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"content": "\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today rejected California’s legal challenge to the Trump administration’s plans to ease decades-old air quality regulations for power plants, oil refineries, steel mills, and other large industrial sources of toxic air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the court’s decision is not a total loss for the state, and California’s attorney general is vowing further challenges to the environmental deregulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal tussle began with a 2018 federal Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/reducing-regulatory-burdens-epa-withdraws-once-always-policy-major-sources-under-clean\">memo\u003c/a> detailing a new interpretation of the Clean Air Act and rolling back a policy that regulates the country’s largest polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The courts said Tuesday that the memo isn’t the EPA’s final rule, so California cannot challenge it in court. But that also means that the EPA cannot enforce it as a regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 25, EPA officials \u003ca href=\"https://media.squirepattonboggs.com/pdf/blog/frESH_Law/Proposed-reclassification-rule.pdf\">proposed\u003c/a> formally codifying the memo. The court’s decision to spike California’s lawsuit ensures that this fight between California and the Trump administration will continue around that proceeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra brought the lawsuit. He argued that the rule change runs counter to the intention of the Clean Air Act and would \u003ca href=\"https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/2018/02/once-in-always-in-guidance-for-major-sources-under-the-clean-air-act/\">risk\u003c/a> Californians’ health by adding hundreds of tons of toxic air pollution each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, a representative from Becerra’s office called the Trump administration’s plan “wrong and dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s top lawyers review the legal opinion, they will submit comments on the EPA’s proposed rule and “take any and all legal action as needed,” the statement read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our work is not over,” it concluded. “We will continue to advocate for strong regulatory programs that protect the public and the environment from harmful air toxics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA policy established in 1995 that any facility considered a major source of toxins in the air remains subject to strict regulations, even after its operators install pollution controls. For this reason, lawyers call it the “once in, always in” rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously under the Clean Air Act, federal regulators consider a power plant, for example, a “major” source of pollution if it has the capacity to spew 10 tons a year of any individual cancer causing or health threatening \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications\">pollutant\u003c/a>, or 25 tons each year of a combination of toxins, including lead and benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration proposed eliminating the rule, saying that by allowing more lenient regulations, it intended to reward companies for investing in technology that reduces air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased with the Court’s decision,” EPA spokeswoman Melissa Sullivan said in an email. “As a general matter, EPA will continue to provide regulatory relief and environmental protection while abiding by the rule of law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Wehrum, former assistant administrator of EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation, wrote the memo proposing the rule change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wehrum, a former fossil fuel industry attorney, has \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26062019/bill-wehrum-resigns-epa-fossil-fuel-industry-influence-climate-change-air-pollution-auto-standards-deregulation\">resigned\u003c/a> from the EPA. Congress was investigating his alleged contacts with former clients that could benefit from the EPA’s deregulation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today rejected California’s legal challenge to the Trump administration’s plans to ease decades-old air quality regulations for power plants, oil refineries, steel mills, and other large industrial sources of toxic air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the court’s decision is not a total loss for the state, and California’s attorney general is vowing further challenges to the environmental deregulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal tussle began with a 2018 federal Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/reducing-regulatory-burdens-epa-withdraws-once-always-policy-major-sources-under-clean\">memo\u003c/a> detailing a new interpretation of the Clean Air Act and rolling back a policy that regulates the country’s largest polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The courts said Tuesday that the memo isn’t the EPA’s final rule, so California cannot challenge it in court. But that also means that the EPA cannot enforce it as a regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 25, EPA officials \u003ca href=\"https://media.squirepattonboggs.com/pdf/blog/frESH_Law/Proposed-reclassification-rule.pdf\">proposed\u003c/a> formally codifying the memo. The court’s decision to spike California’s lawsuit ensures that this fight between California and the Trump administration will continue around that proceeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra brought the lawsuit. He argued that the rule change runs counter to the intention of the Clean Air Act and would \u003ca href=\"https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/2018/02/once-in-always-in-guidance-for-major-sources-under-the-clean-air-act/\">risk\u003c/a> Californians’ health by adding hundreds of tons of toxic air pollution each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, a representative from Becerra’s office called the Trump administration’s plan “wrong and dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s top lawyers review the legal opinion, they will submit comments on the EPA’s proposed rule and “take any and all legal action as needed,” the statement read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our work is not over,” it concluded. “We will continue to advocate for strong regulatory programs that protect the public and the environment from harmful air toxics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA policy established in 1995 that any facility considered a major source of toxins in the air remains subject to strict regulations, even after its operators install pollution controls. For this reason, lawyers call it the “once in, always in” rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously under the Clean Air Act, federal regulators consider a power plant, for example, a “major” source of pollution if it has the capacity to spew 10 tons a year of any individual cancer causing or health threatening \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications\">pollutant\u003c/a>, or 25 tons each year of a combination of toxins, including lead and benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration proposed eliminating the rule, saying that by allowing more lenient regulations, it intended to reward companies for investing in technology that reduces air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased with the Court’s decision,” EPA spokeswoman Melissa Sullivan said in an email. “As a general matter, EPA will continue to provide regulatory relief and environmental protection while abiding by the rule of law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Wehrum, former assistant administrator of EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation, wrote the memo proposing the rule change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wehrum, a former fossil fuel industry attorney, has \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26062019/bill-wehrum-resigns-epa-fossil-fuel-industry-influence-climate-change-air-pollution-auto-standards-deregulation\">resigned\u003c/a> from the EPA. Congress was investigating his alleged contacts with former clients that could benefit from the EPA’s deregulation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Atty. Gen. Becerra: It Does Seem Like You're Fighting Trump's Environmental Policy At Every Turn",
"headTitle": "Atty. Gen. Becerra: It Does Seem Like You’re Fighting Trump’s Environmental Policy At Every Turn | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Last week, the Trump Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872729/changes-to-endangered-species-act-weaken-wildlife-protections\">weakened\u003c/a> the Endangered Species Act with the broadest changes to the bedrock environmental law in decades.[aside postID=science_1946454,science_1946394]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Thursday, Aug. 15: \u003c/em>The nation’s most productive agricultural state has prohibited a widely used toxic pesticide blamed for harming brain development in babies, California officials said Wednesday. This is the first time the state has banned a pesticide outright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"California Secretary for Environmental Protection Jared Blumenfeld\"]‘We’ve had enough evidence … California is saying enough is enough. We need to take action to protect human health.’[/pullquote]The move will outlaw chlorpyrifos (klohr-PY’-rih-fohs) after scientists deemed it a toxic air contaminant and discovered it to be more dangerous than previously thought. California Secretary for Environmental Protection Jared Blumenfeld said in May that it’s the first time the state has sought to ban a pesticide and that the move was overdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This pesticide is a neurotoxin and it was first put on the market in 1965,” Blumenfeld said. “So it’s been on the shelf a long time and it’s past its sell-by date.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision comes after regulators in several states have taken steps in recent years to restrict the pesticide that has been used on dozens of different crops in California, including grapes, almonds and oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii has already banned chlorpyrifos and New York lawmakers recently sent a bill to its governor outlawing its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DowDuPont, which produces the pesticide, has criticized efforts to curtail its use and said it will hurt farmers who rely on it to control insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blumenfeld said the state took action in part because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under President Donald Trump allowed chlorpyrifos to be used after the Obama administration tried to phase it out. The EPA reversed course on banning the pesticide in 2017, after re-evaluating the science. Blumenfeld criticized that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had enough evidence, the U.S. EPA and the Obama administration, to say it’s really time to take action,” Blumenfeld told KQED Science. “California is saying enough is enough. We need to take action to protect human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pesticide is also in jeopardy on the federal level. After environmental groups and farmworkers challenged the EPA’s reversal, a 9th Circuit judge ruled in their favor. The EPA appealed to the whole 9th Circuit, but again lost, and the court told the EPA to issue a new decision by July, based on the scientific record. California based its ban on that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chemically Similar to Nerve Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos is in a class of organophosphates chemically similar to a nerve gas developed by Nazi Germany before World War II. Its heavy use has often left traces in drinking water sources. A UC Berkeley study in 2012 found that 87% of umbilical-cord blood samples tested from newborn babies contained detectable levels of the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Gina Solomon, a medical professor at UCSF and a former deputy secretary of Cal-EPA, said chlorpyrifos is unusual in that it’s one of the best understood pesticides because it’s been so extensively studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know a lot about what it does to developing children and that science is the bedrock of the action that Cal-EPA is announcing,” she said. “Many pesticides have been studied well in lab rats but in this case we actually know what it does to people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies in cities where the pesticide was once used to kill cockroaches before it was banned for indoor use in 2000, as well as research done in rural farmworker communities, showed that chlorpyrifos harmed brain development in fetuses and affected reading ability and IQ, Solomon said. “It also led to hyperactivity in children. Even head sizes were smaller in children whose mothers were exposed to the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One area that’s less-well studied is the impact of the pesticide on people who consume produce that has a residue of the chemical on it. Solomon said with California growing the majority of fruits and vegetables in the country there could be a ripple benefit for consumers in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2018, a California-sponsored scientific review found that the pesticide poses serious health effects in children at levels lower than previously understood. In November, California regulators recommended new restrictions on the pesticide that included discontinuing its use on most crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the ban — technically known as a cancellation — could take up to two years to take effect, the state Department of Pesticide Regulation has recommended that county agriculture commissioners adopt stricter rules on where and how the chemical can be applied, including larger buffer zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help farmers make the transition away from chlorpyrifos, the state is adding a $5.7 million to fund safer alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s decision Wednesday follows years of lobbying by environmentalists and farmworkers, who pushed California regulators to ban the insecticide, one of the most commonly used in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blumenfeld, who was confirmed as Gov. Gavin Newsom’s CalEPA head in March, said he’d like California to approach pesticides differently, by ending the practice of banning them only to replace them with something similarly toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to move to a place where we are using the innovative spirit that California has, to come up with alternatives that are safe and nontoxic,” he said. “Farmers are actually hurting out there. A great majority of fruits, nuts and vegetables grown in America are grown in California. With climate change, there are going to be more pests, different pests—pests aren’t going away, they will get worse. We need nontoxic alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kevin Stark and Molly Peterson of KQED contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DowDuPont, which produces the pesticide, has criticized efforts to curtail its use and said it will hurt farmers who rely on it to control insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blumenfeld said the state took action in part because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under President Donald Trump allowed chlorpyrifos to be used after the Obama administration tried to phase it out. The EPA reversed course on banning the pesticide in 2017, after re-evaluating the science. Blumenfeld criticized that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had enough evidence, the U.S. EPA and the Obama administration, to say it’s really time to take action,” Blumenfeld told KQED Science. “California is saying enough is enough. We need to take action to protect human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pesticide is also in jeopardy on the federal level. After environmental groups and farmworkers challenged the EPA’s reversal, a 9th Circuit judge ruled in their favor. The EPA appealed to the whole 9th Circuit, but again lost, and the court told the EPA to issue a new decision by July, based on the scientific record. California based its ban on that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chemically Similar to Nerve Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos is in a class of organophosphates chemically similar to a nerve gas developed by Nazi Germany before World War II. Its heavy use has often left traces in drinking water sources. A UC Berkeley study in 2012 found that 87% of umbilical-cord blood samples tested from newborn babies contained detectable levels of the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Gina Solomon, a medical professor at UCSF and a former deputy secretary of Cal-EPA, said chlorpyrifos is unusual in that it’s one of the best understood pesticides because it’s been so extensively studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know a lot about what it does to developing children and that science is the bedrock of the action that Cal-EPA is announcing,” she said. “Many pesticides have been studied well in lab rats but in this case we actually know what it does to people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies in cities where the pesticide was once used to kill cockroaches before it was banned for indoor use in 2000, as well as research done in rural farmworker communities, showed that chlorpyrifos harmed brain development in fetuses and affected reading ability and IQ, Solomon said. “It also led to hyperactivity in children. Even head sizes were smaller in children whose mothers were exposed to the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One area that’s less-well studied is the impact of the pesticide on people who consume produce that has a residue of the chemical on it. Solomon said with California growing the majority of fruits and vegetables in the country there could be a ripple benefit for consumers in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2018, a California-sponsored scientific review found that the pesticide poses serious health effects in children at levels lower than previously understood. In November, California regulators recommended new restrictions on the pesticide that included discontinuing its use on most crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the ban — technically known as a cancellation — could take up to two years to take effect, the state Department of Pesticide Regulation has recommended that county agriculture commissioners adopt stricter rules on where and how the chemical can be applied, including larger buffer zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help farmers make the transition away from chlorpyrifos, the state is adding a $5.7 million to fund safer alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s decision Wednesday follows years of lobbying by environmentalists and farmworkers, who pushed California regulators to ban the insecticide, one of the most commonly used in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blumenfeld, who was confirmed as Gov. Gavin Newsom’s CalEPA head in March, said he’d like California to approach pesticides differently, by ending the practice of banning them only to replace them with something similarly toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to move to a place where we are using the innovative spirit that California has, to come up with alternatives that are safe and nontoxic,” he said. “Farmers are actually hurting out there. A great majority of fruits, nuts and vegetables grown in America are grown in California. With climate change, there are going to be more pests, different pests—pests aren’t going away, they will get worse. We need nontoxic alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kevin Stark and Molly Peterson of KQED contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>July was the hottest month measured on Earth since records began in 1880, the latest in a long line of peaks that scientists say backs up predictions for man-made climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday that July was 0.95 degrees Celsius (1.71 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the 20th century average for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because July is generally the warmest month on the calendar, meteorologists say this means it also set a new all-time monthly record for the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month’s temperatures narrowly topped the previous July record, set in 2016, by 0.03 C (0.05 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results had been expected after several European countries including France, Belgium and Germany reported that July smashed previous national temperature records. The Swedish hamlet of Markusvinsa recorded a sizzling 34.8 C (94.6 F), the highest temperature measured north of the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA’s records, 9 of the 10 hottest Julys on record have occurred since 2005 and last month was the 43rd consecutive July above the 20th century average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record temperatures have gone hand-in-hand with other climate extremes. Warming oceans have led to an early melt of sea ice in the Bering Strait between Russia and Alaska, said Rick Thoman, a climate specialist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June of this year had already set a sizzling record for that month over the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year to date is also 0.95 C (1.71 F) above the long-term average, but still slightly behind 2016, NOAA said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the mountains near Santa Cruz, there’s an area where nature’s rules don’t seem to apply. Everything \u003cem>looks\u003c/em> normal — there’s a stream, oak trees, redwoods, bobcats, skunks and the occasional opossum. Pacific tree frogs croak all day and into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only those who listen carefully would notice that something in this remote spot sounds unusual. Human voices have joined the mix — and they’re reading, sometimes a short story written by Paul Bowles, at other times, poetry by Gwendolyn Brooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These voices, and only these, have dramatically affected the way life moves through the area. Mountain lions avoid their old paths, and bobcats emerge almost exclusively at night. Rodents, meanwhile, have gotten bolder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creatures are responding to virtual voices — recordings that UC Santa Cruz researchers are playing through loudspeakers they’ve placed in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have used these sounds to \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/07/landscape-of-fear.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, for the first time, how entire ecosystems react to the fear of humans in their midst. These studies begin to quantify a painful truth: that humans alter any landscape in which we live, often in ways we can’t anticipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phantom Voices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Santa Cruz wildlife ecologist Justin Suraci says it’s hard for humans to fully understand how fear plays out in wild animals. Humans can’t really say that an animal feels fearful emotions, so Suraci and other researchers chose to monitor fear by observing how animal behavior changes when predators may be near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1200x960.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1920x1536.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In response to human voices, bobcats emerged almost exclusively at night. \u003ccite>(Barry Rowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci and his research adviser, Chris Wilmers, wanted to find out whether just the fear of humans — without a road or other physical markers nearby — would be enough to change animals’ behavior. To test their hypothesis, they chose the easiest sense to control: sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers staked out two separate square kilometers in the Santa Cruz Mountains. For five weeks, the team broadcast recordings of their voices, meant to mimic what animals might hear in a wildlife-urban interface, from 25 speakers in each region. The voices spoke infrequently, but creatures could hear them occasionally from any point in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By simultaneously studying the behavior of mountain lions, smaller carnivores such as bobcats, and prey such as deer mice, the team was able to isolate the effects of fear rippling through an ecosystem. Each species responded a little differently. Mountain lions avoided the area and moved more cautiously when they heard the voices, and bobcats started hunting mostly at night. Skunks moved around less than before; opossums took, on average, almost two days longer than usual to find food. Deer mice, by contrast, reveled in the absence of the large carnivores. They became bolder and foraged for food more thoroughly and in larger areas than they’d covered before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous experiments have suggested the influence of sound on a single species. Songbirds avoided a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/39/12105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phantom road\u003c/a>” in Idaho, where researchers played the sounds of passing cars. Mule deer in Colorado differentiated between predators based on \u003ca href=\"http://sci-hub.tw/10.1111/eth.12219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their calls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these experiments become much more complicated when they consider how fear moves through an entire landscape. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone has sparked a debate about whether the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z01-094#.XVSB-JNKgWp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fear of wolves\u003c/a> or their actual \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180622104544.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killing behavior\u003c/a> changed elk habits enough to produce a cascade of effects that ultimately changed the shape of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rZzHkpyPkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946514\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer mice took advantage of their predators’ absence to forage for food more intensely and in a wider range. \u003ccite>(Aria Crabb)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci says it’s a challenge to prove just why these changes happen, because it can be nearly impossible to divorce the fear of a predator from the predator’s actions. “So this has ended up being one of the first large landscape-scale experiments,” he says, “demonstrating this ‘landscape of fear’ — that just the fear of a predator can affect species,” even across an entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ancient Principle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bold critters might not seem extraordinary to people who live in cities, or who’ve watched the popular video of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPXUG8q4jKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizza Rat\u003c/a>” brazenly dragging an entire slice of pizza down the stairs of a subway station. But researchers say they’re impressed that Suraci and Wilmers have been able to link rodents’ behavior in a wild habitat to the rest of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Young, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/054400230X/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=054400230X&linkCode=as2&tag=birdlang-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What the Robin Knows\u003c/a>,” leads classes on bird language and animal tracking. He says it hadn’t occurred to him that sound, not a predator’s scent or physical presence, would set off fear in an ecosystem. But, he adds, he’s familiar with the idea that fear trickles down through a food web. Finding a predator by observing the behavior of its prey is an ancient tracking principle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young recalls how he once tried to photograph a mountain lion, but couldn’t find any footprints. What he did find was that deer clustered near a house with a dog, an animal that usually made them uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the deer were up close to the house on a consistent basis told us that they were using human presence as a safety barrier,” Young remembers. “So then we said, ‘Well, what are the deer afraid of?’” Sure enough, when he and his colleagues set up cameras near where deer were avoiding their favorite foods, within a few days the team had their mountain lion photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Striking a Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young pays particular attention to birds. He believes that observing other species returns humans to an ideal, pre-smartphone state of awareness. Studies have shown that birds use different warning calls for different predators, based even on potential attackers’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.washington.edu/news/2005/06/23/chickadees-alarm-calls-carry-information-about-size-threat-of-predator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">size and speed.\u003c/a> Once you notice that the birds around your house, for example, are “talking” about all the other animals, Young says, “you start to wonder, ‘what are they saying about me?’” [pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Jon Young']‘By going too often into these tender places, we love them to death.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once you realize that the chickadees and robins and towhees are gossiping about you, he thinks you might just change how you behave. He asserts that awareness of other species is key to preserving wild spaces like national parks. “Maybe if we’re gentle on the birds, and we learn that in our own backyards,” Young says, that can change the way humans move through the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the knowledge that our voices, even separated from our habitat-stomping, foreign-smelling, weapon-toting bodies, send fear ricocheting through an ecosystem, we can begin to consider how best to visit these wild areas. Suraci says we could even think about designing parks and hiking trails in ways that concentrate human visitation in certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By going too often into these tender places,” Young said, “we love them to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People need to figure out how to experience the natural world more gently than we do, agrees Daniel Blumstein, who studies ecotourism at UCLA and led the mule deer experiment. He notes that in 2015, scientists reported that the world’s protected areas receive an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002074&type=printable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8 billion\u003c/a> human visits a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people going into nature and experiencing nature,” Blumstein says. He maintains that “the more people get outside, the more they protect … and value nature.” And yet studies like Suraci’s and Wilmers’ indicate that our very presence may profoundly affect other species, right down to what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the mountains near Santa Cruz, there’s an area where nature’s rules don’t seem to apply. Everything \u003cem>looks\u003c/em> normal — there’s a stream, oak trees, redwoods, bobcats, skunks and the occasional opossum. Pacific tree frogs croak all day and into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only those who listen carefully would notice that something in this remote spot sounds unusual. Human voices have joined the mix — and they’re reading, sometimes a short story written by Paul Bowles, at other times, poetry by Gwendolyn Brooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These voices, and only these, have dramatically affected the way life moves through the area. Mountain lions avoid their old paths, and bobcats emerge almost exclusively at night. Rodents, meanwhile, have gotten bolder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creatures are responding to virtual voices — recordings that UC Santa Cruz researchers are playing through loudspeakers they’ve placed in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have used these sounds to \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/07/landscape-of-fear.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, for the first time, how entire ecosystems react to the fear of humans in their midst. These studies begin to quantify a painful truth: that humans alter any landscape in which we live, often in ways we can’t anticipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phantom Voices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Santa Cruz wildlife ecologist Justin Suraci says it’s hard for humans to fully understand how fear plays out in wild animals. Humans can’t really say that an animal feels fearful emotions, so Suraci and other researchers chose to monitor fear by observing how animal behavior changes when predators may be near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1200x960.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1920x1536.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In response to human voices, bobcats emerged almost exclusively at night. \u003ccite>(Barry Rowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci and his research adviser, Chris Wilmers, wanted to find out whether just the fear of humans — without a road or other physical markers nearby — would be enough to change animals’ behavior. To test their hypothesis, they chose the easiest sense to control: sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers staked out two separate square kilometers in the Santa Cruz Mountains. For five weeks, the team broadcast recordings of their voices, meant to mimic what animals might hear in a wildlife-urban interface, from 25 speakers in each region. The voices spoke infrequently, but creatures could hear them occasionally from any point in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By simultaneously studying the behavior of mountain lions, smaller carnivores such as bobcats, and prey such as deer mice, the team was able to isolate the effects of fear rippling through an ecosystem. Each species responded a little differently. Mountain lions avoided the area and moved more cautiously when they heard the voices, and bobcats started hunting mostly at night. Skunks moved around less than before; opossums took, on average, almost two days longer than usual to find food. Deer mice, by contrast, reveled in the absence of the large carnivores. They became bolder and foraged for food more thoroughly and in larger areas than they’d covered before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous experiments have suggested the influence of sound on a single species. Songbirds avoided a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/39/12105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phantom road\u003c/a>” in Idaho, where researchers played the sounds of passing cars. Mule deer in Colorado differentiated between predators based on \u003ca href=\"http://sci-hub.tw/10.1111/eth.12219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their calls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these experiments become much more complicated when they consider how fear moves through an entire landscape. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone has sparked a debate about whether the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z01-094#.XVSB-JNKgWp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fear of wolves\u003c/a> or their actual \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180622104544.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killing behavior\u003c/a> changed elk habits enough to produce a cascade of effects that ultimately changed the shape of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rZzHkpyPkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946514\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer mice took advantage of their predators’ absence to forage for food more intensely and in a wider range. \u003ccite>(Aria Crabb)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci says it’s a challenge to prove just why these changes happen, because it can be nearly impossible to divorce the fear of a predator from the predator’s actions. “So this has ended up being one of the first large landscape-scale experiments,” he says, “demonstrating this ‘landscape of fear’ — that just the fear of a predator can affect species,” even across an entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ancient Principle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bold critters might not seem extraordinary to people who live in cities, or who’ve watched the popular video of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPXUG8q4jKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizza Rat\u003c/a>” brazenly dragging an entire slice of pizza down the stairs of a subway station. But researchers say they’re impressed that Suraci and Wilmers have been able to link rodents’ behavior in a wild habitat to the rest of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Young, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/054400230X/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=054400230X&linkCode=as2&tag=birdlang-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What the Robin Knows\u003c/a>,” leads classes on bird language and animal tracking. He says it hadn’t occurred to him that sound, not a predator’s scent or physical presence, would set off fear in an ecosystem. But, he adds, he’s familiar with the idea that fear trickles down through a food web. Finding a predator by observing the behavior of its prey is an ancient tracking principle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young recalls how he once tried to photograph a mountain lion, but couldn’t find any footprints. What he did find was that deer clustered near a house with a dog, an animal that usually made them uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the deer were up close to the house on a consistent basis told us that they were using human presence as a safety barrier,” Young remembers. “So then we said, ‘Well, what are the deer afraid of?’” Sure enough, when he and his colleagues set up cameras near where deer were avoiding their favorite foods, within a few days the team had their mountain lion photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Striking a Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young pays particular attention to birds. He believes that observing other species returns humans to an ideal, pre-smartphone state of awareness. Studies have shown that birds use different warning calls for different predators, based even on potential attackers’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.washington.edu/news/2005/06/23/chickadees-alarm-calls-carry-information-about-size-threat-of-predator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">size and speed.\u003c/a> Once you notice that the birds around your house, for example, are “talking” about all the other animals, Young says, “you start to wonder, ‘what are they saying about me?’” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once you realize that the chickadees and robins and towhees are gossiping about you, he thinks you might just change how you behave. He asserts that awareness of other species is key to preserving wild spaces like national parks. “Maybe if we’re gentle on the birds, and we learn that in our own backyards,” Young says, that can change the way humans move through the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the knowledge that our voices, even separated from our habitat-stomping, foreign-smelling, weapon-toting bodies, send fear ricocheting through an ecosystem, we can begin to consider how best to visit these wild areas. Suraci says we could even think about designing parks and hiking trails in ways that concentrate human visitation in certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By going too often into these tender places,” Young said, “we love them to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People need to figure out how to experience the natural world more gently than we do, agrees Daniel Blumstein, who studies ecotourism at UCLA and led the mule deer experiment. He notes that in 2015, scientists reported that the world’s protected areas receive an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002074&type=printable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8 billion\u003c/a> human visits a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people going into nature and experiencing nature,” Blumstein says. He maintains that “the more people get outside, the more they protect … and value nature.” And yet studies like Suraci’s and Wilmers’ indicate that our very presence may profoundly affect other species, right down to what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California has joined with 21 other states, the District of Columbia, Los Angeles, and five other cities in a legal challenge to the Trump administration’s repeal of Obama-era clean power rules.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Gov. Gavin Newsom']‘I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition, led by New York State, is suing the federal Environmental Protection Agency to try and block the agency from relaxing regulations on coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a Tuesday morning press conference in Sacramento, California Gov. Gavin Newsom said the Trump administration’s policy would increase air pollution and exacerbate global warming.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=science_1945609,science_1944972]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not just about fighting Donald Trump,” said Newsom. “This is about our kids and our grandkids. This is about clean air, clean water and endangered species. I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon” – whose administration authorized the EPA in nearly five decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit argues that the agency is responsible for regulating greenhouse gas emissions, and that the Trump administration’s Affordable Clean Energy rule fails this mandate. Also, the new power rules prop up aging coal-fired power plants, increase dirty air pollution and threaten the country’s most vulnerable people. The regulations replaced the Obama-era Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom announced the lawsuit flanked by state Attorney General Xavier Becerra and the California Air Resources Board Chairwoman Mary Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra called the administration’s attempt to scrap Obama climate rules foolish, unlawful, and a betrayal of “everyone who stands for cleaner air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It fails our economy, which depends on clean energy now more than ever,” he said. “We know what our energy future must look like, and we won’t get there by following President Trump’s misguided proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours before, Becerra vowed to sue the Trump administration for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act. Monday, he said California wouldn’t “pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action” but it would challenge actions when the state feels it is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols said the federal plan reverses California’s progress on combating climate change and keeps “the oldest and dirtiest power plants in the country on life support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon signed the federal Clean Air Act into law in 1970 to prevent air pollution and protect public health. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the law applies to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. After that ruling, the Obama administration said in its Clean Power Plan that carbon emissions from American power plants and cars endangered public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opened the door — or maybe requires, that’s what this lawsuit will be about — EPA to regulate emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and factories,” said Eric Biber, director of the Environmental and Energy Law Programs at UC Berkeley Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The focus here is really electric power plants,” he said. “The Obama Administration took two steps. The first step was to regulate emissions from new power plants. The second one was an effort to regulate emissions from existing power plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, whose state produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=69&t=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second most coal\u003c/a> behind Wyoming in 2017, predicted the lawsuit will ultimately fail at the U.S. Supreme Court, which stayed an earlier Obama administration attempt in 2016 at the request of a competing 27-state coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the lawsuit a “big government ‘power grab’” and argued that the Democratic attorneys general “are dead wrong” in their interpretation of the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The U.S. EPA said in a statement that it wouldn’t comment on pending litigation, but that it “worked diligently to ensure we produced a solid rule that we believe will be upheld in the courts, unlike the previous administration’s Clean Power Plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Doniger, senior strategic director for climate and clean energy for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said that the Trump administration is misreading the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goals of the Clean Power Plan were issued by Obama’s team in 2015 and are being met or surpassed,” he said. “The right thing to do at that point, because climate change is getting worse, is revise the standards and make them stronger. Instead, what the Trump administration is doing is reinterpreting the Clean Air Act so that it can’t do anything about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said his organization, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund and other groups plan Wednesday to file another lawsuit challenging the Trump administration on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two public health organizations, the American Lung Association and American Public Health Association, have already sued. Doniger said he expects all of the legal challenges will be folded into one case called American Lung Association vs. Wheeler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Andrew Wheeler became Trump’s EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don Thompson and Adam Beam from the Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dfd2bf676f89490390e9ee073f86849a\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition, led by New York State, is suing the federal Environmental Protection Agency to try and block the agency from relaxing regulations on coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a Tuesday morning press conference in Sacramento, California Gov. Gavin Newsom said the Trump administration’s policy would increase air pollution and exacerbate global warming.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not just about fighting Donald Trump,” said Newsom. “This is about our kids and our grandkids. This is about clean air, clean water and endangered species. I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon” – whose administration authorized the EPA in nearly five decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit argues that the agency is responsible for regulating greenhouse gas emissions, and that the Trump administration’s Affordable Clean Energy rule fails this mandate. Also, the new power rules prop up aging coal-fired power plants, increase dirty air pollution and threaten the country’s most vulnerable people. The regulations replaced the Obama-era Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom announced the lawsuit flanked by state Attorney General Xavier Becerra and the California Air Resources Board Chairwoman Mary Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra called the administration’s attempt to scrap Obama climate rules foolish, unlawful, and a betrayal of “everyone who stands for cleaner air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It fails our economy, which depends on clean energy now more than ever,” he said. “We know what our energy future must look like, and we won’t get there by following President Trump’s misguided proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours before, Becerra vowed to sue the Trump administration for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act. Monday, he said California wouldn’t “pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action” but it would challenge actions when the state feels it is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols said the federal plan reverses California’s progress on combating climate change and keeps “the oldest and dirtiest power plants in the country on life support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon signed the federal Clean Air Act into law in 1970 to prevent air pollution and protect public health. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the law applies to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. After that ruling, the Obama administration said in its Clean Power Plan that carbon emissions from American power plants and cars endangered public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opened the door — or maybe requires, that’s what this lawsuit will be about — EPA to regulate emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and factories,” said Eric Biber, director of the Environmental and Energy Law Programs at UC Berkeley Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The focus here is really electric power plants,” he said. “The Obama Administration took two steps. The first step was to regulate emissions from new power plants. The second one was an effort to regulate emissions from existing power plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, whose state produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=69&t=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second most coal\u003c/a> behind Wyoming in 2017, predicted the lawsuit will ultimately fail at the U.S. Supreme Court, which stayed an earlier Obama administration attempt in 2016 at the request of a competing 27-state coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the lawsuit a “big government ‘power grab’” and argued that the Democratic attorneys general “are dead wrong” in their interpretation of the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The U.S. EPA said in a statement that it wouldn’t comment on pending litigation, but that it “worked diligently to ensure we produced a solid rule that we believe will be upheld in the courts, unlike the previous administration’s Clean Power Plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Doniger, senior strategic director for climate and clean energy for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said that the Trump administration is misreading the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goals of the Clean Power Plan were issued by Obama’s team in 2015 and are being met or surpassed,” he said. “The right thing to do at that point, because climate change is getting worse, is revise the standards and make them stronger. Instead, what the Trump administration is doing is reinterpreting the Clean Air Act so that it can’t do anything about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said his organization, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund and other groups plan Wednesday to file another lawsuit challenging the Trump administration on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two public health organizations, the American Lung Association and American Public Health Association, have already sued. Doniger said he expects all of the legal challenges will be folded into one case called American Lung Association vs. Wheeler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Andrew Wheeler became Trump’s EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don Thompson and Adam Beam from the Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dfd2bf676f89490390e9ee073f86849a\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Pregnant Moms Who Breathe Dirty Air Have Children With Lower IQs, Study Finds",
"headTitle": "Pregnant Moms Who Breathe Dirty Air Have Children With Lower IQs, Study Finds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A new study focusing on mothers who breathe soot-laden air adds to a growing body of research into how air pollution affects cognitive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particles of pollution, small enough to breathe deep into lungs, come from coal plants, burning fuel in cars and trucks, and airborne dust. Pregnant women exposed to more of this pollution had children with lower IQs compared to women who breathed cleaner air, according to new analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119302944?via%3Dihub\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Prenatal nutrition may help buffer against the damaging effects of air pollution.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study focused on a group of Tennessee mothers who researchers began to monitor while they were pregnant. As their children grew, researchers gave the kids IQ an test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very long battery that poor small children have to sit through,” says Kaja LeWinn, one of ten research team members and professor of psychiatry at UCSF. “It’s a long time to have a four-to-five year old sitting still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of mothers exposed to the worst soot pollution scored lower on IQ tests by about two-and-a-half points compared to mothers in cleaner neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Fine particulate] pollution is less well-studied as a neurodevelopment toxicant, so I think that makes it particularly interesting to have these results,” says Catherine Karr, a study author and pediatric environmental medicine doctor at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors gather on a path in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park in July 2019 on a day of high air pollution. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike many cities in California, Memphis tends to meet federal pollution standards for most days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nutrition vs. Air Pollution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this work really highlights that low-level exposure might be important and that we need to do more work to know what a safe level is,” says Megan Herting, a neuroscientist at USC who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herting says the work does a good job controlling for other factors that might influence cognitive development, like family economics. “It really narrows down and says there’s something about air quality that seems to be driving this decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team also has found something novel: evidence that nutrition buffers the impacts of air pollution. Pregnant women are told to eat foods rich in folate like leafy greens and citrus, or take prenatal vitamins, like folic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women with the lowest folate levels, for their children the association between our measure of air pollution and IQ was much stronger,” LeWinn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children of mothers who breathed dirtier air and carried less folate in their bodies scored about seven points lower on IQ tests than children in the top cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effect there was about twice as strong as what we saw in the full sample,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeWinn and other authors acknowledge the folate results haven’t been replicated. But they say that their work can help identify groups of mothers more vulnerable to pollution’s ill effects. Though doctors already recommend folate as a preventative measure against birth defects, among the cohort of mothers in Tennessee, researchers saw that not all pregnant women took enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as individuals might have ways to better our own outcomes of ourselves and our children,” Herting says. “This suggests that’s going to really help offset some of these other things we might not be able to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization\">More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a ‘silent public health emergency.’\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers in this area stress they don’t yet know the exact way air pollution might affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/air-pollution-and-brain\">points out\u003c/a> that air pollution may affect brains directly and indirectly, but also says that associations between air pollution and the brain are “just beginning to emerge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have been amassing evidence connecting air pollution to neurodevelopmental impacts. Last summer, research focused on China \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809474115\">found\u003c/a> that polluted air is linked to lower intelligence in adults, and worsens with age. A study published in \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32399-6/fulltext\">found\u003c/a> that people living near busy roads in Ontario, Canada were more likely to be diagnosed with dementia, though whether that’s a consequence of respiratory and cardiac problems remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study focusing on mothers who breathe soot-laden air adds to a growing body of research into how air pollution affects cognitive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particles of pollution, small enough to breathe deep into lungs, come from coal plants, burning fuel in cars and trucks, and airborne dust. Pregnant women exposed to more of this pollution had children with lower IQs compared to women who breathed cleaner air, according to new analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119302944?via%3Dihub\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Prenatal nutrition may help buffer against the damaging effects of air pollution.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study focused on a group of Tennessee mothers who researchers began to monitor while they were pregnant. As their children grew, researchers gave the kids IQ an test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very long battery that poor small children have to sit through,” says Kaja LeWinn, one of ten research team members and professor of psychiatry at UCSF. “It’s a long time to have a four-to-five year old sitting still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of mothers exposed to the worst soot pollution scored lower on IQ tests by about two-and-a-half points compared to mothers in cleaner neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Fine particulate] pollution is less well-studied as a neurodevelopment toxicant, so I think that makes it particularly interesting to have these results,” says Catherine Karr, a study author and pediatric environmental medicine doctor at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors gather on a path in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park in July 2019 on a day of high air pollution. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike many cities in California, Memphis tends to meet federal pollution standards for most days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nutrition vs. Air Pollution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this work really highlights that low-level exposure might be important and that we need to do more work to know what a safe level is,” says Megan Herting, a neuroscientist at USC who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herting says the work does a good job controlling for other factors that might influence cognitive development, like family economics. “It really narrows down and says there’s something about air quality that seems to be driving this decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team also has found something novel: evidence that nutrition buffers the impacts of air pollution. Pregnant women are told to eat foods rich in folate like leafy greens and citrus, or take prenatal vitamins, like folic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women with the lowest folate levels, for their children the association between our measure of air pollution and IQ was much stronger,” LeWinn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children of mothers who breathed dirtier air and carried less folate in their bodies scored about seven points lower on IQ tests than children in the top cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effect there was about twice as strong as what we saw in the full sample,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeWinn and other authors acknowledge the folate results haven’t been replicated. But they say that their work can help identify groups of mothers more vulnerable to pollution’s ill effects. Though doctors already recommend folate as a preventative measure against birth defects, among the cohort of mothers in Tennessee, researchers saw that not all pregnant women took enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as individuals might have ways to better our own outcomes of ourselves and our children,” Herting says. “This suggests that’s going to really help offset some of these other things we might not be able to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization\">More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a ‘silent public health emergency.’\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers in this area stress they don’t yet know the exact way air pollution might affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/air-pollution-and-brain\">points out\u003c/a> that air pollution may affect brains directly and indirectly, but also says that associations between air pollution and the brain are “just beginning to emerge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have been amassing evidence connecting air pollution to neurodevelopmental impacts. Last summer, research focused on China \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809474115\">found\u003c/a> that polluted air is linked to lower intelligence in adults, and worsens with age. A study published in \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32399-6/fulltext\">found\u003c/a> that people living near busy roads in Ontario, Canada were more likely to be diagnosed with dementia, though whether that’s a consequence of respiratory and cardiac problems remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Attorney General Promises Suit Over Endangered Species Rollback",
"headTitle": "California Attorney General Promises Suit Over Endangered Species Rollback | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Within hours of the Trump administration’s announcement that it is rolling back enforcement of the landmark Endangered Species Act, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra vowed to mount a rigorous legal challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a hastily organized call with reporters, Becerra said the rollbacks put California’s threatened species at greater risk of extinction and promised to sue.[aside postID=science_1939114,science_1946357]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t look to pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action,” he said. “But we challenge these actions by this administration because it is necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He charged that the administration’s decision is meant to “boost the profits of companies that are already putting these species at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration on Monday rolled out some of the broadest changes in decades to enforcement of the Endangered Species Act, allowing the government to put an economic cost on saving a species and and make it harder to consider climate change in evaluating the status of a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary David Bernhardt and other administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/7d4ce27833384f548eaf76d395e6dd53\">contend\u003c/a> the changes improve efficiency of oversight while protecting rare species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best way to uphold the Endangered Species Act is to do everything we can to ensure it remains effective in achieving its ultimate goal — recovery of our rarest species,” Bernhardt said in a statement. “An effectively administered Act ensures more resources can go where they will do the most good: on-the-ground conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the administration announced its intention to rollback protections provided by the law and published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/improving_ESA/regulation-revisions.html\">draft\u003c/a> proposal. Today, it announced the final rule change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s plan will go into effect 30 days after being published in the federal register, barring a legal challenge to prevent it. The New York Times is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/climate/endangered-species-act-changes.html\">reporting\u003c/a> that the administration could publish the new rules in the federal register as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey and Defenders of Wildlife President Jamie Rappaport Clark joined Becerra in promising a swift lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the press call, Healey said relaxing the regulations is illegal because the changes violate the text and purpose of the Endangered Species Act. She said the changes are “arbitrary, capricious, and ignore the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the administration failed to conduct a full study of how the changes would impact the environment and didn’t allow for public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra said the rollbacks would require that the Fish and Wildlife Service craft individualized rules for each species. A move that, he said, would tangle California’s 35 threatened animals and 98 plant species in unnecessary red tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These species are categorized as threatened, and that’s based on science and data,” Becerra said. “But today’s rules throw out science and data. Instead of using science and data they inject economic consideration into what should only be a science-driven decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules water down protections for animals that are at risk of becoming endangered, or are designated as threatened, and make it easier to move a species off the endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the species that could be affected is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11762685/once-nearly-dead-as-the-dodo-california-condor-comeback-reaches-1000-chicks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California condor\u003c/a>, North America’s largest bird that once flew over most of California’s coastal mountains. After years of being critically endangered, the bird has made a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11762685/once-nearly-dead-as-the-dodo-california-condor-comeback-reaches-1000-chicks\">comeback\u003c/a> in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/marine-mammals/southern-sea-otter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">southern sea otter\u003c/a>, the smallest marine mammal in North America, is listed as threatened. The otters live along the coast from San Mateo County in the north to Santa Barbara in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other California species that could be affected are the threatened \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">northern\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">spotted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">owl\u003c/a> — its habitat has declined as a result of timber harvesting and land development — and the endangered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/o/olive-ridley-sea-turtle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olive Ridley sea turtle\u003c/a>, as well as the threatened \u003ca href=\"http://www.iws.org/species_sage_sparrow.html\">San Clemente bell sparrow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endangered Species Act is credited with helping save scores of animals and plants from extinction since President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1973, including the bald eagle, California condor and grizzly bear. The Endangered Species Act currently protects more than 1,600 species in the United States and its territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s changes include allowing economic cost to be taken into account as the federal government weighs protecting a struggling species, although the law stipulates that economic costs not be a factor in deciding whether to protect an animal. That prohibition was meant to ensure that the logging industry, for example, would not be able to push to block protections for a forest-dwelling animal on economic grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary Frazer, an assistant director at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, told reporters that the government would adhere to the law by disclosing the costs to the public, but officials wouldn’t factor economic considerations into their own decision making about protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing in here in my view is a radical change for how we have been consulting and listing species for the last decade or so,” Frazer said. Instead, he said, it brings “more transparency and certainty to the public about the way we’ll carry out our job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brett Hartl, a government affairs director for the Center for Biological Diversity conservation group, contended any such price tag would be inflated, and “an invitation for political interference” in the federal government’s decision whether to save a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be really naive and cynical and disingenuous to pretend” otherwise, Hartl said. “That’s the reason that Congress way back…prohibited the Service from doing that,” Hartl said. “It’s a science question: Is a species going extinct, yes or no?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other changes include ending blanket protections for species newly listed as threatened and a revision could block officials from considering the impact on wildlife from climate change, a major and growing threat to many species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the nearly half-century old act has been overwhelmingly successful in saving animals and plants that are listed as endangered, battles over some of the listings have been years-long and legend, pitting northern spotted owls, snail darters and other creatures and their protectors in court and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/12fc9368c0884087a92aafa1dd757042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">political fights\u003c/a> with industries, local opponents and others. Republican lawmakers have pushed for years to change the Endangered Species Act itself, in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. John Barrasso, a Wyoming Republican who leads the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, said Monday’s changes in enforcement to the act were “a good start,” but said he would continue working to change the act itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats blasted the changes, and conservationists promised a court fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations “take a wrecking ball to one of our oldest and most effective environmental laws, the Endangered Species Act,” said Sen. Tom Udall, a New Mexico Democrat, in a statement. “As we have seen time and time again, no environmental protection — no matter how effective or popular — is safe from this administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 10 attorneys general joined conservation groups in protesting an early draft of the changes, saying they put more wildlife at greater risk of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This effort to gut protections for endangered and threatened species has the same two features of most Trump administration actions: it’s a gift to industry, and it’s illegal,” said Drew Caputo, a vice president of litigation for the conservation advocacy group Earthjustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll see the Trump administration in court about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Riley, legal director of the nature program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, says the listing of species as threatened or endangered must be based on sound science and called the administration’s decision “appalling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in the midst of an extinction crisis,” she said, referring to the impact of climate change. “Rather than take steps to strengthen protections for these species, the Trump Administration is doing the opposite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A United Nations report warned in May that more than 1 million plants and animals globally face extinction, some within decades, owning to human development, climate change and other threats. The report called the rate of species loss a record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ellen Knickmeyer, of the Associated Press, contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t look to pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action,” he said. “But we challenge these actions by this administration because it is necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He charged that the administration’s decision is meant to “boost the profits of companies that are already putting these species at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration on Monday rolled out some of the broadest changes in decades to enforcement of the Endangered Species Act, allowing the government to put an economic cost on saving a species and and make it harder to consider climate change in evaluating the status of a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary David Bernhardt and other administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/7d4ce27833384f548eaf76d395e6dd53\">contend\u003c/a> the changes improve efficiency of oversight while protecting rare species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best way to uphold the Endangered Species Act is to do everything we can to ensure it remains effective in achieving its ultimate goal — recovery of our rarest species,” Bernhardt said in a statement. “An effectively administered Act ensures more resources can go where they will do the most good: on-the-ground conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the administration announced its intention to rollback protections provided by the law and published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/improving_ESA/regulation-revisions.html\">draft\u003c/a> proposal. Today, it announced the final rule change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s plan will go into effect 30 days after being published in the federal register, barring a legal challenge to prevent it. The New York Times is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/climate/endangered-species-act-changes.html\">reporting\u003c/a> that the administration could publish the new rules in the federal register as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey and Defenders of Wildlife President Jamie Rappaport Clark joined Becerra in promising a swift lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the press call, Healey said relaxing the regulations is illegal because the changes violate the text and purpose of the Endangered Species Act. She said the changes are “arbitrary, capricious, and ignore the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the administration failed to conduct a full study of how the changes would impact the environment and didn’t allow for public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra said the rollbacks would require that the Fish and Wildlife Service craft individualized rules for each species. A move that, he said, would tangle California’s 35 threatened animals and 98 plant species in unnecessary red tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These species are categorized as threatened, and that’s based on science and data,” Becerra said. “But today’s rules throw out science and data. Instead of using science and data they inject economic consideration into what should only be a science-driven decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules water down protections for animals that are at risk of becoming endangered, or are designated as threatened, and make it easier to move a species off the endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the species that could be affected is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11762685/once-nearly-dead-as-the-dodo-california-condor-comeback-reaches-1000-chicks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California condor\u003c/a>, North America’s largest bird that once flew over most of California’s coastal mountains. After years of being critically endangered, the bird has made a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11762685/once-nearly-dead-as-the-dodo-california-condor-comeback-reaches-1000-chicks\">comeback\u003c/a> in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/marine-mammals/southern-sea-otter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">southern sea otter\u003c/a>, the smallest marine mammal in North America, is listed as threatened. The otters live along the coast from San Mateo County in the north to Santa Barbara in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other California species that could be affected are the threatened \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">northern\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">spotted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489595\">owl\u003c/a> — its habitat has declined as a result of timber harvesting and land development — and the endangered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/o/olive-ridley-sea-turtle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olive Ridley sea turtle\u003c/a>, as well as the threatened \u003ca href=\"http://www.iws.org/species_sage_sparrow.html\">San Clemente bell sparrow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endangered Species Act is credited with helping save scores of animals and plants from extinction since President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1973, including the bald eagle, California condor and grizzly bear. The Endangered Species Act currently protects more than 1,600 species in the United States and its territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s changes include allowing economic cost to be taken into account as the federal government weighs protecting a struggling species, although the law stipulates that economic costs not be a factor in deciding whether to protect an animal. That prohibition was meant to ensure that the logging industry, for example, would not be able to push to block protections for a forest-dwelling animal on economic grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary Frazer, an assistant director at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, told reporters that the government would adhere to the law by disclosing the costs to the public, but officials wouldn’t factor economic considerations into their own decision making about protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing in here in my view is a radical change for how we have been consulting and listing species for the last decade or so,” Frazer said. Instead, he said, it brings “more transparency and certainty to the public about the way we’ll carry out our job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brett Hartl, a government affairs director for the Center for Biological Diversity conservation group, contended any such price tag would be inflated, and “an invitation for political interference” in the federal government’s decision whether to save a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be really naive and cynical and disingenuous to pretend” otherwise, Hartl said. “That’s the reason that Congress way back…prohibited the Service from doing that,” Hartl said. “It’s a science question: Is a species going extinct, yes or no?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other changes include ending blanket protections for species newly listed as threatened and a revision could block officials from considering the impact on wildlife from climate change, a major and growing threat to many species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the nearly half-century old act has been overwhelmingly successful in saving animals and plants that are listed as endangered, battles over some of the listings have been years-long and legend, pitting northern spotted owls, snail darters and other creatures and their protectors in court and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/12fc9368c0884087a92aafa1dd757042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">political fights\u003c/a> with industries, local opponents and others. Republican lawmakers have pushed for years to change the Endangered Species Act itself, in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. John Barrasso, a Wyoming Republican who leads the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, said Monday’s changes in enforcement to the act were “a good start,” but said he would continue working to change the act itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats blasted the changes, and conservationists promised a court fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations “take a wrecking ball to one of our oldest and most effective environmental laws, the Endangered Species Act,” said Sen. Tom Udall, a New Mexico Democrat, in a statement. “As we have seen time and time again, no environmental protection — no matter how effective or popular — is safe from this administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 10 attorneys general joined conservation groups in protesting an early draft of the changes, saying they put more wildlife at greater risk of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This effort to gut protections for endangered and threatened species has the same two features of most Trump administration actions: it’s a gift to industry, and it’s illegal,” said Drew Caputo, a vice president of litigation for the conservation advocacy group Earthjustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll see the Trump administration in court about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Riley, legal director of the nature program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, says the listing of species as threatened or endangered must be based on sound science and called the administration’s decision “appalling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in the midst of an extinction crisis,” she said, referring to the impact of climate change. “Rather than take steps to strengthen protections for these species, the Trump Administration is doing the opposite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A United Nations report warned in May that more than 1 million plants and animals globally face extinction, some within decades, owning to human development, climate change and other threats. The report called the rate of species loss a record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ellen Knickmeyer, of the Associated Press, contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Over 75 years, a billion-dollar industry has grown up around a group of toxic chemicals that helps keep carpets clean, makes water roll off of camping equipment, and stops your food from sticking to frying pans. There are nearly 5,000 of these chemicals in a class called PFAS, for perfluoralkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re just beginning to understand the risk they pose. What chemists know is that the tough carbon-fluorine bonds in these “forever chemicals” make them break down very slowly in the environment — posing a persistent risk to water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>PFAS Linked to Liver and Developmental Problems \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf\">has profiled\u003c/a> PFAS, which has been studied in people and in animals. Studies have linked to it developmental problems, thyroid disease, harm to the immune system, and impaired liver function. The CDC and Environmental Protection Agency also say some of the chemicals in this class may cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium']Since PFAS have a long life in the environment, when you put takeout bowls with trace amounts of them in compost, the potentially toxic chemicals remain dangerous wherever they go.[/pullquote]PFAS are oil, stain, grease, and water repellent, so they’re found in consumer products like ski goggles and camping gear. What people are worried about now is where the chemicals might have entered drinking water through industrial uses. There’s a firefighting foam used on airport runways because it cleans up fuel spills and oil really well, and from there the PFAS chemicals could leach into soil, and then water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental Working Group toxicologist Alexis Temkin says that human exposure can come from drinking water and certain types of food, especially seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now beginning to understand that it can be found in compost, which can be used on other types of vegetables, which can then take up PFAS,” Temkin says. “So we know that the health hazard and the risk can come from a variety of different places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a federal program, starting a couple of decades ago\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> companies voluntarily phased out the older versions of these PFAS chemicals. They aren’t made in the U.S. anymore, but some other newer ones are, and these newer chemicals may be less toxic, or may not be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Thousands of Chemicals and Very Few Rules\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal rules set a health advisory limit for drinking water at 70 parts per trillion. The CDC’s toxicology review \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf\">suggests\u003c/a> that the for some chemicals the limit should be around one-fifth of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_560344' label='Inside the Story of 1,2,3-TCP']\u003cbr>\nThe Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pfas/draft-interim-recommendations-addressing-groundwater-contaminated-pfoa-and-pfos\">has issued\u003c/a> an interim plan which says that the agency will continue to study PFAS \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-02/documents/pfas_action_plan_021319_508compliant_1.pdf\">for a while yet\u003c/a>. States have been moving to take swifter action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Jersey made a hard limit for two PFAS chemicals, and is making companies test and clean up to that standard. It’s also now a condition of real estate transactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, California has set a health advisory at 70 parts per trillion. But that doesn’t mean people here are drinking tainted water. The State Water Resources Control Board is undertaking a huge \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/pfas/\">investigation\u003c/a> of where PFAS might be, beginning with 1500 airports, wells and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB756\">has now signed\u003c/a> a law requiring water agencies to disclose when any PFAS chemicals are found in water above a level of 70 parts per trillion. The Association of California Water Agencies opposed the law, expressing concern that it might make people scared of their water without giving consumers useful information because the science remains complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From Chipotle to Compost: PFAS in Takeout Containers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit New Food Economy \u003ca href=\"https://newfoodeconomy.org/pfas-forever-chemicals-sweetgreen-chipotle-compostable-biodegradable-bowls/\">tested for\u003c/a> PFAS and found it in compostable bowls from Chipotle and Sweetgreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern isn’t that one burrito bowl is going to get you sick. Since PFAS have a long life in the environment, when you put takeout bowls with trace amounts of them in compost, the potentially toxic chemicals remain dangerous wherever they go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, San Francisco banned PFAS chemicals from takeout materials — the bowls, the plates, the spoons, all of it — after lawsuits \u003ca href=\"https://theintercept.com/2018/07/31/3m-pfas-minnesota-pfoa-pfos/\">revealed\u003c/a> that companies including 3M knew for four decades or more that the chemicals were toxic and accumulated in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress has discussed taking action to keep PFAS out of disposable food containers, but it hasn’t taken action yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cleanup Is Expensive\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We \u003ca href=\"https://cen.acs.org/environment/persistent-pollutants/Forever-chemicals-technologies-aim-destroy/97/i12\">can \u003c/a>clean up PFAS from water supplies, but it’s costly. Water treatment plants have ways to trap the chemicals, including reverse osmosis. The problem is, treatment plants have to dispose of the chemicals they trap, and these chemicals don’t break down. It’s not an easy fix. Scientists are researching how to trap the chemicals better, and how to make the chemicals break down faster and more safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over 75 years, a billion-dollar industry has grown up around a group of toxic chemicals that helps keep carpets clean, makes water roll off of camping equipment, and stops your food from sticking to frying pans. There are nearly 5,000 of these chemicals in a class called PFAS, for perfluoralkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re just beginning to understand the risk they pose. What chemists know is that the tough carbon-fluorine bonds in these “forever chemicals” make them break down very slowly in the environment — posing a persistent risk to water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>PFAS Linked to Liver and Developmental Problems \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf\">has profiled\u003c/a> PFAS, which has been studied in people and in animals. Studies have linked to it developmental problems, thyroid disease, harm to the immune system, and impaired liver function. The CDC and Environmental Protection Agency also say some of the chemicals in this class may cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>PFAS are oil, stain, grease, and water repellent, so they’re found in consumer products like ski goggles and camping gear. What people are worried about now is where the chemicals might have entered drinking water through industrial uses. There’s a firefighting foam used on airport runways because it cleans up fuel spills and oil really well, and from there the PFAS chemicals could leach into soil, and then water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental Working Group toxicologist Alexis Temkin says that human exposure can come from drinking water and certain types of food, especially seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now beginning to understand that it can be found in compost, which can be used on other types of vegetables, which can then take up PFAS,” Temkin says. “So we know that the health hazard and the risk can come from a variety of different places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a federal program, starting a couple of decades ago\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> companies voluntarily phased out the older versions of these PFAS chemicals. They aren’t made in the U.S. anymore, but some other newer ones are, and these newer chemicals may be less toxic, or may not be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Thousands of Chemicals and Very Few Rules\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal rules set a health advisory limit for drinking water at 70 parts per trillion. The CDC’s toxicology review \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf\">suggests\u003c/a> that the for some chemicals the limit should be around one-fifth of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThe Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pfas/draft-interim-recommendations-addressing-groundwater-contaminated-pfoa-and-pfos\">has issued\u003c/a> an interim plan which says that the agency will continue to study PFAS \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-02/documents/pfas_action_plan_021319_508compliant_1.pdf\">for a while yet\u003c/a>. States have been moving to take swifter action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Jersey made a hard limit for two PFAS chemicals, and is making companies test and clean up to that standard. It’s also now a condition of real estate transactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, California has set a health advisory at 70 parts per trillion. But that doesn’t mean people here are drinking tainted water. The State Water Resources Control Board is undertaking a huge \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/pfas/\">investigation\u003c/a> of where PFAS might be, beginning with 1500 airports, wells and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB756\">has now signed\u003c/a> a law requiring water agencies to disclose when any PFAS chemicals are found in water above a level of 70 parts per trillion. The Association of California Water Agencies opposed the law, expressing concern that it might make people scared of their water without giving consumers useful information because the science remains complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From Chipotle to Compost: PFAS in Takeout Containers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit New Food Economy \u003ca href=\"https://newfoodeconomy.org/pfas-forever-chemicals-sweetgreen-chipotle-compostable-biodegradable-bowls/\">tested for\u003c/a> PFAS and found it in compostable bowls from Chipotle and Sweetgreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern isn’t that one burrito bowl is going to get you sick. Since PFAS have a long life in the environment, when you put takeout bowls with trace amounts of them in compost, the potentially toxic chemicals remain dangerous wherever they go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, San Francisco banned PFAS chemicals from takeout materials — the bowls, the plates, the spoons, all of it — after lawsuits \u003ca href=\"https://theintercept.com/2018/07/31/3m-pfas-minnesota-pfoa-pfos/\">revealed\u003c/a> that companies including 3M knew for four decades or more that the chemicals were toxic and accumulated in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress has discussed taking action to keep PFAS out of disposable food containers, but it hasn’t taken action yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cleanup Is Expensive\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We \u003ca href=\"https://cen.acs.org/environment/persistent-pollutants/Forever-chemicals-technologies-aim-destroy/97/i12\">can \u003c/a>clean up PFAS from water supplies, but it’s costly. Water treatment plants have ways to trap the chemicals, including reverse osmosis. The problem is, treatment plants have to dispose of the chemicals they trap, and these chemicals don’t break down. It’s not an easy fix. Scientists are researching how to trap the chemicals better, and how to make the chemicals break down faster and more safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feds Extend Review For Controversial Forest Plan",
"headTitle": "Feds Extend Review For Controversial Forest Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service has extended public comment period on a controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/13/2019-12195/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">plan\u003c/a> to relax environmental permitting for new logging and forest management projects across millions of acres of federal forest lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would upend long-held environmental practices that have been in place since 1970, and make it easier for timber harvesting and bulldozing forest roads in all 20 of California’s federal forests, including national forests in Mendocino, Tahoe, Los Padres, and Lassen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade.’’\u003ccite>Alejandro Camacho, UC Irvine law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nepa/revisions/index.shtml\">said\u003c/a> that, with its limited staff, extended droughts, pests, and tree diseases have made it difficult for the agency to protect people from catastrophic wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about two million acres of federal forests are treated with thinning projects, prescribed burns or logging each year. The Forest Service would like to do a lot more. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\">estimate\u003c/a> 17 million acres of federal forests at high fire risk could be logged to reduce fire danger and 35 million acres should be treated with prescribed burns. The proposed rule changes will allow them to act more quickly, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulation Rollback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s only part of the picture. In 2018, President Donald Trump issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/eo-promoting-active-management-americas-forests-rangelands-federal-lands-improve-conditions-reduce-wildfire-risk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order \u003c/a>that encouraged federal agencies to ease environmental review for industrial operations on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration has called for more ‘\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/29/642955787/will-more-logging-save-western-forests-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">active\u003c/a>’ logging in western forests and wants to open up more federal forests to the timber industry. They say it will provide badly needed jobs in rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the one hand, periodically updating federal agency regulations is a good thing,” said Alejandro Camacho, a law professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade,” he said. “The most prominent changes are concerning because they open a category of actions by the agency that they are trying to exclude from environmental review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would more than double the size of projects that can bypass the analysis. For commercial logging and timber harvesting, that means expediting any proposal smaller than 4,200 acres, Camacho said. For forest thinning projects, where forest managers clear dense stands of trees and thick brush, the threshold is 7,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists have decried the plan, calling it a giveaway for corporations and saying it has the potential to destroy the environment. They say the rule change would shield logging contracts from public and scientific scrutiny, and could extend to new oil and gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, however, most of the federal drilling occurs on land overseen by the Bureau of Land Management, which is a separate agency with its own environmental process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randi Spivak, a public lands policy advocate for the Center for Biological Diversity, said that if the rule passes as it is written, the public will have no voice on the majority of decisions the government makes about national forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the voice of the people,” Spivak said. “Public comment is an opportunity for everyday citizens who love their national forests to get to comment and raise concerns over proposals by the Forest Service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent weeks, environmentalists rallied their people to oppose the plan, who flooded the Forest Service with comments. The comment \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/08/09/2019-17071/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">period\u003c/a> was initially supposed to last 60 days, ending on August 12. But the Forest Service has extended the comment period to the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service was not available for comment at the time of publication.[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Spill That Spurred a Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On January 28, 1969, toxic sludge and gas \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/news/the-ocean-is-boiling-the-complete-oral-history-of-the-1969-santa-barbara-oil-spill\">erupted\u003c/a> from an oil platform off the coast of Santa Barbara. The spill energized a burgeoning environmental movement around the idea that society needed to protect its wild lands and regulate how it does business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act, colloquially known as NEPA\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>into law. This mandated federal agencies to study how their plans could harm natural ecosystems. Officials must present these findings to the public, and give them a chance to weigh-in. The government doesn’t have to heed the advice or requests, but it’s required to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These proceedings can take years and the law has been a punching bag of business groups who complain of cumbersome bureaucracy. But the review process is the tip of the spear for environmental justice groups, who use comments and lawsuits to press policy and advocate for protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has its own, more rigorous environmental law, the California Environmental Quality Act. But that law covers state lands and doesn’t require review for logging in federal forests, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the Forest Service’s proposal is one part of a broader campaign by the Trump administration to erode environmental protections. The administration wants to relax how the government regulates carbon dioxide emissions, for example, and has set a two year limit on assessments of major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are focused not on the quality of analysis, but just on speeding it up,” Camacho said. “Ironically, that may slow it down because of all the number of lawsuits that will come because of the rushed analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service will be accepting comments on its proposal until August 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service has extended public comment period on a controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/13/2019-12195/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">plan\u003c/a> to relax environmental permitting for new logging and forest management projects across millions of acres of federal forest lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would upend long-held environmental practices that have been in place since 1970, and make it easier for timber harvesting and bulldozing forest roads in all 20 of California’s federal forests, including national forests in Mendocino, Tahoe, Los Padres, and Lassen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade.’’\u003ccite>Alejandro Camacho, UC Irvine law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nepa/revisions/index.shtml\">said\u003c/a> that, with its limited staff, extended droughts, pests, and tree diseases have made it difficult for the agency to protect people from catastrophic wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about two million acres of federal forests are treated with thinning projects, prescribed burns or logging each year. The Forest Service would like to do a lot more. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\">estimate\u003c/a> 17 million acres of federal forests at high fire risk could be logged to reduce fire danger and 35 million acres should be treated with prescribed burns. The proposed rule changes will allow them to act more quickly, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulation Rollback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s only part of the picture. In 2018, President Donald Trump issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/eo-promoting-active-management-americas-forests-rangelands-federal-lands-improve-conditions-reduce-wildfire-risk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order \u003c/a>that encouraged federal agencies to ease environmental review for industrial operations on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration has called for more ‘\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/29/642955787/will-more-logging-save-western-forests-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">active\u003c/a>’ logging in western forests and wants to open up more federal forests to the timber industry. They say it will provide badly needed jobs in rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the one hand, periodically updating federal agency regulations is a good thing,” said Alejandro Camacho, a law professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade,” he said. “The most prominent changes are concerning because they open a category of actions by the agency that they are trying to exclude from environmental review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would more than double the size of projects that can bypass the analysis. For commercial logging and timber harvesting, that means expediting any proposal smaller than 4,200 acres, Camacho said. For forest thinning projects, where forest managers clear dense stands of trees and thick brush, the threshold is 7,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists have decried the plan, calling it a giveaway for corporations and saying it has the potential to destroy the environment. They say the rule change would shield logging contracts from public and scientific scrutiny, and could extend to new oil and gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, however, most of the federal drilling occurs on land overseen by the Bureau of Land Management, which is a separate agency with its own environmental process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randi Spivak, a public lands policy advocate for the Center for Biological Diversity, said that if the rule passes as it is written, the public will have no voice on the majority of decisions the government makes about national forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the voice of the people,” Spivak said. “Public comment is an opportunity for everyday citizens who love their national forests to get to comment and raise concerns over proposals by the Forest Service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent weeks, environmentalists rallied their people to oppose the plan, who flooded the Forest Service with comments. The comment \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/08/09/2019-17071/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">period\u003c/a> was initially supposed to last 60 days, ending on August 12. But the Forest Service has extended the comment period to the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service was not available for comment at the time of publication.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Spill That Spurred a Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On January 28, 1969, toxic sludge and gas \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/news/the-ocean-is-boiling-the-complete-oral-history-of-the-1969-santa-barbara-oil-spill\">erupted\u003c/a> from an oil platform off the coast of Santa Barbara. The spill energized a burgeoning environmental movement around the idea that society needed to protect its wild lands and regulate how it does business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act, colloquially known as NEPA\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>into law. This mandated federal agencies to study how their plans could harm natural ecosystems. Officials must present these findings to the public, and give them a chance to weigh-in. The government doesn’t have to heed the advice or requests, but it’s required to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These proceedings can take years and the law has been a punching bag of business groups who complain of cumbersome bureaucracy. But the review process is the tip of the spear for environmental justice groups, who use comments and lawsuits to press policy and advocate for protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has its own, more rigorous environmental law, the California Environmental Quality Act. But that law covers state lands and doesn’t require review for logging in federal forests, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the Forest Service’s proposal is one part of a broader campaign by the Trump administration to erode environmental protections. The administration wants to relax how the government regulates carbon dioxide emissions, for example, and has set a two year limit on assessments of major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are focused not on the quality of analysis, but just on speeding it up,” Camacho said. “Ironically, that may slow it down because of all the number of lawsuits that will come because of the rushed analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service will be accepting comments on its proposal until August 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration has instructed companies not to warn customers about products that contain glyphosate, a move aimed at California as it fights one of the world’s largest agriculture companies about the potentially cancer-causing chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says it “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-08/documents/glyphosate_registrant_letter_-_8-7-19_-_signed.pdf\">will no longer approve\u003c/a>” labels warning glyphosate is known to cause cancer. The chemical is marketed as a weed killer by Monsanto under the brand Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California requires warning labels on glyphosate products because the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an arm of the World Health Organization, has said it is “\u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/featured-news/media-centre-iarc-news-glyphosate/\">probably carcinogenic\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA disagrees, \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/draft-human-health-and-ecological-risk-assessments-glyphosate\">saying\u003c/a> its own research shows the chemical poses no risks to public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto has sued to block California’s warning label requirements. A federal judge blocked California from enforcing the labels while the lawsuit continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize that under federal law, the Environmental Protection Agency can make decisions about what kind of warnings these labels can carry,” Allan Hirsch, the chief deputy director of the state’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hirsch says California stands by its 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/glyphosate-listed-effective-july-7-2017-known-state-california-cause-cancer\">listing\u003c/a> of glyphosate under Proposition 65, which is based on the conclusions of the IARC. “EPA is free to disagree with IARC on that question, we know that they do,” he said. “But it’s misleading to dismiss California’s warnings as false.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The National Park Service has proposed to shoot a small number of elk each year as a way to reduce conflict with livestock that graze at \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft proposal for managing the national park would restrict the herd of tule elk to 120 adult animals in an area known as Drakes Beach. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=science_1920624,science_1866137]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re proposing management of that herd,” said Melanie Gunn, a park spokesperson, “to cap it at a viable population level and at one that is compatible with the ranching in the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tule elk are North America’s smallest elk species and found only in California. In this bucolic area of western Marin County, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ranchers say the elk consume grass and feed meant for cattle. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service estimated it could shoot between 10 to 15 elk annually, based on the rapid growth of the herd over the past few years. In 2018, an estimated 124 elk roamed Drakes Beach, up from 76 in 2014. More than 600 elk live on the seashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two dozen dairy and ranching families have leases on the national seashore and on the adjacent Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Agriculture takes up about a third of the park’s 44 square miles (114 square kilometers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups want the park to prohibit beef and dairy operations in the park and were quick to criticize the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s appalling,” said Jeff Miller, senior conservation advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an anti wildlife plan,” he said. “I’m having a hard time understanding what the Park Service is thinking. This plan calls for shooting and harassing elk in the only national park where they exist, and it does very little to address the significant environmental damage that’s occurring from the ranching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials also want to allow some existing ranchers to raise pigs, goats, chickens and other livestock in a small area of the park, as well as grow row crops such as artichokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service drafted the plan and several alternatives to manage the land as part of a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/aab79f98f1234183912d82ee7742f1f0\">settlement\u003c/a> after conservation groups sued the Park Service in 2016. The lawsuit alleged that the federal agency was violating the law by renewing ranching leases without considering the park’s preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park employees would likely kill a few elk at various times throughout the year, ensuring a proper ratio of male and female elk, Gunn said. The venison would be donated to charity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service expects to have a final plan by early 2020, after a 45-day public comment period, Gunn said, and are hosting two public \u003ca href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/meetingNotices.cfm?projectID=74313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meetings\u003c/a> about the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first meeting will be on August 27 between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m. at the West Marin School Gymnasium in Point Reyes Station. The second will be held the following day at the same time, but will be located at the Bay Model in Sausalito .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/c48ac87a078242f3a4bc30aea34359ed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two dozen dairy and ranching families have leases on the national seashore and on the adjacent Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Agriculture takes up about a third of the park’s 44 square miles (114 square kilometers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups want the park to prohibit beef and dairy operations in the park and were quick to criticize the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s appalling,” said Jeff Miller, senior conservation advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an anti wildlife plan,” he said. “I’m having a hard time understanding what the Park Service is thinking. This plan calls for shooting and harassing elk in the only national park where they exist, and it does very little to address the significant environmental damage that’s occurring from the ranching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials also want to allow some existing ranchers to raise pigs, goats, chickens and other livestock in a small area of the park, as well as grow row crops such as artichokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service drafted the plan and several alternatives to manage the land as part of a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/aab79f98f1234183912d82ee7742f1f0\">settlement\u003c/a> after conservation groups sued the Park Service in 2016. The lawsuit alleged that the federal agency was violating the law by renewing ranching leases without considering the park’s preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park employees would likely kill a few elk at various times throughout the year, ensuring a proper ratio of male and female elk, Gunn said. The venison would be donated to charity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service expects to have a final plan by early 2020, after a 45-day public comment period, Gunn said, and are hosting two public \u003ca href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/meetingNotices.cfm?projectID=74313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meetings\u003c/a> about the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first meeting will be on August 27 between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m. at the West Marin School Gymnasium in Point Reyes Station. The second will be held the following day at the same time, but will be located at the Bay Model in Sausalito .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/c48ac87a078242f3a4bc30aea34359ed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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"info": "",
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"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
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"ted-radio-hour": {
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"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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