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"content": "\u003cp>Someday you could slice into a steak from a Petri dish, or savor sashimi from a test tube. By growing meat in labs, a slew of Bay Area startups promise a future of tasty dishes for carnivores without making billions of animals suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ju.st/en-us\">Just Inc.\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://finlessfoods.com/\">Finless Foods\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.memphismeats.com/\">Memphis Meats\u003c/a> are making beef, pork, poultry and seafood by harvesting cells from muscle tissue instead of living animals. Others like \u003ca href=\"https://www.clarafoods.com/\">Clara Foods\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://geltor.com/\">Geltor\u003c/a> ferment yeast cells to make egg whites and collagen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, teams from many of these companies gathered to discuss this trend at the \u003ca href=\"https://goodfoodconference.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Good Food Conference \u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To make cultured meat, companies use techniques very similar to what doctors do to help burn victims heal. Physicians take skin grafts, replicate the cells outside the body and add the new cells back to the wound. The biggest difference with growing cultured meat is the result. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists begin with a biopsy of animal muscle tissue. Technicians collect stem cells from the tissue, multiply them dramatically and allow them to differentiate into fibers that eventually bulk up and form muscle tissue. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voila! Sirloin without a slaughterhouse. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Well, not yet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For now, companies focus on ground products like chicken nuggets, sausages and hamburger. This first line of offerings will likely include fillers, flavors and additives to help lab grown meat look, taste and feel the way people expect it to. Before scientists can create pork chops and filet mignon, they must learn how to design and replicate blood vessels. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Yuck…to Yum!?!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers’ aversion to genetic engineering and artificial flavors in food could make it tricky to market lab-grown meat. Cultured meat companies are quick to point out that labs allow much more control over flavor and food safety than farms do. Also, their products could save farm animals from enormous suffering and help the planet by reducing the number of methane-producing cattle and other livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farms generate a hefty carbon footprint. Raising animals in California \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_sector_sum_2000-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emits 8 percent\u003c/a> of the state’s total greenhouse gases. That’s more than all the state’s oil refineries combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In theory, lab-grown meat is a sensible solution because it removes the need for vast acres of land to grow cattle, chickens and pigs. Not to mention chemical fertilizers that pollute air and water. That said,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the environmental reality is much less certain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00005/full\"> new study\u003c/a> suggests lab-grown meat could accelerate climate change more than regular beef does. The claims, pro and con, are based on theoretical models. We won’t know what cultured meat on a commercial scale requires until labs are able to feed large populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Can I Order a Lab-Grown Burger?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area CEOs promise their products will be ready for public consumption in a year or two. Industry buzz suggests that’ll happen in Asia first. In countries like Singapore and Japan – where land is limited and meat imports are very expensive – excitement is brewing. Asian cultures tend to embrace, instead of scoff, novel foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the industry faces significant scientific, regulatory, manufacturing, economic and cultural hurdles before it catches on in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no proof that producing meat in labs could endanger human health, but the federal Food and Drug Administration would need to regulate an entirely new industry. There’s also pushback from traditional farmers and ranchers who argue vehemently against labeling these products as meat. Marketers will have to coax consumers past the gross-out factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, companies need to create a commercially viable product. Mark Post, the co-founder of Mosa Meat, developed the first lab-grown burger in 2013. That patty cost $300,000. Prices have dropped a lot since then, but not to a level that can compete with U.S. beef on the hoof. For all these reasons, food industry skeptics suggest it will be at least a decade or even two before diners can order cultured meat on local menus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists begin with a biopsy of animal muscle tissue. Technicians collect stem cells from the tissue, multiply them dramatically and allow them to differentiate into fibers that eventually bulk up and form muscle tissue. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voila! Sirloin without a slaughterhouse. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Well, not yet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For now, companies focus on ground products like chicken nuggets, sausages and hamburger. This first line of offerings will likely include fillers, flavors and additives to help lab grown meat look, taste and feel the way people expect it to. Before scientists can create pork chops and filet mignon, they must learn how to design and replicate blood vessels. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Yuck…to Yum!?!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers’ aversion to genetic engineering and artificial flavors in food could make it tricky to market lab-grown meat. Cultured meat companies are quick to point out that labs allow much more control over flavor and food safety than farms do. Also, their products could save farm animals from enormous suffering and help the planet by reducing the number of methane-producing cattle and other livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farms generate a hefty carbon footprint. Raising animals in California \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_sector_sum_2000-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emits 8 percent\u003c/a> of the state’s total greenhouse gases. That’s more than all the state’s oil refineries combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In theory, lab-grown meat is a sensible solution because it removes the need for vast acres of land to grow cattle, chickens and pigs. Not to mention chemical fertilizers that pollute air and water. That said,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the environmental reality is much less certain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00005/full\"> new study\u003c/a> suggests lab-grown meat could accelerate climate change more than regular beef does. The claims, pro and con, are based on theoretical models. We won’t know what cultured meat on a commercial scale requires until labs are able to feed large populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Can I Order a Lab-Grown Burger?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area CEOs promise their products will be ready for public consumption in a year or two. Industry buzz suggests that’ll happen in Asia first. In countries like Singapore and Japan – where land is limited and meat imports are very expensive – excitement is brewing. Asian cultures tend to embrace, instead of scoff, novel foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the industry faces significant scientific, regulatory, manufacturing, economic and cultural hurdles before it catches on in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no proof that producing meat in labs could endanger human health, but the federal Food and Drug Administration would need to regulate an entirely new industry. There’s also pushback from traditional farmers and ranchers who argue vehemently against labeling these products as meat. Marketers will have to coax consumers past the gross-out factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, companies need to create a commercially viable product. Mark Post, the co-founder of Mosa Meat, developed the first lab-grown burger in 2013. That patty cost $300,000. Prices have dropped a lot since then, but not to a level that can compete with U.S. beef on the hoof. For all these reasons, food industry skeptics suggest it will be at least a decade or even two before diners can order cultured meat on local menus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Is a Toxic Soup",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine a giant aquatic vortex between Hawaii and California where converging ocean currents stir a toxic soup of discarded fishing nets, bottles, ropes, toilet seats, toothbrushes, bottle caps, bags and microplastics smaller than your pinky nail.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s out there, and it has a name: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You could sail right through it without noticing you are in the midst of almost\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> 2 trillion\u003c/a> pieces of plastics churning between the surface and the bottom of the ocean. Most people can’t perceive how big it really is.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pullquote size='medium align='right' citation='Kara Law]‘It’s easier to collect a floating bottle in the harbor than it is – some number of years later – to try to pick up 5,000 pieces of broken bottles, distributed over hundreds of square kilometers in the middle of the ocean.[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> “People picture a landfill or a dump floating out in the middle of the ocean. That is just not accurate,” says Kara Lavender Law of the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sea.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sea Education Association\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Think of it more as an accumulation of little things — a balloon, a red rubber flip-flop, a coffee can — far from where they belong. In 1972, the sight of these plastic objects in midocean surprised an observer enough that she wrote about it for the first time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elizabeth Venrick, a biologist at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography, was aboard a research vessel that broke down in the Central North Pacific Ocean. “From this vantage point,” she wrote, “it was obvious that the sea surface is littered with a startling array of man-made objects, even 600 miles from the nearest major civilization (Hawaii) and outside the major shipping lanes.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Venrick’s log marked the first scientific record of the garbage accumulation in the Pacific Ocean. The journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> published a paper based on the researchers’ observations in 1973.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the time, Venrick and her colleagues dismissed the plastic as an aesthetic affront unlikely to enter the food chain and threaten human well-being. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But her article concluded with a warning and a reference to a nursery rhyme:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Unless we find adequate means of disposing of our plastic products soon,” she wrote, “we can anticipate that the ‘\u003ca href=\"https://poets.org/poem/wynken-blynken-and-nod\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wynken, Blynken and Nod’\u003c/a> of our children will set sail into a plastic sea, accompanied by all the ‘no-deposit, no-return’ products of our technology.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Almost 50 years later, researchers continue to study what Venrick saw, and some ambitious enterprises are trying to apply technological solutions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Desire to Clean\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://theoceancleanup.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ocean Cleanup\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a Netherlands-based nonprofit, has promised that its technology would remove half of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in just five years. From a list of donors that included Silicon Valley billionaires Peter Thiel and Marc Benioff, the organization raised $40 million.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last year, it launched a giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691328/massive-barrier-sets-out-from-san-francisco-to-collect-the-pacific-oceans-plastic-trash\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U-shaped barrier\u003c/a> on the San Francisco Bay. The structure is supposed to function like a coastline that collects plastic from the Pacific Ocean. In a couple of months, a 59-foot end-section fell off and the system \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11716204/an-engineering-wunderkinds-ocean-plastics-cleanup-device-hits-a-setback\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">returned\u003c/a> to land for repairs. The organization relaunched it in June.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International media have been paying attention to cleanup efforts. and to the growing realization that ocean plastics are an ugly, harmful and potentially toxic pollution problem for marine wildlife, one that’s expensive, and maybe impossible, to solve. Some environmentalists wonder if it’s even possible to clean up the Great Pacific Patch.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The goal isn’t to get everything,” explained Mary Crowley, founder and director of the Sausalito-based\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanvoyagesinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ocean Voyages Institute\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. “I think that is an unrealistic goal. But I think we can help make the ocean a healthier habitat for all the life within it.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earlier this year, with the help of satellite-based GPS trackers, the Institute extracted \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944183/pacific-plastic-purge-attempt-serves-as-a-reminder-of-the-daunting-task-ahead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">40 tons\u003c/a> of “ghost” fishing nets and other plastics from the North Pacific garbage patch. The expedition’s haul accounted for less than 0.1% of the abandoned nets scientists believe are still in the Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944194\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/0027-Net-3._DSC1046-1-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/0027-Net-3._DSC1046-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/0027-Net-3._DSC1046-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/0027-Net-3._DSC1046-1-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crew of the Greenpeace ship MY Arctic Sunrise voyage into the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, documenting plastics and other marine debris. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a soupy mix of plastics and microplastics, now twice the size of Texas, in the middle of the North Pacific Ocean. \u003ccite>(Ocean Voyage Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Start Near the Shore\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are no cost-effective fixes for the offshore trash problem. It’ll take time, money, political will and technologies that might not exist yet to collect all the microplastics from the vast, constantly moving ocean. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One ocean expert, Sherry Lippiatt with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Marine Debris Program, offers an idea of how to get our heads around this. “If you walk into a bathroom and the toilet is overflowing, would you grab a mop or turn off the water at the source?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To approach this problem at its source, her program makes it a priority to remove debris near the ocean shore.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NOAA has funded a volunteer-based beach cleanup that’s cleared over two tons of debris and lost fishing gear from the Channel Islands. It’s also paying for Surfrider San Francisco’s Hold on to Your Butt program aimed at changing smokers’ habits on and around beaches. On Aug. 15, NOAA announced $2.7 million in grants for onshore marine debris removal and research.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“It’s easier to collect a floating bottle in the harbor than it is – some number of years later – to try to pick up 5,000 pieces of broken bottles, distributed over hundreds of square kilometers in the middle of the ocean,” says the Sea Education Association’s Kara Lavender Law.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[ad fullwidth]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Consumer Choice\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Experts like her remind us that the enormity of the problem is no excuse for inaction. Consumers can choose to recycle, refill and reduce the amount of plastic we use and throw away. “The convenience lifestyle [of single use plastic] is not essential,” says Law.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The idea is to learn from what people did decades before they relied on plastic. In the 1920s, Americans routinely refilled the glass and metal containers that held their milk and motor oil. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In an effort to reboot this idea, the recycling company\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.terracycle.com/en-US/pages/closed-loop-solutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TerraCycle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has established a new shopping service called Loop.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“You can now access your favorite brands, from your Häagen-Dazs ice cream to Tide laundry detergent, in durable refillable packages,” said TerraCycle CEO Tom Szkay. Next year, his company plans to launch Loop reusable containers in California, Canada, Germany, Japan and Australia. He says he hopes people will endorse these products with their wallets and a commitment to reduce and eliminate plastic waste.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, though, plastic has made its way into \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943007/the-new-pollution-monterey-bay-is-swimming-in-microplastic\">bodies of water many Californians treasure.\u003c/a> as well as into the bodies of creatures that include \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943187/there-may-be-way-more-plastic-in-your-diet-than-you-thought\">human beings\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers are trying to play catch-up by introducing bills that would phase out the sale and distribution of plastics and require a minimum recycled content level in plastic bottles. Each of these bills passed the house that introduced them and await further consideration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Forty-seven years after researchers first observed it, the Patch remains a toxic soup created by consumers.",
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"description": "Forty-seven years after researchers first observed it, the Patch remains a toxic soup created by consumers.",
"title": "The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Is a Toxic Soup | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine a giant aquatic vortex between Hawaii and California where converging ocean currents stir a toxic soup of discarded fishing nets, bottles, ropes, toilet seats, toothbrushes, bottle caps, bags and microplastics smaller than your pinky nail.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s out there, and it has a name: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You could sail right through it without noticing you are in the midst of almost\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> 2 trillion\u003c/a> pieces of plastics churning between the surface and the bottom of the ocean. Most people can’t perceive how big it really is.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘It’s easier to collect a floating bottle in the harbor than it is – some number of years later – to try to pick up 5,000 pieces of broken bottles, distributed over hundreds of square kilometers in the middle of the ocean.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> “People picture a landfill or a dump floating out in the middle of the ocean. That is just not accurate,” says Kara Lavender Law of the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sea.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sea Education Association\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Think of it more as an accumulation of little things — a balloon, a red rubber flip-flop, a coffee can — far from where they belong. In 1972, the sight of these plastic objects in midocean surprised an observer enough that she wrote about it for the first time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elizabeth Venrick, a biologist at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography, was aboard a research vessel that broke down in the Central North Pacific Ocean. “From this vantage point,” she wrote, “it was obvious that the sea surface is littered with a startling array of man-made objects, even 600 miles from the nearest major civilization (Hawaii) and outside the major shipping lanes.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Venrick’s log marked the first scientific record of the garbage accumulation in the Pacific Ocean. The journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> published a paper based on the researchers’ observations in 1973.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the time, Venrick and her colleagues dismissed the plastic as an aesthetic affront unlikely to enter the food chain and threaten human well-being. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But her article concluded with a warning and a reference to a nursery rhyme:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Unless we find adequate means of disposing of our plastic products soon,” she wrote, “we can anticipate that the ‘\u003ca href=\"https://poets.org/poem/wynken-blynken-and-nod\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wynken, Blynken and Nod’\u003c/a> of our children will set sail into a plastic sea, accompanied by all the ‘no-deposit, no-return’ products of our technology.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Almost 50 years later, researchers continue to study what Venrick saw, and some ambitious enterprises are trying to apply technological solutions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Desire to Clean\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://theoceancleanup.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ocean Cleanup\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a Netherlands-based nonprofit, has promised that its technology would remove half of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in just five years. From a list of donors that included Silicon Valley billionaires Peter Thiel and Marc Benioff, the organization raised $40 million.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last year, it launched a giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691328/massive-barrier-sets-out-from-san-francisco-to-collect-the-pacific-oceans-plastic-trash\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U-shaped barrier\u003c/a> on the San Francisco Bay. The structure is supposed to function like a coastline that collects plastic from the Pacific Ocean. In a couple of months, a 59-foot end-section fell off and the system \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11716204/an-engineering-wunderkinds-ocean-plastics-cleanup-device-hits-a-setback\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">returned\u003c/a> to land for repairs. The organization relaunched it in June.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International media have been paying attention to cleanup efforts. and to the growing realization that ocean plastics are an ugly, harmful and potentially toxic pollution problem for marine wildlife, one that’s expensive, and maybe impossible, to solve. Some environmentalists wonder if it’s even possible to clean up the Great Pacific Patch.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The goal isn’t to get everything,” explained Mary Crowley, founder and director of the Sausalito-based\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanvoyagesinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ocean Voyages Institute\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. “I think that is an unrealistic goal. But I think we can help make the ocean a healthier habitat for all the life within it.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earlier this year, with the help of satellite-based GPS trackers, the Institute extracted \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944183/pacific-plastic-purge-attempt-serves-as-a-reminder-of-the-daunting-task-ahead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">40 tons\u003c/a> of “ghost” fishing nets and other plastics from the North Pacific garbage patch. The expedition’s haul accounted for less than 0.1% of the abandoned nets scientists believe are still in the Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944194\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/0027-Net-3._DSC1046-1-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/0027-Net-3._DSC1046-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/0027-Net-3._DSC1046-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/0027-Net-3._DSC1046-1-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crew of the Greenpeace ship MY Arctic Sunrise voyage into the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, documenting plastics and other marine debris. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a soupy mix of plastics and microplastics, now twice the size of Texas, in the middle of the North Pacific Ocean. \u003ccite>(Ocean Voyage Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Start Near the Shore\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are no cost-effective fixes for the offshore trash problem. It’ll take time, money, political will and technologies that might not exist yet to collect all the microplastics from the vast, constantly moving ocean. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One ocean expert, Sherry Lippiatt with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Marine Debris Program, offers an idea of how to get our heads around this. “If you walk into a bathroom and the toilet is overflowing, would you grab a mop or turn off the water at the source?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To approach this problem at its source, her program makes it a priority to remove debris near the ocean shore.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NOAA has funded a volunteer-based beach cleanup that’s cleared over two tons of debris and lost fishing gear from the Channel Islands. It’s also paying for Surfrider San Francisco’s Hold on to Your Butt program aimed at changing smokers’ habits on and around beaches. On Aug. 15, NOAA announced $2.7 million in grants for onshore marine debris removal and research.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“It’s easier to collect a floating bottle in the harbor than it is – some number of years later – to try to pick up 5,000 pieces of broken bottles, distributed over hundreds of square kilometers in the middle of the ocean,” says the Sea Education Association’s Kara Lavender Law.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Consumer Choice\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Experts like her remind us that the enormity of the problem is no excuse for inaction. Consumers can choose to recycle, refill and reduce the amount of plastic we use and throw away. “The convenience lifestyle [of single use plastic] is not essential,” says Law.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The idea is to learn from what people did decades before they relied on plastic. In the 1920s, Americans routinely refilled the glass and metal containers that held their milk and motor oil. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In an effort to reboot this idea, the recycling company\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.terracycle.com/en-US/pages/closed-loop-solutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TerraCycle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has established a new shopping service called Loop.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“You can now access your favorite brands, from your Häagen-Dazs ice cream to Tide laundry detergent, in durable refillable packages,” said TerraCycle CEO Tom Szkay. Next year, his company plans to launch Loop reusable containers in California, Canada, Germany, Japan and Australia. He says he hopes people will endorse these products with their wallets and a commitment to reduce and eliminate plastic waste.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, though, plastic has made its way into \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943007/the-new-pollution-monterey-bay-is-swimming-in-microplastic\">bodies of water many Californians treasure.\u003c/a> as well as into the bodies of creatures that include \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943187/there-may-be-way-more-plastic-in-your-diet-than-you-thought\">human beings\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers are trying to play catch-up by introducing bills that would phase out the sale and distribution of plastics and require a minimum recycled content level in plastic bottles. Each of these bills passed the house that introduced them and await further consideration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "As Rising Heat Bakes U.S. Cities, The Poor Often Feel It Most",
"headTitle": "As Rising Heat Bakes U.S. Cities, The Poor Often Feel It Most | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When Shakira Franklin drives from West Baltimore to her job near the city’s Inner Harbor, she can feel the summer heat ease up like a fist loosening its grip.[aside postID=science_1944972,science_1934110]“I can actually feel me riding out of the heat. When I get to a certain place when I’m on my way, I’ll turn off my air and I’ll roll my windows down,” says Franklin. “It just seems like the sun is beaming down on this neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin isn’t imagining that. Her neighborhood, Franklin Square, is hotter than about two-thirds of the other neighborhoods in Baltimore — about 6 degrees hotter than the city’s coolest neighborhood. It’s also in one of the city’s poorest communities, with more than one-third of residents living in poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 671px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"671\" height=\"637\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png 671w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_-160x152.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(Explore this information with NPR’s interactive tool \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/09/03/754044732/as-rising-heat-bakes-u-s-cities-the-poor-often-feel-it-most\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across Baltimore, the hottest areas tend to be the poorest and that pattern is not unusual. In dozens of major U.S. cities, low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be hotter than their wealthier counterparts, according to a joint investigation by NPR and the University of Maryland’s Howard Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those exposed to that extra heat are often a city’s most vulnerable: the poorest and, our data show, disproportionately people of color. And living day after day in an environment that’s literally hotter isn’t just uncomfortable, it can have dire and sometimes deadly health consequences — a fact we found reflected in Baltimore’s soaring rates of emergency calls when the heat index spiked to dangerous levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a Howard Center analysis of U.S. census data and air temperature data obtained from Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia, the hottest neighborhoods in Baltimore can differ by as much as 10 degrees from the coolest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Baltimore is not an extreme case. NPR analyzed 97 of the most populous U.S. cities using the median household income from U.S. Census Bureau data and NASA’s thermal satellite images. In more than three-quarters of those cities, we found that where it’s hotter, it also tends to be poorer. And at least 69 had an even stronger relationship than Baltimore, the first city we mapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that as the planet warms, the urban poor in dozens of large U.S. cities will actually experience more heat than the wealthy, simply by virtue of where they live. And not only will more people get sick from rising temperatures in the future, we found they likely already are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-160x133.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-768x637.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_.png 831w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Before I Knew It, I Was Gasping For Air’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2018 in Baltimore, when the heat index reached 103 degrees — the threshold deemed dangerous by the National Weather Service — EMS calls increased dramatically citywide for potentially fatal heat stroke. But calls increased for chronic conditions too: EMS calls for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) increased by nearly 70%. Calls for respiratory distress increased by 20%. Calls for cardiac arrest rose by 80%. And those for high blood pressure more than doubled. Other conditions also spiked: psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and dehydration, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat affected residents citywide, but even when controlling for income by looking only at the patterns of Medicaid patients, there were differences across the city. From 2013 to 2018, Medicaid patients in Baltimore’s hottest areas visited the hospital at higher rates than Medicaid patients in the city’s coolest areas. The low-income patients in the city’s hot spots visited more often with several conditions, including asthma, COPD and heart disease, according to hospital inpatient and emergency room admissions data from Maryland’s Health Services Cost Review Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Franklin Square neighborhood of West Baltimore, Shakira Franklin knows the link between heat and health all too well. She says her asthma is triggered by heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in July, Franklin says she was making the same drive she often makes from her home to the city’s harbor. A heat wave was gripping the city, with temperatures reaching 100 degrees and above. Franklin says she normally tries to stay inside on days like that, but she had to get to work. That’s when she had her first asthma attack in nearly five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before I knew it, I was gasping for air. It doesn’t even take me 10 minutes to get from home to my other job. Just like that,” says Franklin, who says an attack feels like drinking water through a pinched straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your windpipe is that straw and that water is the breaths you can take,” Franklin says. “You’re trying to bring your air through as much as you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors in emergency departments near Baltimore’s hotter neighborhoods say they prepare each summer for an increase in heat-related conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times the heat played a factor in making a chronic condition acutely worse,” says Dr. Amit Chandra, chief of emergency medicine at the University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus. He says that’s especially true for cardiovascular conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worse your circulatory system is, the worse you are at getting cool,” Chandra says. A weak or damaged heart might struggle to pump extra blood to the skin so heat can radiate off the body. Even sweating, which also gets rid of heat by evaporation, can put stress on the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Respiratory conditions can become aggravated too, in part, because heat can actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/wrn/summer-article-clearing-the-air\">worsen air quality\u003c/a> and because conditions like asthma and COPD can be triggered by high heat and humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandra says even looking at patients’ medical records wouldn’t necessarily tell the full story of how heat could be harming their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wouldn’t diagnose them at the end of the day with heat exhaustion or heat stroke necessarily unless their temperature went up,” Chandra says. “So there’s probably quite a few folks that are affected by the heat, and we’re not really tracking or measuring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where they live, people in poverty \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/part2_ch2/en/\">are more vulnerable\u003c/a> to many chronic conditions, including some made worse by heat, like asthma and heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our patients are plagued by poverty, substance abuse and unfortunately some of the patients don’t have great access to health care,” says Dr. Reginald Brown, chair of emergency medicine at Bon Secours Hospital Baltimore in West Baltimore. “As far as the impact [of heat] to our patients, it’s just another thing that complicates their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The urban heat island\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Y-bVwPRy_no\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities in general tend to be hotter than their natural surroundings, thanks to a phenomenon known as the \u003ca href=\"https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/urban-heat-islands\">urban heat island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less green cover, you will almost always have higher temperatures, and greater exposure to heat,” says Brian Stone, director of the urban climate lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees provide shade, but they also cool the environment down through the evaporation of water from their leaves — a process similar to how humans sweat to cool down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you pave over an area, particularly if it had green plants, you have interrupted that cycle,” Stone says. “Not only have you sealed the surface, you have put a lid on it, so evaporation cannot happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavement — particularly if it’s black — absorbs heat and holds it in. At night, a city of more than 1 million people can be as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/learn-about-heat-islands\">22 degrees warmer\u003c/a> than its surroundings. Even the buildings themselves, Stone says, can create a sort of canyon that traps heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given these elements, Stone says it makes sense that many low-income areas are hotter than richer areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lower-income parts of the city tend to have less green cover,” Stone says. “That’s something that we see across a lot of cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not unusual, Stone says, for poorer areas to be located near “undesirable land uses” such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/traffic-atlanta-segregation.html\">nearby highways\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/04/15/pollution-is-substantially-worse-in-minority-neighborhoods-across-the-u-s/\">industrial areas\u003c/a>, which create even more heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern of who lives closer to those sources of heat is not just a matter of poor versus rich, it is also often a matter of black and brown versus white. Nationwide, many of the low-income communities NPR found to be hotter — often with fewer trees, more concrete and closer to highways and factories — are also communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t just a coincidence that communities of color end up in some of the most undesirable places,” says Miya Yoshitani, executive director of the Asian Pacific Environmental Network, which focuses on environmental justice issues affecting working-class Asian and Pacific Islander immigrant and refugee communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yoshitani explains that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/19/498536077/interactive-redlining-map-zooms-in-on-americas-history-of-discrimination\">policies like redlining\u003c/a> — a practice, beginning in the 1930s and banned by the Fair Housing Act in 1968, in which neighborhoods were marked high risk for mortgage lenders in large part based on their racial makeup — forced people of color into less desirable areas. In Baltimore, the city’s hottest neighborhoods, many of which are predominantly African American, still \u003ca href=\"https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=11/39.293/-76.677&city=baltimore-md&adview=full\">line up fairly consistently\u003c/a> with the neighborhoods marked “hazardous” on a 1937 map created by the Home Owners’ Loan Corp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People of color, African American communities, indigenous communities in the beginning and then immigrant communities as they came to the United States were not given a choice about where they could live, where they could raise their families, where they could work,” Yoshitani says. “Those choices were made for them and that legacy continues today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They can’t escape it”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the majority of the cities NPR mapped, poverty was linked to heat, adding a second layer of risk to an already at-risk population. This is not only because poverty itself is a health hazard, but because poverty is also tied to other factors that can make it harder to get cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People with money, of course, can do that a lot better than people with less money,” says Dr. Georges Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says no one is immune to climate change, but wealthier people can more easily control their exposure to heat by using air conditioning — which on its own \u003ca href=\"https://climate.org/cooling-your-home-but-warming-the-planet-how-we-can-stop-air-conditioning-from-worsening-climate-change/\">contributes to climate change\u003c/a> — or even by moving to a cooler part of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the other hand, the folks with less money, they’re going to be in their one home. And they’re going to have to deal with the conditions in their one home,” Benjamin says. “If they’re going to be in an area where it’s real hot, they’re going to have to find other ways to adapt, but they can’t escape it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urban poor, already often in hotter environments and already at higher risk for health problems, will have a harder time escaping climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the most significant public health problem that we have. It’s going to be here for a long time. And it’s getting worse,” Benjamin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“This is ours”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/climate-change-and-heat-islands\">strategies to cool down\u003c/a> a city: investing in public transit, designing roofs that reflect sunlight, and planting more trees, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Baltimore, the city is \u003ca href=\"https://www.baltimoresustainability.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Appendix-5-1-All-Strategies-and-Actions.pdf\">working to combat urban heat\u003c/a>. The government has installed cool roofs, turned vacant lots into community green space and strategically planted and maintained trees in low-income neighborhoods, among other initiatives. But the city’s own arborist told the Howard Center that Baltimore is not on track to meet its goal of increasing the tree canopy to 40% by 2037.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing a lot with a little,” says Anne Draddy, the city’s sustainability coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neighborhood where Shakira Franklin lives has increased its tree canopy over time. But by 2015, it still was among the city’s lowest. Franklin says she’s not optimistic the city will be able to cool down her neighborhood anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city has a lot of responsibility. And I think that we would be close to the bottom of the list to be honest,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a grassy vacant lot near her apartment where Franklin often takes a break from her job as a landscaping crew supervisor at Bon Secours Community Works, a nearby community organization owned by Bon Secours Health System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one of the few places in the neighborhood with a lot of shade — mainly from a large tree Franklin calls the mother shade. She helped come up with the idea to build a free splash park in the lot for residents to cool down in the heat. Now Bon Secours is taking on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was me taking my stand,” Franklin says. “I didn’t sit around and wait for everybody to say, ‘Well, who’s going to redo the park?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Greenspan, an architectural fellow working on the project, says they’re about halfway to their current fundraising goal — with plans to buy the lot from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a hot Saturday this summer, Bon Secours and the neighborhood’s community association threw a party in the lot. Children ran through streams of water from a pop-up fountain, while adults discussed and voted on potential designs for the new park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our kids, they deserve it,” says Franklin, who has two children. “I just feel like it’s a long time coming to just have something to say that we built this here for us. This is ours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin says the park would become a refuge for people who can’t escape the heat — and it will indeed be a place to cool off in this neighborhood. But worldwide, heat waves are getting hotter and more frequent, and \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2841/2018-fourth-warmest-year-in-continued-warming-trend-according-to-nasa-noaa/\">the past five years\u003c/a> have been the hottest ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Methodology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the link between heat and income in U.S. cities, NPR used NASA satellite imagery and U.S. Census American Community Survey data. An \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>open-source computer program developed by NPR\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> downloaded median household income data for census tracts in the 100 most populated American cities, as well as geographic boundaries for census tracts. NPR combined these data with TIGER/Line shapefiles of the cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The software also downloaded thermal imagery for each city from NASA’s Landsat 8 satellite, looking for days since 2011 in June, July and August when there was less than 4% cloud cover. NPR reviewed each of the satellite images and removed images that contained clouds or other obscuring features over the city of interest. In cases when there were multiple clear images of a city, we used the thermal reading that showed a greater contrast between the warm and cool parts of the area of interest. In cases where there were no acceptable images, we manually searched for additional satellite images and found acceptable images from Landsat 8 for every city except for Hialeah and Miami, Fla., and Honolulu, which are frequently covered by clouds.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For each city, NPR aligned the satellite surface temperature data with the census tracts. For each census tract, the software trimmed the geography to only what is contained within the city of interest’s boundaries, then removed any lakes, rivers, ocean, etc. It calculated a median temperature reading for each census tract. When all of the tracts in a city were completed, it calculated a correlation coefficient (R) of the tracts to find the relationship between income and heat. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The satellite data measure temperature at a surface, such as the ground or a rooftop. We used this measurement rather than ambient temperature, which measures the air about 2 meters above the ground. Measuring air is a more accurate measure of how people experience heat, but satellite data are more widely available than air temperature data. Using that data allowed us to provide a more complete snapshot of temperature trends across many cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>View NPR’s full data and code on Github.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the relationship between heat and poverty in Baltimore, the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism used block-by-block temperature data showing variations in Baltimore’s urban heat island captured by researchers at Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia on Aug. 29, 2018. For each “community statistical area” in Baltimore, the Howard Center computed a median temperature and joined it to a U.S. Census American Community Survey data set with the poverty rate for each area and then calculated the correlation coefficient (R).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Rising+Heat+Bakes+U.S.+Cities%2C+The+Poor+Often+Feel+It+Most&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Shakira Franklin drives from West Baltimore to her job near the city’s Inner Harbor, she can feel the summer heat ease up like a fist loosening its grip.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I can actually feel me riding out of the heat. When I get to a certain place when I’m on my way, I’ll turn off my air and I’ll roll my windows down,” says Franklin. “It just seems like the sun is beaming down on this neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin isn’t imagining that. Her neighborhood, Franklin Square, is hotter than about two-thirds of the other neighborhoods in Baltimore — about 6 degrees hotter than the city’s coolest neighborhood. It’s also in one of the city’s poorest communities, with more than one-third of residents living in poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 671px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"671\" height=\"637\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png 671w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_-160x152.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(Explore this information with NPR’s interactive tool \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/09/03/754044732/as-rising-heat-bakes-u-s-cities-the-poor-often-feel-it-most\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across Baltimore, the hottest areas tend to be the poorest and that pattern is not unusual. In dozens of major U.S. cities, low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be hotter than their wealthier counterparts, according to a joint investigation by NPR and the University of Maryland’s Howard Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those exposed to that extra heat are often a city’s most vulnerable: the poorest and, our data show, disproportionately people of color. And living day after day in an environment that’s literally hotter isn’t just uncomfortable, it can have dire and sometimes deadly health consequences — a fact we found reflected in Baltimore’s soaring rates of emergency calls when the heat index spiked to dangerous levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a Howard Center analysis of U.S. census data and air temperature data obtained from Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia, the hottest neighborhoods in Baltimore can differ by as much as 10 degrees from the coolest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Baltimore is not an extreme case. NPR analyzed 97 of the most populous U.S. cities using the median household income from U.S. Census Bureau data and NASA’s thermal satellite images. In more than three-quarters of those cities, we found that where it’s hotter, it also tends to be poorer. And at least 69 had an even stronger relationship than Baltimore, the first city we mapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that as the planet warms, the urban poor in dozens of large U.S. cities will actually experience more heat than the wealthy, simply by virtue of where they live. And not only will more people get sick from rising temperatures in the future, we found they likely already are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-160x133.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-768x637.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_.png 831w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Before I Knew It, I Was Gasping For Air’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2018 in Baltimore, when the heat index reached 103 degrees — the threshold deemed dangerous by the National Weather Service — EMS calls increased dramatically citywide for potentially fatal heat stroke. But calls increased for chronic conditions too: EMS calls for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) increased by nearly 70%. Calls for respiratory distress increased by 20%. Calls for cardiac arrest rose by 80%. And those for high blood pressure more than doubled. Other conditions also spiked: psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and dehydration, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat affected residents citywide, but even when controlling for income by looking only at the patterns of Medicaid patients, there were differences across the city. From 2013 to 2018, Medicaid patients in Baltimore’s hottest areas visited the hospital at higher rates than Medicaid patients in the city’s coolest areas. The low-income patients in the city’s hot spots visited more often with several conditions, including asthma, COPD and heart disease, according to hospital inpatient and emergency room admissions data from Maryland’s Health Services Cost Review Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Franklin Square neighborhood of West Baltimore, Shakira Franklin knows the link between heat and health all too well. She says her asthma is triggered by heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in July, Franklin says she was making the same drive she often makes from her home to the city’s harbor. A heat wave was gripping the city, with temperatures reaching 100 degrees and above. Franklin says she normally tries to stay inside on days like that, but she had to get to work. That’s when she had her first asthma attack in nearly five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before I knew it, I was gasping for air. It doesn’t even take me 10 minutes to get from home to my other job. Just like that,” says Franklin, who says an attack feels like drinking water through a pinched straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your windpipe is that straw and that water is the breaths you can take,” Franklin says. “You’re trying to bring your air through as much as you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors in emergency departments near Baltimore’s hotter neighborhoods say they prepare each summer for an increase in heat-related conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times the heat played a factor in making a chronic condition acutely worse,” says Dr. Amit Chandra, chief of emergency medicine at the University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus. He says that’s especially true for cardiovascular conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worse your circulatory system is, the worse you are at getting cool,” Chandra says. A weak or damaged heart might struggle to pump extra blood to the skin so heat can radiate off the body. Even sweating, which also gets rid of heat by evaporation, can put stress on the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Respiratory conditions can become aggravated too, in part, because heat can actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/wrn/summer-article-clearing-the-air\">worsen air quality\u003c/a> and because conditions like asthma and COPD can be triggered by high heat and humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandra says even looking at patients’ medical records wouldn’t necessarily tell the full story of how heat could be harming their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wouldn’t diagnose them at the end of the day with heat exhaustion or heat stroke necessarily unless their temperature went up,” Chandra says. “So there’s probably quite a few folks that are affected by the heat, and we’re not really tracking or measuring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where they live, people in poverty \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/part2_ch2/en/\">are more vulnerable\u003c/a> to many chronic conditions, including some made worse by heat, like asthma and heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our patients are plagued by poverty, substance abuse and unfortunately some of the patients don’t have great access to health care,” says Dr. Reginald Brown, chair of emergency medicine at Bon Secours Hospital Baltimore in West Baltimore. “As far as the impact [of heat] to our patients, it’s just another thing that complicates their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The urban heat island\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Y-bVwPRy_no'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Y-bVwPRy_no'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Cities in general tend to be hotter than their natural surroundings, thanks to a phenomenon known as the \u003ca href=\"https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/urban-heat-islands\">urban heat island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less green cover, you will almost always have higher temperatures, and greater exposure to heat,” says Brian Stone, director of the urban climate lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees provide shade, but they also cool the environment down through the evaporation of water from their leaves — a process similar to how humans sweat to cool down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you pave over an area, particularly if it had green plants, you have interrupted that cycle,” Stone says. “Not only have you sealed the surface, you have put a lid on it, so evaporation cannot happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavement — particularly if it’s black — absorbs heat and holds it in. At night, a city of more than 1 million people can be as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/learn-about-heat-islands\">22 degrees warmer\u003c/a> than its surroundings. Even the buildings themselves, Stone says, can create a sort of canyon that traps heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given these elements, Stone says it makes sense that many low-income areas are hotter than richer areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lower-income parts of the city tend to have less green cover,” Stone says. “That’s something that we see across a lot of cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not unusual, Stone says, for poorer areas to be located near “undesirable land uses” such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/traffic-atlanta-segregation.html\">nearby highways\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/04/15/pollution-is-substantially-worse-in-minority-neighborhoods-across-the-u-s/\">industrial areas\u003c/a>, which create even more heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern of who lives closer to those sources of heat is not just a matter of poor versus rich, it is also often a matter of black and brown versus white. Nationwide, many of the low-income communities NPR found to be hotter — often with fewer trees, more concrete and closer to highways and factories — are also communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t just a coincidence that communities of color end up in some of the most undesirable places,” says Miya Yoshitani, executive director of the Asian Pacific Environmental Network, which focuses on environmental justice issues affecting working-class Asian and Pacific Islander immigrant and refugee communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yoshitani explains that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/19/498536077/interactive-redlining-map-zooms-in-on-americas-history-of-discrimination\">policies like redlining\u003c/a> — a practice, beginning in the 1930s and banned by the Fair Housing Act in 1968, in which neighborhoods were marked high risk for mortgage lenders in large part based on their racial makeup — forced people of color into less desirable areas. In Baltimore, the city’s hottest neighborhoods, many of which are predominantly African American, still \u003ca href=\"https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=11/39.293/-76.677&city=baltimore-md&adview=full\">line up fairly consistently\u003c/a> with the neighborhoods marked “hazardous” on a 1937 map created by the Home Owners’ Loan Corp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People of color, African American communities, indigenous communities in the beginning and then immigrant communities as they came to the United States were not given a choice about where they could live, where they could raise their families, where they could work,” Yoshitani says. “Those choices were made for them and that legacy continues today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They can’t escape it”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the majority of the cities NPR mapped, poverty was linked to heat, adding a second layer of risk to an already at-risk population. This is not only because poverty itself is a health hazard, but because poverty is also tied to other factors that can make it harder to get cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People with money, of course, can do that a lot better than people with less money,” says Dr. Georges Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says no one is immune to climate change, but wealthier people can more easily control their exposure to heat by using air conditioning — which on its own \u003ca href=\"https://climate.org/cooling-your-home-but-warming-the-planet-how-we-can-stop-air-conditioning-from-worsening-climate-change/\">contributes to climate change\u003c/a> — or even by moving to a cooler part of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the other hand, the folks with less money, they’re going to be in their one home. And they’re going to have to deal with the conditions in their one home,” Benjamin says. “If they’re going to be in an area where it’s real hot, they’re going to have to find other ways to adapt, but they can’t escape it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urban poor, already often in hotter environments and already at higher risk for health problems, will have a harder time escaping climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the most significant public health problem that we have. It’s going to be here for a long time. And it’s getting worse,” Benjamin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“This is ours”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/climate-change-and-heat-islands\">strategies to cool down\u003c/a> a city: investing in public transit, designing roofs that reflect sunlight, and planting more trees, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Baltimore, the city is \u003ca href=\"https://www.baltimoresustainability.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Appendix-5-1-All-Strategies-and-Actions.pdf\">working to combat urban heat\u003c/a>. The government has installed cool roofs, turned vacant lots into community green space and strategically planted and maintained trees in low-income neighborhoods, among other initiatives. But the city’s own arborist told the Howard Center that Baltimore is not on track to meet its goal of increasing the tree canopy to 40% by 2037.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing a lot with a little,” says Anne Draddy, the city’s sustainability coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neighborhood where Shakira Franklin lives has increased its tree canopy over time. But by 2015, it still was among the city’s lowest. Franklin says she’s not optimistic the city will be able to cool down her neighborhood anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city has a lot of responsibility. And I think that we would be close to the bottom of the list to be honest,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a grassy vacant lot near her apartment where Franklin often takes a break from her job as a landscaping crew supervisor at Bon Secours Community Works, a nearby community organization owned by Bon Secours Health System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one of the few places in the neighborhood with a lot of shade — mainly from a large tree Franklin calls the mother shade. She helped come up with the idea to build a free splash park in the lot for residents to cool down in the heat. Now Bon Secours is taking on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was me taking my stand,” Franklin says. “I didn’t sit around and wait for everybody to say, ‘Well, who’s going to redo the park?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Greenspan, an architectural fellow working on the project, says they’re about halfway to their current fundraising goal — with plans to buy the lot from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a hot Saturday this summer, Bon Secours and the neighborhood’s community association threw a party in the lot. Children ran through streams of water from a pop-up fountain, while adults discussed and voted on potential designs for the new park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our kids, they deserve it,” says Franklin, who has two children. “I just feel like it’s a long time coming to just have something to say that we built this here for us. This is ours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin says the park would become a refuge for people who can’t escape the heat — and it will indeed be a place to cool off in this neighborhood. But worldwide, heat waves are getting hotter and more frequent, and \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2841/2018-fourth-warmest-year-in-continued-warming-trend-according-to-nasa-noaa/\">the past five years\u003c/a> have been the hottest ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Methodology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the link between heat and income in U.S. cities, NPR used NASA satellite imagery and U.S. Census American Community Survey data. An \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>open-source computer program developed by NPR\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> downloaded median household income data for census tracts in the 100 most populated American cities, as well as geographic boundaries for census tracts. NPR combined these data with TIGER/Line shapefiles of the cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The software also downloaded thermal imagery for each city from NASA’s Landsat 8 satellite, looking for days since 2011 in June, July and August when there was less than 4% cloud cover. NPR reviewed each of the satellite images and removed images that contained clouds or other obscuring features over the city of interest. In cases when there were multiple clear images of a city, we used the thermal reading that showed a greater contrast between the warm and cool parts of the area of interest. In cases where there were no acceptable images, we manually searched for additional satellite images and found acceptable images from Landsat 8 for every city except for Hialeah and Miami, Fla., and Honolulu, which are frequently covered by clouds.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For each city, NPR aligned the satellite surface temperature data with the census tracts. For each census tract, the software trimmed the geography to only what is contained within the city of interest’s boundaries, then removed any lakes, rivers, ocean, etc. It calculated a median temperature reading for each census tract. When all of the tracts in a city were completed, it calculated a correlation coefficient (R) of the tracts to find the relationship between income and heat. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The satellite data measure temperature at a surface, such as the ground or a rooftop. We used this measurement rather than ambient temperature, which measures the air about 2 meters above the ground. Measuring air is a more accurate measure of how people experience heat, but satellite data are more widely available than air temperature data. Using that data allowed us to provide a more complete snapshot of temperature trends across many cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>View NPR’s full data and code on Github.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the relationship between heat and poverty in Baltimore, the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism used block-by-block temperature data showing variations in Baltimore’s urban heat island captured by researchers at Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia on Aug. 29, 2018. For each “community statistical area” in Baltimore, the Howard Center computed a median temperature and joined it to a U.S. Census American Community Survey data set with the poverty rate for each area and then calculated the correlation coefficient (R).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Rising+Heat+Bakes+U.S.+Cities%2C+The+Poor+Often+Feel+It+Most&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Start September With Science — Our Recommended Reads",
"headTitle": "Start September With Science — Our Recommended Reads | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As the sand trickles through summer’s hourglass, Labor Day weekend offers one more opportunity this season to spend a few leisurely hours with a book. Here are a few favorites from the KQED Science and Environment team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780140178241\">Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water\u003c/a> By Marc Reisner\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of California’s cities — San Jose, Los Angeles, Fresno — receive an average of 15 inches of rain a year. That’s the same amount as Casablanca, Morocco. Yet in this arid landscape, California built the world’s fifth-largest economy, home to 40 million people, with America’s largest farming industry, Silicon Valley and Hollywood. All of it exists only because of a massively complex system of dams, canals and water systems that made the desert bloom and also killed spectacular rivers and reshaped nature. “Water flows uphill toward money,” Marc Reisner wrote in this landmark work explaining the history, the bounty and the corruption of the West’s water. Reisner, a Marin County resident who died of cancer in 2000, wrote the book mostly on yellow legal pads at coffee shops. It’s essential reading for anyone who wants to truly understand California’s oldest and most intractable environmental issue. — \u003cem>Paul Rogers, KQED Science managing editor and environment writer, Mercury News\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780812994711\">Cloud Atlas\u003c/a> By David Mitchell\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I personally love an apocalyptic climate story. But because so many of them only see one way to go — down, dark, and depressing — many people I know \u003cem>don’t\u003c/em>. That’s why I love to tell them to read Cloud Atlas. Its dazzling structure includes six nested stories-within-stories, each from a different genre. The whole novel takes in different lengths of time: the span of a relationship, or a human life, of a country or a civilization, of the planet itself. By the end of the last story, almost the entire planet is uninhabitable, and that’s what makes it a novel concerned with environmental damage and changing climate. What I take away from it is a feeling of possibility: that even if violence, greed, and barbarism are always present, our ability to reject those things is, continually, renewed. — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781101947883\">Exhalation\u003c/a> By Ted Chiang\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do humans have free will? How can we, if we are just a collection of atoms? If we are subject to the forces of nature, not one of them? In his second collection of stories, Ted Chiang, giant of science fiction, isn’t interested in answering the question about will. Like some physicists and \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/finding-free-will/\">determinists\u003c/a>, he assumes that humans can’t choose. His characters set out to live within this constraint and still experience joy, curiosity, love, and – of course – science. (David Kestenbaum attempted something similar in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/662/where-there-is-a-will/act-two-7\">terrific\u003c/a> episode of \u003cem>This American Life). \u003c/em>Here, you’ll find time portals, robots, supercomputers, and wonderfully rendered characters – a terrific follow to his first collection, which included the seed story for the movie “Arrival.” Reading this volume allows you to, as one of his narrators puts it: “contemplate the marvel that is existence, and rejoice that you are able to do so.” — \u003cem>Kevin Stark, digital producer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781101873724\">Lab Girl \u003c/a> By Hope Jahren\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a while there were a lot of science books — biographies and memoirs — with the word “girl” in the title and I wouldn’t read them. But this paleobiologist’s account hooked me and made me laugh out loud. She weaves together chapters about the life cycle of trees and plants with her own self-discovery as a scientist — a woman scientist, and a colleague to what New Orleanians would call her “running partner,” Bill. In one review of Lab Girl, the Washington Post wrote, “It’s hard to tell the truth about another person in their presence.” That’s the essence of the best stories, and Jahren accomplishes it. (Relatedly, she also wrote the best obituary I’ve read of the poet W.S. Merwin, and it’s all in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/opinion/w-s-merwin-poet-trees.html\">the last five sentences\u003c/a> of her visit with him.) — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780306825507\">Poached: Inside the Dark World of Wildlife Poaching\u003c/a> By Rachel Nuwer\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This book reads like an adventure story that brings you along on a journey into the illegal wildlife trade. You accompany the author as she joins a Vietnamese hunter setting traps in the jungle. You visit shops selling illegal ivory and pangolin scales. You observe a remote outpost rumored to be a center of black market trade. It’s an engrossing read that paints a nuanced view of the forces driving the global supply chain of illegal wildlife products — from hunter to consumer. (Disclaimer: The author is a personal friend. You should still read her book.) — \u003cem>Danielle Venton, editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/search/book?keys=Rising+Elizabeth+Rush\">Rising: Dispatches from the New American Shore\u003c/a> By Elizabeth Rush\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sea level rise draws you in. The luminous writing keeps you reading this book-length sorrow song about climate crisis and the species at risk — including ours. The author applies her naturalist’s eye and humanist’s empathy to the stories of people who’d expected to spend their lives in by the water — not manicured resorts with golf courses, but gritty outposts where they’d hoped to fish as their grandparents did, operate small businesses and break bread with longtime neighbors. Her survey sweeps the continent, from places trying to recover from Hurricane Sandy to those sinking into the Gulf of Mexico and skirting the old Leslie Salt flats south of San Francisco.\u003cem> — Cheryl Devall, on-call editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781501144325\">Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams\u003c/a> By Matthew Walker\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The] silent sleep loss epidemic is the greatest public health challenge we face in the twenty-first century in developed nations.” Neuroscientist Matthew Walker’s argument doesn’t quite convince me. But after more than a decade after wrecking my circadian rhythm with night shift work at NPR, I appreciate his attempt to persuade us. We’re still far from full understanding the functions of sleep but in a fascinating way he explains how REM and non-REM sleep shapes and cements memory. My sleep hygiene is abominable, yet I know this: don’t read this book in bed. Read it at the beach or the lake, and maybe you can use what’s in it to make a resolution. — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the sand trickles through summer’s hourglass, Labor Day weekend offers one more opportunity this season to spend a few leisurely hours with a book. Here are a few favorites from the KQED Science and Environment team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780140178241\">Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water\u003c/a> By Marc Reisner\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of California’s cities — San Jose, Los Angeles, Fresno — receive an average of 15 inches of rain a year. That’s the same amount as Casablanca, Morocco. Yet in this arid landscape, California built the world’s fifth-largest economy, home to 40 million people, with America’s largest farming industry, Silicon Valley and Hollywood. All of it exists only because of a massively complex system of dams, canals and water systems that made the desert bloom and also killed spectacular rivers and reshaped nature. “Water flows uphill toward money,” Marc Reisner wrote in this landmark work explaining the history, the bounty and the corruption of the West’s water. Reisner, a Marin County resident who died of cancer in 2000, wrote the book mostly on yellow legal pads at coffee shops. It’s essential reading for anyone who wants to truly understand California’s oldest and most intractable environmental issue. — \u003cem>Paul Rogers, KQED Science managing editor and environment writer, Mercury News\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780812994711\">Cloud Atlas\u003c/a> By David Mitchell\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I personally love an apocalyptic climate story. But because so many of them only see one way to go — down, dark, and depressing — many people I know \u003cem>don’t\u003c/em>. That’s why I love to tell them to read Cloud Atlas. Its dazzling structure includes six nested stories-within-stories, each from a different genre. The whole novel takes in different lengths of time: the span of a relationship, or a human life, of a country or a civilization, of the planet itself. By the end of the last story, almost the entire planet is uninhabitable, and that’s what makes it a novel concerned with environmental damage and changing climate. What I take away from it is a feeling of possibility: that even if violence, greed, and barbarism are always present, our ability to reject those things is, continually, renewed. — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781101947883\">Exhalation\u003c/a> By Ted Chiang\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do humans have free will? How can we, if we are just a collection of atoms? If we are subject to the forces of nature, not one of them? In his second collection of stories, Ted Chiang, giant of science fiction, isn’t interested in answering the question about will. Like some physicists and \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/finding-free-will/\">determinists\u003c/a>, he assumes that humans can’t choose. His characters set out to live within this constraint and still experience joy, curiosity, love, and – of course – science. (David Kestenbaum attempted something similar in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/662/where-there-is-a-will/act-two-7\">terrific\u003c/a> episode of \u003cem>This American Life). \u003c/em>Here, you’ll find time portals, robots, supercomputers, and wonderfully rendered characters – a terrific follow to his first collection, which included the seed story for the movie “Arrival.” Reading this volume allows you to, as one of his narrators puts it: “contemplate the marvel that is existence, and rejoice that you are able to do so.” — \u003cem>Kevin Stark, digital producer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781101873724\">Lab Girl \u003c/a> By Hope Jahren\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a while there were a lot of science books — biographies and memoirs — with the word “girl” in the title and I wouldn’t read them. But this paleobiologist’s account hooked me and made me laugh out loud. She weaves together chapters about the life cycle of trees and plants with her own self-discovery as a scientist — a woman scientist, and a colleague to what New Orleanians would call her “running partner,” Bill. In one review of Lab Girl, the Washington Post wrote, “It’s hard to tell the truth about another person in their presence.” That’s the essence of the best stories, and Jahren accomplishes it. (Relatedly, she also wrote the best obituary I’ve read of the poet W.S. Merwin, and it’s all in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/opinion/w-s-merwin-poet-trees.html\">the last five sentences\u003c/a> of her visit with him.) — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780306825507\">Poached: Inside the Dark World of Wildlife Poaching\u003c/a> By Rachel Nuwer\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This book reads like an adventure story that brings you along on a journey into the illegal wildlife trade. You accompany the author as she joins a Vietnamese hunter setting traps in the jungle. You visit shops selling illegal ivory and pangolin scales. You observe a remote outpost rumored to be a center of black market trade. It’s an engrossing read that paints a nuanced view of the forces driving the global supply chain of illegal wildlife products — from hunter to consumer. (Disclaimer: The author is a personal friend. You should still read her book.) — \u003cem>Danielle Venton, editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/search/book?keys=Rising+Elizabeth+Rush\">Rising: Dispatches from the New American Shore\u003c/a> By Elizabeth Rush\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sea level rise draws you in. The luminous writing keeps you reading this book-length sorrow song about climate crisis and the species at risk — including ours. The author applies her naturalist’s eye and humanist’s empathy to the stories of people who’d expected to spend their lives in by the water — not manicured resorts with golf courses, but gritty outposts where they’d hoped to fish as their grandparents did, operate small businesses and break bread with longtime neighbors. Her survey sweeps the continent, from places trying to recover from Hurricane Sandy to those sinking into the Gulf of Mexico and skirting the old Leslie Salt flats south of San Francisco.\u003cem> — Cheryl Devall, on-call editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781501144325\">Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams\u003c/a> By Matthew Walker\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The] silent sleep loss epidemic is the greatest public health challenge we face in the twenty-first century in developed nations.” Neuroscientist Matthew Walker’s argument doesn’t quite convince me. But after more than a decade after wrecking my circadian rhythm with night shift work at NPR, I appreciate his attempt to persuade us. We’re still far from full understanding the functions of sleep but in a fascinating way he explains how REM and non-REM sleep shapes and cements memory. My sleep hygiene is abominable, yet I know this: don’t read this book in bed. Read it at the beach or the lake, and maybe you can use what’s in it to make a resolution. — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Slather on the sunscreen, line up some some bait, and bring your tackle box – Saturday, August 31st is Free Fishing Day across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won’t need a sport-fishing license to cast a line that day at dozens of lakes, reservoirs and creeks throughout the state. The Department of Fish and Wildlife waives the usual fees – $16.20 for a day, $49.94 for annual licenses – two days a year. July 4th is the other, so this’ll be your last chance in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a free-for-all, you can’t just go fish for anything and however many you want anywhere,” says Jennifer Benedet with the department. People will have to obey the same rules that apply the rest of the year. You can read up on those regulations online at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov\">wildlife.ca.gov\u003c/a> . The site also includes a Fishing Guide to the best spots to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New anglers can join \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing-in-the-City\">Fishing in the City\u003c/a>, a program that offers free fishing clinics in Sacramento, the San Francisco Bay Area, the South Bay, Los Angeles, and other urban areas. Participants can reel in their catch and learn how to prepare it for dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re hooked after your first fishing expedition, you can join the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing/Passport\">California Fishing Passport\u003c/a>. That interactive program challenges you to fish 150 different species in the state’s waters. It even awards a certificate for catching your very first fish!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Slather on the sunscreen, line up some some bait, and bring your tackle box – Saturday, August 31st is Free Fishing Day across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won’t need a sport-fishing license to cast a line that day at dozens of lakes, reservoirs and creeks throughout the state. The Department of Fish and Wildlife waives the usual fees – $16.20 for a day, $49.94 for annual licenses – two days a year. July 4th is the other, so this’ll be your last chance in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a free-for-all, you can’t just go fish for anything and however many you want anywhere,” says Jennifer Benedet with the department. People will have to obey the same rules that apply the rest of the year. You can read up on those regulations online at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov\">wildlife.ca.gov\u003c/a> . The site also includes a Fishing Guide to the best spots to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New anglers can join \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing-in-the-City\">Fishing in the City\u003c/a>, a program that offers free fishing clinics in Sacramento, the San Francisco Bay Area, the South Bay, Los Angeles, and other urban areas. Participants can reel in their catch and learn how to prepare it for dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re hooked after your first fishing expedition, you can join the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing/Passport\">California Fishing Passport\u003c/a>. That interactive program challenges you to fish 150 different species in the state’s waters. It even awards a certificate for catching your very first fish!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What Does '12 Years to Act on Climate Change' (Now 11 Years) Really Mean?",
"headTitle": "What Does ’12 Years to Act on Climate Change’ (Now 11 Years) Really Mean? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been hearing variations of the phrase “the world only has 12 years to deal with climate change” a lot lately. \u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>Sen. Bernie Sanders put a version of it front and center of his presidential \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082019/sanders-green-new-deal-climate-change-plan-fossil-fuels-transition-16-trillion\">campaign\u003c/a>\u003c/b> last week, \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://berniesanders.com/issues/the-green-new-deal/\">saying\u003c/a>\u003c/b> we now have “less than 11 years left to transform our energy system away from fossil fuels to energy efficiency and sustainable energy, if we are going to leave this planet healthy and habitable.”\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[aside postID=science_1944972,news_11728595]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But where does the idea of having 11 or 12 years come from, and what does it actually mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The number began drawing attention in 2018, when the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07102018/ipcc-climate-change-science-report-data-carbon-emissions-heat-waves-extreme-weather-oil-gas-agriculture\">report\u003c/a> describing what it would take to keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, a goal of the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report explained that countries would have to cut their anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, such as from power plants and vehicles, to net zero by around 2050. To reach that goal, it said, CO2 emissions would have to start dropping “well before 2030” and be on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SPM3a.png\">path\u003c/a> to fall by about 45 percent by around 2030 (12 years away at that time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Mid-century is actually the more significant target date in the report, but acting now is crucial to being able to meet that goal, said Duke University climate researcher Drew Shindell, a lead author on the mitigation chapter of the IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“We need to get the world on a path to net zero CO2 emissions by mid-century,” Shindell said. “That’s a huge transformation, so that if we don’t make a good start on it during the 2020s, we won’t be able to get there at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Scientists Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basic physics and climate science allow scientists to calculate how much CO2 it takes to raise the global temperature—and how much CO2 can still be emitted before global warming exceeds 1.5°C (2.7°F) compared to pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists worked backward from that basic knowledge to come up with timelines for what would have to happen to stay under 1.5°C warming, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/airscottdenning\">Scott Denning\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, who studies the warming atmosphere at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“They figured out how much extra heat we can stand. They calculated how much CO2 would produce that much heat, then how much total fuel would produce that much CO2. Then they considered ‘glide paths’ for getting emissions to zero before we burn too much carbon to avoid catastrophe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All this work gets summarized as ‘in order to avoid really bad outcomes, we have to be on a realistic glide path toward a carbon-free global economy by 2030.’ And that gets translated to something like ’emissions have to fall by half in a decade,’ and that gets oversimplified to ’12 years left.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There’s certainly a grain of truth in the phrase, but it’s so oversimplified that it leads to comically bad misconceptions about how to get there, conjuring up ridiculous cartoon imagery suggesting we just go on with life normally for the next 11 years and then the world ends,” Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s not what the IPCC writers envisioned, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The science on the 2030 date is clear, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University. The controversy stems from people mischaracterizing the carbon reduction timeline as a threshold for climate disaster. He noted that people promoting climate science denial and delay have also latched on to the phrase “to intentionally try to caricature the concern about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Success Look Like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would be helpful if people looked at the 2030 target in terms of what success looks like rather than what failure means, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Solving the problem by 2030, 2040 or 2050 requires a new global energy infrastructure, which is arguably easier and less expensive than past infrastructure shifts like indoor plumbing, rural electrification, the automobile and paved roads, telecommunications, computers, mobile phones or the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All of these past changes cost tens of trillions of dollars, adjusted for inflation. All of them were hugely disruptive. All of them took a decade or more, completely changed the industrial and economic and social landscape, and created bursts of growth and productivity and jobs. And arguably, all of them made life better for huge numbers of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This time, the shift is from heavy reliance on carbon-emitting fossil fuels to carbon-free energy sources, like wind power. And even with a speedy energy transition, the IPCC says keeping temperatures from warming more than 1.5°C will also likely require \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12102018/global-warming-solutions-negative-emissions-carbon-capture-technology-ipcc-climate-change-report\">removing CO2 from the atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003c/b> on a large scale.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946860 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px-160x174.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missing the target doesn’t imply the onset of cataclysmic \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\">climate change\u003c/a> in 2030, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things just keep getting worse and worse until we stop making them worse, and then they never get better,” he said. “But no matter what, the world has to move on from fossil fuels just as we moved on from tallow candles and outhouses and land lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Exceeding 1.5°C Warming Mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC report described how increasing greenhouse gas emissions will result in more dangerous and costly disruptions to global societies and ecosystems, including longer, hotter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082017/heatwaves-deadly-heat-humidity-wet-bulb-human-survivability-threshold\">heat waves\u003c/a> and more frequent crop-killing \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01052019/drought-climate-change-fingerprints-global-warming-20th-century-tree-rings-marvel-cook\">droughts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain glaciers will melt faster as the planet warms, creating \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26092018/climate-change-mountains-landslide-hazard-thawing-permafrost-rockfall-extreme-weather-glaciers-global-warming\">new risks\u003c/a>for settlements in the valleys below. The meltdown of polar ice sheets is also projected to accelerate, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06082018/global-warming-climate-change-floods-california-oroville-dam-scientists\">intensifying flooding\u003c/a> and speeding up sea level rise to a rate that will be hard to adapt to. More \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study\">Arctic permafrost will thaw\u003c/a>, releasing more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the rising risks, it’s important to understand that, “in the physical climate system, there are no scientists claiming that there is a magical threshold that we breach or don’t breach that determines whether we have a habitable climate system,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.c3we.ucar.edu/\">Center for Climate and Weather Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2030 target is useful because it shows how the “next decade is incredibly consequential for what we do.” Swain said. “But I think the emphasis that’s being placed on this specific 12-year window as a differentiator between existential crisis or not is problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First of all, it negates some of the risks that already exist and that will continue to build no matter what. And it also potentially suggests that anything short of complete victory in the next 12 years is pointless, which is exactly the opposite of the truth. At any point along the spectrum, more progress is always going to be better than less progress, less warming is always going to be better than more warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have We Passed Tipping Points Already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the “12 years” narrative may set up a deadline that’s too lenient, because some key part of the climate system may already be at or past tipping points, Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It creates the false illusion that there is some sort of guardrail moving forward, that if we just get in under the deadline we’ll be OK, he said. But “twelve years from now, it could be too late for some of these things, like the ice sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the past few years reinforces the idea that some climate tipping points have already been breached. Studies show some parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet are \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/31032017/-climate-change-science-greenland-global-warming-ice-melt\">unlikely to recover\u003c/a>, and parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may also be at or very near a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12082019/antarctica-climate-change-ocean-wind-ice-melting-glaciers-global-warming\">tipping point to rapid disintegration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in June suggested that the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL082187\">rate of permafrost thawing\u003c/a>is progressing much faster than climate models projected. And scientists studying the link between global warming and European heat waves said those recent extremes are also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02072019/climate-change-attribution-europe-heat-wave-hottest-june-record-wildfires-world-weather-data\">outside the scope\u003c/a> of what they expected at current levels of warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world will still exist if we breach 1.5°C and 2°C, but “the climate impacts and risks will be higher and the temperature will be higher,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Peters_Glen\">Glen Peters\u003c/a>, research director at the CICERO climate research center in Oslo. That all seems to be sinking in to public awareness, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But in terms of deadlines, we have already missed the deadline,” he said. “We should have started mitigating decades ago, then we would have the problem solved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "What Does '12 Years to Act on Climate Change' (Now 11 Years) Really Mean?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been hearing variations of the phrase “the world only has 12 years to deal with climate change” a lot lately. \u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>Sen. Bernie Sanders put a version of it front and center of his presidential \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082019/sanders-green-new-deal-climate-change-plan-fossil-fuels-transition-16-trillion\">campaign\u003c/a>\u003c/b> last week, \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://berniesanders.com/issues/the-green-new-deal/\">saying\u003c/a>\u003c/b> we now have “less than 11 years left to transform our energy system away from fossil fuels to energy efficiency and sustainable energy, if we are going to leave this planet healthy and habitable.”\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But where does the idea of having 11 or 12 years come from, and what does it actually mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The number began drawing attention in 2018, when the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07102018/ipcc-climate-change-science-report-data-carbon-emissions-heat-waves-extreme-weather-oil-gas-agriculture\">report\u003c/a> describing what it would take to keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, a goal of the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report explained that countries would have to cut their anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, such as from power plants and vehicles, to net zero by around 2050. To reach that goal, it said, CO2 emissions would have to start dropping “well before 2030” and be on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SPM3a.png\">path\u003c/a> to fall by about 45 percent by around 2030 (12 years away at that time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Mid-century is actually the more significant target date in the report, but acting now is crucial to being able to meet that goal, said Duke University climate researcher Drew Shindell, a lead author on the mitigation chapter of the IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“We need to get the world on a path to net zero CO2 emissions by mid-century,” Shindell said. “That’s a huge transformation, so that if we don’t make a good start on it during the 2020s, we won’t be able to get there at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Scientists Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basic physics and climate science allow scientists to calculate how much CO2 it takes to raise the global temperature—and how much CO2 can still be emitted before global warming exceeds 1.5°C (2.7°F) compared to pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists worked backward from that basic knowledge to come up with timelines for what would have to happen to stay under 1.5°C warming, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/airscottdenning\">Scott Denning\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, who studies the warming atmosphere at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“They figured out how much extra heat we can stand. They calculated how much CO2 would produce that much heat, then how much total fuel would produce that much CO2. Then they considered ‘glide paths’ for getting emissions to zero before we burn too much carbon to avoid catastrophe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All this work gets summarized as ‘in order to avoid really bad outcomes, we have to be on a realistic glide path toward a carbon-free global economy by 2030.’ And that gets translated to something like ’emissions have to fall by half in a decade,’ and that gets oversimplified to ’12 years left.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There’s certainly a grain of truth in the phrase, but it’s so oversimplified that it leads to comically bad misconceptions about how to get there, conjuring up ridiculous cartoon imagery suggesting we just go on with life normally for the next 11 years and then the world ends,” Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s not what the IPCC writers envisioned, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The science on the 2030 date is clear, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University. The controversy stems from people mischaracterizing the carbon reduction timeline as a threshold for climate disaster. He noted that people promoting climate science denial and delay have also latched on to the phrase “to intentionally try to caricature the concern about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Success Look Like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would be helpful if people looked at the 2030 target in terms of what success looks like rather than what failure means, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Solving the problem by 2030, 2040 or 2050 requires a new global energy infrastructure, which is arguably easier and less expensive than past infrastructure shifts like indoor plumbing, rural electrification, the automobile and paved roads, telecommunications, computers, mobile phones or the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All of these past changes cost tens of trillions of dollars, adjusted for inflation. All of them were hugely disruptive. All of them took a decade or more, completely changed the industrial and economic and social landscape, and created bursts of growth and productivity and jobs. And arguably, all of them made life better for huge numbers of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This time, the shift is from heavy reliance on carbon-emitting fossil fuels to carbon-free energy sources, like wind power. And even with a speedy energy transition, the IPCC says keeping temperatures from warming more than 1.5°C will also likely require \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12102018/global-warming-solutions-negative-emissions-carbon-capture-technology-ipcc-climate-change-report\">removing CO2 from the atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003c/b> on a large scale.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946860 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px-160x174.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missing the target doesn’t imply the onset of cataclysmic \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\">climate change\u003c/a> in 2030, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things just keep getting worse and worse until we stop making them worse, and then they never get better,” he said. “But no matter what, the world has to move on from fossil fuels just as we moved on from tallow candles and outhouses and land lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Exceeding 1.5°C Warming Mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC report described how increasing greenhouse gas emissions will result in more dangerous and costly disruptions to global societies and ecosystems, including longer, hotter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082017/heatwaves-deadly-heat-humidity-wet-bulb-human-survivability-threshold\">heat waves\u003c/a> and more frequent crop-killing \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01052019/drought-climate-change-fingerprints-global-warming-20th-century-tree-rings-marvel-cook\">droughts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain glaciers will melt faster as the planet warms, creating \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26092018/climate-change-mountains-landslide-hazard-thawing-permafrost-rockfall-extreme-weather-glaciers-global-warming\">new risks\u003c/a>for settlements in the valleys below. The meltdown of polar ice sheets is also projected to accelerate, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06082018/global-warming-climate-change-floods-california-oroville-dam-scientists\">intensifying flooding\u003c/a> and speeding up sea level rise to a rate that will be hard to adapt to. More \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study\">Arctic permafrost will thaw\u003c/a>, releasing more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the rising risks, it’s important to understand that, “in the physical climate system, there are no scientists claiming that there is a magical threshold that we breach or don’t breach that determines whether we have a habitable climate system,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.c3we.ucar.edu/\">Center for Climate and Weather Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2030 target is useful because it shows how the “next decade is incredibly consequential for what we do.” Swain said. “But I think the emphasis that’s being placed on this specific 12-year window as a differentiator between existential crisis or not is problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First of all, it negates some of the risks that already exist and that will continue to build no matter what. And it also potentially suggests that anything short of complete victory in the next 12 years is pointless, which is exactly the opposite of the truth. At any point along the spectrum, more progress is always going to be better than less progress, less warming is always going to be better than more warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have We Passed Tipping Points Already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the “12 years” narrative may set up a deadline that’s too lenient, because some key part of the climate system may already be at or past tipping points, Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It creates the false illusion that there is some sort of guardrail moving forward, that if we just get in under the deadline we’ll be OK, he said. But “twelve years from now, it could be too late for some of these things, like the ice sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the past few years reinforces the idea that some climate tipping points have already been breached. Studies show some parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet are \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/31032017/-climate-change-science-greenland-global-warming-ice-melt\">unlikely to recover\u003c/a>, and parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may also be at or very near a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12082019/antarctica-climate-change-ocean-wind-ice-melting-glaciers-global-warming\">tipping point to rapid disintegration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in June suggested that the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL082187\">rate of permafrost thawing\u003c/a>is progressing much faster than climate models projected. And scientists studying the link between global warming and European heat waves said those recent extremes are also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02072019/climate-change-attribution-europe-heat-wave-hottest-june-record-wildfires-world-weather-data\">outside the scope\u003c/a> of what they expected at current levels of warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world will still exist if we breach 1.5°C and 2°C, but “the climate impacts and risks will be higher and the temperature will be higher,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Peters_Glen\">Glen Peters\u003c/a>, research director at the CICERO climate research center in Oslo. That all seems to be sinking in to public awareness, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But in terms of deadlines, we have already missed the deadline,” he said. “We should have started mitigating decades ago, then we would have the problem solved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Challenges Trump Plan to Ease Review of Climate Impacts",
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"content": "\u003cp>Another day, another environmental policy skirmish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, 17 other states, and Washington, D.C. today challenged a Trump administration plan to limit climate change analysis for major energy and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra called Trump’s plan “reckless” and said it “leads agencies to ignore the climate crisis, the most pressing environmental challenge of our time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re reminding President Trump once again: if you try to backslide on the safeguards protecting our nation’s environment and put polluters in the driver’s seat, we will hold you accountable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the White House floated new environmental review guidelines for federal projects like gas pipelines and highways. The draft guidance on consideration of greenhouse gas emissions under the National Environmental Policy Act doesn’t mention climate change or global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the draft say the Trump administration seeks to downplay climate change and warming as it approves infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes would ease regulations, and the administration says they’d allow for faster permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been two years since President Trump rescinded an Obama-era rule that required agencies to study and quantify planet-warming gas emissions as part of their decision-making process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition this morning released its \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">comment\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">letter\u003c/a>, which argues that the proposal encourages agencies to violate federal environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another day, another environmental policy skirmish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, 17 other states, and Washington, D.C. today challenged a Trump administration plan to limit climate change analysis for major energy and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra called Trump’s plan “reckless” and said it “leads agencies to ignore the climate crisis, the most pressing environmental challenge of our time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re reminding President Trump once again: if you try to backslide on the safeguards protecting our nation’s environment and put polluters in the driver’s seat, we will hold you accountable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the White House floated new environmental review guidelines for federal projects like gas pipelines and highways. The draft guidance on consideration of greenhouse gas emissions under the National Environmental Policy Act doesn’t mention climate change or global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the draft say the Trump administration seeks to downplay climate change and warming as it approves infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes would ease regulations, and the administration says they’d allow for faster permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been two years since President Trump rescinded an Obama-era rule that required agencies to study and quantify planet-warming gas emissions as part of their decision-making process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition this morning released its \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">comment\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">letter\u003c/a>, which argues that the proposal encourages agencies to violate federal environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Researchers Press California to Strengthen Landmark Climate Law",
"headTitle": "Researchers Press California to Strengthen Landmark Climate Law | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s cornerstone climate law for reducing planet warming emissions is coming under fire from a group of high-profile researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal and policy experts are challenging California’s top regulators to strengthen oversight of the state’s cap-and-trade law and to adopt changes to ensure that the state’s marketplace is reducing greenhouse gas pollution at the rate it claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors from Stanford Law School, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, among other institutions released a\u003ca href=\"https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Managing-Uncertainty-in-Carbon-Offsets-SLS-Working-Paper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> paper\u003c/a> today pressing the California Air Resources Board to strengthen accounting reviews and ensure the state’s landmark climate change law is achieving its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board monitors the cap-and-trade program, and agency leadership are vigorously defending it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers — many of whom have been active in the program’s rule making and have challenged the agency before — argue in the working paper that the emissions reductions in California’s offset program are inherently uncertain. In some cases, they wrote, the rules create “perverse incentives” toward increasing planet-warming gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California law is at the center of the state’s plans to fight climate change and the state is counting on the initiative to \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\">reduce\u003c/a> its total emissions by 40% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far, cap-and-trade programs have relied heavily on carbon offsets, as a way to meet the cap,” said lead author Barbara Haya, a UC Berkeley research fellow. “But carbon offsets have not worked very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Haya examined the board’s assumptions around its offset program for forests in the U.S. (the agency refers to it as the U.S. Forest Projects \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/protocols/usforest/forestprotocol2015.pdf\">protocol\u003c/a>). She \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Policy_Brief-US_Forest_Projects-Leakage-Haya_2.pdf\">estimates\u003c/a> landowners earn millions for reductions in planet warming emissions that might not be real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She argues that California overestimated carbon dioxide emissions reductions by 80 million tons, and the program may only have accomplished 18% of the emission reductions it claims to have made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you consider that U.S. forests comprise the vast majority of the credits the agency has issued to date, that’s a big discrepancy. The analysis raises questions about how well the state’s landmark climate program — a model for other states and even countries — is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agency is aggressively defending its cap-and-trade program saying it’s a model for the international community and the forest initiative is the product of years of policy making, hearings, and stakeholder input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Nichols, the Air Resource Board’s chair and top official, said in a letter to members of the Legislature that the agency reviewed Haya’s forest study and strongly disagreed with her analysis because it “contains errors and misunderstandings of the Forest Protocol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the letter, the agency released a detailed \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/overview.pdf\">rebuttal\u003c/a>, to which Haya \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research/working-paper-series/policy-brief-arbas-us-forest-projects-offset-protocol-underestimates-leaka\">responded\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajinder Sahota, who manages the cap-and-trade program for the agency, said she’s fully confident that the program is working. “We categorically disagree with these assertions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She vigorously defended the forest program calling it the “global gold standard” and saying that it was designed over many years, thousands of review comments, and dozens of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota categorized Haya’s studies as representing “old arguments” and pointed to the fact that in 2015 the First District Court of Appeals rejected a lawsuit from environmental groups that charged the offset program could not be ensured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They brought the assertion that the offset program didn’t meet the requirements for being real, quantifiable emissions reductions,” Sahota said. “We litigated that and we prevailed in the lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Strengthening the Program\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California cap-and-trade works in two ways. It places a limit on industrial emissions — a “cap” that is lowered over time — and it creates a marketplace for companies to buy emissions offset credits from forest managers, dairy farmers, or others who are taking steps to remove carbon from the atmosphere or prevent its release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon offsets are central to California’s landmark climate change policy, and are organized into different areas the agency calls “\u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/offsets.htm\">protocols\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than reduce its own pollution, for example, an oil refinery can buy an offset that represents a ton of carbon emissions reductions from sustainable practices in another industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to explore how can an offset program be designed,” Haya said, “so that we can trust that the credits generated represent real emissions reductions and don’t undermine the effectiveness of our cap-and-trade programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 531px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946806\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"531\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg 531w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Haya, a research fellow at UC Berkeley. A portrait of Haya was taken near the Alumni House at UC Berkeley on Saturday August 24, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key issue, she added, has to do with California’s marketplace for “trading” emissions. State law requires that all of the offset credits be “real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable, and enforceable.” Haya’s research found something different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw really clearly looking at California’s program is that the reductions from offsets are inherently uncertain,” she said. “We know how to measure emissions under a cap, but it is much harder to measure emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Cullenward, an energy economist and co-author of the paper, said that California doesn’t maintain an ongoing, formal structure to monitor how well the program is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that these protocols can be used and used well, and we rely heavily on them, and invoke the idea that they’re high quality,” he said, adding that the California approach to ensuring quality with its offsets is “ad hoc.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, saying that all of the emissions offsets are verified by a third party; if any fraud is detected, the offsets are invalidated; and all of the underlying reports are made available to the public. Also, since the forest program was first adopted, the agency has updated its rules on different occasions after a review of the latest science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘\u003cstrong>Perverse Incentives’ \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers examined California’s recent initiatives that allow regulated industries to trade emissions, they found that, in some cases, they create what Haya calls “perverse incentives” that can lead to more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, with one of its new initiatives, coal mines can make money by burning off the methane gas that leaks during production. While burning methane releases carbon dioxide — the main greenhouse gas driving climate change — methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning the methane, even though it increases the carbon wafting in the air, is a net positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the researchers identified a problem. By destroying methane, the gassiest mines in the U.S. could earn enough money to remain open for longer than they would have at a moment when coal and natural gas are competing and mines closing. “Those profits can be substantial for those mines,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, California’s marketplace for emissions can deter governments from instituting other climate change regulations. Once an agency requires coal mines to flare their leaky gas, for example, the mines can no longer sell methane offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone can’t pay someone else to reduce emissions because they are already required by law,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, and points to the fact that before California adopted the coal mine program in 2014, agency staff \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/regact/2013/capandtrade13/1mmcecon.pdf\">estimated\u003c/a> its potential impacts and found the potential revenue for the industry was minimal, a half a percent of the value of overall domestic coal production. “The protocol does not make any financial impact on bottom line decisions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota pushed back on the notion that the cap-and-trade program could deter other agencies away from regulations calling it “another falsehood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to the fact that after the board adopted a market for capturing methane from dairy farms, California \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1201862/california-targets-dairy-cows-to-combat-global-warming\">passed\u003c/a> a bill regulating heat-trapping gases from livestock operations and landfills (when cows belch, pass gas and make manure they release methane).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she acknowledged that other agencies might use California’s cap-and-trade law as an excuse not to pass regulations that they don’t want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Regulation is the best way to achieve these emissions reductions because it guarantees action,” she said. “But until such time that regulations can be formulated, offset protocols incentivize early action and actually get people doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, it’s a carrot rather than the stick way to produce emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>U.S. Forests and Amazon Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason that the quality of the program is so important is because California is a testing ground for climate policy, and the state exports its ideas to other countries, and also states like Oregon, which was poised to pass a similar law this year (until 11 Republican senators revolted, fled the state in protest, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/07/30/boeing-killed-oregons-cap-and-trade-deal-by-peeling-away-the-key-democrats-vote/\">killed\u003c/a> the bill).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quality of the state’s landmark climate law is all the more important because the board will meet next month to consider framework rules for a new tropical forest program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the agency is not yet considering adopting a program for international rainforest — that would require years of environmental review and public comment — the board will consider a methodology for what such a program might look like, a precursor to adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is important because fires are ripping across the Brazilian Amazon after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946696/fires-spread-across-brazilian-amazon-after-surge-in-deforestation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surge\u003c/a> in deforestation, and supporters of expanding California’s market \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/commentary/climate-change-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argue\u003c/a> that the state can fight climate change while saving tropical forests throughout the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California approved a new program, forest managers in Brazil could earn money by sustainably managing their forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ensuring the quality of the program in other countries with different types of governments is a difficult challenge, Cullenward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California will be overseeing the program, who’s going to do that?” he said. “If you think it’s challenging to manage a forest protocol in the continental United States and Alaska, how about operating in Acre, Brazil, right now?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Germany, Norway, and other governments invested in a fund to support sustainable forestry in this part of Brazil. But recently, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753836508/why-norway-and-germany-have-frozen-money-going-to-the-amazon-fund\">withdrew\u003c/a> their investment because Brazil’s right-of-center president, Jair Bolsonaro, encourages deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/21/753140642/tens-of-thousands-of-fires-ravage-brazilian-amazon-where-deforestation-has-spike\">reporting\u003c/a> has Bolsonaro on the record saying he wants the Amazon open to development and describing rainforest protection measures as “obstacles” to the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Pushback \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade law is a second generation carbon offset program. European leaders promoted the first generation program following the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, when an international coalition of countries promised to reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kyoto’s offsets didn’t work very well. One \u003ca href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/ets/docs/clean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf\">study\u003c/a> found that only 2% of the projects have a “high likelihood” of ensuring that emission reductions were additional and not over-estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporting in \u003ca href=\"https://features.propublica.org/brazil-carbon-offsets/inconvenient-truth-carbon-credits-dont-work-deforestation-redd-acre-cambodia/\">ProPublica\u003c/a> revealed that the program subsidized thousands of projects, including coal plants, that claimed credits for being more efficient than they would have been. The European Union stopped accepting the credits after the program became mired in technical and human rights scandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s market is meant to respond to some of the criticisms of the dysfunctional first generation program created under the United Nations climate trading regime and is different in a few key ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kyoto’s initiative was voluntary and underfunded. But California’s program allows companies to offset a small percentage of their carbon output and only recognizes forests in the U.S., where the state can presumably have more oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The offset program is one of the most transparent parts of the cap-and-trade program,” Sahota said. “We were sensitive to the concerns about distrust of offsets when we were designing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from the get-go, environmental justice groups like the Asian Pacific Environmental Network and Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability debated whether California’s cap-and-trade offsets would improve on the old model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They argue it allows industry to pay to pollute in areas already suffering from toxic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, they’ve recently eased back on their protests as long as the revenue from the market be used to meet the needs of neighborhoods most prone to dirty air; as, they hope, will be the case with California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943578/climate-funds-for-clean-water-democrats-enviro-groups-are-split\">plan\u003c/a> to use cap-and-trade money to clean dirty drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s cornerstone climate law for reducing planet warming emissions is coming under fire from a group of high-profile researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal and policy experts are challenging California’s top regulators to strengthen oversight of the state’s cap-and-trade law and to adopt changes to ensure that the state’s marketplace is reducing greenhouse gas pollution at the rate it claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors from Stanford Law School, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, among other institutions released a\u003ca href=\"https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Managing-Uncertainty-in-Carbon-Offsets-SLS-Working-Paper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> paper\u003c/a> today pressing the California Air Resources Board to strengthen accounting reviews and ensure the state’s landmark climate change law is achieving its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board monitors the cap-and-trade program, and agency leadership are vigorously defending it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers — many of whom have been active in the program’s rule making and have challenged the agency before — argue in the working paper that the emissions reductions in California’s offset program are inherently uncertain. In some cases, they wrote, the rules create “perverse incentives” toward increasing planet-warming gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California law is at the center of the state’s plans to fight climate change and the state is counting on the initiative to \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\">reduce\u003c/a> its total emissions by 40% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far, cap-and-trade programs have relied heavily on carbon offsets, as a way to meet the cap,” said lead author Barbara Haya, a UC Berkeley research fellow. “But carbon offsets have not worked very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Haya examined the board’s assumptions around its offset program for forests in the U.S. (the agency refers to it as the U.S. Forest Projects \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/protocols/usforest/forestprotocol2015.pdf\">protocol\u003c/a>). She \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Policy_Brief-US_Forest_Projects-Leakage-Haya_2.pdf\">estimates\u003c/a> landowners earn millions for reductions in planet warming emissions that might not be real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She argues that California overestimated carbon dioxide emissions reductions by 80 million tons, and the program may only have accomplished 18% of the emission reductions it claims to have made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you consider that U.S. forests comprise the vast majority of the credits the agency has issued to date, that’s a big discrepancy. The analysis raises questions about how well the state’s landmark climate program — a model for other states and even countries — is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agency is aggressively defending its cap-and-trade program saying it’s a model for the international community and the forest initiative is the product of years of policy making, hearings, and stakeholder input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Nichols, the Air Resource Board’s chair and top official, said in a letter to members of the Legislature that the agency reviewed Haya’s forest study and strongly disagreed with her analysis because it “contains errors and misunderstandings of the Forest Protocol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the letter, the agency released a detailed \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/overview.pdf\">rebuttal\u003c/a>, to which Haya \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research/working-paper-series/policy-brief-arbas-us-forest-projects-offset-protocol-underestimates-leaka\">responded\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajinder Sahota, who manages the cap-and-trade program for the agency, said she’s fully confident that the program is working. “We categorically disagree with these assertions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She vigorously defended the forest program calling it the “global gold standard” and saying that it was designed over many years, thousands of review comments, and dozens of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota categorized Haya’s studies as representing “old arguments” and pointed to the fact that in 2015 the First District Court of Appeals rejected a lawsuit from environmental groups that charged the offset program could not be ensured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They brought the assertion that the offset program didn’t meet the requirements for being real, quantifiable emissions reductions,” Sahota said. “We litigated that and we prevailed in the lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Strengthening the Program\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California cap-and-trade works in two ways. It places a limit on industrial emissions — a “cap” that is lowered over time — and it creates a marketplace for companies to buy emissions offset credits from forest managers, dairy farmers, or others who are taking steps to remove carbon from the atmosphere or prevent its release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon offsets are central to California’s landmark climate change policy, and are organized into different areas the agency calls “\u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/offsets.htm\">protocols\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than reduce its own pollution, for example, an oil refinery can buy an offset that represents a ton of carbon emissions reductions from sustainable practices in another industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to explore how can an offset program be designed,” Haya said, “so that we can trust that the credits generated represent real emissions reductions and don’t undermine the effectiveness of our cap-and-trade programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 531px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946806\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"531\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg 531w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Haya, a research fellow at UC Berkeley. A portrait of Haya was taken near the Alumni House at UC Berkeley on Saturday August 24, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key issue, she added, has to do with California’s marketplace for “trading” emissions. State law requires that all of the offset credits be “real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable, and enforceable.” Haya’s research found something different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw really clearly looking at California’s program is that the reductions from offsets are inherently uncertain,” she said. “We know how to measure emissions under a cap, but it is much harder to measure emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Cullenward, an energy economist and co-author of the paper, said that California doesn’t maintain an ongoing, formal structure to monitor how well the program is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that these protocols can be used and used well, and we rely heavily on them, and invoke the idea that they’re high quality,” he said, adding that the California approach to ensuring quality with its offsets is “ad hoc.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, saying that all of the emissions offsets are verified by a third party; if any fraud is detected, the offsets are invalidated; and all of the underlying reports are made available to the public. Also, since the forest program was first adopted, the agency has updated its rules on different occasions after a review of the latest science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘\u003cstrong>Perverse Incentives’ \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers examined California’s recent initiatives that allow regulated industries to trade emissions, they found that, in some cases, they create what Haya calls “perverse incentives” that can lead to more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, with one of its new initiatives, coal mines can make money by burning off the methane gas that leaks during production. While burning methane releases carbon dioxide — the main greenhouse gas driving climate change — methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning the methane, even though it increases the carbon wafting in the air, is a net positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the researchers identified a problem. By destroying methane, the gassiest mines in the U.S. could earn enough money to remain open for longer than they would have at a moment when coal and natural gas are competing and mines closing. “Those profits can be substantial for those mines,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, California’s marketplace for emissions can deter governments from instituting other climate change regulations. Once an agency requires coal mines to flare their leaky gas, for example, the mines can no longer sell methane offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone can’t pay someone else to reduce emissions because they are already required by law,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, and points to the fact that before California adopted the coal mine program in 2014, agency staff \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/regact/2013/capandtrade13/1mmcecon.pdf\">estimated\u003c/a> its potential impacts and found the potential revenue for the industry was minimal, a half a percent of the value of overall domestic coal production. “The protocol does not make any financial impact on bottom line decisions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota pushed back on the notion that the cap-and-trade program could deter other agencies away from regulations calling it “another falsehood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to the fact that after the board adopted a market for capturing methane from dairy farms, California \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1201862/california-targets-dairy-cows-to-combat-global-warming\">passed\u003c/a> a bill regulating heat-trapping gases from livestock operations and landfills (when cows belch, pass gas and make manure they release methane).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she acknowledged that other agencies might use California’s cap-and-trade law as an excuse not to pass regulations that they don’t want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Regulation is the best way to achieve these emissions reductions because it guarantees action,” she said. “But until such time that regulations can be formulated, offset protocols incentivize early action and actually get people doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, it’s a carrot rather than the stick way to produce emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>U.S. Forests and Amazon Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason that the quality of the program is so important is because California is a testing ground for climate policy, and the state exports its ideas to other countries, and also states like Oregon, which was poised to pass a similar law this year (until 11 Republican senators revolted, fled the state in protest, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/07/30/boeing-killed-oregons-cap-and-trade-deal-by-peeling-away-the-key-democrats-vote/\">killed\u003c/a> the bill).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quality of the state’s landmark climate law is all the more important because the board will meet next month to consider framework rules for a new tropical forest program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the agency is not yet considering adopting a program for international rainforest — that would require years of environmental review and public comment — the board will consider a methodology for what such a program might look like, a precursor to adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is important because fires are ripping across the Brazilian Amazon after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946696/fires-spread-across-brazilian-amazon-after-surge-in-deforestation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surge\u003c/a> in deforestation, and supporters of expanding California’s market \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/commentary/climate-change-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argue\u003c/a> that the state can fight climate change while saving tropical forests throughout the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California approved a new program, forest managers in Brazil could earn money by sustainably managing their forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ensuring the quality of the program in other countries with different types of governments is a difficult challenge, Cullenward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California will be overseeing the program, who’s going to do that?” he said. “If you think it’s challenging to manage a forest protocol in the continental United States and Alaska, how about operating in Acre, Brazil, right now?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Germany, Norway, and other governments invested in a fund to support sustainable forestry in this part of Brazil. But recently, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753836508/why-norway-and-germany-have-frozen-money-going-to-the-amazon-fund\">withdrew\u003c/a> their investment because Brazil’s right-of-center president, Jair Bolsonaro, encourages deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/21/753140642/tens-of-thousands-of-fires-ravage-brazilian-amazon-where-deforestation-has-spike\">reporting\u003c/a> has Bolsonaro on the record saying he wants the Amazon open to development and describing rainforest protection measures as “obstacles” to the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Pushback \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade law is a second generation carbon offset program. European leaders promoted the first generation program following the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, when an international coalition of countries promised to reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kyoto’s offsets didn’t work very well. One \u003ca href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/ets/docs/clean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf\">study\u003c/a> found that only 2% of the projects have a “high likelihood” of ensuring that emission reductions were additional and not over-estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporting in \u003ca href=\"https://features.propublica.org/brazil-carbon-offsets/inconvenient-truth-carbon-credits-dont-work-deforestation-redd-acre-cambodia/\">ProPublica\u003c/a> revealed that the program subsidized thousands of projects, including coal plants, that claimed credits for being more efficient than they would have been. The European Union stopped accepting the credits after the program became mired in technical and human rights scandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s market is meant to respond to some of the criticisms of the dysfunctional first generation program created under the United Nations climate trading regime and is different in a few key ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kyoto’s initiative was voluntary and underfunded. But California’s program allows companies to offset a small percentage of their carbon output and only recognizes forests in the U.S., where the state can presumably have more oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The offset program is one of the most transparent parts of the cap-and-trade program,” Sahota said. “We were sensitive to the concerns about distrust of offsets when we were designing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from the get-go, environmental justice groups like the Asian Pacific Environmental Network and Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability debated whether California’s cap-and-trade offsets would improve on the old model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They argue it allows industry to pay to pollute in areas already suffering from toxic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, they’ve recently eased back on their protests as long as the revenue from the market be used to meet the needs of neighborhoods most prone to dirty air; as, they hope, will be the case with California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943578/climate-funds-for-clean-water-democrats-enviro-groups-are-split\">plan\u003c/a> to use cap-and-trade money to clean dirty drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/Murray%20Energy%20v.%20EPA.pdf\">upheld\u003c/a> Obama-era smog and air quality standards. Conservative states and industry leaders had tried to scrap them, saying that the rules were too burdensome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California joined states like New York and public health organizations including the American Lung Association in defending the standards that regulate ground-level ozone, an irritating gas that smells like chlorine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Billings, senior vice president of advocacy with the American Lung Association, called the court decision a win for public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The court upheld the health-based standards,” he said. “It firmly rejected the challenges by industry and some states that attempted to bring in external considerations like economics and background ozone levels. The court shot those claims down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said the court’s ruling prevented an attempt by corporate interests to put profits over air quality. He said the standards save upwards of 100 lives and prevent 380 asthma-related emergency room visits each year in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many, poor air quality is not just upsetting, but debilitating,” Becerra said. “It means missed days of school, work, and countless other opportunities. It’s a matter of life and death. Our children should never be left gasping for air because of government inaction or corporate greed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone standards — a cap at 70 parts per billion — were first set by the Obama administration in 2015, after it determined the previous rules weren’t strong enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Pruitt was one of the first attorneys to challenge Obama’s smog rule, back when he was Oklahoma’s attorney general and before the Trump administration named him to lead the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kamala Harris, then California’s attorney general, initially joined public health groups in defending the rules in court. Becerra replaced her when she became a U.S. senator from California. Harris is running to be the Democratic nominee for president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone, sometimes called trioxygen because it’s made up of three oxygen atoms, is a toxic air pollutant and the central ingredient of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s derived from industrial emissions, car exhaust, and other chemicals reacting to each other in the atmosphere (not to be confused with stratospheric ozone, which occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere and protects humans from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smog can cause chest pain, coughing, inflammation, and reduce lung function in people who breathe it, the EPA reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Becerra and Billings claimed a win with the court’s ruling. The Trump administration considered throwing out Obama’s smog rule, but ultimately decided to defend it in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Trump’s EPA is updating the smog standards and could issue its own rules as part of a five-year review.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/Murray%20Energy%20v.%20EPA.pdf\">upheld\u003c/a> Obama-era smog and air quality standards. Conservative states and industry leaders had tried to scrap them, saying that the rules were too burdensome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California joined states like New York and public health organizations including the American Lung Association in defending the standards that regulate ground-level ozone, an irritating gas that smells like chlorine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Billings, senior vice president of advocacy with the American Lung Association, called the court decision a win for public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The court upheld the health-based standards,” he said. “It firmly rejected the challenges by industry and some states that attempted to bring in external considerations like economics and background ozone levels. The court shot those claims down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said the court’s ruling prevented an attempt by corporate interests to put profits over air quality. He said the standards save upwards of 100 lives and prevent 380 asthma-related emergency room visits each year in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many, poor air quality is not just upsetting, but debilitating,” Becerra said. “It means missed days of school, work, and countless other opportunities. It’s a matter of life and death. Our children should never be left gasping for air because of government inaction or corporate greed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone standards — a cap at 70 parts per billion — were first set by the Obama administration in 2015, after it determined the previous rules weren’t strong enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Pruitt was one of the first attorneys to challenge Obama’s smog rule, back when he was Oklahoma’s attorney general and before the Trump administration named him to lead the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kamala Harris, then California’s attorney general, initially joined public health groups in defending the rules in court. Becerra replaced her when she became a U.S. senator from California. Harris is running to be the Democratic nominee for president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone, sometimes called trioxygen because it’s made up of three oxygen atoms, is a toxic air pollutant and the central ingredient of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s derived from industrial emissions, car exhaust, and other chemicals reacting to each other in the atmosphere (not to be confused with stratospheric ozone, which occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere and protects humans from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smog can cause chest pain, coughing, inflammation, and reduce lung function in people who breathe it, the EPA reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Becerra and Billings claimed a win with the court’s ruling. The Trump administration considered throwing out Obama’s smog rule, but ultimately decided to defend it in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Trump’s EPA is updating the smog standards and could issue its own rules as part of a five-year review.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Harrowing Photos From the Amazon Rainforest Wildfires",
"headTitle": "Harrowing Photos From the Amazon Rainforest Wildfires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Fires in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest are proliferating at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our house is burning. Literally. The Amazon rain forest – the lungs which produces 20% of our planet’s oxygen – is on fire,” French President Emmanuel Macron \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/EmmanuelMacron/status/1164617008962527232\">wrote in a tweet Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called it an “international crisis” and urged members of the G7 to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753639869/macron-urges-g7-members-to-put-amazon-fires-at-top-of-agenda\">prioritize the issue at its summit this weekend\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946739\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946739\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946741\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-800x560.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-768x538.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image shows smoke rising from Amazon rainforest fires in Rondonia State, just southwest of Porto Velho, Brazil, in the upper Amazon River basin on Aug. 15. \u003ccite>(Maxar Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the fires are believed to have been set by farmers clearing land. Environmentalists say the attitude of Brazil’s right-wing president, Jair Bolsonaro, has encouraged the farmers, as well as cattle ranchers, loggers and miners, NPR’s Scott Neumann reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946742\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946742\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the devastation caused by a fire during the dry season in Brasilia, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Adriano Machado/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bolsonaro has described measures to protect the rainforest as “obstacles” to economic growth. Bolsonaro, who took office in January, has said repeatedly that he wants to open the Amazon to development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-800x528.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-768x507.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Humaita, Brazil, on Aug. 14. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946744\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946744\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-800x540.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-768x518.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tract of Amazon jungle being cleared by loggers and farmers burns in Novo Airao, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Bruno Kelly/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research, there have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year — \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/21/753140642/tens-of-thousands-of-fires-ravage-brazilian-amazon-where-deforestation-has-spike\">most of which erupted in the Amazon\u003c/a>, reports NPR’s Colin Dwyer. That represents an astonishing leap of more than 80% over last year and by far the most that the agency has recorded since it began compiling this data in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946745\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946745\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About half those fires, or nearly 36,000 of them, have ignited in just the past month. That’s nearly as many as in all of 2018. Smoke from the fires has darkened the skies over major Brazilian cities such as São Paulo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Amazon+Rainforest%2C+Ablaze+In+Brazil&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "There have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year, mostly in the Amazon, and about half of which have ignited in just the past month. Some international leaders are raising the alarm.",
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"description": "There have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year, mostly in the Amazon, and about half of which have ignited in just the past month. Some international leaders are raising the alarm.",
"title": "Harrowing Photos From the Amazon Rainforest Wildfires | KQED",
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"headline": "Harrowing Photos From the Amazon Rainforest Wildfires",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fires in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest are proliferating at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our house is burning. Literally. The Amazon rain forest – the lungs which produces 20% of our planet’s oxygen – is on fire,” French President Emmanuel Macron \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/EmmanuelMacron/status/1164617008962527232\">wrote in a tweet Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called it an “international crisis” and urged members of the G7 to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753639869/macron-urges-g7-members-to-put-amazon-fires-at-top-of-agenda\">prioritize the issue at its summit this weekend\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946739\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946739\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nebx_custom-b79cd0eaccb6a8c9324c8a516121605a4b8ba376-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946741\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-800x560.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/web-03_close-up-view-of-a-fire_15august2019_southwest-of-porto-velho-brazil_wv3__custom-480f95cb50aa08bbc233624d8441aa2c3da15686-s800-c85-768x538.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image shows smoke rising from Amazon rainforest fires in Rondonia State, just southwest of Porto Velho, Brazil, in the upper Amazon River basin on Aug. 15. \u003ccite>(Maxar Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the fires are believed to have been set by farmers clearing land. Environmentalists say the attitude of Brazil’s right-wing president, Jair Bolsonaro, has encouraged the farmers, as well as cattle ranchers, loggers and miners, NPR’s Scott Neumann reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946742\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946742\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nbvn_custom-77bc2a1493706213e13ec4bbfefa159d78dba65e-s800-c85-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the devastation caused by a fire during the dry season in Brasilia, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Adriano Machado/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bolsonaro has described measures to protect the rainforest as “obstacles” to economic growth. Bolsonaro, who took office in January, has said repeatedly that he wants to open the Amazon to development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-800x528.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nh3w_custom-b78db5925e777ff5b00e60880e33a865c2399df4-s800-c85-768x507.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Humaita, Brazil, on Aug. 14. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946744\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946744\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-800x540.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nc8d_custom-1ed747a2516df8e98b9b3712198eccd7593065cd-s800-c85-768x518.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tract of Amazon jungle being cleared by loggers and farmers burns in Novo Airao, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Bruno Kelly/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research, there have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year — \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/21/753140642/tens-of-thousands-of-fires-ravage-brazilian-amazon-where-deforestation-has-spike\">most of which erupted in the Amazon\u003c/a>, reports NPR’s Colin Dwyer. That represents an astonishing leap of more than 80% over last year and by far the most that the agency has recorded since it began compiling this data in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946745\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946745\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/rts2nec81_custom-b1e593ad6a6d41811b748a410274b6e23fd9c896-s800-c85-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke billows during a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil, on Wednesday. \u003ccite>(Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About half those fires, or nearly 36,000 of them, have ignited in just the past month. That’s nearly as many as in all of 2018. Smoke from the fires has darkened the skies over major Brazilian cities such as São Paulo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Amazon+Rainforest%2C+Ablaze+In+Brazil&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fires in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest are proliferating at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the gist of an \u003ca href=\"http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal/situacao-atual\">announcement this week\u003c/a> by the country’s National Institute for Space Research, or INPE. According to the agency, there have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year — most of which erupted in the Amazon. That represents an astonishing leap of more than 80% over last year and by far the most that the agency has recorded since it began compiling this data in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half those fires, or nearly 36,000 of them, have ignited in just the past month. That’s nearly as many as in all of 2018. Smoke from the fires has darkened the skies over major Brazilian cities, such as São Paulo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/shannongsims/status/1163632818221719558?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has signaled unconcern about the situation. The far-right leader, who took office in January, has repeatedly lambasted Brazil’s environmental regulations as an impediment to economic development, and under his tenure environmental agencies have seen diminished staff and funding. That includes INPE itself, whose leader, Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão, was \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mctic/status/1157321742840467466?s=12\">canned this month\u003c/a> because — according to Galvão — he questioned how Bolsonaro was using his agency’s data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the fires \u003ca href=\"https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/politica/noticia/2019/08/21/bolsonaro-diz-que-ongs-podem-estar-por-tras-de-queimadas-na-amazonia-para-chamar-atencao-contra-o-governo.ghtml?__twitter_impression=true\">by local media\u003c/a>, Bolsonaro baselessly suggested that nongovernmental organizations have been setting the fires themselves as retaliation for the scaling back of Brazil’s usual funding support for them. He posited that these groups are trying to increase international pressure on his government — but when reporters pressed him on the point, he didn’t name any specific NGOs or offer any proof for his assertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, there could be … I’m not affirming it, criminal action by these ‘NGOers’ to call attention against my person, against the government of Brazil. This is the war that we are facing,” he said Wednesday in a Facebook Live video, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973\">translation by the BBC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/GlobalEcoGuy/status/1164226424405762048?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that his government is “not insensitive” to the fires and that his government may look into measures to combat them. In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rsallesmma/status/1163990341361553415\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>, Brazil’s environment minister, Ricardo Salles, attributed the fires to “dry weather, wind and heat” and said federal officials and equipment are available to help and “already in use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot of deforestation has less to do with natural factors and more to do with human activities. INPE says the amount of land that was deforested last month alone represented a nearly 300% surge over deforestation in June 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/lookatthis/posts/brazil/\">reported in 2015\u003c/a>, deforestation such as this is often tied to subsistence farming and ranching, which uses more than two-thirds of Brazil’s deforested land — and which has tripled the number of cattle in the country in the past three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We estimate that the forest areas in the Brazilian Amazon have decreased something between 20 and 30% compared to the last 12 months,” Carlos Nobre, a researcher at the University of São Paulo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-forest-fires-rage-as-farmers-push-into-the-amazon/a-50116455\">told German broadcaster Deutsche Welle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluvio Mascarenhas, who works at a government agency called the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/19/752529425/brazils-amazon-rainforest-is-disappearing-under-president-jair-bolsonaro\">told NPR’s Philip Reeves\u003c/a> that operations that the agency usually carries out against illegal loggers and ranchers have been drastically scaled back this year. And that, he says, together with Bolsonaro’s comments, only encourages further illegal activity in the rainforest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has him afraid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you look at a satellite image of the forest,” he tells Reeves, “you see another little piece missing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tens+Of+Thousands+Of+Fires+Ravage+Brazilian+Amazon%2C+Where+Deforestation+Has+Spiked&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fires in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest are proliferating at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the gist of an \u003ca href=\"http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal/situacao-atual\">announcement this week\u003c/a> by the country’s National Institute for Space Research, or INPE. According to the agency, there have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year — most of which erupted in the Amazon. That represents an astonishing leap of more than 80% over last year and by far the most that the agency has recorded since it began compiling this data in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half those fires, or nearly 36,000 of them, have ignited in just the past month. That’s nearly as many as in all of 2018. Smoke from the fires has darkened the skies over major Brazilian cities, such as São Paulo.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has signaled unconcern about the situation. The far-right leader, who took office in January, has repeatedly lambasted Brazil’s environmental regulations as an impediment to economic development, and under his tenure environmental agencies have seen diminished staff and funding. That includes INPE itself, whose leader, Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão, was \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mctic/status/1157321742840467466?s=12\">canned this month\u003c/a> because — according to Galvão — he questioned how Bolsonaro was using his agency’s data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the fires \u003ca href=\"https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/politica/noticia/2019/08/21/bolsonaro-diz-que-ongs-podem-estar-por-tras-de-queimadas-na-amazonia-para-chamar-atencao-contra-o-governo.ghtml?__twitter_impression=true\">by local media\u003c/a>, Bolsonaro baselessly suggested that nongovernmental organizations have been setting the fires themselves as retaliation for the scaling back of Brazil’s usual funding support for them. He posited that these groups are trying to increase international pressure on his government — but when reporters pressed him on the point, he didn’t name any specific NGOs or offer any proof for his assertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, there could be … I’m not affirming it, criminal action by these ‘NGOers’ to call attention against my person, against the government of Brazil. This is the war that we are facing,” he said Wednesday in a Facebook Live video, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973\">translation by the BBC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>He added that his government is “not insensitive” to the fires and that his government may look into measures to combat them. In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rsallesmma/status/1163990341361553415\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>, Brazil’s environment minister, Ricardo Salles, attributed the fires to “dry weather, wind and heat” and said federal officials and equipment are available to help and “already in use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot of deforestation has less to do with natural factors and more to do with human activities. INPE says the amount of land that was deforested last month alone represented a nearly 300% surge over deforestation in June 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/lookatthis/posts/brazil/\">reported in 2015\u003c/a>, deforestation such as this is often tied to subsistence farming and ranching, which uses more than two-thirds of Brazil’s deforested land — and which has tripled the number of cattle in the country in the past three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We estimate that the forest areas in the Brazilian Amazon have decreased something between 20 and 30% compared to the last 12 months,” Carlos Nobre, a researcher at the University of São Paulo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-forest-fires-rage-as-farmers-push-into-the-amazon/a-50116455\">told German broadcaster Deutsche Welle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluvio Mascarenhas, who works at a government agency called the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/19/752529425/brazils-amazon-rainforest-is-disappearing-under-president-jair-bolsonaro\">told NPR’s Philip Reeves\u003c/a> that operations that the agency usually carries out against illegal loggers and ranchers have been drastically scaled back this year. And that, he says, together with Bolsonaro’s comments, only encourages further illegal activity in the rainforest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has him afraid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you look at a satellite image of the forest,” he tells Reeves, “you see another little piece missing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tens+Of+Thousands+Of+Fires+Ravage+Brazilian+Amazon%2C+Where+Deforestation+Has+Spiked&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Environmental Groups File First Suit Over Trump's Endangered Species Act Rollback",
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"content": "\u003cp>Seven environmental and animal protection groups teamed up to file the first lawsuit challenging the Trump administration’s rollback of the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental law nonprofit Earthjustice filed the lawsuit Wednesday on behalf of the Center for Biological Diversity, Defenders of Wildlife, Sierra Club, Natural Resources Defense Council, National Parks Conservation Association, WildEarth Guardians and the Humane Society of the United States. The lawsuit comes after the federal government earlier this month announced a series of \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/9bf4541d89e6444783814e53302ce479\">changes\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6310713-ESA-Complaint-FINAL.html\">filing\u003c/a> , the groups argue that the Trump administration violated the National Environmental Policy Act by failing to analyze the effects of the new rules. They also charge that the administration unreasonably changed requirements to comply with part of the Endangered Species Act that would have prevented any changes that could threaten the existence or habitat of any listed species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the midst of an unprecedented extinction crisis, the Trump administration is eviscerating our most effective wildlife protection law,” Rebecca Riley, legal director of the nature program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said in a statement. “These regulatory changes will place vulnerable species in immediate danger — all to line the pockets of industry. We are counting on the courts to step in before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholas Goodwin, a spokesman for the U.S. Department of the Interior, criticized the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is unsurprising that those who repeatedly seek to weaponize the Endangered Species Act — instead of use it as a means to recover imperiled species — would choose to sue,” Goodwin said. “We will see them in court, and we will be steadfast in our implementation of this important act with the unchanging goal of conserving and recovering species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Meister, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, declined to comment. Spokespeople for the National Marine Fisheries Service did not immediately respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the enforcement changes, officials for the first time will be able to publicly attach a cost to saving an animal or plant. Blanket protections for creatures newly listed as threatened will be removed. Among several other changes, the action could allow the government to disregard the possible impact of climate change, which conservation groups call a major and growing threat to wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A United Nations report released in May warned that more than 1 million plants and animals globally face extinction, some within decades, because of human influence, climate change and other threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endangered Species Act is credited with helping save the bald eagle, California condor and scores of other animals and plants from extinction since President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1973. The act currently protects more than 1,600 species in the United States and its territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the act has also led to legal and political fights between animal protectors and industries and opponents. Republicans have long pushed to change the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states of California and Massachusetts have also vowed to sue to block changes in the law.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seven environmental and animal protection groups teamed up to file the first lawsuit challenging the Trump administration’s rollback of the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental law nonprofit Earthjustice filed the lawsuit Wednesday on behalf of the Center for Biological Diversity, Defenders of Wildlife, Sierra Club, Natural Resources Defense Council, National Parks Conservation Association, WildEarth Guardians and the Humane Society of the United States. The lawsuit comes after the federal government earlier this month announced a series of \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/9bf4541d89e6444783814e53302ce479\">changes\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6310713-ESA-Complaint-FINAL.html\">filing\u003c/a> , the groups argue that the Trump administration violated the National Environmental Policy Act by failing to analyze the effects of the new rules. They also charge that the administration unreasonably changed requirements to comply with part of the Endangered Species Act that would have prevented any changes that could threaten the existence or habitat of any listed species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the midst of an unprecedented extinction crisis, the Trump administration is eviscerating our most effective wildlife protection law,” Rebecca Riley, legal director of the nature program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said in a statement. “These regulatory changes will place vulnerable species in immediate danger — all to line the pockets of industry. We are counting on the courts to step in before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholas Goodwin, a spokesman for the U.S. Department of the Interior, criticized the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is unsurprising that those who repeatedly seek to weaponize the Endangered Species Act — instead of use it as a means to recover imperiled species — would choose to sue,” Goodwin said. “We will see them in court, and we will be steadfast in our implementation of this important act with the unchanging goal of conserving and recovering species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Meister, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, declined to comment. Spokespeople for the National Marine Fisheries Service did not immediately respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the enforcement changes, officials for the first time will be able to publicly attach a cost to saving an animal or plant. Blanket protections for creatures newly listed as threatened will be removed. Among several other changes, the action could allow the government to disregard the possible impact of climate change, which conservation groups call a major and growing threat to wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A United Nations report released in May warned that more than 1 million plants and animals globally face extinction, some within decades, because of human influence, climate change and other threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endangered Species Act is credited with helping save the bald eagle, California condor and scores of other animals and plants from extinction since President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1973. The act currently protects more than 1,600 species in the United States and its territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the act has also led to legal and political fights between animal protectors and industries and opponents. Republicans have long pushed to change the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states of California and Massachusetts have also vowed to sue to block changes in the law.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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