening the curve,” but that he is using science and a ‘health-first’ framework to approach any modification of current stay-at-home orders.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
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