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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATE: June 8, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Chief Scott Pruitt this week announced he is delaying a new federal ozone standard by a year. Ozone is a gas in smog that triggers asthma and other respiratory problems. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency was scheduled to begin assessing this month which areas of the country were out of compliance, and make final determinations by October. Now the EPA will make those decisions by October 2018. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama Administration lowered the federal standard for ozone to 70 parts per billion in 2015, a move the EPA says will prevent hundreds of premature deaths and hundreds of thousands of asthma attacks in children, across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In California’s polluted San Joaquin Valley, a regulator is under fire for allying with members of Congress who want to weaken the venerable law: A joint investigation from the\u003ca href=\"https://www.publicintegrity.org/\"> Center for Public Integrity\u003c/a> and The California Report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FRESNO — The 250-mile-long San Joaquin Valley is an economic powerhouse, producing everything from crude oil to grapes, cotton to pistachios.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘[Sadredin] swears an oath to uphold the Clean Air Act, and yet he is actively working to undermine this important environmental law.’\u003ccite>Jared Blumenfeld, former EPA regional administrator\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s also a pollution-trapping bowl, bounded on three sides by mountains and punished by meteorological conditions that cause dirty air to stagnate. All eight counties in the valley are in \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/ancl.html\">“extreme non-attainment\u003c/a>” of the federal smog standard, which has led to penalties. Lung-searing ozone, the main component of smog, is cooked by triple-digit summer heat. Fine particles, tied to both heart and respiratory disease, fill the air on foggy winter days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, the Clean Air Act was built for places like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1970 law has succeeded by any number of measures. Its benefits — in the form of improved health and productivity, along with lower medical expenses — have \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/benefits-and-costs-clean-air-act-1990-2020-second-prospective-study\">far exceeded its economic costs\u003c/a>, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11463329\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11463329 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil field in Lost Hills, California. The nearest air monitor measuring fine particles in the air is some 50 miles away. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By 2020, the EPA estimated in a peer-reviewed, congressionally mandated report, it will prevent more than 230,000 premature deaths annually from \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics#effects\">microscopic particles\u003c/a> that can make their way deep into the lungs and bloodstream after being discharged by cars, trucks, industrial sites and agricultural operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even here, the law has had demonstrable effects. In 2015, for example, the valley exceeded the federal ozone standard on 55 days, compared to 90 days in 2005 and 113 days in 1995, data from the California Air Resources Board show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a place where agriculture and oil rule, however, the act has become a bone of contention, fueled by an anti-regulatory mood in Washington and a curious and controversial alliance of business interests and the local air pollution control agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The head of that agency, Seyed Sadredin, is a favorite of lawmakers who want to soften the act. In his third appearance before Congress since October 2015, Sadredin \u003ca href=\"https://energycommerce.house.gov/hearings-and-votes/hearings/hr-806-ozone-standards-implementation-act-2017\">complained at a House hearing\u003c/a> this spring about the law’s “artificial and arbitrary” deadlines, which he said could lead to “devastating federal sanctions” in the valley for pollution beyond his regulatory reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Letters to members of Congress\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One example of a letter Seyed Sadredin sent to members of Congress last year, urging them to co-sponsor a bill making changes to the Clean Air Act. The letter argues the region is “hampered by the unintended consequences of many outdated provisions of the Clean Air Act.” The letter was sent to Devin Nunes but accidentally addressed to Congressman Jim Costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LetterNunes]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Some of the provisions of the Clean Air Act, although well-intentioned, are leading to unintended consequences,” Sadredin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key elements of this esoteric drama are these: At the same time the valley is violating federal standards, its chief air pollution cop is deflecting blame and aiding politicians in D.C. eager to pry open a venerable public health statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Sadredin] is a state officer,” said Jared Blumenfeld, the EPA’s regional administrator in California until last year. “He swears an oath to uphold the Clean Air Act, and yet he is actively working to undermine this important environmental law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Looking for a Scapegoat\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The conflict in the valley has roots going back 70 years. In 1947, Gov. Earl Warren signed into law the Air Pollution Control Act, authorizing each of the state’s 58 counties to create an air pollution control district. Los Angeles County, routinely enveloped in a brown cloud by that point, was the first to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the years passed, state lawmakers came to realize that, as one historical document put it, “air pollution does not respect political boundaries.” At their direction the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a> divided the state into \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/knowzone/basin/basin.htm\">15 air basins\u003c/a> based on geological and meteorological characteristics. Starting with one in the Los Angeles basin in 1976, 35 regional air pollution control districts were created to address stationary sources of pollution — oil refineries, power plants, farms — as well as area sources like gas stations and dust from unpaved roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not trying to get out of our responsibilities. We just don’t want to be unfairly penalized.’\u003ccite>Seyed Sadredin,\u003cbr>\nSan Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The districts prepare detailed plans stating how they intend to meet Clean Air Act standards. The plans are sent to the Air Resources Board, which regulates mobile pollution sources such as cars and trucks (more rigorously than the federal government — the Trump administration wants to change that). All of this is folded into a single document that goes to the EPA, which can accept or reject all or part of it. If the EPA thinks a state is malingering, it has the power to withhold federal highway funds or impose other sanctions, though it rarely does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/Home.htm\">San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District\u003c/a>, composed of eight former county offices, was formed in 1991. The district, with a staff of 310 and an annual budget of nearly $200 million, faces a herculean task in a region of 4.2 million people.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”91jjJ9XHt4cYJ2TwscrpLlbiCbHX7Y7u”]In Fresno, one in five children has asthma — among the highest rates in the country. Bakersfield — seat of Kern County, California’s oil-producing leviathan — ranked first in the nation for short-term particle pollution in the American Lung Association’s most recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/assets/documents/healthy-air/state-of-the-air/state-of-the-air-2017.pdf\">“State of the Air”\u003c/a> report. Valley-wide, 1,200 premature deaths each year are blamed on the bad air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What to do about all of this has become the subject of endless debate and vitriol spewed by a disparate cast of characters and fueled by a changing political climate. In Washington, newly emboldened Republicans and at least one Democrat in Congress are seeking to \u003ca href=\"https://olson.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/olson-capito-flake-manchin-flores-latta-reintroduce-ozone-bill\">stretch compliance deadlines\u003c/a> under the Clean Air Act, calling them unreasonable and counterproductive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many regulators and public health advocates in traditionally liberal California are watching with trepidation, but Sadredin, the air district’s executive director, is not one of them. Within weeks of Donald Trump’s election, Sadredin’s name was atop a \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/documents/PRESIDENTIAL-TRANSITION-WHITE-PAPER.pdf\">“presidential transition white paper”\u003c/a> calling for an end to “costly bureaucratic red tape” associated with the act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In interviews, Sadredin insisted he has no desire to see the law eviscerated and pointed to a district proposal sent to state legislators in February. The document said a redo of the Clean Air Act wouldn’t be necessary if Congress could find some other way to inoculate California’s hazy midsection from EPA sanctions for air pollution beyond local control — from heavy trucks that barrel down Interstate 5 and state Highway 99, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11467563\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11467563\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad.jpg\" alt=\"Haze hangs over a road close to I-5 near Buttonwillow, in Kern County.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Haze hangs over a road close to I-5 near Buttonwillow, in Kern County. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to get out of our responsibilities,” Sadredin said. “We just don’t want to be unfairly penalized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal, however, leaves open the option of lobbying to weaken the federal law. Dr. Alexander Sherriffs, a physician in the town of Fowler who sits on the district’s 15-member governing board, cast one of two “no” votes against the plan. At his busy clinic, just south of Fresno, Sherriffs lamented the “terrible” rates of childhood asthma he sees. Even more alarming, he said, are heart attacks among adults that may be pollution-related but aren’t recorded as such on death certificates — “hundreds, if not a thousand, a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Air district seeks oil lobby’s help in D.C.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In this email exchange, a senior staffer at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District tries to convince the Western States Petroleum Association, a trade group, to send a representative on an upcoming lobbying trip to Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LetterNoble]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sherriffs acknowledged that anti-pollution measures can be costly. But so are disease and its byproducts: emergency-room visits, medication, lost school days. “We’re paying this hidden expense every day,” he said. The doctor said he’s unwilling to “get off a winning racehorse” and endorse changes to the Clean Air Act. He worries that Sadredin has joined “people with axes” in Washington who want to dismantle the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Unfair Sanctions’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For the past five years, valley residents and business owners have paid a $12 vehicle-registration surcharge for violating the federal one-hour ozone standard. An agreement between the EPA and the air district has allowed the cumulative $168 million in penalties to be used for local projects such as replacement of diesel trucks, school buses and tractors, which contribute to both smog and particle pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin says he fears the EPA could impose more draconian measures on a region of vast oil fields and farms interspersed with swaths of poverty. Among them: “no-drive” and “no-farming” days, and the withholding of billions of dollars in federal highway funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A federal remedy to bar the imposition of these unfair sanctions is our top legislative priority,” Sadredin told the \u003ca href=\"https://energycommerce.house.gov/hearings-and-votes/hearings/hr-806-ozone-standards-implementation-act-2017\">House Environment Subcommittee\u003c/a> on March 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11463336\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 576px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11463336 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"576\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut.jpg 576w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut-375x266.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kurt Karperos of the California Air Resources Board, urged lawmakers not to weaken the Clean Air Act at a hearing on March 22. The state air board says there’s much more the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District can do to reduce pollution from the sources it regulates.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the same hearing, Kurt Karperos, deputy executive officer at the state Air Resources Board, painted a less dire picture and urged lawmakers not to weaken the Clean Air Act. Driven by the law’s health-based deadlines, the state’s air quality has improved even as its economy — the world’s sixth-largest — has “continued to grow and prosper,” Karperos said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clean air advocates – some of whom have clashed with Sadredin for years — say the district has dallied, especially on fine particles. The EPA defines these as being 2.5 micrometers — 1/30th the diameter of a human hair — or smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are constantly looking to put the blame somewhere else, find a scapegoat,” said Dolores Weller, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calcleanair.org/\">Central Valley Air Quality Coalition\u003c/a> in Fresno. “They’re supposed to be a public health agency, but they pride themselves on the customer service they offer to [air-pollution] permit holders. That’s who they want to make happy. They could care less about people who have asthma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11467565\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11467565\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Gas flaring in an oil production area near Buttonwillow, in Kern County.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas flaring in an oil production area near Buttonwillow, in Kern County. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The coalition has compiled a list of steps it says the district could take to meet the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/naaqs/particulate-matter-pm-air-quality-standards\">PM 2.5 standard\u003c/a>, including a ban on the burning of agricultural waste and stricter controls on natural-gas flaring in oil production areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin says the district has adopted more than 600 rules since 1992 and is pondering others. People’s exposure to high smog levels is down by 90 percent since the passage of the Clean Air Act 47 years ago, he says. “If we ever reach a day when we cannot find more things to do to reduce air pollution in the valley, we’ll close shop and I will quit my job,” he wrote in an email to the Center for Public Integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin says the federal law’s overlapping deadlines and ever-tightening requirements impede progress in places like the valley: Just as the district figures out how to meet one standard, another appears on the horizon. The Air Resources Board, however, characterizes this as a self-inflicted problem. The San Joaquin Valley air district “has chosen to develop separate plans for individual standards,” the board said in a written statement. In contrast, the South Coast Air Quality Management District, in the Los Angeles area, has found a way to “address all standards simultaneously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“When the air is really bad, everybody in Lost Hills complains — they have weepy eyes, they’re getting sick. We need the air district to do something about this.’\u003ccite>Saul Ruiz, Homeowner\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sadredin speaks often about a family of chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution/basic-information-about-no2#What%20is%20NO2\">nitrogen oxides\u003c/a>, or NOx, which contribute to the valley’s vexing fine-particle problem. Eighty-five percent of NOx emissions come from mobile sources “outside our regulatory authority” — mostly trucks and locomotives — he testified at the House hearing in March. But state officials say that up to half of the particle pollution in the valley comes from sources regulated by the district. In October, the Air Resources Board kicked back for revisions a district plan to address the problem. The plan is scheduled to come up for discussion by the board this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our job is to make sure [districts] are working in tandem and meet federal standards,” board member Dean Florez, a former Democratic state senator from Bakersfield, wrote in an email to the Center for Public Integrity. “If one district goes astray, that’s really concerning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin “does not represent California or other air districts in his messages in D.C.,” Florez wrote. “His constant refrain that they have left no stone unturned is disingenuous. He needs to take a proactive approach to meeting federal and state air quality requirements as opposed to dragging his feet and only complying minimally at the last minute.”\u003cbr>\n[contextly_sidebar id=”CSdoeBaNOEfucy439XPWzZP6HQCWXVUD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Pro-business’ Regulator\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Most members of the air district’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/Board_meetings/GB/governing_board_roster.htm\">governing board\u003c/a> have parochial interests: eight of the 15 are county supervisors, five sit on city councils. Ties to oil and agriculture – which together contribute some $40 billion to the valley economy – are strong. The exceptions: two board members appointed by the governor to make sure the health of all valley residents is considered and science is respected as policy is made. Legislation was required to create those seats, which are occupied by Dr. Sherriffs and John Capitman, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnostate.edu/chhs/cvhpi/\">Central Valley Health Policy Institute\u003c/a> at California State University, Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin, 57, began working for the district in 1981 and became executive director in 2006. In a 2013 radio talk-show interview, he described himself as a “pro-business conservative” and blamed “extremist environmental groups” for the EPA sanctions that led to the $12-per-vehicle surcharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The district is scrambling to figure out how to meet the national air standards. The response has been to ask for amendments to the Clean Air Act to give them excuses for not meeting certain requirements.’\u003ccite>Paul Cort, Earthjustice\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The board’s chairman, Fresno City Councilman Oliver L. Baines III, said the initiative merely argued for “common-sense” updates to the law that would help protect low-income communities like his West Fresno district, home to one of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/23/worried-about-pollution-where-you-live-check-how-your-zip-code-ranks/\">most polluted ZIP codes in the state.\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSadredin wrote in an email that he is a “life-long Democrat” who twice voted for Barack Obama. While he reports to a “conservative, pro-Business board,” he wrote, the body “has promulgated clean air programs that serve as a model for the rest of the nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the district’s board adopted a Clean Air Act “\u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/2015-Clean-Air-Act-Modernization-Proposal.pdf\">modernization\u003c/a>” proposal, which suggested, among other things, that “technological and economic feasibility” be contemplated along with the health benefits of pollution controls. When the proposal came up for a vote, Sherriffs and Capitman were the only dissenters. Capitman said the plan “picks up the worst ideas in the country on how to move away from the Clean Air Act. I’m extremely uncomfortable about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>A fellow regulator chastises Sadredin for his congressional testimony.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Immediately after Seyed Sadredin, executive director of the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District, finishes testifying before Congress, his counterpart in California’s San Luis Obispo County expresses his displeasure. “O3” is shorthand for ozone, a key component of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[SadredinTestimony]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“No person in my position who represents a disadvantaged community is going to jeopardize public health,” Baines said. But he said he’s puzzled by resistance to legislative remedies that would shield such places from crippling sanctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually approached air quality advocates in the valley and said, ‘Hey, this is what we’d like to do. We would like your support,’ ” Baines said. “And, you know, they refuse to help. They are simply afraid to introduce any legislation that would allow the Clean Air Act to be opened up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emails obtained by the Center for Public Integrity under the California Public Records Act seem to underpin the advocates’ skepticism. They show, for example, that the district solicited the lobbying help of an oil industry trade group, the Western States Petroleum Association, “a strong supporter of our federal efforts to improve the Clean Air Act.” Those efforts have aligned the district with an informal coalition led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.allawgp.com/attorneys/jed-anderson/\">Jed Anderson\u003c/a>, a Houston-area lawyer who represents corporations in pollution cases and runs a website called \u003ca href=\"https://cleanairreform.org/\">cleanairreform.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Anderson attended a \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/topc/presentations.htm\">district-organized scientific conference\u003c/a> at Yosemite National Park addressing one of Sadredin’s fixations: pollution that drifts into California from as far away as China. The California Air Resources Board says the phenomenon has a negligible effect on the San Joaquin Valley’s air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11463339\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11463339\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ruiz family lives in Lost Hills, near dusty pistachio farms and less than a quarter-mile from an active oil field … and just off I-5, where trucks rumble past day and night. 14-year old Saul Ruiz Jr. gets sudden nosebleeds when the air is bad. 21-year old sister, Ericka, has asthma. Their younger sister, Julissa, falls asleep frequently at school and doctors can’t figure out why. Her parents say it happens more often on bad-air days. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a telephone interview, Anderson said he was “blown away” by Sadredin’s commitment to fixing the federal law. Sadredin called Anderson “an interesting character” who had “zero input” on district policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Nosebleeds and Asthma Attacks in Lost Hills\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The 11 members of the Ruiz family breathe some of the valley’s worst air. They live in the Kern County community of Lost Hills, which adjoins an oil field of the same name. Emissions from the field mingle with those from farms and traffic; the Tehachapi Mountains to the southeast hold much of it in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nine Ruiz children suffer chronic health problems their parents blame on pollution. Saul Jr., 14, gets nosebleeds and headaches when the air is especially fetid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’ll be out playing, and suddenly he’s bathed in blood,” his father, Saul Sr., said in Spanish. Twenty-one-year-old Ericka is asthmatic and had attacks so severe when she was younger that she would turn purple, necessitating visits to the emergency room. Nine-year-old Julissa is constantly exhausted and falls asleep in class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11463351\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11463351\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental Justice organizer Rosanna Esparza shows the Ruiz family how to measure indoor and outdoor air quality with a monitor as part of a community monitoring project. They’ve collected data using Speck Monitors developed at Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute. Monitoring data will be collected at 20 homes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Leaving is out of the question, Saul Sr. said. He stays home on disability and takes care of the children; his wife works at a pistachio-packing plant nearby. “When the air is really bad, everybody in Lost Hills complains — they have weepy eyes, they’re getting sick,” he said. “We need the air district to do something about this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What, exactly, is in the air? It’s hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nearest district air-monitoring stations for ozone and fine particles are about 25 miles and 50 miles away, respectively. With modest foundation funding, Rosanna Esparza, an organizer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.crpe-ej.org/\">Center on Race, Poverty & the Environment\u003c/a>, last year installed monitors inside and outside 20 homes, including the Ruizes’, in and around Lost Hills. Esparza said the devices have detected spikes of fine particles, which can cause symptoms reported by residents: headaches, lethargy, respiratory problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier sampling outside three homes picked up consistent levels of volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, as well as the toxic gas methane. While none of the individual VOC levels was above short-term limits, Esparza said she worries about the cumulative effects. She expects the current round of testing to continue through August and said the results will be presented to air district officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://bakersfieldnow.com/news/local/armed-with-infrared-camera-citizen-group-monitors-oil-gas-emissions\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re not doing their job,” she said. “Somebody’s got to do it. We shouldn’t be picking up the tab on this kind of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin said the district has “one of the most extensive air-monitoring systems in the nation.” But each station costs about $500,000 to build and $70,000 a year to maintain, with the EPA traditionally footing most of the bill. People in places like Lost Hills are left with a web-based tool that allows a user to type in an address and get an estimate of local air quality based on computer modeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kern County embraces the oil industry as warmly as it does country-music legends Merle Haggard and Buck Owens, who created the rock ‘n’ roll-influenced Bakersfield Sound. More than 80 percent of California’s oil production comes from the county, which had 44,000 active wells in 2015 and, thanks to an ordinance that eased permitting, could have 72,000 more by 2035. Clean air activists like Tom Frantz are a decided minority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frantz, an almond farmer and a member of the Air Resources Board’s Environmental Justice Advisory Committee, complains regularly about flaring — the burning of natural gas for economic or safety reasons — which throws off NOx and VOCs and adds to the valley’s smog and particle burdens. He kept close watch over one flare in the city of Shafter, six-tenths of a mile from an elementary school, which roared off and on for 17 years until it finally was extinguished. Last year the district gave it permission to release 70,017 pounds of pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Explore this interactive map to find out how many active wells there are across Kern County. Circle size corresponds to the number of wells within one mile of a school:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[KernCountyMap]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like having maybe a dozen diesel trucks making a 1-mile loop, continuously, in your neighborhood,” Frantz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public interest law firm Earthjustice, the “extremist” group to which Sadredin says he was referring in the 2013 radio interview, has challenged — unsuccessfully thus far — district permits issued to two Kern County facilities that accept rail shipments of exceptionally noxious crude oil from North Dakota and tar sands from Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The firm has had better luck pushing back on district air-pollution plans, convincing the EPA and a federal appeals court to reject aspects as deficient. “The district is scrambling to figure out how to meet the national air standards,” said Paul Cort, an Earthjustice lawyer in San Francisco. “The response has been to ask for amendments to the Clean Air Act to give them excuses for not meeting certain requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Improving the Process\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/evolution-clean-air-act\">Clean Air Act\u003c/a> is not immutable. It was amended — fortified — by Congress in 1990 to address airborne chemicals and acid rain. President George H.W. Bush \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=19039\">signed the legislation\u003c/a> — “a demonstration to the American people,” he said, “of my determination that each and every American shall breathe clean air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, however, some lawmakers want to relax the act rather than strengthen it. The \u003ca href=\"http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF18/20170322/105754/BILLS-115HR806ih.pdf\">bill\u003c/a> on which Sadredin testified in March would, among other things, slow mandatory review of clean air standards by the EPA from every five years to every 10 years and require the agency to consider “technological feasibility” when revising those standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to the Center for Public Integrity, the bill’s sponsor, \u003ca href=\"https://olson.house.gov/\">Rep. Pete Olson\u003c/a>, R-Texas, wrote, “We have made important progress in improving air quality, but state after state has informed us that under the current system, there are Administrative nightmares with respect to compliance and feasibility. We also know that there is pollution beyond our control that drifts into the U.S. from around the world or occurs naturally. This bill is simply about improving the process for state air regulators and industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Janet McCabe, who ran the EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation late in the Obama administration, sees something more ominous at work. The feasibility provision of Olson’s bill is “a big, big deal,” she said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act dictates that standards be health-based, driven by science and not economics, McCabe said; cost comes into play only after the numbers are set. The law already gives states time to devise and implement pollution-control strategies, she said. “They are not expected to do things that are ridiculously costly or that don’t make sense.” Nor are states responsible for pollution beyond their control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An EPA spokeswoman declined to comment on the Olson bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Tighter Standards, More Alarming Science\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s true that standards under the act keep changing. In 1997, the federal ozone limit was set at 80 parts per billion. It went down to 75 ppb in 2008 and 70 ppb in 2015 (a number Trump’s EPA chief, Scott Pruitt, is reconsidering). The San Joaquin Valley isn’t projected to hit these targets until 2023, 2031 and 2037, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”h3ViIvhbrJm7AurqAEjpR8zBXhzBMZaT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a reason ozone limits have gotten stricter: The science has gotten scarier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the March 22 hearing, \u003ca href=\"http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF18/20170322/105754/HHRG-115-IF18-Wstate-BousheyH-20170322.pdf\">Dr. Homer Boushey\u003c/a>, a lung specialist at the University of California, San Francisco, said there is mounting evidence that ozone not only worsens asthma in children but also may induce it, and that it causes premature death and neurological changes — like those seen in victims of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s — among adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF18/20170322/105754/HHRG-115-IF18-Wstate-KarperosK-20170322.pdf\">Karperos\u003c/a>, of the California Air Resources Board, testified that Olson’s bill “would mean more people would breathe dirty air longer.” He singled out Sadredin’s domain, saying, “The San Joaquin Valley, in particular, is home to high rates of poverty, pollution and asthma. It is especially critical to continue progress in that region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin said he’s spoken privately to progressive elected officials and environmentalists who have warned, “You don’t want to open the act in this Congress, because then they would go beyond some of the reasonable things you’re asking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He finds this illogical, he said, but allowed, “I suppose they have to say things like that — that, you know, the Clean Air Act is the holy grail we should not even think about changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jim Morris is managing editor for environment and labor at the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.publicintegrity.org/\">\u003cem>Center for Public Integrity\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit investigative news organization in Washington, D.C. Sasha Khokha is host of KQED’s \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-california-report/\">\u003cem>The California Report Magazine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a statewide public radio program, and reported for 12 years from Fresno as KQED’s Central Valley bureau chief. Kimberly Kenny, Ana Santos and Carolyn Zhang contributed to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In state's polluted San Joaquin Valley, an air pollution control officer is under fire for allying with members of Congress who want to weaken the Clean Air Act.",
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"title": "A California Regulator's Curious Crusade to Remake the Clean Air Act | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.publicintegrity.org/authors/jim-morris\">Jim Morris\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/author/sasha-khokha/\">Sasha Khokha\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATE: June 8, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Chief Scott Pruitt this week announced he is delaying a new federal ozone standard by a year. Ozone is a gas in smog that triggers asthma and other respiratory problems. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency was scheduled to begin assessing this month which areas of the country were out of compliance, and make final determinations by October. Now the EPA will make those decisions by October 2018. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama Administration lowered the federal standard for ozone to 70 parts per billion in 2015, a move the EPA says will prevent hundreds of premature deaths and hundreds of thousands of asthma attacks in children, across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In California’s polluted San Joaquin Valley, a regulator is under fire for allying with members of Congress who want to weaken the venerable law: A joint investigation from the\u003ca href=\"https://www.publicintegrity.org/\"> Center for Public Integrity\u003c/a> and The California Report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FRESNO — The 250-mile-long San Joaquin Valley is an economic powerhouse, producing everything from crude oil to grapes, cotton to pistachios.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘[Sadredin] swears an oath to uphold the Clean Air Act, and yet he is actively working to undermine this important environmental law.’\u003ccite>Jared Blumenfeld, former EPA regional administrator\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s also a pollution-trapping bowl, bounded on three sides by mountains and punished by meteorological conditions that cause dirty air to stagnate. All eight counties in the valley are in \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/ancl.html\">“extreme non-attainment\u003c/a>” of the federal smog standard, which has led to penalties. Lung-searing ozone, the main component of smog, is cooked by triple-digit summer heat. Fine particles, tied to both heart and respiratory disease, fill the air on foggy winter days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, the Clean Air Act was built for places like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1970 law has succeeded by any number of measures. Its benefits — in the form of improved health and productivity, along with lower medical expenses — have \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/benefits-and-costs-clean-air-act-1990-2020-second-prospective-study\">far exceeded its economic costs\u003c/a>, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11463329\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11463329 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25392_Lost-Hills-4-qut-e1495055685594-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil field in Lost Hills, California. The nearest air monitor measuring fine particles in the air is some 50 miles away. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By 2020, the EPA estimated in a peer-reviewed, congressionally mandated report, it will prevent more than 230,000 premature deaths annually from \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics#effects\">microscopic particles\u003c/a> that can make their way deep into the lungs and bloodstream after being discharged by cars, trucks, industrial sites and agricultural operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even here, the law has had demonstrable effects. In 2015, for example, the valley exceeded the federal ozone standard on 55 days, compared to 90 days in 2005 and 113 days in 1995, data from the California Air Resources Board show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a place where agriculture and oil rule, however, the act has become a bone of contention, fueled by an anti-regulatory mood in Washington and a curious and controversial alliance of business interests and the local air pollution control agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The head of that agency, Seyed Sadredin, is a favorite of lawmakers who want to soften the act. In his third appearance before Congress since October 2015, Sadredin \u003ca href=\"https://energycommerce.house.gov/hearings-and-votes/hearings/hr-806-ozone-standards-implementation-act-2017\">complained at a House hearing\u003c/a> this spring about the law’s “artificial and arbitrary” deadlines, which he said could lead to “devastating federal sanctions” in the valley for pollution beyond his regulatory reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Letters to members of Congress\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One example of a letter Seyed Sadredin sent to members of Congress last year, urging them to co-sponsor a bill making changes to the Clean Air Act. The letter argues the region is “hampered by the unintended consequences of many outdated provisions of the Clean Air Act.” The letter was sent to Devin Nunes but accidentally addressed to Congressman Jim Costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LetterNunes]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Some of the provisions of the Clean Air Act, although well-intentioned, are leading to unintended consequences,” Sadredin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key elements of this esoteric drama are these: At the same time the valley is violating federal standards, its chief air pollution cop is deflecting blame and aiding politicians in D.C. eager to pry open a venerable public health statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Sadredin] is a state officer,” said Jared Blumenfeld, the EPA’s regional administrator in California until last year. “He swears an oath to uphold the Clean Air Act, and yet he is actively working to undermine this important environmental law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Looking for a Scapegoat\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The conflict in the valley has roots going back 70 years. In 1947, Gov. Earl Warren signed into law the Air Pollution Control Act, authorizing each of the state’s 58 counties to create an air pollution control district. Los Angeles County, routinely enveloped in a brown cloud by that point, was the first to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the years passed, state lawmakers came to realize that, as one historical document put it, “air pollution does not respect political boundaries.” At their direction the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a> divided the state into \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/knowzone/basin/basin.htm\">15 air basins\u003c/a> based on geological and meteorological characteristics. Starting with one in the Los Angeles basin in 1976, 35 regional air pollution control districts were created to address stationary sources of pollution — oil refineries, power plants, farms — as well as area sources like gas stations and dust from unpaved roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not trying to get out of our responsibilities. We just don’t want to be unfairly penalized.’\u003ccite>Seyed Sadredin,\u003cbr>\nSan Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The districts prepare detailed plans stating how they intend to meet Clean Air Act standards. The plans are sent to the Air Resources Board, which regulates mobile pollution sources such as cars and trucks (more rigorously than the federal government — the Trump administration wants to change that). All of this is folded into a single document that goes to the EPA, which can accept or reject all or part of it. If the EPA thinks a state is malingering, it has the power to withhold federal highway funds or impose other sanctions, though it rarely does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/Home.htm\">San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District\u003c/a>, composed of eight former county offices, was formed in 1991. The district, with a staff of 310 and an annual budget of nearly $200 million, faces a herculean task in a region of 4.2 million people.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In Fresno, one in five children has asthma — among the highest rates in the country. Bakersfield — seat of Kern County, California’s oil-producing leviathan — ranked first in the nation for short-term particle pollution in the American Lung Association’s most recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/assets/documents/healthy-air/state-of-the-air/state-of-the-air-2017.pdf\">“State of the Air”\u003c/a> report. Valley-wide, 1,200 premature deaths each year are blamed on the bad air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What to do about all of this has become the subject of endless debate and vitriol spewed by a disparate cast of characters and fueled by a changing political climate. In Washington, newly emboldened Republicans and at least one Democrat in Congress are seeking to \u003ca href=\"https://olson.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/olson-capito-flake-manchin-flores-latta-reintroduce-ozone-bill\">stretch compliance deadlines\u003c/a> under the Clean Air Act, calling them unreasonable and counterproductive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many regulators and public health advocates in traditionally liberal California are watching with trepidation, but Sadredin, the air district’s executive director, is not one of them. Within weeks of Donald Trump’s election, Sadredin’s name was atop a \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/documents/PRESIDENTIAL-TRANSITION-WHITE-PAPER.pdf\">“presidential transition white paper”\u003c/a> calling for an end to “costly bureaucratic red tape” associated with the act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In interviews, Sadredin insisted he has no desire to see the law eviscerated and pointed to a district proposal sent to state legislators in February. The document said a redo of the Clean Air Act wouldn’t be necessary if Congress could find some other way to inoculate California’s hazy midsection from EPA sanctions for air pollution beyond local control — from heavy trucks that barrel down Interstate 5 and state Highway 99, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11467563\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11467563\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad.jpg\" alt=\"Haze hangs over a road close to I-5 near Buttonwillow, in Kern County.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HazyRoad-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Haze hangs over a road close to I-5 near Buttonwillow, in Kern County. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to get out of our responsibilities,” Sadredin said. “We just don’t want to be unfairly penalized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal, however, leaves open the option of lobbying to weaken the federal law. Dr. Alexander Sherriffs, a physician in the town of Fowler who sits on the district’s 15-member governing board, cast one of two “no” votes against the plan. At his busy clinic, just south of Fresno, Sherriffs lamented the “terrible” rates of childhood asthma he sees. Even more alarming, he said, are heart attacks among adults that may be pollution-related but aren’t recorded as such on death certificates — “hundreds, if not a thousand, a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Air district seeks oil lobby’s help in D.C.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In this email exchange, a senior staffer at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District tries to convince the Western States Petroleum Association, a trade group, to send a representative on an upcoming lobbying trip to Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LetterNoble]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sherriffs acknowledged that anti-pollution measures can be costly. But so are disease and its byproducts: emergency-room visits, medication, lost school days. “We’re paying this hidden expense every day,” he said. The doctor said he’s unwilling to “get off a winning racehorse” and endorse changes to the Clean Air Act. He worries that Sadredin has joined “people with axes” in Washington who want to dismantle the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Unfair Sanctions’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For the past five years, valley residents and business owners have paid a $12 vehicle-registration surcharge for violating the federal one-hour ozone standard. An agreement between the EPA and the air district has allowed the cumulative $168 million in penalties to be used for local projects such as replacement of diesel trucks, school buses and tractors, which contribute to both smog and particle pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin says he fears the EPA could impose more draconian measures on a region of vast oil fields and farms interspersed with swaths of poverty. Among them: “no-drive” and “no-farming” days, and the withholding of billions of dollars in federal highway funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A federal remedy to bar the imposition of these unfair sanctions is our top legislative priority,” Sadredin told the \u003ca href=\"https://energycommerce.house.gov/hearings-and-votes/hearings/hr-806-ozone-standards-implementation-act-2017\">House Environment Subcommittee\u003c/a> on March 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11463336\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 576px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11463336 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"576\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut.jpg 576w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut-375x266.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25397_Kurt-Karperos-qut-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kurt Karperos of the California Air Resources Board, urged lawmakers not to weaken the Clean Air Act at a hearing on March 22. The state air board says there’s much more the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District can do to reduce pollution from the sources it regulates.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the same hearing, Kurt Karperos, deputy executive officer at the state Air Resources Board, painted a less dire picture and urged lawmakers not to weaken the Clean Air Act. Driven by the law’s health-based deadlines, the state’s air quality has improved even as its economy — the world’s sixth-largest — has “continued to grow and prosper,” Karperos said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clean air advocates – some of whom have clashed with Sadredin for years — say the district has dallied, especially on fine particles. The EPA defines these as being 2.5 micrometers — 1/30th the diameter of a human hair — or smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are constantly looking to put the blame somewhere else, find a scapegoat,” said Dolores Weller, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calcleanair.org/\">Central Valley Air Quality Coalition\u003c/a> in Fresno. “They’re supposed to be a public health agency, but they pride themselves on the customer service they offer to [air-pollution] permit holders. That’s who they want to make happy. They could care less about people who have asthma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11467565\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11467565\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Gas flaring in an oil production area near Buttonwillow, in Kern County.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/GasFlaring-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas flaring in an oil production area near Buttonwillow, in Kern County. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The coalition has compiled a list of steps it says the district could take to meet the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/naaqs/particulate-matter-pm-air-quality-standards\">PM 2.5 standard\u003c/a>, including a ban on the burning of agricultural waste and stricter controls on natural-gas flaring in oil production areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin says the district has adopted more than 600 rules since 1992 and is pondering others. People’s exposure to high smog levels is down by 90 percent since the passage of the Clean Air Act 47 years ago, he says. “If we ever reach a day when we cannot find more things to do to reduce air pollution in the valley, we’ll close shop and I will quit my job,” he wrote in an email to the Center for Public Integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin says the federal law’s overlapping deadlines and ever-tightening requirements impede progress in places like the valley: Just as the district figures out how to meet one standard, another appears on the horizon. The Air Resources Board, however, characterizes this as a self-inflicted problem. The San Joaquin Valley air district “has chosen to develop separate plans for individual standards,” the board said in a written statement. In contrast, the South Coast Air Quality Management District, in the Los Angeles area, has found a way to “address all standards simultaneously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“When the air is really bad, everybody in Lost Hills complains — they have weepy eyes, they’re getting sick. We need the air district to do something about this.’\u003ccite>Saul Ruiz, Homeowner\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sadredin speaks often about a family of chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution/basic-information-about-no2#What%20is%20NO2\">nitrogen oxides\u003c/a>, or NOx, which contribute to the valley’s vexing fine-particle problem. Eighty-five percent of NOx emissions come from mobile sources “outside our regulatory authority” — mostly trucks and locomotives — he testified at the House hearing in March. But state officials say that up to half of the particle pollution in the valley comes from sources regulated by the district. In October, the Air Resources Board kicked back for revisions a district plan to address the problem. The plan is scheduled to come up for discussion by the board this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our job is to make sure [districts] are working in tandem and meet federal standards,” board member Dean Florez, a former Democratic state senator from Bakersfield, wrote in an email to the Center for Public Integrity. “If one district goes astray, that’s really concerning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin “does not represent California or other air districts in his messages in D.C.,” Florez wrote. “His constant refrain that they have left no stone unturned is disingenuous. He needs to take a proactive approach to meeting federal and state air quality requirements as opposed to dragging his feet and only complying minimally at the last minute.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Pro-business’ Regulator\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Most members of the air district’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/Board_meetings/GB/governing_board_roster.htm\">governing board\u003c/a> have parochial interests: eight of the 15 are county supervisors, five sit on city councils. Ties to oil and agriculture – which together contribute some $40 billion to the valley economy – are strong. The exceptions: two board members appointed by the governor to make sure the health of all valley residents is considered and science is respected as policy is made. Legislation was required to create those seats, which are occupied by Dr. Sherriffs and John Capitman, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnostate.edu/chhs/cvhpi/\">Central Valley Health Policy Institute\u003c/a> at California State University, Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin, 57, began working for the district in 1981 and became executive director in 2006. In a 2013 radio talk-show interview, he described himself as a “pro-business conservative” and blamed “extremist environmental groups” for the EPA sanctions that led to the $12-per-vehicle surcharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The district is scrambling to figure out how to meet the national air standards. The response has been to ask for amendments to the Clean Air Act to give them excuses for not meeting certain requirements.’\u003ccite>Paul Cort, Earthjustice\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The board’s chairman, Fresno City Councilman Oliver L. Baines III, said the initiative merely argued for “common-sense” updates to the law that would help protect low-income communities like his West Fresno district, home to one of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/23/worried-about-pollution-where-you-live-check-how-your-zip-code-ranks/\">most polluted ZIP codes in the state.\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSadredin wrote in an email that he is a “life-long Democrat” who twice voted for Barack Obama. While he reports to a “conservative, pro-Business board,” he wrote, the body “has promulgated clean air programs that serve as a model for the rest of the nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the district’s board adopted a Clean Air Act “\u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/2015-Clean-Air-Act-Modernization-Proposal.pdf\">modernization\u003c/a>” proposal, which suggested, among other things, that “technological and economic feasibility” be contemplated along with the health benefits of pollution controls. When the proposal came up for a vote, Sherriffs and Capitman were the only dissenters. Capitman said the plan “picks up the worst ideas in the country on how to move away from the Clean Air Act. I’m extremely uncomfortable about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>A fellow regulator chastises Sadredin for his congressional testimony.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Immediately after Seyed Sadredin, executive director of the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District, finishes testifying before Congress, his counterpart in California’s San Luis Obispo County expresses his displeasure. “O3” is shorthand for ozone, a key component of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[SadredinTestimony]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“No person in my position who represents a disadvantaged community is going to jeopardize public health,” Baines said. But he said he’s puzzled by resistance to legislative remedies that would shield such places from crippling sanctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually approached air quality advocates in the valley and said, ‘Hey, this is what we’d like to do. We would like your support,’ ” Baines said. “And, you know, they refuse to help. They are simply afraid to introduce any legislation that would allow the Clean Air Act to be opened up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emails obtained by the Center for Public Integrity under the California Public Records Act seem to underpin the advocates’ skepticism. They show, for example, that the district solicited the lobbying help of an oil industry trade group, the Western States Petroleum Association, “a strong supporter of our federal efforts to improve the Clean Air Act.” Those efforts have aligned the district with an informal coalition led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.allawgp.com/attorneys/jed-anderson/\">Jed Anderson\u003c/a>, a Houston-area lawyer who represents corporations in pollution cases and runs a website called \u003ca href=\"https://cleanairreform.org/\">cleanairreform.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Anderson attended a \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/topc/presentations.htm\">district-organized scientific conference\u003c/a> at Yosemite National Park addressing one of Sadredin’s fixations: pollution that drifts into California from as far away as China. The California Air Resources Board says the phenomenon has a negligible effect on the San Joaquin Valley’s air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11463339\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11463339\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25405_Ruiz-family-2-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ruiz family lives in Lost Hills, near dusty pistachio farms and less than a quarter-mile from an active oil field … and just off I-5, where trucks rumble past day and night. 14-year old Saul Ruiz Jr. gets sudden nosebleeds when the air is bad. 21-year old sister, Ericka, has asthma. Their younger sister, Julissa, falls asleep frequently at school and doctors can’t figure out why. Her parents say it happens more often on bad-air days. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a telephone interview, Anderson said he was “blown away” by Sadredin’s commitment to fixing the federal law. Sadredin called Anderson “an interesting character” who had “zero input” on district policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Nosebleeds and Asthma Attacks in Lost Hills\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The 11 members of the Ruiz family breathe some of the valley’s worst air. They live in the Kern County community of Lost Hills, which adjoins an oil field of the same name. Emissions from the field mingle with those from farms and traffic; the Tehachapi Mountains to the southeast hold much of it in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nine Ruiz children suffer chronic health problems their parents blame on pollution. Saul Jr., 14, gets nosebleeds and headaches when the air is especially fetid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’ll be out playing, and suddenly he’s bathed in blood,” his father, Saul Sr., said in Spanish. Twenty-one-year-old Ericka is asthmatic and had attacks so severe when she was younger that she would turn purple, necessitating visits to the emergency room. Nine-year-old Julissa is constantly exhausted and falls asleep in class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11463351\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11463351\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25410_Rosanna-demonstrates-indoor-air-monitor-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental Justice organizer Rosanna Esparza shows the Ruiz family how to measure indoor and outdoor air quality with a monitor as part of a community monitoring project. They’ve collected data using Speck Monitors developed at Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute. Monitoring data will be collected at 20 homes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Leaving is out of the question, Saul Sr. said. He stays home on disability and takes care of the children; his wife works at a pistachio-packing plant nearby. “When the air is really bad, everybody in Lost Hills complains — they have weepy eyes, they’re getting sick,” he said. “We need the air district to do something about this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What, exactly, is in the air? It’s hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nearest district air-monitoring stations for ozone and fine particles are about 25 miles and 50 miles away, respectively. With modest foundation funding, Rosanna Esparza, an organizer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.crpe-ej.org/\">Center on Race, Poverty & the Environment\u003c/a>, last year installed monitors inside and outside 20 homes, including the Ruizes’, in and around Lost Hills. Esparza said the devices have detected spikes of fine particles, which can cause symptoms reported by residents: headaches, lethargy, respiratory problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier sampling outside three homes picked up consistent levels of volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, as well as the toxic gas methane. While none of the individual VOC levels was above short-term limits, Esparza said she worries about the cumulative effects. She expects the current round of testing to continue through August and said the results will be presented to air district officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://bakersfieldnow.com/news/local/armed-with-infrared-camera-citizen-group-monitors-oil-gas-emissions\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re not doing their job,” she said. “Somebody’s got to do it. We shouldn’t be picking up the tab on this kind of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin said the district has “one of the most extensive air-monitoring systems in the nation.” But each station costs about $500,000 to build and $70,000 a year to maintain, with the EPA traditionally footing most of the bill. People in places like Lost Hills are left with a web-based tool that allows a user to type in an address and get an estimate of local air quality based on computer modeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kern County embraces the oil industry as warmly as it does country-music legends Merle Haggard and Buck Owens, who created the rock ‘n’ roll-influenced Bakersfield Sound. More than 80 percent of California’s oil production comes from the county, which had 44,000 active wells in 2015 and, thanks to an ordinance that eased permitting, could have 72,000 more by 2035. Clean air activists like Tom Frantz are a decided minority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frantz, an almond farmer and a member of the Air Resources Board’s Environmental Justice Advisory Committee, complains regularly about flaring — the burning of natural gas for economic or safety reasons — which throws off NOx and VOCs and adds to the valley’s smog and particle burdens. He kept close watch over one flare in the city of Shafter, six-tenths of a mile from an elementary school, which roared off and on for 17 years until it finally was extinguished. Last year the district gave it permission to release 70,017 pounds of pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Explore this interactive map to find out how many active wells there are across Kern County. Circle size corresponds to the number of wells within one mile of a school:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[KernCountyMap]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like having maybe a dozen diesel trucks making a 1-mile loop, continuously, in your neighborhood,” Frantz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public interest law firm Earthjustice, the “extremist” group to which Sadredin says he was referring in the 2013 radio interview, has challenged — unsuccessfully thus far — district permits issued to two Kern County facilities that accept rail shipments of exceptionally noxious crude oil from North Dakota and tar sands from Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The firm has had better luck pushing back on district air-pollution plans, convincing the EPA and a federal appeals court to reject aspects as deficient. “The district is scrambling to figure out how to meet the national air standards,” said Paul Cort, an Earthjustice lawyer in San Francisco. “The response has been to ask for amendments to the Clean Air Act to give them excuses for not meeting certain requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Improving the Process\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/evolution-clean-air-act\">Clean Air Act\u003c/a> is not immutable. It was amended — fortified — by Congress in 1990 to address airborne chemicals and acid rain. President George H.W. Bush \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=19039\">signed the legislation\u003c/a> — “a demonstration to the American people,” he said, “of my determination that each and every American shall breathe clean air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, however, some lawmakers want to relax the act rather than strengthen it. The \u003ca href=\"http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF18/20170322/105754/BILLS-115HR806ih.pdf\">bill\u003c/a> on which Sadredin testified in March would, among other things, slow mandatory review of clean air standards by the EPA from every five years to every 10 years and require the agency to consider “technological feasibility” when revising those standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to the Center for Public Integrity, the bill’s sponsor, \u003ca href=\"https://olson.house.gov/\">Rep. Pete Olson\u003c/a>, R-Texas, wrote, “We have made important progress in improving air quality, but state after state has informed us that under the current system, there are Administrative nightmares with respect to compliance and feasibility. We also know that there is pollution beyond our control that drifts into the U.S. from around the world or occurs naturally. This bill is simply about improving the process for state air regulators and industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Janet McCabe, who ran the EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation late in the Obama administration, sees something more ominous at work. The feasibility provision of Olson’s bill is “a big, big deal,” she said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act dictates that standards be health-based, driven by science and not economics, McCabe said; cost comes into play only after the numbers are set. The law already gives states time to devise and implement pollution-control strategies, she said. “They are not expected to do things that are ridiculously costly or that don’t make sense.” Nor are states responsible for pollution beyond their control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An EPA spokeswoman declined to comment on the Olson bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Tighter Standards, More Alarming Science\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s true that standards under the act keep changing. In 1997, the federal ozone limit was set at 80 parts per billion. It went down to 75 ppb in 2008 and 70 ppb in 2015 (a number Trump’s EPA chief, Scott Pruitt, is reconsidering). The San Joaquin Valley isn’t projected to hit these targets until 2023, 2031 and 2037, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a reason ozone limits have gotten stricter: The science has gotten scarier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the March 22 hearing, \u003ca href=\"http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF18/20170322/105754/HHRG-115-IF18-Wstate-BousheyH-20170322.pdf\">Dr. Homer Boushey\u003c/a>, a lung specialist at the University of California, San Francisco, said there is mounting evidence that ozone not only worsens asthma in children but also may induce it, and that it causes premature death and neurological changes — like those seen in victims of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s — among adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF18/20170322/105754/HHRG-115-IF18-Wstate-KarperosK-20170322.pdf\">Karperos\u003c/a>, of the California Air Resources Board, testified that Olson’s bill “would mean more people would breathe dirty air longer.” He singled out Sadredin’s domain, saying, “The San Joaquin Valley, in particular, is home to high rates of poverty, pollution and asthma. It is especially critical to continue progress in that region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadredin said he’s spoken privately to progressive elected officials and environmentalists who have warned, “You don’t want to open the act in this Congress, because then they would go beyond some of the reasonable things you’re asking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He finds this illogical, he said, but allowed, “I suppose they have to say things like that — that, you know, the Clean Air Act is the holy grail we should not even think about changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jim Morris is managing editor for environment and labor at the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.publicintegrity.org/\">\u003cem>Center for Public Integrity\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit investigative news organization in Washington, D.C. Sasha Khokha is host of KQED’s \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-california-report/\">\u003cem>The California Report Magazine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a statewide public radio program, and reported for 12 years from Fresno as KQED’s Central Valley bureau chief. Kimberly Kenny, Ana Santos and Carolyn Zhang contributed to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Nearly $1 Million in Stolen Bees Recovered in Fresno",
"title": "Nearly $1 Million in Stolen Bees Recovered in Fresno",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fresno authorities say they've uncovered the biggest beehive theft they've ever seen. They recovered nearly a $1 million worth of bees belonging to a dozen victims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sgt. Arley Terrence of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnosheriff.org/units/specialty-units/ag-task-force.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fresno County Sheriff’s Department Agricultural Crimes Task Force\u003c/a> said detectives got a tip about some stolen hives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they showed up at an orchard on the outskirts of town, they found 51-year-old Pavel Tveretinov in a beekeeper suit tending to a motley assortment of beehives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was like a chop shop of stolen bees,\" Terrence said Thursday. \"There were just lots and lots of different bee boxes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11466903\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11466903\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-800x703.jpg\" alt=\"Investigators discovered hives with a variety of distinctive markings, indicating they belonged to different owners.\" width=\"800\" height=\"703\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-800x703.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-160x141.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-1020x896.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-1180x1037.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-960x844.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-240x211.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-375x329.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-520x457.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Investigators discovered hives with a variety of distinctive markings, indicating they belonged to different owners. \u003ccite>(Detective Andres Solis/Fresno County Sheriff's Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In total, detectives discovered 2,500 stolen hives, which Terrence said belong to 12 different victims. Authorities believe all the bees were stolen in California over the past three years. Many belong to local beekeepers, but some hail from as far away as Montana and Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"3XSsB28NIwUnhY3CmG3jjtJHDcG0L3tT\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's common for out-of-state beekeepers to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/09/519500033/bees-travel-cross-country-for-the-california-almond-harvest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">truck in bees to pollinate California nut crops\u003c/a>, which are a tidy source of revenue for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond farming alone contributed \u003ca href=\"http://aic.ucdavis.edu/almonds/Economic%20Impacts%20of%20California%20Almond%20Industry_Full%20Report_FinalPDF_v2.pdf\">over $7 billion\u003c/a> to the California economy in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11465086\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11465086\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In total, investigators found about 2,500 stolen hives. \u003ccite>(Detective Andres Solis/Fresno County Sheriff's Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Terrence said Tveretinov knows the beekeeping trade. \"He used that to his advantage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators believe Tveretinov worked at night, snatching truckloads of bees out of orchards they were hired to pollinate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said he supplemented his own hives with those he stole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He would move through the state using other people's bees to contract with farmers, and then collected those fees,\" Terrence said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11467018\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11467018\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-800x808.jpg\" alt=\"The suspect in the beehive theft, 51-year-old Pavel Tveretinov.\" width=\"800\" height=\"808\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-160x162.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-240x242.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-375x379.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-520x525.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-128x128.jpg 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The suspect in the beehive theft, 51-year-old Pavel Tveretinov. \u003ccite>(Fresno County Sheriff's Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Detectives had help from what Terrence calls a close-knit Russian-Ukrainian beekeeping community in Northern California. Tveretinov is Russian-Ukranian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're all familiar with each other,\" Terrence said of the beekeepers, \"and they had suspected that he was stealing bees.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tveretinov was arrested on April 28 on suspicion of possessing stolen property and released on $10,000 bail. He is expected to be charged with possession of stolen property and grand theft.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fresno authorities say they've uncovered the biggest beehive theft they've ever seen. They recovered nearly a $1 million worth of bees belonging to a dozen victims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sgt. Arley Terrence of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnosheriff.org/units/specialty-units/ag-task-force.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fresno County Sheriff’s Department Agricultural Crimes Task Force\u003c/a> said detectives got a tip about some stolen hives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they showed up at an orchard on the outskirts of town, they found 51-year-old Pavel Tveretinov in a beekeeper suit tending to a motley assortment of beehives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was like a chop shop of stolen bees,\" Terrence said Thursday. \"There were just lots and lots of different bee boxes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11466903\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11466903\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-800x703.jpg\" alt=\"Investigators discovered hives with a variety of distinctive markings, indicating they belonged to different owners.\" width=\"800\" height=\"703\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-800x703.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-160x141.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-1020x896.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-1180x1037.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-960x844.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-240x211.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-375x329.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/StolenBeehivesYellow-520x457.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Investigators discovered hives with a variety of distinctive markings, indicating they belonged to different owners. \u003ccite>(Detective Andres Solis/Fresno County Sheriff's Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In total, detectives discovered 2,500 stolen hives, which Terrence said belong to 12 different victims. Authorities believe all the bees were stolen in California over the past three years. Many belong to local beekeepers, but some hail from as far away as Montana and Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's common for out-of-state beekeepers to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/09/519500033/bees-travel-cross-country-for-the-california-almond-harvest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">truck in bees to pollinate California nut crops\u003c/a>, which are a tidy source of revenue for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond farming alone contributed \u003ca href=\"http://aic.ucdavis.edu/almonds/Economic%20Impacts%20of%20California%20Almond%20Industry_Full%20Report_FinalPDF_v2.pdf\">over $7 billion\u003c/a> to the California economy in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11465086\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11465086\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bees6.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In total, investigators found about 2,500 stolen hives. \u003ccite>(Detective Andres Solis/Fresno County Sheriff's Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Terrence said Tveretinov knows the beekeeping trade. \"He used that to his advantage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators believe Tveretinov worked at night, snatching truckloads of bees out of orchards they were hired to pollinate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said he supplemented his own hives with those he stole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He would move through the state using other people's bees to contract with farmers, and then collected those fees,\" Terrence said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11467018\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11467018\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-800x808.jpg\" alt=\"The suspect in the beehive theft, 51-year-old Pavel Tveretinov.\" width=\"800\" height=\"808\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-160x162.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-240x242.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-375x379.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-520x525.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/PavelT-128x128.jpg 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The suspect in the beehive theft, 51-year-old Pavel Tveretinov. \u003ccite>(Fresno County Sheriff's Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Detectives had help from what Terrence calls a close-knit Russian-Ukrainian beekeeping community in Northern California. Tveretinov is Russian-Ukranian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're all familiar with each other,\" Terrence said of the beekeepers, \"and they had suspected that he was stealing bees.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tveretinov was arrested on April 28 on suspicion of possessing stolen property and released on $10,000 bail. He is expected to be charged with possession of stolen property and grand theft.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Local air regulators have issued four notices of violation against Chevron for malfunctions at its Richmond refinery that sent toxic gas into the air last December, moments before residents on the other side of San Francisco Bay complained of a sulfurlike odor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District says it has completed its investigation into the mysterious smell in San Francisco and Richmond on Dec. 28, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district says malfunctions at the refinery led to releases that caused a rotten egg odor to waft into the two cities, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/28/air-district-launches-investigation-into-san-francisco-sulfur-smell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prompting dozens of complaints to dispatchers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"00UvBySTy99rhXPYOIxAHNZ8dQyryMuq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency issued the violations to the refinery on Tuesday. Two of the penalties are for releasing too much hydrogen sulfide and two are for public nuisance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This incident caused widespread concern throughout San Francisco and Richmond,\" said Jack Broadbent, the air district's chief executive officer, in a statement released Wednesday. \"We will be seeking the maximum penalties available to us for this incident. In addition to being cited for this incident, Chevron will be required to make changes to their operations to ensure it doesn't happen again,\" .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron disputes the agency's findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a complex issue, but given the small amount of H2S (hydrogen sulfide) released, the 11-mile distance across the Bay, and the wide geography of the odor complaints, we believe it is unlikely that the flaring was the source of the odors,\" Chevron spokeswoman Leah Casey wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks after the refinery malfunctions, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/06/mysterious-s-f-odors-preceded-by-high-levels-of-toxic-gas-in-richmond/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED revealed that elevated concentrations\u003c/a> of that toxic gas were detected by one of Chevron's air monitors minutes before people smelled the odor in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air district says it analyzed data from air monitors near the refinery as part of its investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED's report prompted San Francisco Supervisor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/10/s-f-supervisor-wants-answers-from-chevron-on-toxic-gas-release-and-odor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mark Farrell to call for a City Hall hearing\u003c/a>. Farrell said that hearing would include Chevron executives and air quality experts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Local air regulators have issued four notices of violation against Chevron for malfunctions at its Richmond refinery that sent toxic gas into the air last December, moments before residents on the other side of San Francisco Bay complained of a sulfurlike odor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District says it has completed its investigation into the mysterious smell in San Francisco and Richmond on Dec. 28, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district says malfunctions at the refinery led to releases that caused a rotten egg odor to waft into the two cities, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/28/air-district-launches-investigation-into-san-francisco-sulfur-smell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prompting dozens of complaints to dispatchers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency issued the violations to the refinery on Tuesday. Two of the penalties are for releasing too much hydrogen sulfide and two are for public nuisance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This incident caused widespread concern throughout San Francisco and Richmond,\" said Jack Broadbent, the air district's chief executive officer, in a statement released Wednesday. \"We will be seeking the maximum penalties available to us for this incident. In addition to being cited for this incident, Chevron will be required to make changes to their operations to ensure it doesn't happen again,\" .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron disputes the agency's findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a complex issue, but given the small amount of H2S (hydrogen sulfide) released, the 11-mile distance across the Bay, and the wide geography of the odor complaints, we believe it is unlikely that the flaring was the source of the odors,\" Chevron spokeswoman Leah Casey wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks after the refinery malfunctions, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/06/mysterious-s-f-odors-preceded-by-high-levels-of-toxic-gas-in-richmond/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED revealed that elevated concentrations\u003c/a> of that toxic gas were detected by one of Chevron's air monitors minutes before people smelled the odor in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air district says it analyzed data from air monitors near the refinery as part of its investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED's report prompted San Francisco Supervisor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/10/s-f-supervisor-wants-answers-from-chevron-on-toxic-gas-release-and-odor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mark Farrell to call for a City Hall hearing\u003c/a>. Farrell said that hearing would include Chevron executives and air quality experts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Most of California’s Salmon and Trout Could be Extinct in 100 Years, Report Says",
"headTitle": "Most of California’s Salmon and Trout Could be Extinct in 100 Years, Report Says | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Conservation groups, fishing organizations and biologists have been working tirelessly for decades to protect California’s trout and salmon. They have restored floodplains where juveniles find food and shelter, are arranging to remove obstructive dams from the Klamath River and are constantly badgering water agencies to maintain suitable flows in important spawning streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new report released Tuesday suggests their efforts may be largely for naught. Three-fourths of California’s native species and subspecies of salmonids may be extinct within 100 years, according to biologists at UC Davis and the watershed advocacy group California Trout. In their study, “\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://caltrout.org/sos/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">State of the Salmonids \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>: Fish in Hot Water\u003c/a>,” the authors warned that climate change impacts and the severe degradation of habitat of wild rivers that continues to this day could extinguish almost half of California’s 32 types of native salmon and trout within 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maintaining populations of wild salmon and trout is important since it essentially requires maintaining healthy sources of clean, cold water, which is good for much more than just fish. “Resilient fish populations indicate healthy waters, important for drinking water, agriculture, commerce and the health of people and the environments in which we live,” the report notes. “Declining fish populations indicate degraded waters, which threaten the health and economic well-being of all Californians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">River water just a few degrees above a critical threshold can easily kill salmon and trout at any of their life stages.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to the report, the most threatened of California’s native salmonids are the southern steelhead, the winter-run Sacramento River Chinook salmon and the Central California coho salmon. The bull trout, last seen in California in the McCloud River in 1975, is already locally extinct. The coastal rainbow trout, the biologists said, may be California’s only native salmonid to survive for the long haul in any abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists wrote that agricultural demands for river water, population growth and alteration of the San Francisco Bay and Delta ecosystem are major factors affecting salmonids’ long-term survival odds. Fish hatcheries that boost catchable numbers of salmon and steelhead but dilute native species’ gene pools are also problematic. Wildfires, which are getting bigger and more frequent, also pose a threat to mountain trout populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No single stressor, however, is likely to outweigh the broad and devastating impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the major, overarching anthropogenic threat affecting salmonids in California,” the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River water just a few degrees above a critical threshold can easily kill salmon and trout at any of their life stages, from fertilized egg to spawning adult. This makes rising temperatures especially worrisome. Because mountain snowpack will melt earlier and faster each year under warmer conditions, streams may swell more rapidly to flood stages in the spring, then quickly diminish again in the hot, dry summer months – precisely when certain runs of fish need cold water the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming trends could also upend wind and current cycles that drive ocean upwelling, which brings nutrients to the surface and provides food for salmon. Even sea level rise, caused by the melting of polar ice caps, will impact salmon by submerging valuable marshland and lagoons where young fish find shelter and food, the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the authors said there is hope for preserving fish populations. Curtis Knight, executive director of California Trout, said at a press conference Tuesday that restoring mountain meadows could be one effective strategy for keeping spawning streams flowing all year. That’s because meadows can absorb water like giant sponges and release it slowly into creeks through the dry summer months – a service currently provided by summer snowpack but which is threatened by global warming. [contextly_sidebar id=”e2GY1Y97n10ptpmylbto1I9omPPwLiJt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors also recommended restoring floodplains alongside rivers. Research by California Trout has demonstrated that flooding seasonal cropland in the Sacramento Valley can significantly improve survival rates of juvenile Chinook salmon born far upstream. Inundated floodplains provide young fish with abundant food as well as refuge from predators and deadly irrigation pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Report coauthor Peter Moyle, a biologist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences, wrote in a foreword to the study that preserving salmon and trout in California will make waves far beyond the state’s own waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]hat we Californians do to enhance the resilience of our native fishes is likely to set examples for the rest of the world,” Moyle wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Knight said that keeping cold water flowing through a natural stream channel – the basic conditions that trout and salmon need – shouldn’t be a terribly difficult task in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“We’re the innovators, the pioneers, one of the most important food-producing regions in the world, and the leaders in technology,” he wrote. “What would the loss of our native fish mean for who we are?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/05/17/report-extinction-looming-for-most-of-californias-salmon-and-trout\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Conservation groups, fishing organizations and biologists have been working tirelessly for decades to protect California’s trout and salmon. They have restored floodplains where juveniles find food and shelter, are arranging to remove obstructive dams from the Klamath River and are constantly badgering water agencies to maintain suitable flows in important spawning streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new report released Tuesday suggests their efforts may be largely for naught. Three-fourths of California’s native species and subspecies of salmonids may be extinct within 100 years, according to biologists at UC Davis and the watershed advocacy group California Trout. In their study, “\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://caltrout.org/sos/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">State of the Salmonids \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>: Fish in Hot Water\u003c/a>,” the authors warned that climate change impacts and the severe degradation of habitat of wild rivers that continues to this day could extinguish almost half of California’s 32 types of native salmon and trout within 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maintaining populations of wild salmon and trout is important since it essentially requires maintaining healthy sources of clean, cold water, which is good for much more than just fish. “Resilient fish populations indicate healthy waters, important for drinking water, agriculture, commerce and the health of people and the environments in which we live,” the report notes. “Declining fish populations indicate degraded waters, which threaten the health and economic well-being of all Californians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">River water just a few degrees above a critical threshold can easily kill salmon and trout at any of their life stages.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to the report, the most threatened of California’s native salmonids are the southern steelhead, the winter-run Sacramento River Chinook salmon and the Central California coho salmon. The bull trout, last seen in California in the McCloud River in 1975, is already locally extinct. The coastal rainbow trout, the biologists said, may be California’s only native salmonid to survive for the long haul in any abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists wrote that agricultural demands for river water, population growth and alteration of the San Francisco Bay and Delta ecosystem are major factors affecting salmonids’ long-term survival odds. Fish hatcheries that boost catchable numbers of salmon and steelhead but dilute native species’ gene pools are also problematic. Wildfires, which are getting bigger and more frequent, also pose a threat to mountain trout populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No single stressor, however, is likely to outweigh the broad and devastating impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the major, overarching anthropogenic threat affecting salmonids in California,” the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River water just a few degrees above a critical threshold can easily kill salmon and trout at any of their life stages, from fertilized egg to spawning adult. This makes rising temperatures especially worrisome. Because mountain snowpack will melt earlier and faster each year under warmer conditions, streams may swell more rapidly to flood stages in the spring, then quickly diminish again in the hot, dry summer months – precisely when certain runs of fish need cold water the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming trends could also upend wind and current cycles that drive ocean upwelling, which brings nutrients to the surface and provides food for salmon. Even sea level rise, caused by the melting of polar ice caps, will impact salmon by submerging valuable marshland and lagoons where young fish find shelter and food, the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the authors said there is hope for preserving fish populations. Curtis Knight, executive director of California Trout, said at a press conference Tuesday that restoring mountain meadows could be one effective strategy for keeping spawning streams flowing all year. That’s because meadows can absorb water like giant sponges and release it slowly into creeks through the dry summer months – a service currently provided by summer snowpack but which is threatened by global warming. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors also recommended restoring floodplains alongside rivers. Research by California Trout has demonstrated that flooding seasonal cropland in the Sacramento Valley can significantly improve survival rates of juvenile Chinook salmon born far upstream. Inundated floodplains provide young fish with abundant food as well as refuge from predators and deadly irrigation pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Report coauthor Peter Moyle, a biologist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences, wrote in a foreword to the study that preserving salmon and trout in California will make waves far beyond the state’s own waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]hat we Californians do to enhance the resilience of our native fishes is likely to set examples for the rest of the world,” Moyle wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Knight said that keeping cold water flowing through a natural stream channel – the basic conditions that trout and salmon need – shouldn’t be a terribly difficult task in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“We’re the innovators, the pioneers, one of the most important food-producing regions in the world, and the leaders in technology,” he wrote. “What would the loss of our native fish mean for who we are?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/05/17/report-extinction-looming-for-most-of-californias-salmon-and-trout\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How the Colorado River’s Future Depends on California's Salton Sea",
"headTitle": "How the Colorado River’s Future Depends on California’s Salton Sea | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s largest lake, the Salton Sea, is an accident. It was created in 1905 when a levee broke on an irrigation canal, flooding a giant desert playa. Today it has become a sticking point in \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/11/16/drought-on-colorado-river-sparks-revolutionary-idea-sharing-water/\">negotiations between three states\u003c/a> over the future of the Colorado River.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\"> The Salton Sea now is a major stopover for birds on the Pacific Flyway. A total of 424 bird species have been observed on the Salton Sea so far.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The three states – California, Arizona and Nevada – are in the midst of negotiating a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cap-az.com/departments/planning/colorado-river-programs/drought-contingency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought contingency plan\u003c/a> (DCP). It would commit each state to reducing diversions from the Colorado River in order to prevent Lake Mead from shrinking to disastrously low levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is relying on \u003ca href=\"http://www.iid.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Imperial Irrigation District\u003c/a> to make a significant contribution, because it is the largest single diverter of Colorado River water. But if the district reduces its diversions, that will mean less farm runoff draining into the \u003ca href=\"http://saltonsea.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Salton Sea\u003c/a>. This means the sea will shrink, causing a cascade of ecological problems for which the district is partly liable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help us understand all this, Water Deeply recently spoke with Michael Cohen, a senior research associate at the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think-tank based in Oakland. Cohen specializes in Salton Sea and Colorado River issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1642517\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-800x561.jpeg\" alt=\"Michael Cohen of the Pacific Institute\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1642517\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-800x561.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-160x112.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-768x538.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-240x168.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-375x263.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-520x364.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen.jpeg 812w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Cohen of the Pacific Institute studies the Salton Sea and its implications for water management in the Colorado River system. \u003ccite>(Michael Cohen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is the drought contingency plan (DCP) important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Cohen: The DCP is important because, essentially, the Colorado River is over-allocated. Particularly in the lower basin, they have what’s called a structural deficit: In normal years, 1.2 million acre-feet [1.5 billion cubic meters] more water flows out of Lake Mead than flows in. So Lake Mead drops by roughly 12ft [3.6m] per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that trajectory, it pretty quickly reaches dead pool, meaning there’s no water left in Mead, which then means no water for Southern California and the Central Arizona Project, and 90 percent of the Las Vegas metro area’s water supply dries up. So you’re talking about 30 million people who depend on Lake Mead. Not to mention 1 million acres [400,000 hectares] of irrigated land. And it’s a major hydropower producer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Mead is pretty critical to the Southwest generally. They’re trying with the DCP to avert this structural deficit and reduce the amount of water we’re taking out of Mead, to get it closer into balance with actual supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How is the Salton Sea connected to these negotiations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: The DCP is connected to the Salton Sea because the plan expects that Imperial Irrigation District (IID) would take less water from the Colorado River. When Lake Mead drops to elevation 1,045, California is expected to reduce its take from the Colorado River, for the first time, by 200,000 acre-feet [250 million cubic meters]. In the most recent DCP terms I saw, Imperial Irrigation District would provide 60 percent of that reduction, so IID would reduce its take of the river by 120,000 acre-feet [150 million cubic meters].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Can the DCP proceed without Imperial Irrigation District?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: In theory it could, because the other California parties, the largest being Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, could say they’ll step up and meet California’s obligations. But in practice, Met is less likely to forego that amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IID has certainly stated they need some assurances on the Salton Sea before they move forward on the DCP. They’re a key player. Without IID, California can’t meet its DCP obligations. A 200,000–350,000 acre-foot [250–430 million cubic meters] reduction is counting on IID participation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What effect does this have on the Salton Sea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1642516\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"A map shows the location of the Salton Sea and the Colorado River Basin.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1642516\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-1180x887.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-960x721.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-520x391.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map shows the location of the Salton Sea and the Colorado River Basin. \u003ccite>(Central Basin Water District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cohen: Somewhere in the order of 85 percent of the water flowing to the Salton Sea comes from the Imperial Valley. Essentially, it’s surface water and tile drainage from farm fields. As IID takes less water from the Colorado River, that means less water flows to the Salton Sea. Because the Salton Sea is a terminal lake, when less water flows in, the Salton Sea shrinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the concern is that, because of the DCP, the Salton Sea would be smaller than it would be otherwise. As the sea shrinks, some of that land is exposed, and dust blows off that land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under existing regulations of the local air district, the landowner is responsible for dust that’s emitted off lands in the Imperial Valley. IID is a major landowner, particularly at the southern end of the Salton Sea, and IID is liable for a lot of the dust getting blown off the Salton Sea. So as the sea shrinks, it represents a direct cost to IID. That’s the crux of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdcwa.org/quantification-settlement-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quantification Settlement Agreement (QSA)\u003c/a> of 2003 (a water transfer from IID to San Diego), there was an agreement that said as the Salton Sea shrinks, essentially the state of California backstops liability or mitigation requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The QSA parties – Imperial Irrigation District, San Diego County Water Authority and Coachella Valley Water District – have met their responsibility to pay into a mitigation fund. But they capped it because they didn’t know what the total cost would be, although they knew it would be huge. So the state of California said, “We will assume liability for costs that exceed the costs these parties agreed to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IID has put the state on notice that it hasn’t lived up to its part of the deal, which is to put together a mitigation plan to deal with the Salton Sea as it shrinks. And now there are negotiations over the DCP, which is essentially going to exacerbate the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Has there been any progress on that state’s mitigation plan?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: The state came out [in March] with what they’re calling a “\u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/salton-sea/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft 10-year plan for the Salton Sea.\u003c/a>” The QSA allowed 15 years to come up with a plan, and it said in the interim we’re going to require IID to deliver mitigation water to offset the impacts of the transfer to San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is the 15th year. So at the end of this year, that requirement goes away. And next year, the Salton Sea is going to start dropping very rapidly because it will no longer get that mitigation water from IID. All of a sudden, it’s going to receive 10–15 percent less water. So, essentially, it’s going over a cliff. IID is seeing this and saying, “Hold on, we need to deal with this problem before we move on to the DCP.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state really needed to do this plan five-plus years ago so these projects were being implemented now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is it a problem if the Salton Sea shrinks?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: There are two main challenges. One is that it exposes lakebed, which creates dust, and that’s a major public health threat. The Imperial and Coachella valleys already fail to meet air-quality requirements, and asthma rates are already higher than the state average. So, your baseline is an already-bad air-quality situation, which is going to be exacerbated as the Salton Sea shrinks and more dust blows off that lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next concern is that as the Salton Sea shrinks, it gets much saltier and other water-quality parameters also decline. Which means that, first, the fish die off. That’s already started to happen. Then a lot of the food sources for the birds die off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salton Sea now is a major stopover for birds on the Pacific Flyway. A total of 424 bird species have been observed on the Salton Sea so far. And of course, in California there are far fewer wetlands than there were historically. We’ve dried up 90–95 percent of the wetlands in California. So these migratory birds have far fewer places to rest and refuel. The Salton Sea has filled that niche. As water quality continues to degrade, it’s no longer going to be able to provide that function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Will the state’s 10-year plan satisfy IID?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: I think that remains to be seen. IID was not satisfied with the draft they saw last December. But my hope is that California takes those concerns into consideration and redrafts the plan to meet those concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the restoration costs at the Salton Sea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: We don’t know what the total cost is because it depends how much is dedicated to water quality versus air quality and how they allocate those costs. Odds are, we’re looking at $1 billion-plus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one of the benefits of the Salton Sea is we don’t need to pay for everything at once. Those projects can be phased in over time so you can pay for them over time. You can just build them as the sea recedes and you get benefits as you go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m hopeful that the pieces are starting to line up and we can start to see some progress. I think the governor is paying attention to this, the legislature is paying more attention. It’s a little late, but I think there’s still an opportunity to make a real difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some respects, dramatic change is inevitable at the Salton Sea. Essentially, what we’re going to shift from is a Salton Sea people recognize now to a very different, very managed system. But this managed system can still provide a lot of benefits. It could still be a very functional ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/05/16/how-the-colorado-rivers-future-depends-on-the-salton-sea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California’s giant desert lake is key to negotiations over the future of Colorado River water supplies. It’s a battle between millions of water users and a complex and troubled ecosystem.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s largest lake, the Salton Sea, is an accident. It was created in 1905 when a levee broke on an irrigation canal, flooding a giant desert playa. Today it has become a sticking point in \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/11/16/drought-on-colorado-river-sparks-revolutionary-idea-sharing-water/\">negotiations between three states\u003c/a> over the future of the Colorado River.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\"> The Salton Sea now is a major stopover for birds on the Pacific Flyway. A total of 424 bird species have been observed on the Salton Sea so far.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The three states – California, Arizona and Nevada – are in the midst of negotiating a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cap-az.com/departments/planning/colorado-river-programs/drought-contingency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought contingency plan\u003c/a> (DCP). It would commit each state to reducing diversions from the Colorado River in order to prevent Lake Mead from shrinking to disastrously low levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is relying on \u003ca href=\"http://www.iid.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Imperial Irrigation District\u003c/a> to make a significant contribution, because it is the largest single diverter of Colorado River water. But if the district reduces its diversions, that will mean less farm runoff draining into the \u003ca href=\"http://saltonsea.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Salton Sea\u003c/a>. This means the sea will shrink, causing a cascade of ecological problems for which the district is partly liable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help us understand all this, Water Deeply recently spoke with Michael Cohen, a senior research associate at the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think-tank based in Oakland. Cohen specializes in Salton Sea and Colorado River issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1642517\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-800x561.jpeg\" alt=\"Michael Cohen of the Pacific Institute\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1642517\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-800x561.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-160x112.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-768x538.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-240x168.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-375x263.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen-520x364.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Cohen.jpeg 812w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Cohen of the Pacific Institute studies the Salton Sea and its implications for water management in the Colorado River system. \u003ccite>(Michael Cohen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is the drought contingency plan (DCP) important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Cohen: The DCP is important because, essentially, the Colorado River is over-allocated. Particularly in the lower basin, they have what’s called a structural deficit: In normal years, 1.2 million acre-feet [1.5 billion cubic meters] more water flows out of Lake Mead than flows in. So Lake Mead drops by roughly 12ft [3.6m] per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that trajectory, it pretty quickly reaches dead pool, meaning there’s no water left in Mead, which then means no water for Southern California and the Central Arizona Project, and 90 percent of the Las Vegas metro area’s water supply dries up. So you’re talking about 30 million people who depend on Lake Mead. Not to mention 1 million acres [400,000 hectares] of irrigated land. And it’s a major hydropower producer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Mead is pretty critical to the Southwest generally. They’re trying with the DCP to avert this structural deficit and reduce the amount of water we’re taking out of Mead, to get it closer into balance with actual supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How is the Salton Sea connected to these negotiations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: The DCP is connected to the Salton Sea because the plan expects that Imperial Irrigation District (IID) would take less water from the Colorado River. When Lake Mead drops to elevation 1,045, California is expected to reduce its take from the Colorado River, for the first time, by 200,000 acre-feet [250 million cubic meters]. In the most recent DCP terms I saw, Imperial Irrigation District would provide 60 percent of that reduction, so IID would reduce its take of the river by 120,000 acre-feet [150 million cubic meters].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Can the DCP proceed without Imperial Irrigation District?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: In theory it could, because the other California parties, the largest being Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, could say they’ll step up and meet California’s obligations. But in practice, Met is less likely to forego that amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IID has certainly stated they need some assurances on the Salton Sea before they move forward on the DCP. They’re a key player. Without IID, California can’t meet its DCP obligations. A 200,000–350,000 acre-foot [250–430 million cubic meters] reduction is counting on IID participation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What effect does this have on the Salton Sea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1642516\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"A map shows the location of the Salton Sea and the Colorado River Basin.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1642516\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-1180x887.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-960x721.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin-520x391.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CO-River-Basin.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map shows the location of the Salton Sea and the Colorado River Basin. \u003ccite>(Central Basin Water District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cohen: Somewhere in the order of 85 percent of the water flowing to the Salton Sea comes from the Imperial Valley. Essentially, it’s surface water and tile drainage from farm fields. As IID takes less water from the Colorado River, that means less water flows to the Salton Sea. Because the Salton Sea is a terminal lake, when less water flows in, the Salton Sea shrinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the concern is that, because of the DCP, the Salton Sea would be smaller than it would be otherwise. As the sea shrinks, some of that land is exposed, and dust blows off that land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under existing regulations of the local air district, the landowner is responsible for dust that’s emitted off lands in the Imperial Valley. IID is a major landowner, particularly at the southern end of the Salton Sea, and IID is liable for a lot of the dust getting blown off the Salton Sea. So as the sea shrinks, it represents a direct cost to IID. That’s the crux of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdcwa.org/quantification-settlement-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quantification Settlement Agreement (QSA)\u003c/a> of 2003 (a water transfer from IID to San Diego), there was an agreement that said as the Salton Sea shrinks, essentially the state of California backstops liability or mitigation requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The QSA parties – Imperial Irrigation District, San Diego County Water Authority and Coachella Valley Water District – have met their responsibility to pay into a mitigation fund. But they capped it because they didn’t know what the total cost would be, although they knew it would be huge. So the state of California said, “We will assume liability for costs that exceed the costs these parties agreed to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IID has put the state on notice that it hasn’t lived up to its part of the deal, which is to put together a mitigation plan to deal with the Salton Sea as it shrinks. And now there are negotiations over the DCP, which is essentially going to exacerbate the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Has there been any progress on that state’s mitigation plan?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: The state came out [in March] with what they’re calling a “\u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/salton-sea/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft 10-year plan for the Salton Sea.\u003c/a>” The QSA allowed 15 years to come up with a plan, and it said in the interim we’re going to require IID to deliver mitigation water to offset the impacts of the transfer to San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is the 15th year. So at the end of this year, that requirement goes away. And next year, the Salton Sea is going to start dropping very rapidly because it will no longer get that mitigation water from IID. All of a sudden, it’s going to receive 10–15 percent less water. So, essentially, it’s going over a cliff. IID is seeing this and saying, “Hold on, we need to deal with this problem before we move on to the DCP.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state really needed to do this plan five-plus years ago so these projects were being implemented now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is it a problem if the Salton Sea shrinks?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: There are two main challenges. One is that it exposes lakebed, which creates dust, and that’s a major public health threat. The Imperial and Coachella valleys already fail to meet air-quality requirements, and asthma rates are already higher than the state average. So, your baseline is an already-bad air-quality situation, which is going to be exacerbated as the Salton Sea shrinks and more dust blows off that lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next concern is that as the Salton Sea shrinks, it gets much saltier and other water-quality parameters also decline. Which means that, first, the fish die off. That’s already started to happen. Then a lot of the food sources for the birds die off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salton Sea now is a major stopover for birds on the Pacific Flyway. A total of 424 bird species have been observed on the Salton Sea so far. And of course, in California there are far fewer wetlands than there were historically. We’ve dried up 90–95 percent of the wetlands in California. So these migratory birds have far fewer places to rest and refuel. The Salton Sea has filled that niche. As water quality continues to degrade, it’s no longer going to be able to provide that function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Will the state’s 10-year plan satisfy IID?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: I think that remains to be seen. IID was not satisfied with the draft they saw last December. But my hope is that California takes those concerns into consideration and redrafts the plan to meet those concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the restoration costs at the Salton Sea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen: We don’t know what the total cost is because it depends how much is dedicated to water quality versus air quality and how they allocate those costs. Odds are, we’re looking at $1 billion-plus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one of the benefits of the Salton Sea is we don’t need to pay for everything at once. Those projects can be phased in over time so you can pay for them over time. You can just build them as the sea recedes and you get benefits as you go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m hopeful that the pieces are starting to line up and we can start to see some progress. I think the governor is paying attention to this, the legislature is paying more attention. It’s a little late, but I think there’s still an opportunity to make a real difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some respects, dramatic change is inevitable at the Salton Sea. Essentially, what we’re going to shift from is a Salton Sea people recognize now to a very different, very managed system. But this managed system can still provide a lot of benefits. It could still be a very functional ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/05/16/how-the-colorado-rivers-future-depends-on-the-salton-sea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "at-contaminated-lab-site-rigorous-cleanup-standards-again-in-question",
"title": "At Contaminated Lab Site, Rigorous Cleanup Standards Again in Question",
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"headTitle": "At Contaminated Lab Site, Rigorous Cleanup Standards Again in Question | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s been more than half a century since an experimental nuclear reactor at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory near Los Angeles \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2271069-report-of-the-santa-susana-field-laboratory-panel.html#document/p10/a352292\">suffered a partial nuclear meltdown\u003c/a>, spewing radiation over a period of weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private industry and government agencies followed that with repeated \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2424338-11-30-07-preliminary-assessment-site-inspection.html#document/p21/a351479\">chemical \u003c/a>spills,\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2271069-report-of-the-santa-susana-field-laboratory-panel.html#document/p9/a339581\"> accidental releases \u003c/a>of more radioactive material and \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2752144-1958-Burn-Pit-Memo.html#document/p1/a282086\">the open-air burning of poisonous chemicals\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2337520-carr-declaration.html#document/p40/a238263\">gases\u003c/a> at the former site use for the development and testing of nuclear reactors, rockets, missiles and munitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2761443-NASA-DTSC-Final-AOC-Dec-2010.html#document/p12/a352294\"> NASA\u003c/a> and the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2761442-64791-SSFL-DOE-AOC-Final.html#document/p5/a339563\">Department of Energy\u003c/a> are behind on their legal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/dec/HQ_10-326_Santa_Susana.html\">agreements \u003c/a>to clean up all traces of the pollution they’d caused at the mountaintop laboratory about 30 miles northwest of downtown Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Boeing Company, which inherited more than three-quarters of the laboratory grounds when it acquired \u003ca href=\"http://www.rocket.com/\">Aerojet Rocketdyne\u003c/a> in 1996, waged a\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2428063-the-federal-court-ruling-that-overturned-sb-990.html#document/p13/a242520\"> successful lawsuit\u003c/a> to overturn similarly \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200720080SB990&search_keywords=\">rigorous cleanup requirements\u003c/a> for its share of the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, it has been preparing its cleanup under the terms of a 2007 consent order in which the state Department of Toxic Substances Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2500793-ref-13.html#document/p8/a352028\">allows the company to write \u003c/a>its own risk assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Qk5l28CgHB2xlwhGy1TZJOiCNrqhhiVM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing has completed numerous studies on where the contamination is and how to clean it up, in accordance with DTSC requirements. It’s filed scores of reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2007 order stipulates that Boeing must complete remediation of contaminated soil and related cleanup tasks \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2500793-ref-13.html#document/p10/a352720\">by the end of next month\u003c/a>. Dave Dassler, the company’s site closure director, estimates that might require digging out and hauling away up to 400,000 cubic yards of dirt, enough to fill the Rose Bowl. The digging hasn’t even started.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Boeing Creates Easement to Set Aside Land as Open Space\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many public health and environmental activists say that Boeing’s characterization of the threat posed by the contamination at Santa Susana is far too permissive for a severely contaminated site that is only half a mile away and steeply uphill from residential neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a recent Boeing legal maneuver may clear the way for the company to negotiate terms that are even less rigorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11367884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11367884\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"The Santa Susana Field Laboratory is surrounded by suburbs that extend to within half a mile of the lab gate.\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Santa Susana Field Laboratory is surrounded by suburbs that extend to within half a mile of the lab gate. \u003ccite>(Chris Richard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Company officials have long declared that Boeing will preserve its property as open space to protect wildlife and preserve pre-Columbian historic sites in the hills adjacent to former test and accident sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Boeing has made that commitment legally binding by granting the Pennsylvania-based \u003ca href=\"http://northamericanlandtrust.org/\">North American Land Trust\u003c/a> a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3698554-Grant-Deed.html#document/p4/a351999\">conservation easement\u003c/a> that declares the company’s property permanent open space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, activists have predicted that Santa Susana, which is surrounded by suburbs, might be turned into a housing development. Now the company’s agreement with the land trust \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3698554-Grant-Deed.html#document/p8/a352001\">bars \u003c/a>residential, commercial, industrial or agricultural development, North American president Stephen Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘My organization never felt this land had a secure open space future until now.’\u003ccite>Clark Stevens, Resource Conservation District of the Santa Monica Mountains\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Clark Stevens, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcdsmm.org/\">Resource Conservation District of the Santa Monica Mountains\u003c/a>, said the agreement protects a vital travel corridor for wildlife, such as deer and mountain lions, between the Los Padres National Forest to the north and the Santa Monica Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stevens, who has worked with conservation easements for 15 years, said Boeing stands to receive a substantial tax write-off for voiding its property’s development value. He said the public will benefit as well, because the building ban is legally inviolable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It rides with the land,” he said. “It doesn’t matter who the owner is in the future. They will be restricted by the conservation easement. My organization never felt this land had a secure open space future until now, because Boeing saying they would keep it open space was just a policy that could change. This easement changes that. It has teeth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a firm development prohibition in place, it’s appropriate to reconsider cleanup standards, Stevens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now that we know we have protected open space, we should take seriously the fact that no one will ever live there and not overdo the cleanup,” he said. “My organization does habitat restoration. You can’t restore land that has been scraped to bare rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11459642\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11459642\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-800x510.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Hirsch, president of the nuclear watchdog group Committee to Bridge the Gap and director of the Program on Environmental and Nuclear Policy at UC Santa Cruz. \" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-800x510.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-1020x650.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-1180x752.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-960x612.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-240x153.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-375x239.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-520x331.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Hirsch, president of the nuclear watchdog group Committee to Bridge the Gap and director of the Program on Environmental and Nuclear Policy at UC Santa Cruz. \u003ccite>(Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like other Boeing officials, company spokeswoman Megan Hilfer has argued that Boeing is committed to making its property clean enough for people to live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with the easement in place, the cleanup standard Boeing will apply “remains to be seen,” Hilfer said in a telephone interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The problem is that the people living nearby aren’t open space. They are real people who for the rest of their lives will face the risk of exposure to the toxic contamination leaking off that site.’\u003ccite>Dan Hirsh, president, Committee to Bridge the Gap\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We look forward to working with the DTSC to determine the appropriate cleanup actions for Boeing’s portion of Santa Susana,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Hirsch, president of the nuclear watchdog group \u003ca href=\"http://committeetobridgethegap.org/\">Committee to Bridge the Gap\u003c/a> and director of the \u003ca href=\"https://socialsciences.ucsc.edu/academics/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=dohirsch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Program on Environmental and Nuclear Policy at UC Santa Cruz,\u003c/a> fears the conservation easement will undermine a thorough cleanup at the field laboratory. By declaring its land “open space,” Boeing glosses over the fact that its contamination is very close to residential neighborhoods, Hirsch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is that the people living nearby aren’t open space. They are real people who for the rest of their lives will face the risk of exposure to the toxic contamination leaking off that site,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Simi Hills, where the laboratory is located, lie between the suburban communities of Chatsworth and Simi Valley. Residential neighborhoods extend to within half a mile of the laboratory gates, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.simivalley.org/index.aspx?page=795\">a new housing development\u003c/a> is rising just north of the portion of Santa Susana where the experimental reactor once operated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a public meeting this month, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/SiteCleanup/Santa_Susana_Field_Lab/ssfl_contacts.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">project team leader \u003c/a>for Santa Susana at the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Toxic Substances Control\u003c/a>, Mark Malinowski, said the department only recently received a copy of Boeing’s easement agreement and hasn’t determined how it might affect the cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Malinowski questioned whether the laboratory endangers its neighbors. He said a detailed survey of a property next to the laboratory’s most active radiological site didn’t find any contaminants that would pose a public threat. DTSC spokesman Russ Edmondson said the same holds true for the rest of the land around the laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11439172\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11439172 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1285\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Malinowski, Santa Susana project team leader for the state Department of Toxic Substances Control, answers a question at a public meeting. \u003ccite>(Chris Richard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That drew a terse response from Denise Duffield, associate director of Physicians for Social Responsibility in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So how do they know better than the National Academy of Sciences?” she asked. “The academy says there is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nirs.org/press/06-30-2005/\">no safe exposure level\u003c/a> for radioactivity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Rigorous Should the Safety Standards Be?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/losangeles/\">Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board \u003c/a>has repeatedly called attention to poisons and radioactive material in runoff from the laboratory. In 2007, for instance, it fined Boeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3701400-pressrelease2007-0911boeingpaysfine.html\">$471,000 \u003c/a> for releasing wastewater with elevated levels of chromium, dioxin, lead and mercury. Tests in 2009 found elevated levels of \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3717250-RWQCB-NPDES-Outfal-008-and-009-Status-Report.html#document/p2/a352759\">cesium-137\u003c/a>, copper and\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3717250-RWQCB-NPDES-Outfal-008-and-009-Status-Report.html#document/p2/a352758\"> lead\u003c/a>. In 2010, the board fined Boeing again after the laboratory’s runoff contained levels of radioactive materials, dioxins, mercury and other contaminants that the board \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3717282-50621720-Complaint.html#document/p5/a352775\">considered excessive\u003c/a>. This time, the fine was for \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3699738-50624955-CJ.html#document/p3/a352286\">$500,000.\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"SS_L3\">\u003cspan class=\"verdana\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview, Malinowski stood by his claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The numbers that the water board looks at for their discharge limits are much, much lower than human health standards are,” he said. “They are extremely low numbers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board isn’t the only government agency with stricter requirements than those the DTSC is applying at Santa Susana. Records show the department is holding Boeing to much weaker standards than the federal government’ s general guidelines as well. One example: The state has accepted a threshold for strontium 90, a carcinogen, that is \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3453382-PRGs-EPA-vs-DTSC.html#document/p2/a337179\">more than 1,000 times\u003c/a> more lenient than the EPA \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3453382-PRGs-EPA-vs-DTSC.html#document/p1/a337178\">cleanup standard\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11378766 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-800x550.jpg\" alt=\"RS24779_Lead-qut\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-800x550.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-1020x702.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-1180x812.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-960x661.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-240x165.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-375x258.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-520x358.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before it can clean up a toxic site, a pollution control agency has to identify where the contamination is and how dangerous it is. To do that, it chooses from a range of possible “risk-based screening levels” that can be used to create a pollution map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal EPA’s standard for determining how much pollution must be removed from a polluted site is to achieve a contaminant level low enough that the pollution can be expected to cause no more than one cancer per million people over a 30-year period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators may set different screening levels depending on the land’s expected use, but residential scenarios are strict, because that’s where people spend the most time and face the greatest risk from pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, the EPA considers the possibility that residents will eat fruit and vegetables from backyard gardens. It’s not that the EPA is trying to promote gardening. It’s the agency’s way of acknowledging that often, ingesting contaminants is more dangerous than merely passing by them or touching them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing has argued that a residential cleanup isn’t necessary at Santa Susana because nobody is going to live there. The company has promised that it would clean the land to a residential standard anyway, to be absolutely sure that the environment is protected, as well as the health of people living nearby or visiting the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some residential scenarios are more rigorous than others. DTSC scientists who assesses the health risks of pollution \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3519086-65750-DTSC-Comments-on-Draft-HH-RBSLs-TM-2012-05.html#document/p6/a344374\">recommended \u003c/a>including a strict residential standard in setting the screening levels for Santa Susana. But in 2013, the department \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2433969-boeing-soil-scl-submittal-and-dtsc-approval.html#document/p4/a245064\">accepted\u003c/a> a Boeing method that \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3516752-Risk-Assessment-Excerpt.html\">skipped\u003c/a> the strictest benchmarks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result was a 2015 risk assessment in which Boeing discreetly contradicted itself. It started out by claiming the pollution \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3515375-66635-Draft-RCRA-Facility-Investigation-Data.html#document/p26/a343144\">really wasn’t that bad\u003c/a>. But buried in an appendix was an acknowledgment that if Boeing were to factor in the possibility of people eating fruit and vegetables grown on the site, it would have to admit to a cancer risk as high as \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3515375-66635-Draft-RCRA-Facility-Investigation-Data.html#document/p622/a343149\">three in 10\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An assessment for another portion of the laboratory grounds acknowledged that if Boeing were to apply the strict standard there, it would have to admit the pollution was severe enough that for every 10 hypothetical people living there,\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3522589-Draft-RCRA-Facility-Investigation-Data-Summary.html#document/p2856/a345374\"> nine would get cancer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The revelations\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3515481-SSFL-Letter-to-B-Lee.html#document/p2/a343151\"> infuriated elected officials\u003c/a>, who pointed out that real people live very close to these sites. The DTSC \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3514661-67213-2016-08-23-DTSC-Cmmnt-Ltr-and-Cmmnts-for.html#document/p2/a343156\">ordered\u003c/a> Boeing to change its assessments to include gardens. But Boeing didn’t change its screening methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11459714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11459714\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"John Detwiler, who lives just downhill from the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, told a public meeting recently that he’s angry and disappointed at the state Department of Toxic Substances Control’s failure to clean up the laboratory. \" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-1180x780.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-960x635.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-520x344.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Detwiler, who lives just downhill from the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, told a public meeting recently that he’s angry and disappointed at the state Department of Toxic Substances Control’s failure to clean up the laboratory. \u003ccite>(Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In response to repeated inquiries, department public affairs officials offered no explanation as to why the DTSC allowed Boeing to continue to employ a screening method the department had expressly forbidden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a March 24 email, Boeing spokeswoman Megan Hilfer defended the company’s ongoing use of the less rigorous standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When considering a risk-based approach, future land use is a critical consideration to ensure the property is adequately cleaned for that end use, while also protecting against adverse cleanup impacts to natural and cultural resources,” the email states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why including a garden exposure pathway in that assessment for Santa Susana, as some have suggested, makes no sense: the property will be legally-restricted open space where no produce of any kind will ever be grown for consumption on-site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such arguments anger John Detwiler, who lives just downhill from the laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t tell me no pollution comes down every time it rains, every time the ground shakes, when the wind blows, we’re all victims,” he said. “Including me. Including my wife. Including her daughter. We’re all victims.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Note:\u003c/strong> Reporting for this \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/santa-susana-field-laboratory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">series of stories\u003c/a> received financial support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fij.org\">Fund for Investigative Journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been more than half a century since an experimental nuclear reactor at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory near Los Angeles \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2271069-report-of-the-santa-susana-field-laboratory-panel.html#document/p10/a352292\">suffered a partial nuclear meltdown\u003c/a>, spewing radiation over a period of weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private industry and government agencies followed that with repeated \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2424338-11-30-07-preliminary-assessment-site-inspection.html#document/p21/a351479\">chemical \u003c/a>spills,\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2271069-report-of-the-santa-susana-field-laboratory-panel.html#document/p9/a339581\"> accidental releases \u003c/a>of more radioactive material and \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2752144-1958-Burn-Pit-Memo.html#document/p1/a282086\">the open-air burning of poisonous chemicals\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2337520-carr-declaration.html#document/p40/a238263\">gases\u003c/a> at the former site use for the development and testing of nuclear reactors, rockets, missiles and munitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2761443-NASA-DTSC-Final-AOC-Dec-2010.html#document/p12/a352294\"> NASA\u003c/a> and the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2761442-64791-SSFL-DOE-AOC-Final.html#document/p5/a339563\">Department of Energy\u003c/a> are behind on their legal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/dec/HQ_10-326_Santa_Susana.html\">agreements \u003c/a>to clean up all traces of the pollution they’d caused at the mountaintop laboratory about 30 miles northwest of downtown Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Boeing Company, which inherited more than three-quarters of the laboratory grounds when it acquired \u003ca href=\"http://www.rocket.com/\">Aerojet Rocketdyne\u003c/a> in 1996, waged a\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2428063-the-federal-court-ruling-that-overturned-sb-990.html#document/p13/a242520\"> successful lawsuit\u003c/a> to overturn similarly \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200720080SB990&search_keywords=\">rigorous cleanup requirements\u003c/a> for its share of the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, it has been preparing its cleanup under the terms of a 2007 consent order in which the state Department of Toxic Substances Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2500793-ref-13.html#document/p8/a352028\">allows the company to write \u003c/a>its own risk assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing has completed numerous studies on where the contamination is and how to clean it up, in accordance with DTSC requirements. It’s filed scores of reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2007 order stipulates that Boeing must complete remediation of contaminated soil and related cleanup tasks \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2500793-ref-13.html#document/p10/a352720\">by the end of next month\u003c/a>. Dave Dassler, the company’s site closure director, estimates that might require digging out and hauling away up to 400,000 cubic yards of dirt, enough to fill the Rose Bowl. The digging hasn’t even started.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Boeing Creates Easement to Set Aside Land as Open Space\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many public health and environmental activists say that Boeing’s characterization of the threat posed by the contamination at Santa Susana is far too permissive for a severely contaminated site that is only half a mile away and steeply uphill from residential neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a recent Boeing legal maneuver may clear the way for the company to negotiate terms that are even less rigorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11367884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11367884\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"The Santa Susana Field Laboratory is surrounded by suburbs that extend to within half a mile of the lab gate.\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24633_DSC_0055-qut-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Santa Susana Field Laboratory is surrounded by suburbs that extend to within half a mile of the lab gate. \u003ccite>(Chris Richard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Company officials have long declared that Boeing will preserve its property as open space to protect wildlife and preserve pre-Columbian historic sites in the hills adjacent to former test and accident sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Boeing has made that commitment legally binding by granting the Pennsylvania-based \u003ca href=\"http://northamericanlandtrust.org/\">North American Land Trust\u003c/a> a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3698554-Grant-Deed.html#document/p4/a351999\">conservation easement\u003c/a> that declares the company’s property permanent open space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, activists have predicted that Santa Susana, which is surrounded by suburbs, might be turned into a housing development. Now the company’s agreement with the land trust \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3698554-Grant-Deed.html#document/p8/a352001\">bars \u003c/a>residential, commercial, industrial or agricultural development, North American president Stephen Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘My organization never felt this land had a secure open space future until now.’\u003ccite>Clark Stevens, Resource Conservation District of the Santa Monica Mountains\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Clark Stevens, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcdsmm.org/\">Resource Conservation District of the Santa Monica Mountains\u003c/a>, said the agreement protects a vital travel corridor for wildlife, such as deer and mountain lions, between the Los Padres National Forest to the north and the Santa Monica Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stevens, who has worked with conservation easements for 15 years, said Boeing stands to receive a substantial tax write-off for voiding its property’s development value. He said the public will benefit as well, because the building ban is legally inviolable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It rides with the land,” he said. “It doesn’t matter who the owner is in the future. They will be restricted by the conservation easement. My organization never felt this land had a secure open space future until now, because Boeing saying they would keep it open space was just a policy that could change. This easement changes that. It has teeth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a firm development prohibition in place, it’s appropriate to reconsider cleanup standards, Stevens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now that we know we have protected open space, we should take seriously the fact that no one will ever live there and not overdo the cleanup,” he said. “My organization does habitat restoration. You can’t restore land that has been scraped to bare rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11459642\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11459642\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-800x510.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Hirsch, president of the nuclear watchdog group Committee to Bridge the Gap and director of the Program on Environmental and Nuclear Policy at UC Santa Cruz. \" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-800x510.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-1020x650.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-1180x752.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-960x612.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-240x153.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-375x239.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/HirschMic-520x331.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Hirsch, president of the nuclear watchdog group Committee to Bridge the Gap and director of the Program on Environmental and Nuclear Policy at UC Santa Cruz. \u003ccite>(Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like other Boeing officials, company spokeswoman Megan Hilfer has argued that Boeing is committed to making its property clean enough for people to live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with the easement in place, the cleanup standard Boeing will apply “remains to be seen,” Hilfer said in a telephone interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The problem is that the people living nearby aren’t open space. They are real people who for the rest of their lives will face the risk of exposure to the toxic contamination leaking off that site.’\u003ccite>Dan Hirsh, president, Committee to Bridge the Gap\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We look forward to working with the DTSC to determine the appropriate cleanup actions for Boeing’s portion of Santa Susana,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Hirsch, president of the nuclear watchdog group \u003ca href=\"http://committeetobridgethegap.org/\">Committee to Bridge the Gap\u003c/a> and director of the \u003ca href=\"https://socialsciences.ucsc.edu/academics/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=dohirsch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Program on Environmental and Nuclear Policy at UC Santa Cruz,\u003c/a> fears the conservation easement will undermine a thorough cleanup at the field laboratory. By declaring its land “open space,” Boeing glosses over the fact that its contamination is very close to residential neighborhoods, Hirsch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is that the people living nearby aren’t open space. They are real people who for the rest of their lives will face the risk of exposure to the toxic contamination leaking off that site,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Simi Hills, where the laboratory is located, lie between the suburban communities of Chatsworth and Simi Valley. Residential neighborhoods extend to within half a mile of the laboratory gates, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.simivalley.org/index.aspx?page=795\">a new housing development\u003c/a> is rising just north of the portion of Santa Susana where the experimental reactor once operated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a public meeting this month, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/SiteCleanup/Santa_Susana_Field_Lab/ssfl_contacts.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">project team leader \u003c/a>for Santa Susana at the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Toxic Substances Control\u003c/a>, Mark Malinowski, said the department only recently received a copy of Boeing’s easement agreement and hasn’t determined how it might affect the cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Malinowski questioned whether the laboratory endangers its neighbors. He said a detailed survey of a property next to the laboratory’s most active radiological site didn’t find any contaminants that would pose a public threat. DTSC spokesman Russ Edmondson said the same holds true for the rest of the land around the laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11439172\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11439172 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1285\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/RS25132__DSC0190-qut-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Malinowski, Santa Susana project team leader for the state Department of Toxic Substances Control, answers a question at a public meeting. \u003ccite>(Chris Richard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That drew a terse response from Denise Duffield, associate director of Physicians for Social Responsibility in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So how do they know better than the National Academy of Sciences?” she asked. “The academy says there is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nirs.org/press/06-30-2005/\">no safe exposure level\u003c/a> for radioactivity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Rigorous Should the Safety Standards Be?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/losangeles/\">Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board \u003c/a>has repeatedly called attention to poisons and radioactive material in runoff from the laboratory. In 2007, for instance, it fined Boeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3701400-pressrelease2007-0911boeingpaysfine.html\">$471,000 \u003c/a> for releasing wastewater with elevated levels of chromium, dioxin, lead and mercury. Tests in 2009 found elevated levels of \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3717250-RWQCB-NPDES-Outfal-008-and-009-Status-Report.html#document/p2/a352759\">cesium-137\u003c/a>, copper and\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3717250-RWQCB-NPDES-Outfal-008-and-009-Status-Report.html#document/p2/a352758\"> lead\u003c/a>. In 2010, the board fined Boeing again after the laboratory’s runoff contained levels of radioactive materials, dioxins, mercury and other contaminants that the board \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3717282-50621720-Complaint.html#document/p5/a352775\">considered excessive\u003c/a>. This time, the fine was for \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3699738-50624955-CJ.html#document/p3/a352286\">$500,000.\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"SS_L3\">\u003cspan class=\"verdana\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview, Malinowski stood by his claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The numbers that the water board looks at for their discharge limits are much, much lower than human health standards are,” he said. “They are extremely low numbers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board isn’t the only government agency with stricter requirements than those the DTSC is applying at Santa Susana. Records show the department is holding Boeing to much weaker standards than the federal government’ s general guidelines as well. One example: The state has accepted a threshold for strontium 90, a carcinogen, that is \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3453382-PRGs-EPA-vs-DTSC.html#document/p2/a337179\">more than 1,000 times\u003c/a> more lenient than the EPA \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3453382-PRGs-EPA-vs-DTSC.html#document/p1/a337178\">cleanup standard\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11378766 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-800x550.jpg\" alt=\"RS24779_Lead-qut\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-800x550.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-1020x702.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-1180x812.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-960x661.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-240x165.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-375x258.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/RS24779_Lead-qut-520x358.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before it can clean up a toxic site, a pollution control agency has to identify where the contamination is and how dangerous it is. To do that, it chooses from a range of possible “risk-based screening levels” that can be used to create a pollution map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal EPA’s standard for determining how much pollution must be removed from a polluted site is to achieve a contaminant level low enough that the pollution can be expected to cause no more than one cancer per million people over a 30-year period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators may set different screening levels depending on the land’s expected use, but residential scenarios are strict, because that’s where people spend the most time and face the greatest risk from pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, the EPA considers the possibility that residents will eat fruit and vegetables from backyard gardens. It’s not that the EPA is trying to promote gardening. It’s the agency’s way of acknowledging that often, ingesting contaminants is more dangerous than merely passing by them or touching them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing has argued that a residential cleanup isn’t necessary at Santa Susana because nobody is going to live there. The company has promised that it would clean the land to a residential standard anyway, to be absolutely sure that the environment is protected, as well as the health of people living nearby or visiting the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some residential scenarios are more rigorous than others. DTSC scientists who assesses the health risks of pollution \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3519086-65750-DTSC-Comments-on-Draft-HH-RBSLs-TM-2012-05.html#document/p6/a344374\">recommended \u003c/a>including a strict residential standard in setting the screening levels for Santa Susana. But in 2013, the department \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2433969-boeing-soil-scl-submittal-and-dtsc-approval.html#document/p4/a245064\">accepted\u003c/a> a Boeing method that \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3516752-Risk-Assessment-Excerpt.html\">skipped\u003c/a> the strictest benchmarks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result was a 2015 risk assessment in which Boeing discreetly contradicted itself. It started out by claiming the pollution \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3515375-66635-Draft-RCRA-Facility-Investigation-Data.html#document/p26/a343144\">really wasn’t that bad\u003c/a>. But buried in an appendix was an acknowledgment that if Boeing were to factor in the possibility of people eating fruit and vegetables grown on the site, it would have to admit to a cancer risk as high as \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3515375-66635-Draft-RCRA-Facility-Investigation-Data.html#document/p622/a343149\">three in 10\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An assessment for another portion of the laboratory grounds acknowledged that if Boeing were to apply the strict standard there, it would have to admit the pollution was severe enough that for every 10 hypothetical people living there,\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3522589-Draft-RCRA-Facility-Investigation-Data-Summary.html#document/p2856/a345374\"> nine would get cancer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The revelations\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3515481-SSFL-Letter-to-B-Lee.html#document/p2/a343151\"> infuriated elected officials\u003c/a>, who pointed out that real people live very close to these sites. The DTSC \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3514661-67213-2016-08-23-DTSC-Cmmnt-Ltr-and-Cmmnts-for.html#document/p2/a343156\">ordered\u003c/a> Boeing to change its assessments to include gardens. But Boeing didn’t change its screening methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11459714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11459714\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"John Detwiler, who lives just downhill from the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, told a public meeting recently that he’s angry and disappointed at the state Department of Toxic Substances Control’s failure to clean up the laboratory. \" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-1180x780.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-960x635.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Detwiler-520x344.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Detwiler, who lives just downhill from the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, told a public meeting recently that he’s angry and disappointed at the state Department of Toxic Substances Control’s failure to clean up the laboratory. \u003ccite>(Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In response to repeated inquiries, department public affairs officials offered no explanation as to why the DTSC allowed Boeing to continue to employ a screening method the department had expressly forbidden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a March 24 email, Boeing spokeswoman Megan Hilfer defended the company’s ongoing use of the less rigorous standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When considering a risk-based approach, future land use is a critical consideration to ensure the property is adequately cleaned for that end use, while also protecting against adverse cleanup impacts to natural and cultural resources,” the email states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why including a garden exposure pathway in that assessment for Santa Susana, as some have suggested, makes no sense: the property will be legally-restricted open space where no produce of any kind will ever be grown for consumption on-site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such arguments anger John Detwiler, who lives just downhill from the laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t tell me no pollution comes down every time it rains, every time the ground shakes, when the wind blows, we’re all victims,” he said. “Including me. Including my wife. Including her daughter. We’re all victims.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Note:\u003c/strong> Reporting for this \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/santa-susana-field-laboratory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">series of stories\u003c/a> received financial support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fij.org\">Fund for Investigative Journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ex-Governor's Ambitions Paved Way to Oroville Dam Crisis, Records Say",
"title": "Ex-Governor's Ambitions Paved Way to Oroville Dam Crisis, Records Say",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Historical records reveal\u003ca href=\"http://governors.library.ca.gov/32-pbrown.html\"> the late Gov. Pat Brown\u003c/a> misled voters about the cost of building the nation's tallest dam, ignored recommendations to delay construction and dismissed allegations that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/07/how-incompetent-rock-led-to-the-oroville-dam-crisis/\">substandard materials\u003c/a> were used to build the ambitious project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty years before a damaged spillway at the Oroville Dam \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/02/13/180000-still-evacuated-from-oroville-dam-emergency/\">forced thousands of people to evacuate\u003c/a>, Brown's administration overcame labor strikes, worker deaths and other scandals to get the dam built on time, the Sacramento Bee \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article150278687.html\">reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oroville Dam is one of the anchors of the state's water supply system. In February, two spillways at the 770-foot-tall dam \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/15/map-see-how-oroville-dam-crisis-unfolded/\">began ripping away \u003c/a>under unusually heavy rain and snow melt, threatening to flood towns downstream. Nearly 200,000 people were given only an hour's notice to escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11459354\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11459354\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown.jpg 592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown-160x203.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown-240x304.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown-375x476.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown-520x660.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edmund G. \"Pat\" Brown, 32nd governor of California \u003ccite>(California State Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The state got a handle on the crisis, and it is rushing to carry out hundreds of millions of dollars in repairs before the next rainy season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bee said it didn't find anything in the historical records that directly foreshadowed the spillway troubles. But experts believe the mess was caused at least in part by\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/18/report-design-building-and-upkeep-flaws-led-to-oroville-spillway-failure/\"> design and construction problems\u003c/a> decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may come back to engineering hubris, and engineering hubris inevitably comes back to bite us in the butt in California,\" said Jeffrey Mount, a geologist and water expert at the\u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\"> Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown was bent on building a dam and the accompanying\u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\"> State Water Project\u003c/a> to expand water deliveries to the parched southern half of California, state archives, oral history interviews and other documents reveal. He campaigned relentlessly and convinced the Legislature and then the voters to approve a $1.75 billion bond measure when the federal government couldn't help with funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He later acknowledged in an interview for an oral history project at UC Berkeley that he and his advisers realized the project's true cost was probably around $2.5 billion, but they weren't sure voters could handle such a number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believed cost didn't really matter, given what was at stake. When advisers urged him to postpone construction because of cost issues, he reasoned that delay would only lead to higher costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You need water. Whatever it costs, you have to have it,\" he told the Berkeley interviewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dam's construction took five years and was rife with problems. Local historians say 34 men died building the dam and the surrounding infrastructure. Workers went on numerous strikes, and in 1964 at least three state workers were fired for buying land near the dam site, knowing they'd profit when the state bought it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest controversy came in 1964 when an Oroville newspaper published allegations that substandard materials were being used at the construction site. Brown called the story \"irresponsible and erroneous.\" State officials later wrote a report that said there was no evidence that the dam \"was designed or is being built in an unsafe manner.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"m0arIJKKfesRWOrf4Wopo0gqhM9xKG96\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. David Rogers, an engineering expert and dam historian at Missouri University of Science & Technology, said the main spillway apparently didn't get the same level of attention as the main dam. Top engineers and consultants were brought in from all over the world to ensure the bedrock was strong enough to support the dam. The spillways, however, were built on much more weathered rock that easily crumbled this winter, Rogers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After construction was completed in 1968, the dam and Lake Oroville played a critical role in California's booming economic and population growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No other state ever attempted anything like this,\" Rogers said. \"It was larger than any federal dam when it was built. It was the largest non-federal public works project in world history. Nothing else out there was as big and as ambitious as the California Water Project.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Brown saw the Oroville Dam and the water project as chances to leave his personal legacy. \"I think it's a monument to me, and I'm very proud of it,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Historical records reveal\u003ca href=\"http://governors.library.ca.gov/32-pbrown.html\"> the late Gov. Pat Brown\u003c/a> misled voters about the cost of building the nation's tallest dam, ignored recommendations to delay construction and dismissed allegations that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/07/how-incompetent-rock-led-to-the-oroville-dam-crisis/\">substandard materials\u003c/a> were used to build the ambitious project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty years before a damaged spillway at the Oroville Dam \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/02/13/180000-still-evacuated-from-oroville-dam-emergency/\">forced thousands of people to evacuate\u003c/a>, Brown's administration overcame labor strikes, worker deaths and other scandals to get the dam built on time, the Sacramento Bee \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article150278687.html\">reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oroville Dam is one of the anchors of the state's water supply system. In February, two spillways at the 770-foot-tall dam \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/15/map-see-how-oroville-dam-crisis-unfolded/\">began ripping away \u003c/a>under unusually heavy rain and snow melt, threatening to flood towns downstream. Nearly 200,000 people were given only an hour's notice to escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11459354\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11459354\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown.jpg 592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown-160x203.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown-240x304.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown-375x476.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Governor_Edmund_G._-Pat-_Brown-520x660.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edmund G. \"Pat\" Brown, 32nd governor of California \u003ccite>(California State Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The state got a handle on the crisis, and it is rushing to carry out hundreds of millions of dollars in repairs before the next rainy season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bee said it didn't find anything in the historical records that directly foreshadowed the spillway troubles. But experts believe the mess was caused at least in part by\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/18/report-design-building-and-upkeep-flaws-led-to-oroville-spillway-failure/\"> design and construction problems\u003c/a> decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may come back to engineering hubris, and engineering hubris inevitably comes back to bite us in the butt in California,\" said Jeffrey Mount, a geologist and water expert at the\u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\"> Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown was bent on building a dam and the accompanying\u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\"> State Water Project\u003c/a> to expand water deliveries to the parched southern half of California, state archives, oral history interviews and other documents reveal. He campaigned relentlessly and convinced the Legislature and then the voters to approve a $1.75 billion bond measure when the federal government couldn't help with funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He later acknowledged in an interview for an oral history project at UC Berkeley that he and his advisers realized the project's true cost was probably around $2.5 billion, but they weren't sure voters could handle such a number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believed cost didn't really matter, given what was at stake. When advisers urged him to postpone construction because of cost issues, he reasoned that delay would only lead to higher costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You need water. Whatever it costs, you have to have it,\" he told the Berkeley interviewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dam's construction took five years and was rife with problems. Local historians say 34 men died building the dam and the surrounding infrastructure. Workers went on numerous strikes, and in 1964 at least three state workers were fired for buying land near the dam site, knowing they'd profit when the state bought it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest controversy came in 1964 when an Oroville newspaper published allegations that substandard materials were being used at the construction site. Brown called the story \"irresponsible and erroneous.\" State officials later wrote a report that said there was no evidence that the dam \"was designed or is being built in an unsafe manner.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. David Rogers, an engineering expert and dam historian at Missouri University of Science & Technology, said the main spillway apparently didn't get the same level of attention as the main dam. Top engineers and consultants were brought in from all over the world to ensure the bedrock was strong enough to support the dam. The spillways, however, were built on much more weathered rock that easily crumbled this winter, Rogers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After construction was completed in 1968, the dam and Lake Oroville played a critical role in California's booming economic and population growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No other state ever attempted anything like this,\" Rogers said. \"It was larger than any federal dam when it was built. It was the largest non-federal public works project in world history. Nothing else out there was as big and as ambitious as the California Water Project.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Brown saw the Oroville Dam and the water project as chances to leave his personal legacy. \"I think it's a monument to me, and I'm very proud of it,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Tesla is now accepting deposits for its new solar roof system, offering an \"infinity\" warranty for tiles that integrate solar power into roof coverings. Installations will begin in June, the company says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resembling normal roofing shingles, the solar tiles will be offered in a variety of styles, from slate and terra cotta to smooth or textured dark gray. \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/solarroof\">On its website\u003c/a>, Tesla is taking $1,000 deposits toward work that includes removing a house's existing roof, installing the solar tiles and equipping the home with a battery to store power.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potential customers can use the company's online tool to estimate the solar roof's costs and savings, based on their roof's square footage. The results, which draw on Google's \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/get/sunroof\">Project Sunroof\u003c/a>, vary according to energy costs and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar roof tiles are made of quartz glass. But not all tiles on a house with the system will be actively gathering the sun's energy. Tesla's plan calls for mixing solar and nonsolar tiles. From the street, the company says, the two look identical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a two-story house in Raleigh, N.C., with 2,467 square feet — the median size of a new, single-family home in the U.S., according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/construction/chars/pdf/c25ann2015.pdf\">recent Census Bureau data\u003c/a> — the upfront cost of replacing a roof with the solar tile system comes to $46,400, according to Tesla's online tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal tax credit drops that amount by nearly $14,000, but Tesla's Powerwall battery adds a $7,000 expense. With 60 percent solar coverage on the roof, the system would generate $38,100 worth of energy over 30 years, according to the estimate, leaving the homeowner with a net cost of $1,400. Depending on the local energy market, a similar home in another area could generate a profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"infinity\" warranty covers the glass in the tiles, Tesla says. The company offers a 30-year warranty for other aspects of the system, such as the tiles' power output and the system's ability to prevent leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price per square foot varies with the proportion of solar and nonsolar tiles. Tesla says active tiles will cost $42 per square foot, while inert tiles will be around $11 per square foot. The active tiles have three main layers, with a base solar cell beneath a colored louver film that's covered by tempered glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A standard solar panel setup could cost about 30 percent less than the Tesla system, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-10/tesla-s-solar-roof-is-finally-ready-for-you-to-buy\">Bloomberg reports\u003c/a>. But the news outlet also says Tesla is bringing its aesthetically appealing tiles to market at a price that's well beneath earlier expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla says its SolarCity subsidiary will begin installing the first systems in California in June and will then spread to other areas. For 2017, the solar tiles will be installed only in the U.S., the company says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tesla+Begins+Taking+Orders+For+Its+Solar+Energy+Roof+Tile+Systems&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal tax credit drops that amount by nearly $14,000, but Tesla's Powerwall battery adds a $7,000 expense. With 60 percent solar coverage on the roof, the system would generate $38,100 worth of energy over 30 years, according to the estimate, leaving the homeowner with a net cost of $1,400. Depending on the local energy market, a similar home in another area could generate a profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"infinity\" warranty covers the glass in the tiles, Tesla says. The company offers a 30-year warranty for other aspects of the system, such as the tiles' power output and the system's ability to prevent leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price per square foot varies with the proportion of solar and nonsolar tiles. Tesla says active tiles will cost $42 per square foot, while inert tiles will be around $11 per square foot. The active tiles have three main layers, with a base solar cell beneath a colored louver film that's covered by tempered glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A standard solar panel setup could cost about 30 percent less than the Tesla system, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-10/tesla-s-solar-roof-is-finally-ready-for-you-to-buy\">Bloomberg reports\u003c/a>. But the news outlet also says Tesla is bringing its aesthetically appealing tiles to market at a price that's well beneath earlier expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla says its SolarCity subsidiary will begin installing the first systems in California in June and will then spread to other areas. For 2017, the solar tiles will be installed only in the U.S., the company says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tesla+Begins+Taking+Orders+For+Its+Solar+Energy+Roof+Tile+Systems&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you’re trying to generate a lot more solar power, you’re limited by the size and heft of those big solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where can you put them? The answer so far has been the desert, or on rooftops. There have even been efforts to put panels on top of landfill sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar entrepreneur Troy Helming of the San Francisco-based solar company Pristine Sun has a new idea: floating on water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helming isn't thinking about the ocean. Think of all of the wide-open and unused water surfaces across the state, including reservoirs, agricultural holding ponds and wastewater treatment pools. Those areas represent thousands of acres of potential solar sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'A big source of water loss over reservoirs is evaporation. When you put solar photovoltaics over a reservoir, you reduce evaporation.'\u003ccite>Mark Jacobson, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California is leading the nation in setting up floating solar. In Sonoma County, solar panels are about to go online at a wastewater treatment facility. In San Diego County, a project is underway to set up solar panels on a portion of the 200-acre Olivenhain Reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar panel systems look a little like metal grandstand seats at a football game, stretched flat on big orange floats. And unlike remote desert solar arrays, these panels on water surfaces are near urban centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a huge plus, says Helming, because it’s the urban centers that use most of the power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finding bodies of water, that we view as an unutilized or underutilized asset,” Helming says, “are a way to get the energy production closer to where it’s being consumed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11454453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11454453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-800x573.jpg\" alt=\"Troy Helming, CEO of Pristine Sun.\" width=\"800\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-800x573.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-1020x730.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-1180x844.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-960x687.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-240x172.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-375x268.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Troy Helming, CEO of Pristine Sun. \u003ccite>(David Gorn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Putting solar panels on water has already been successful in several other countries, including Japan, France, Indonesia and Singapore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Jacobson, director of the Atmosphere and Energy program at Stanford University, says there are many other benefits of putting solar panels on water -- especially, he says, for drought-conscious California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big source of water loss over reservoirs is evaporation,” Jacobson says. “When you put solar photovoltaics over a reservoir, you reduce evaporation, you trap more of the water and that saves more of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He ticks some of the other benefits off his fingers: They generate clean energy, are located near existing power transmission lines and cut down on algae blooms at reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the challenges of desert solar arrays is that it’s hard to keep the panels clean. The dirt can obscure sunlight and reduce efficiency by as much as 20 percent, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When those panels are on reservoirs, water can easily be used to clean the panels, which makes them much more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helming adds that having the panels on the water is also cooler, which further increases efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYYRbIBk-54\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These solar panels are semiconductors. Just like a semiconductor in your phone or laptop or tablet, you want them to be cool to be efficient,” Helming says. “So we’re forecasting a 3 percent to 5 percent increase in efficiency, just by being on the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s the kicker: Floating solar on the Olivenhain Reservoir in San Diego County won’t cost taxpayers a penny, according to Kelly Rodgers of the San Diego County Water Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? The county gets a monthly fee for leasing the surface of the reservoir, and on top of that gets a share of the energy generated. About 24,000 solar panels will cover about 15 percent of the reservoir’s 200-acre surface to produce about 12,000 megawatt hours a month -- enough to power about 2,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodgers says other water agencies around the state are watching what happens in San Diego, because the potential benefits also include meeting state standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the state’s push toward 50 percent renewable portfolio standards going to 100 percent,” Rodgers says, “it’s a great opportunity to offset greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sonoma County project has already been field-tested and should go online later this year, Helming says. The contract for the San Diego County project was just signed, so there's lots of permitting still to be done. Officials don’t expect the reservoir solar project to be running for another year, and probably two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to officials at the Natural Resources Defense Council, there are likely no environmental problems with floating solar, because they’re on man-made water surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this new floating solar technology takes off in California and starts to fulfill its promise, that could significantly raise the state’s alternative energy supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that could eventually translate into a corresponding dip, maybe, in the future price of energy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you’re trying to generate a lot more solar power, you’re limited by the size and heft of those big solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where can you put them? The answer so far has been the desert, or on rooftops. There have even been efforts to put panels on top of landfill sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar entrepreneur Troy Helming of the San Francisco-based solar company Pristine Sun has a new idea: floating on water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helming isn't thinking about the ocean. Think of all of the wide-open and unused water surfaces across the state, including reservoirs, agricultural holding ponds and wastewater treatment pools. Those areas represent thousands of acres of potential solar sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'A big source of water loss over reservoirs is evaporation. When you put solar photovoltaics over a reservoir, you reduce evaporation.'\u003ccite>Mark Jacobson, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California is leading the nation in setting up floating solar. In Sonoma County, solar panels are about to go online at a wastewater treatment facility. In San Diego County, a project is underway to set up solar panels on a portion of the 200-acre Olivenhain Reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar panel systems look a little like metal grandstand seats at a football game, stretched flat on big orange floats. And unlike remote desert solar arrays, these panels on water surfaces are near urban centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a huge plus, says Helming, because it’s the urban centers that use most of the power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finding bodies of water, that we view as an unutilized or underutilized asset,” Helming says, “are a way to get the energy production closer to where it’s being consumed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11454453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11454453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-800x573.jpg\" alt=\"Troy Helming, CEO of Pristine Sun.\" width=\"800\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-800x573.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-1020x730.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-1180x844.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-960x687.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-240x172.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-375x268.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/SolarCEO-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Troy Helming, CEO of Pristine Sun. \u003ccite>(David Gorn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Putting solar panels on water has already been successful in several other countries, including Japan, France, Indonesia and Singapore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Jacobson, director of the Atmosphere and Energy program at Stanford University, says there are many other benefits of putting solar panels on water -- especially, he says, for drought-conscious California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big source of water loss over reservoirs is evaporation,” Jacobson says. “When you put solar photovoltaics over a reservoir, you reduce evaporation, you trap more of the water and that saves more of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He ticks some of the other benefits off his fingers: They generate clean energy, are located near existing power transmission lines and cut down on algae blooms at reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the challenges of desert solar arrays is that it’s hard to keep the panels clean. The dirt can obscure sunlight and reduce efficiency by as much as 20 percent, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When those panels are on reservoirs, water can easily be used to clean the panels, which makes them much more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helming adds that having the panels on the water is also cooler, which further increases efficiency.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/EYYRbIBk-54'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/EYYRbIBk-54'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“These solar panels are semiconductors. Just like a semiconductor in your phone or laptop or tablet, you want them to be cool to be efficient,” Helming says. “So we’re forecasting a 3 percent to 5 percent increase in efficiency, just by being on the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s the kicker: Floating solar on the Olivenhain Reservoir in San Diego County won’t cost taxpayers a penny, according to Kelly Rodgers of the San Diego County Water Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? The county gets a monthly fee for leasing the surface of the reservoir, and on top of that gets a share of the energy generated. About 24,000 solar panels will cover about 15 percent of the reservoir’s 200-acre surface to produce about 12,000 megawatt hours a month -- enough to power about 2,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodgers says other water agencies around the state are watching what happens in San Diego, because the potential benefits also include meeting state standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the state’s push toward 50 percent renewable portfolio standards going to 100 percent,” Rodgers says, “it’s a great opportunity to offset greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sonoma County project has already been field-tested and should go online later this year, Helming says. The contract for the San Diego County project was just signed, so there's lots of permitting still to be done. Officials don’t expect the reservoir solar project to be running for another year, and probably two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to officials at the Natural Resources Defense Council, there are likely no environmental problems with floating solar, because they’re on man-made water surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this new floating solar technology takes off in California and starts to fulfill its promise, that could significantly raise the state’s alternative energy supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that could eventually translate into a corresponding dip, maybe, in the future price of energy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Lawmakers Grill Water Officials for Oversight of Damaged Dam",
"title": "California Lawmakers Grill Water Officials for Oversight of Damaged Dam",
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"content": "\u003cp>California lawmakers blasted state water officials Thursday for their oversight of the half-century-old dam that anchors the state's water system in a hearing focusing on the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/18/report-design-building-and-upkeep-flaws-led-to-oroville-spillway-failure/\">design problems and aging\u003c/a> that contributed to the evacuation of nearly 200,000 people downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This frightens me, that this was built in this manner,\" state Assemblyman Jim Frazier, a Democrat and an engineer by training, told the state officials overseeing the Oroville Dam, the nation's tallest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frazier cited \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/18/report-design-building-and-upkeep-flaws-led-to-oroville-spillway-failure/\">post-crisis inspection reports\u003c/a> of concrete as thin as the width of the palm of a hand on Oroville's main spillway. \"We have some things we need to address so this doesn't happen again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both water-release spillways at the 770-foot-high dam, completed in the late 1960s, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/16/watch-what-happened-at-oroville-dam-and-what-could-still-go-wrong/\">washed away\u003c/a> during heavy rain and snow in February. Authorities ordered the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/23/six-weeks-after-crisis-oroville-evacuation-orders-finally-lifted/\">evacuation of people \u003c/a>in parts of three counties downstream, for fear that water was about to spill out of the lake — the state's second-largest — and roar through cities and towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a hearing in Sacramento on the crisis, lawmakers cited emerging technical reports from two independent teams of experts on the Oroville Dam's two spillways. Problem areas identified so far include concrete that was far thinner than modern standards call for, cracks, tree roots that had blocked spillway drains, and bedrock anchoring the dam that was far weaker than assumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public and private dam-safety officials say the investigation into the problems at the Oroville Dam is being watched nationally, for lessons and warnings about the nation's other aging dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The culture of monitor, watch, patch and paint the crack must be corrected,\" said James Gallagher, a Republican Assemblyman who had been one of the people downstream of the dam evacuating with an hour's notice on Feb. 12. \"It risks the lives of my constituents and the complete shutdown of California's water system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Department of Water Resources officials have repeatedly acknowledged that the earthen dam was designed to looser standards than today. David Gutierrez, a consultant for the state water agency, told lawmakers that the state's inspections of the spillways before the crisis had fallen short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously, we've got to take a look at the process, because it didn't work,\" Gutierrez said of the state's routine for inspections of the Oroville dam's main spillway.[contextly_sidebar id=\"iISX5L3VgyYuzX9gyKGz2n2FMePWJCca\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sheriff ordered the evacuation when the main spillway and then the emergency spillway at Oroville collapsed over several days, raising fears that several dozen feet of the earth and concrete that made up the emergency spillway could give way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Croyle, acting director of the state water agency, rejected complaints from some critics that the state had focused on the Oroville Dam as a water supply for roughly two dozen water companies and about 26 million Californians, rather than as a flooding threat to communities below. \"The decisions we've had to make ... are focused on public safety as No. 1,\" Croyle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state currently puts the cost of managing the spillway crisis and repairing the damage at more than a half-billion dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Water Resources said earlier this week it was asking the Federal Emergency Management Agency to fund 75 percent of all construction costs, on the grounds it was a public safety emergency. Federal authorities have not yet responded publicly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked by lawmakers to explain\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/15/oroville-dam-crisis-highlights-infrastructure-needs-within-state/\"> the state's plans \u003c/a>for funding the repairs, John Laird, the state's secretary of natural resources, pointed to water districts in Central and Southern California that rely on water from the Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've got a contract with the state water contractors, so that's where it starts,\" Laird said. \"They pay.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California lawmakers blasted state water officials Thursday for their oversight of the half-century-old dam that anchors the state's water system in a hearing focusing on the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/18/report-design-building-and-upkeep-flaws-led-to-oroville-spillway-failure/\">design problems and aging\u003c/a> that contributed to the evacuation of nearly 200,000 people downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This frightens me, that this was built in this manner,\" state Assemblyman Jim Frazier, a Democrat and an engineer by training, told the state officials overseeing the Oroville Dam, the nation's tallest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frazier cited \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/18/report-design-building-and-upkeep-flaws-led-to-oroville-spillway-failure/\">post-crisis inspection reports\u003c/a> of concrete as thin as the width of the palm of a hand on Oroville's main spillway. \"We have some things we need to address so this doesn't happen again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both water-release spillways at the 770-foot-high dam, completed in the late 1960s, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/16/watch-what-happened-at-oroville-dam-and-what-could-still-go-wrong/\">washed away\u003c/a> during heavy rain and snow in February. Authorities ordered the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/23/six-weeks-after-crisis-oroville-evacuation-orders-finally-lifted/\">evacuation of people \u003c/a>in parts of three counties downstream, for fear that water was about to spill out of the lake — the state's second-largest — and roar through cities and towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a hearing in Sacramento on the crisis, lawmakers cited emerging technical reports from two independent teams of experts on the Oroville Dam's two spillways. Problem areas identified so far include concrete that was far thinner than modern standards call for, cracks, tree roots that had blocked spillway drains, and bedrock anchoring the dam that was far weaker than assumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public and private dam-safety officials say the investigation into the problems at the Oroville Dam is being watched nationally, for lessons and warnings about the nation's other aging dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The culture of monitor, watch, patch and paint the crack must be corrected,\" said James Gallagher, a Republican Assemblyman who had been one of the people downstream of the dam evacuating with an hour's notice on Feb. 12. \"It risks the lives of my constituents and the complete shutdown of California's water system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Department of Water Resources officials have repeatedly acknowledged that the earthen dam was designed to looser standards than today. David Gutierrez, a consultant for the state water agency, told lawmakers that the state's inspections of the spillways before the crisis had fallen short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously, we've got to take a look at the process, because it didn't work,\" Gutierrez said of the state's routine for inspections of the Oroville dam's main spillway.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sheriff ordered the evacuation when the main spillway and then the emergency spillway at Oroville collapsed over several days, raising fears that several dozen feet of the earth and concrete that made up the emergency spillway could give way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Croyle, acting director of the state water agency, rejected complaints from some critics that the state had focused on the Oroville Dam as a water supply for roughly two dozen water companies and about 26 million Californians, rather than as a flooding threat to communities below. \"The decisions we've had to make ... are focused on public safety as No. 1,\" Croyle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state currently puts the cost of managing the spillway crisis and repairing the damage at more than a half-billion dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Water Resources said earlier this week it was asking the Federal Emergency Management Agency to fund 75 percent of all construction costs, on the grounds it was a public safety emergency. Federal authorities have not yet responded publicly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked by lawmakers to explain\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/15/oroville-dam-crisis-highlights-infrastructure-needs-within-state/\"> the state's plans \u003c/a>for funding the repairs, John Laird, the state's secretary of natural resources, pointed to water districts in Central and Southern California that rely on water from the Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've got a contract with the state water contractors, so that's where it starts,\" Laird said. \"They pay.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>DANA POINT — A sheriff's helicopter crew warned a group of paddleboarders to get out of the ocean after spotting more than a dozen great white sharks along the Southern California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video posted online by the Orange County Sheriff's Department shows a school of sharks swimming near several people in the water Wednesday at Dana Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You are paddleboarding next to approximately 15 great white sharks,\" Deputy Brian Stockbridge announced over the helicopter loudspeaker to people in the water. \"They are advising you exit the water in a calm manner. The sharks are as close as the surfline.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAPI8yCteX4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advisories were posted for beaches up and down Southern California after shark sightings this week -- including at San Onofre State Beach, where a woman was \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-shark-attack-20170506-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bitten by a shark April 29\u003c/a>. She is recovering from wounds to part of her upper thigh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sightings are not uncommon along the coast, but attacks are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire Capt. Cameron Abel of the Marine Safety Unit in Long Beach said the increase in shark sightings was similar to an influx seen at this time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine safety officials have attributed the activity to a \"thriving aquatic ecosystem\" in the area, and estimated that 10 to 20 juvenile sharks swam near Long Beach daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sharks \"were around most of the summer,\" Abel told the Los Angeles Times. \"We'd spot them periodically, and toward the end of the summer they disappeared.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"EHLENMReV2cjxo2Ystyqp1VuhpIlrwfV\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Lowe of the Shark Lab at Cal State Long Beach \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/05/12/71709/you-re-going-to-see-sharks-don-t-freak-out/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">joined KPCC to answer some burning questions\u003c/a> about beach safety, why there are so many shark sightings this time of year and whether this year is any different from normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason all these great white sharks might not be too unusual? Lowe said Southern California beaches have been known to be a nursery for them for at least a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly a year ago, a woman was \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/tn-dpt-0531-coastline-shark-bite-20160531-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bitten by a shark\u003c/a> while swimming off Corona del Mar, about 15 miles (24 kilometers) to the north of the Wednesday sighting. Experts estimated the shark was at least 10 feet (3.05 meters) in length, judging from the bite marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the full video of Wednesday's sharks posted by the Orange County Sheriff's Department:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oM-Qg_Wy6c8\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Video from the Orange County Sheriff's Department shows a school of great white sharks swimming near several people Wednesday off Dana Point.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>DANA POINT — A sheriff's helicopter crew warned a group of paddleboarders to get out of the ocean after spotting more than a dozen great white sharks along the Southern California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video posted online by the Orange County Sheriff's Department shows a school of sharks swimming near several people in the water Wednesday at Dana Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You are paddleboarding next to approximately 15 great white sharks,\" Deputy Brian Stockbridge announced over the helicopter loudspeaker to people in the water. \"They are advising you exit the water in a calm manner. The sharks are as close as the surfline.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xAPI8yCteX4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xAPI8yCteX4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Advisories were posted for beaches up and down Southern California after shark sightings this week -- including at San Onofre State Beach, where a woman was \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-shark-attack-20170506-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bitten by a shark April 29\u003c/a>. She is recovering from wounds to part of her upper thigh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sightings are not uncommon along the coast, but attacks are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire Capt. Cameron Abel of the Marine Safety Unit in Long Beach said the increase in shark sightings was similar to an influx seen at this time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine safety officials have attributed the activity to a \"thriving aquatic ecosystem\" in the area, and estimated that 10 to 20 juvenile sharks swam near Long Beach daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sharks \"were around most of the summer,\" Abel told the Los Angeles Times. \"We'd spot them periodically, and toward the end of the summer they disappeared.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Lowe of the Shark Lab at Cal State Long Beach \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/05/12/71709/you-re-going-to-see-sharks-don-t-freak-out/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">joined KPCC to answer some burning questions\u003c/a> about beach safety, why there are so many shark sightings this time of year and whether this year is any different from normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason all these great white sharks might not be too unusual? Lowe said Southern California beaches have been known to be a nursery for them for at least a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly a year ago, a woman was \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/tn-dpt-0531-coastline-shark-bite-20160531-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bitten by a shark\u003c/a> while swimming off Corona del Mar, about 15 miles (24 kilometers) to the north of the Wednesday sighting. Experts estimated the shark was at least 10 feet (3.05 meters) in length, judging from the bite marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the full video of Wednesday's sharks posted by the Orange County Sheriff's Department:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/oM-Qg_Wy6c8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/oM-Qg_Wy6c8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Employer of Contractor Killed in Soberanes Fire Pleads Not Guilty",
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"content": "\u003cp>The owner of a company that hired Robert Reagan, the bulldozer operator \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\">killed\u003c/a> in the most expensive wildfire in U.S. history, pleaded not guilty to seven criminal counts in Monterey County Superior Court on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutors \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/17/prosecutors-file-criminal-charges-against-employer-of-private-contractor-killed-in-massive-big-sur-wildfire/\">have charged\u003c/a> Ian Czirban with two counts of insurance fraud, two counts of filing a forged document, tax evasion, failure to collect taxes and failure to provide workers’ compensation insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All but one of the charges are felonies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the court hearing Czirban agreed not to engage in contracting jobs as his criminal case moves forward, according to Monterey County Managing Deputy District Attorney Ed Hazel. Czirban currently owns Czirban Concrete Construction, an agency bulldozer contractor in the Madera County town of Coarsegold. [contextly_sidebar id=\"HTFtLUbwOoN90ZUK0CuZzMeYw3LPbaSG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban appeared with his attorney, Daniel Olmos, a Palo Alto-based lawyer specializing in financial fraud. Olmos declined to comment on the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban is scheduled to return to court on June 28 to set his preliminary hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The arraignment came two months after \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/17/prosecutors-file-criminal-charges-against-employer-of-private-contractor-killed-in-massive-big-sur-wildfire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prosecutors charged Czirban,\u003c/a> who recruited Reagan in the early days of the Soberanes Fire near Big Sur last July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reagan’s death prompted investigations by\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Cal Fire\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/14/calosha-cites-contractors-over-soberanes-fire-casualties/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">state workplace regulators\u003c/a> and the state agency that keeps tabs on California’s construction industry. The incident led to a wrongful death \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/22/family-of-bulldozer-operator-killed-in-soberanes-fire-suing-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lawsuit \u003c/a>against the state. And, it's made life tough for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/18/widow-of-bulldozer-operator-killed-in-soberanes-fire-struggles-to-get-by/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the family Reagan left behind\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also brought attention to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/17/casualties-in-big-sur-blaze-point-to-hazards-of-wildfire-gig-economy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vulnerabilities faced by hundreds of private contractors\u003c/a> that help battle California’s wildfires year after year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban is scheduled to return to court on June 28 to set his preliminary hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The arraignment came two months after \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/17/prosecutors-file-criminal-charges-against-employer-of-private-contractor-killed-in-massive-big-sur-wildfire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prosecutors charged Czirban,\u003c/a> who recruited Reagan in the early days of the Soberanes Fire near Big Sur last July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reagan’s death prompted investigations by\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Cal Fire\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/14/calosha-cites-contractors-over-soberanes-fire-casualties/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">state workplace regulators\u003c/a> and the state agency that keeps tabs on California’s construction industry. The incident led to a wrongful death \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/22/family-of-bulldozer-operator-killed-in-soberanes-fire-suing-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lawsuit \u003c/a>against the state. And, it's made life tough for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/18/widow-of-bulldozer-operator-killed-in-soberanes-fire-struggles-to-get-by/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the family Reagan left behind\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also brought attention to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/17/casualties-in-big-sur-blaze-point-to-hazards-of-wildfire-gig-economy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vulnerabilities faced by hundreds of private contractors\u003c/a> that help battle California’s wildfires year after year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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"info": "",
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"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
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"ted-radio-hour": {
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"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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