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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14496\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14496\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/polio_weve_been_here_before02_slide-a9b12bba3e1cd9b0185395ee73be9a628224dd30-s6-c30-1-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"Young girl with partial paralysis, caused by polio. (Courtesy Boston Children's Hospital)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young girl with partial paralysis, caused by polio. (Courtesy Boston Children's Hospital)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take a hard look at the picture. These are images we don't see in this country at all anymore. But until the polio vaccine came along in 1955, children and adults paralyzed from polio were fairly commonplace. (FDR, anyone?) Today, vaccines are now a victim of their own success. Because they've so successfully wiped out devastating childhood illnesses, people seem not to fear those illnesses anymore. Now we have parents who decide\u003cem> not\u003c/em> to have their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED News has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> this week, the number of parents in Marin County opting out of vaccines for their children is climbing. Last year, 7.8 percent of Marin parents opted out, 1 percentage point higher than the previous year. At present, California has one of the most lenient laws in the country to allow parents to decline vaccinating their kids: the \"personal belief exemption.\" It's a short statement that says vaccinations are against a parent's beliefs. (A new law amends this exemption somewhat; more on that below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday,\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201308220900\" target=\"_blank\"> KQED's Forum\u003c/a> took up the question of vaccines, and it was clear that many people remain confused on some key points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. What is\u003ca href=\"http://www.vaccines.gov/basics/protection\" target=\"_blank\"> herd immunity\u003c/a>?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This simply means that enough people are vaccinated against a contagious illness that most of the community is protected -- including those who cannot be vaccinated, such as newborn infants and people with compromised immune systems. And there are a lot of people with compromised immune systems, including pregnant women, people being treated for cancer, HIV/AIDS patients and more. The percentage of people who need to be vaccinated to create herd immunity for many childhood illnesses is high -- 90 percent, according to the federal government's \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Healthy People 2020 goals\u003c/a>. The National Network for Immunization Information \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizationinfo.org/issues/general/community-immunity\" target=\"_blank\">draws a striking contrast \u003c/a>between two outbreaks of measles. In 2003, an infected Japanese tourist arrived in the Marshall Islands, where vaccination rates were below 75 percent (i.e., below a herd immunity level). An epidemic ensued with more than 700 cases, 56 hospitalizations and three deaths. In the same year, there were two separate introductions of measles in Mexico. But vaccination rates were above 95 percent there. Only 41 people contracted measles as a result. Vaccination matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Does state law require kids to be vaccinated? And can I find out how many kids are not vaccinated at my child's school?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is \"yes\" to both questions. \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=120001-121000&file=120325-120380\" target=\"_blank\">State law\u003c/a> requires that children at all public and private schools be fully immunized before they start kindergarten. The California Department of Public Health sets the list of vaccines, but essentially follows national guidelines from the federal government and the American Academy of Pediatrics. A very small number of children cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons, and they are eligible for a \"personal medical exemption.\" But in California, the bigger problem has been the personal belief exemption, or PBE. This is the last school year that parents will be able to avoid vaccination for their children simply by signing a piece of paper saying they are opposed to vaccines. Starting in January, when \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">a new state law \u003c/a>goes into effect, parents will also need to provide a signed form from a health care provider who will have explained the benefits and risks of vaccines as well as the risks of communicable diseases. While it's plausible this law won't make a difference to the dedicated anti-vaccine crowd, it may well make a difference to people who have found conflicting or inaccurate information on the Internet or other sources (or parents who find it easier to drop off a signed statement instead of vaccinating their kids). The state of Washington passed a similar law in 2011 and their opt-out rate has dropped by almost 40 percent. Here in California, the state compiles data on vaccination rates for public and private schools statewide, and\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20California%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> you can look up \u003c/a>your own child's school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. I disagree with the vaccination schedule and have developed my own. Is this a problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices reviews the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6201a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine schedule\u003c/a> every year. What many people don't know is that there is some flexibility built into the schedule. For example, the third dose of the hepatitis B vaccine can be given between 6 and 18 months of age. The third dose of polio can be given between 4 and 18 months. If you adjust the schedule on your own, you are putting your child at risk of developing a serious illness that could have been avoided. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-child-immun-color-office.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">CDC information\u003c/a> allays concerns about vaccines overloading a child's immune system:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Every day, a healthy baby’s immune system successfully fights off millions of antigens—the parts of germs that cause the body’s immune system to go to work. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines contain only a tiny fraction of the antigens that babies encounter every day in their environment, even if they receive several vaccines on one day.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. If your child is vaccinated, why do you care if mine is not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While vaccines are highly effective, they are not 100 percent effective. This goes back to herd immunity described above. In order to protect the entire community, we need for as many people to be vaccinated as possible. Again, it's not just about protecting children. People who deny vaccinations to their children put pregnant women, cancer patients, AIDS patients and even healthy people at risk of disease. Here's just one example about one of the \"newer\" vaccines, against Haemophilus Influenzae type b, also known as Hib. Before 1985 -- before the vaccine -- Hib caused serious infections in children, including 12,000 cases of meningitis and 7,500 cases of pneumonia. \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizationinfo.org/parents/why-immunize#footnote7_9lc0rab\" target=\"_blank\">Compare that with 2002\u003c/a>, when there were just 34 cases of Hib disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. What about the link to autism? Or other problems from vaccines?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public confusion about a connection between vaccines and autism stems primarily from one major study. In 1998, the Lancet published a study from British researchers which implicated the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as increasing the risk of autism. There's just one problem: One of the researchers on that study, Dr. Andrew Wakefield, was investigated. Britain's General Medical Council \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/andrew-wakefield-the-panel-is-satisfied-that-your-conduct-was-irresponsible-and-dishonest/\" target=\"_blank\">concluded\u003c/a> his \"conduct was irresponsible and dishonest,\" and the study was later \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/03/health/research/03lancet.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">retracted\u003c/a>. But Wakefield's damage is hard to undo. The concern continues to circulate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for other side effects of vaccines, yes, they exist. Like everything else in life, vaccines, too, come with risks of adverse effects. The risks are small, but not zero. The CDC and the FDA \u003ca href=\"http://vaers.hhs.gov/index\" target=\"_blank\">co-sponsor a reporting system \u003c/a>to track vaccine side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, back to polio for a minute. If you really want to feel the fear of life before the polio vaccine, watch this excellent segment from RLTV's documentary \u003ca href=\"http://www.rl.tv/video/polio-revisited/\" target=\"_blank\">Polio Revisited\u003c/a>. It will break your heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cem>This post has been updated to clarify the role of the Lancet study in the public confusion around vaccines and autism.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Take a hard look at the picture. These are images we don't see in this country at all any more. But until the polio vaccine came along, children and adults paralyzed from polio were fairly commonplace. (FDR, anyone?) Today, vaccines are now a victim of their own success. Because they've so successfully wiped out devastating childhood illnesses, people seem not to fear those illnesses any more. Now we have parents who decide not to have their children vaccinated. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14496\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14496\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/polio_weve_been_here_before02_slide-a9b12bba3e1cd9b0185395ee73be9a628224dd30-s6-c30-1-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"Young girl with partial paralysis, caused by polio. (Courtesy Boston Children's Hospital)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young girl with partial paralysis, caused by polio. (Courtesy Boston Children's Hospital)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take a hard look at the picture. These are images we don't see in this country at all anymore. But until the polio vaccine came along in 1955, children and adults paralyzed from polio were fairly commonplace. (FDR, anyone?) Today, vaccines are now a victim of their own success. Because they've so successfully wiped out devastating childhood illnesses, people seem not to fear those illnesses anymore. Now we have parents who decide\u003cem> not\u003c/em> to have their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED News has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> this week, the number of parents in Marin County opting out of vaccines for their children is climbing. Last year, 7.8 percent of Marin parents opted out, 1 percentage point higher than the previous year. At present, California has one of the most lenient laws in the country to allow parents to decline vaccinating their kids: the \"personal belief exemption.\" It's a short statement that says vaccinations are against a parent's beliefs. (A new law amends this exemption somewhat; more on that below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday,\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201308220900\" target=\"_blank\"> KQED's Forum\u003c/a> took up the question of vaccines, and it was clear that many people remain confused on some key points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. What is\u003ca href=\"http://www.vaccines.gov/basics/protection\" target=\"_blank\"> herd immunity\u003c/a>?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This simply means that enough people are vaccinated against a contagious illness that most of the community is protected -- including those who cannot be vaccinated, such as newborn infants and people with compromised immune systems. And there are a lot of people with compromised immune systems, including pregnant women, people being treated for cancer, HIV/AIDS patients and more. The percentage of people who need to be vaccinated to create herd immunity for many childhood illnesses is high -- 90 percent, according to the federal government's \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Healthy People 2020 goals\u003c/a>. The National Network for Immunization Information \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizationinfo.org/issues/general/community-immunity\" target=\"_blank\">draws a striking contrast \u003c/a>between two outbreaks of measles. In 2003, an infected Japanese tourist arrived in the Marshall Islands, where vaccination rates were below 75 percent (i.e., below a herd immunity level). An epidemic ensued with more than 700 cases, 56 hospitalizations and three deaths. In the same year, there were two separate introductions of measles in Mexico. But vaccination rates were above 95 percent there. Only 41 people contracted measles as a result. Vaccination matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Does state law require kids to be vaccinated? And can I find out how many kids are not vaccinated at my child's school?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is \"yes\" to both questions. \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=120001-121000&file=120325-120380\" target=\"_blank\">State law\u003c/a> requires that children at all public and private schools be fully immunized before they start kindergarten. The California Department of Public Health sets the list of vaccines, but essentially follows national guidelines from the federal government and the American Academy of Pediatrics. A very small number of children cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons, and they are eligible for a \"personal medical exemption.\" But in California, the bigger problem has been the personal belief exemption, or PBE. This is the last school year that parents will be able to avoid vaccination for their children simply by signing a piece of paper saying they are opposed to vaccines. Starting in January, when \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">a new state law \u003c/a>goes into effect, parents will also need to provide a signed form from a health care provider who will have explained the benefits and risks of vaccines as well as the risks of communicable diseases. While it's plausible this law won't make a difference to the dedicated anti-vaccine crowd, it may well make a difference to people who have found conflicting or inaccurate information on the Internet or other sources (or parents who find it easier to drop off a signed statement instead of vaccinating their kids). The state of Washington passed a similar law in 2011 and their opt-out rate has dropped by almost 40 percent. Here in California, the state compiles data on vaccination rates for public and private schools statewide, and\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20California%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> you can look up \u003c/a>your own child's school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. I disagree with the vaccination schedule and have developed my own. Is this a problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices reviews the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6201a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine schedule\u003c/a> every year. What many people don't know is that there is some flexibility built into the schedule. For example, the third dose of the hepatitis B vaccine can be given between 6 and 18 months of age. The third dose of polio can be given between 4 and 18 months. If you adjust the schedule on your own, you are putting your child at risk of developing a serious illness that could have been avoided. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-child-immun-color-office.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">CDC information\u003c/a> allays concerns about vaccines overloading a child's immune system:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Every day, a healthy baby’s immune system successfully fights off millions of antigens—the parts of germs that cause the body’s immune system to go to work. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines contain only a tiny fraction of the antigens that babies encounter every day in their environment, even if they receive several vaccines on one day.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. If your child is vaccinated, why do you care if mine is not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While vaccines are highly effective, they are not 100 percent effective. This goes back to herd immunity described above. In order to protect the entire community, we need for as many people to be vaccinated as possible. Again, it's not just about protecting children. People who deny vaccinations to their children put pregnant women, cancer patients, AIDS patients and even healthy people at risk of disease. Here's just one example about one of the \"newer\" vaccines, against Haemophilus Influenzae type b, also known as Hib. Before 1985 -- before the vaccine -- Hib caused serious infections in children, including 12,000 cases of meningitis and 7,500 cases of pneumonia. \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizationinfo.org/parents/why-immunize#footnote7_9lc0rab\" target=\"_blank\">Compare that with 2002\u003c/a>, when there were just 34 cases of Hib disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. What about the link to autism? Or other problems from vaccines?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public confusion about a connection between vaccines and autism stems primarily from one major study. In 1998, the Lancet published a study from British researchers which implicated the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as increasing the risk of autism. There's just one problem: One of the researchers on that study, Dr. Andrew Wakefield, was investigated. Britain's General Medical Council \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/andrew-wakefield-the-panel-is-satisfied-that-your-conduct-was-irresponsible-and-dishonest/\" target=\"_blank\">concluded\u003c/a> his \"conduct was irresponsible and dishonest,\" and the study was later \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/03/health/research/03lancet.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">retracted\u003c/a>. But Wakefield's damage is hard to undo. The concern continues to circulate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for other side effects of vaccines, yes, they exist. Like everything else in life, vaccines, too, come with risks of adverse effects. The risks are small, but not zero. The CDC and the FDA \u003ca href=\"http://vaers.hhs.gov/index\" target=\"_blank\">co-sponsor a reporting system \u003c/a>to track vaccine side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, back to polio for a minute. If you really want to feel the fear of life before the polio vaccine, watch this excellent segment from RLTV's documentary \u003ca href=\"http://www.rl.tv/video/polio-revisited/\" target=\"_blank\">Polio Revisited\u003c/a>. It will break your heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cem>This post has been updated to clarify the role of the Lancet study in the public confusion around vaccines and autism.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Scientist to Politicians: It’s Time to Face the Facts",
"headTitle": "Climate Scientist to Politicians: It’s Time to Face the Facts | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-26-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As wildland fires continue to rage around Northern California, they’re charring the landscape, forcing evacuations and straining firefighting budgets, but extreme events like this may also be driving public opinion toward more action on climate change. And Anthony Barnosky hopes to catch that wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He heads the \u003ca title=\"UCB - Barnosky Lab\" href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/a-d-barnosky-publications.html\">Barnosky Lab\u003c/a> at the University of California Berkeley, which studies “global change.” He’s the author of \u003cem>Heatstroke\u003c/em> and two other books about the climate challenge (one forthcoming in the spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7523\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7523 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_5570-170x162.jpeg\" alt=\"IMG_5570\" width=\"170\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Barnosky studies the effects climate change will have on the environment at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">Recent polling\u003c/a> shows that Californians are not just taking climate change seriously, but two-out-of-three believe that they’re already seeing the impacts. Barnosky agrees — and he senses (if you’ll forgive the pun) a sea change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the general public has finally tipped over the hump,” Barnosky told me in a recent interview at KQED. “Over the past few years, we’ve been seeing and living climate change,” he said, referring to extreme weather events and encroaching seas. “We’ve seen water pouring into the New York subway system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky also cited the 24,000 wildfires so far this year in the western U.S., along with heat waves and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s experienced some climate change in the past few years,” he said. “What hasn’t happened yet is for that majority feeling, if you will, to percolate up to our political leaders. So I think we’re on the cusp of that being able to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s been happening in California. In May, Barnosky and more than 500 scientists joined Governor Brown in signing a “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">consensus statement\u003c/a>” affirming the climate crisis and calling for more action. And Brown continues to fret publicly about the lack of urgency in many quarters of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a complete disproportion between the knowledge about and the magnitude of climate change and what it’s gonna do to our way of life, and our response,” Brown told an audience at the July Intersolar conference in San Francisco. “The response is feeble compared to the challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus PDF\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Consensus-Statement-For-Web-6-02-13.pdf\">Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humanity’s Life Support Systems in the 21st Century\u003c/a>” (temporarily hosted by a related website at Stanford), written by Barnosky and 15 other scientists, is the centerpiece of a new push by scientists to advance the climate policy agenda and other sustainability issues. Since its May unveiling with the governor, the number of scientists endorsing it worldwide has about doubled, and it’s now \u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">open for anyone to sign\u003c/a> on.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re tired of talking just to other scientists.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s scientists trying to bridge that gap,” Barnosky explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"AGU - climate position\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/sci_pol/pdf/position_statements/AGU_Climate_Statement_new.pdf\">recent statement\u003c/a> from the 61,000-member American Geophysical Union amped up its position on climate change, saying flatly that, “humanity” is the major cause, and that ”rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Barnosky laments,”We’re tired of talking just to other scientists. Somehow the message has not made it out in a way that has resulted in meaningful action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossing the great divide from science to “activism” is a leap that many scientists just aren’t comfortable making and I was wondering how Barnosky reconciles that with projects like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is say, ‘Here is the sound science. Do with it what you will but know that this [increasingly severe climate impacts] is going to happen if you don’t act on it.’ So it’s all about making the conscious choice and knowing what the risks are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surveys suggest that Barnosky has his work cut out for him. A \u003ca title=\"Gallup - poll\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/161645/americans-concerns-global-warming-rise.aspx\">national Gallup poll\u003c/a> in March showed almost the mirror image of California, with nearly two-out-of-three respondents saying they didn’t see climate change as a threat in their lifetimes — about the same number as ten years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about a generation to change these things,” said Barnosky. “I would hope that we are on the cusp of that change, if we keep the pressure on, so to speak.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky says that “pressure” will include a major web presence and outreach through social media, starting this fall, and adds that while there is still time to act, “decision time is now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/162562526/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In California, polling shows that most people think climate change is already having an effect. But scientists are concerned that politicians are not acting fast enough. Now a UC Berkeley professor is urging other scientists to speak out. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-26-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As wildland fires continue to rage around Northern California, they’re charring the landscape, forcing evacuations and straining firefighting budgets, but extreme events like this may also be driving public opinion toward more action on climate change. And Anthony Barnosky hopes to catch that wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He heads the \u003ca title=\"UCB - Barnosky Lab\" href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/a-d-barnosky-publications.html\">Barnosky Lab\u003c/a> at the University of California Berkeley, which studies “global change.” He’s the author of \u003cem>Heatstroke\u003c/em> and two other books about the climate challenge (one forthcoming in the spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7523\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7523 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_5570-170x162.jpeg\" alt=\"IMG_5570\" width=\"170\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Barnosky studies the effects climate change will have on the environment at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">Recent polling\u003c/a> shows that Californians are not just taking climate change seriously, but two-out-of-three believe that they’re already seeing the impacts. Barnosky agrees — and he senses (if you’ll forgive the pun) a sea change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the general public has finally tipped over the hump,” Barnosky told me in a recent interview at KQED. “Over the past few years, we’ve been seeing and living climate change,” he said, referring to extreme weather events and encroaching seas. “We’ve seen water pouring into the New York subway system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky also cited the 24,000 wildfires so far this year in the western U.S., along with heat waves and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s experienced some climate change in the past few years,” he said. “What hasn’t happened yet is for that majority feeling, if you will, to percolate up to our political leaders. So I think we’re on the cusp of that being able to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s been happening in California. In May, Barnosky and more than 500 scientists joined Governor Brown in signing a “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">consensus statement\u003c/a>” affirming the climate crisis and calling for more action. And Brown continues to fret publicly about the lack of urgency in many quarters of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a complete disproportion between the knowledge about and the magnitude of climate change and what it’s gonna do to our way of life, and our response,” Brown told an audience at the July Intersolar conference in San Francisco. “The response is feeble compared to the challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus PDF\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Consensus-Statement-For-Web-6-02-13.pdf\">Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humanity’s Life Support Systems in the 21st Century\u003c/a>” (temporarily hosted by a related website at Stanford), written by Barnosky and 15 other scientists, is the centerpiece of a new push by scientists to advance the climate policy agenda and other sustainability issues. Since its May unveiling with the governor, the number of scientists endorsing it worldwide has about doubled, and it’s now \u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">open for anyone to sign\u003c/a> on.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re tired of talking just to other scientists.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s scientists trying to bridge that gap,” Barnosky explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"AGU - climate position\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/sci_pol/pdf/position_statements/AGU_Climate_Statement_new.pdf\">recent statement\u003c/a> from the 61,000-member American Geophysical Union amped up its position on climate change, saying flatly that, “humanity” is the major cause, and that ”rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Barnosky laments,”We’re tired of talking just to other scientists. Somehow the message has not made it out in a way that has resulted in meaningful action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossing the great divide from science to “activism” is a leap that many scientists just aren’t comfortable making and I was wondering how Barnosky reconciles that with projects like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is say, ‘Here is the sound science. Do with it what you will but know that this [increasingly severe climate impacts] is going to happen if you don’t act on it.’ So it’s all about making the conscious choice and knowing what the risks are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surveys suggest that Barnosky has his work cut out for him. A \u003ca title=\"Gallup - poll\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/161645/americans-concerns-global-warming-rise.aspx\">national Gallup poll\u003c/a> in March showed almost the mirror image of California, with nearly two-out-of-three respondents saying they didn’t see climate change as a threat in their lifetimes — about the same number as ten years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about a generation to change these things,” said Barnosky. “I would hope that we are on the cusp of that change, if we keep the pressure on, so to speak.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky says that “pressure” will include a major web presence and outreach through social media, starting this fall, and adds that while there is still time to act, “decision time is now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/162562526/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14405 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/Martha-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"Martha Rodriguez-Salazar of the Community Music Center leads the senior choir. (Lisa Aliferis/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Martha Rodriguez-Salazar leads the senior choir. (Lisa Aliferis/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: 5/22/14\u003c/strong> -- Community Music Choirs is a finalist for \u003ca href=\"https://impactchallenge.withgoogle.com/bayarea2014\" target=\"_blank\">Google's Bay Area Impact Challenge\u003c/a>. CMC has already been awarded $250,000 to continue rehearsals for the 12 choirs established in this study, detailed below. It will be awarded additional funds if it is \u003ca href=\"https://impactchallenge.withgoogle.com/bayarea2014\" target=\"_blank\">voted a finalist\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an auditorium tucked behind San Francisco's Mission Neighborhood Center, a new choir is rehearsing a collection of familiar Spanish songs. The 20 members of the choir didn't need to audition; no singing experience required here. Instead, they needed just one thing: to be age 60 or older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're part of an innovative\u003ca href=\"http://communityofvoices.org/home/\" target=\"_blank\"> study\u003c/a> spearheaded at UCSF and funded by the National Institutes of Health. Over the next four years, researchers will launch a dozen community choirs to see if singing in a choir can have an effect on healthy aging. It's a joint project of UCSF, the San Francisco Department of Aging and the San Francisco Community Music Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Researchers are interested in the quantifiable health benefits of singing in a choir. Right now, there are almost no hard data.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the choir rehearses \"Besame Mucho,\" 82-year-old Francisco Sanchez stands in the back row. Sanchez has suffered from depression and fights what he calls \"negative thinking.\" So when he saw a flyer in his apartment advertising the choir, he thought he'd give it a try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everyone, they are so kind, so nice, so I feel like I am in home,\" says Sanchez in accented English. He's originally from Guatemala, and has lived in the U.S. permanently since 1977.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez says he looks forward to Friday rehearsals. And after just a few weeks of participating, he's feeling better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The worse thing that happen to a person, especially older person, is depression,\" he says. \"And you feel important or something useful, depression is gone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right about now you might be wondering: Do we really need a study to show singing in a choir has health benefits? It's a question Julene Johnson fields frequently. Johnson, a cognitive neuroscientist at the UC San Francisco Institute for Health & Aging, is interested in the quantifiable health benefits of singing in a choir. Right now, there are almost no hard data. While the team will look at the somewhat predictable psychosocial benefits that Sanchez is already experiencing, they're interested in physical mobility and cognition, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So those three areas will be the primary things we focus on looking at. Will there be change after singing in a choir?\" Johnson explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides improvement in his mood, Sanchez has noticed some other changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's helped me with my breathing,\" he says, adding that he's had pneumonia five times. \"I know breathing is important. Here I am practicing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson and her team will launch a dozen choirs -- in English and Spanish -- in San Francisco over the next four years. They're recruiting a diverse group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very important to be able to design studies that are relevant to individuals of color. As you might imagine, singing in a choir comes from almost any culture,\" Johnson says. She's also excited about conducting a study outside the confines of the ivory tower of UCSF. \"I think there's lots of opportunities to do research studies in the community and involve community participants in particular that are more diverse and represent the communities in which we live,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also working to reach vulnerable seniors, people who might not get out too much. Bilingual choir director Martha Rodriguez-Salazar says some singers are quite timid at the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're very afraid of singing or afraid of making mistakes,\" she says, \"or thinking that they're too old to do anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the more she teaches them, Rodriguez-Salazar explains, how to stand in front of an audience or sing while holding up a binder of music, \"that really empowers them, gives them knowledge.\" Choir members rehearse for 90 minutes once a week. On a recent Friday, members were seated for the first half of rehearsal, but they stood for the second half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson is measuring health and well-being before participants begin in a choir, \"then look over time to see how those ratings of health and well-being might change over time with the choir.\" And all of this can build strength, Johnson says. People who have stronger lower-body strength may fall less, saving them from injury. And avoiding injury could save money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's this kind of data that could make a difference to senior centers relying on government funds, needing to prove their programs have make a difference. \"These days when they're cutting programs at senior centers left and right,\" Johnson says, \"those senior centers need additional evidence\" that they have cost-effective programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Francisco Sanchez says he's sold already. \"Breathing, discipline ... a lot of things, music is the best for all that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Community of Voices is\u003ca href=\"http://communityofvoices.org/home/join-the-study/\" target=\"_blank\"> enrolling now \u003c/a>for choirs in San Francisco's Bayview and Western Addition neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Ftracks%2F106721251\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14405 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/Martha-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"Martha Rodriguez-Salazar of the Community Music Center leads the senior choir. (Lisa Aliferis/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Martha Rodriguez-Salazar leads the senior choir. (Lisa Aliferis/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: 5/22/14\u003c/strong> -- Community Music Choirs is a finalist for \u003ca href=\"https://impactchallenge.withgoogle.com/bayarea2014\" target=\"_blank\">Google's Bay Area Impact Challenge\u003c/a>. CMC has already been awarded $250,000 to continue rehearsals for the 12 choirs established in this study, detailed below. It will be awarded additional funds if it is \u003ca href=\"https://impactchallenge.withgoogle.com/bayarea2014\" target=\"_blank\">voted a finalist\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an auditorium tucked behind San Francisco's Mission Neighborhood Center, a new choir is rehearsing a collection of familiar Spanish songs. The 20 members of the choir didn't need to audition; no singing experience required here. Instead, they needed just one thing: to be age 60 or older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're part of an innovative\u003ca href=\"http://communityofvoices.org/home/\" target=\"_blank\"> study\u003c/a> spearheaded at UCSF and funded by the National Institutes of Health. Over the next four years, researchers will launch a dozen community choirs to see if singing in a choir can have an effect on healthy aging. It's a joint project of UCSF, the San Francisco Department of Aging and the San Francisco Community Music Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Researchers are interested in the quantifiable health benefits of singing in a choir. Right now, there are almost no hard data.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the choir rehearses \"Besame Mucho,\" 82-year-old Francisco Sanchez stands in the back row. Sanchez has suffered from depression and fights what he calls \"negative thinking.\" So when he saw a flyer in his apartment advertising the choir, he thought he'd give it a try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everyone, they are so kind, so nice, so I feel like I am in home,\" says Sanchez in accented English. He's originally from Guatemala, and has lived in the U.S. permanently since 1977.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez says he looks forward to Friday rehearsals. And after just a few weeks of participating, he's feeling better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The worse thing that happen to a person, especially older person, is depression,\" he says. \"And you feel important or something useful, depression is gone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right about now you might be wondering: Do we really need a study to show singing in a choir has health benefits? It's a question Julene Johnson fields frequently. Johnson, a cognitive neuroscientist at the UC San Francisco Institute for Health & Aging, is interested in the quantifiable health benefits of singing in a choir. Right now, there are almost no hard data. While the team will look at the somewhat predictable psychosocial benefits that Sanchez is already experiencing, they're interested in physical mobility and cognition, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So those three areas will be the primary things we focus on looking at. Will there be change after singing in a choir?\" Johnson explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides improvement in his mood, Sanchez has noticed some other changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's helped me with my breathing,\" he says, adding that he's had pneumonia five times. \"I know breathing is important. Here I am practicing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson and her team will launch a dozen choirs -- in English and Spanish -- in San Francisco over the next four years. They're recruiting a diverse group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very important to be able to design studies that are relevant to individuals of color. As you might imagine, singing in a choir comes from almost any culture,\" Johnson says. She's also excited about conducting a study outside the confines of the ivory tower of UCSF. \"I think there's lots of opportunities to do research studies in the community and involve community participants in particular that are more diverse and represent the communities in which we live,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also working to reach vulnerable seniors, people who might not get out too much. Bilingual choir director Martha Rodriguez-Salazar says some singers are quite timid at the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're very afraid of singing or afraid of making mistakes,\" she says, \"or thinking that they're too old to do anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the more she teaches them, Rodriguez-Salazar explains, how to stand in front of an audience or sing while holding up a binder of music, \"that really empowers them, gives them knowledge.\" Choir members rehearse for 90 minutes once a week. On a recent Friday, members were seated for the first half of rehearsal, but they stood for the second half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson is measuring health and well-being before participants begin in a choir, \"then look over time to see how those ratings of health and well-being might change over time with the choir.\" And all of this can build strength, Johnson says. People who have stronger lower-body strength may fall less, saving them from injury. And avoiding injury could save money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's this kind of data that could make a difference to senior centers relying on government funds, needing to prove their programs have make a difference. \"These days when they're cutting programs at senior centers left and right,\" Johnson says, \"those senior centers need additional evidence\" that they have cost-effective programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Francisco Sanchez says he's sold already. \"Breathing, discipline ... a lot of things, music is the best for all that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Community of Voices is\u003ca href=\"http://communityofvoices.org/home/join-the-study/\" target=\"_blank\"> enrolling now \u003c/a>for choirs in San Francisco's Bayview and Western Addition neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Ftracks%2F106721251\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "5 Ways to Save Teen Athletes' Lives",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14376\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/11368371@N00/5787777369/in/photolist-9PrSyZ-9Psb4K-9Pvr37-9Ps5Tn-9PrXv4-9Pvgtj-9PuPt9-9Pvspo-9Ps2vZ-9PrPen-9PuN3j-9PrWfT-9PrS9x-9PuQfb-9PuNLw-9Pvqp1-9PvsRW-9PvnRE-9PvuDs-9PuSAb-9Pvmzo-9PsEXB-9Pv49E-9PsdxF-9PuSkh-9PvvxU-9Pvk7s-9Pvoi7-9PrMUr-9PsBqV-9Psfmr-9PvtNJ-9PuXA9-9PrNyx-9Pvp9f-9PsAcZ-9PvvUf-9PuPYo-9PrMiD-9PsExP-9PrTZR-9PvpWs-9Pvqyw-9PrM5e-9PuFT7-bWeJ31-8PHZ4D-8PHZyD-8PHXNz-8PM2oj-8PMaEh\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-14376 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/5787777369_35a609b41f_z.jpg\" alt=\"(bedlamonbalticavenue/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/5787777369_35a609b41f_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/5787777369_35a609b41f_z-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/5787777369_35a609b41f_z-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With high school sports starting up as summer winds down, new guidelines are designed to keep student athletes safe. (bedlamonbalticavenue/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Deborah Franklin,\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/08/14/212067372/a-safety-checklist-to-save-teen-athletes-lives\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the benefits of exercise and teamwork to the heart and head, high school athletes still lead the nation in athletics-related deaths. And it doesn't have to be that way, sports medicine specialists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many student deaths from head and neck injuries, heat stroke, sudden heart trouble and exertion-related sickle cell crises can be prevented, according to a scrum of leading sports doctors, athletic trainers, research physiologists and high school administrators who have endorsed a detailed set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nata.org/sites/default/files/preventing-sudden-death.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">guidelines\u003c/a> for keeping high school athletes safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Give student athletes several days to acclimatize at the start of every season.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"The idea was to create something that schools could almost use as a checklist,\" says Douglas Casa, who helped shape the consensus guidelines published in the August issue of the \u003cem>Journal of Athletic Training\u003c/em>. Casa, who led a similar effort to produce conditioning \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3396308/\">guidelines for college athletes\u003c/a> in 2012, is a sports physiologist at the University of Connecticut in Storrs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the key recommendations for high schools follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nata.org/node/645\">certified athletic trainer\u003c/a> available during games and practices.\u003c/strong> Roughly a third of public high schools and many private ones don't do that, Casa tells Shots, and it's a problem during emergencies. \"It's unbelievable,\" he says, \"that some of the same schools that insist on having a school nurse on hand to handle emergencies from 8 to 2 don't have a medical professional onsite to make key decisions after school when students are exerting themselves in the heat or under other extreme conditions.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Have an \u003ca href=\"http://www.redcross.org/prepare/location/workplace/easy-as-aed\">AED\u003c/a> (automated external defibrillator) within easy reach\u003c/strong> during practices and games to jump-start a heart that suddenly fails. \"Cardiac problems are becoming much more survivable, but the AED has to be out on the field with the athletic trainer and on the kid's chest within a minute after the heart stops to save a life,\" says. Running inside the school to pull the device from the hallway case isn't fast enough, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Have water freely available at all times, and give student athletes a tightly structured, several-day acclimatization period at the start of every season\u003c/strong> — especially in summer — with shorter, less intense practices that will help their bodies adjust to the big shifts in heat and exertion of a full game or regular practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Cool the victim of a heat stroke immediately, even before transport to the hospital.\u003c/strong>\"You've got to get their body temperature down to under 104 degrees within 30 minutes of collapse if you want to save somebody's life,\" Casa says. The guidelines recommend\u003ca href=\"http://ksi.uconn.edu/ksi/assets/File/CWI%20cooling%20guidelines.pdf\">immersion in ice cold water\u003c/a>. \"Every high school has ice and water, and the tank costs $150,\" Casa says. \"It's worth it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Recommend that all players, especially any \"performing intense physical activity,\" check with their doctor to see if they carry the sickle cell trait.\u003c/strong> All newborns in the U.S. these days are screened for the sickle cell gene, so the player's pediatrician may have the results on file. (Note that people with sickle cell disease inherit two copies of the gene responsible for the illness; those with one copy of the gene are said to have the sickle cell trait — a condition that is usually benign. Rarely, though, according to the American Society of Hematology, \"extreme conditions such as severe dehydration and high-intensity physical activity,\" can prompt serious health issues, including sudden death.) Casa's guidelines stop short of suggesting mandatory screening of all athletes for \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/traits.html\" target=\"_blank\">the trait\u003c/a>. The NCAA requires college athletes who want to play at the Division I or Division II level to have the test or sign a written release. As Shots \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/26/145923225/blood-doctors-call-foul-on-ncaas-screening-for-sickle-cell\" target=\"_blank\">described in a post\u003c/a> last year, the NCAA's mandatory testing of athletes for the sickle cell trait is controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Casa says it's important to alert anyone overseeing athletic activity that shortness of breath, muscle pain or cramping, low back pain and difficulty recovering from exercise could be signaling the rare but serious \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3627196\">exertional sickling crisis\u003c/a> (particularly at high altitudes, or during heat waves, or during the sport season's first days of heavy exertion). High schools that carefully follow the rules regarding hydration and gradual acclimatization can greatly minimize the chances of the problem developing, Casa says. \"No one who has the sickle cell trait should be denied participation in any sport,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For all the benefits of exercise and teamwork to the heart and head, high school athletes still lead the nation in athletics-related deaths. And it doesn't have to be that way, sports medicine specialists say.\r\n\r\nMany student deaths from head and neck injuries, heat stroke, sudden heart trouble and exertion-related sickle cell crises can be prevented, according to a scrum of leading sports doctors, athletic trainers, research physiologists and high school administrators who have endorsed a detailed set of guidelines for keeping high school athletes safe.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14376\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/11368371@N00/5787777369/in/photolist-9PrSyZ-9Psb4K-9Pvr37-9Ps5Tn-9PrXv4-9Pvgtj-9PuPt9-9Pvspo-9Ps2vZ-9PrPen-9PuN3j-9PrWfT-9PrS9x-9PuQfb-9PuNLw-9Pvqp1-9PvsRW-9PvnRE-9PvuDs-9PuSAb-9Pvmzo-9PsEXB-9Pv49E-9PsdxF-9PuSkh-9PvvxU-9Pvk7s-9Pvoi7-9PrMUr-9PsBqV-9Psfmr-9PvtNJ-9PuXA9-9PrNyx-9Pvp9f-9PsAcZ-9PvvUf-9PuPYo-9PrMiD-9PsExP-9PrTZR-9PvpWs-9Pvqyw-9PrM5e-9PuFT7-bWeJ31-8PHZ4D-8PHZyD-8PHXNz-8PM2oj-8PMaEh\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-14376 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/5787777369_35a609b41f_z.jpg\" alt=\"(bedlamonbalticavenue/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/5787777369_35a609b41f_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/5787777369_35a609b41f_z-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/5787777369_35a609b41f_z-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With high school sports starting up as summer winds down, new guidelines are designed to keep student athletes safe. (bedlamonbalticavenue/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Deborah Franklin,\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/08/14/212067372/a-safety-checklist-to-save-teen-athletes-lives\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the benefits of exercise and teamwork to the heart and head, high school athletes still lead the nation in athletics-related deaths. And it doesn't have to be that way, sports medicine specialists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many student deaths from head and neck injuries, heat stroke, sudden heart trouble and exertion-related sickle cell crises can be prevented, according to a scrum of leading sports doctors, athletic trainers, research physiologists and high school administrators who have endorsed a detailed set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nata.org/sites/default/files/preventing-sudden-death.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">guidelines\u003c/a> for keeping high school athletes safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Give student athletes several days to acclimatize at the start of every season.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"The idea was to create something that schools could almost use as a checklist,\" says Douglas Casa, who helped shape the consensus guidelines published in the August issue of the \u003cem>Journal of Athletic Training\u003c/em>. Casa, who led a similar effort to produce conditioning \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3396308/\">guidelines for college athletes\u003c/a> in 2012, is a sports physiologist at the University of Connecticut in Storrs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the key recommendations for high schools follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nata.org/node/645\">certified athletic trainer\u003c/a> available during games and practices.\u003c/strong> Roughly a third of public high schools and many private ones don't do that, Casa tells Shots, and it's a problem during emergencies. \"It's unbelievable,\" he says, \"that some of the same schools that insist on having a school nurse on hand to handle emergencies from 8 to 2 don't have a medical professional onsite to make key decisions after school when students are exerting themselves in the heat or under other extreme conditions.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Have an \u003ca href=\"http://www.redcross.org/prepare/location/workplace/easy-as-aed\">AED\u003c/a> (automated external defibrillator) within easy reach\u003c/strong> during practices and games to jump-start a heart that suddenly fails. \"Cardiac problems are becoming much more survivable, but the AED has to be out on the field with the athletic trainer and on the kid's chest within a minute after the heart stops to save a life,\" says. Running inside the school to pull the device from the hallway case isn't fast enough, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Have water freely available at all times, and give student athletes a tightly structured, several-day acclimatization period at the start of every season\u003c/strong> — especially in summer — with shorter, less intense practices that will help their bodies adjust to the big shifts in heat and exertion of a full game or regular practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Cool the victim of a heat stroke immediately, even before transport to the hospital.\u003c/strong>\"You've got to get their body temperature down to under 104 degrees within 30 minutes of collapse if you want to save somebody's life,\" Casa says. The guidelines recommend\u003ca href=\"http://ksi.uconn.edu/ksi/assets/File/CWI%20cooling%20guidelines.pdf\">immersion in ice cold water\u003c/a>. \"Every high school has ice and water, and the tank costs $150,\" Casa says. \"It's worth it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Recommend that all players, especially any \"performing intense physical activity,\" check with their doctor to see if they carry the sickle cell trait.\u003c/strong> All newborns in the U.S. these days are screened for the sickle cell gene, so the player's pediatrician may have the results on file. (Note that people with sickle cell disease inherit two copies of the gene responsible for the illness; those with one copy of the gene are said to have the sickle cell trait — a condition that is usually benign. Rarely, though, according to the American Society of Hematology, \"extreme conditions such as severe dehydration and high-intensity physical activity,\" can prompt serious health issues, including sudden death.) Casa's guidelines stop short of suggesting mandatory screening of all athletes for \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/traits.html\" target=\"_blank\">the trait\u003c/a>. The NCAA requires college athletes who want to play at the Division I or Division II level to have the test or sign a written release. As Shots \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/26/145923225/blood-doctors-call-foul-on-ncaas-screening-for-sickle-cell\" target=\"_blank\">described in a post\u003c/a> last year, the NCAA's mandatory testing of athletes for the sickle cell trait is controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Casa says it's important to alert anyone overseeing athletic activity that shortness of breath, muscle pain or cramping, low back pain and difficulty recovering from exercise could be signaling the rare but serious \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3627196\">exertional sickling crisis\u003c/a> (particularly at high altitudes, or during heat waves, or during the sport season's first days of heavy exertion). High schools that carefully follow the rules regarding hydration and gradual acclimatization can greatly minimize the chances of the problem developing, Casa says. \"No one who has the sickle cell trait should be denied participation in any sport,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rising Rates of Military Suicides Reveal Complex Effects of Service on Soldiers' Health",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7023\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 145px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-mask-145x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7023 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-mask-145x162.jpg\" alt=\"This mask was painted by a Marine during art therapy to cope with post-traumatic stress symptoms. (Official U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Andrew Johnston)\" width=\"145\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This mask was painted by a Marine during art therapy to cope with post-traumatic stress symptoms. (Official U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Andrew Johnston)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forty years ago last month, congressional authority to mandate military service expired. We’ve had an all-volunteer military ever since. With just a fraction of able-bodied Americans on active duty—1.4 million today, compared to \u003ca href=\"http://www.veteranshour.com/vietnam_war_statistics.htm\">9 million during the Vietnam era\u003c/a>—this generation of soldiers has \u003ca href=\"http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR145/RAND_RR145.pdf\">endured more and longer deployments\u003c/a> than any other generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Repeated deployments in Afghanistan and Iraq, studies suggest, have taken a toll on American service men and women. Several studies have found \u003ca href=\"http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/news/releases/20080306mhatv.cfm\">increased rates of post-traumatic stress\u003c/a>, depression and other mental health problems among troops who served multiple tours of duty. And suicide rates among those on active duty in the Army and Marines nearly doubled between 2005 and 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the wars, suicide rates among service members were 25 percent lower than rates among civilians, \u003ca href=\"http://onceawarrior.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Preventing-Suicides-in-US-Service-Members-and-Veterans.pdf\">attributable in part to universal access to health care\u003c/a>. But last year, the Defense Department recorded a record 349 suicides, an average of one a day. Because rates among those serving in the Air Force and Navy remained stable, some reasoned that repeated ground combat tours in Iraq and Afghanistan could be to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as \u003ca href=\"http://onceawarrior.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Preventing-Suicides-in-US-Service-Members-and-Veterans.pdf\">military psychiatrist Charles Hoge\u003c/a> pointed out in a commentary last year, no study had definitively linked factors related to deployment with suicide risk. Although suicide rates rose dramatically since 2001, suicide remains exceedingly rare compared to associated risk factors, making it difficult to assign causes. Hoge, a senior scientist at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, said the best way to study the question was to follow individuals over time, beyond their time of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracking Risk\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThat’s just what Hoge and his colleagues did in the largest study to investigate this disturbing trend. Their report, financed by the Defense Department and published last week in \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1724276#joi130038r2\">The Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/a>, is the first prospective study to look at suicides in the military. By following individuals over time, prospective studies can better determine how potential risk factors interact to affect a given outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers analyzed survey data on more than 150,000 active duty and retired service members from all branches as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.millenniumcohort.org/index.php\">Millennium Cohort Study\u003c/a>, designed to assess the long-term effects of military duty on health. Surprisingly, they found no evidence supporting the assumption that deployment factors—including length of deployment, number of deployments and combat duty—independently increases suicide risk. “Instead,” the authors wrote, “the risk factors associated with suicide in this military population are consistent with civilian populations, including male sex and mental disorders.” (Male civilians are four times more likely than females to take their own life, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml#KochanekNVSR\">National Institute of Mental Health\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-full-size.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7030 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-full-size.jpg\" alt=\"Several studies have found increased rates of post-traumatic stress, depression, and other mental health problems among troops who served repeated deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. (Image: Lance Page, truthout.org via Flickr)\" width=\"500\" height=\"446\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Several studies have found increased rates of post-traumatic stress, depression, and other mental health problems among troops who served repeated deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. (Image: Lance Page, truthout.org via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steep increase in diagnosed mental disorders among active duty service members since 2005 parallels the rising rates of suicide, the authors note. “This suggests that the increased rate of suicide in the military may largely be a product of an increased prevalence of mental disorders in this population, possibly resulting from indirect cumulative occupational stresses across both deployed and home-station environments over years of war.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increased prevalence of mental disorders could reflect pre-existing conditions or problems that resulted from the stress of military service, Hoge said in an interview. “Suicide rates have risen disproportionately in Army and Marine Corps personnel who have borne the brunt of ground combat operations. But the strain is felt even by those who haven’t deployed who may be coming into units for the first time and experiencing very rigorous training schedules preparing for deployment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Single Factor\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nData collection for the study ended in 2008, and so it’s possible, the authors acknowledge, that the cumulative strain of multiple, lengthy deployments wouldn’t have shown up until the later years. Even so, the study included the period that saw the steepest rise in suicides, between 2005 and 2008, and still failed to find specific deployment effects. And because the study links data between military service and post-military life, Hoge told me, it sheds light on the relative importance of risk factors during both phases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings align with several other studies that show similarly small or absent effects of deployment on suicide risk, says Craig J. Bryan, associate director of the National Center for Veterans Studies at the University of Utah. Bryan, who was not involved in the study, calls it “probably the most reliable study to date on this matter,” citing its “very large sample” and use of death by suicide as the primary outcome (rather than suicidal thoughts or attempts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan says the study does not suggest that deployments never contribute to suicides in the military. “Without a doubt, deployments are an important risk factor in some cases. But if we focus exclusively on deployments, we will miss the bigger picture of suicide risk in the military.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known for years that mental health problems are better predictors of suicide, Bryan adds. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml\">More than 90 percent of people\u003c/a> who take their own life suffer from a mental or substance-abuse disorder, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But being in the military is more stressful now than it was 15 years ago, even if you haven’t deployed,” says Bryan. “Many service members now live in a state of chronic stress, which increases their risk for mental health problems and suicide. Assuming that deployment is the only source of stress for military personnel, however, is a gross oversimplification that overlooks the realities of everyday life in the military.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan hopes this study helps people understand that general assumptions about suicide can be wrong. He and his colleagues just finished a study, not yet published, that flags suicide attempts before military service as the strongest predictor of risk after enlisting. The findings could reflect the fact that some people have difficult, chaotic, troubled childhoods that increase risk for suicide attempts at a young age, he says. Vulnerable individuals might join the military as an escape from difficult lives, as an attempt to “make something of myself” or because they feel they have no other choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s needed to prevent these tragic outcomes, Bryan says, is a timeline that maps all the possible trajectories between mental health, deployments and suicide. “We need to make sure we’re aiming at the right target,” he says. “Otherwise, we’ll continue to miss the mark.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Since 2005, the incidence of suicide deaths in the U.S. military began to sharply increase. A new study shows that the same factors that influence suicide risk in civilian populations--including mental health problems and substance abuse--appear to play more of a role in military suicides than combat duty. But experts say the issue is far more complex than any single factor.",
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"description": "Since 2005, the incidence of suicide deaths in the U.S. military began to sharply increase. A new study shows that the same factors that influence suicide risk in civilian populations--including mental health problems and substance abuse--appear to play more of a role in military suicides than combat duty. But experts say the issue is far more complex than any single factor.",
"title": "Rising Rates of Military Suicides Reveal Complex Effects of Service on Soldiers' Health | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7023\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 145px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-mask-145x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7023 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-mask-145x162.jpg\" alt=\"This mask was painted by a Marine during art therapy to cope with post-traumatic stress symptoms. (Official U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Andrew Johnston)\" width=\"145\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This mask was painted by a Marine during art therapy to cope with post-traumatic stress symptoms. (Official U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Andrew Johnston)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forty years ago last month, congressional authority to mandate military service expired. We’ve had an all-volunteer military ever since. With just a fraction of able-bodied Americans on active duty—1.4 million today, compared to \u003ca href=\"http://www.veteranshour.com/vietnam_war_statistics.htm\">9 million during the Vietnam era\u003c/a>—this generation of soldiers has \u003ca href=\"http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR145/RAND_RR145.pdf\">endured more and longer deployments\u003c/a> than any other generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Repeated deployments in Afghanistan and Iraq, studies suggest, have taken a toll on American service men and women. Several studies have found \u003ca href=\"http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/news/releases/20080306mhatv.cfm\">increased rates of post-traumatic stress\u003c/a>, depression and other mental health problems among troops who served multiple tours of duty. And suicide rates among those on active duty in the Army and Marines nearly doubled between 2005 and 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the wars, suicide rates among service members were 25 percent lower than rates among civilians, \u003ca href=\"http://onceawarrior.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Preventing-Suicides-in-US-Service-Members-and-Veterans.pdf\">attributable in part to universal access to health care\u003c/a>. But last year, the Defense Department recorded a record 349 suicides, an average of one a day. Because rates among those serving in the Air Force and Navy remained stable, some reasoned that repeated ground combat tours in Iraq and Afghanistan could be to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as \u003ca href=\"http://onceawarrior.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Preventing-Suicides-in-US-Service-Members-and-Veterans.pdf\">military psychiatrist Charles Hoge\u003c/a> pointed out in a commentary last year, no study had definitively linked factors related to deployment with suicide risk. Although suicide rates rose dramatically since 2001, suicide remains exceedingly rare compared to associated risk factors, making it difficult to assign causes. Hoge, a senior scientist at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, said the best way to study the question was to follow individuals over time, beyond their time of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracking Risk\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThat’s just what Hoge and his colleagues did in the largest study to investigate this disturbing trend. Their report, financed by the Defense Department and published last week in \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1724276#joi130038r2\">The Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/a>, is the first prospective study to look at suicides in the military. By following individuals over time, prospective studies can better determine how potential risk factors interact to affect a given outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers analyzed survey data on more than 150,000 active duty and retired service members from all branches as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.millenniumcohort.org/index.php\">Millennium Cohort Study\u003c/a>, designed to assess the long-term effects of military duty on health. Surprisingly, they found no evidence supporting the assumption that deployment factors—including length of deployment, number of deployments and combat duty—independently increases suicide risk. “Instead,” the authors wrote, “the risk factors associated with suicide in this military population are consistent with civilian populations, including male sex and mental disorders.” (Male civilians are four times more likely than females to take their own life, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml#KochanekNVSR\">National Institute of Mental Health\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-full-size.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7030 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-full-size.jpg\" alt=\"Several studies have found increased rates of post-traumatic stress, depression, and other mental health problems among troops who served repeated deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. (Image: Lance Page, truthout.org via Flickr)\" width=\"500\" height=\"446\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Several studies have found increased rates of post-traumatic stress, depression, and other mental health problems among troops who served repeated deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. (Image: Lance Page, truthout.org via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steep increase in diagnosed mental disorders among active duty service members since 2005 parallels the rising rates of suicide, the authors note. “This suggests that the increased rate of suicide in the military may largely be a product of an increased prevalence of mental disorders in this population, possibly resulting from indirect cumulative occupational stresses across both deployed and home-station environments over years of war.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increased prevalence of mental disorders could reflect pre-existing conditions or problems that resulted from the stress of military service, Hoge said in an interview. “Suicide rates have risen disproportionately in Army and Marine Corps personnel who have borne the brunt of ground combat operations. But the strain is felt even by those who haven’t deployed who may be coming into units for the first time and experiencing very rigorous training schedules preparing for deployment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Single Factor\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nData collection for the study ended in 2008, and so it’s possible, the authors acknowledge, that the cumulative strain of multiple, lengthy deployments wouldn’t have shown up until the later years. Even so, the study included the period that saw the steepest rise in suicides, between 2005 and 2008, and still failed to find specific deployment effects. And because the study links data between military service and post-military life, Hoge told me, it sheds light on the relative importance of risk factors during both phases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings align with several other studies that show similarly small or absent effects of deployment on suicide risk, says Craig J. Bryan, associate director of the National Center for Veterans Studies at the University of Utah. Bryan, who was not involved in the study, calls it “probably the most reliable study to date on this matter,” citing its “very large sample” and use of death by suicide as the primary outcome (rather than suicidal thoughts or attempts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan says the study does not suggest that deployments never contribute to suicides in the military. “Without a doubt, deployments are an important risk factor in some cases. But if we focus exclusively on deployments, we will miss the bigger picture of suicide risk in the military.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known for years that mental health problems are better predictors of suicide, Bryan adds. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml\">More than 90 percent of people\u003c/a> who take their own life suffer from a mental or substance-abuse disorder, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But being in the military is more stressful now than it was 15 years ago, even if you haven’t deployed,” says Bryan. “Many service members now live in a state of chronic stress, which increases their risk for mental health problems and suicide. Assuming that deployment is the only source of stress for military personnel, however, is a gross oversimplification that overlooks the realities of everyday life in the military.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan hopes this study helps people understand that general assumptions about suicide can be wrong. He and his colleagues just finished a study, not yet published, that flags suicide attempts before military service as the strongest predictor of risk after enlisting. The findings could reflect the fact that some people have difficult, chaotic, troubled childhoods that increase risk for suicide attempts at a young age, he says. Vulnerable individuals might join the military as an escape from difficult lives, as an attempt to “make something of myself” or because they feel they have no other choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s needed to prevent these tragic outcomes, Bryan says, is a timeline that maps all the possible trajectories between mental health, deployments and suicide. “We need to make sure we’re aiming at the right target,” he says. “Otherwise, we’ll continue to miss the mark.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Virus-Induced Type 2 Diabetes",
"headTitle": "Virus-Induced Type 2 Diabetes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/RSV.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6845\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6845\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/RSV.jpg\" alt=\"For at least one man, it looks like this virus, RSV, might have set off his type 2 diabetes. Electron micrograph image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For at least one man, it looks like this virus, RSV, might have set off his type 2 diabetes. Electron micrograph image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_syncytial_virus_01.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the most interesting findings in science happen on fishing exhibitions. No, I don’t mean going out on a boat (although lots of cool things have been found that way); I mean just gathering lots of data and seeing what you can find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something really interesting came out of just such a project from the lab of Dr. Mike Snyder at Stanford University. He set out to study himself in every way possible over a period of a few years. His lab looked at his DNA, how his DNA was being used, what sorts of things were in his blood, what his immune system was doing and lots more. His lab also then determined how these things changed over the course of the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most fascinating things to come out of this study so far was actually a bit of a lucky break (for science, not for Mike). Over the course of the experiment, Mike developed type 2 diabetes. And not only did we get to pretty much watch this happen in real time, but we also got to see that it might have been caused in a totally unexpected way—a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. To my knowledge, this is the first time the progression to type 2 diabetes has been seen to be caused by a virus and also seen in such detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the data:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/08/12/virus-induced-type-2-diabetes/msglucose2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6826\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MSglucose2.jpg\" alt=\"MSglucose2\" width=\"479\" height=\"265\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a lot going on here so let’s break it down. We are graphing Mike’s glucose levels over time and indicating when he developed viral infections and when he changed what he ate and how much he exercised (“lifestyle changes”). In addition, his HbA1c numbers are indicated at various times. This is a measure that gets at what his glucose levels were like over the previous three months (above 6 is trouble).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes when his or her fasting glucose levels get above 125 mg/dL (and a person is deemed prediabetic if his or her levels are between 100 and 125). As you can see, Mike’s glucose levels are a little high but he is not even prediabetic. He might be flirting with it around day 250 but then his glucose levels come back down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, around day 325, his glucose levels suddenly shoot up. He is now officially diabetic. His glucose levels continue to be high for a long period thereafter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sudden spike is not how most cases of type 2 diabetes are thought to happen. The usual line is that a person’s cells slowly become more resistant to insulin which makes that person’s pancreas slowly increase its insulin production. The patient’s cells need more and more insulin to get the job done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a while, the pancreas tires out and can’t keep up with the ever increasing amounts of insulin the cells demand. The result is that the patient’s glucose levels are less and less under control until type 2 diabetes develops. This is thought to be a slow, steady process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6850\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Glucometer.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6850\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6850\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Glucometer.jpg\" alt=\"All cases of type 2 diabetes might not happen in the same way. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"200\" height=\"353\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All cases of type 2 diabetes might not happen in the same way. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Device_to_check_for_diabetes_3.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike’s diabetes did not follow this path. Instead of slow and steady it appeared pretty suddenly, right after a severe cold caused by an RSV infection. It certainly looks as if the viral infection did something to his body that caused his pancreas to no longer be able to make enough insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab was also able to see some major changes in how his genes were being used and what was in his blood right after this infection, as his type 2 diabetes was developing. The major changes were in pathways responsible for regulating his insulin levels. Something happened that caused his insulin regulation to go completely out of whack which is probably behind his rising glucose levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At around day 380, Mike radically changed his diet and exercise to try to bring his glucose levels back under control. He cut out all sugars and began to bike regularly. As you can see, his glucose levels started dropping by day 430 or so and continued to drop until they returned to normal. His diabetes is now under control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t know why this worked so well in Mike’s case. It may have been so effective because he was able to catch his diabetes so early or maybe because of how his diabetes developed or for some other reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also don’t know how common it is for a virus to cause Type 2 diabetes. Most people have doctor’s appointments every few years (and some of us even less often!) and so they might miss a sudden spike like this in their glucose levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may also be that some people have a set of genes that makes them more likely to end up with type 2 diabetes from a viral infection. Or that some people have a set of genes that make them more likely to respond to lifestyle changes if their diabetes is caught early. Or…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Snyder lab is trying to get at these and many other questions by expanding the study from one to fifty participants. The study will focus on diabetes and there are still some openings available to participate in the program. If you are interested, contact Wenyu Zhou at wenyuz@stanford.edu\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study will not be an easy one to join. To even be considered, participants need to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Have family members that developed diabetes or have impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose >100 mg/dL)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2) Have a body mass index of 25 to 40 kg/m2, and be from age 35-65\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) NOT have major organ disease, active eating or psychiatric disorder, be pregnant or lactating, have heavy alcohol use, or use medications known to alter blood glucose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4) Be highly motivated, given the fact that the study is for at least a two-year period and asks for a strong commitment to give blood samples every three months plus more often when they are sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 97px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MikeSnyder.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6855\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6855\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MikeSnyder.jpg\" alt=\"His type 2 diabetes is our gain. Image of Dr. Mike Snyder courtesy of Department of Genetics, Stanford University\" width=\"97\" height=\"144\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">His type 2 diabetes is our gain. Image of Dr. Mike Snyder courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Department of Genetics\u003c/a>, Stanford University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you meet these criteria, then you will undergo a set of additional medical tests (like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003466.htm\">glucose tolerance\u003c/a> for instance). If you make it through these, then you can officially join the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the study, you can be involved in helping to better understand diabetes. Not only that but you will get your DNA sequenced and if you choose, you can learn what your DNA can tell you about your future health risks. (At this time you can’t get your DNA sequence but hopefully, at some point, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_review_board\">IRB \u003c/a>will lighten up on this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucky (?) for me, I meet all the criteria and so I joined the study last week. Let me tell you, they are not lying about the motivation! Not only do they take what seemed an awful lot of blood, but they are also looking at the microbiomes (the bacterial populations) of various parts of my body. That means stool and urine samples and swabs from behind my ear, up my nose and from the top of my tongue. Yes, it is invasive but worth it (at least to me).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love getting this constant stream of data and learning more about what my DNA says about me. I can also see what changes in my diet or exercise do to my glucose levels or if cinnamon actually helps control blood sugar and whatever else I can think of. Plus I get my DNA sequenced and get to help in gaining a better understanding of diabetes. Definitely a win-win for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this won’t be the last of these studies. Mike will continue to plumb the depths of what it is to be Mike Snyder and so will keep getting poked and prodded for years to come. Undoubtedly lots more interesting findings are in his and our futures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is really the start of the future of medicine. Through these studies we’ll learn what we need to test and how often based on a patient’s genetics and whatever else they find is important. This is just a baby step on the road to personalized medicine but at least we are on our way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some of the most interesting findings in science happen on fishing exhibitions. No, I don’t mean going out on a boat (although lots of cool things have been found that way); I mean just gathering lots of data and seeing what you can find.",
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"description": "Some of the most interesting findings in science happen on fishing exhibitions. No, I don’t mean going out on a boat (although lots of cool things have been found that way); I mean just gathering lots of data and seeing what you can find.",
"title": "Virus-Induced Type 2 Diabetes | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/RSV.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6845\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6845\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/RSV.jpg\" alt=\"For at least one man, it looks like this virus, RSV, might have set off his type 2 diabetes. Electron micrograph image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For at least one man, it looks like this virus, RSV, might have set off his type 2 diabetes. Electron micrograph image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_syncytial_virus_01.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the most interesting findings in science happen on fishing exhibitions. No, I don’t mean going out on a boat (although lots of cool things have been found that way); I mean just gathering lots of data and seeing what you can find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something really interesting came out of just such a project from the lab of Dr. Mike Snyder at Stanford University. He set out to study himself in every way possible over a period of a few years. His lab looked at his DNA, how his DNA was being used, what sorts of things were in his blood, what his immune system was doing and lots more. His lab also then determined how these things changed over the course of the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most fascinating things to come out of this study so far was actually a bit of a lucky break (for science, not for Mike). Over the course of the experiment, Mike developed type 2 diabetes. And not only did we get to pretty much watch this happen in real time, but we also got to see that it might have been caused in a totally unexpected way—a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. To my knowledge, this is the first time the progression to type 2 diabetes has been seen to be caused by a virus and also seen in such detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the data:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/08/12/virus-induced-type-2-diabetes/msglucose2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6826\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MSglucose2.jpg\" alt=\"MSglucose2\" width=\"479\" height=\"265\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a lot going on here so let’s break it down. We are graphing Mike’s glucose levels over time and indicating when he developed viral infections and when he changed what he ate and how much he exercised (“lifestyle changes”). In addition, his HbA1c numbers are indicated at various times. This is a measure that gets at what his glucose levels were like over the previous three months (above 6 is trouble).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes when his or her fasting glucose levels get above 125 mg/dL (and a person is deemed prediabetic if his or her levels are between 100 and 125). As you can see, Mike’s glucose levels are a little high but he is not even prediabetic. He might be flirting with it around day 250 but then his glucose levels come back down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, around day 325, his glucose levels suddenly shoot up. He is now officially diabetic. His glucose levels continue to be high for a long period thereafter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sudden spike is not how most cases of type 2 diabetes are thought to happen. The usual line is that a person’s cells slowly become more resistant to insulin which makes that person’s pancreas slowly increase its insulin production. The patient’s cells need more and more insulin to get the job done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a while, the pancreas tires out and can’t keep up with the ever increasing amounts of insulin the cells demand. The result is that the patient’s glucose levels are less and less under control until type 2 diabetes develops. This is thought to be a slow, steady process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6850\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Glucometer.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6850\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6850\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Glucometer.jpg\" alt=\"All cases of type 2 diabetes might not happen in the same way. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"200\" height=\"353\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All cases of type 2 diabetes might not happen in the same way. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Device_to_check_for_diabetes_3.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike’s diabetes did not follow this path. Instead of slow and steady it appeared pretty suddenly, right after a severe cold caused by an RSV infection. It certainly looks as if the viral infection did something to his body that caused his pancreas to no longer be able to make enough insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab was also able to see some major changes in how his genes were being used and what was in his blood right after this infection, as his type 2 diabetes was developing. The major changes were in pathways responsible for regulating his insulin levels. Something happened that caused his insulin regulation to go completely out of whack which is probably behind his rising glucose levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At around day 380, Mike radically changed his diet and exercise to try to bring his glucose levels back under control. He cut out all sugars and began to bike regularly. As you can see, his glucose levels started dropping by day 430 or so and continued to drop until they returned to normal. His diabetes is now under control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t know why this worked so well in Mike’s case. It may have been so effective because he was able to catch his diabetes so early or maybe because of how his diabetes developed or for some other reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also don’t know how common it is for a virus to cause Type 2 diabetes. Most people have doctor’s appointments every few years (and some of us even less often!) and so they might miss a sudden spike like this in their glucose levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may also be that some people have a set of genes that makes them more likely to end up with type 2 diabetes from a viral infection. Or that some people have a set of genes that make them more likely to respond to lifestyle changes if their diabetes is caught early. Or…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Snyder lab is trying to get at these and many other questions by expanding the study from one to fifty participants. The study will focus on diabetes and there are still some openings available to participate in the program. If you are interested, contact Wenyu Zhou at wenyuz@stanford.edu\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study will not be an easy one to join. To even be considered, participants need to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Have family members that developed diabetes or have impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose >100 mg/dL)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2) Have a body mass index of 25 to 40 kg/m2, and be from age 35-65\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) NOT have major organ disease, active eating or psychiatric disorder, be pregnant or lactating, have heavy alcohol use, or use medications known to alter blood glucose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4) Be highly motivated, given the fact that the study is for at least a two-year period and asks for a strong commitment to give blood samples every three months plus more often when they are sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 97px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MikeSnyder.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6855\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6855\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MikeSnyder.jpg\" alt=\"His type 2 diabetes is our gain. Image of Dr. Mike Snyder courtesy of Department of Genetics, Stanford University\" width=\"97\" height=\"144\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">His type 2 diabetes is our gain. Image of Dr. Mike Snyder courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Department of Genetics\u003c/a>, Stanford University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you meet these criteria, then you will undergo a set of additional medical tests (like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003466.htm\">glucose tolerance\u003c/a> for instance). If you make it through these, then you can officially join the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the study, you can be involved in helping to better understand diabetes. Not only that but you will get your DNA sequenced and if you choose, you can learn what your DNA can tell you about your future health risks. (At this time you can’t get your DNA sequence but hopefully, at some point, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_review_board\">IRB \u003c/a>will lighten up on this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucky (?) for me, I meet all the criteria and so I joined the study last week. Let me tell you, they are not lying about the motivation! Not only do they take what seemed an awful lot of blood, but they are also looking at the microbiomes (the bacterial populations) of various parts of my body. That means stool and urine samples and swabs from behind my ear, up my nose and from the top of my tongue. Yes, it is invasive but worth it (at least to me).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love getting this constant stream of data and learning more about what my DNA says about me. I can also see what changes in my diet or exercise do to my glucose levels or if cinnamon actually helps control blood sugar and whatever else I can think of. Plus I get my DNA sequenced and get to help in gaining a better understanding of diabetes. Definitely a win-win for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this won’t be the last of these studies. Mike will continue to plumb the depths of what it is to be Mike Snyder and so will keep getting poked and prodded for years to come. Undoubtedly lots more interesting findings are in his and our futures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is really the start of the future of medicine. Through these studies we’ll learn what we need to test and how often based on a patient’s genetics and whatever else they find is important. This is just a baby step on the road to personalized medicine but at least we are on our way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why Sleep Deprivation Makes You Crave Junk Food",
"title": "Why Sleep Deprivation Makes You Crave Junk Food",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/croppedburger-640x498.jpg\" alt=\"People who are sleep deprived had changes in the brain that led them to crave high-calorie foods, study suggests. (Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"498\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People who are sleep deprived had changes in the brain that led them to crave high-calorie foods, study suggests. (Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Science has been pretty strong on connecting sleep deprivation to weight gain. Now a new study from UC Berkeley shows one reason might lie in the brain and how it is affected by sleep deprivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130806/ncomms3259/full/ncomms3259.html\" target=\"_blank\">the study\u003c/a> was small -- 23 people -- it's certainly intriguing. The recruits were monitored for two individual nights, a week apart. On one night, they got a normal night's sleep (they slept 8.2 hours on average). On the other night, they were not allowed to sleep at all. After they had not slept, the study participants showed a much stronger preference for high-calorie foods, such as pizza and doughnuts, over more healthful choices like strawberries and carrots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, researchers, led by Matthew Walker, a UC Berkeley psychology professor, measured areas of the brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The preference for high-calorie foods among the sleep-deprived matched with greater activity in an area of the brain called the amygdala, which the authors say has been \"strongly implicated in governing the motivation to eat.\" At the same time, those who were sleep-deprived had \"significantly reduced activity\" in three areas of the brain that have to deal with decision-making.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, it's a double whammy: The sleep-deprived subjects wanted higher-calorie foods and had impaired rational decision-making to overcome those urges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This combination of altered brain activity and decision-making may help explain why people who sleep less also tend to be overweight or obese,\" said Walker in a release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, published Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications, researchers measured the desire for junk food by showing participants pictures of foods and having them rank their desire for each of the 80 foods they were shown. The difference in total calories of foods wanted in the sleep-deprived state vs. the rested state was about 600 calories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you're thinking those poor souls who had to stay up all night were probably hungrier, the researchers accounted for that, too. First, those who stayed up all night got a snack, intended to offset the amount of energy they would need to stay awake. In case you're curious, the snack consisted of: Goldfish crackers, Fig Newtons, Ritz peanut butter crackers and an apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps more importantly, the participants were asked to rate their hunger, and there was no difference between the two sessions, \"suggesting that the condition of sleep loss, rather than metabolic need or hunger, acts as a primary factor influencing the observed changes,\" the authors write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, as they say in science, more research is needed. Walker and his colleagues point to areas for further investigation. First, instead of showing subjects pictures of food, study participants could be allowed to eat what they want to see if high-calorie food would \"normalize the observed brain responses under sleep deprivation,\" they write. In addition, the 23 subjects in this study were young, healthy and lean. \"An important future challenge will be to examine whether similar alterations caused by sleep deprivation are expressed across a broader age and body mass range.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Science has been pretty strong on connecting sleep deprivation to weight gain. Now a new study from UC Berkeley shows one reason might lie in the brain and how it is affected by sleep deprivation.\r\n\r\nWhile the study was small -- 23 people -- it's certainly intriguing. The recruits were monitored for two individual nights, a week apart. On one night, they get a normal night's sleep (they slept 8.2 hours on average). ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/croppedburger-640x498.jpg\" alt=\"People who are sleep deprived had changes in the brain that led them to crave high-calorie foods, study suggests. (Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"498\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People who are sleep deprived had changes in the brain that led them to crave high-calorie foods, study suggests. (Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Science has been pretty strong on connecting sleep deprivation to weight gain. Now a new study from UC Berkeley shows one reason might lie in the brain and how it is affected by sleep deprivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130806/ncomms3259/full/ncomms3259.html\" target=\"_blank\">the study\u003c/a> was small -- 23 people -- it's certainly intriguing. The recruits were monitored for two individual nights, a week apart. On one night, they got a normal night's sleep (they slept 8.2 hours on average). On the other night, they were not allowed to sleep at all. After they had not slept, the study participants showed a much stronger preference for high-calorie foods, such as pizza and doughnuts, over more healthful choices like strawberries and carrots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, researchers, led by Matthew Walker, a UC Berkeley psychology professor, measured areas of the brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The preference for high-calorie foods among the sleep-deprived matched with greater activity in an area of the brain called the amygdala, which the authors say has been \"strongly implicated in governing the motivation to eat.\" At the same time, those who were sleep-deprived had \"significantly reduced activity\" in three areas of the brain that have to deal with decision-making.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, it's a double whammy: The sleep-deprived subjects wanted higher-calorie foods and had impaired rational decision-making to overcome those urges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This combination of altered brain activity and decision-making may help explain why people who sleep less also tend to be overweight or obese,\" said Walker in a release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, published Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications, researchers measured the desire for junk food by showing participants pictures of foods and having them rank their desire for each of the 80 foods they were shown. The difference in total calories of foods wanted in the sleep-deprived state vs. the rested state was about 600 calories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you're thinking those poor souls who had to stay up all night were probably hungrier, the researchers accounted for that, too. First, those who stayed up all night got a snack, intended to offset the amount of energy they would need to stay awake. In case you're curious, the snack consisted of: Goldfish crackers, Fig Newtons, Ritz peanut butter crackers and an apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps more importantly, the participants were asked to rate their hunger, and there was no difference between the two sessions, \"suggesting that the condition of sleep loss, rather than metabolic need or hunger, acts as a primary factor influencing the observed changes,\" the authors write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, as they say in science, more research is needed. Walker and his colleagues point to areas for further investigation. First, instead of showing subjects pictures of food, study participants could be allowed to eat what they want to see if high-calorie food would \"normalize the observed brain responses under sleep deprivation,\" they write. In addition, the 23 subjects in this study were young, healthy and lean. \"An important future challenge will be to examine whether similar alterations caused by sleep deprivation are expressed across a broader age and body mass range.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Yes, Even Pre-Schoolers at Risk of Obesity from Sugary Drinks",
"title": "Yes, Even Pre-Schoolers at Risk of Obesity from Sugary Drinks",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/30974104@N00/1430326746/in/photolist-3boNiY-8pAmUN-5LJ7Ea-6sgAAa-57h9rt-y6Axn-bmg4i8\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14140 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/koolaid-620x496.jpg\" alt=\"The pre-schoolers weren’t necessarily drinking soda. Kool-Aid also is a sugar-sweetened beverage. (Dimmerswitch/Flickr)\" width=\"620\" height=\"496\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pre-schoolers weren’t necessarily drinking soda. Kool-Aid also is a sugar-sweetened beverage. (Dimmerswitch/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adults have been studied; \u003ca href=\"http://www.pediatricsdigest.mobi/content/117/3/673.full\" target=\"_blank\">teens\u003c/a> have been studied; other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1203034\" target=\"_blank\">school-age children \u003c/a>have been studied. And the evidence shows pretty conclusively that sugar-sweetened beverages are linked to increased risk of obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one group has not been studied so much: pre-school aged kids. In a \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/07/31/peds.2013-0570d.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">major new study\u003c/a> released today in the journal Pediatrics, researchers found that, yes, sugar-sweetened beverages also put such very young children at greater risk for obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">About one in 10 children drank one or more servings of sugar-sweetened beverages daily.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Specifically, researchers followed 9,600 children (in other words, a really big sample) from birth to age 5. It's this kind of \"longitudinal\" approach that gives this study a great deal of research power. \"We were more interested in looking at children over a period of time,\" said lead author Mark DeBoer, in the department of pediatrics at the University of Virginia. He says they wanted to see whether those children who drank sugary drinks were more likely to gain an unhealthy amount of weight over those who didn't.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At ages 2, 4, and 5, parents of the children were interviewed in their home and asked about consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages -- defined as \"soda pop (for example, Coke, Pepsi or Mountain Dew), sports drinks (for example, Gatorade) or fruit drinks that are not 100% fruit juice (for example, Kool-Aid, Sunny Delight, Hi-C, Fruitopia, or Fruitworks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About one in ten of these 9,600 children drank one or more servings of sugar-sweetened beverages daily. Those children \"were more likely to gain weight between 2 and 4 years of age than those who didn't,\" says DeBoer. \"They were more likely to become obese over that time frame.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, as time went on, the worse it got. By the time the kids hit age 5, \"those who consistently drank sugar-sweetened beverages were the heaviest group,\" DeBoer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the researchers adjusted for variables including socioeconomic status, race, television viewing habits and more, they still found a \"clear linear relationship\" between the amount of sugary drinks consumed and the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.noo.org.uk/uploads/doc/vid_11601_A_simple_guide_to_classifying_BMI_in_children.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">BMI z score\u003c/a>,\" a special body mass index to assess weight in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, children who regularly drink sugar-sweetened beverages consumer 17 to 20 percent more calories. \"We also found it notable,\" the authors write, \"that children drinking > SSB serving daily were more likely than infrequent/nondrinkers to watch >2 hours of television daily.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors advise parents to give children only calorie-free drinks and milk to drink to help avoid excess weight gain. In an \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/07/31/peds.2013-1799.extract\" target=\"_blank\">accompanying editorial\u003c/a>, researchers from UC San Francisco and UC Berkeley call for policy changes to cut down on sugar-sweetened beverages in young children.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They note that more than 80 percent of U.S. school districts have policies prohibiting or limiting students' access to these drinks, there are few similar policies for pre-schools or childcare facilities. California, however, is a leader in this regard. In 2010, the California legislature passed \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_2051-2100/ab_2084_bill_20100930_chaptered.html\" target=\"_blank\">AB 2084\u003c/a> which requires child care facilities to make water available during the day and prohibits serving drinks with added sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are some of the most \"stringent regulations\" for child care facilities right now, UCSF's Anisha Patel noted, putting the issue on the national agenda. \"Hopefully it will spread across the country,\" she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patel and co-author Lorrene Ritchie also make a case for adding limits on sugar-sweetened beverages in the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.choosemyplate.gov/dietary-guidelines.html\" target=\"_blank\">dietary guidelines\u003c/a>. \"Provide concrete messages (i.e., limit your child's sugar drinks to no more than once a week) to help families\" clearly understand the message, they say. They also believe the federal guidelines should \"promote water as the first beverage of choice for thirst.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Adults have been studied; teens have been studied; other school-age children have been studied. And the evidence shows pretty conclusively that sugar-sweetened beverages are linked to increased risk of obesity.\r\n\r\nBut one group has not been studied so much: pre-school aged kids. In a major new study released today in the journal Pediatrics, researchers found that, yes, sugar-sweetened beverages also put such very young children at greater risk for obesity.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/30974104@N00/1430326746/in/photolist-3boNiY-8pAmUN-5LJ7Ea-6sgAAa-57h9rt-y6Axn-bmg4i8\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14140 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/koolaid-620x496.jpg\" alt=\"The pre-schoolers weren’t necessarily drinking soda. Kool-Aid also is a sugar-sweetened beverage. (Dimmerswitch/Flickr)\" width=\"620\" height=\"496\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pre-schoolers weren’t necessarily drinking soda. Kool-Aid also is a sugar-sweetened beverage. (Dimmerswitch/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adults have been studied; \u003ca href=\"http://www.pediatricsdigest.mobi/content/117/3/673.full\" target=\"_blank\">teens\u003c/a> have been studied; other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1203034\" target=\"_blank\">school-age children \u003c/a>have been studied. And the evidence shows pretty conclusively that sugar-sweetened beverages are linked to increased risk of obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one group has not been studied so much: pre-school aged kids. In a \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/07/31/peds.2013-0570d.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">major new study\u003c/a> released today in the journal Pediatrics, researchers found that, yes, sugar-sweetened beverages also put such very young children at greater risk for obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">About one in 10 children drank one or more servings of sugar-sweetened beverages daily.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Specifically, researchers followed 9,600 children (in other words, a really big sample) from birth to age 5. It's this kind of \"longitudinal\" approach that gives this study a great deal of research power. \"We were more interested in looking at children over a period of time,\" said lead author Mark DeBoer, in the department of pediatrics at the University of Virginia. He says they wanted to see whether those children who drank sugary drinks were more likely to gain an unhealthy amount of weight over those who didn't.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At ages 2, 4, and 5, parents of the children were interviewed in their home and asked about consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages -- defined as \"soda pop (for example, Coke, Pepsi or Mountain Dew), sports drinks (for example, Gatorade) or fruit drinks that are not 100% fruit juice (for example, Kool-Aid, Sunny Delight, Hi-C, Fruitopia, or Fruitworks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About one in ten of these 9,600 children drank one or more servings of sugar-sweetened beverages daily. Those children \"were more likely to gain weight between 2 and 4 years of age than those who didn't,\" says DeBoer. \"They were more likely to become obese over that time frame.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, as time went on, the worse it got. By the time the kids hit age 5, \"those who consistently drank sugar-sweetened beverages were the heaviest group,\" DeBoer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the researchers adjusted for variables including socioeconomic status, race, television viewing habits and more, they still found a \"clear linear relationship\" between the amount of sugary drinks consumed and the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.noo.org.uk/uploads/doc/vid_11601_A_simple_guide_to_classifying_BMI_in_children.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">BMI z score\u003c/a>,\" a special body mass index to assess weight in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, children who regularly drink sugar-sweetened beverages consumer 17 to 20 percent more calories. \"We also found it notable,\" the authors write, \"that children drinking > SSB serving daily were more likely than infrequent/nondrinkers to watch >2 hours of television daily.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors advise parents to give children only calorie-free drinks and milk to drink to help avoid excess weight gain. In an \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/07/31/peds.2013-1799.extract\" target=\"_blank\">accompanying editorial\u003c/a>, researchers from UC San Francisco and UC Berkeley call for policy changes to cut down on sugar-sweetened beverages in young children.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They note that more than 80 percent of U.S. school districts have policies prohibiting or limiting students' access to these drinks, there are few similar policies for pre-schools or childcare facilities. California, however, is a leader in this regard. In 2010, the California legislature passed \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_2051-2100/ab_2084_bill_20100930_chaptered.html\" target=\"_blank\">AB 2084\u003c/a> which requires child care facilities to make water available during the day and prohibits serving drinks with added sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are some of the most \"stringent regulations\" for child care facilities right now, UCSF's Anisha Patel noted, putting the issue on the national agenda. \"Hopefully it will spread across the country,\" she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patel and co-author Lorrene Ritchie also make a case for adding limits on sugar-sweetened beverages in the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.choosemyplate.gov/dietary-guidelines.html\" target=\"_blank\">dietary guidelines\u003c/a>. \"Provide concrete messages (i.e., limit your child's sugar drinks to no more than once a week) to help families\" clearly understand the message, they say. They also believe the federal guidelines should \"promote water as the first beverage of choice for thirst.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "When Treating ‘Stage Zero Breast Cancer,’ Can Less Be More? ",
"title": "When Treating ‘Stage Zero Breast Cancer,’ Can Less Be More? ",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>By Patti Neighmond and Richard Knox, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/08/05/208239545/when-treating-abnormal-breast-cells-sometimes-less-is-more\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14089\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14089\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/tonigreaves_npr-peggymacdonald-0068-3000_custom-b670792b14b188500fd97e8ce18ac89bef6425bb-s40-620x412.jpg\" alt=\"Peggy MacDonald of Portland, Ore., chose not to have surgery for DCIS.\" width=\"620\" height=\"412\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peggy MacDonald of Portland, Ore., chose not to have surgery for DCIS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Sally O'Neill's doctor told her she had an early form of cancer in one of her breasts, she didn't agonize about what she wanted to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 42-year-old mother of two young girls wanted a double mastectomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">In many cases it doesn't ever progress to invasive cancer, the type that can be life-threatening.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I decided at that moment that I wanted them both taken off,\" says O'Neill, who lives in a suburb of Boston. \"There wasn't a real lot of thought process to it. I always thought, 'If this happens to me, this is what I'm going to do.' Because I'm not taking any chances. I want the best possible outcome. I don't want to do a wait-and-see.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, 10 years later, O'Neill has no regrets about what most people would consider a radical decision. And as it turns out, she was at the leading edge of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/11/28/166064484/more-women-choose-double-mastectomy-but-study-says-many-dont-need-it\">trend\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Neill had \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page4\">ductal carcinoma in situ, or DCIS\u003c/a>. The number of women who get double mastectomies because of DCIS is small – around one in 16 women (see accompanying chart). But the rate has doubled in the past 10 years.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DCIS is an abnormality that most specialists call \"stage zero\" breast cancer – on a scale of 1 to 4. In many cases it doesn't ever progress to invasive cancer, the type that can be life-threatening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These women are in a very different position than actress Angelina Jolie,who recently chose to have a double mastectomy. She has a gene mutation that gives her a very high risk of breast cancer. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/11/28/166064484/more-women-choose-double-mastectomy-but-study-says-many-dont-need-it\">Research shows\u003c/a>\u003cdel>\u003c/del> many of the women choosing double mastectomy have the same diagnosis as O'Neill, not Jolie.\u003cdel>\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate over appropriate treatment for DCIS is part of an even bigger debate about what many specialists call the \"over\u003cdel>\u003c/del>diagnosis\" of cancer, especially cancers of the breast, prostate and thyroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means the discovery of growths that look like cancer, but are not destined to cause the patient a problem if they go untreated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Cancer Institute recently convened a group to look at overdiagnosis and overtreatment of cancer. \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>, the journal of the American Medical Association, last week \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/07/29/cutting-down-on-cancer-overdiagnosis-national-panel-weighs-in/\" target=\"_blank\">published a summary\u003c/a> of its conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overdiagnosis is a product of widespread screening programs that look for cancers before they cause symptoms, on the assumption that early treatment will invariably reduce the chance that a cancer will kill. There's growing evidence that's not necessarily true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Routine mammography and PSA screening for prostate cancer are thought to reveal many malignancies that wouldn't show up otherwise. And many doctors worry that a federal task force's new recommendation to increase\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/07/31/206693913/panel-urges-lung-cancer-screening-for-millions-of-americans\"> screening with CT scans to look for early lung cancer\u003c/a> will also lead to overdiagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stepping back further, the issues of cancer over\u003cdel>\u003c/del>diagnosis and overtreatment are part of an even bigger concern about unnecessary medical care. It's a problem NPR intends to explore in coming months as part of a series we're calling \"Less Is More.\" The series will focus on situations when less treatment may actually be better for patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DCIS is a touch point of the over\u003cdel>\u003c/del>diagnosis debate. Nearly 70,000 women are diagnosed with it each year. Before mammography screening, only about 3 percent of breast cancers were DCIS. Now the condition accounts for \u003ca href=\"http://www2.mdanderson.org/depts/oncolog/articles/10/1-jan/1-10-compass.html\">about a third\u003c/a> of all \"breast cancers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for those quote marks is that, while most cancer doctors view DCIS as a very early stage of breast cancer, a growing number say it really shouldn't be called \"cancer\" at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DCIS is an overgrowth of cells within the lining of a woman's milk ducts. Such growths are not dangerous unless and until they break through and invade other breast tissue and ultimately spread to lymph nodes and other organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many of these precancerous lesions are not going to go on to become cancer,\" says Dr. Laura Esserman, a breast cancer surgeon at the UC San Francisco. \"I don't think we should label it as cancer. I think we should call it a 'ductal lesion.' I think people would be much more willing to be calm about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll come back to Esserman's ideas about how woman and their doctors should address DCIS. But first, let's go back to Sally O'Neill; her case capsulizes the dilemma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14087\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-14087\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/breast-cancer-300.png\" alt=\"Treatment options by women diagnosed with DCIS. Source: Laura Esserman, UC San Francisco (Chart/NPR)\" width=\"300\" height=\"165\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Treatment options by women diagnosed with DCIS. Source: Laura Esserman, UC San Francisco (Chart/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her decision to have a double mastectomy, even though she had DCIS in only one breast, was so radical that the first surgeon she consulted refused to do it without a letter from a psychiatrist. \"His exact words were, 'You're cancer-phobic,'\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she found a different surgeon, Dr. Kevin Hughes at Massachusetts General Hospital. When it comes to treating DCIS, Hughes errs on the side of caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know what percent are not deadly, and we have no idea which patients do or do not have a deadly form of cancer,\" Hughes says. \"So as a surgeon I need to treat every cancer as if it might be deadly, because I don't know which ones are and which ones aren't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes does not advocate removing a healthy breast that doesn't have any DCIS. But he'll do it if he thinks a woman wants it for the right reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If they want to take the opposite breast off to never experience breast cancer again, that ... is a good reason to do it,\" Hughes says. \"If they are taking their opposite breast off so they will live longer, that's not a good reason to take the opposite breast off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a critical point. Many women – perhaps assuming all breast cancers are dangerous – may believe that removing the healthy breast after a diagnosis of DCIS improves their chances of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But DCIS is nearly 100 percent curable. Typically, the treatment is a small operation called \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/surgery/lumpectomy\">lumpectomy\u003c/a>, often but not always followed by radiation to the area. (About a quarter of women with DCIS have a single mastectomy, usually because the abnormal growth occupies too great a percentage of the breast to make lumpectomy feasible.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chance of DCIS later appearing in the opposite breast is not precisely known, but is thought to be well under 1 percent per year. And Hughes points out that if DCIS does appear in the second breast – or even if invasive cancer turns up –it would likely be highly curable, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We normally find it at a very early, very curable stage,\" Hughes says. \"We very seldom have patients die from cancer in the opposite breast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say concern about survival is not the only thing that's driving some women to seek a double mastectomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients may be distressed about the experience of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment and have a \"very strong aversion\" to going through it again, Seema Khan of Northwestern University writes in a \u003ca href=\"http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/16/2132.full.pdf\">commentary\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Clinical Oncology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever their reasons, some patients and some doctors are pushing back against what they consider too much treatment for DCIS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peggy MacDonald of Portland, Ore., is one of those patients. She was stunned after she recently got a diagnosis of DCIS and discovered that all the doctors she saw thought she should have surgery to remove it – right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Quite honestly,\" she says, \"I just didn't like the options being presented to me. It didn't ... make sense to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the surgeons recommended that MacDonald should remove her healthy breast, but all agreed she should have surgery. She was almost ready to give in when one of her sisters sent her an article quoting Esserman, the San Francisco breast surgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald made an appointment to see Esserman, and discovered a different approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She said, 'OK, I've looked at your MRI, I've looked at your mammograms, I've looked at your blood tests. Here's what I will tell you – this is not an emergency and you have options,'\" MacDonald says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Esserman stresses there's no need for women to rush into surgery after a DCIS diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think we all need to take a step back and not be so hysterical,\" Esserman says. \"When I see people who've been told they've got to make a decision within two weeks, that's just crazy! No one has shown a progression [from DCIS] to invasive cancer in a two-week period of time – ever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After seeing Esserman, MacDonald decided not to have surgery, at least for now. Instead, the doctor put her on \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/hormonal\">hormone suppression therapy\u003c/a>. McDonald now takes a drug that blocks estrogen. Because her DCIS cells are fueled by estrogen, the hope is that once they are starved of the hormone the cells will shrink and perhaps even disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald says she realizes she may end up needing surgery anyway, but if so she'll be clearer about the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's hoping her case will turn out like another of Esserman's patients, Barbara Mann. Mann took an estrogen-blocking medication as well, for six months. Today, an MRI scan and biopsy show no trace of DCIS in her breast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's amazing,\" Mann says. \"It's not even a case of less-is-more. This is a case of less-is-best. I am just hugely relieved, absolutely thrilled. And what I would really like is for every other woman in my position to know this is an option.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's an option that will require lifelong vigilance. Anyone who chooses not to have surgery will have to be watched carefully and have routine mammograms and maybe even MRI scans and biopsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And women who choose this alternate route must be willing to live with the risk, however tiny, that DCIS might return, and might turn into invasive cancer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "DCIS is a touch point of the overdiagnosis debate. Nearly 70,000 women are diagnosed with it each year. Before mammography screening, only about 3 percent of breast cancers were DCIS. Now the condition accounts for about a third of all \"breast cancers.\"\r\n\r\nThe reason for those quote marks is that, while most cancer doctors view DCIS as a very early stage of breast cancer, a growing number say it really shouldn't be called \"cancer\" at all.",
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"description": "DCIS is a touch point of the overdiagnosis debate. Nearly 70,000 women are diagnosed with it each year. Before mammography screening, only about 3 percent of breast cancers were DCIS. Now the condition accounts for about a third of all "breast cancers."\r\n\r\nThe reason for those quote marks is that, while most cancer doctors view DCIS as a very early stage of breast cancer, a growing number say it really shouldn't be called "cancer" at all.",
"title": "When Treating ‘Stage Zero Breast Cancer,’ Can Less Be More? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By Patti Neighmond and Richard Knox, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/08/05/208239545/when-treating-abnormal-breast-cells-sometimes-less-is-more\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14089\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14089\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/tonigreaves_npr-peggymacdonald-0068-3000_custom-b670792b14b188500fd97e8ce18ac89bef6425bb-s40-620x412.jpg\" alt=\"Peggy MacDonald of Portland, Ore., chose not to have surgery for DCIS.\" width=\"620\" height=\"412\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peggy MacDonald of Portland, Ore., chose not to have surgery for DCIS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Sally O'Neill's doctor told her she had an early form of cancer in one of her breasts, she didn't agonize about what she wanted to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 42-year-old mother of two young girls wanted a double mastectomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">In many cases it doesn't ever progress to invasive cancer, the type that can be life-threatening.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I decided at that moment that I wanted them both taken off,\" says O'Neill, who lives in a suburb of Boston. \"There wasn't a real lot of thought process to it. I always thought, 'If this happens to me, this is what I'm going to do.' Because I'm not taking any chances. I want the best possible outcome. I don't want to do a wait-and-see.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, 10 years later, O'Neill has no regrets about what most people would consider a radical decision. And as it turns out, she was at the leading edge of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/11/28/166064484/more-women-choose-double-mastectomy-but-study-says-many-dont-need-it\">trend\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Neill had \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page4\">ductal carcinoma in situ, or DCIS\u003c/a>. The number of women who get double mastectomies because of DCIS is small – around one in 16 women (see accompanying chart). But the rate has doubled in the past 10 years.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DCIS is an abnormality that most specialists call \"stage zero\" breast cancer – on a scale of 1 to 4. In many cases it doesn't ever progress to invasive cancer, the type that can be life-threatening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These women are in a very different position than actress Angelina Jolie,who recently chose to have a double mastectomy. She has a gene mutation that gives her a very high risk of breast cancer. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/11/28/166064484/more-women-choose-double-mastectomy-but-study-says-many-dont-need-it\">Research shows\u003c/a>\u003cdel>\u003c/del> many of the women choosing double mastectomy have the same diagnosis as O'Neill, not Jolie.\u003cdel>\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate over appropriate treatment for DCIS is part of an even bigger debate about what many specialists call the \"over\u003cdel>\u003c/del>diagnosis\" of cancer, especially cancers of the breast, prostate and thyroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means the discovery of growths that look like cancer, but are not destined to cause the patient a problem if they go untreated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Cancer Institute recently convened a group to look at overdiagnosis and overtreatment of cancer. \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>, the journal of the American Medical Association, last week \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/07/29/cutting-down-on-cancer-overdiagnosis-national-panel-weighs-in/\" target=\"_blank\">published a summary\u003c/a> of its conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overdiagnosis is a product of widespread screening programs that look for cancers before they cause symptoms, on the assumption that early treatment will invariably reduce the chance that a cancer will kill. There's growing evidence that's not necessarily true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Routine mammography and PSA screening for prostate cancer are thought to reveal many malignancies that wouldn't show up otherwise. And many doctors worry that a federal task force's new recommendation to increase\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/07/31/206693913/panel-urges-lung-cancer-screening-for-millions-of-americans\"> screening with CT scans to look for early lung cancer\u003c/a> will also lead to overdiagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stepping back further, the issues of cancer over\u003cdel>\u003c/del>diagnosis and overtreatment are part of an even bigger concern about unnecessary medical care. It's a problem NPR intends to explore in coming months as part of a series we're calling \"Less Is More.\" The series will focus on situations when less treatment may actually be better for patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DCIS is a touch point of the over\u003cdel>\u003c/del>diagnosis debate. Nearly 70,000 women are diagnosed with it each year. Before mammography screening, only about 3 percent of breast cancers were DCIS. Now the condition accounts for \u003ca href=\"http://www2.mdanderson.org/depts/oncolog/articles/10/1-jan/1-10-compass.html\">about a third\u003c/a> of all \"breast cancers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for those quote marks is that, while most cancer doctors view DCIS as a very early stage of breast cancer, a growing number say it really shouldn't be called \"cancer\" at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DCIS is an overgrowth of cells within the lining of a woman's milk ducts. Such growths are not dangerous unless and until they break through and invade other breast tissue and ultimately spread to lymph nodes and other organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many of these precancerous lesions are not going to go on to become cancer,\" says Dr. Laura Esserman, a breast cancer surgeon at the UC San Francisco. \"I don't think we should label it as cancer. I think we should call it a 'ductal lesion.' I think people would be much more willing to be calm about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll come back to Esserman's ideas about how woman and their doctors should address DCIS. But first, let's go back to Sally O'Neill; her case capsulizes the dilemma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14087\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-14087\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/breast-cancer-300.png\" alt=\"Treatment options by women diagnosed with DCIS. Source: Laura Esserman, UC San Francisco (Chart/NPR)\" width=\"300\" height=\"165\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Treatment options by women diagnosed with DCIS. Source: Laura Esserman, UC San Francisco (Chart/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her decision to have a double mastectomy, even though she had DCIS in only one breast, was so radical that the first surgeon she consulted refused to do it without a letter from a psychiatrist. \"His exact words were, 'You're cancer-phobic,'\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she found a different surgeon, Dr. Kevin Hughes at Massachusetts General Hospital. When it comes to treating DCIS, Hughes errs on the side of caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know what percent are not deadly, and we have no idea which patients do or do not have a deadly form of cancer,\" Hughes says. \"So as a surgeon I need to treat every cancer as if it might be deadly, because I don't know which ones are and which ones aren't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes does not advocate removing a healthy breast that doesn't have any DCIS. But he'll do it if he thinks a woman wants it for the right reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If they want to take the opposite breast off to never experience breast cancer again, that ... is a good reason to do it,\" Hughes says. \"If they are taking their opposite breast off so they will live longer, that's not a good reason to take the opposite breast off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a critical point. Many women – perhaps assuming all breast cancers are dangerous – may believe that removing the healthy breast after a diagnosis of DCIS improves their chances of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But DCIS is nearly 100 percent curable. Typically, the treatment is a small operation called \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/surgery/lumpectomy\">lumpectomy\u003c/a>, often but not always followed by radiation to the area. (About a quarter of women with DCIS have a single mastectomy, usually because the abnormal growth occupies too great a percentage of the breast to make lumpectomy feasible.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chance of DCIS later appearing in the opposite breast is not precisely known, but is thought to be well under 1 percent per year. And Hughes points out that if DCIS does appear in the second breast – or even if invasive cancer turns up –it would likely be highly curable, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We normally find it at a very early, very curable stage,\" Hughes says. \"We very seldom have patients die from cancer in the opposite breast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say concern about survival is not the only thing that's driving some women to seek a double mastectomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients may be distressed about the experience of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment and have a \"very strong aversion\" to going through it again, Seema Khan of Northwestern University writes in a \u003ca href=\"http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/16/2132.full.pdf\">commentary\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Clinical Oncology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever their reasons, some patients and some doctors are pushing back against what they consider too much treatment for DCIS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peggy MacDonald of Portland, Ore., is one of those patients. She was stunned after she recently got a diagnosis of DCIS and discovered that all the doctors she saw thought she should have surgery to remove it – right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Quite honestly,\" she says, \"I just didn't like the options being presented to me. It didn't ... make sense to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the surgeons recommended that MacDonald should remove her healthy breast, but all agreed she should have surgery. She was almost ready to give in when one of her sisters sent her an article quoting Esserman, the San Francisco breast surgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald made an appointment to see Esserman, and discovered a different approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She said, 'OK, I've looked at your MRI, I've looked at your mammograms, I've looked at your blood tests. Here's what I will tell you – this is not an emergency and you have options,'\" MacDonald says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Esserman stresses there's no need for women to rush into surgery after a DCIS diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think we all need to take a step back and not be so hysterical,\" Esserman says. \"When I see people who've been told they've got to make a decision within two weeks, that's just crazy! No one has shown a progression [from DCIS] to invasive cancer in a two-week period of time – ever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After seeing Esserman, MacDonald decided not to have surgery, at least for now. Instead, the doctor put her on \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/hormonal\">hormone suppression therapy\u003c/a>. McDonald now takes a drug that blocks estrogen. Because her DCIS cells are fueled by estrogen, the hope is that once they are starved of the hormone the cells will shrink and perhaps even disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald says she realizes she may end up needing surgery anyway, but if so she'll be clearer about the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's hoping her case will turn out like another of Esserman's patients, Barbara Mann. Mann took an estrogen-blocking medication as well, for six months. Today, an MRI scan and biopsy show no trace of DCIS in her breast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's amazing,\" Mann says. \"It's not even a case of less-is-more. This is a case of less-is-best. I am just hugely relieved, absolutely thrilled. And what I would really like is for every other woman in my position to know this is an option.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's an option that will require lifelong vigilance. Anyone who chooses not to have surgery will have to be watched carefully and have routine mammograms and maybe even MRI scans and biopsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And women who choose this alternate route must be willing to live with the risk, however tiny, that DCIS might return, and might turn into invasive cancer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In the Experience of Doubt, a Possible Cure for Alcoholism",
"headTitle": "In the Experience of Doubt, a Possible Cure for Alcoholism | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-05-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-6616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/92373620-e1375477877298-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"92373620\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many alcoholics, drinking is a compulsion. They know it’s ruining their lives, and yet they continue to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study out this month in the print version of \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">suggests\u003c/a> that this phenomenon — the internal struggle against one’s better angels — may contain the seeds of a new treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper reminded me of a man I met a few years ago, when I was working on \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-search-for-alcoholisms-miracle-drug/\">another story\u003c/a> about scientific research into alcoholism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Joe at an alcohol treatment center at the San Francisco VA Medical Center where he had come to dry out. Joe was 71 when we spoke, but he remembered his first drink — a ginger and seven, he told me — and the “warm feeling” it gave him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe’s drinking became chronic. It got so bad that it scared his wife, he said. Especially when he started having blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just don’t remember,” he said, “and then you get told what you did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like what?” I asked him. The question seemed to bother him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things I don’t really even want to mention,” he answered. “Ok?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was obvious there were huge consequences to Joe’s drinking. And yet he kept doing it. For scientists who study alcoholism and other addictions, this is really interesting behavior. It’s the ability to recognize something is a bad idea, but to do it anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Something switches where our immensely capable brain is still immensely capable, but we’re just not in the driver’s seat anymore,” says Woody Hopf, a co-author on the paper and a scientist at the Gallo Center, a research institution affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says that – in addicts, and perhaps other people, though it’s too soon to say — the act of overriding our better judgment can be traced to a specific set of places in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are certain areas that mostly are there to tell you, ok there’s something bad, get away. But they have been co-opted to do exactly the opposite. Normally they’d help you avoid what’s bad; here they’re helping you rush right into what’s bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas seem to be most active in a certain type of addict: one who feels conflicted about his or her drug use, but feels a compulsion to keep using. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all drug seeking is the same,” says Nasir Naqvi, a researcher at Columbia University Medical Center who is unaffiliated with the study, but whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5811/531.abstract\">earlier work\u003c/a> on the the neural pathways at work in addicts who feel conflicted about their drug use inspired the Gallo team. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drug seeking under risk is different from drug seeking without risk in terms of the specific brain systems involved,” says Naqvi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question facing Hopf and others was this: Now that they knew where these parts of the brain are, how could they stop them from being co-opted? In other words, could you take someone who is making bad decisions about drinking alcohol and essentially get them to make good decisions instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they started with rats. And in this month’s \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">paper\u003c/a>, they say they’ve been able to do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to lead author and Gallo scientist Taban Seif, “the experiments in this study may provide the first direct evidence of a novel direct pathway that mediates compulsive alcohol intake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Hopf to start from the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you make an alcoholic rat? I asked him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rats actually do it themselves,” Hopf says. “We give them [something like] a vodka on the rocks. Rats like to drink. Monkeys like intoxication, elephants, horses. Part of our brain is in search of the perpetual buzz. Hedonism is cross species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liking alcohol isn’t enough. To create a rat that will drink compulsively, you have to do something else: You have to give them alcohol, and then take it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every other day,” Hopf explains, “they get access to drinking for an overnight session.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says this kind of binge drinking is particularly insidious, both in rats and in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You learn ‘I’d better drink now because now I have the opportunity,’” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about a month of this, the researchers take another step: They add quinine to the alcohol to give it a bitter taste. Later, they deliver a small electric shock to the rats whenever the animals take a sip of alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea, says Hopf, is to make it so that drinking comes with a conflict, to associate bad consequences with alcohol in a way that’s analogous to a person who continues to drink, even though it’s causing problems in his or her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month of the binge drinking, the rats continue to drink, despite the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, says Hopf, “they have biochemical, molecular changes in their brain. A whole different brain circuit is involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was changing that brain circuit. And this is where a recent technology called \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, developed nearby at Stanford University, comes in. It lets researches turn brain cells off and on remotely, using a beam of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can shine light into these connections and specifically turn off just a few of the many thousands of wires of the brain,” says Hopf. “That’s sufficient to dramatically reduce their compulsive drinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly, the rats drink alcohol when it tastes good, and stop drinking when it tastes and feels bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is new, and very exciting, about this finding,” says Columbia’s Nasir Naqvi, “is that it uses very elegant, state of the art techniques to prove this hypothesis to a pretty good level certainty, which you can only do in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s no conflict with the alcohol,” says Hopf, the rats are “still happy to drink it. It’s just that period where if you add a conflict to it — when you’re modeling that compulsive aspect which is so potent in driving relapse in humans — now we can sever that connection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t do this in humans, at least not yet. Optogenetics is still a research tool, used in rats and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what excites Seif, Hopf, and others is that there are existing drugs, currently used in other mental disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease, that – again, in rats – seem to affect the same part of the brain in similar ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s great for us is that we have FDA-approved drugs that will block the action of those excitatory molecules,” says Hopf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in order for them to work the key will be doubt — what Seif describes as the act of “facing a negative outcome to your drinking,” or, simply “caring enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be in conflict about your addiction,” says Hopf. “Because if you’re not in conflict you don’t recruit these cortical areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the drug would be targeting a part of the brain that isn’t really active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials on humans can take about five years. The team hopes to get started soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In some alcoholics, the act of overriding one's better judgment to have another drink can be traced to a specific network in the brain. The question is, can you make it do something else?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-05-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-6616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/92373620-e1375477877298-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"92373620\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many alcoholics, drinking is a compulsion. They know it’s ruining their lives, and yet they continue to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study out this month in the print version of \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">suggests\u003c/a> that this phenomenon — the internal struggle against one’s better angels — may contain the seeds of a new treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper reminded me of a man I met a few years ago, when I was working on \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-search-for-alcoholisms-miracle-drug/\">another story\u003c/a> about scientific research into alcoholism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Joe at an alcohol treatment center at the San Francisco VA Medical Center where he had come to dry out. Joe was 71 when we spoke, but he remembered his first drink — a ginger and seven, he told me — and the “warm feeling” it gave him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe’s drinking became chronic. It got so bad that it scared his wife, he said. Especially when he started having blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just don’t remember,” he said, “and then you get told what you did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like what?” I asked him. The question seemed to bother him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things I don’t really even want to mention,” he answered. “Ok?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was obvious there were huge consequences to Joe’s drinking. And yet he kept doing it. For scientists who study alcoholism and other addictions, this is really interesting behavior. It’s the ability to recognize something is a bad idea, but to do it anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Something switches where our immensely capable brain is still immensely capable, but we’re just not in the driver’s seat anymore,” says Woody Hopf, a co-author on the paper and a scientist at the Gallo Center, a research institution affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says that – in addicts, and perhaps other people, though it’s too soon to say — the act of overriding our better judgment can be traced to a specific set of places in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are certain areas that mostly are there to tell you, ok there’s something bad, get away. But they have been co-opted to do exactly the opposite. Normally they’d help you avoid what’s bad; here they’re helping you rush right into what’s bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas seem to be most active in a certain type of addict: one who feels conflicted about his or her drug use, but feels a compulsion to keep using. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all drug seeking is the same,” says Nasir Naqvi, a researcher at Columbia University Medical Center who is unaffiliated with the study, but whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5811/531.abstract\">earlier work\u003c/a> on the the neural pathways at work in addicts who feel conflicted about their drug use inspired the Gallo team. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drug seeking under risk is different from drug seeking without risk in terms of the specific brain systems involved,” says Naqvi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question facing Hopf and others was this: Now that they knew where these parts of the brain are, how could they stop them from being co-opted? In other words, could you take someone who is making bad decisions about drinking alcohol and essentially get them to make good decisions instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they started with rats. And in this month’s \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">paper\u003c/a>, they say they’ve been able to do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to lead author and Gallo scientist Taban Seif, “the experiments in this study may provide the first direct evidence of a novel direct pathway that mediates compulsive alcohol intake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Hopf to start from the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you make an alcoholic rat? I asked him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rats actually do it themselves,” Hopf says. “We give them [something like] a vodka on the rocks. Rats like to drink. Monkeys like intoxication, elephants, horses. Part of our brain is in search of the perpetual buzz. Hedonism is cross species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liking alcohol isn’t enough. To create a rat that will drink compulsively, you have to do something else: You have to give them alcohol, and then take it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every other day,” Hopf explains, “they get access to drinking for an overnight session.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says this kind of binge drinking is particularly insidious, both in rats and in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You learn ‘I’d better drink now because now I have the opportunity,’” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about a month of this, the researchers take another step: They add quinine to the alcohol to give it a bitter taste. Later, they deliver a small electric shock to the rats whenever the animals take a sip of alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea, says Hopf, is to make it so that drinking comes with a conflict, to associate bad consequences with alcohol in a way that’s analogous to a person who continues to drink, even though it’s causing problems in his or her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month of the binge drinking, the rats continue to drink, despite the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, says Hopf, “they have biochemical, molecular changes in their brain. A whole different brain circuit is involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was changing that brain circuit. And this is where a recent technology called \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, developed nearby at Stanford University, comes in. It lets researches turn brain cells off and on remotely, using a beam of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can shine light into these connections and specifically turn off just a few of the many thousands of wires of the brain,” says Hopf. “That’s sufficient to dramatically reduce their compulsive drinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly, the rats drink alcohol when it tastes good, and stop drinking when it tastes and feels bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is new, and very exciting, about this finding,” says Columbia’s Nasir Naqvi, “is that it uses very elegant, state of the art techniques to prove this hypothesis to a pretty good level certainty, which you can only do in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s no conflict with the alcohol,” says Hopf, the rats are “still happy to drink it. It’s just that period where if you add a conflict to it — when you’re modeling that compulsive aspect which is so potent in driving relapse in humans — now we can sever that connection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t do this in humans, at least not yet. Optogenetics is still a research tool, used in rats and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what excites Seif, Hopf, and others is that there are existing drugs, currently used in other mental disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease, that – again, in rats – seem to affect the same part of the brain in similar ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s great for us is that we have FDA-approved drugs that will block the action of those excitatory molecules,” says Hopf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in order for them to work the key will be doubt — what Seif describes as the act of “facing a negative outcome to your drinking,” or, simply “caring enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be in conflict about your addiction,” says Hopf. “Because if you’re not in conflict you don’t recruit these cortical areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the drug would be targeting a part of the brain that isn’t really active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials on humans can take about five years. The team hopes to get started soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "More California Moms Are Breast-Feeding Their Babies",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14016\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/78744816-620x412.jpg\" alt=\"California has 2nd highest rate of breast-feeding in the country. (Getty Images)\" width=\"620\" height=\"412\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California has 2nd highest rate of breast-feeding in the country. (Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across the country, nearly 77 percent of mothers are breast-feeding their newborns, and nearly half are still at it when babies are six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2013BreastfeedingReportCard.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">numbers\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control were collected in 2010, and they reflect an increase in breast-feeding since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California moms are doing even better. More than 90 percent of mothers in the state have \"ever breast-fed\" their babies and 71 percent are still nursing at 6 months. (We're #2 to Idaho which just nudged California moms out on the stats.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast-feeding has health benefits to babies, says Dr. Tom Frieden, CDC director, including lower risks of ear and gastrointestinal infections, diabetes and obesity. Plus mothers who breast-feed can reduce their own risk of breast and ovarian cancers.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics\u003ca href=\"http://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/AAP-Reaffirms-Breastfeeding-Guidelines.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token\" target=\"_blank\"> recommends\u003c/a> exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months of a baby's life, when solid foods are introduced. The AAP says that moms should continue to complement the solid foods with breast-feeding until the baby is one year old. The World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/\" target=\"_blank\">recommends\u003c/a> breast-feeding up to two years of age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals are critical settings for supporting moms in breast-feeding. Newborns who \"room-in\" with their mothers and have skin-to-skin contact (the newborn is placed directly on a mother's chest after birth) have a better chs a nce of latching on and successfully breast-feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, too, California has strong policies to support these practices. Nearly 80 percent of hospitals in the state ensure that virtually all newborns have skin-to-skin contact with their mothers and about 72 percent of hospitals have rooming-in for babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indicator the CDC measures is whether infants are offered formula before two days of age. If a breast-feeding baby is offered supplemental formula, it can sabotage the baby's continued success in breast-feeding. Nationally, about 24 percent of breast-fed babies were given formula before they were two days old. In California, the rate was just under 17 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, California also has \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiabreastfeeding.org/Laws.html\" target=\"_blank\">regulations\u003c/a> to support breast-feeding at work or school.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Nearly 77 percent of mothers are breast-feeding their newborns and nearly half are still at it when babies are six months.\r\n\r\nThose are national numbers from the Centers for Disease Control collected in 2010, and they reflect an increase in breast-feeding since 2000.\r\n\r\nCalifornia moms are doing even better. More than 90 percent of mothers in the state have \"ever breastfed\" their babies",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14016\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/78744816-620x412.jpg\" alt=\"California has 2nd highest rate of breast-feeding in the country. (Getty Images)\" width=\"620\" height=\"412\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California has 2nd highest rate of breast-feeding in the country. (Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across the country, nearly 77 percent of mothers are breast-feeding their newborns, and nearly half are still at it when babies are six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2013BreastfeedingReportCard.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">numbers\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control were collected in 2010, and they reflect an increase in breast-feeding since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California moms are doing even better. More than 90 percent of mothers in the state have \"ever breast-fed\" their babies and 71 percent are still nursing at 6 months. (We're #2 to Idaho which just nudged California moms out on the stats.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast-feeding has health benefits to babies, says Dr. Tom Frieden, CDC director, including lower risks of ear and gastrointestinal infections, diabetes and obesity. Plus mothers who breast-feed can reduce their own risk of breast and ovarian cancers.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics\u003ca href=\"http://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/AAP-Reaffirms-Breastfeeding-Guidelines.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token\" target=\"_blank\"> recommends\u003c/a> exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months of a baby's life, when solid foods are introduced. The AAP says that moms should continue to complement the solid foods with breast-feeding until the baby is one year old. The World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/\" target=\"_blank\">recommends\u003c/a> breast-feeding up to two years of age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals are critical settings for supporting moms in breast-feeding. Newborns who \"room-in\" with their mothers and have skin-to-skin contact (the newborn is placed directly on a mother's chest after birth) have a better chs a nce of latching on and successfully breast-feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, too, California has strong policies to support these practices. Nearly 80 percent of hospitals in the state ensure that virtually all newborns have skin-to-skin contact with their mothers and about 72 percent of hospitals have rooming-in for babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indicator the CDC measures is whether infants are offered formula before two days of age. If a breast-feeding baby is offered supplemental formula, it can sabotage the baby's continued success in breast-feeding. Nationally, about 24 percent of breast-fed babies were given formula before they were two days old. In California, the rate was just under 17 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, California also has \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiabreastfeeding.org/Laws.html\" target=\"_blank\">regulations\u003c/a> to support breast-feeding at work or school.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14009\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/07/Screen-Shot-2013-07-31-at-3.03.36-PM-620x415.png\" alt=\"A young Kristen Powers is held by her mother, Nicola, while her father looks on in the background. Nicola was later diagnosed with Huntington’s disease, a fatal illness. (Photo courtesy of Kristen Powers)\" width=\"620\" height=\"415\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young Kristen Powers is held by her mother, Nicola, while her father looks on in the background. Nicola was later diagnosed with Huntington’s disease, a fatal illness. (Photo courtesy of Kristen Powers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Ravali Reddy\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://peninsulapress.com/2013/07/15/kristens-story-student-filmmaker-documents-a-life-forever-altered-by-genetics/\" target=\"_blank\">Peninsula Press\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you had a 50-50 chance of inheriting a genetic disease, would you get tested to know? Or would you wait for fate to reveal itself years later?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would your decision change if you knew the disease slowly takes away the ability to walk, talk, and even think?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if there were no cure?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"I’ve always wanted to travel, and I knew that that was something I’d have to do earlier if I tested positive.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kristen Powers posed those questions aloud and then let them hang in the air as she spoke to a dozen middle and high school students. The slender, 19-year-old Stanford University freshman was taking part in a program where undergraduates teach classes on topics of their choosing. Today’s class — “To Test or Not to Test? The Ethics Behind Genetically Inherited disease” — covers a subject that Kristen knows far too much about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How many of you know what Huntington’s disease is?” she asked, only to find herself met with a mostly blank faces.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The response wasn’t surprising considering that the disease is uncommon, affecting about 1 in 10,000 people of European ancestry. She pointed at one of the few raised hands. “It’s a disease where your brain cells die, and you start to lose control of your body, and then you die,” said a ninth-grade girl. Kristen paused and nodded. After all, the girl was more or less correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that, as it progresses, affects the ability to think, move and feel. Most patients begin to show symptoms between the ages of 30 and 50 and typically succumb to the disease 10 to 25 years after the first symptoms appear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each child of a person with HD has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the gene, making this a devastating family disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My mum passed away from Huntington’s in 2011, when she was 45,” Kristen continued, quickly capturing the attention of her audience. The implications were clear to all in the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rapt audience listened as Kristen described herself as \"information-needy,\" so when she turned 18, she decided to get tested for the gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I knew I had to get tested because, if I had HD, I’d have to adjust my timeline for my life,\" Kristen said. \"I’ve always wanted to travel, and I knew that that was something I’d have to do earlier if I tested positive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 9\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>-grader who had defined HD was now on the edge of her seat, eyes wide open. She looked terrified that her flippant response was predictive of Kristen’s fate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So last year I got tested, and I’m happy to say that I tested negative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just like that, the tension in the room lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Life after Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristen’s negative test result means she will never develop the disease that claimed her mother’s life, and she has no chance of passing it on if she has children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually really weird knowing that I’m never going to get Huntington’s,” Kristen said in a recent interview, “because up until I tested I always assumed that I would die of HD, and it was scary but at least that was certain. As soon as I tested negative I feel like my whole life changed because, all of a sudden, I had no idea what I was going to die of anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She laughed and continued, “I remember being really surprised and thinking ‘Wow, this is what normal people feel like!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Huntington’s Disease remains a prominent part of Kristen’s life. She has devoted herself to raising awareness of the disease and doing what she can to help find a cure. She's a student researcher in a Huntington's project at Stanford and volunteers for the Huntington's Disease Society of America. Perhaps most importantly, she's making a documentary about her genetic testing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13999\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-13999\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/07/133988_323296711101848_1189163778_o-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Kristen Powers, second from left, with her freshman-year roommates at Stanford. (Courtesy: Kristen Powers)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristen Powers, second from left, with her freshman-year roommates at Stanford. (Courtesy: Kristen Powers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She says documentaries like \"An Inconvenient Truth\" and \"Food, Inc\" inspired her as a \"cool way to raise awareness.\" She started thinking about producing a documentary as she approached her 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> birthday and was considering getting tested. Already she's raised $30,000. She's hired a film crew and editor, and works with them in between attending classes and hanging out with her Stanford roommates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“School comes first,” she said with a smile. “I’m still trying to pick a major and figure all of that out, very normal college kid stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking up the Camera – Before the Documentary\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristen was 7, living in Massachusetts, when her parents divorced and she moved in with her mother. It wasn’t long before Kristen started to notice symptoms of her mother’s disease. “I remember her walking around like she was drunk, but that was before we knew what was wrong with her.\" Kristen now says she can see that her mother had been showing signs of HD for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mother, Nicola Powers, wasn’t diagnosed with Huntington’s until two years later. Within months, her mother’s disease progressed rapidly. Kristen and her younger brother moved in with their dad. Her mother went to live first with her own parents, but soon was placed in a nursing home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was during this time that Kristen first brought out her video camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to sneak the camera into the nursing home and secretly videotape her,” Kristen said. “My grandma wasn’t a fan of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her goal was simply to have footage to remember her mother, even if she was so ill. “It was incredibly weird to film,” she recalled. “I wasn’t sure what my mum was thinking of me secretly recording her. She couldn’t speak to tell me if it was weird.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the footage serves as more than remembrance, as much of it has ended up in the documentary. She believes the film, when completed, will help explain and show the effects of Huntington’s Disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m incredibly glad I did it,” Kristen said. “Families with terminally ill members should not be afraid to record memories with their loved ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Family Still At Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unsurprising that Kristen has continued to dedicate so much of her life to Huntington’s. Her 17-year-old brother, Nate, also has a 50-50 chance of having the gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nate, a junior in high school, becomes eligible for genetic testing in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite initial hesitations, Nate is now strongly leaning towards getting tested. He said the test results would influence how he approaches certain aspects of his life, such as future relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t have kids if I tested positive,” he said. “I just know that’s something I wouldn’t want to do because then I might pass [the gene] on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristen says she is supportive of whatever decision Nate makes about testing, and in the meantime is keeping busy with school and her documentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still remember the genetic counselor coming in, and sitting down and saying ‘We have good news for you today,’” she said, smiling. “I heard that, and my dad started crying and I couldn’t really process anything. It was just an ‘Oh my god!” sort of moment, and, for now, I’m just going to hope that my family has that moment again.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If you had a 50-50 chance of inheriting a genetic disease, would you get tested to know? Or would you wait for fate to reveal itself years later?\r\n\r\nWould your decision change if you knew the disease slowly takes away the ability to walk, talk, and even think?\r\n\r\nWhat if there was no cure?\r\n\r\nKristen Powers posed those questions aloud and then let them hang in the air as she spoke to a dozen middle and high school students.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14009\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/07/Screen-Shot-2013-07-31-at-3.03.36-PM-620x415.png\" alt=\"A young Kristen Powers is held by her mother, Nicola, while her father looks on in the background. Nicola was later diagnosed with Huntington’s disease, a fatal illness. (Photo courtesy of Kristen Powers)\" width=\"620\" height=\"415\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young Kristen Powers is held by her mother, Nicola, while her father looks on in the background. Nicola was later diagnosed with Huntington’s disease, a fatal illness. (Photo courtesy of Kristen Powers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Ravali Reddy\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://peninsulapress.com/2013/07/15/kristens-story-student-filmmaker-documents-a-life-forever-altered-by-genetics/\" target=\"_blank\">Peninsula Press\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you had a 50-50 chance of inheriting a genetic disease, would you get tested to know? Or would you wait for fate to reveal itself years later?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would your decision change if you knew the disease slowly takes away the ability to walk, talk, and even think?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if there were no cure?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"I’ve always wanted to travel, and I knew that that was something I’d have to do earlier if I tested positive.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kristen Powers posed those questions aloud and then let them hang in the air as she spoke to a dozen middle and high school students. The slender, 19-year-old Stanford University freshman was taking part in a program where undergraduates teach classes on topics of their choosing. Today’s class — “To Test or Not to Test? The Ethics Behind Genetically Inherited disease” — covers a subject that Kristen knows far too much about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How many of you know what Huntington’s disease is?” she asked, only to find herself met with a mostly blank faces.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The response wasn’t surprising considering that the disease is uncommon, affecting about 1 in 10,000 people of European ancestry. She pointed at one of the few raised hands. “It’s a disease where your brain cells die, and you start to lose control of your body, and then you die,” said a ninth-grade girl. Kristen paused and nodded. After all, the girl was more or less correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that, as it progresses, affects the ability to think, move and feel. Most patients begin to show symptoms between the ages of 30 and 50 and typically succumb to the disease 10 to 25 years after the first symptoms appear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each child of a person with HD has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the gene, making this a devastating family disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My mum passed away from Huntington’s in 2011, when she was 45,” Kristen continued, quickly capturing the attention of her audience. The implications were clear to all in the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rapt audience listened as Kristen described herself as \"information-needy,\" so when she turned 18, she decided to get tested for the gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I knew I had to get tested because, if I had HD, I’d have to adjust my timeline for my life,\" Kristen said. \"I’ve always wanted to travel, and I knew that that was something I’d have to do earlier if I tested positive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 9\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>-grader who had defined HD was now on the edge of her seat, eyes wide open. She looked terrified that her flippant response was predictive of Kristen’s fate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So last year I got tested, and I’m happy to say that I tested negative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just like that, the tension in the room lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Life after Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristen’s negative test result means she will never develop the disease that claimed her mother’s life, and she has no chance of passing it on if she has children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually really weird knowing that I’m never going to get Huntington’s,” Kristen said in a recent interview, “because up until I tested I always assumed that I would die of HD, and it was scary but at least that was certain. As soon as I tested negative I feel like my whole life changed because, all of a sudden, I had no idea what I was going to die of anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She laughed and continued, “I remember being really surprised and thinking ‘Wow, this is what normal people feel like!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Huntington’s Disease remains a prominent part of Kristen’s life. She has devoted herself to raising awareness of the disease and doing what she can to help find a cure. She's a student researcher in a Huntington's project at Stanford and volunteers for the Huntington's Disease Society of America. Perhaps most importantly, she's making a documentary about her genetic testing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13999\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-13999\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/07/133988_323296711101848_1189163778_o-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Kristen Powers, second from left, with her freshman-year roommates at Stanford. (Courtesy: Kristen Powers)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristen Powers, second from left, with her freshman-year roommates at Stanford. (Courtesy: Kristen Powers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She says documentaries like \"An Inconvenient Truth\" and \"Food, Inc\" inspired her as a \"cool way to raise awareness.\" She started thinking about producing a documentary as she approached her 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> birthday and was considering getting tested. Already she's raised $30,000. She's hired a film crew and editor, and works with them in between attending classes and hanging out with her Stanford roommates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“School comes first,” she said with a smile. “I’m still trying to pick a major and figure all of that out, very normal college kid stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking up the Camera – Before the Documentary\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristen was 7, living in Massachusetts, when her parents divorced and she moved in with her mother. It wasn’t long before Kristen started to notice symptoms of her mother’s disease. “I remember her walking around like she was drunk, but that was before we knew what was wrong with her.\" Kristen now says she can see that her mother had been showing signs of HD for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mother, Nicola Powers, wasn’t diagnosed with Huntington’s until two years later. Within months, her mother’s disease progressed rapidly. Kristen and her younger brother moved in with their dad. Her mother went to live first with her own parents, but soon was placed in a nursing home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was during this time that Kristen first brought out her video camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to sneak the camera into the nursing home and secretly videotape her,” Kristen said. “My grandma wasn’t a fan of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her goal was simply to have footage to remember her mother, even if she was so ill. “It was incredibly weird to film,” she recalled. “I wasn’t sure what my mum was thinking of me secretly recording her. She couldn’t speak to tell me if it was weird.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the footage serves as more than remembrance, as much of it has ended up in the documentary. She believes the film, when completed, will help explain and show the effects of Huntington’s Disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m incredibly glad I did it,” Kristen said. “Families with terminally ill members should not be afraid to record memories with their loved ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Family Still At Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unsurprising that Kristen has continued to dedicate so much of her life to Huntington’s. Her 17-year-old brother, Nate, also has a 50-50 chance of having the gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nate, a junior in high school, becomes eligible for genetic testing in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite initial hesitations, Nate is now strongly leaning towards getting tested. 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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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