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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Californians may \u003c/span>be breathing a sigh of relief, but not elation, this week, after the state’s latest snowpack reading. A wet and cold March saved California from a near record-low snowpack, but it proved too little too late to bring a full recovery. And worse, climate scientists say we should start getting used to these low snowpack years.[contextly_sidebar id=”zlL0iPhmZuP0NZjqTmQRjy2vLIn9w2uR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much water content the snow holds in the Sierra Nevada mountains is crucial to the state’s water supply, and snowpack readings at the start of April – usually the peak accumulation of the season – are a key indicator of the winter’s bounty (or lack of).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of April 3, the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow-water equivalent\u003c/a> (how much water content is in the snow), was 52 percent of the long-term average statewide. And in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, which drains into the state’s two biggest reservoirs, it was only 41 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not great, but it’s a vast improvement from the outlook just over a month ago when the snowpack was near the lowest recorded. “At the end of February things were not looking so great, things were extremely dry throughout the state,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/person/daniel-swain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at University of California, Los Angeles’ \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a>. “The whole winter had been very warm, in some place the warmest on record.”[contextly_sidebar id=”y7pgl4aTsUh3wGVE63yEFhvAhFL69WIy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain called California’s winter “really weird” this year, with heat waves and fire danger that lasted through December. “The Thomas Fire, California’s largest fire in modern history, occurred in mid-December, which is kind of mind-boggling,” he said. Typically, California’s wet weather returns in October or November, stamping out fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other than the storms that brought fatal flooding and mudslides to Santa Barbara County in January, the winter in Southern California was nearly bone dry until the end of February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>March, Swain said, was a reversal of fortune, with wet weather returning and being accompanied by much colder temperatures, an ideal combination for boosting mountain snowpack. “We actually had a below-average month temperature-wise in most of the state, which hasn’t happened in some places in a long time,” he said. “And that combined with a pretty active storm track meant we got a lot of snow in the mountains over a three- or four-week period.”[contextly_sidebar id=”0S6zH6KeBTsvihOPUwMhEcocq6PqZWnd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada snowpack nearly tripled during March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other good piece of news is that 2017 was a huge water year for California, and the state’s major reservoirs are at 107 percent of average for this time of year, according to the Department of Water Resources. But this also means that California will be working its way through some of its reserves this year as it taps the “bank account” of water supply in reservoirs. And so far, contractors that receive water via the State Water Project are projected to receive only 20 percent of their allocation, although that figure may be amended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/All-News-Articles/April-Snow-Survey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">manual snowpack reading\u003c/a> at Phillips Stations in the Sierra Nevada on April 2, Department of Water Resources director Karla Nemeth used the opportunity to pitch for smarter and more efficient use of water. “We need every Californian to conserve,” she said. After learning to cut back during lean years, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/10/california-water-use-continues-to-increase-as-conservation-declines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent figures\u003c/a> have shown that Californians are nearly back to using as much water as they were before the state’s recent drought.[contextly_sidebar id=”aeE0HRS3SnoiktPvItT0SxxZ1yESRyup”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Rizzardo, chief of Snow Surveys Section and Water Supply Forecasting at the Department of Water Resources, said the full reservoirs mean there’s “no immediate concern” regarding water supply but there could be “potential impacts should we have a second dry year in a row next winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And another dry year, or at least a year with low snowpack, is a legitimate concern, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maggie Macias, an information officer at the Department of Water Resources, said the biggest factor this year in California was a lack of storms, especially during December and February, which are historically the two wettest months. “When we did get storms, most notably those in January and again in March, some were of a warmer, atmospheric river nature, which tends to produce more precipitation as rain rather than snow,” she said. “So warmer storms/temperatures did play their part this year.”[contextly_sidebar id=”b1aMWfOigDDGGJTsF8SUYHFNijo02vYY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, she said, is a noticeable trend over the past few years. “We’ve set some high temperature marks month to month or over seasons that are worrisome,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Swain said the overall trend has been a lagging snowpack, even in years when there’s adequate precipitation. And higher temperatures are to blame there. “That’s sort of the warming signal that’s buried in everything now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will still experience wet years and occasional big snow years, he said, but they will become less frequent and less big. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/UCLA-CCS-Climate-Change-Sierra-Nevada.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> just published by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span> Center for Climate Science found that if nothing is done to curb climate change, Sierra Nevada average spring snowpack is likely to drop by 64 percent by the end of the century and by 30 percent if some efforts are made at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But warming impacts are already being seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“There has been an expectation for a long time that we would see Sierra Nevada snow lines, the elevation of where the mean snow is falling, creeping up the mountain and we’d see less snow at lower and middle elevations, and then eventually the overall snowpack would start to decrease,” Swain said. “And based on a couple of studies that have come out in the last six months – we’re there. It’s no longer ‘we expect to see,’ it’s ‘we are starting to see this in the real world.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Californians may \u003c/span>be breathing a sigh of relief, but not elation, this week, after the state’s latest snowpack reading. A wet and cold March saved California from a near record-low snowpack, but it proved too little too late to bring a full recovery. And worse, climate scientists say we should start getting used to these low snowpack years.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much water content the snow holds in the Sierra Nevada mountains is crucial to the state’s water supply, and snowpack readings at the start of April – usually the peak accumulation of the season – are a key indicator of the winter’s bounty (or lack of).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of April 3, the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow-water equivalent\u003c/a> (how much water content is in the snow), was 52 percent of the long-term average statewide. And in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, which drains into the state’s two biggest reservoirs, it was only 41 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not great, but it’s a vast improvement from the outlook just over a month ago when the snowpack was near the lowest recorded. “At the end of February things were not looking so great, things were extremely dry throughout the state,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/person/daniel-swain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at University of California, Los Angeles’ \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a>. “The whole winter had been very warm, in some place the warmest on record.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain called California’s winter “really weird” this year, with heat waves and fire danger that lasted through December. “The Thomas Fire, California’s largest fire in modern history, occurred in mid-December, which is kind of mind-boggling,” he said. Typically, California’s wet weather returns in October or November, stamping out fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other than the storms that brought fatal flooding and mudslides to Santa Barbara County in January, the winter in Southern California was nearly bone dry until the end of February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>March, Swain said, was a reversal of fortune, with wet weather returning and being accompanied by much colder temperatures, an ideal combination for boosting mountain snowpack. “We actually had a below-average month temperature-wise in most of the state, which hasn’t happened in some places in a long time,” he said. “And that combined with a pretty active storm track meant we got a lot of snow in the mountains over a three- or four-week period.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada snowpack nearly tripled during March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other good piece of news is that 2017 was a huge water year for California, and the state’s major reservoirs are at 107 percent of average for this time of year, according to the Department of Water Resources. But this also means that California will be working its way through some of its reserves this year as it taps the “bank account” of water supply in reservoirs. And so far, contractors that receive water via the State Water Project are projected to receive only 20 percent of their allocation, although that figure may be amended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/All-News-Articles/April-Snow-Survey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">manual snowpack reading\u003c/a> at Phillips Stations in the Sierra Nevada on April 2, Department of Water Resources director Karla Nemeth used the opportunity to pitch for smarter and more efficient use of water. “We need every Californian to conserve,” she said. After learning to cut back during lean years, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/10/california-water-use-continues-to-increase-as-conservation-declines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent figures\u003c/a> have shown that Californians are nearly back to using as much water as they were before the state’s recent drought.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Rizzardo, chief of Snow Surveys Section and Water Supply Forecasting at the Department of Water Resources, said the full reservoirs mean there’s “no immediate concern” regarding water supply but there could be “potential impacts should we have a second dry year in a row next winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And another dry year, or at least a year with low snowpack, is a legitimate concern, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maggie Macias, an information officer at the Department of Water Resources, said the biggest factor this year in California was a lack of storms, especially during December and February, which are historically the two wettest months. “When we did get storms, most notably those in January and again in March, some were of a warmer, atmospheric river nature, which tends to produce more precipitation as rain rather than snow,” she said. “So warmer storms/temperatures did play their part this year.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, she said, is a noticeable trend over the past few years. “We’ve set some high temperature marks month to month or over seasons that are worrisome,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Swain said the overall trend has been a lagging snowpack, even in years when there’s adequate precipitation. And higher temperatures are to blame there. “That’s sort of the warming signal that’s buried in everything now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will still experience wet years and occasional big snow years, he said, but they will become less frequent and less big. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/UCLA-CCS-Climate-Change-Sierra-Nevada.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> just published by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span> Center for Climate Science found that if nothing is done to curb climate change, Sierra Nevada average spring snowpack is likely to drop by 64 percent by the end of the century and by 30 percent if some efforts are made at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But warming impacts are already being seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“There has been an expectation for a long time that we would see Sierra Nevada snow lines, the elevation of where the mean snow is falling, creeping up the mountain and we’d see less snow at lower and middle elevations, and then eventually the overall snowpack would start to decrease,” Swain said. “And based on a couple of studies that have come out in the last six months – we’re there. It’s no longer ‘we expect to see,’ it’s ‘we are starting to see this in the real world.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Scientists in Antarctica have harvested their first crop of vegetables grown without earth, daylight or pesticides as part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Germany’s Neumayer Station III say they’ve picked 8 pounds of salad greens, 18 cucumbers and 70 radishes grown inside a high-tech greenhouse as temperatures outside dropped below -4 Fahrenheit.[contextly_sidebar id=”2wg6PO03zcv7nxs4zNB3HrqWtg1KflMX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German Aerospace Center DLR, which coordinates the project, said Thursday that by May scientists hope to harvest 4-5 kilograms of fruit and vegetables a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While NASA has successfully grown greens on the International Space Station, DLR’s Daniel Schubert says the Antarctic project aims to produce a wider range of vegetables that might one day be grown on Mars or the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_66467 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Scientists in Antarctica have harvested their first crop of vegetables grown without earth, daylight or pesticides as part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Germany’s Neumayer Station III say they’ve picked 8 pounds of salad greens, 18 cucumbers and 70 radishes grown inside a high-tech greenhouse as temperatures outside dropped below -4 Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German Aerospace Center DLR, which coordinates the project, said Thursday that by May scientists hope to harvest 4-5 kilograms of fruit and vegetables a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While NASA has successfully grown greens on the International Space Station, DLR’s Daniel Schubert says the Antarctic project aims to produce a wider range of vegetables that might one day be grown on Mars or the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_66467 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Greenland Ice Sheet is Melting at its Fastest Rate in 400 years",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Greenland ice sheet\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is melting at its fastest rate in 400 years at a pace that has nearly doubled since the end of the 19th century, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GL076641\">study\u003c/a> published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZLLASi7HqKFpu3kwwCEA9Dvfw7aITKt4″]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">That could have major consequences for global sea level rise, according to online environmental magazine \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/digest/greenland-ice-sheet-melting-doubled-over-the-last-century\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yale Environment 360\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Greenland ice sheet contains about 8 percent of the ice on earth, and if all of it were to melt in the coming centuries, global sea levels \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/quickfacts/icesheets.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">would rise by 20 feet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.9c8a7ee7200a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington Post \u003c/a>notes that the melting is already impacting sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In recent years, as Arctic air and ocean temperatures have risen, Greenland has been losing more ice through melting on its surface and through iceberg breaks at its periphery. It’s currently contributing almost a millimeter annually to the rising of the oceans, more even than Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And the research suggests that global warming is largely to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he study also noted that during past eras of warm seas or high blocking, melt wasn’t as extreme — suggesting that the steady global warming trend, representing a more than 2 degree Fahrenheit rise in Greenland since the preindustrial era, is the key to separating the present from past. — \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.6fa40cff7b6a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Washington Post\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">When placed in the broader context of our planet’s history, the findings are pretty alarming,\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.a958fd93b435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> says lead researcher\u003c/a> Erich Osterberg, a Dartmouth glaciologist.[contextly_sidebar id=”MytjPi8UgzRIur6IN8Mna1d9DKB7HCsm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The last time it was as warm as now, we were getting much more radiation from the sun because of Earth’s orbit, and that was probably [7,000] or 8,000 years ago,” Osterberg told the Post.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">[contextly_sidebar id=”rRSdCg2zvXamqLMPS9kVMUihA41c7ueg”]Meanwhile “Scientific American” notes that while\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-400-years1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> icebergs get plenty\u003c/a> of media coverage, more attention needs to be paid to surface melting when assessing Greenland’s ice loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Much of the recent attention on Greenland’s ice loss has focused on icebergs breaking away from the ice sheet’s glaciers, eye-catching events that often draw media attention and capture the public’s imagination. But research suggests that melting from the surface of the ice sheet actually accounts for more than half of Greenland’s ice loss. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And with global warming becoming the norm, looking at the impact of greenhouse emissions will become crucial when making evaluations of sea level rise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Essentially, the weather patterns that control these year-to-year changes become less and less important when you look over longer time scales,” Osterberg told \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-400-years1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientific American\u003c/a>. “Several decades into the future, the long-term warming trend from greenhouse gases — that’s going to dominate the signal.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Greenland ice sheet\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is melting at its fastest rate in 400 years at a pace that has nearly doubled since the end of the 19th century, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GL076641\">study\u003c/a> published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">That could have major consequences for global sea level rise, according to online environmental magazine \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/digest/greenland-ice-sheet-melting-doubled-over-the-last-century\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yale Environment 360\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Greenland ice sheet contains about 8 percent of the ice on earth, and if all of it were to melt in the coming centuries, global sea levels \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/quickfacts/icesheets.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">would rise by 20 feet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.9c8a7ee7200a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington Post \u003c/a>notes that the melting is already impacting sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In recent years, as Arctic air and ocean temperatures have risen, Greenland has been losing more ice through melting on its surface and through iceberg breaks at its periphery. It’s currently contributing almost a millimeter annually to the rising of the oceans, more even than Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And the research suggests that global warming is largely to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he study also noted that during past eras of warm seas or high blocking, melt wasn’t as extreme — suggesting that the steady global warming trend, representing a more than 2 degree Fahrenheit rise in Greenland since the preindustrial era, is the key to separating the present from past. — \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.6fa40cff7b6a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Washington Post\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">When placed in the broader context of our planet’s history, the findings are pretty alarming,\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.a958fd93b435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> says lead researcher\u003c/a> Erich Osterberg, a Dartmouth glaciologist.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The last time it was as warm as now, we were getting much more radiation from the sun because of Earth’s orbit, and that was probably [7,000] or 8,000 years ago,” Osterberg told the Post.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Meanwhile “Scientific American” notes that while\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-400-years1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> icebergs get plenty\u003c/a> of media coverage, more attention needs to be paid to surface melting when assessing Greenland’s ice loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Much of the recent attention on Greenland’s ice loss has focused on icebergs breaking away from the ice sheet’s glaciers, eye-catching events that often draw media attention and capture the public’s imagination. But research suggests that melting from the surface of the ice sheet actually accounts for more than half of Greenland’s ice loss. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And with global warming becoming the norm, looking at the impact of greenhouse emissions will become crucial when making evaluations of sea level rise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Essentially, the weather patterns that control these year-to-year changes become less and less important when you look over longer time scales,” Osterberg told \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-400-years1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientific American\u003c/a>. “Several decades into the future, the long-term warming trend from greenhouse gases — that’s going to dominate the signal.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feds Target Unique Waiver That Allows California to Steer Emissions Limits",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, turned his sights this week on a nearly half-century-old federal waiver that allows California to pursue its own, tough tailpipe emission standards, and allows other states to opt in to California’s standards rather than federal ones if they choose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waiver has allowed California, the U.S. state with the most people and the biggest economy, to steer the rest of nation toward tougher limits on car and truck emissions that pollute the air and change the climate.[contextly_sidebar id=”kYiX9Yy6kOaTLV1xzkFzRsqTmkFo9o8n”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said this week the agency will work with all states, including California, to set new pollution and mileage standards for gas- and diesel-powered vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at California’s unique waiver from federal emissions standards for cars, why it matters to the rest of the country, and what could happen if the Trump administration moves against California’s ability to set its own vehicle-emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>A combination of climate, geography and a lot of cars and trucks has given California some of the worst smog in the country, especially in the Los Angeles basin and other inland valleys. To fight that, California has regulated vehicle-tailpipe emissions since before 1970, when the EPA and the federal Clean Air Act came into force. Because of that, Congress wrote an exemption into the landmark Clean Air Act: California could seek waivers to set its own limits for pollutants from cars as long as its rules were at least as tough as federal standards. Since then, Democratic and Republican administrations have renewed California’s waiver dozens of times. A Trump administration challenge would revive an abortive 2007 effort by the Bush administration to block California’s power to set its own emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Waiver Matter?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>While California’s waiver is unique, at least 12 other states in the Northeast and elsewhere have chosen to opt into the tougher tailpipe emissions standards that California sets. That means up to 40 percent of cars on the road nationwide follow California’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gasoline and diesel exhaust is a main source of pollutants and gases that endanger public health and are changing the climate. California Gov. Jerry Brown, a Democrat, wants to reduce the state’s climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Receiving continued federal waivers for progressively tougher state emissions standards will be a critical part of that.[contextly_sidebar id=”LLlksREiLTb7Uw9l5MEKa7ouFx7mppmb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the federal and California standards are the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some car manufacturers and conservative groups want the EPA to roll back federal controls on greenhouse-gas emissions from vehicles, arguing for a single emission standard set by the federal government. That makes the question of whether California’s waiver survives still more critical nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happens if the Trump Administration Moves Against the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>California officials have vowed to fight to preserve the state’s waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re ready to file suit if needed to protect these critical standards and to fight the Administration’s war on our environment,” California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said Monday in a statement. “California didn’t become the sixth-largest economy in the world by spectating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration would have a tough fight legally if it tries to revoke California’s waiver outright, especially since it’s stood for nearly a half-century, said Richard Frank, director of the California Environmental Law and Policy Center at the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would have “somewhat less of a powerful argument” legally, however, if the Trump administration refuses to renew the waiver the next time the state comes before the EPA with a plan to tighten state emissions rules, Frank said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President George W. Bush’s administration made its own move against California’s unique say on emissions standards in 2007, for the first time denying California its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before courts could decide the matter conclusively, the Obama administration reversed that waiver denial in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, turned his sights this week on a nearly half-century-old federal waiver that allows California to pursue its own, tough tailpipe emission standards, and allows other states to opt in to California’s standards rather than federal ones if they choose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waiver has allowed California, the U.S. state with the most people and the biggest economy, to steer the rest of nation toward tougher limits on car and truck emissions that pollute the air and change the climate.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said this week the agency will work with all states, including California, to set new pollution and mileage standards for gas- and diesel-powered vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at California’s unique waiver from federal emissions standards for cars, why it matters to the rest of the country, and what could happen if the Trump administration moves against California’s ability to set its own vehicle-emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>A combination of climate, geography and a lot of cars and trucks has given California some of the worst smog in the country, especially in the Los Angeles basin and other inland valleys. To fight that, California has regulated vehicle-tailpipe emissions since before 1970, when the EPA and the federal Clean Air Act came into force. Because of that, Congress wrote an exemption into the landmark Clean Air Act: California could seek waivers to set its own limits for pollutants from cars as long as its rules were at least as tough as federal standards. Since then, Democratic and Republican administrations have renewed California’s waiver dozens of times. A Trump administration challenge would revive an abortive 2007 effort by the Bush administration to block California’s power to set its own emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Waiver Matter?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>While California’s waiver is unique, at least 12 other states in the Northeast and elsewhere have chosen to opt into the tougher tailpipe emissions standards that California sets. That means up to 40 percent of cars on the road nationwide follow California’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gasoline and diesel exhaust is a main source of pollutants and gases that endanger public health and are changing the climate. California Gov. Jerry Brown, a Democrat, wants to reduce the state’s climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Receiving continued federal waivers for progressively tougher state emissions standards will be a critical part of that.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the federal and California standards are the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some car manufacturers and conservative groups want the EPA to roll back federal controls on greenhouse-gas emissions from vehicles, arguing for a single emission standard set by the federal government. That makes the question of whether California’s waiver survives still more critical nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happens if the Trump Administration Moves Against the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>California officials have vowed to fight to preserve the state’s waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re ready to file suit if needed to protect these critical standards and to fight the Administration’s war on our environment,” California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said Monday in a statement. “California didn’t become the sixth-largest economy in the world by spectating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration would have a tough fight legally if it tries to revoke California’s waiver outright, especially since it’s stood for nearly a half-century, said Richard Frank, director of the California Environmental Law and Policy Center at the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would have “somewhat less of a powerful argument” legally, however, if the Trump administration refuses to renew the waiver the next time the state comes before the EPA with a plan to tighten state emissions rules, Frank said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President George W. Bush’s administration made its own move against California’s unique say on emissions standards in 2007, for the first time denying California its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before courts could decide the matter conclusively, the Obama administration reversed that waiver denial in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Californians Go Back to Using About as Much Water as Before the Drought",
"headTitle": "Californians Go Back to Using About as Much Water as Before the Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Since Gov. Jerry Brown called off California’s drought emergency a year ago, we Californians seem to have gotten a little lazy when it comes to water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve started watering our lawns more often. We’re not putting buckets in our showers as much. (In fact, we’re taking longer showers.) And we don’t let yellow mellow — meaning, we flush our pee instead of just letting it sit in the toilet bowl, according to Southern California residents KPCC queried for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It definitely is the messaging,” said Isaiah Leslie of Anaheim Hills, a former yellow-mellower who now flushes after every use. “If we were still in a drought, mandated by the governor, then I think we would still do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these tiny decisions to relax and use a bit more water have added up. Statewide, Californians are using 18 percent more water than at the same time in 2017 — nearly the same amount as before the drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, Californians used about 71 gallons per person per day. That’s almost as much as the 74 gallons we were using in January 2013 — a year before California’s drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, we appear to be almost back to our free-wheeling attitudes about water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921985\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921985 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KPCC reporter Emily Guerin empties her shower bucket on the orange tree in her side yard. She no longer uses the bucket now that the drought has been called off. (Kyle Stokes/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That trend has taken on added urgency this week — the traditional end of California’s rain and snow season. State water officials use the first week of April to assess the water content in the Sierra Nevada snowpack. Runoff from melting snow provides about a third of California’s freshwater for drinking and agriculture. By the end of the March, electronic sensors indicated the water content in the snowpack was less than 60 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did Gov. Brown declare the drought over in the first place?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>It has to do with the historic amount of snow that fell last year in the Sierra. On April 7, 2017, the day Brown issued an executive order calling off the drought emergency, the Sierra snowpack was 164 percent of average. Lake Oroville, the state’s largest reservoir, was completely full — so full that just two months earlier, Oroville dam operators were forced to use the emergency spillway for the first time in its 49-year history. The spillway eroded so much there was concern the dam could breech and flood the town of Oroville downstream. The six-year drought, which had left the Sierra Nevada nearly bare of snow in 2015, was clearly over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did calling off the drought change anything on the ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Yes! Gov. Brown’s executive order put an end to mandatory water conservation in California. Since May 2015, the State Water Resources Control Board, an agency that emerged during the drought as California water cop, had been requiring every city and water district to cut its water use by a certain amount. The Water Board relaxed those rules a little bit in May 2016, when cities just had to prove they had enough water to make it through three dry years. But after April 2017, all those requirements went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did we start using more water after the drought ended?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Oh yeah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1921983\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-375x209.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-520x290.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"o-article__body\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How come?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake a city like Palmdale, where water use rose 5 percent after the drought was called off compared to the same period in 2016. Palmdale allowed people to water their lawns more often, and backed off on enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to maintain credibility with our customers,” said Dennis LaMoreaux, the general manager of the Palmdale Water District. “And if the state says the drought is over, and if customers don’t see a change in the rules, that kind of undermines the credibility of next time we really need them to save water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other cities, like Redlands, didn’t change any of its water rules, but officials suspect their customers started to slack off because they’re hearing mixed messages about the need to conserve. Water use during the six months following the end of the drought was up 18 percent compared to the same period in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made the point to them that even though the state has declared the drought over, all the restrictions remain in place for Redlands customers,” said Cecilia Grado, a water resources specialist with the city of Redlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she added, “We can’t compete with the media.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does the media have to do with it?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMedia coverage of drought may be critically important in encouraging conservation, according to a 2017 study in \u003cem>Science Advances.\u003c/em> Researchers at Stanford University surveyed nine daily newspapers during two droughts, looking for stories having to do with “California drought,” “water conservation” and similar terms. The first drought occurred during the Great Recession and received relatively little media coverage, where as during the second, beginning in 2012, media coverage was “extraordinarily high.” They found that over a two-month period, an increase in 100 drought-related articles was associated with an 11 to 18 percent reduction in water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the media coverage wasn’t happening in a vacuum – reporters were covering changes in rules and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Political action was being broadcast by the media,” said Newsha Ajami, the head of Urban Water Policy at Stanford University, who co-authored the study. “And then that was impacting people’s behavior. And that was feeding back into more political action, and more media coverage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since Brown called off the drought, media coverage has also dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water issues in California have fallen off that priority list,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should we all still be cutting back on water?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor Ajami, that depends on what we’re doing with the water we’re using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people were collecting shower water to flush their toilets, I think they should take a break,” she said. “But if we’re using more water outdoors because we want to have lush lawns and green spaces, then that’s not OK. If we’re washing our cars, that’s not OK. We need to be mindful of the fact that this water comes to us through a lot of effort, and also, it’s not an infinite resource.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jelena Hartman, a senior scientist at the State Water Resources Control Board, the main challenge is to get Californians to switch from an emergency conservation mindset, with shower buckets and dead grass, into a long-term, water-saving way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means replacing lawns with artificial turf or native plants, fixing leaks, ripping out old toilets and washing machines and putting in more efficient ones instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a state there is a lot of work to be done to move away from those short-term emergency conservation measures to something that can be a permanent change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can we save water in the long-term?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>At the state level, the Water Resources Control Board is working on a proposal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/02/19/80855/state-to-ban-wasteful-uses-of-water-but-it-won-t-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permanently ban wasteful uses of water\u003c/a> like watering your lawn until it runs into the street, washing a car without a shut-off nozzle and irrigating street medians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also two bills in the state legislature, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606,\u003c/a> that would clamp down on water use in cities by forcing them to use water more wisely. The bills would set a limit of 55 gallons per person, per day, for indoor use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But outdoor use is by far the bigger problem. More than half of all the water used in cities in California is sprinkled on lawns, flowers and ornamental trees. So the two bills would set limits on how much you can use depending on where you live. Cooler, denser cities with smaller lots and multi-family homes, like San Francisco and Santa Monica, would be required to use less water than hotter, more suburban cities with larger homes and yards like Riverside and Redlands. The State Water Board would slowly begin ratcheting up enforcement, with no fines until after the first five years of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about in my city?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Some cities are still doing a lot too! Places like Los Angeles and Redlands never let up on the rules and regulations they had during the drought. Others, like Santa Monica, are passing new, even more ambitious ordinances to keep water use low. \u003ca href=\"https://www.smgov.net/Departments/OSE/Categories/Water/Water_Neutrality.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Monica’s new water neutrality ordinance\u003c/a>, passed three months after Gov. Brown declared the drought over, requires new developments to use the same amount of water as the building they are replacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others cities are phasing in “smart meters” that read water use data in real time and allow city staff to quickly detect leaks. In Beverly Hills, water conservation manager Debby Figoni gets a list every day of the biggest water users in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at graphs of their water use, she can tell if they’ve got “continuous flow issues” like leaky pipes, a broken sprinkler or a running toilet. When she calls residents to tell them about the leak, she offers them a rebate on their bill for fixing it – but only if they agree to reduce outdoor water use first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So now, I’ve had this opportunity because of this issue to also educate them on efficient irrigation,” she said. “And that’s very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some cities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-water/a-w-conservation/a-w-c-landscap?_afrLoop=691427684342227&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=180ktyer6k_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">like Los Angeles,\u003c/a> are still offering rebates to remove grass lawns, the largest source of additional rebates, the Metropolitan Water District, has dried up. The agency is voting in April whether to resume the program. However, MWD \u003ca href=\"http://www.bewaterwise.com/pdfs/mwd_rebates.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does still offers rebates \u003c/a>on low-flow toilets, high-efficiency washers and irrigation controllers. It may boost the amount of those incentives to encourage people to switch them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/04/02/81967/californians-go-back-to-wasting-as-much-water-as-b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> is part of Elemental: Covering Sustainability, a new multimedia collaboration between Cronkite News, Arizona PBS, KJZZ, KPCC, Rocky Mountain PBS and PBS SoCal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since Gov. Jerry Brown called off California’s drought emergency a year ago, we Californians seem to have gotten a little lazy when it comes to water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve started watering our lawns more often. We’re not putting buckets in our showers as much. (In fact, we’re taking longer showers.) And we don’t let yellow mellow — meaning, we flush our pee instead of just letting it sit in the toilet bowl, according to Southern California residents KPCC queried for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It definitely is the messaging,” said Isaiah Leslie of Anaheim Hills, a former yellow-mellower who now flushes after every use. “If we were still in a drought, mandated by the governor, then I think we would still do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these tiny decisions to relax and use a bit more water have added up. Statewide, Californians are using 18 percent more water than at the same time in 2017 — nearly the same amount as before the drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, Californians used about 71 gallons per person per day. That’s almost as much as the 74 gallons we were using in January 2013 — a year before California’s drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, we appear to be almost back to our free-wheeling attitudes about water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921985\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921985 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KPCC reporter Emily Guerin empties her shower bucket on the orange tree in her side yard. She no longer uses the bucket now that the drought has been called off. (Kyle Stokes/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That trend has taken on added urgency this week — the traditional end of California’s rain and snow season. State water officials use the first week of April to assess the water content in the Sierra Nevada snowpack. Runoff from melting snow provides about a third of California’s freshwater for drinking and agriculture. By the end of the March, electronic sensors indicated the water content in the snowpack was less than 60 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did Gov. Brown declare the drought over in the first place?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>It has to do with the historic amount of snow that fell last year in the Sierra. On April 7, 2017, the day Brown issued an executive order calling off the drought emergency, the Sierra snowpack was 164 percent of average. Lake Oroville, the state’s largest reservoir, was completely full — so full that just two months earlier, Oroville dam operators were forced to use the emergency spillway for the first time in its 49-year history. The spillway eroded so much there was concern the dam could breech and flood the town of Oroville downstream. The six-year drought, which had left the Sierra Nevada nearly bare of snow in 2015, was clearly over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did calling off the drought change anything on the ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Yes! Gov. Brown’s executive order put an end to mandatory water conservation in California. Since May 2015, the State Water Resources Control Board, an agency that emerged during the drought as California water cop, had been requiring every city and water district to cut its water use by a certain amount. The Water Board relaxed those rules a little bit in May 2016, when cities just had to prove they had enough water to make it through three dry years. But after April 2017, all those requirements went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did we start using more water after the drought ended?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Oh yeah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1921983\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-375x209.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-520x290.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"o-article__body\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How come?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake a city like Palmdale, where water use rose 5 percent after the drought was called off compared to the same period in 2016. Palmdale allowed people to water their lawns more often, and backed off on enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to maintain credibility with our customers,” said Dennis LaMoreaux, the general manager of the Palmdale Water District. “And if the state says the drought is over, and if customers don’t see a change in the rules, that kind of undermines the credibility of next time we really need them to save water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other cities, like Redlands, didn’t change any of its water rules, but officials suspect their customers started to slack off because they’re hearing mixed messages about the need to conserve. Water use during the six months following the end of the drought was up 18 percent compared to the same period in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made the point to them that even though the state has declared the drought over, all the restrictions remain in place for Redlands customers,” said Cecilia Grado, a water resources specialist with the city of Redlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she added, “We can’t compete with the media.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does the media have to do with it?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMedia coverage of drought may be critically important in encouraging conservation, according to a 2017 study in \u003cem>Science Advances.\u003c/em> Researchers at Stanford University surveyed nine daily newspapers during two droughts, looking for stories having to do with “California drought,” “water conservation” and similar terms. The first drought occurred during the Great Recession and received relatively little media coverage, where as during the second, beginning in 2012, media coverage was “extraordinarily high.” They found that over a two-month period, an increase in 100 drought-related articles was associated with an 11 to 18 percent reduction in water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the media coverage wasn’t happening in a vacuum – reporters were covering changes in rules and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Political action was being broadcast by the media,” said Newsha Ajami, the head of Urban Water Policy at Stanford University, who co-authored the study. “And then that was impacting people’s behavior. And that was feeding back into more political action, and more media coverage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since Brown called off the drought, media coverage has also dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water issues in California have fallen off that priority list,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should we all still be cutting back on water?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor Ajami, that depends on what we’re doing with the water we’re using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people were collecting shower water to flush their toilets, I think they should take a break,” she said. “But if we’re using more water outdoors because we want to have lush lawns and green spaces, then that’s not OK. If we’re washing our cars, that’s not OK. We need to be mindful of the fact that this water comes to us through a lot of effort, and also, it’s not an infinite resource.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jelena Hartman, a senior scientist at the State Water Resources Control Board, the main challenge is to get Californians to switch from an emergency conservation mindset, with shower buckets and dead grass, into a long-term, water-saving way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means replacing lawns with artificial turf or native plants, fixing leaks, ripping out old toilets and washing machines and putting in more efficient ones instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a state there is a lot of work to be done to move away from those short-term emergency conservation measures to something that can be a permanent change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can we save water in the long-term?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>At the state level, the Water Resources Control Board is working on a proposal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/02/19/80855/state-to-ban-wasteful-uses-of-water-but-it-won-t-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permanently ban wasteful uses of water\u003c/a> like watering your lawn until it runs into the street, washing a car without a shut-off nozzle and irrigating street medians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also two bills in the state legislature, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606,\u003c/a> that would clamp down on water use in cities by forcing them to use water more wisely. The bills would set a limit of 55 gallons per person, per day, for indoor use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But outdoor use is by far the bigger problem. More than half of all the water used in cities in California is sprinkled on lawns, flowers and ornamental trees. So the two bills would set limits on how much you can use depending on where you live. Cooler, denser cities with smaller lots and multi-family homes, like San Francisco and Santa Monica, would be required to use less water than hotter, more suburban cities with larger homes and yards like Riverside and Redlands. The State Water Board would slowly begin ratcheting up enforcement, with no fines until after the first five years of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about in my city?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Some cities are still doing a lot too! Places like Los Angeles and Redlands never let up on the rules and regulations they had during the drought. Others, like Santa Monica, are passing new, even more ambitious ordinances to keep water use low. \u003ca href=\"https://www.smgov.net/Departments/OSE/Categories/Water/Water_Neutrality.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Monica’s new water neutrality ordinance\u003c/a>, passed three months after Gov. Brown declared the drought over, requires new developments to use the same amount of water as the building they are replacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others cities are phasing in “smart meters” that read water use data in real time and allow city staff to quickly detect leaks. In Beverly Hills, water conservation manager Debby Figoni gets a list every day of the biggest water users in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at graphs of their water use, she can tell if they’ve got “continuous flow issues” like leaky pipes, a broken sprinkler or a running toilet. When she calls residents to tell them about the leak, she offers them a rebate on their bill for fixing it – but only if they agree to reduce outdoor water use first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So now, I’ve had this opportunity because of this issue to also educate them on efficient irrigation,” she said. “And that’s very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some cities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-water/a-w-conservation/a-w-c-landscap?_afrLoop=691427684342227&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=180ktyer6k_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">like Los Angeles,\u003c/a> are still offering rebates to remove grass lawns, the largest source of additional rebates, the Metropolitan Water District, has dried up. The agency is voting in April whether to resume the program. However, MWD \u003ca href=\"http://www.bewaterwise.com/pdfs/mwd_rebates.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does still offers rebates \u003c/a>on low-flow toilets, high-efficiency washers and irrigation controllers. It may boost the amount of those incentives to encourage people to switch them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/04/02/81967/californians-go-back-to-wasting-as-much-water-as-b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> is part of Elemental: Covering Sustainability, a new multimedia collaboration between Cronkite News, Arizona PBS, KJZZ, KPCC, Rocky Mountain PBS and PBS SoCal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Moves To Weaken Landmark Fuel Efficiency Rules",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration today \u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved to weaken fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for automobiles, saying the current ones are inappropriate and wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-anticipated move is a win for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied for lower fuel-economy standards. It’s also a rejection of one of former President Barack Obama’s biggest efforts to combat climate change by curbing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QfUGaDbIHqcY1JRkHpkaOE16MgcR5n0o”]In making the announcement, Scott Pruitt, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, accused Obama of making incorrect assumptions when setting the standards, which led to them being set “too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration, working with California, aimed to nearly double the fleet wide average fuel economy for passenger cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automobile emissions and transportation are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the largest sources\u003c/a> of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s EPA is abandoning those goals and says it will work with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to set more appropriate standards at a later date.[contextly_sidebar id=”IXBWYDYsS0Q8BSuLFcqAU1VGIKondheQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move puts the Trump administration on the path toward another legal showdown with California, which has said that it will keep the stricter air standards in place. The state has a federal waiver under the Clean Air Act that allows it to set \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/26/521590802/in-conflict-with-trump-agenda-california-sets-stricter-auto-emissions-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own standards for vehicle emissions\u003c/a>. Twelve other states follow California’s lead, and together they account for a third of all car sales in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a politically motivated effort to weaken clean vehicle standards with no documentation, evidence or law to back up that decision,” said Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, in a statement. She accused EPA of aiming to “demolish the nation’s clean car program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the federal government and California work together to set shared auto emissions and fuel economy standards. Car manufacturers want uniformity nationwide, so they’re not having to build different types of vehicles for consumers in different states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”g2CCVDMEc35bEmI6e9k1QYuI0D829yIx”]But the Trump administration and California are at odds on a number of issues, and it’s unclear if either side would be willing to make a concession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country,” Pruitt said in a statement. “It’s in everyone’s best interest to have a national standard, and we look forward to working with all states, including California, as we work to finalize that standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement said California’s environmental waiver “is still being reexamined by EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown also criticized the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any split in the nation’s car market would be troublesome for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied the Trump administration to lower the standards. They argued that with low gas prices, consumers are buying more larger vehicles — SUV’s and pickup trucks — making the push for fuel-efficient electric vehicles and hybrids a costly burden. Lowering the fuel economy standards, they said, would give them more flexibility to meet consumer demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Caldwell, executive director of industry analysis at the automotive website Edmunds, said in a statement that flexibility will come with a cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate reality is that this decision comes with a logistical nightmare in the short term,” she said. If states divide into a patchwork of competing fuel economy standards, while a long court battle drags out, “it puts automakers in a very challenging scenario from a product development perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Moves+To+Weaken+Landmark+Fuel+Efficiency+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration today \u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved to weaken fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for automobiles, saying the current ones are inappropriate and wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-anticipated move is a win for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied for lower fuel-economy standards. It’s also a rejection of one of former President Barack Obama’s biggest efforts to combat climate change by curbing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In making the announcement, Scott Pruitt, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, accused Obama of making incorrect assumptions when setting the standards, which led to them being set “too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration, working with California, aimed to nearly double the fleet wide average fuel economy for passenger cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automobile emissions and transportation are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the largest sources\u003c/a> of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s EPA is abandoning those goals and says it will work with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to set more appropriate standards at a later date.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move puts the Trump administration on the path toward another legal showdown with California, which has said that it will keep the stricter air standards in place. The state has a federal waiver under the Clean Air Act that allows it to set \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/26/521590802/in-conflict-with-trump-agenda-california-sets-stricter-auto-emissions-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own standards for vehicle emissions\u003c/a>. Twelve other states follow California’s lead, and together they account for a third of all car sales in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a politically motivated effort to weaken clean vehicle standards with no documentation, evidence or law to back up that decision,” said Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, in a statement. She accused EPA of aiming to “demolish the nation’s clean car program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the federal government and California work together to set shared auto emissions and fuel economy standards. Car manufacturers want uniformity nationwide, so they’re not having to build different types of vehicles for consumers in different states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But the Trump administration and California are at odds on a number of issues, and it’s unclear if either side would be willing to make a concession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country,” Pruitt said in a statement. “It’s in everyone’s best interest to have a national standard, and we look forward to working with all states, including California, as we work to finalize that standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement said California’s environmental waiver “is still being reexamined by EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown also criticized the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any split in the nation’s car market would be troublesome for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied the Trump administration to lower the standards. They argued that with low gas prices, consumers are buying more larger vehicles — SUV’s and pickup trucks — making the push for fuel-efficient electric vehicles and hybrids a costly burden. Lowering the fuel economy standards, they said, would give them more flexibility to meet consumer demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Caldwell, executive director of industry analysis at the automotive website Edmunds, said in a statement that flexibility will come with a cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate reality is that this decision comes with a logistical nightmare in the short term,” she said. If states divide into a patchwork of competing fuel economy standards, while a long court battle drags out, “it puts automakers in a very challenging scenario from a product development perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Moves+To+Weaken+Landmark+Fuel+Efficiency+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Rejects Fuel Efficiency Standards, Signals Fight With California",
"headTitle": "EPA Rejects Fuel Efficiency Standards, Signals Fight With California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914261\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914261 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"When this photo was taken in 2009, self-driving cars seemed a distant promise. Now they're becoming a new challenge for highway engineers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California leaders vow a fight to preserve the state’s strict tailpipe emissions limits. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> announced \u003c/a>on Monday that it has rejected an Obama-era plan to cut tailpipe emissions for cars and light trucks. The statement also signaled an oncoming legal battle over California’s own stricter emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is in America’s best interest to have a national standard,” said EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt. “Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, California officials immediately fired off condemnations of the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Watch out for this belated April Fools’ Day trick,” said Governor Jerry Brown in a statement. “This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Air Resources Board Chair Mary Nichols noted that the decision changes nothing in California and the 12 other states with strong emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This decision takes the U.S. auto industry backward,” she said in a statement, “and we will vigorously defend the existing clean vehicle standards and fight to preserve one national clean vehicle program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA said it completed a review that will affect vehicles for model years 2022-2025 but it did not specify details on new standards, which it said would be forthcoming. Current regulations from the EPA require the fleet of new vehicles to get 36 miles per gallon in real-world driving by 2025. That’s about 10 mpg over the existing standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is part of a broader effort by the Trump administration to dismantle environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruit said that the Obama administration cut the rule-making process short for political expediency and “made assumptions about the standards that didn’t comport with reality, and set the standards too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Obama Administration’s determination was wrong,” said Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automakers \u003ca href=\"https://autoalliance.org/2018/04/02/auto-alliance-statement-response-epas-announcement-midterm-review-fuel-economy-ghg-program/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">applauded\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the right decision, and we support the Administration for pursuing a data-driven effort and a single national program as it works to finalize future standards,” said Gloria Bergquist, vice president, communications and public affairs for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914261\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914261 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"When this photo was taken in 2009, self-driving cars seemed a distant promise. Now they're becoming a new challenge for highway engineers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California leaders vow a fight to preserve the state’s strict tailpipe emissions limits. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> announced \u003c/a>on Monday that it has rejected an Obama-era plan to cut tailpipe emissions for cars and light trucks. The statement also signaled an oncoming legal battle over California’s own stricter emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is in America’s best interest to have a national standard,” said EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt. “Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, California officials immediately fired off condemnations of the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Watch out for this belated April Fools’ Day trick,” said Governor Jerry Brown in a statement. “This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Air Resources Board Chair Mary Nichols noted that the decision changes nothing in California and the 12 other states with strong emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This decision takes the U.S. auto industry backward,” she said in a statement, “and we will vigorously defend the existing clean vehicle standards and fight to preserve one national clean vehicle program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA said it completed a review that will affect vehicles for model years 2022-2025 but it did not specify details on new standards, which it said would be forthcoming. Current regulations from the EPA require the fleet of new vehicles to get 36 miles per gallon in real-world driving by 2025. That’s about 10 mpg over the existing standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is part of a broader effort by the Trump administration to dismantle environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruit said that the Obama administration cut the rule-making process short for political expediency and “made assumptions about the standards that didn’t comport with reality, and set the standards too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Obama Administration’s determination was wrong,” said Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automakers \u003ca href=\"https://autoalliance.org/2018/04/02/auto-alliance-statement-response-epas-announcement-midterm-review-fuel-economy-ghg-program/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">applauded\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the right decision, and we support the Administration for pursuing a data-driven effort and a single national program as it works to finalize future standards,” said Gloria Bergquist, vice president, communications and public affairs for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sierra Snowpack Still Skimpy After March Storms",
"headTitle": "Sierra Snowpack Still Skimpy After March Storms | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The fifth most productive March on record for snow wasn’t enough to make up for disappointing precipitation throughout the key months of December, January and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heading into the April measurement of the Sierra Nevada snowpack, water content \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/swccond.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stood at more than 40 percent\u003c/a> below normal. It’s just 57 percent of the long-term average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A system lining up in the Pacific could bring in a late-season bonus of snowfall later this week, but at this point there’s little that could save this from being a dry water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=1b51f6ee-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Climatologist Michael Anderson tried to put the best face on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not too little, too late, but…helpful. But not enough,” is the way he described the month of March following a symposium on — ironically enough — extreme precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says there’s a temperature sweet spot for winter storms that deliver snow with the highest water content, which is really what matters. Too cold and the storm can’t hold sufficient water vapor, too warm and the snow line (the elevation where rain turns to snow) gets pushed higher up the hill, causing more precipitation to fall as rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4d668f0a-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the warmer storms and the higher-elevation snow lines, you don’t have enough time with the cold air to build that pack,” Anderson explains. This winter, he says, we just didn’t hit the sweet spot often enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even this year’s disappointing pack beats by a long shot the same date in 2015, when the snowpack clocked in at 5 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday’s official survey of the snowpack is significant, as April 1 is considered the peak of the snow season, before accumulated snows begin to melt and become runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7aca0b98-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen the bulk of our precipitation,” Anderson says, pointing out that 90 percent of a typical year’s precipitation falls between October 1 and April 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack provides about a third of California’s water supply. Last year’s abundant rain and snow left many of the state’s largest reservoirs brimming. That “carryover” should stave off another drought emergency this summer, but it means Californians will count that much more heavily on next year’s wet season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really that look ahead of, ‘What does next year bring,'” says Anderson, “and this kind of year brings that to the forefront.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Before and after: thank goodness for March. Check out the images in this post to see how one month helped plump up the snowpack.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The fifth most productive March on record for snow wasn’t enough to make up for disappointing precipitation throughout the key months of December, January and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heading into the April measurement of the Sierra Nevada snowpack, water content \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/swccond.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stood at more than 40 percent\u003c/a> below normal. It’s just 57 percent of the long-term average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A system lining up in the Pacific could bring in a late-season bonus of snowfall later this week, but at this point there’s little that could save this from being a dry water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=1b51f6ee-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Climatologist Michael Anderson tried to put the best face on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not too little, too late, but…helpful. But not enough,” is the way he described the month of March following a symposium on — ironically enough — extreme precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says there’s a temperature sweet spot for winter storms that deliver snow with the highest water content, which is really what matters. Too cold and the storm can’t hold sufficient water vapor, too warm and the snow line (the elevation where rain turns to snow) gets pushed higher up the hill, causing more precipitation to fall as rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4d668f0a-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the warmer storms and the higher-elevation snow lines, you don’t have enough time with the cold air to build that pack,” Anderson explains. This winter, he says, we just didn’t hit the sweet spot often enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even this year’s disappointing pack beats by a long shot the same date in 2015, when the snowpack clocked in at 5 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday’s official survey of the snowpack is significant, as April 1 is considered the peak of the snow season, before accumulated snows begin to melt and become runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7aca0b98-33ae-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen the bulk of our precipitation,” Anderson says, pointing out that 90 percent of a typical year’s precipitation falls between October 1 and April 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack provides about a third of California’s water supply. Last year’s abundant rain and snow left many of the state’s largest reservoirs brimming. That “carryover” should stave off another drought emergency this summer, but it means Californians will count that much more heavily on next year’s wet season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really that look ahead of, ‘What does next year bring,'” says Anderson, “and this kind of year brings that to the forefront.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California",
"headTitle": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Dave Kinateder has a keen eye for trees. But when Kinateder, a fire ecologist in the Plumas National Forest, surveys a hillside lush with pines, he doesn’t see abundance or the glory of nature’s bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees a disaster-in-waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”XvW8tq5rEZdq0j2MMxoysQoqzkOPsjwk”]“It’s a ticking time bomb,” he said, gazing across the dense, green carpet of trees near Quincy, a small community high in the northern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfires, the worst in modern California history, have put a microscope on the forests that cover a third of the state–in particular, on managing these wooded lands in ways that would reduce the frequency and intensity of such blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is grappling with the counterintuitive dilemma of too many trees, packed too closely together, robbed of the space they need to thrive—and with how to clear out more than 100 million dead trees, felled by drought or insects, that provide tinder for the next infernos.[contextly_sidebar id=”W78j62BzZQgCQHG4Uhnb5gMw3bHmzNrJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curing these unhealthy forests is both difficult and expensive, and as with human health, prevention is far less costly than treatment. But these days the state firefighting agency, Cal Fire, spends the bulk of its resources battling fires rather than practicing preventive measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is nothing less than life, property, air quality and the lands that hold most of California’s water. A state commission recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed\u003c/a> radical changes to address what it terms the “neglect” of California’s largest forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th-century California forest would have held fewer than 50 trees an acre. Today the state’s forests have grown to an unnatural 300 to 500 trees an acre, or more. That doesn’t count the 2 million drought-stressed trees a month lost to bark beetles that have killed entire stands.[contextly_sidebar id=”7ztdqfj3wRFHxO5rfPD2guBOX7lJUHQJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who in 2014 declared tree mortality a state of emergency, said in his January State of the State address that California needs to manage its forests more intelligently. He vowed to convene a task force “to review thoroughly the way our forests are managed and suggest ways to reduce the threat of devastating fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has dozens of agencies attacking problem but still cannot keep up with the work. Crews around the state have been busy clearing trees as fast as funding allows. This wielding of chainsaws they call “whacking and stacking” leaves massive wood piles along highways in some areas. But it amounts to no more than triage: Cal Fire removes trees on fewer than 40,000 acres a year, far short of its goal of clearing a half-million acres annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1921881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1244\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-160x249.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-768x1194.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1020x1586.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1180x1835.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-960x1493.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-240x373.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-375x583.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-520x809.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1.png 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Kinateder estimates that removing trees in this way costs as much as $1,400 an acre. By comparison, controlled burns—those set by fire managers to remove vegetation from forests—is a bargain at less than $150 an acre. Fighting a wildfire comes in at just over $800 an acre, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from the forest floor, California officials are wrestling with the financial and environmental cost of the state’s forest practices. At a hearing in March in Sacramento, legislators listened to lurid descriptions of raging fire and wrenching stories of human misery recounted by a stream of state and local officials: flames rearing up like an enormous beast, residents running for their lives, neighborhoods leveled, fire burning so hot and for so long that soils were rendered sterile.[contextly_sidebar id=”0ul4kP3DzeWs0FzlnhMdgFepk98LDj0R”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A portion of the proceedings focused on a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> about wildfires and forest health from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency that gave its findings to the governor and Legislature in February. The document pulled no punches, calling the state of the Sierra Nevada’s forests “an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It cited a century of “mismanaging” the 10 million wooded acres in the Sierra, calling out state and federal firefighting agencies for their longstanding policy of aggressively putting out all fires rather than letting those that can safely burn do so, thereby thinning the choked woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”I4v79I4vD7MYIXswWhic9rNtNP98HPtb”]Helge Eng, deputy director of Cal Fire, acknowledged the report was “spot on” in its assessment of the state of the Sierra, adding that the analysis “did an especially good job of recognizing that there are no easy, black-and-white answers to the problems we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire boasts that it stops 95 percent of fires at 10 acres or less, saving lives, property and entire forests from conflagration. Fire experts argue that a negative could be turned into a positive if fire bosses let them burn while still steering them away from people and structures and toward overgrown wildlands in need of clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an approach sometimes used by the National Park Service, but it’s difficult to defend when forests are ablaze, frightening the public and many elected officials alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the report said, “it is not enough for agency leaders, scientists and advocates to recognize the benefits of fire as a tool; the bureaucracy of the state government and public sentiment as a whole must undergo a culture shift to embrace fire as a tool for forest health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service employees in the Plumas National Forest near Quincy, in California’s northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eng said Cal Fire is considering adopting the managed-burn approach, when appropriate, but noted that federal firefighters are often working in wild settings, away from development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire’s mission is different; we protect life and property” in areas that may be densely populated, Eng said in a written response to questions. “There is most often not an opportunity to let a fire burn. The risk to human life is just too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also detailed a public safety threat from 129 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/drought-pests-and-disease-are-killing-californias-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead trees\u003c/a>, the crushing cost—up to $1,000 a tree—to private property owners to have trees removed from their land and the enormous burden on rural governments to both recover from fire and prepare their forests to mitigate the intensity of the next one. In no uncertain terms, the commission prescribed dramatically ramping up tree-thinning projects and, as awful as the optics are, creating and controlling some fires to achieve the same result.[contextly_sidebar id=”o9bU6RxRQfRBAmu2y51bCPOsDeuxvWSO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eng agreed that the state firefighting agency was far from achieving its “aspirational” goal of clearing a half-million acres of land each year, citing such impediments as “the logistics of capacity of staff and equipment and environmental compliance,” among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment notable for its rarity in Sacramento, there was bipartisan agreement in the hearing room this month about the problem, its scope and the appropriate measures to deal with it. Focus more intensely on the problem, they agreed, and throw money at it. The state spent $900 million fighting fires last year. Just one of those late-season blazes caused more than $9 billion in reported property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made mistakes, and we’ve created systems that are unwieldy….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all of our fault,” Jim Branham, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency, told CALmatters. “Money alone won’t solve it, but we won’t solve it without money, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosaic of land ownership in California means the state owns only 2 percent of the forests but has legal responsibility over much more: 31 million acres, including land in rural counties.[contextly_sidebar id=”qdmMEBfcIp3vwOTTVG40OwwA7aE0POSd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire received more than $200 million for forest health projects last year and has proposed an additional $160 million for the next fiscal year. Those sums are on top of the agency’s current $2.7 billion budget. Cal Fire, in turn, doles out millions of those dollars in grants to local governments and community groups to do some thinning themselves, and it teams with the federal Forest Service to tackle clearing projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The work to improve forest health dovetails with other state priorities—protecting water sources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada range is the headwaters for 60 percent of California’s developed water supply. Burned, denuded hillsides don’t store water efficiently when it rains. Sediment cascades downhill, filling streams, affecting water quality and loading up reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The carbon equation is equally direct: When trees burn or decay, they release \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. The 2013 Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/our-region/rim-fire/rimairqualityfacts.pdf/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emissions \u003c/a>equal to those of 2.3 million cars in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burns emit less carbon than higher-intensity fires, because managed fire is aimed at smaller trees and shrubs. Cleared forest land may still ignite, but it will burn with less intensity and fewer emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, when trees die, they stop absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. The state depends on that critical service to help reduce greenhouse gases. \u003ca href=\"https://nau.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recovery-of-ponderosa-pine-ecosystem-carbon-and-water-fluxes-from\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research \u003c/a>suggests that severely burned areas regrow with shrubs or grasses, plants that store about 10 percent less carbon than trees do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Moorlach, a Republican state senator from Costa Mesa, suggests the Democratic governor, a champion of the fight against climate change, has a “gigantic blind spot” when it comes to reducing carbon emissions. Moorlach said in an interview that Brown’s emphasis on electric cars, for example, ignores the role of fire in California’s greenhouse gas inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We’re being absolute phonies about climate change if we are not dealing with the real driver of greenhouse gas; that’s these wildfires,” said Moorlach. He has \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed\u003c/a> that the state dedicate 25 percent of the revenue from its cap and trade grreenhouse-gas-reduction system to help counties’ fire mitigation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties would welcome the help. Randy Hanvelt, a supervisor in Tuolumne County, said that where forest management is concerned, there’s a “leadership problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talk is cheap,” he said. “We have got ourselves a giant colossal mess. This is a war of sorts. Time is against us. Every available tool has to be applied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such tool is carefully designed burns. But the meticulous planning necessary can take two to three years, and the burns require favorable weather, a permit from the local air district and, crucially, buy-in from local communities that must first be educated about the benefits. And controlled doesn’t mean risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically, you have to have the ability to make mistakes and move on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[vimeo 262300538 w=640 h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Bunch, who plans thinning projects for the Plumas National Forest, pointed to a partly cleared hillside outside of Quincy where one of his extensively planned prescribed burns went awry, undone by a shift in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were about an hour into the burn and the smoke started going into town,” Bunch said, shaking his head at the memory. Even though the burn was going as planned, the smoke was not acceptable to nearby residents, who protested to fire officials. “Phones started ringing. Calls were made, and we shut it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method is used in Florida, which trains and certifies private property owners to burn their overgrown land and provides limited liability coverage in some cases. Florida cleared 2.1 million acres this way last year. Scott Stephens, who heads a wildland fire research lab at the University of California, Berkeley, said the widespread adoption of the policy has educated residents on both its benefits and risks.[contextly_sidebar id=”HXxaZrdRAqKYzcHGFu2bpkZlQEEg5Y6t”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Plumas County, a hulking building in a parking lot outside a community health complex may offer the final piece of the forest-health puzzle: creating a market for trees removed from California’s forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a project managed by the Sierra Institute for Community and Environment, the unremarkable square structure shows a potential use for California trees. The building is the state’s first to be fully constructed from cross-laminated timber—layers of wood pressed together to make thick sheets and posts—equal to or greater than the strength of steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the $2.3 million facility will house a large boiler to provide heat for the health center by consuming 500 tons of local wood chips a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the brainchild of the institute, which envisions it as a way to boost the economies of forest communities. It’s the kind of innovation the governor and Legislature hoped to promote by establishing a \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Wood-Products-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wood Products Working Group\u003c/a> to develop commercial uses for the piles of trees beside the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little left in California today of the early 20th century’s timber cutters, sawmills and biomass industry. If the state follows the Little Hoover Commission’s recommendations and accelerates forest thinning, an entire segment of state industry would need to be rejuvenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, officials emphasize the need to educate Californians about the role of forests in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want people to care about something, they have to understand why it matters,” said Pedro Nava, chairman of the Little Hoover Commission. “They need to understand the deep connection between the health of our state and the state of our forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branham, of the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, said that won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our messages are counterintuitive: We must cut down healthy living trees to save the forest,” he noted. “It’s a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A state commission recently prescribed radical changes to address the “neglect” of California’s forests.",
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"description": "A state commission recently prescribed radical changes to address the “neglect” of California’s forests.",
"title": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California | KQED",
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"headline": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>,\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dave Kinateder has a keen eye for trees. But when Kinateder, a fire ecologist in the Plumas National Forest, surveys a hillside lush with pines, he doesn’t see abundance or the glory of nature’s bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees a disaster-in-waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It’s a ticking time bomb,” he said, gazing across the dense, green carpet of trees near Quincy, a small community high in the northern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfires, the worst in modern California history, have put a microscope on the forests that cover a third of the state–in particular, on managing these wooded lands in ways that would reduce the frequency and intensity of such blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is grappling with the counterintuitive dilemma of too many trees, packed too closely together, robbed of the space they need to thrive—and with how to clear out more than 100 million dead trees, felled by drought or insects, that provide tinder for the next infernos.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curing these unhealthy forests is both difficult and expensive, and as with human health, prevention is far less costly than treatment. But these days the state firefighting agency, Cal Fire, spends the bulk of its resources battling fires rather than practicing preventive measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is nothing less than life, property, air quality and the lands that hold most of California’s water. A state commission recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed\u003c/a> radical changes to address what it terms the “neglect” of California’s largest forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th-century California forest would have held fewer than 50 trees an acre. Today the state’s forests have grown to an unnatural 300 to 500 trees an acre, or more. That doesn’t count the 2 million drought-stressed trees a month lost to bark beetles that have killed entire stands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who in 2014 declared tree mortality a state of emergency, said in his January State of the State address that California needs to manage its forests more intelligently. He vowed to convene a task force “to review thoroughly the way our forests are managed and suggest ways to reduce the threat of devastating fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has dozens of agencies attacking problem but still cannot keep up with the work. Crews around the state have been busy clearing trees as fast as funding allows. This wielding of chainsaws they call “whacking and stacking” leaves massive wood piles along highways in some areas. But it amounts to no more than triage: Cal Fire removes trees on fewer than 40,000 acres a year, far short of its goal of clearing a half-million acres annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1921881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1244\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-160x249.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-768x1194.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1020x1586.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1180x1835.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-960x1493.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-240x373.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-375x583.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-520x809.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1.png 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Kinateder estimates that removing trees in this way costs as much as $1,400 an acre. By comparison, controlled burns—those set by fire managers to remove vegetation from forests—is a bargain at less than $150 an acre. Fighting a wildfire comes in at just over $800 an acre, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from the forest floor, California officials are wrestling with the financial and environmental cost of the state’s forest practices. At a hearing in March in Sacramento, legislators listened to lurid descriptions of raging fire and wrenching stories of human misery recounted by a stream of state and local officials: flames rearing up like an enormous beast, residents running for their lives, neighborhoods leveled, fire burning so hot and for so long that soils were rendered sterile.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A portion of the proceedings focused on a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> about wildfires and forest health from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency that gave its findings to the governor and Legislature in February. The document pulled no punches, calling the state of the Sierra Nevada’s forests “an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It cited a century of “mismanaging” the 10 million wooded acres in the Sierra, calling out state and federal firefighting agencies for their longstanding policy of aggressively putting out all fires rather than letting those that can safely burn do so, thereby thinning the choked woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Helge Eng, deputy director of Cal Fire, acknowledged the report was “spot on” in its assessment of the state of the Sierra, adding that the analysis “did an especially good job of recognizing that there are no easy, black-and-white answers to the problems we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire boasts that it stops 95 percent of fires at 10 acres or less, saving lives, property and entire forests from conflagration. Fire experts argue that a negative could be turned into a positive if fire bosses let them burn while still steering them away from people and structures and toward overgrown wildlands in need of clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an approach sometimes used by the National Park Service, but it’s difficult to defend when forests are ablaze, frightening the public and many elected officials alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the report said, “it is not enough for agency leaders, scientists and advocates to recognize the benefits of fire as a tool; the bureaucracy of the state government and public sentiment as a whole must undergo a culture shift to embrace fire as a tool for forest health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service employees in the Plumas National Forest near Quincy, in California’s northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eng said Cal Fire is considering adopting the managed-burn approach, when appropriate, but noted that federal firefighters are often working in wild settings, away from development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire’s mission is different; we protect life and property” in areas that may be densely populated, Eng said in a written response to questions. “There is most often not an opportunity to let a fire burn. The risk to human life is just too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also detailed a public safety threat from 129 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/drought-pests-and-disease-are-killing-californias-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead trees\u003c/a>, the crushing cost—up to $1,000 a tree—to private property owners to have trees removed from their land and the enormous burden on rural governments to both recover from fire and prepare their forests to mitigate the intensity of the next one. In no uncertain terms, the commission prescribed dramatically ramping up tree-thinning projects and, as awful as the optics are, creating and controlling some fires to achieve the same result.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eng agreed that the state firefighting agency was far from achieving its “aspirational” goal of clearing a half-million acres of land each year, citing such impediments as “the logistics of capacity of staff and equipment and environmental compliance,” among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment notable for its rarity in Sacramento, there was bipartisan agreement in the hearing room this month about the problem, its scope and the appropriate measures to deal with it. Focus more intensely on the problem, they agreed, and throw money at it. The state spent $900 million fighting fires last year. Just one of those late-season blazes caused more than $9 billion in reported property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made mistakes, and we’ve created systems that are unwieldy….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all of our fault,” Jim Branham, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency, told CALmatters. “Money alone won’t solve it, but we won’t solve it without money, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosaic of land ownership in California means the state owns only 2 percent of the forests but has legal responsibility over much more: 31 million acres, including land in rural counties.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire received more than $200 million for forest health projects last year and has proposed an additional $160 million for the next fiscal year. Those sums are on top of the agency’s current $2.7 billion budget. Cal Fire, in turn, doles out millions of those dollars in grants to local governments and community groups to do some thinning themselves, and it teams with the federal Forest Service to tackle clearing projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The work to improve forest health dovetails with other state priorities—protecting water sources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada range is the headwaters for 60 percent of California’s developed water supply. Burned, denuded hillsides don’t store water efficiently when it rains. Sediment cascades downhill, filling streams, affecting water quality and loading up reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The carbon equation is equally direct: When trees burn or decay, they release \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. The 2013 Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/our-region/rim-fire/rimairqualityfacts.pdf/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emissions \u003c/a>equal to those of 2.3 million cars in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burns emit less carbon than higher-intensity fires, because managed fire is aimed at smaller trees and shrubs. Cleared forest land may still ignite, but it will burn with less intensity and fewer emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, when trees die, they stop absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. The state depends on that critical service to help reduce greenhouse gases. \u003ca href=\"https://nau.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recovery-of-ponderosa-pine-ecosystem-carbon-and-water-fluxes-from\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research \u003c/a>suggests that severely burned areas regrow with shrubs or grasses, plants that store about 10 percent less carbon than trees do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Moorlach, a Republican state senator from Costa Mesa, suggests the Democratic governor, a champion of the fight against climate change, has a “gigantic blind spot” when it comes to reducing carbon emissions. Moorlach said in an interview that Brown’s emphasis on electric cars, for example, ignores the role of fire in California’s greenhouse gas inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We’re being absolute phonies about climate change if we are not dealing with the real driver of greenhouse gas; that’s these wildfires,” said Moorlach. He has \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed\u003c/a> that the state dedicate 25 percent of the revenue from its cap and trade grreenhouse-gas-reduction system to help counties’ fire mitigation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties would welcome the help. Randy Hanvelt, a supervisor in Tuolumne County, said that where forest management is concerned, there’s a “leadership problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talk is cheap,” he said. “We have got ourselves a giant colossal mess. This is a war of sorts. Time is against us. Every available tool has to be applied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such tool is carefully designed burns. But the meticulous planning necessary can take two to three years, and the burns require favorable weather, a permit from the local air district and, crucially, buy-in from local communities that must first be educated about the benefits. And controlled doesn’t mean risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically, you have to have the ability to make mistakes and move on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Bunch, who plans thinning projects for the Plumas National Forest, pointed to a partly cleared hillside outside of Quincy where one of his extensively planned prescribed burns went awry, undone by a shift in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were about an hour into the burn and the smoke started going into town,” Bunch said, shaking his head at the memory. Even though the burn was going as planned, the smoke was not acceptable to nearby residents, who protested to fire officials. “Phones started ringing. Calls were made, and we shut it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method is used in Florida, which trains and certifies private property owners to burn their overgrown land and provides limited liability coverage in some cases. Florida cleared 2.1 million acres this way last year. Scott Stephens, who heads a wildland fire research lab at the University of California, Berkeley, said the widespread adoption of the policy has educated residents on both its benefits and risks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Plumas County, a hulking building in a parking lot outside a community health complex may offer the final piece of the forest-health puzzle: creating a market for trees removed from California’s forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a project managed by the Sierra Institute for Community and Environment, the unremarkable square structure shows a potential use for California trees. The building is the state’s first to be fully constructed from cross-laminated timber—layers of wood pressed together to make thick sheets and posts—equal to or greater than the strength of steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the $2.3 million facility will house a large boiler to provide heat for the health center by consuming 500 tons of local wood chips a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the brainchild of the institute, which envisions it as a way to boost the economies of forest communities. It’s the kind of innovation the governor and Legislature hoped to promote by establishing a \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Wood-Products-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wood Products Working Group\u003c/a> to develop commercial uses for the piles of trees beside the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little left in California today of the early 20th century’s timber cutters, sawmills and biomass industry. If the state follows the Little Hoover Commission’s recommendations and accelerates forest thinning, an entire segment of state industry would need to be rejuvenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, officials emphasize the need to educate Californians about the role of forests in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want people to care about something, they have to understand why it matters,” said Pedro Nava, chairman of the Little Hoover Commission. “They need to understand the deep connection between the health of our state and the state of our forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branham, of the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, said that won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our messages are counterintuitive: We must cut down healthy living trees to save the forest,” he noted. “It’s a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal judge on Thursday dismissed a lawsuit by Exxon Mobil aimed at stopping an investigation by New York and Massachusetts officials into whether the oil giant misled investors and the public about its knowledge of climate change and how the issue could affect its business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Exxon’s allegations that the AGs are pursuing bad faith investigations in order to violate Exxon’s constitutional rights are implausible and therefore must be dismissed for failure to state a claim,” Manhattan U.S. District Judge Valerie Caproni said.[contextly_sidebar id=”oTfviDNHhCntgfPdk1FqzudlOQbR5dWs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her ruling, Caproni described Exxon’s lawsuit as “running roughshod over the adage that the best defense is a good offense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exxon sued New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and his Massachusetts counterpart, Maura Healey, in 2016 after they subpoenaed documents about Exxon research into the role of fossil fuels in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global oil and gas company called their investigation politically motivated and accused the Democrats of trying to take away the company’s free-speech rights on an important issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schneiderman late Thursday said he was pleased with the court’s decision.[contextly_sidebar id=”ztuSWaZhuBKmAY9655ZvuwG8bwITDm8q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the Court noted, Exxon’s claims in this lawsuit were ‘implausible’ and unsupported, while its strategy amounted to a type of ‘legal jiu-jitsu’ that resulted in nothing more than a ‘huge waste’ of time and money,” Schneiderman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healey called it a “turning point” in their investigation and a “victory for the people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Irving, Texas-based Exxon said it was reviewing the judge’s decision and evaluating its next steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the risk of climate change is real and we want to be part of the solution,” Exxon said in a statement. “We’ve invested about $8 billion on energy efficiency and low-emission technologies such as carbon capture and next generation biofuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A federal judge on Thursday dismissed a lawsuit by Exxon Mobil aimed at stopping an investigation by New York and Massachusetts officials into whether the oil giant misled investors and the public about its knowledge of climate change and how the issue could affect its business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Exxon’s allegations that the AGs are pursuing bad faith investigations in order to violate Exxon’s constitutional rights are implausible and therefore must be dismissed for failure to state a claim,” Manhattan U.S. District Judge Valerie Caproni said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her ruling, Caproni described Exxon’s lawsuit as “running roughshod over the adage that the best defense is a good offense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exxon sued New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and his Massachusetts counterpart, Maura Healey, in 2016 after they subpoenaed documents about Exxon research into the role of fossil fuels in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global oil and gas company called their investigation politically motivated and accused the Democrats of trying to take away the company’s free-speech rights on an important issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schneiderman late Thursday said he was pleased with the court’s decision.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the Court noted, Exxon’s claims in this lawsuit were ‘implausible’ and unsupported, while its strategy amounted to a type of ‘legal jiu-jitsu’ that resulted in nothing more than a ‘huge waste’ of time and money,” Schneiderman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healey called it a “turning point” in their investigation and a “victory for the people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Irving, Texas-based Exxon said it was reviewing the judge’s decision and evaluating its next steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the risk of climate change is real and we want to be part of the solution,” Exxon said in a statement. “We’ve invested about $8 billion on energy efficiency and low-emission technologies such as carbon capture and next generation biofuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sea Level Rise Could Reduce Habitats for 90 Percent of Freshwater Turtles",
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"content": "\u003cp>Projected sea level rise by the end of the century could threaten 90 percent of coastal freshwater turtles, according \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to a study\u003c/a> published on Monday in the journal Biological Reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted by researchers at UC Davis, marks the first in-depth assessment of how sea level rise could affect habitats for freshwater turtle species.[contextly_sidebar id=”WoG3O1xIzxKLExmSaSYu2psBsPipwmDE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three-quarters of the world’s freshwater turtles live near coastlines that are expected to experience a sea rise of 3 feet by 2011. Of those species, fewer than half are known to sometimes tolerate a slightly saltier environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t yet know whether these turtles can adapt or shift fast enough to move with the changing salinity,” says lead author Mickey Agha, a UC Davis graduate student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been studying western pond turtles, California’s only native freshwater turtle species. Classified as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Drought/Projects/Western-Pond-Turtle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">species of “special concern”\u003c/a> by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, their populations have significantly dwindled, due in part to habitat loss caused by development, says the report.[contextly_sidebar id=”jKDAsdP2AwfnzCZGDWhP0bnh27gyTyoT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that western pond turtles face “a triple threat” of sea level rise, drought and water diversions, all of which result in saltier habitats. High levels of salty water can cause some freshwater turtles to lose body mass and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turtles have been on Earth for tens of millions of years, and most species are freshwater turtles. Only about 20 percent of turtles live in the sea or strictly on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While more research is needed to see how freshwater turtles will adapt to their changing environment, the biologists say their findings should raise alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a species that is slow to evolve,” says Brian Todd, senior author and associate professor at the UC Davis department. “If we rely on natural selection to sustain them, they will likely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Projected sea level rise by the end of the century could threaten 90 percent of coastal freshwater turtles, according \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to a study\u003c/a> published on Monday in the journal Biological Reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted by researchers at UC Davis, marks the first in-depth assessment of how sea level rise could affect habitats for freshwater turtle species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three-quarters of the world’s freshwater turtles live near coastlines that are expected to experience a sea rise of 3 feet by 2011. Of those species, fewer than half are known to sometimes tolerate a slightly saltier environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t yet know whether these turtles can adapt or shift fast enough to move with the changing salinity,” says lead author Mickey Agha, a UC Davis graduate student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been studying western pond turtles, California’s only native freshwater turtle species. Classified as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Drought/Projects/Western-Pond-Turtle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">species of “special concern”\u003c/a> by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, their populations have significantly dwindled, due in part to habitat loss caused by development, says the report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that western pond turtles face “a triple threat” of sea level rise, drought and water diversions, all of which result in saltier habitats. High levels of salty water can cause some freshwater turtles to lose body mass and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turtles have been on Earth for tens of millions of years, and most species are freshwater turtles. Only about 20 percent of turtles live in the sea or strictly on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While more research is needed to see how freshwater turtles will adapt to their changing environment, the biologists say their findings should raise alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a species that is slow to evolve,” says Brian Todd, senior author and associate professor at the UC Davis department. “If we rely on natural selection to sustain them, they will likely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Los Angeles Could Source its Water Locally",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Los Angeles Mayor \u003c/span>Eric Garcetti believes his city is poised for a “second Mulholland moment.” William Mulholland was responsible for the construction, over a century ago, of the 200-mile-long \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/me-aqueduct/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aqueduct\u003c/a> to Owens Valley that helped drive \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>’s growth. In a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2018/03/03/los-angeles-new-mulholland-moment-for-safe-and-adequate-water-eric-garcetti/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent op-ed\u003c/a>, Garcetti wrote, “we have launched a second opportunity to reimagine our water infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time it will take place \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920428/californians-are-struggling-to-pay-for-rising-water-rates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closer to home.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a plan\u003c/a> in 2015 to reduce imported water 50 percent by 2025 and produce half of the city’s water supply locally by 2035. A vision also supported by the local water utility, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>).[contextly_sidebar id=”TT0sfF5k0WDI0vLYDHmpmcwKDFNRGj6z”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just a pipe dream. “When we set that 50 percent goal we knew \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1115545/desalination-why-tapping-sea-water-has-slowed-to-a-trickle-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it was ambitious\u003c/a>, but we also really feel like it’s achievable,” said Liz Crosson, director of infrastructure for the mayor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4tp3x8g4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> from the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks the city could do more. The report is the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://grandchallenges.ucla.edu/happenings/2015/11/13/100-local-water-for-la-county/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fourth in a series\u003c/a> aimed at helping to provide the city with research to drive an integrated water management strategy. Mark Gold, the associate vice chancellor of environment and sustainability at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span> and one of the report’s authors, said sourcing 100 percent of the city’s water locally could even be possible. But it won’t be cheap, easy or quick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city would need to maximize local water supplies from stormwater capture, recycled water and groundwater, the latter of which in many cases would also need to be cleaned of pollutants. And the city would need to up its conservation efforts. “It’s not something that would happen overnight but if you look at the next 25–30 years, it’s something that definitely is possible,” Gold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Will\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>There’s quite a difference between possible and probable, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Los Angeles gets the bulk of its water from three faraway sources: Owens Valley, the western side of the Sierra Nevada via the beleaguered Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Rocky Mountain snowmelt, diverted from the Colorado River before it heads to Mexico. As climate change impacts the timing and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921626/desalinated-water-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amount of runoff\u003c/a> in the West’s mountains and pressure for limited water resources increases, developing a more local water supply would increase resilience and reliability for \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To prepare for more frequent occurrences in extreme weather due to the impacts of climate change, we need to continue to develop local supply strategies, and improve integration efforts that contribute to expanding the city’s overall water supply reliability,” said Christina Holland, senior public relations specialist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP.\u003c/span> “This is especially relevant at a time when imported supplies continue to be challenged.”[contextly_sidebar id=”YjK1yw8v4IU5TvygFD0paYwStcqGL2N9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span> share a commitment to increasing local water supply for the city, but Crosson said that 100 percent local water is not on the city’s immediate horizon though “it’s definitely something that the city will consider and take a hard look at” while it ramps up efforts to meet its goal of 50 percent local water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report isn’t an exact roadmap that Los Angeles will follow, it’s still helpful to agencies working on expanding the city’s water supplies. “The additional research and opportunities identified in \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report will certainly help guide \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>’s future planning efforts and potential investments of limited funding in new future local projects,” said Holland. “This additional information could lead to refinements in our strategic plan and ultimately future investments in stormwater capture, water recycling and water use efficiency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biggest Opportunities\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne of the first areas of focus to increase local water supplies is groundwater. The San Fernando Valley has a massive groundwater basin, but it’s been polluted for decades with contaminants from the aerospace industry and other industrial sources, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921690\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-800x572.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A person costumed as a water drop, supervisor Sheila Kuehl, homeowner Carrie Wassenaar, Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti and conservation advocate Andy Lipkis of TreePeople watch as water is released electronically from Wassenaar’s newly installed 1,320-gallon water cistern into a “rain garden” for replenishing groundwater. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Programs like the federal government’s Superfund haven’t proved effective at tackling the problem, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, it just felt like everyone was waiting for Superfund and getting the polluters to pay for the remediation of the aquifer,” said Gold. “But that model just has not worked very well. The federal government agencies go after the potentially responsible parties to get settlement funds to pay for remediation. Funds go to litigation, not remediation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So water districts and municipalities are now taking matters into their own hands because the cost of pumping and treating the contaminated groundwater is now comparable to imported water prices.[contextly_sidebar id=”bfAZF6R7og5kNNe7Ujq6Ygxwx97DDf4W”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really on us to do a large-scale remediation project,” Crosson said. The city recently broke ground on the first of four new remediation projects to clean up the groundwater basin that will eventually provide water for up to 800,000 households a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of efforts are a “transformational change” in the region, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clean groundwater is important, too, because part of the city’s long-term water plan is to treat more stormwater and recycled water, which can be used to recharge groundwater. “If we are going to put more water into the groundwater, we need to make sure we have these treatment facilities to be able to use it,” said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is one area in which the city needs to focus more effort and where \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report is particularly helpful at identifying potential opportunities, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to identify funding for groundwater remediation, we’ve been able to acquire funding for recycled water projects and we’ve done well in being able to support campaigns to educate folks about water conservation, but stormwater is difficult for municipalities across California to be able to fund,” she said. Because stormwater flows across jurisdictions, it requires coordinating with multiple municipalities and agencies across the entire watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economic Issues\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Of particular note in the report is that it doesn’t factor desalinated seawater into the city’s future water portfolio as a way to augment local supply, as other California cities have done, such as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/12/14/desalination-plant-anniversary-bodes-well-for-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">San Diego\u003c/a>. For a seaside city with little rain, desalinated ocean water might seem like a good investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the numbers don’t add up, at least not yet, said Gold. Recycled water and desalinated brackish water are cheaper, he said, and use less energy, have a small carbon footprint and fewer impacts on marine life. Less energy and fewer resources can be used transforming coastal water treatment plants into water supply plants, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">Still, committing to developing local water sources will not be cheap. “These sorts of projects aren’t free, they cost a lot of money to really make this sort of transformation from a 20th-century gray infrastructure to 21st-century green, local water infrastructure,” said Gold, but they also come with other benefits, including reduced carbon emissions, habitat and recreation opportunities and water quality improvements. “We’re talking about billions of dollars,” he said. “There’s got to be either a regulatory requirement or a large cash infusion to help make that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new report challenges the city to think bigger about its plans to source more water locally.",
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"description": "A new report challenges the city to think bigger about its plans to source more water locally.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Los Angeles Mayor \u003c/span>Eric Garcetti believes his city is poised for a “second Mulholland moment.” William Mulholland was responsible for the construction, over a century ago, of the 200-mile-long \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/me-aqueduct/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aqueduct\u003c/a> to Owens Valley that helped drive \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>’s growth. In a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2018/03/03/los-angeles-new-mulholland-moment-for-safe-and-adequate-water-eric-garcetti/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent op-ed\u003c/a>, Garcetti wrote, “we have launched a second opportunity to reimagine our water infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time it will take place \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920428/californians-are-struggling-to-pay-for-rising-water-rates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closer to home.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a plan\u003c/a> in 2015 to reduce imported water 50 percent by 2025 and produce half of the city’s water supply locally by 2035. A vision also supported by the local water utility, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>).\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just a pipe dream. “When we set that 50 percent goal we knew \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1115545/desalination-why-tapping-sea-water-has-slowed-to-a-trickle-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it was ambitious\u003c/a>, but we also really feel like it’s achievable,” said Liz Crosson, director of infrastructure for the mayor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4tp3x8g4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> from the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks the city could do more. The report is the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://grandchallenges.ucla.edu/happenings/2015/11/13/100-local-water-for-la-county/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fourth in a series\u003c/a> aimed at helping to provide the city with research to drive an integrated water management strategy. Mark Gold, the associate vice chancellor of environment and sustainability at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span> and one of the report’s authors, said sourcing 100 percent of the city’s water locally could even be possible. But it won’t be cheap, easy or quick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city would need to maximize local water supplies from stormwater capture, recycled water and groundwater, the latter of which in many cases would also need to be cleaned of pollutants. And the city would need to up its conservation efforts. “It’s not something that would happen overnight but if you look at the next 25–30 years, it’s something that definitely is possible,” Gold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Will\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>There’s quite a difference between possible and probable, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Los Angeles gets the bulk of its water from three faraway sources: Owens Valley, the western side of the Sierra Nevada via the beleaguered Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Rocky Mountain snowmelt, diverted from the Colorado River before it heads to Mexico. As climate change impacts the timing and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921626/desalinated-water-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amount of runoff\u003c/a> in the West’s mountains and pressure for limited water resources increases, developing a more local water supply would increase resilience and reliability for \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To prepare for more frequent occurrences in extreme weather due to the impacts of climate change, we need to continue to develop local supply strategies, and improve integration efforts that contribute to expanding the city’s overall water supply reliability,” said Christina Holland, senior public relations specialist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP.\u003c/span> “This is especially relevant at a time when imported supplies continue to be challenged.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span> share a commitment to increasing local water supply for the city, but Crosson said that 100 percent local water is not on the city’s immediate horizon though “it’s definitely something that the city will consider and take a hard look at” while it ramps up efforts to meet its goal of 50 percent local water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report isn’t an exact roadmap that Los Angeles will follow, it’s still helpful to agencies working on expanding the city’s water supplies. “The additional research and opportunities identified in \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report will certainly help guide \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>’s future planning efforts and potential investments of limited funding in new future local projects,” said Holland. “This additional information could lead to refinements in our strategic plan and ultimately future investments in stormwater capture, water recycling and water use efficiency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biggest Opportunities\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne of the first areas of focus to increase local water supplies is groundwater. The San Fernando Valley has a massive groundwater basin, but it’s been polluted for decades with contaminants from the aerospace industry and other industrial sources, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921690\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-800x572.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A person costumed as a water drop, supervisor Sheila Kuehl, homeowner Carrie Wassenaar, Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti and conservation advocate Andy Lipkis of TreePeople watch as water is released electronically from Wassenaar’s newly installed 1,320-gallon water cistern into a “rain garden” for replenishing groundwater. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Programs like the federal government’s Superfund haven’t proved effective at tackling the problem, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, it just felt like everyone was waiting for Superfund and getting the polluters to pay for the remediation of the aquifer,” said Gold. “But that model just has not worked very well. The federal government agencies go after the potentially responsible parties to get settlement funds to pay for remediation. Funds go to litigation, not remediation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So water districts and municipalities are now taking matters into their own hands because the cost of pumping and treating the contaminated groundwater is now comparable to imported water prices.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really on us to do a large-scale remediation project,” Crosson said. The city recently broke ground on the first of four new remediation projects to clean up the groundwater basin that will eventually provide water for up to 800,000 households a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of efforts are a “transformational change” in the region, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clean groundwater is important, too, because part of the city’s long-term water plan is to treat more stormwater and recycled water, which can be used to recharge groundwater. “If we are going to put more water into the groundwater, we need to make sure we have these treatment facilities to be able to use it,” said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is one area in which the city needs to focus more effort and where \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report is particularly helpful at identifying potential opportunities, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to identify funding for groundwater remediation, we’ve been able to acquire funding for recycled water projects and we’ve done well in being able to support campaigns to educate folks about water conservation, but stormwater is difficult for municipalities across California to be able to fund,” she said. Because stormwater flows across jurisdictions, it requires coordinating with multiple municipalities and agencies across the entire watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economic Issues\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Of particular note in the report is that it doesn’t factor desalinated seawater into the city’s future water portfolio as a way to augment local supply, as other California cities have done, such as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/12/14/desalination-plant-anniversary-bodes-well-for-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">San Diego\u003c/a>. For a seaside city with little rain, desalinated ocean water might seem like a good investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the numbers don’t add up, at least not yet, said Gold. Recycled water and desalinated brackish water are cheaper, he said, and use less energy, have a small carbon footprint and fewer impacts on marine life. Less energy and fewer resources can be used transforming coastal water treatment plants into water supply plants, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">Still, committing to developing local water sources will not be cheap. “These sorts of projects aren’t free, they cost a lot of money to really make this sort of transformation from a 20th-century gray infrastructure to 21st-century green, local water infrastructure,” said Gold, but they also come with other benefits, including reduced carbon emissions, habitat and recreation opportunities and water quality improvements. “We’re talking about billions of dollars,” he said. “There’s got to be either a regulatory requirement or a large cash infusion to help make that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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