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"content": "\u003cp>State workplace regulators have begun an investigation into the power outage at Valero's Benicia refinery that has been sending flames, smoke and toxic gas into the sky for close to a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage is renewing concern among environmentalists and could soon be felt by consumers around the region: a leading oil expert says the refinery’s shutdown will increase the cost of gas throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident, which began Friday morning, led to the release of a large plume of smoke that sent at least 12 people to local hospitals, according to Solano County health officials. It prompted the evacuation of a nearby industrial area and shelter-in-place orders for two elementary schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero says its refinery is still working to restore operations, a process that is causing intermittent flaring. In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://w3.calema.ca.gov/operational/malhaz.nsf/f1841a103c102734882563e200760c4a/7f32b10d0259de568825811c006be190?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,valero\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">another flaring incident\u003c/a> at the Benicia plant was reported to state emergency officials on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, California's Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) started its probe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The focus of the investigation is to ensure the safe operation of the refinery, to determine whether last week's incident damaged any equipment, and if so, ensure that there are appropriate repairs made,\" said Cal/OSHA spokeswoman Erika Monterroza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No Valero workers were injured in the incident, but Cal/OSHA does occasionally probe refineries after significant safety incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's investigation comes as local air regulators conduct their own investigations into Valero's flaring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Friday's outage, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District has issued \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/publications/news-releases/2017/2017_045_valeronovs_050917-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">six notices of violation\u003c/a> to the refinery for excess emissions and public nuisance.[contextly_sidebar id=\"TJ7LjckRfi9xYpZunjde9L5OeiQBsX66\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, for the first time in 18 months, Solano County is investigating the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hazardous materials specialists at the county's Department of Resource Management interviewed Valero officials about the incident on Wednesday, according to its director, Terry Schmidtbauer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The main thing is, how does a plant lose complete power?\" Schmidtbauer said in an interview Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas & Electric says the outage began shortly after crews took one of two transmission lines offline to complete upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero says it does not have a backup power source because it never got a permit to create a co-generation unit -- an addition that the company says would increase its carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time Solano County conducted a probe of Valero was following a petroleum release in December 2015 after an above-ground tank at the facility became corroded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county has inspected the refinery five times in the last 2½ years, said Schmidtbauer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Friday's incident the company is required to file a follow-up report to the Governor's Office of Emergency Services within 30 days, said Robb Mayberry, a Cal OES spokesman.[contextly_sidebar id=\"SSdojvDvj7Buvew7Sx2C9XnHo4OYmwkK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Benicia officials are conducting a top-to-bottom review of their emergency responses after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/09/benicia-mayor-calls-for-key-emergency-improvements-after-valero-refinery-outage-and-flaring/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">outage revealed weaknesses \u003c/a>in the way the city communicates with its residents about potential disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists say the flaring is another reason for stricter oversight of the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The black clouds of pollution from this latest accident are a vivid reminder of how dangerous these refineries are to nearby communities,\" said Hollin Kretzmann of the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This dirty industry has a long and disturbing history of violating our clean air protections,\" said Kretzmann. \"We need to crack down on these accident-prone refineries immediately and rapidly shift toward cleaner, safer energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage is expected to increase the cost of gasoline in the Bay Area, according to Denton Cinquegrana, chief oil analyst at the Oil Price Information Service, who's been watching gasoline market trades in reaction to Valero's shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prices have been falling off as of late, but now they're starting to move back up based on the event,\" Cinquegrana said. \"I do believe that you're going to start to see that kind of make its way downstream and out to the street level.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flaring incidents at Chevron's Richmond refinery, the Phillips 66 facility in Rodeo and Shell's Martinez plant \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/13/bay-area-refinery-malfunctions-lead-to-jump-in-gasoline-prices/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent local gas prices up in January\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average cost of a gallon of regular unleaded in California was $2.97, Triple A announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The focus of the investigation is to ensure the safe operation of the refinery, to determine whether last week's incident damaged any equipment, and if so, ensure that there are appropriate repairs made,\" said Cal/OSHA spokeswoman Erika Monterroza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No Valero workers were injured in the incident, but Cal/OSHA does occasionally probe refineries after significant safety incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's investigation comes as local air regulators conduct their own investigations into Valero's flaring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Friday's outage, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District has issued \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/publications/news-releases/2017/2017_045_valeronovs_050917-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">six notices of violation\u003c/a> to the refinery for excess emissions and public nuisance.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, for the first time in 18 months, Solano County is investigating the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hazardous materials specialists at the county's Department of Resource Management interviewed Valero officials about the incident on Wednesday, according to its director, Terry Schmidtbauer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The main thing is, how does a plant lose complete power?\" Schmidtbauer said in an interview Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas & Electric says the outage began shortly after crews took one of two transmission lines offline to complete upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero says it does not have a backup power source because it never got a permit to create a co-generation unit -- an addition that the company says would increase its carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time Solano County conducted a probe of Valero was following a petroleum release in December 2015 after an above-ground tank at the facility became corroded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county has inspected the refinery five times in the last 2½ years, said Schmidtbauer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Friday's incident the company is required to file a follow-up report to the Governor's Office of Emergency Services within 30 days, said Robb Mayberry, a Cal OES spokesman.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Benicia officials are conducting a top-to-bottom review of their emergency responses after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/09/benicia-mayor-calls-for-key-emergency-improvements-after-valero-refinery-outage-and-flaring/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">outage revealed weaknesses \u003c/a>in the way the city communicates with its residents about potential disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists say the flaring is another reason for stricter oversight of the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The black clouds of pollution from this latest accident are a vivid reminder of how dangerous these refineries are to nearby communities,\" said Hollin Kretzmann of the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This dirty industry has a long and disturbing history of violating our clean air protections,\" said Kretzmann. \"We need to crack down on these accident-prone refineries immediately and rapidly shift toward cleaner, safer energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage is expected to increase the cost of gasoline in the Bay Area, according to Denton Cinquegrana, chief oil analyst at the Oil Price Information Service, who's been watching gasoline market trades in reaction to Valero's shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prices have been falling off as of late, but now they're starting to move back up based on the event,\" Cinquegrana said. \"I do believe that you're going to start to see that kind of make its way downstream and out to the street level.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flaring incidents at Chevron's Richmond refinery, the Phillips 66 facility in Rodeo and Shell's Martinez plant \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/13/bay-area-refinery-malfunctions-lead-to-jump-in-gasoline-prices/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent local gas prices up in January\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average cost of a gallon of regular unleaded in California was $2.97, Triple A announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Benicia has to do a better job of telling its residents about major emergencies, the city's mayor said Monday, after a series of communication problems surfaced in connection with a power outage at the Valero refinery that has caused intermittent flaring since Friday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/btv\" target=\"_blank\">government access television station \u003c/a>broadcast inaccurate and inadequate information in the hours after the outage and not enough residents could hear the city's emergency sirens, said Mayor Elizabeth Patterson in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really troubling that we don't have these things in place,\" Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday air regulators announced that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/05/benicia-refinery-power-outage-triggers-evacuations/\" target=\"_blank\">Valero is being penalized\u003c/a> for the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District, which is investigating the flaring, issued four notices of violation to the energy company on Friday, three for excessive smoke and one for causing a public nuisance, according to agency spokeswoman Kristine Roselius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday afternoon the district issued a fifth notice of violation for excessive visible emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Valero was preparing for start-up when smoke started coming out of one of the stacks,\" Roselius said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Valero spokeswoman has not returned a request for comment on the district's penalty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery's first full power loss in 30 years started around 6:30 a.m. Friday. The outage began shortly after crews took one of two transmission lines offline to complete upgrades, said Matt Nauman, a Pacific Gas and Electric spokesman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Circuit breakers opened after a component of a \"protective relay system failed,\" according to Nauman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the San Francisco-based energy company did not directly contact Benicia officials quickly enough about the outage, Mayor Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why didn't PG&E call the city of Benicia so that we could begin to think about the consequences of power loss to the refinery 15 minutes earlier than we were alerted by Valero?\" Patterson asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it did tell the city, just not as fast as the mayor would have liked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A company representative contacted the Benicia fire chief and the Solano County of Emergency Services at 8 a.m., according to PG&E spokeswoman Deanna Contreras, adding that utility crews worked quickly and safely to restore power in 18 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage caused gases used in the refining process to build up inside the refinery. To relieve pressure, Valero sent toxic gas to its flares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero, like other refining companies, emphasizes that the flaring process is a safety device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first that process sent flames and a huge plume of smoke into the sky, which resulted in the evacuation of an industrial area near Valero and a shelter-in-place order for two elementary schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even that order wasn't clear. Initially, some authorities called for the rest of the city, except for the adjacent industrial area, to stay indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All other areas of town shelter in place. Keep doors and windows closed. Bring pets inside,\" said a tweet from the Benicia Police Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minutes later the agency published a corrected tweet, focusing the order on the two schools, but that was not entirely clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No shelter in place for the rest of the (city) except for Matthew Turner and Robert Semple. Everyone's encouraged to close doors and windows,\" the follow-up tweet read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, officials said that only two residents called with respiratory complaints, and there was no indication that anyone was hospitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, it turns out, the toxic air did send people to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 10 and 20 people went to the emergency department at Kaiser Permanente's Vallejo Medical Center, according to Kaiser spokeswoman Deniene Erickson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flaring continued over the weekend and on Monday as Valero restored operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We may have some intermittent flaring as we continue through safe startup process,\" said Valero spokeswoman Lillian Riojas in an email Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city has begun a top-to-bottom review of its emergency response, according to Benicia Fire Chief Jim Lydon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are some systems that we need to go back and look at and assess their functionality and make sure they're working properly,\" Lydon said in an interview Monday, adding that he saw complaints from residents about the emergency communication on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that review is completed, Mayor Patterson is calling for a City Council hearing to explore ways to improve emergency communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hearing would also investigate why Valero does not have a backup power source, something Patterson said she was unaware of until Friday's emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The afternoon of the outage a company official blamed California's greenhouse gas regulations for preventing the creation of an alternative power source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero expanded its refinery in recent years to reduce emissions, according to Don Cuffel, the company's health, safety, environmental director. That expansion increased the facility's electrical load but the company never got a permit to create a \"co-generation unit\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Adding another co-generation unit to the refinery only increases our carbon footprint,\" Cuffel said at a Friday news conference.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Benicia has to do a better job of telling its residents about major emergencies, the city's mayor said Monday, after a series of communication problems surfaced in connection with a power outage at the Valero refinery that has caused intermittent flaring since Friday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/btv\" target=\"_blank\">government access television station \u003c/a>broadcast inaccurate and inadequate information in the hours after the outage and not enough residents could hear the city's emergency sirens, said Mayor Elizabeth Patterson in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really troubling that we don't have these things in place,\" Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday air regulators announced that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/05/benicia-refinery-power-outage-triggers-evacuations/\" target=\"_blank\">Valero is being penalized\u003c/a> for the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District, which is investigating the flaring, issued four notices of violation to the energy company on Friday, three for excessive smoke and one for causing a public nuisance, according to agency spokeswoman Kristine Roselius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday afternoon the district issued a fifth notice of violation for excessive visible emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Valero was preparing for start-up when smoke started coming out of one of the stacks,\" Roselius said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Valero spokeswoman has not returned a request for comment on the district's penalty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery's first full power loss in 30 years started around 6:30 a.m. Friday. The outage began shortly after crews took one of two transmission lines offline to complete upgrades, said Matt Nauman, a Pacific Gas and Electric spokesman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Circuit breakers opened after a component of a \"protective relay system failed,\" according to Nauman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the San Francisco-based energy company did not directly contact Benicia officials quickly enough about the outage, Mayor Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why didn't PG&E call the city of Benicia so that we could begin to think about the consequences of power loss to the refinery 15 minutes earlier than we were alerted by Valero?\" Patterson asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it did tell the city, just not as fast as the mayor would have liked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A company representative contacted the Benicia fire chief and the Solano County of Emergency Services at 8 a.m., according to PG&E spokeswoman Deanna Contreras, adding that utility crews worked quickly and safely to restore power in 18 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage caused gases used in the refining process to build up inside the refinery. To relieve pressure, Valero sent toxic gas to its flares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero, like other refining companies, emphasizes that the flaring process is a safety device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first that process sent flames and a huge plume of smoke into the sky, which resulted in the evacuation of an industrial area near Valero and a shelter-in-place order for two elementary schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even that order wasn't clear. Initially, some authorities called for the rest of the city, except for the adjacent industrial area, to stay indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All other areas of town shelter in place. Keep doors and windows closed. Bring pets inside,\" said a tweet from the Benicia Police Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minutes later the agency published a corrected tweet, focusing the order on the two schools, but that was not entirely clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No shelter in place for the rest of the (city) except for Matthew Turner and Robert Semple. Everyone's encouraged to close doors and windows,\" the follow-up tweet read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, officials said that only two residents called with respiratory complaints, and there was no indication that anyone was hospitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, it turns out, the toxic air did send people to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 10 and 20 people went to the emergency department at Kaiser Permanente's Vallejo Medical Center, according to Kaiser spokeswoman Deniene Erickson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flaring continued over the weekend and on Monday as Valero restored operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We may have some intermittent flaring as we continue through safe startup process,\" said Valero spokeswoman Lillian Riojas in an email Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city has begun a top-to-bottom review of its emergency response, according to Benicia Fire Chief Jim Lydon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are some systems that we need to go back and look at and assess their functionality and make sure they're working properly,\" Lydon said in an interview Monday, adding that he saw complaints from residents about the emergency communication on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that review is completed, Mayor Patterson is calling for a City Council hearing to explore ways to improve emergency communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hearing would also investigate why Valero does not have a backup power source, something Patterson said she was unaware of until Friday's emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The afternoon of the outage a company official blamed California's greenhouse gas regulations for preventing the creation of an alternative power source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero expanded its refinery in recent years to reduce emissions, according to Don Cuffel, the company's health, safety, environmental director. That expansion increased the facility's electrical load but the company never got a permit to create a \"co-generation unit\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Adding another co-generation unit to the refinery only increases our carbon footprint,\" Cuffel said at a Friday news conference.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "with-little-science-cities-struggle-to-formulate-coyote-policies",
"title": "With Little Science, Cities Struggle to Formulate Coyote Policies",
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"headTitle": "With Little Science, Cities Struggle to Formulate Coyote Policies | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Donna Perez was stooped over in her backyard, fixing a sprinkler, when she heard her dog start shrieking. She stood up and whirled around, but it was too late. A coyote had jumped over the yard’s 5-foot wall, snatched one of her two pet Yorkies, and disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did not find her until the next day, and she was 95 percent dead,” said the Arcadia resident. The dog later died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after, Perez went to the Arcadia City Council, along with five other worried residents. They told stories of being stalked while walking their dogs, of coyotes trapping them in their cars, and of the pepper spray and golf clubs they now carried when they left their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a new breed of coyote in the neighborhood,” Perez told the council. “They are smart and cunning, they are bold and fearless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past two years, aggressive coyotes have attacked pets or bitten people in a number of cities throughout the region, including Glendora, Montebello, Irvine and Los Angeles. And Southern Californians have been filing complaints about coyotes for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a problem with Perez’s conclusion that the region is being stalked by a more dangerous type of coyote: There’s no science to back it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11442248\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11442248\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-800x866.jpg\" alt=\"Donna Perez with her pet Yorkie, Cody. Her other dog was killed by a coyote in her backyard last fall.\" width=\"800\" height=\"866\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-800x866.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-160x173.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-1020x1104.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-1920x2078.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-1180x1277.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-960x1039.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-240x260.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-375x406.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-520x563.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady.jpg 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donna Perez with her pet Yorkie, Cody. Her other dog was killed by a coyote in her backyard last fall. \u003ccite>(KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There has been very little research on coyote-human conflicts in urban areas, so experts don’t have a handle on what causes these interactions, how often they occur or how to prevent them. And that makes it difficult for cities to know how to respond. So the approach they often use has more to do with emotion than science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Arcadia, City Manager Dominic Lazzaretto recommends educating residents about how to live with coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We haven’t really focused on things we can do to make the coyotes uncomfortable in our neighborhoods,” he said, “to make the coyotes perceive humans as threats once again and go back into the hills where they belong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”KqeOjrLfrjfAPp3vCOZlSmUumOOXAx04″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Councilman Roger Chandler favors something more aggressive: trapping the animals and killing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That wouldn’t be cruel, because “if we were in Wisconsin on a farm we’d be shooting them with .22s,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trapping coyotes is legal in California, but by law they can’t be relocated; they have to be killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arcadia tried trapping once already, back in 2010 and 2011. Many people in town say it worked, that they didn’t see many coyotes afterward. But the city stopped trapping, and now City Hall gets three to five coyote complaints a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve always had problems with coyotes but I sense there’s a bigger problem now than we’ve ever had before,” said Councilman Tom Beck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is hard to prove. Like most cities in Southern California, Arcadia doesn’t have long-term data about coyote complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11442254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11442254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A coyote stands on the 12th fairway at SilverRock Resort in La Quinta.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coyote stands on the 12th fairway at SilverRock Resort in La Quinta. \u003ccite>(Stephen Dunn/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The data is an absolute mess,” said Niamh Quinn, a coyote researcher with UC Cooperative Extension in Irvine, who recently authored a study on coyote conflict trends in Southern California that’s currently undergoing peer review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even among the city, county and state agencies that do track complaints or coyote bites, there is little standardization in the collection of information, making it very hard to look for trends. It’s why Quinn \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/02/20/69162/new-app-lets-anyone-report-and-get-alerts-about-co/\">created an app\u003c/a> to track coyote complaints that she hopes most Southern California cities will adopt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific point of view, if you’re not asking the same questions, you can’t really analyze it,” said Quinn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, one of the few reliable sets of data in the area suggests the problem may be getting worse. The L.A. County Department of Public Health tracks the number of county residents receiving rabies shots for coyote bites. In 2012, just three people got the shots. That jumped to 16 last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”oDH3w9I8ob0GdWP7G3cf7EBJXFDuMmzp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, 12 people were bitten by coyotes in Elysian Park in Los Angeles in the space of five months, according to Public Health. In one incident, a person was bitten while trying to stop a coyote from attacking a dog. But in many other cases the coyote approached humans directly. People were bitten while stargazing, lying on the ground or jogging. Kids were bitten while playing in a playground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prior to that, we’d rarely see attacks of people,” said Karen Ehnert, the chief veterinarian for Public Health. “Now we’ve been hearing about them in different circumstance where it’s totally unprovoked. I mean, that’s just not normal behavior for wild animals; they should be afraid of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know why coyotes lose their fear of people. But there are a few theories. One is that because urban coyotes constantly see people and we don’t frighten them away or try to hurt them, they slowly get used to us. Over time, that can lead to the animals becoming aggressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many coyote management policies include an aggression scale that begins with seeing coyotes on the street, and ends with coyotes harassing or even biting people. But there is fierce disagreement about when to kill coyotes, if ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74135.html\">The University of California’s Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program\u003c/a> recommends killing coyotes when they become aggressive, specifically when they begin killing pets in daytime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/wildlife/template-coyote-management-plan.pdf\">The Humane Society of the United States\u003c/a>, meanwhile, recommends lethal control only in the event of an unprovoked attack on a human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11442250\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11442250\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-800x447.jpg\" alt=\"The University of California's Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program's coyote aggression scale.\" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-800x447.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-1020x570.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-1180x659.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-960x537.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-520x291.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University of California’s Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program’s coyote aggression scale.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But according to multiple scientists interviewed for this story, there is no scientific consensus on when to kill a coyote or on how effective trapping is. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/02/17/69144/arcadia-becomes-latest-city-to-trap-kill-coyotes/\">That didn’t stop Arcadia from voting to spend $15,000 on a trapping contract.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to do whatever we can to help the residents, make them feel safe,” said Councilman Beck. “Nobody should have to worry about going to their mailbox or getting in their car. We shouldn’t have to feel that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After choosing to move ahead with trapping, Arcadia got pushback from animal rights activists, led by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, or PETA. They staged a silent protest outside City Hall, holding signs of bloodied coyotes caught in snares, and they packed the next City Council meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arcadia residents Jean Jerose and Maria Christina Halstead were among the 80 or so PETA supporters urging the council to reverse course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Please do not let this happen,” Jerose said. “The fear is not real and it’s based on a lack of knowledge, as almost all fears are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Added Halstead: “The trapping and killing of these animals is an irresponsible and inhumane response to a problem that has other solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PETA argues that people need to change their behavior to avoid conflicts with coyotes. It suggests steps to make the human environment unwelcoming to coyotes, such as cleaning up garbage, not leaving pet food out, keeping pets on leash, and yelling or blowing whistles at bold coyotes, an action called “hazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there is no research to support this approach. KPCC asked PETA for evidence that hazing works to reverse aggressive behavior, but the organization couldn’t provide any, instead saying it works best as part of a suite of nonlethal solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Park Service researchers based in the Santa Monica Mountains who are running one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/07/18/62651/first-year-of-la-s-urban-coyote-study-is-full-of-s/\">few urban coyote studies in greater Los Angeles\u003c/a> say there is anecdotal evidence that hazing works on coyotes that aren’t accustomed to people yet. But once they get used to humans, it may be too late. At that point, according to Seth Riley, a Park Service wildlife ecologist, there’s not much else that can be done besides trapping and euthanizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even then, it’s hard to be sure you’ve killed the problem coyote. The only surefire way is if a person has been bitten, he goes to the emergency room, the wound is swabbed for coyote DNA and it’s matched with a snared coyote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a coyote is trapped in response to a pet attack, however, there’s no way to ensure the aggressive coyote is being killed. In that case, Riley said, animal control companies may trap coyotes until the problem goes away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say this level of uncertainty is commonplace in urban coyote management, given the almost complete lack of research on what works, on whether conflicts are getting worse, and even on what constitutes a conflict. So cities find themselves confronted with the question: Is it more important to avoid harming coyotes at all costs, or protect people and their pets?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Arcadia, the City Council voted to protect people and pets. But then PETA sued the city in March. To get out of the lawsuit, Arcadia announced last month it wouldn’t trap after all. PETA claimed victory, but resident Donna Perez felt differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels very unsafe,” she said, adding that she feels “very let down .. very alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arcadia is now working on a comprehensive coyote management plan that will likely include education and, possibly, trapping.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Over the past two years, aggressive coyotes have attacked pets or bitten people in a number of Southern California cities.",
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"title": "With Little Science, Cities Struggle to Formulate Coyote Policies | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Donna Perez was stooped over in her backyard, fixing a sprinkler, when she heard her dog start shrieking. She stood up and whirled around, but it was too late. A coyote had jumped over the yard’s 5-foot wall, snatched one of her two pet Yorkies, and disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did not find her until the next day, and she was 95 percent dead,” said the Arcadia resident. The dog later died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after, Perez went to the Arcadia City Council, along with five other worried residents. They told stories of being stalked while walking their dogs, of coyotes trapping them in their cars, and of the pepper spray and golf clubs they now carried when they left their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a new breed of coyote in the neighborhood,” Perez told the council. “They are smart and cunning, they are bold and fearless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past two years, aggressive coyotes have attacked pets or bitten people in a number of cities throughout the region, including Glendora, Montebello, Irvine and Los Angeles. And Southern Californians have been filing complaints about coyotes for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a problem with Perez’s conclusion that the region is being stalked by a more dangerous type of coyote: There’s no science to back it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11442248\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11442248\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-800x866.jpg\" alt=\"Donna Perez with her pet Yorkie, Cody. Her other dog was killed by a coyote in her backyard last fall.\" width=\"800\" height=\"866\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-800x866.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-160x173.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-1020x1104.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-1920x2078.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-1180x1277.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-960x1039.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-240x260.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-375x406.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady-520x563.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/DogLady.jpg 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donna Perez with her pet Yorkie, Cody. Her other dog was killed by a coyote in her backyard last fall. \u003ccite>(KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There has been very little research on coyote-human conflicts in urban areas, so experts don’t have a handle on what causes these interactions, how often they occur or how to prevent them. And that makes it difficult for cities to know how to respond. So the approach they often use has more to do with emotion than science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Arcadia, City Manager Dominic Lazzaretto recommends educating residents about how to live with coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We haven’t really focused on things we can do to make the coyotes uncomfortable in our neighborhoods,” he said, “to make the coyotes perceive humans as threats once again and go back into the hills where they belong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Councilman Roger Chandler favors something more aggressive: trapping the animals and killing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That wouldn’t be cruel, because “if we were in Wisconsin on a farm we’d be shooting them with .22s,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trapping coyotes is legal in California, but by law they can’t be relocated; they have to be killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arcadia tried trapping once already, back in 2010 and 2011. Many people in town say it worked, that they didn’t see many coyotes afterward. But the city stopped trapping, and now City Hall gets three to five coyote complaints a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve always had problems with coyotes but I sense there’s a bigger problem now than we’ve ever had before,” said Councilman Tom Beck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is hard to prove. Like most cities in Southern California, Arcadia doesn’t have long-term data about coyote complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11442254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11442254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A coyote stands on the 12th fairway at SilverRock Resort in La Quinta.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteGolf-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coyote stands on the 12th fairway at SilverRock Resort in La Quinta. \u003ccite>(Stephen Dunn/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The data is an absolute mess,” said Niamh Quinn, a coyote researcher with UC Cooperative Extension in Irvine, who recently authored a study on coyote conflict trends in Southern California that’s currently undergoing peer review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even among the city, county and state agencies that do track complaints or coyote bites, there is little standardization in the collection of information, making it very hard to look for trends. It’s why Quinn \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/02/20/69162/new-app-lets-anyone-report-and-get-alerts-about-co/\">created an app\u003c/a> to track coyote complaints that she hopes most Southern California cities will adopt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific point of view, if you’re not asking the same questions, you can’t really analyze it,” said Quinn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, one of the few reliable sets of data in the area suggests the problem may be getting worse. The L.A. County Department of Public Health tracks the number of county residents receiving rabies shots for coyote bites. In 2012, just three people got the shots. That jumped to 16 last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, 12 people were bitten by coyotes in Elysian Park in Los Angeles in the space of five months, according to Public Health. In one incident, a person was bitten while trying to stop a coyote from attacking a dog. But in many other cases the coyote approached humans directly. People were bitten while stargazing, lying on the ground or jogging. Kids were bitten while playing in a playground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prior to that, we’d rarely see attacks of people,” said Karen Ehnert, the chief veterinarian for Public Health. “Now we’ve been hearing about them in different circumstance where it’s totally unprovoked. I mean, that’s just not normal behavior for wild animals; they should be afraid of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know why coyotes lose their fear of people. But there are a few theories. One is that because urban coyotes constantly see people and we don’t frighten them away or try to hurt them, they slowly get used to us. Over time, that can lead to the animals becoming aggressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many coyote management policies include an aggression scale that begins with seeing coyotes on the street, and ends with coyotes harassing or even biting people. But there is fierce disagreement about when to kill coyotes, if ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74135.html\">The University of California’s Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program\u003c/a> recommends killing coyotes when they become aggressive, specifically when they begin killing pets in daytime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/wildlife/template-coyote-management-plan.pdf\">The Humane Society of the United States\u003c/a>, meanwhile, recommends lethal control only in the event of an unprovoked attack on a human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11442250\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11442250\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-800x447.jpg\" alt=\"The University of California's Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program's coyote aggression scale.\" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-800x447.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-1020x570.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-1180x659.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-960x537.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/CoyoteAggro-520x291.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University of California’s Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program’s coyote aggression scale.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But according to multiple scientists interviewed for this story, there is no scientific consensus on when to kill a coyote or on how effective trapping is. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/02/17/69144/arcadia-becomes-latest-city-to-trap-kill-coyotes/\">That didn’t stop Arcadia from voting to spend $15,000 on a trapping contract.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to do whatever we can to help the residents, make them feel safe,” said Councilman Beck. “Nobody should have to worry about going to their mailbox or getting in their car. We shouldn’t have to feel that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After choosing to move ahead with trapping, Arcadia got pushback from animal rights activists, led by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, or PETA. They staged a silent protest outside City Hall, holding signs of bloodied coyotes caught in snares, and they packed the next City Council meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arcadia residents Jean Jerose and Maria Christina Halstead were among the 80 or so PETA supporters urging the council to reverse course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Please do not let this happen,” Jerose said. “The fear is not real and it’s based on a lack of knowledge, as almost all fears are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Added Halstead: “The trapping and killing of these animals is an irresponsible and inhumane response to a problem that has other solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PETA argues that people need to change their behavior to avoid conflicts with coyotes. It suggests steps to make the human environment unwelcoming to coyotes, such as cleaning up garbage, not leaving pet food out, keeping pets on leash, and yelling or blowing whistles at bold coyotes, an action called “hazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there is no research to support this approach. KPCC asked PETA for evidence that hazing works to reverse aggressive behavior, but the organization couldn’t provide any, instead saying it works best as part of a suite of nonlethal solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Park Service researchers based in the Santa Monica Mountains who are running one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/07/18/62651/first-year-of-la-s-urban-coyote-study-is-full-of-s/\">few urban coyote studies in greater Los Angeles\u003c/a> say there is anecdotal evidence that hazing works on coyotes that aren’t accustomed to people yet. But once they get used to humans, it may be too late. At that point, according to Seth Riley, a Park Service wildlife ecologist, there’s not much else that can be done besides trapping and euthanizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even then, it’s hard to be sure you’ve killed the problem coyote. The only surefire way is if a person has been bitten, he goes to the emergency room, the wound is swabbed for coyote DNA and it’s matched with a snared coyote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a coyote is trapped in response to a pet attack, however, there’s no way to ensure the aggressive coyote is being killed. In that case, Riley said, animal control companies may trap coyotes until the problem goes away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say this level of uncertainty is commonplace in urban coyote management, given the almost complete lack of research on what works, on whether conflicts are getting worse, and even on what constitutes a conflict. So cities find themselves confronted with the question: Is it more important to avoid harming coyotes at all costs, or protect people and their pets?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Arcadia, the City Council voted to protect people and pets. But then PETA sued the city in March. To get out of the lawsuit, Arcadia announced last month it wouldn’t trap after all. PETA claimed victory, but resident Donna Perez felt differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels very unsafe,” she said, adding that she feels “very let down .. very alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arcadia is now working on a comprehensive coyote management plan that will likely include education and, possibly, trapping.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Air Regulators Penalize Valero for Benicia Refinery Flaring",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated May 8 at 11:55 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air regulators are penalizing the Valero Energy Corporation in connection with the power outage at its Benicia refinery that has sent toxic gases into the air since Friday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District told KQED that the agency issued four notices of violation against Valero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three are for excessive smoke and one is for causing a public nuisance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The loss of electricity prompted flaring, a process by which the facility relieves pressure by sending out flames and toxic gas into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, that caused a big plume of smoke to shoot into the sky, and also resulted in nearby evacuations and a shelter-in-place order on Friday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Friday, on-and-off flaring has continued at the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero has blamed the power outage on PG&E, which said it was caused while crews were completing upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post from May 5:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia authorities have lifted a shelter-in-place order at two elementary schools after a power outage at the city's Valero refinery early Friday morning, which led to flaring that sent black plumes of smoke into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order was lifted at approximately 1:20 p.m. at the Matthew Turner Elementary and Robert Semple Elementary schools, based on the results of air monitoring by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Both schools are upwind from the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No students showed any signs or symptoms of health problems, said Charles Young, Benicia Unified School District superintendent. He said parents opted to keep many of their children at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials also ordered the evacuation of businesses near the plant, and the mandatory evacuation order for the industrial park remains in place, said Benicia Fire Department Chief Jim Lydon during a press conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said two people had reported respiratory effects, but neither were transported to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage, which began about 6:40 a.m., lasted for 18 minutes and took place as PG&E crews were conducting a \"routine switching of an electrical transmission\" device, said a spokesman for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage led to flaring at the refinery, officials said. Flaring is a process that allows the refinery to relieve pressure, but it can send out smoke and toxic gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At about 7:50 a.m., warning systems were activated in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some residents, like Marilyn Bardet, are concerned that warning systems were not triggered quickly enough -- and some did not hear sirens that went off around the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The precautionary principle would’ve said, turn those sirens on as soon as you know that something dreadful is happening with that amount of flaring,\" Bardet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia police advised all other areas of town to shelter in place, keep doors and windows closed, and bring pets inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>— Benicia Police (@BeniciaPD) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BeniciaPD/status/860516905265676288\">May 5, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Police also advised any business or structure downwind from the refinery to evacuate and avoid the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>— Benicia Police (@BeniciaPD) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BeniciaPD/status/860506620278693888\">May 5, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Local air regulators were on scene and investigating, including the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AirDistrict\">@AirDistrict\u003c/a> has inspectors at the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Valero?src=hash\">#Valero\u003c/a> refinery + has launched an investigation into the outage + flaring. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KQEDnews\">@KQEDnews\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://t.co/PS8iLGRFN2\">https://t.co/PS8iLGRFN2\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Ted Goldberg (@TedrickG) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TedrickG/status/860523887787819008\">May 5, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>During the incident, toxic gases from the flares, such as hydrogen sulfide, peaked at more than 10 times normal background levels for the area, said Steve Calanog, a spokesman for the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The flaring operation is designed to keep our employees and our neighbors and the community safe,\" said Don Cuffel, director of health, safety, environment and government affairs for Valero. \"And they’re doing exactly what they need to do by burning the hydrocarbon that cannot be safely stored.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero said it's been 30 years since the last time the refinery lost total power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia is home to nearly 30,000 residents and is located in Solano County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11441705\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11441705\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-800x337.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-800x337.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-160x67.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-960x405.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-240x101.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-375x158.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-520x219.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Valero acquired the Benicia Refinery in 2000. Valero says the plant has undergone significant modifications and upgrades to become what is today one of the most complex refineries in the United States. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Valero)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated May 8 at 11:55 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air regulators are penalizing the Valero Energy Corporation in connection with the power outage at its Benicia refinery that has sent toxic gases into the air since Friday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District told KQED that the agency issued four notices of violation against Valero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three are for excessive smoke and one is for causing a public nuisance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The loss of electricity prompted flaring, a process by which the facility relieves pressure by sending out flames and toxic gas into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, that caused a big plume of smoke to shoot into the sky, and also resulted in nearby evacuations and a shelter-in-place order on Friday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Friday, on-and-off flaring has continued at the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero has blamed the power outage on PG&E, which said it was caused while crews were completing upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post from May 5:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia authorities have lifted a shelter-in-place order at two elementary schools after a power outage at the city's Valero refinery early Friday morning, which led to flaring that sent black plumes of smoke into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order was lifted at approximately 1:20 p.m. at the Matthew Turner Elementary and Robert Semple Elementary schools, based on the results of air monitoring by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Both schools are upwind from the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No students showed any signs or symptoms of health problems, said Charles Young, Benicia Unified School District superintendent. He said parents opted to keep many of their children at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials also ordered the evacuation of businesses near the plant, and the mandatory evacuation order for the industrial park remains in place, said Benicia Fire Department Chief Jim Lydon during a press conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said two people had reported respiratory effects, but neither were transported to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage, which began about 6:40 a.m., lasted for 18 minutes and took place as PG&E crews were conducting a \"routine switching of an electrical transmission\" device, said a spokesman for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage led to flaring at the refinery, officials said. Flaring is a process that allows the refinery to relieve pressure, but it can send out smoke and toxic gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At about 7:50 a.m., warning systems were activated in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some residents, like Marilyn Bardet, are concerned that warning systems were not triggered quickly enough -- and some did not hear sirens that went off around the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The precautionary principle would’ve said, turn those sirens on as soon as you know that something dreadful is happening with that amount of flaring,\" Bardet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia police advised all other areas of town to shelter in place, keep doors and windows closed, and bring pets inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>— Benicia Police (@BeniciaPD) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BeniciaPD/status/860516905265676288\">May 5, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Police also advised any business or structure downwind from the refinery to evacuate and avoid the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>— Benicia Police (@BeniciaPD) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BeniciaPD/status/860506620278693888\">May 5, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Local air regulators were on scene and investigating, including the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AirDistrict\">@AirDistrict\u003c/a> has inspectors at the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Valero?src=hash\">#Valero\u003c/a> refinery + has launched an investigation into the outage + flaring. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KQEDnews\">@KQEDnews\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://t.co/PS8iLGRFN2\">https://t.co/PS8iLGRFN2\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Ted Goldberg (@TedrickG) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TedrickG/status/860523887787819008\">May 5, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>During the incident, toxic gases from the flares, such as hydrogen sulfide, peaked at more than 10 times normal background levels for the area, said Steve Calanog, a spokesman for the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The flaring operation is designed to keep our employees and our neighbors and the community safe,\" said Don Cuffel, director of health, safety, environment and government affairs for Valero. \"And they’re doing exactly what they need to do by burning the hydrocarbon that cannot be safely stored.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero said it's been 30 years since the last time the refinery lost total power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia is home to nearly 30,000 residents and is located in Solano County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11441705\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11441705\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-800x337.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-800x337.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-160x67.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-960x405.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-240x101.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-375x158.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut-520x219.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/valero_benicia-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Valero acquired the Benicia Refinery in 2000. Valero says the plant has undergone significant modifications and upgrades to become what is today one of the most complex refineries in the United States. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Valero)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Could a few words buried within a recent court ruling make it easier for the state to raise money from Californians?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The words -- contained within a decision \u003ca href=\"http://www.courts.ca.gov/opinions/documents/C075930.PDF\">affirming\u003c/a> the constitutionality of California’s policy of charging polluters -- are causing a stir among some state budget experts, who wonder if the ruling could be used to pry loose constitutional constraints that have long restricted lawmakers’ ability to increase taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its 2-1 ruling, California’s 3rd District Court of Appeal declared that the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/133691850\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> climate program is neither a tax nor a fee -- the two categories into which state jurists have traditionally slotted all revenue raisers -- but falls into a mysterious \u003cem>none of the above\u003c/em> category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such semantic distinctions matter in California because the state constitution puts tight restrictions on lawmakers' ability to raise money from taxpayers. Voters in 1978 passed the most famous of these restrictions, property-tax-cutting \u003ca href=\"https://www.hjta.org/propositions/proposition-13/original-proposition-13/\">Proposition 13\u003c/a>, which also lifted the legislative threshold for new state and local tax hikes from a simple majority to a two-thirds “supermajority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit, filed by the California Chamber of Commerce and other business groups, contended that when the Legislature created the cap-and-trade program in 2006, it introduced a new tax with only a simple majority vote -- violating the two-thirds vote requirements of Proposition 13. (Since then, the auctions have generated $4.4 billion for the state.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"iLj5jUbECqekfaKH9rqV3bc5RjwlKX2Q\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what is a tax? In explaining its decision, the court offered a new, narrower definition of the word: “A tax has two hallmarks: (1) it is compulsory, and (2) it does not grant any special benefit to the payor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Tony Francois from the Pacific Legal Foundation, which represents one of the plaintiffs in the case, that definition leaves out many of the levies that most Californians would be surprised to learn aren’t “taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under (the court’s) analysis, any transaction-based tax, such as the sales tax or the gasoline tax, is voluntary instead of compulsory,” he says. “Anyone can choose whether to drive their own car and buy gas for it or not. And, all of these transaction taxes provide something of value to the payer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seemingly anticipating that broad interpretation, the court’s majority opinion insisted there was an obvious distinction between a payment made for a thing of value (in this case, an allowance for emitting greenhouse gases) and a sales tax, which one pays “but receives nothing of particular value for the tax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some conservatives find that distinction too blurry for comfort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the Legislature has to do is say, ‘We’re not taxing the purchase of the commodity, we’re just selling you the right to purchase the commodity,’ ” says Mike Genest, who directed the Department of Finance under Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger and is the founding partner at Capitol Matrix Consulting. “If you take that logic and apply it liberally, you could probably apply it to any tax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10845734\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10845734\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"A customer prepares to pump gas into his truck at a Valero gas station in Mill Valley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-800x518.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-400x259.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-768x497.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-1440x932.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-1180x763.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-960x621.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A customer prepares to pump gas into his truck at a Valero gas station in Mill Valley. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The court has “invalidated the Proposition 13 two-thirds requirement,” he says. Even, he argues, as it applies to the income tax: “You just purchased the right to live and work in California for only 13 percent of your income -- congratulations!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many legal analysts, policy advocates and lawmakers disagree that the ruling is quite so earth-shattering. A spokesperson for the Department of Finance says that they are still reviewing the ruling and its implications. And although the offices of both Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon and Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León declined to comment, numerous legislative staff members around the Capitol said that they do not expect to see a raft of new tax-hiking legislation emerge on the basis of this ruling, both because the ruling was narrowly focused on cap and trade, and because the case is being \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificlegal.org/releases/release-4/14/17-ab32-Morning-Star-1-1408\">appealed\u003c/a> to the California Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t take one appellate court ruling as a landslide,” says Danny Cullenward, a lawyer and energy economist at Stanford University and a research associate with the nonprofit Near Zero. “If one is convinced, as the plaintiffs are, that this fundamentally changes the line, I think there’s good reason to believe that the state Supreme Court would at least look into the question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many are not convinced that this ruling fundamentally changes anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not some sort of revolution,” says Cara Horowitz, co-executive director of the Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at UCLA School of Law, who also filed an amicus\u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/content/amicus_brief_nature_conservancy_final.pdf\"> brief\u003c/a> in support of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not really reversing what we used to think. It’s really just figuring out for the first time what a cap-and-trade auction really is in the context of tax law,” she says. The court may have broken from \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltax.org/sinclair.htm\">precedent\u003c/a> by establishing a “neither tax nor fee” classification of revenue generator, but Horowitz says that the cap-and-trade program is so unique it’s hard to imagine how this new third category could be applied to much else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are no instances that jump out at me of other California regulations that I now think of differently in light of this opinion,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, even if the ruling does undermine Proposition 13, there are other constraints on lawmakers’ ability to raise taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.boe.ca.gov/lawguides/property/current/ptlg/ccp/XIII-A-3.html\">Proposition 26\u003c/a>, a chamber-sponsored measure that significantly broadened the definition of tax, leaving only a few, specific exceptions. Prop. 26 didn’t enter into the court’s ruling this time around because the Legislature voted to enact the cap-and-trade program before voters approved the initiated constitutional amendment\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so little case law developing the idea of how Proposition 26 defines a tax, it’s really hard to say what the courts will conclude,” says Horowitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a question that will have to be answered before too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under current law, California’s cap-and-trade program phases out in 2020. As Democratic lawmakers in both chambers introduce various extension proposals, the Brown administration has demanded a two-thirds vote to put any questions about the legal validity of the program in the rear view mirror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if Gov. Jerry Brown sees a supermajority as politically necessary, it might not be legally so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Office of Legislative Counsel, which prepares summaries on all new bills and serves as the Legislature’s official lawyer, has designated the two \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB151\">extension\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB378\">bills\u003c/a> in the Assembly as simple majority votes. Not coincidentally, a third \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB775\">bill\u003c/a>, introduced in the Senate this week, has been written to require a two-thirds vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, even if the appellate court’s ruling does blow a hole in Proposition 13 and even if it is upheld by the Supreme Court, Proposition 26 still reigns. Or at the very least, that may be a question for a later day in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters.org is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A few words buried in a decision affirming the constitutionality of cap-and-trade are causing a stir among some state budget experts.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Could a few words buried within a recent court ruling make it easier for the state to raise money from Californians?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The words -- contained within a decision \u003ca href=\"http://www.courts.ca.gov/opinions/documents/C075930.PDF\">affirming\u003c/a> the constitutionality of California’s policy of charging polluters -- are causing a stir among some state budget experts, who wonder if the ruling could be used to pry loose constitutional constraints that have long restricted lawmakers’ ability to increase taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its 2-1 ruling, California’s 3rd District Court of Appeal declared that the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/133691850\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> climate program is neither a tax nor a fee -- the two categories into which state jurists have traditionally slotted all revenue raisers -- but falls into a mysterious \u003cem>none of the above\u003c/em> category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such semantic distinctions matter in California because the state constitution puts tight restrictions on lawmakers' ability to raise money from taxpayers. Voters in 1978 passed the most famous of these restrictions, property-tax-cutting \u003ca href=\"https://www.hjta.org/propositions/proposition-13/original-proposition-13/\">Proposition 13\u003c/a>, which also lifted the legislative threshold for new state and local tax hikes from a simple majority to a two-thirds “supermajority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit, filed by the California Chamber of Commerce and other business groups, contended that when the Legislature created the cap-and-trade program in 2006, it introduced a new tax with only a simple majority vote -- violating the two-thirds vote requirements of Proposition 13. (Since then, the auctions have generated $4.4 billion for the state.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what is a tax? In explaining its decision, the court offered a new, narrower definition of the word: “A tax has two hallmarks: (1) it is compulsory, and (2) it does not grant any special benefit to the payor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Tony Francois from the Pacific Legal Foundation, which represents one of the plaintiffs in the case, that definition leaves out many of the levies that most Californians would be surprised to learn aren’t “taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under (the court’s) analysis, any transaction-based tax, such as the sales tax or the gasoline tax, is voluntary instead of compulsory,” he says. “Anyone can choose whether to drive their own car and buy gas for it or not. And, all of these transaction taxes provide something of value to the payer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seemingly anticipating that broad interpretation, the court’s majority opinion insisted there was an obvious distinction between a payment made for a thing of value (in this case, an allowance for emitting greenhouse gases) and a sales tax, which one pays “but receives nothing of particular value for the tax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some conservatives find that distinction too blurry for comfort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the Legislature has to do is say, ‘We’re not taxing the purchase of the commodity, we’re just selling you the right to purchase the commodity,’ ” says Mike Genest, who directed the Department of Finance under Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger and is the founding partner at Capitol Matrix Consulting. “If you take that logic and apply it liberally, you could probably apply it to any tax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10845734\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10845734\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"A customer prepares to pump gas into his truck at a Valero gas station in Mill Valley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-800x518.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-400x259.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-768x497.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-1440x932.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-1180x763.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PumpingGas-960x621.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A customer prepares to pump gas into his truck at a Valero gas station in Mill Valley. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The court has “invalidated the Proposition 13 two-thirds requirement,” he says. Even, he argues, as it applies to the income tax: “You just purchased the right to live and work in California for only 13 percent of your income -- congratulations!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many legal analysts, policy advocates and lawmakers disagree that the ruling is quite so earth-shattering. A spokesperson for the Department of Finance says that they are still reviewing the ruling and its implications. And although the offices of both Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon and Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León declined to comment, numerous legislative staff members around the Capitol said that they do not expect to see a raft of new tax-hiking legislation emerge on the basis of this ruling, both because the ruling was narrowly focused on cap and trade, and because the case is being \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificlegal.org/releases/release-4/14/17-ab32-Morning-Star-1-1408\">appealed\u003c/a> to the California Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t take one appellate court ruling as a landslide,” says Danny Cullenward, a lawyer and energy economist at Stanford University and a research associate with the nonprofit Near Zero. “If one is convinced, as the plaintiffs are, that this fundamentally changes the line, I think there’s good reason to believe that the state Supreme Court would at least look into the question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many are not convinced that this ruling fundamentally changes anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not some sort of revolution,” says Cara Horowitz, co-executive director of the Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at UCLA School of Law, who also filed an amicus\u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/content/amicus_brief_nature_conservancy_final.pdf\"> brief\u003c/a> in support of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not really reversing what we used to think. It’s really just figuring out for the first time what a cap-and-trade auction really is in the context of tax law,” she says. The court may have broken from \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltax.org/sinclair.htm\">precedent\u003c/a> by establishing a “neither tax nor fee” classification of revenue generator, but Horowitz says that the cap-and-trade program is so unique it’s hard to imagine how this new third category could be applied to much else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are no instances that jump out at me of other California regulations that I now think of differently in light of this opinion,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, even if the ruling does undermine Proposition 13, there are other constraints on lawmakers’ ability to raise taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.boe.ca.gov/lawguides/property/current/ptlg/ccp/XIII-A-3.html\">Proposition 26\u003c/a>, a chamber-sponsored measure that significantly broadened the definition of tax, leaving only a few, specific exceptions. Prop. 26 didn’t enter into the court’s ruling this time around because the Legislature voted to enact the cap-and-trade program before voters approved the initiated constitutional amendment\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so little case law developing the idea of how Proposition 26 defines a tax, it’s really hard to say what the courts will conclude,” says Horowitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a question that will have to be answered before too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under current law, California’s cap-and-trade program phases out in 2020. As Democratic lawmakers in both chambers introduce various extension proposals, the Brown administration has demanded a two-thirds vote to put any questions about the legal validity of the program in the rear view mirror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if Gov. Jerry Brown sees a supermajority as politically necessary, it might not be legally so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Office of Legislative Counsel, which prepares summaries on all new bills and serves as the Legislature’s official lawyer, has designated the two \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB151\">extension\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB378\">bills\u003c/a> in the Assembly as simple majority votes. Not coincidentally, a third \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB775\">bill\u003c/a>, introduced in the Senate this week, has been written to require a two-thirds vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, even if the appellate court’s ruling does blow a hole in Proposition 13 and even if it is upheld by the Supreme Court, Proposition 26 still reigns. Or at the very least, that may be a question for a later day in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "State Senate Leader Calls for 100 Percent Renewable Energy by 2045",
"title": "State Senate Leader Calls for 100 Percent Renewable Energy by 2045",
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"content": "\u003cp>Californians could be getting all of their electricity from renewable energy sources within the next 30 years under new legislation from Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León (D-Los Angeles).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill -- an amended version of \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\">SB 100\u003c/a> -- calls for the state to receive 60 percent of its power from renewables like solar and wind by 2030 on its way to 100 percent clean energy production by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the most ambitious target in the world,\" de León said at a Tuesday news conference at a solar power plant on the UC Davis campus, \"especially for an economy that dwarfs all but a handful of nations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 100 would build on SB 350, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/07/california-raises-the-bar-on-its-ambitious-clean-energy-goals/\" target=\"_blank\">passed in 2015\u003c/a>, which set a goal of 50 percent renewable energy production by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ambitious goal would require the state to wean itself from natural gas, which is not considered a renewable energy source and is currently the top source of electricity in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2017/05/2017-05-03d-tcr.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/gettyimages-566010133_wide-b882da90ab53d9efa233daa1117f55a64fab2fdf-800x450.jpg\" Title=\"State Senate Leader Calls for 100 Percent Renewable Energy by 2045\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De León said that capturing uncontrolled methane emissions from dairies, landfills and wastewater treatment plants would help replace power currently derived from natural gas, but he didn't say how exactly natural gas would be phased out of the equation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to make sure when we phase down, we phase down to renewable, which is healthy for our planet,\" de León said. \"We'll be engaging still with the natural gas folks, but that's really all I can say about that part.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E, one of those \"natural gas folks\" de León mentioned, isn’t completely sold on the new goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe the state should move away from additional procurement mandates and instead establish broader clean energy goals with a focus on greenhouse gas emissions reductions providing opportunities for the market to work in the most cost-effective manner without compromising reliability,\" said Lynsey Paulo, a spokeswoman for PG&E, which provides natural gas and electricity to approximately 16 million people in Northern and Central California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Vw6UNnLYQBIL4U3W1hRoKlp3usbLVuxy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paulo said PG&E is still reviewing the proposal, but believes more attention should be paid to extending the state's cap-and-trade program instead of increasing clean energy source requirements like SB 100 would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That didn't stop de León and the other politicians, clean energy executives and union leaders assembled from enumerating the extensive economic benefits they think will come from SB 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These renewable energy jobs are real jobs,\" said Robbie Hunter, president of the State Building and Construction Trades Council of California, which represents 450,000 construction workers in the state. \"People really don't see them because they're in the middle of nowhere, but we have tens of thousands of construction workers every day working on these projects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Hannah-Beth Jackson (D-Santa Barbara) compared this to another ambitious goal set by an American politician: when President John F. Kennedy said the United States would put a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People thought he was crazy, and yet, we did that,\" Jackson said. \"And if we can do that, we can do this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The ambitious proposal would require California to wean itself off of its top energy source: natural gas.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians could be getting all of their electricity from renewable energy sources within the next 30 years under new legislation from Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León (D-Los Angeles).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill -- an amended version of \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\">SB 100\u003c/a> -- calls for the state to receive 60 percent of its power from renewables like solar and wind by 2030 on its way to 100 percent clean energy production by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the most ambitious target in the world,\" de León said at a Tuesday news conference at a solar power plant on the UC Davis campus, \"especially for an economy that dwarfs all but a handful of nations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 100 would build on SB 350, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/07/california-raises-the-bar-on-its-ambitious-clean-energy-goals/\" target=\"_blank\">passed in 2015\u003c/a>, which set a goal of 50 percent renewable energy production by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ambitious goal would require the state to wean itself from natural gas, which is not considered a renewable energy source and is currently the top source of electricity in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De León said that capturing uncontrolled methane emissions from dairies, landfills and wastewater treatment plants would help replace power currently derived from natural gas, but he didn't say how exactly natural gas would be phased out of the equation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to make sure when we phase down, we phase down to renewable, which is healthy for our planet,\" de León said. \"We'll be engaging still with the natural gas folks, but that's really all I can say about that part.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E, one of those \"natural gas folks\" de León mentioned, isn’t completely sold on the new goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe the state should move away from additional procurement mandates and instead establish broader clean energy goals with a focus on greenhouse gas emissions reductions providing opportunities for the market to work in the most cost-effective manner without compromising reliability,\" said Lynsey Paulo, a spokeswoman for PG&E, which provides natural gas and electricity to approximately 16 million people in Northern and Central California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paulo said PG&E is still reviewing the proposal, but believes more attention should be paid to extending the state's cap-and-trade program instead of increasing clean energy source requirements like SB 100 would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That didn't stop de León and the other politicians, clean energy executives and union leaders assembled from enumerating the extensive economic benefits they think will come from SB 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These renewable energy jobs are real jobs,\" said Robbie Hunter, president of the State Building and Construction Trades Council of California, which represents 450,000 construction workers in the state. \"People really don't see them because they're in the middle of nowhere, but we have tens of thousands of construction workers every day working on these projects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Hannah-Beth Jackson (D-Santa Barbara) compared this to another ambitious goal set by an American politician: when President John F. Kennedy said the United States would put a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People thought he was crazy, and yet, we did that,\" Jackson said. \"And if we can do that, we can do this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Epic NorCal Snowpack Melting in Warm Spring Temperatures",
"headTitle": "Epic NorCal Snowpack Melting in Warm Spring Temperatures | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Warming springtime temperatures in California are expected to accelerate melting of the state’s record snowpack, sending water surging down a major river in Yosemite National Park that could overflow its banks, officials said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoirs downstream from the Sierra Nevada have been lowered in anticipation of the heavier-than-normal runoff, said reservoirs managers. The current snowpack is double its normal size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowmelt flows downhill during warm months into reservoirs and canals, which supply one-third of the water used by residents of the most populous U.S. state. It also irrigates crops in the nation’s most productive farming state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters warned that they expect the Merced River within Yosemite will hit flood stage in the middle of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly twice as much snow as normal blankets the 400-mile (644-kilometer) Sierra Nevada, a big contrast compared two years ago at the height of California’s drought when barely any measureable snow remained, state water managers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1602512\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1602512\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1920x1358.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1180x834.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frank Gehrke chief of the California Cooperative Snow Surveys Program and Wes McCandless a contract analyst, conduct the final snow survey for the 2017 snow season at Phillips Station in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Northern California. \u003ccite>(ale Kolke/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What goes up must come down,” said Doug Carlson, a spokesman for the California Department of Water Resources. “The snow that’s sitting on the mountains will come down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Cooperative Snow Surveys Program on Monday was measuring how much water the snow holds, which should give officials an indication of how much water will be released by the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowy winter has been especially cruel to wildlife in the mountains — killing off bighorn sheep and lengthening hibernation periods for bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During California’s drought, the iconic Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep moved from lower elevations higher up into the mountains in search of food, said Jason Holley, a wildlife biologist for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the heavy snow may have killed 100 of the 600 or so bighorn, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve triggered some avalanches,” Holley said. “Others go caught in areas with no natural food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowdrifts have also kept many bears hibernating in the remote wilderness inside their dens one month longer than normal because food is still scarce, Holley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1602511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1602511 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-800x513.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-800x513.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-768x493.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-1020x654.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-960x616.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-240x154.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-375x241.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-520x334.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been a record year for snow in Northern California. Here, a Planet Labs satellite captures the snowpack in Mammoth on January 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Image provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hikers heading to the mountains are sure to find damaged roads leading to prized campgrounds that may not be repaired until next year, said Stanislaus National Forest officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Yosemite National Park, rangers warned that visitors will need to be careful when they are near swift-flowing rivers and waterfalls with much higher water flows than normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inexperienced hikers heading into the mountains should be prepared for snow lasting longer than normal this spring and should hike with more experienced people or consider heading to coastal mountains not covered in snow, said Kathryn Phillips, director of the Sierra Club California\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it technically difficult, it is pretty uncomfortable,” Phillips said. “If you’ve never done it before, go with somebody who has.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As the snow melts, there's a moderate flood risk on the Merced River in Yosemite and on the Truckee River near Lake Tahoe this week. Officials say more hot weather could cause increased risk in the weeks and months ahead. \r\n\r\n",
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"description": "As the snow melts, there's a moderate flood risk on the Merced River in Yosemite and on the Truckee River near Lake Tahoe this week. Officials say more hot weather could cause increased risk in the weeks and months ahead. \r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Warming springtime temperatures in California are expected to accelerate melting of the state’s record snowpack, sending water surging down a major river in Yosemite National Park that could overflow its banks, officials said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoirs downstream from the Sierra Nevada have been lowered in anticipation of the heavier-than-normal runoff, said reservoirs managers. The current snowpack is double its normal size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowmelt flows downhill during warm months into reservoirs and canals, which supply one-third of the water used by residents of the most populous U.S. state. It also irrigates crops in the nation’s most productive farming state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters warned that they expect the Merced River within Yosemite will hit flood stage in the middle of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly twice as much snow as normal blankets the 400-mile (644-kilometer) Sierra Nevada, a big contrast compared two years ago at the height of California’s drought when barely any measureable snow remained, state water managers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1602512\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1602512\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1920x1358.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-1180x834.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DK_snow_-survey_8534_05_01_2017-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frank Gehrke chief of the California Cooperative Snow Surveys Program and Wes McCandless a contract analyst, conduct the final snow survey for the 2017 snow season at Phillips Station in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Northern California. \u003ccite>(ale Kolke/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What goes up must come down,” said Doug Carlson, a spokesman for the California Department of Water Resources. “The snow that’s sitting on the mountains will come down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Cooperative Snow Surveys Program on Monday was measuring how much water the snow holds, which should give officials an indication of how much water will be released by the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowy winter has been especially cruel to wildlife in the mountains — killing off bighorn sheep and lengthening hibernation periods for bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During California’s drought, the iconic Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep moved from lower elevations higher up into the mountains in search of food, said Jason Holley, a wildlife biologist for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the heavy snow may have killed 100 of the 600 or so bighorn, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve triggered some avalanches,” Holley said. “Others go caught in areas with no natural food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowdrifts have also kept many bears hibernating in the remote wilderness inside their dens one month longer than normal because food is still scarce, Holley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1602511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1602511 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-800x513.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-800x513.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-768x493.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-1020x654.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-960x616.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-240x154.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-375x241.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017-520x334.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Mammoth_Jan_14_2017.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been a record year for snow in Northern California. Here, a Planet Labs satellite captures the snowpack in Mammoth on January 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Image provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hikers heading to the mountains are sure to find damaged roads leading to prized campgrounds that may not be repaired until next year, said Stanislaus National Forest officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Yosemite National Park, rangers warned that visitors will need to be careful when they are near swift-flowing rivers and waterfalls with much higher water flows than normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inexperienced hikers heading into the mountains should be prepared for snow lasting longer than normal this spring and should hike with more experienced people or consider heading to coastal mountains not covered in snow, said Kathryn Phillips, director of the Sierra Club California\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it technically difficult, it is pretty uncomfortable,” Phillips said. “If you’ve never done it before, go with somebody who has.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ancient mastodon fossils found during road repairs in San Diego have scientists considering a stunning possibility: that North America was home to ancient human ancestors far earlier — by more than 100 millennia — than most scientists currently believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeologists from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdnhm.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego Natural History Museum\u003c/a> and the South Dakota-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.capr.tdcart.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for American Paleolithic Research\u003c/a> presented their analysis in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published last week\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fossils, originally discovered by archaeologists in 1992, were of teeth, tusks and bones of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/2011/111020/full/news.2011.606.html\">mastodon\u003c/a> (\u003ci>Mammut americanum\u003c/i>), an extinct relative of elephants. No hominid remains were found at the site, which was likely an old riverbed made of mostly silt and sand (human remains rarely preserve well, especially for very old sites). But what’s got scientists interested in this study is that the fossils were found alongside rocks that appeared too large to be carried by a stream — and the fossils show breakage and wearing that could have been caused by early humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the technological evidence that we have. The breakage patterns on the mastodon limb bones is very distinctive,” said Steven Holen, primary author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early humans broke up large animal bones in order to eat bone marrow or to create fine tools from thin fractured bone pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do it requires setting the bone against a sort of “anvil” rock and smashing it with a large “hammer” rock. Once they figured out how to do it, the technology spread around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysKQ_UrvM7c\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve reproduced those kinds of fracture patterns by breaking elephant limb bones,” said Holen. “In one experiment it took a 32½-pound rock to break this elephant femur. And I couldn’t do it. I had to get a bigger, younger, stronger man to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More archaeological evidence will need to be found from this era before there’s a clear shift in scientific consensus on when humans or human relatives first settled in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, most researchers believe humans \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/ancient-migration-coming-to-america-1.10562\">crossed the Bering land bridge\u003c/a> from Asia into Alaska about 20,000 years ago and made their way toward modern-day Chile and Argentina over the next 5,000-6,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If early humans were living around San Diego 130,000 years ago, Holen says, it was probably a pretty nice place to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was slightly warmer than it is today,” he said. “I think the weather would have been beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ancient mastodon fossils found during road repairs in San Diego have scientists considering a stunning possibility: that North America was home to ancient human ancestors far earlier — by more than 100 millennia — than most scientists currently believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeologists from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdnhm.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego Natural History Museum\u003c/a> and the South Dakota-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.capr.tdcart.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for American Paleolithic Research\u003c/a> presented their analysis in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published last week\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fossils, originally discovered by archaeologists in 1992, were of teeth, tusks and bones of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/2011/111020/full/news.2011.606.html\">mastodon\u003c/a> (\u003ci>Mammut americanum\u003c/i>), an extinct relative of elephants. No hominid remains were found at the site, which was likely an old riverbed made of mostly silt and sand (human remains rarely preserve well, especially for very old sites). But what’s got scientists interested in this study is that the fossils were found alongside rocks that appeared too large to be carried by a stream — and the fossils show breakage and wearing that could have been caused by early humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the technological evidence that we have. The breakage patterns on the mastodon limb bones is very distinctive,” said Steven Holen, primary author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early humans broke up large animal bones in order to eat bone marrow or to create fine tools from thin fractured bone pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do it requires setting the bone against a sort of “anvil” rock and smashing it with a large “hammer” rock. Once they figured out how to do it, the technology spread around the world.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ysKQ_UrvM7c'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ysKQ_UrvM7c'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“We’ve reproduced those kinds of fracture patterns by breaking elephant limb bones,” said Holen. “In one experiment it took a 32½-pound rock to break this elephant femur. And I couldn’t do it. I had to get a bigger, younger, stronger man to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More archaeological evidence will need to be found from this era before there’s a clear shift in scientific consensus on when humans or human relatives first settled in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, most researchers believe humans \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/ancient-migration-coming-to-america-1.10562\">crossed the Bering land bridge\u003c/a> from Asia into Alaska about 20,000 years ago and made their way toward modern-day Chile and Argentina over the next 5,000-6,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If early humans were living around San Diego 130,000 years ago, Holen says, it was probably a pretty nice place to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was slightly warmer than it is today,” he said. “I think the weather would have been beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Global climate change is a such a dramatic and vast event, it can be hard to find reasons to believe we can change the momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalist Paul Hawken, in his new book, offers 100 reasons to hope. Hawken is a seasoned advocate for the power of human action to address climate change. He co-founded the retail and catalog company \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Hawken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smith & Hawken\u003c/a> and has written several best-selling books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His latest is called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.drawdown.org/the-book/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reduce Global Warming\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/author/dkatayama/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Devin Katayama\u003c/a> spoke with Paul Hawken about his book and what each one of us can do to “draw down” the atmosphere’s carbon load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Katayama: You call this the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reduce global warming. That’s a pretty bold statement.\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: Not only bold, it’s cheeky and rash [but] it is the most comprehensive plan to reverse global warming because no one has ever proposed a plan. In three years of research, with over 200 scientists and research fellows, we discovered that there is a de facto plan afoot in the world to reduce global warming but it’s not top down. It’s not from some person or some institution. It’s a collective wisdom, if you will.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1592341\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1592341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"In his new book Paul Hawken lays out a 100 point plan for slowing and reversing human-caused climate change.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1920x1442.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-960x721.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In his new book, Paul Hawken lays out a 100 point plan for slowing and reversing human-caused climate change. \u003ccite>(Paul Hawken)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: And so you did talk to a ton of scientists and you came up with this whole list of things that the world needs to do in the coming decades to really tackle climate change. What are some of the recommendations that you learned?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: We don’t make recommendations. We map, measure and model the 100 most substantive solutions. And we went through hundreds of solutions and tested and did the math. All the data are based on peer reviewed science.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: Well let’s talk about one of the solutions in your book. It’s called the micro-grid and it’s this really fascinating example of zero-carbon energy, this idea that a neighborhood can be its own energy supplier. Tell us why that is and how these micro-grids work.\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: The micro-grid is really localization of energy. We hear a lot about local food, and farm to fork; this is sun to home. You’re gathering your energy locally, but you’re actually in a small grid and you’re sharing it in a way that allows for peaks and valleys of the energy, different sources of energy. And in developing countries they can’t afford power grids. They’re too remote. They don’t have the money in the first place. They don’t have centralized energy generation plants. And for them they can \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leapfrogging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leapfrog\u003c/a> where we are today to a very different system, where they use micro-wind and solar and larger wind turbines.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1592343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Drawdown_coverhires\" width=\"300\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-800x1024.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-160x205.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-768x983.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1020x1305.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1920x2457.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1180x1510.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-960x1228.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-240x307.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-375x480.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-520x665.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">They then can create an energy grid that supplies all the needs they have. You see this throughout India and Africa and eventually we’re going to see it in the United States, not because we’re a low income country but because it’ll be cheaper. Because people [will] have energy storage in their homes, they’ll have energy generation on their roofs and they’ll hook up to each other and it’ll be cheaper than what we’re paying today.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama: \u003c/b>As you look ahead, what industries or business do you think stand to make the most progress?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: I think the biggest industry that can influence global warming is the food industry, and that surprised us when we did the modeling and assumed it would be energy. But actually, food has the biggest impact in terms of reversing [climate change] in reducing energy use and sequestering carbon. [It can] bring carbon back down from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and store it in the soil. Our recommendations are actually is profitable, regenerative farming techniques create more productivity. [Regenerative farming] has so many benefits and it’s such an exciting area for people to go into. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: What about individuals? What can I do in my home to help out?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: The number one thing you can do, and I’m starting to do it now too by the way (which I thought I did before, but wasn’t so aware of it) is reduce food waste. Americans waste 40 percent of the food that we produce. And it takes a lot of energy to produce that food, not just on a farm level but shipping and storage and packing and distribution and processing. It takes 14 or 15 calories for every calorie you consume, and then you toss it. Not in San Francisco, but in most cities in the world and certainly in the United States, that food then goes to landfills and produces methane, a greenhouse gas which is 34 times more powerful than CO2. So, reducing food waste.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And now, my wife calls me \u003cem>animalito\u003c/em> [or “little animal”]. She’s Spanish and calls me that because I’m eating everything you’d normally throw away.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>This interview was edited and abridged for clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"headline": "Reversing Climate Change? California Author Offers 100 Reasons to Hope",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global climate change is a such a dramatic and vast event, it can be hard to find reasons to believe we can change the momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalist Paul Hawken, in his new book, offers 100 reasons to hope. Hawken is a seasoned advocate for the power of human action to address climate change. He co-founded the retail and catalog company \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Hawken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smith & Hawken\u003c/a> and has written several best-selling books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His latest is called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.drawdown.org/the-book/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reduce Global Warming\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/author/dkatayama/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Devin Katayama\u003c/a> spoke with Paul Hawken about his book and what each one of us can do to “draw down” the atmosphere’s carbon load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Katayama: You call this the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reduce global warming. That’s a pretty bold statement.\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: Not only bold, it’s cheeky and rash [but] it is the most comprehensive plan to reverse global warming because no one has ever proposed a plan. In three years of research, with over 200 scientists and research fellows, we discovered that there is a de facto plan afoot in the world to reduce global warming but it’s not top down. It’s not from some person or some institution. It’s a collective wisdom, if you will.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1592341\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1592341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"In his new book Paul Hawken lays out a 100 point plan for slowing and reversing human-caused climate change.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-768x577.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1920x1442.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-960x721.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/PaulHawken1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In his new book, Paul Hawken lays out a 100 point plan for slowing and reversing human-caused climate change. \u003ccite>(Paul Hawken)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: And so you did talk to a ton of scientists and you came up with this whole list of things that the world needs to do in the coming decades to really tackle climate change. What are some of the recommendations that you learned?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: We don’t make recommendations. We map, measure and model the 100 most substantive solutions. And we went through hundreds of solutions and tested and did the math. All the data are based on peer reviewed science.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: Well let’s talk about one of the solutions in your book. It’s called the micro-grid and it’s this really fascinating example of zero-carbon energy, this idea that a neighborhood can be its own energy supplier. Tell us why that is and how these micro-grids work.\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: The micro-grid is really localization of energy. We hear a lot about local food, and farm to fork; this is sun to home. You’re gathering your energy locally, but you’re actually in a small grid and you’re sharing it in a way that allows for peaks and valleys of the energy, different sources of energy. And in developing countries they can’t afford power grids. They’re too remote. They don’t have the money in the first place. They don’t have centralized energy generation plants. And for them they can \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leapfrogging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leapfrog\u003c/a> where we are today to a very different system, where they use micro-wind and solar and larger wind turbines.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1592343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Drawdown_coverhires\" width=\"300\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-800x1024.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-160x205.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-768x983.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1020x1305.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1920x2457.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-1180x1510.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-960x1228.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-240x307.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-375x480.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Drawdown_coverhires-520x665.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">They then can create an energy grid that supplies all the needs they have. You see this throughout India and Africa and eventually we’re going to see it in the United States, not because we’re a low income country but because it’ll be cheaper. Because people [will] have energy storage in their homes, they’ll have energy generation on their roofs and they’ll hook up to each other and it’ll be cheaper than what we’re paying today.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama: \u003c/b>As you look ahead, what industries or business do you think stand to make the most progress?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: I think the biggest industry that can influence global warming is the food industry, and that surprised us when we did the modeling and assumed it would be energy. But actually, food has the biggest impact in terms of reversing [climate change] in reducing energy use and sequestering carbon. [It can] bring carbon back down from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and store it in the soil. Our recommendations are actually is profitable, regenerative farming techniques create more productivity. [Regenerative farming] has so many benefits and it’s such an exciting area for people to go into. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>\u003cb>Katayama\u003c/b>: What about individuals? What can I do in my home to help out?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Hawken: The number one thing you can do, and I’m starting to do it now too by the way (which I thought I did before, but wasn’t so aware of it) is reduce food waste. Americans waste 40 percent of the food that we produce. And it takes a lot of energy to produce that food, not just on a farm level but shipping and storage and packing and distribution and processing. It takes 14 or 15 calories for every calorie you consume, and then you toss it. Not in San Francisco, but in most cities in the world and certainly in the United States, that food then goes to landfills and produces methane, a greenhouse gas which is 34 times more powerful than CO2. So, reducing food waste.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And now, my wife calls me \u003cem>animalito\u003c/em> [or “little animal”]. She’s Spanish and calls me that because I’m eating everything you’d normally throw away.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>This interview was edited and abridged for clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Congressman Adam Schiff\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>From President Trump’s proposed tax cuts to foreign policy, Democratic congressman Adam Schiff gives his report card for the administration’s first 100 days and how it directly affects California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Analysis\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>KQED senior editor for Politics and Government Scott Shafer takes a broader look at President Trump’s first 100 days in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guests:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Harmeet Dhillon, RNC National Committeewoman for California\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sean Walsh, Wilson Walsh Consulting\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Joe Garofoli, San Francisco Chronicle political reporter\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Marching for the First Time\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>For Eleanor Chang, Donald Trump’s election was a turning point — one that inspired her to become more involved in politics. At the age of 60, San Francisco retiree Chang found herself with a new calling for political action, both online and in the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump and the Courts\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>In blocking President Trump’s executive orders on travel and immigration, lawyers and judges have played a key role in the first 100 days of the new administration. Interim Dean of UC Berkeley Law School Melissa Murray offers legal analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump has \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/28/president-donald-j-trump-announces-key-additions-his-administration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">appointed David Bernhardt\u003c/a>, until late last year a lobbyist and attorney for the San Joaquin Valley’s powerful Westlands Water District, to a top post in the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the agencies Bernhardt will have a role in overseeing is the Bureau of Reclamation, which operates the federal Central Valley Project — a key source of water for much of California agriculture, including Westlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday’s appointment, which was signaled in November when Bernhardt was appointed part of Trump’s transition team, has been met with uniform dismay by California conservationists and fishing interests who have fought a generations-long battle over restoring habitat and environmental water supplies throughout the Sacramento-San Joaquin watersheds, including the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McClatchyDC\u003c/a>, the Washington, D.C., outlet for Sacramento-based McClatchy newspapers, has a long piece on Bernhardt’s appointment: \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/news/politics-government/article147372499.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Lobbyist who once sued Interior named to be department’s No. 2 official\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McClatchy’s Stuart Leavenworth writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>If confirmed by the Senate, Bernhardt will be in a position to influence upcoming decisions that could benefit his former client.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under an executive order signed by President Trump, appointees such as Bernhardt are required to recuse themselves from matters involving former clients, although in the past, waivers have been granted for people in his situation. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernhardt’s nomination, however, is already drawing fire from critics who note that Trump, as a candidate, promised to “drain the swamp” of lobbyist influence over the White House and Congress. As president, Trump has placed lobbyists in key positions of his transition and administration, and adopted ethics rules looser than those of the Obama administration for incoming appointees.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>McClatchy notes that Rep. Jared Huffman, D-San Rafael, offered especially pointed criticism:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Bernhardt is a walking conflict of interest. He should absolutely have to recuse himself from anything having to do with Westlands Water District. That is the most obvious of ethical fault lines here.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ally Praises Appointment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the aisle, Rep. David Valadao, R-Hanford, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepDavidValadao/status/857982432653578241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">praised Bernhardt\u003c/a> as a dedicated public servant with the knowledge and expertise to effectively serve in the Interior Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valadao is chief sponsor of \u003ca href=\"https://naturalresources.house.gov/uploadedfiles/mu_memo_--_hr_1769_04.26.17__04.27.17_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HR 1769\u003c/a>, a bill that would formalize a settlement in a long-running dispute between Westlands and the federal government over what to do about \u003ca href=\"http://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/kesterson-reservoir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toxic drainage water\u003c/a> resulting from irrigation of some of the district’s farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among other provisions, Westlands agreed to dismiss a lawsuit — filed in 2011 by Bernhardt — that sought to force the feds to make good on a commitment to build a multibillion-dollar system to dispose of the poisoned water. In return, the government agreed to forgive the district’s $375 million debt for construction of Central Valley Project facilities and granted it long-term access to project water on the same basis as other districts that have paid their CVP debts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The House Natural Resources Committee \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/article147156219.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approved the settlement\u003c/a> Thursday, rejecting an amendment from Huffman that would have barred former Westlands officials or lobbyists — meaning Bernhardt — from working on the drainage issue for five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valadao and Westlands — the water district is still represented by Bernhardt’s former firm — are also allied in an effort to end court-ordered restrictions on water deliveries to the San Joaquin Valley designed to protect salmon, Delta smelt and other species. Valadao’s sweeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr23/BILLS-115hr23ih.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HR 23\u003c/a> also seeks to require increased water deliveries to the valley and would repeal an agreement, decades in the making, to restore chinook salmon to the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmental Opposition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups on Friday said they oppose Bernhardt both for his lobbying on behalf of oil, gas, mining and agricultural interests — he put in two stints for a Denver-based firm sandwiched around a term as counselor and solicitor for the George W. Bush Interior Department — and for the ethical questions they say his nomination raises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Brett Hartl, government affairs director at the Center for Biological Diversity, said, “Appointing a lobbyist like Bernhardt shows just how empty Donald Trump’s promise to drain the swamp was. From [EPA chief] Scott Pruitt to [Secretary of the Interior] Ryan Zinke, and now David Bernhardt, President Trump has assembled the most anti-environmental administration in history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden Gate Salmon Association, a San Francisco-based group representing commercial fishermen and recreational anglers, noted that Bernhardt represented Westlands in \u003ca href=\"https://www.leagle.com/decision/In%20FCO%2020141222197/SAN%20LUIS%20&%20DELTA-MENDOTA%20WATER%20AUTHORITY%20v.%20LOCKE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a lawsuit\u003c/a> that sought to undo court-imposed protections for endangered salmon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Bernhardt and Westlands have spent the past decade attacking salmon protections and, by extension, the tens of thousands of California fishing jobs tied to salmon,” said John McManus, the association’s executive director, in a statement. “It strains credibility to suggest that Mr. Bernhardt would refrain from occupying himself with key departmental decisions that he has spent the last decade working to influence. In fact, those seeking his appointment are almost certainly counting on him to weigh in on their behalf.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernhardt’s nomination requires Senate approval. With Republicans holding a 52-48 edge in the upper house, confirmation is likely a formality.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump has \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/28/president-donald-j-trump-announces-key-additions-his-administration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">appointed David Bernhardt\u003c/a>, until late last year a lobbyist and attorney for the San Joaquin Valley’s powerful Westlands Water District, to a top post in the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the agencies Bernhardt will have a role in overseeing is the Bureau of Reclamation, which operates the federal Central Valley Project — a key source of water for much of California agriculture, including Westlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday’s appointment, which was signaled in November when Bernhardt was appointed part of Trump’s transition team, has been met with uniform dismay by California conservationists and fishing interests who have fought a generations-long battle over restoring habitat and environmental water supplies throughout the Sacramento-San Joaquin watersheds, including the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McClatchyDC\u003c/a>, the Washington, D.C., outlet for Sacramento-based McClatchy newspapers, has a long piece on Bernhardt’s appointment: \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/news/politics-government/article147372499.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Lobbyist who once sued Interior named to be department’s No. 2 official\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McClatchy’s Stuart Leavenworth writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>If confirmed by the Senate, Bernhardt will be in a position to influence upcoming decisions that could benefit his former client.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under an executive order signed by President Trump, appointees such as Bernhardt are required to recuse themselves from matters involving former clients, although in the past, waivers have been granted for people in his situation. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernhardt’s nomination, however, is already drawing fire from critics who note that Trump, as a candidate, promised to “drain the swamp” of lobbyist influence over the White House and Congress. As president, Trump has placed lobbyists in key positions of his transition and administration, and adopted ethics rules looser than those of the Obama administration for incoming appointees.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>McClatchy notes that Rep. Jared Huffman, D-San Rafael, offered especially pointed criticism:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Bernhardt is a walking conflict of interest. He should absolutely have to recuse himself from anything having to do with Westlands Water District. That is the most obvious of ethical fault lines here.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ally Praises Appointment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the aisle, Rep. David Valadao, R-Hanford, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepDavidValadao/status/857982432653578241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">praised Bernhardt\u003c/a> as a dedicated public servant with the knowledge and expertise to effectively serve in the Interior Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valadao is chief sponsor of \u003ca href=\"https://naturalresources.house.gov/uploadedfiles/mu_memo_--_hr_1769_04.26.17__04.27.17_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HR 1769\u003c/a>, a bill that would formalize a settlement in a long-running dispute between Westlands and the federal government over what to do about \u003ca href=\"http://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/kesterson-reservoir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toxic drainage water\u003c/a> resulting from irrigation of some of the district’s farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among other provisions, Westlands agreed to dismiss a lawsuit — filed in 2011 by Bernhardt — that sought to force the feds to make good on a commitment to build a multibillion-dollar system to dispose of the poisoned water. In return, the government agreed to forgive the district’s $375 million debt for construction of Central Valley Project facilities and granted it long-term access to project water on the same basis as other districts that have paid their CVP debts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The House Natural Resources Committee \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/article147156219.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approved the settlement\u003c/a> Thursday, rejecting an amendment from Huffman that would have barred former Westlands officials or lobbyists — meaning Bernhardt — from working on the drainage issue for five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valadao and Westlands — the water district is still represented by Bernhardt’s former firm — are also allied in an effort to end court-ordered restrictions on water deliveries to the San Joaquin Valley designed to protect salmon, Delta smelt and other species. Valadao’s sweeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr23/BILLS-115hr23ih.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HR 23\u003c/a> also seeks to require increased water deliveries to the valley and would repeal an agreement, decades in the making, to restore chinook salmon to the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmental Opposition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups on Friday said they oppose Bernhardt both for his lobbying on behalf of oil, gas, mining and agricultural interests — he put in two stints for a Denver-based firm sandwiched around a term as counselor and solicitor for the George W. Bush Interior Department — and for the ethical questions they say his nomination raises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Brett Hartl, government affairs director at the Center for Biological Diversity, said, “Appointing a lobbyist like Bernhardt shows just how empty Donald Trump’s promise to drain the swamp was. From [EPA chief] Scott Pruitt to [Secretary of the Interior] Ryan Zinke, and now David Bernhardt, President Trump has assembled the most anti-environmental administration in history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden Gate Salmon Association, a San Francisco-based group representing commercial fishermen and recreational anglers, noted that Bernhardt represented Westlands in \u003ca href=\"https://www.leagle.com/decision/In%20FCO%2020141222197/SAN%20LUIS%20&%20DELTA-MENDOTA%20WATER%20AUTHORITY%20v.%20LOCKE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a lawsuit\u003c/a> that sought to undo court-imposed protections for endangered salmon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Bernhardt and Westlands have spent the past decade attacking salmon protections and, by extension, the tens of thousands of California fishing jobs tied to salmon,” said John McManus, the association’s executive director, in a statement. “It strains credibility to suggest that Mr. Bernhardt would refrain from occupying himself with key departmental decisions that he has spent the last decade working to influence. In fact, those seeking his appointment are almost certainly counting on him to weigh in on their behalf.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernhardt’s nomination requires Senate approval. With Republicans holding a 52-48 edge in the upper house, confirmation is likely a formality.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Signs Executive Order on Offshore Drilling, Marine Sanctuaries",
"headTitle": "Trump Signs Executive Order on Offshore Drilling, Marine Sanctuaries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/28/presidential-executive-order-implementing-america-first-offshore-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed an executive orde\u003c/a>r Friday that aims to expand offshore drilling for oil and gas, in a move welcomed by the oil and gas industry and greeted with alarm by environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent,” Trump said before signing the document. He said previous restrictions on exploration and production deprive the U.S. of “potentially thousands and thousands of jobs and billions of dollars in wealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/525959808/525970331\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe order directs Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to review a five-year plan in which President Obama banned drilling in parts of the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the parts of the order that could affect California is a provision that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/04/28/new-oil-drilling-off-california-coast-trump-signs-order-seeking-to-expand-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requires the Secretary of Commerce to review\u003c/a> any new or expanded national marine sanctuaries over the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015 president Obama \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/press/2015/california-expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doubled the size of Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones\u003c/a> national marine sanctuaries off northern California, extending them from Bodega Bay to about 50 miles north to Point Arena in Mendocino County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If those were undone, that could leave that part of the Sonoma coast open to new oil drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has not had any new offshore oil leases allowed in federal waters since 1984. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6934371-181/trumps-move-to-expand-offshore?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opponents, including Senator Dianne Feinstein, have promised to fight\u003c/a> any attempts to open up the state’s coastline to new drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters Thursday night that will be a long process, and a complex one, acknowledging that not all areas have oil or gas, and not all coastal communities want offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zinke said revenue from offshore leasing had dropped by $15 billion during the Obama administration, with some of that due to the dropping price of oil, “but not all of it.” He added that 94 percent of the nation’s outer continental shelf is currently off limits for development of any kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is enthusiastic about today’s executive order. In a statement, Jack Gerard of the American Petroleum Institute said expanding drilling in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico in particular “could create thousands of jobs and provide billions of dollars in government revenue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the Atlantic coast, though, more than 100 cities and towns have passed resolutions against offshore drilling. In Kure Beach, N.C., Mayor Emilie Swearingen said tourism is the second largest industry in the state. “We don’t want the devastation from an oil spill,” she said. “It’s not whether it would happen, but when it would happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Edwardson, president of the Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, said his council may consider filing suit at some point to challenge an expansion of offshore drilling. “Most of our food comes from the ocean,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters the administration will not remove the “stringent environmental safeguards already in place.” He also said he was optimistic about the development of offshore wind energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration’s drilling bans will remain in place for now. But even if they are eventually rolled back, there are questions about how effective the executive order will be in spurring new drilling. The price of oil is relatively low, hovering at about $50 a barrel, and offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic. When asked whether the administration had been approached by any companies interested in drilling in the Arctic, Zinke said, “No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not clear whether the Trump administration can reverse a separate offshore drilling ban that Obama announced a month before leaving office. He used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Obama administration officials said at the time that the law had no provision to reverse such a ban. When asked about this, Zinke said only that “everything” is under review, and “whatever recommendation I make I’m sure we’ll have the legal authority to complete it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s remarks, he stressed that the executive order “reverses the previous administration’s Arctic leasing ban.” The full text of the order has not yet been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Oceana described expanding offshore drilling as a “huge, bad stupid mistake.” In a statement, the group’s Senior Vice President for U.S. Oceans Jacqueline Savitz said Trump was siding “with his oil industry allies, in a move disguised as a job creator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The executive order also imposes a halt on designating or expanding any National Marine Sanctuary, unless the action “includes a timely, full accounting from the Department of the Interior of any energy or mineral resource potential in the designated area.” Zinke says the administration will have 180 days to review all such designations and expansions over the past decade. He likened this to another executive order this week that directs a review of national monuments on public lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year Obama made headlines when he quadrupled the size of a marine sanctuary in Hawaii. He also created the Atlantic Ocean’s first marine monument, preserving roughly 130 miles of sea canyons and underwater mountains off New England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Signs+Executive+Order+On+Offshore+Drilling+And+Marine+Sanctuaries&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>KQED producers contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/28/presidential-executive-order-implementing-america-first-offshore-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed an executive orde\u003c/a>r Friday that aims to expand offshore drilling for oil and gas, in a move welcomed by the oil and gas industry and greeted with alarm by environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent,” Trump said before signing the document. He said previous restrictions on exploration and production deprive the U.S. of “potentially thousands and thousands of jobs and billions of dollars in wealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/525959808/525970331\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe order directs Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to review a five-year plan in which President Obama banned drilling in parts of the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the parts of the order that could affect California is a provision that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/04/28/new-oil-drilling-off-california-coast-trump-signs-order-seeking-to-expand-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requires the Secretary of Commerce to review\u003c/a> any new or expanded national marine sanctuaries over the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015 president Obama \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/press/2015/california-expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doubled the size of Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones\u003c/a> national marine sanctuaries off northern California, extending them from Bodega Bay to about 50 miles north to Point Arena in Mendocino County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If those were undone, that could leave that part of the Sonoma coast open to new oil drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has not had any new offshore oil leases allowed in federal waters since 1984. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6934371-181/trumps-move-to-expand-offshore?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opponents, including Senator Dianne Feinstein, have promised to fight\u003c/a> any attempts to open up the state’s coastline to new drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters Thursday night that will be a long process, and a complex one, acknowledging that not all areas have oil or gas, and not all coastal communities want offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zinke said revenue from offshore leasing had dropped by $15 billion during the Obama administration, with some of that due to the dropping price of oil, “but not all of it.” He added that 94 percent of the nation’s outer continental shelf is currently off limits for development of any kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is enthusiastic about today’s executive order. In a statement, Jack Gerard of the American Petroleum Institute said expanding drilling in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico in particular “could create thousands of jobs and provide billions of dollars in government revenue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the Atlantic coast, though, more than 100 cities and towns have passed resolutions against offshore drilling. In Kure Beach, N.C., Mayor Emilie Swearingen said tourism is the second largest industry in the state. “We don’t want the devastation from an oil spill,” she said. “It’s not whether it would happen, but when it would happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Edwardson, president of the Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, said his council may consider filing suit at some point to challenge an expansion of offshore drilling. “Most of our food comes from the ocean,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters the administration will not remove the “stringent environmental safeguards already in place.” He also said he was optimistic about the development of offshore wind energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration’s drilling bans will remain in place for now. But even if they are eventually rolled back, there are questions about how effective the executive order will be in spurring new drilling. The price of oil is relatively low, hovering at about $50 a barrel, and offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic. When asked whether the administration had been approached by any companies interested in drilling in the Arctic, Zinke said, “No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not clear whether the Trump administration can reverse a separate offshore drilling ban that Obama announced a month before leaving office. He used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Obama administration officials said at the time that the law had no provision to reverse such a ban. When asked about this, Zinke said only that “everything” is under review, and “whatever recommendation I make I’m sure we’ll have the legal authority to complete it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s remarks, he stressed that the executive order “reverses the previous administration’s Arctic leasing ban.” The full text of the order has not yet been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Oceana described expanding offshore drilling as a “huge, bad stupid mistake.” In a statement, the group’s Senior Vice President for U.S. Oceans Jacqueline Savitz said Trump was siding “with his oil industry allies, in a move disguised as a job creator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The executive order also imposes a halt on designating or expanding any National Marine Sanctuary, unless the action “includes a timely, full accounting from the Department of the Interior of any energy or mineral resource potential in the designated area.” Zinke says the administration will have 180 days to review all such designations and expansions over the past decade. He likened this to another executive order this week that directs a review of national monuments on public lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year Obama made headlines when he quadrupled the size of a marine sanctuary in Hawaii. He also created the Atlantic Ocean’s first marine monument, preserving roughly 130 miles of sea canyons and underwater mountains off New England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Signs+Executive+Order+On+Offshore+Drilling+And+Marine+Sanctuaries&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>KQED producers contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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