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"title": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California",
"headTitle": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Dave Kinateder has a keen eye for trees. But when Kinateder, a fire ecologist in the Plumas National Forest, surveys a hillside lush with pines, he doesn’t see abundance or the glory of nature’s bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees a disaster-in-waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”XvW8tq5rEZdq0j2MMxoysQoqzkOPsjwk”]“It’s a ticking time bomb,” he said, gazing across the dense, green carpet of trees near Quincy, a small community high in the northern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfires, the worst in modern California history, have put a microscope on the forests that cover a third of the state–in particular, on managing these wooded lands in ways that would reduce the frequency and intensity of such blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is grappling with the counterintuitive dilemma of too many trees, packed too closely together, robbed of the space they need to thrive—and with how to clear out more than 100 million dead trees, felled by drought or insects, that provide tinder for the next infernos.[contextly_sidebar id=”W78j62BzZQgCQHG4Uhnb5gMw3bHmzNrJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curing these unhealthy forests is both difficult and expensive, and as with human health, prevention is far less costly than treatment. But these days the state firefighting agency, Cal Fire, spends the bulk of its resources battling fires rather than practicing preventive measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is nothing less than life, property, air quality and the lands that hold most of California’s water. A state commission recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed\u003c/a> radical changes to address what it terms the “neglect” of California’s largest forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th-century California forest would have held fewer than 50 trees an acre. Today the state’s forests have grown to an unnatural 300 to 500 trees an acre, or more. That doesn’t count the 2 million drought-stressed trees a month lost to bark beetles that have killed entire stands.[contextly_sidebar id=”7ztdqfj3wRFHxO5rfPD2guBOX7lJUHQJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who in 2014 declared tree mortality a state of emergency, said in his January State of the State address that California needs to manage its forests more intelligently. He vowed to convene a task force “to review thoroughly the way our forests are managed and suggest ways to reduce the threat of devastating fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has dozens of agencies attacking problem but still cannot keep up with the work. Crews around the state have been busy clearing trees as fast as funding allows. This wielding of chainsaws they call “whacking and stacking” leaves massive wood piles along highways in some areas. But it amounts to no more than triage: Cal Fire removes trees on fewer than 40,000 acres a year, far short of its goal of clearing a half-million acres annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1921881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1244\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-160x249.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-768x1194.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1020x1586.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1180x1835.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-960x1493.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-240x373.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-375x583.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-520x809.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1.png 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Kinateder estimates that removing trees in this way costs as much as $1,400 an acre. By comparison, controlled burns—those set by fire managers to remove vegetation from forests—is a bargain at less than $150 an acre. Fighting a wildfire comes in at just over $800 an acre, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from the forest floor, California officials are wrestling with the financial and environmental cost of the state’s forest practices. At a hearing in March in Sacramento, legislators listened to lurid descriptions of raging fire and wrenching stories of human misery recounted by a stream of state and local officials: flames rearing up like an enormous beast, residents running for their lives, neighborhoods leveled, fire burning so hot and for so long that soils were rendered sterile.[contextly_sidebar id=”0ul4kP3DzeWs0FzlnhMdgFepk98LDj0R”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A portion of the proceedings focused on a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> about wildfires and forest health from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency that gave its findings to the governor and Legislature in February. The document pulled no punches, calling the state of the Sierra Nevada’s forests “an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It cited a century of “mismanaging” the 10 million wooded acres in the Sierra, calling out state and federal firefighting agencies for their longstanding policy of aggressively putting out all fires rather than letting those that can safely burn do so, thereby thinning the choked woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”I4v79I4vD7MYIXswWhic9rNtNP98HPtb”]Helge Eng, deputy director of Cal Fire, acknowledged the report was “spot on” in its assessment of the state of the Sierra, adding that the analysis “did an especially good job of recognizing that there are no easy, black-and-white answers to the problems we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire boasts that it stops 95 percent of fires at 10 acres or less, saving lives, property and entire forests from conflagration. Fire experts argue that a negative could be turned into a positive if fire bosses let them burn while still steering them away from people and structures and toward overgrown wildlands in need of clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an approach sometimes used by the National Park Service, but it’s difficult to defend when forests are ablaze, frightening the public and many elected officials alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the report said, “it is not enough for agency leaders, scientists and advocates to recognize the benefits of fire as a tool; the bureaucracy of the state government and public sentiment as a whole must undergo a culture shift to embrace fire as a tool for forest health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service employees in the Plumas National Forest near Quincy, in California’s northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eng said Cal Fire is considering adopting the managed-burn approach, when appropriate, but noted that federal firefighters are often working in wild settings, away from development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire’s mission is different; we protect life and property” in areas that may be densely populated, Eng said in a written response to questions. “There is most often not an opportunity to let a fire burn. The risk to human life is just too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also detailed a public safety threat from 129 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/drought-pests-and-disease-are-killing-californias-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead trees\u003c/a>, the crushing cost—up to $1,000 a tree—to private property owners to have trees removed from their land and the enormous burden on rural governments to both recover from fire and prepare their forests to mitigate the intensity of the next one. In no uncertain terms, the commission prescribed dramatically ramping up tree-thinning projects and, as awful as the optics are, creating and controlling some fires to achieve the same result.[contextly_sidebar id=”o9bU6RxRQfRBAmu2y51bCPOsDeuxvWSO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eng agreed that the state firefighting agency was far from achieving its “aspirational” goal of clearing a half-million acres of land each year, citing such impediments as “the logistics of capacity of staff and equipment and environmental compliance,” among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment notable for its rarity in Sacramento, there was bipartisan agreement in the hearing room this month about the problem, its scope and the appropriate measures to deal with it. Focus more intensely on the problem, they agreed, and throw money at it. The state spent $900 million fighting fires last year. Just one of those late-season blazes caused more than $9 billion in reported property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made mistakes, and we’ve created systems that are unwieldy….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all of our fault,” Jim Branham, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency, told CALmatters. “Money alone won’t solve it, but we won’t solve it without money, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosaic of land ownership in California means the state owns only 2 percent of the forests but has legal responsibility over much more: 31 million acres, including land in rural counties.[contextly_sidebar id=”qdmMEBfcIp3vwOTTVG40OwwA7aE0POSd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire received more than $200 million for forest health projects last year and has proposed an additional $160 million for the next fiscal year. Those sums are on top of the agency’s current $2.7 billion budget. Cal Fire, in turn, doles out millions of those dollars in grants to local governments and community groups to do some thinning themselves, and it teams with the federal Forest Service to tackle clearing projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The work to improve forest health dovetails with other state priorities—protecting water sources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada range is the headwaters for 60 percent of California’s developed water supply. Burned, denuded hillsides don’t store water efficiently when it rains. Sediment cascades downhill, filling streams, affecting water quality and loading up reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The carbon equation is equally direct: When trees burn or decay, they release \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. The 2013 Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/our-region/rim-fire/rimairqualityfacts.pdf/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emissions \u003c/a>equal to those of 2.3 million cars in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burns emit less carbon than higher-intensity fires, because managed fire is aimed at smaller trees and shrubs. Cleared forest land may still ignite, but it will burn with less intensity and fewer emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, when trees die, they stop absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. The state depends on that critical service to help reduce greenhouse gases. \u003ca href=\"https://nau.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recovery-of-ponderosa-pine-ecosystem-carbon-and-water-fluxes-from\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research \u003c/a>suggests that severely burned areas regrow with shrubs or grasses, plants that store about 10 percent less carbon than trees do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Moorlach, a Republican state senator from Costa Mesa, suggests the Democratic governor, a champion of the fight against climate change, has a “gigantic blind spot” when it comes to reducing carbon emissions. Moorlach said in an interview that Brown’s emphasis on electric cars, for example, ignores the role of fire in California’s greenhouse gas inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We’re being absolute phonies about climate change if we are not dealing with the real driver of greenhouse gas; that’s these wildfires,” said Moorlach. He has \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed\u003c/a> that the state dedicate 25 percent of the revenue from its cap and trade grreenhouse-gas-reduction system to help counties’ fire mitigation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties would welcome the help. Randy Hanvelt, a supervisor in Tuolumne County, said that where forest management is concerned, there’s a “leadership problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talk is cheap,” he said. “We have got ourselves a giant colossal mess. This is a war of sorts. Time is against us. Every available tool has to be applied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such tool is carefully designed burns. But the meticulous planning necessary can take two to three years, and the burns require favorable weather, a permit from the local air district and, crucially, buy-in from local communities that must first be educated about the benefits. And controlled doesn’t mean risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically, you have to have the ability to make mistakes and move on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[vimeo 262300538 w=640 h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Bunch, who plans thinning projects for the Plumas National Forest, pointed to a partly cleared hillside outside of Quincy where one of his extensively planned prescribed burns went awry, undone by a shift in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were about an hour into the burn and the smoke started going into town,” Bunch said, shaking his head at the memory. Even though the burn was going as planned, the smoke was not acceptable to nearby residents, who protested to fire officials. “Phones started ringing. Calls were made, and we shut it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method is used in Florida, which trains and certifies private property owners to burn their overgrown land and provides limited liability coverage in some cases. Florida cleared 2.1 million acres this way last year. Scott Stephens, who heads a wildland fire research lab at the University of California, Berkeley, said the widespread adoption of the policy has educated residents on both its benefits and risks.[contextly_sidebar id=”HXxaZrdRAqKYzcHGFu2bpkZlQEEg5Y6t”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Plumas County, a hulking building in a parking lot outside a community health complex may offer the final piece of the forest-health puzzle: creating a market for trees removed from California’s forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a project managed by the Sierra Institute for Community and Environment, the unremarkable square structure shows a potential use for California trees. The building is the state’s first to be fully constructed from cross-laminated timber—layers of wood pressed together to make thick sheets and posts—equal to or greater than the strength of steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the $2.3 million facility will house a large boiler to provide heat for the health center by consuming 500 tons of local wood chips a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the brainchild of the institute, which envisions it as a way to boost the economies of forest communities. It’s the kind of innovation the governor and Legislature hoped to promote by establishing a \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Wood-Products-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wood Products Working Group\u003c/a> to develop commercial uses for the piles of trees beside the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little left in California today of the early 20th century’s timber cutters, sawmills and biomass industry. If the state follows the Little Hoover Commission’s recommendations and accelerates forest thinning, an entire segment of state industry would need to be rejuvenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, officials emphasize the need to educate Californians about the role of forests in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want people to care about something, they have to understand why it matters,” said Pedro Nava, chairman of the Little Hoover Commission. “They need to understand the deep connection between the health of our state and the state of our forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branham, of the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, said that won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our messages are counterintuitive: We must cut down healthy living trees to save the forest,” he noted. “It’s a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A state commission recently prescribed radical changes to address the “neglect” of California’s forests.",
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"description": "A state commission recently prescribed radical changes to address the “neglect” of California’s forests.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>,\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dave Kinateder has a keen eye for trees. But when Kinateder, a fire ecologist in the Plumas National Forest, surveys a hillside lush with pines, he doesn’t see abundance or the glory of nature’s bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees a disaster-in-waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It’s a ticking time bomb,” he said, gazing across the dense, green carpet of trees near Quincy, a small community high in the northern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfires, the worst in modern California history, have put a microscope on the forests that cover a third of the state–in particular, on managing these wooded lands in ways that would reduce the frequency and intensity of such blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is grappling with the counterintuitive dilemma of too many trees, packed too closely together, robbed of the space they need to thrive—and with how to clear out more than 100 million dead trees, felled by drought or insects, that provide tinder for the next infernos.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curing these unhealthy forests is both difficult and expensive, and as with human health, prevention is far less costly than treatment. But these days the state firefighting agency, Cal Fire, spends the bulk of its resources battling fires rather than practicing preventive measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is nothing less than life, property, air quality and the lands that hold most of California’s water. A state commission recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed\u003c/a> radical changes to address what it terms the “neglect” of California’s largest forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th-century California forest would have held fewer than 50 trees an acre. Today the state’s forests have grown to an unnatural 300 to 500 trees an acre, or more. That doesn’t count the 2 million drought-stressed trees a month lost to bark beetles that have killed entire stands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who in 2014 declared tree mortality a state of emergency, said in his January State of the State address that California needs to manage its forests more intelligently. He vowed to convene a task force “to review thoroughly the way our forests are managed and suggest ways to reduce the threat of devastating fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has dozens of agencies attacking problem but still cannot keep up with the work. Crews around the state have been busy clearing trees as fast as funding allows. This wielding of chainsaws they call “whacking and stacking” leaves massive wood piles along highways in some areas. But it amounts to no more than triage: Cal Fire removes trees on fewer than 40,000 acres a year, far short of its goal of clearing a half-million acres annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1921881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1244\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-160x249.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-768x1194.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1020x1586.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1180x1835.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-960x1493.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-240x373.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-375x583.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-520x809.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1.png 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Kinateder estimates that removing trees in this way costs as much as $1,400 an acre. By comparison, controlled burns—those set by fire managers to remove vegetation from forests—is a bargain at less than $150 an acre. Fighting a wildfire comes in at just over $800 an acre, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from the forest floor, California officials are wrestling with the financial and environmental cost of the state’s forest practices. At a hearing in March in Sacramento, legislators listened to lurid descriptions of raging fire and wrenching stories of human misery recounted by a stream of state and local officials: flames rearing up like an enormous beast, residents running for their lives, neighborhoods leveled, fire burning so hot and for so long that soils were rendered sterile.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A portion of the proceedings focused on a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> about wildfires and forest health from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency that gave its findings to the governor and Legislature in February. The document pulled no punches, calling the state of the Sierra Nevada’s forests “an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It cited a century of “mismanaging” the 10 million wooded acres in the Sierra, calling out state and federal firefighting agencies for their longstanding policy of aggressively putting out all fires rather than letting those that can safely burn do so, thereby thinning the choked woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Helge Eng, deputy director of Cal Fire, acknowledged the report was “spot on” in its assessment of the state of the Sierra, adding that the analysis “did an especially good job of recognizing that there are no easy, black-and-white answers to the problems we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire boasts that it stops 95 percent of fires at 10 acres or less, saving lives, property and entire forests from conflagration. Fire experts argue that a negative could be turned into a positive if fire bosses let them burn while still steering them away from people and structures and toward overgrown wildlands in need of clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an approach sometimes used by the National Park Service, but it’s difficult to defend when forests are ablaze, frightening the public and many elected officials alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the report said, “it is not enough for agency leaders, scientists and advocates to recognize the benefits of fire as a tool; the bureaucracy of the state government and public sentiment as a whole must undergo a culture shift to embrace fire as a tool for forest health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service employees in the Plumas National Forest near Quincy, in California’s northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eng said Cal Fire is considering adopting the managed-burn approach, when appropriate, but noted that federal firefighters are often working in wild settings, away from development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire’s mission is different; we protect life and property” in areas that may be densely populated, Eng said in a written response to questions. “There is most often not an opportunity to let a fire burn. The risk to human life is just too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also detailed a public safety threat from 129 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/drought-pests-and-disease-are-killing-californias-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead trees\u003c/a>, the crushing cost—up to $1,000 a tree—to private property owners to have trees removed from their land and the enormous burden on rural governments to both recover from fire and prepare their forests to mitigate the intensity of the next one. In no uncertain terms, the commission prescribed dramatically ramping up tree-thinning projects and, as awful as the optics are, creating and controlling some fires to achieve the same result.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eng agreed that the state firefighting agency was far from achieving its “aspirational” goal of clearing a half-million acres of land each year, citing such impediments as “the logistics of capacity of staff and equipment and environmental compliance,” among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment notable for its rarity in Sacramento, there was bipartisan agreement in the hearing room this month about the problem, its scope and the appropriate measures to deal with it. Focus more intensely on the problem, they agreed, and throw money at it. The state spent $900 million fighting fires last year. Just one of those late-season blazes caused more than $9 billion in reported property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made mistakes, and we’ve created systems that are unwieldy….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all of our fault,” Jim Branham, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency, told CALmatters. “Money alone won’t solve it, but we won’t solve it without money, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosaic of land ownership in California means the state owns only 2 percent of the forests but has legal responsibility over much more: 31 million acres, including land in rural counties.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire received more than $200 million for forest health projects last year and has proposed an additional $160 million for the next fiscal year. Those sums are on top of the agency’s current $2.7 billion budget. Cal Fire, in turn, doles out millions of those dollars in grants to local governments and community groups to do some thinning themselves, and it teams with the federal Forest Service to tackle clearing projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The work to improve forest health dovetails with other state priorities—protecting water sources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada range is the headwaters for 60 percent of California’s developed water supply. Burned, denuded hillsides don’t store water efficiently when it rains. Sediment cascades downhill, filling streams, affecting water quality and loading up reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The carbon equation is equally direct: When trees burn or decay, they release \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. The 2013 Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/our-region/rim-fire/rimairqualityfacts.pdf/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emissions \u003c/a>equal to those of 2.3 million cars in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burns emit less carbon than higher-intensity fires, because managed fire is aimed at smaller trees and shrubs. Cleared forest land may still ignite, but it will burn with less intensity and fewer emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, when trees die, they stop absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. The state depends on that critical service to help reduce greenhouse gases. \u003ca href=\"https://nau.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recovery-of-ponderosa-pine-ecosystem-carbon-and-water-fluxes-from\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research \u003c/a>suggests that severely burned areas regrow with shrubs or grasses, plants that store about 10 percent less carbon than trees do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Moorlach, a Republican state senator from Costa Mesa, suggests the Democratic governor, a champion of the fight against climate change, has a “gigantic blind spot” when it comes to reducing carbon emissions. Moorlach said in an interview that Brown’s emphasis on electric cars, for example, ignores the role of fire in California’s greenhouse gas inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We’re being absolute phonies about climate change if we are not dealing with the real driver of greenhouse gas; that’s these wildfires,” said Moorlach. He has \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed\u003c/a> that the state dedicate 25 percent of the revenue from its cap and trade grreenhouse-gas-reduction system to help counties’ fire mitigation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties would welcome the help. Randy Hanvelt, a supervisor in Tuolumne County, said that where forest management is concerned, there’s a “leadership problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talk is cheap,” he said. “We have got ourselves a giant colossal mess. This is a war of sorts. Time is against us. Every available tool has to be applied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such tool is carefully designed burns. But the meticulous planning necessary can take two to three years, and the burns require favorable weather, a permit from the local air district and, crucially, buy-in from local communities that must first be educated about the benefits. And controlled doesn’t mean risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically, you have to have the ability to make mistakes and move on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Bunch, who plans thinning projects for the Plumas National Forest, pointed to a partly cleared hillside outside of Quincy where one of his extensively planned prescribed burns went awry, undone by a shift in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were about an hour into the burn and the smoke started going into town,” Bunch said, shaking his head at the memory. Even though the burn was going as planned, the smoke was not acceptable to nearby residents, who protested to fire officials. “Phones started ringing. Calls were made, and we shut it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method is used in Florida, which trains and certifies private property owners to burn their overgrown land and provides limited liability coverage in some cases. Florida cleared 2.1 million acres this way last year. Scott Stephens, who heads a wildland fire research lab at the University of California, Berkeley, said the widespread adoption of the policy has educated residents on both its benefits and risks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Plumas County, a hulking building in a parking lot outside a community health complex may offer the final piece of the forest-health puzzle: creating a market for trees removed from California’s forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a project managed by the Sierra Institute for Community and Environment, the unremarkable square structure shows a potential use for California trees. The building is the state’s first to be fully constructed from cross-laminated timber—layers of wood pressed together to make thick sheets and posts—equal to or greater than the strength of steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the $2.3 million facility will house a large boiler to provide heat for the health center by consuming 500 tons of local wood chips a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the brainchild of the institute, which envisions it as a way to boost the economies of forest communities. It’s the kind of innovation the governor and Legislature hoped to promote by establishing a \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Wood-Products-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wood Products Working Group\u003c/a> to develop commercial uses for the piles of trees beside the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little left in California today of the early 20th century’s timber cutters, sawmills and biomass industry. If the state follows the Little Hoover Commission’s recommendations and accelerates forest thinning, an entire segment of state industry would need to be rejuvenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, officials emphasize the need to educate Californians about the role of forests in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want people to care about something, they have to understand why it matters,” said Pedro Nava, chairman of the Little Hoover Commission. “They need to understand the deep connection between the health of our state and the state of our forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branham, of the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, said that won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our messages are counterintuitive: We must cut down healthy living trees to save the forest,” he noted. “It’s a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal judge on Thursday dismissed a lawsuit by Exxon Mobil aimed at stopping an investigation by New York and Massachusetts officials into whether the oil giant misled investors and the public about its knowledge of climate change and how the issue could affect its business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Exxon’s allegations that the AGs are pursuing bad faith investigations in order to violate Exxon’s constitutional rights are implausible and therefore must be dismissed for failure to state a claim,” Manhattan U.S. District Judge Valerie Caproni said.[contextly_sidebar id=”oTfviDNHhCntgfPdk1FqzudlOQbR5dWs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her ruling, Caproni described Exxon’s lawsuit as “running roughshod over the adage that the best defense is a good offense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exxon sued New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and his Massachusetts counterpart, Maura Healey, in 2016 after they subpoenaed documents about Exxon research into the role of fossil fuels in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global oil and gas company called their investigation politically motivated and accused the Democrats of trying to take away the company’s free-speech rights on an important issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schneiderman late Thursday said he was pleased with the court’s decision.[contextly_sidebar id=”ztuSWaZhuBKmAY9655ZvuwG8bwITDm8q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the Court noted, Exxon’s claims in this lawsuit were ‘implausible’ and unsupported, while its strategy amounted to a type of ‘legal jiu-jitsu’ that resulted in nothing more than a ‘huge waste’ of time and money,” Schneiderman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healey called it a “turning point” in their investigation and a “victory for the people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Irving, Texas-based Exxon said it was reviewing the judge’s decision and evaluating its next steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the risk of climate change is real and we want to be part of the solution,” Exxon said in a statement. “We’ve invested about $8 billion on energy efficiency and low-emission technologies such as carbon capture and next generation biofuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A federal judge on Thursday dismissed a lawsuit by Exxon Mobil aimed at stopping an investigation by New York and Massachusetts officials into whether the oil giant misled investors and the public about its knowledge of climate change and how the issue could affect its business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Exxon’s allegations that the AGs are pursuing bad faith investigations in order to violate Exxon’s constitutional rights are implausible and therefore must be dismissed for failure to state a claim,” Manhattan U.S. District Judge Valerie Caproni said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her ruling, Caproni described Exxon’s lawsuit as “running roughshod over the adage that the best defense is a good offense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exxon sued New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and his Massachusetts counterpart, Maura Healey, in 2016 after they subpoenaed documents about Exxon research into the role of fossil fuels in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global oil and gas company called their investigation politically motivated and accused the Democrats of trying to take away the company’s free-speech rights on an important issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schneiderman late Thursday said he was pleased with the court’s decision.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the Court noted, Exxon’s claims in this lawsuit were ‘implausible’ and unsupported, while its strategy amounted to a type of ‘legal jiu-jitsu’ that resulted in nothing more than a ‘huge waste’ of time and money,” Schneiderman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healey called it a “turning point” in their investigation and a “victory for the people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Irving, Texas-based Exxon said it was reviewing the judge’s decision and evaluating its next steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the risk of climate change is real and we want to be part of the solution,” Exxon said in a statement. “We’ve invested about $8 billion on energy efficiency and low-emission technologies such as carbon capture and next generation biofuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sea Level Rise Could Reduce Habitats for 90 Percent of Freshwater Turtles",
"headTitle": "Sea Level Rise Could Reduce Habitats for 90 Percent of Freshwater Turtles | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Projected sea level rise by the end of the century could threaten 90 percent of coastal freshwater turtles, according \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to a study\u003c/a> published on Monday in the journal Biological Reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted by researchers at UC Davis, marks the first in-depth assessment of how sea level rise could affect habitats for freshwater turtle species.[contextly_sidebar id=”WoG3O1xIzxKLExmSaSYu2psBsPipwmDE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three-quarters of the world’s freshwater turtles live near coastlines that are expected to experience a sea rise of 3 feet by 2011. Of those species, fewer than half are known to sometimes tolerate a slightly saltier environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t yet know whether these turtles can adapt or shift fast enough to move with the changing salinity,” says lead author Mickey Agha, a UC Davis graduate student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been studying western pond turtles, California’s only native freshwater turtle species. Classified as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Drought/Projects/Western-Pond-Turtle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">species of “special concern”\u003c/a> by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, their populations have significantly dwindled, due in part to habitat loss caused by development, says the report.[contextly_sidebar id=”jKDAsdP2AwfnzCZGDWhP0bnh27gyTyoT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that western pond turtles face “a triple threat” of sea level rise, drought and water diversions, all of which result in saltier habitats. High levels of salty water can cause some freshwater turtles to lose body mass and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turtles have been on Earth for tens of millions of years, and most species are freshwater turtles. Only about 20 percent of turtles live in the sea or strictly on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While more research is needed to see how freshwater turtles will adapt to their changing environment, the biologists say their findings should raise alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a species that is slow to evolve,” says Brian Todd, senior author and associate professor at the UC Davis department. “If we rely on natural selection to sustain them, they will likely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Projected sea level rise by the end of the century could threaten 90 percent of coastal freshwater turtles, according \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to a study\u003c/a> published on Monday in the journal Biological Reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted by researchers at UC Davis, marks the first in-depth assessment of how sea level rise could affect habitats for freshwater turtle species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three-quarters of the world’s freshwater turtles live near coastlines that are expected to experience a sea rise of 3 feet by 2011. Of those species, fewer than half are known to sometimes tolerate a slightly saltier environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t yet know whether these turtles can adapt or shift fast enough to move with the changing salinity,” says lead author Mickey Agha, a UC Davis graduate student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been studying western pond turtles, California’s only native freshwater turtle species. Classified as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Drought/Projects/Western-Pond-Turtle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">species of “special concern”\u003c/a> by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, their populations have significantly dwindled, due in part to habitat loss caused by development, says the report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that western pond turtles face “a triple threat” of sea level rise, drought and water diversions, all of which result in saltier habitats. High levels of salty water can cause some freshwater turtles to lose body mass and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turtles have been on Earth for tens of millions of years, and most species are freshwater turtles. Only about 20 percent of turtles live in the sea or strictly on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While more research is needed to see how freshwater turtles will adapt to their changing environment, the biologists say their findings should raise alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a species that is slow to evolve,” says Brian Todd, senior author and associate professor at the UC Davis department. “If we rely on natural selection to sustain them, they will likely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Los Angeles Could Source its Water Locally",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Los Angeles Mayor \u003c/span>Eric Garcetti believes his city is poised for a “second Mulholland moment.” William Mulholland was responsible for the construction, over a century ago, of the 200-mile-long \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/me-aqueduct/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aqueduct\u003c/a> to Owens Valley that helped drive \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>’s growth. In a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2018/03/03/los-angeles-new-mulholland-moment-for-safe-and-adequate-water-eric-garcetti/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent op-ed\u003c/a>, Garcetti wrote, “we have launched a second opportunity to reimagine our water infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time it will take place \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920428/californians-are-struggling-to-pay-for-rising-water-rates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closer to home.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a plan\u003c/a> in 2015 to reduce imported water 50 percent by 2025 and produce half of the city’s water supply locally by 2035. A vision also supported by the local water utility, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>).[contextly_sidebar id=”TT0sfF5k0WDI0vLYDHmpmcwKDFNRGj6z”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just a pipe dream. “When we set that 50 percent goal we knew \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1115545/desalination-why-tapping-sea-water-has-slowed-to-a-trickle-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it was ambitious\u003c/a>, but we also really feel like it’s achievable,” said Liz Crosson, director of infrastructure for the mayor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4tp3x8g4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> from the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks the city could do more. The report is the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://grandchallenges.ucla.edu/happenings/2015/11/13/100-local-water-for-la-county/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fourth in a series\u003c/a> aimed at helping to provide the city with research to drive an integrated water management strategy. Mark Gold, the associate vice chancellor of environment and sustainability at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span> and one of the report’s authors, said sourcing 100 percent of the city’s water locally could even be possible. But it won’t be cheap, easy or quick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city would need to maximize local water supplies from stormwater capture, recycled water and groundwater, the latter of which in many cases would also need to be cleaned of pollutants. And the city would need to up its conservation efforts. “It’s not something that would happen overnight but if you look at the next 25–30 years, it’s something that definitely is possible,” Gold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Will\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>There’s quite a difference between possible and probable, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Los Angeles gets the bulk of its water from three faraway sources: Owens Valley, the western side of the Sierra Nevada via the beleaguered Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Rocky Mountain snowmelt, diverted from the Colorado River before it heads to Mexico. As climate change impacts the timing and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921626/desalinated-water-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amount of runoff\u003c/a> in the West’s mountains and pressure for limited water resources increases, developing a more local water supply would increase resilience and reliability for \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To prepare for more frequent occurrences in extreme weather due to the impacts of climate change, we need to continue to develop local supply strategies, and improve integration efforts that contribute to expanding the city’s overall water supply reliability,” said Christina Holland, senior public relations specialist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP.\u003c/span> “This is especially relevant at a time when imported supplies continue to be challenged.”[contextly_sidebar id=”YjK1yw8v4IU5TvygFD0paYwStcqGL2N9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span> share a commitment to increasing local water supply for the city, but Crosson said that 100 percent local water is not on the city’s immediate horizon though “it’s definitely something that the city will consider and take a hard look at” while it ramps up efforts to meet its goal of 50 percent local water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report isn’t an exact roadmap that Los Angeles will follow, it’s still helpful to agencies working on expanding the city’s water supplies. “The additional research and opportunities identified in \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report will certainly help guide \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>’s future planning efforts and potential investments of limited funding in new future local projects,” said Holland. “This additional information could lead to refinements in our strategic plan and ultimately future investments in stormwater capture, water recycling and water use efficiency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biggest Opportunities\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne of the first areas of focus to increase local water supplies is groundwater. The San Fernando Valley has a massive groundwater basin, but it’s been polluted for decades with contaminants from the aerospace industry and other industrial sources, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921690\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-800x572.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A person costumed as a water drop, supervisor Sheila Kuehl, homeowner Carrie Wassenaar, Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti and conservation advocate Andy Lipkis of TreePeople watch as water is released electronically from Wassenaar’s newly installed 1,320-gallon water cistern into a “rain garden” for replenishing groundwater. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Programs like the federal government’s Superfund haven’t proved effective at tackling the problem, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, it just felt like everyone was waiting for Superfund and getting the polluters to pay for the remediation of the aquifer,” said Gold. “But that model just has not worked very well. The federal government agencies go after the potentially responsible parties to get settlement funds to pay for remediation. Funds go to litigation, not remediation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So water districts and municipalities are now taking matters into their own hands because the cost of pumping and treating the contaminated groundwater is now comparable to imported water prices.[contextly_sidebar id=”bfAZF6R7og5kNNe7Ujq6Ygxwx97DDf4W”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really on us to do a large-scale remediation project,” Crosson said. The city recently broke ground on the first of four new remediation projects to clean up the groundwater basin that will eventually provide water for up to 800,000 households a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of efforts are a “transformational change” in the region, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clean groundwater is important, too, because part of the city’s long-term water plan is to treat more stormwater and recycled water, which can be used to recharge groundwater. “If we are going to put more water into the groundwater, we need to make sure we have these treatment facilities to be able to use it,” said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is one area in which the city needs to focus more effort and where \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report is particularly helpful at identifying potential opportunities, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to identify funding for groundwater remediation, we’ve been able to acquire funding for recycled water projects and we’ve done well in being able to support campaigns to educate folks about water conservation, but stormwater is difficult for municipalities across California to be able to fund,” she said. Because stormwater flows across jurisdictions, it requires coordinating with multiple municipalities and agencies across the entire watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economic Issues\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Of particular note in the report is that it doesn’t factor desalinated seawater into the city’s future water portfolio as a way to augment local supply, as other California cities have done, such as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/12/14/desalination-plant-anniversary-bodes-well-for-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">San Diego\u003c/a>. For a seaside city with little rain, desalinated ocean water might seem like a good investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the numbers don’t add up, at least not yet, said Gold. Recycled water and desalinated brackish water are cheaper, he said, and use less energy, have a small carbon footprint and fewer impacts on marine life. Less energy and fewer resources can be used transforming coastal water treatment plants into water supply plants, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">Still, committing to developing local water sources will not be cheap. “These sorts of projects aren’t free, they cost a lot of money to really make this sort of transformation from a 20th-century gray infrastructure to 21st-century green, local water infrastructure,” said Gold, but they also come with other benefits, including reduced carbon emissions, habitat and recreation opportunities and water quality improvements. “We’re talking about billions of dollars,” he said. “There’s got to be either a regulatory requirement or a large cash infusion to help make that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Los Angeles Mayor \u003c/span>Eric Garcetti believes his city is poised for a “second Mulholland moment.” William Mulholland was responsible for the construction, over a century ago, of the 200-mile-long \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/me-aqueduct/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aqueduct\u003c/a> to Owens Valley that helped drive \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>’s growth. In a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2018/03/03/los-angeles-new-mulholland-moment-for-safe-and-adequate-water-eric-garcetti/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent op-ed\u003c/a>, Garcetti wrote, “we have launched a second opportunity to reimagine our water infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time it will take place \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920428/californians-are-struggling-to-pay-for-rising-water-rates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closer to home.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a plan\u003c/a> in 2015 to reduce imported water 50 percent by 2025 and produce half of the city’s water supply locally by 2035. A vision also supported by the local water utility, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>).\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just a pipe dream. “When we set that 50 percent goal we knew \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1115545/desalination-why-tapping-sea-water-has-slowed-to-a-trickle-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it was ambitious\u003c/a>, but we also really feel like it’s achievable,” said Liz Crosson, director of infrastructure for the mayor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4tp3x8g4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> from the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks the city could do more. The report is the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://grandchallenges.ucla.edu/happenings/2015/11/13/100-local-water-for-la-county/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fourth in a series\u003c/a> aimed at helping to provide the city with research to drive an integrated water management strategy. Mark Gold, the associate vice chancellor of environment and sustainability at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span> and one of the report’s authors, said sourcing 100 percent of the city’s water locally could even be possible. But it won’t be cheap, easy or quick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city would need to maximize local water supplies from stormwater capture, recycled water and groundwater, the latter of which in many cases would also need to be cleaned of pollutants. And the city would need to up its conservation efforts. “It’s not something that would happen overnight but if you look at the next 25–30 years, it’s something that definitely is possible,” Gold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Will\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>There’s quite a difference between possible and probable, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Los Angeles gets the bulk of its water from three faraway sources: Owens Valley, the western side of the Sierra Nevada via the beleaguered Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Rocky Mountain snowmelt, diverted from the Colorado River before it heads to Mexico. As climate change impacts the timing and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921626/desalinated-water-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amount of runoff\u003c/a> in the West’s mountains and pressure for limited water resources increases, developing a more local water supply would increase resilience and reliability for \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To prepare for more frequent occurrences in extreme weather due to the impacts of climate change, we need to continue to develop local supply strategies, and improve integration efforts that contribute to expanding the city’s overall water supply reliability,” said Christina Holland, senior public relations specialist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP.\u003c/span> “This is especially relevant at a time when imported supplies continue to be challenged.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span> share a commitment to increasing local water supply for the city, but Crosson said that 100 percent local water is not on the city’s immediate horizon though “it’s definitely something that the city will consider and take a hard look at” while it ramps up efforts to meet its goal of 50 percent local water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report isn’t an exact roadmap that Los Angeles will follow, it’s still helpful to agencies working on expanding the city’s water supplies. “The additional research and opportunities identified in \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report will certainly help guide \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>’s future planning efforts and potential investments of limited funding in new future local projects,” said Holland. “This additional information could lead to refinements in our strategic plan and ultimately future investments in stormwater capture, water recycling and water use efficiency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biggest Opportunities\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne of the first areas of focus to increase local water supplies is groundwater. The San Fernando Valley has a massive groundwater basin, but it’s been polluted for decades with contaminants from the aerospace industry and other industrial sources, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921690\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-800x572.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A person costumed as a water drop, supervisor Sheila Kuehl, homeowner Carrie Wassenaar, Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti and conservation advocate Andy Lipkis of TreePeople watch as water is released electronically from Wassenaar’s newly installed 1,320-gallon water cistern into a “rain garden” for replenishing groundwater. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Programs like the federal government’s Superfund haven’t proved effective at tackling the problem, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, it just felt like everyone was waiting for Superfund and getting the polluters to pay for the remediation of the aquifer,” said Gold. “But that model just has not worked very well. The federal government agencies go after the potentially responsible parties to get settlement funds to pay for remediation. Funds go to litigation, not remediation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So water districts and municipalities are now taking matters into their own hands because the cost of pumping and treating the contaminated groundwater is now comparable to imported water prices.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really on us to do a large-scale remediation project,” Crosson said. The city recently broke ground on the first of four new remediation projects to clean up the groundwater basin that will eventually provide water for up to 800,000 households a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of efforts are a “transformational change” in the region, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clean groundwater is important, too, because part of the city’s long-term water plan is to treat more stormwater and recycled water, which can be used to recharge groundwater. “If we are going to put more water into the groundwater, we need to make sure we have these treatment facilities to be able to use it,” said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is one area in which the city needs to focus more effort and where \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report is particularly helpful at identifying potential opportunities, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to identify funding for groundwater remediation, we’ve been able to acquire funding for recycled water projects and we’ve done well in being able to support campaigns to educate folks about water conservation, but stormwater is difficult for municipalities across California to be able to fund,” she said. Because stormwater flows across jurisdictions, it requires coordinating with multiple municipalities and agencies across the entire watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economic Issues\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Of particular note in the report is that it doesn’t factor desalinated seawater into the city’s future water portfolio as a way to augment local supply, as other California cities have done, such as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/12/14/desalination-plant-anniversary-bodes-well-for-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">San Diego\u003c/a>. For a seaside city with little rain, desalinated ocean water might seem like a good investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the numbers don’t add up, at least not yet, said Gold. Recycled water and desalinated brackish water are cheaper, he said, and use less energy, have a small carbon footprint and fewer impacts on marine life. Less energy and fewer resources can be used transforming coastal water treatment plants into water supply plants, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">Still, committing to developing local water sources will not be cheap. “These sorts of projects aren’t free, they cost a lot of money to really make this sort of transformation from a 20th-century gray infrastructure to 21st-century green, local water infrastructure,” said Gold, but they also come with other benefits, including reduced carbon emissions, habitat and recreation opportunities and water quality improvements. “We’re talking about billions of dollars,” he said. “There’s got to be either a regulatory requirement or a large cash infusion to help make that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Desalinated Water Doesn’t Have to Come From the Ocean | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources has awarded $34 million in \u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/desalination/2017Cycle4Awards.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grants\u003c/a> to eight desalination projects throughout the state. The money is part of a round of awards for desalination projects, as designated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans/IRWM-Grant-Programs/Proposition-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”hUI6nVdV1PEPfKrni70ff3tufawP4LA6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ocean desalination has often caught most of the public attention, two of those construction projects, in Antioch and Camarillo, focused specifically on inland brackish desalination, as did several of the other projects that received grant money. California has plenty of salty inland water,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/806524/water-windfall-found-in-drought-stricken-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> such as the water\u003c/a> in the upstream Delta or in underground aquifers that have absorbed soil salts. As local agencies look for more potable water sources, desalinating that local water may become an important part of the equation, says Richard Mills, the Department of Water Resources’ recycling and desalination chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not cheap. Mills says that brackish desalination can run from about $800 for an acre-foot of water to about $3,000. While these projects are generally cheaper than ocean desalination, costs vary significantly by location. Still, the proposed projects show that, despite the cost, there is still a lot of interest in brackish desalination. “That may mean that we’re running out of cheap water sources,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”qKThB4hgZBTNSY1ykLSmBw3XA8xhsCgm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Mills about the projects and the role of brackish desalination, especially groundwater desalination, throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: In these awards, why is there so much emphasis on brackish desalination, as opposed to ocean water desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Mills: I think that cost and the sustainability of implementation accounts for a lot of that. The cost of brackish water desalination is generally much less than seawater desalination, in part because the treatment itself – the cost is very much affected by the degree of salinity. The less salinity, the less cost. The environmental issues can [also] tend to be somewhat less, depending on the individual situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the current environmental impacts of brackish desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: For open water intakes for brackish water – from San Francisco Bay or the upstream Delta – you have the effects on aquatic organisms in the water column. Brackish water [desalination] growth in California has been more focused on using groundwater, where the intake part isn’t so much of an environmental impact, other than the effect on the groundwater itself and potentially overdrafting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brine is the other key environmental issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is brackish groundwater desalination cheaper than seawater desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I should say that, for either ocean water or brackish water projects, there is a very wide range of project costs. If you just look at the treatment itself, the desalination treatment technology is to take the salts out of the water, and the most common treatment technology that is being used currently is reverse osmosis, which can be fairly energy-intensive and the amount of energy required is greatly affected by the concentration of the salts in the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the brackish water projects, we seem to be dealing in the range of 1,000–3,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids, whereas when we’re talking about ocean water, we’re more in the range of 30,000–35,000 milligrams of total dissolved solids. So you’re dealing with a concentration of salts that is about one-tenth that of ocean water, and therefore the cost itself is much less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921629\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921629\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-375x252.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-520x350.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Poseidon Water Desalination Plant in Carlsbad, California, is one of the largest seawater treatment plants in the U.S. \u003ccite>(Don Bartletti/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The brine is another significant cost, as well as an environmental issue. With ocean desalination, the quantities of brine are much greater, but one advantage is that you generally have the ability to discharge them into the ocean in an environmentally acceptable way. With inland projects, there’s the issue of what to do with the salts. Putting them in a landfill – could there potentially be contamination issues as salts leech back into the groundwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we can’t say that in an individual situation, brackish groundwater desalination is going to be a cheaper alternative, but as you see from the eight awards there is still a lot of interest in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How much do you think that brackish desalination will be a part of how California deals with water issues in the future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: In the California Water Plan 2013, we had kind of an inventory of projects that were in place at the time, and also what seemed to be in planning. In 2013, there were 23 brackish groundwater desalination plants, and three ocean desalination plants. The ocean plants, at that time, were very minuscule in size, so the annual production and capacity was only 560 acre-feet a year, whereas with the brackish groundwater, the annual capacity was 139,000 acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: As brackish desalination becomes a bigger part of California communities meeting their water needs, how is the Department of Water Resources balancing brackish groundwater withdrawal with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: Well, one thing is that when we give grants toward the planning or even for construction, we’re expecting that there be an analysis of how the drawing of additional brackish water from the ground may impact the overall groundwater supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Groundwater Management Act, there’s a mandate to analyze these issues. I think that even if there wasn’t a prudent local effort to analyze the impacts on the part of the proponents of local brackish groundwater use, the groundwater management agencies that are trying to comply with the Groundwater Management Act are going to be a driving force to make sure that proper analysis is being done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: Thank you for talking with us. Is there anything else that you would like to say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I think in summary, it’s not going to be on a statewide level a huge contribution to our state’s water supply, but it is important for many local communities who need a more significant source of supply, and it is a way to take advantage of a source of water that is currently unusable and being able to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/20/desalinated-water-in-california-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California has granted more than $34 million to desalination projects, and much of that money is going toward brackish water projects. That approach isn’t cheap or without environmental concerns, says Richard Mills of the Department of Water Resources.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources has awarded $34 million in \u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/desalination/2017Cycle4Awards.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grants\u003c/a> to eight desalination projects throughout the state. The money is part of a round of awards for desalination projects, as designated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans/IRWM-Grant-Programs/Proposition-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ocean desalination has often caught most of the public attention, two of those construction projects, in Antioch and Camarillo, focused specifically on inland brackish desalination, as did several of the other projects that received grant money. California has plenty of salty inland water,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/806524/water-windfall-found-in-drought-stricken-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> such as the water\u003c/a> in the upstream Delta or in underground aquifers that have absorbed soil salts. As local agencies look for more potable water sources, desalinating that local water may become an important part of the equation, says Richard Mills, the Department of Water Resources’ recycling and desalination chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not cheap. Mills says that brackish desalination can run from about $800 for an acre-foot of water to about $3,000. While these projects are generally cheaper than ocean desalination, costs vary significantly by location. Still, the proposed projects show that, despite the cost, there is still a lot of interest in brackish desalination. “That may mean that we’re running out of cheap water sources,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Mills about the projects and the role of brackish desalination, especially groundwater desalination, throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: In these awards, why is there so much emphasis on brackish desalination, as opposed to ocean water desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Mills: I think that cost and the sustainability of implementation accounts for a lot of that. The cost of brackish water desalination is generally much less than seawater desalination, in part because the treatment itself – the cost is very much affected by the degree of salinity. The less salinity, the less cost. The environmental issues can [also] tend to be somewhat less, depending on the individual situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the current environmental impacts of brackish desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: For open water intakes for brackish water – from San Francisco Bay or the upstream Delta – you have the effects on aquatic organisms in the water column. Brackish water [desalination] growth in California has been more focused on using groundwater, where the intake part isn’t so much of an environmental impact, other than the effect on the groundwater itself and potentially overdrafting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brine is the other key environmental issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is brackish groundwater desalination cheaper than seawater desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I should say that, for either ocean water or brackish water projects, there is a very wide range of project costs. If you just look at the treatment itself, the desalination treatment technology is to take the salts out of the water, and the most common treatment technology that is being used currently is reverse osmosis, which can be fairly energy-intensive and the amount of energy required is greatly affected by the concentration of the salts in the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the brackish water projects, we seem to be dealing in the range of 1,000–3,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids, whereas when we’re talking about ocean water, we’re more in the range of 30,000–35,000 milligrams of total dissolved solids. So you’re dealing with a concentration of salts that is about one-tenth that of ocean water, and therefore the cost itself is much less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921629\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921629\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-375x252.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-520x350.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Poseidon Water Desalination Plant in Carlsbad, California, is one of the largest seawater treatment plants in the U.S. \u003ccite>(Don Bartletti/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The brine is another significant cost, as well as an environmental issue. With ocean desalination, the quantities of brine are much greater, but one advantage is that you generally have the ability to discharge them into the ocean in an environmentally acceptable way. With inland projects, there’s the issue of what to do with the salts. Putting them in a landfill – could there potentially be contamination issues as salts leech back into the groundwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we can’t say that in an individual situation, brackish groundwater desalination is going to be a cheaper alternative, but as you see from the eight awards there is still a lot of interest in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How much do you think that brackish desalination will be a part of how California deals with water issues in the future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: In the California Water Plan 2013, we had kind of an inventory of projects that were in place at the time, and also what seemed to be in planning. In 2013, there were 23 brackish groundwater desalination plants, and three ocean desalination plants. The ocean plants, at that time, were very minuscule in size, so the annual production and capacity was only 560 acre-feet a year, whereas with the brackish groundwater, the annual capacity was 139,000 acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: As brackish desalination becomes a bigger part of California communities meeting their water needs, how is the Department of Water Resources balancing brackish groundwater withdrawal with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: Well, one thing is that when we give grants toward the planning or even for construction, we’re expecting that there be an analysis of how the drawing of additional brackish water from the ground may impact the overall groundwater supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Groundwater Management Act, there’s a mandate to analyze these issues. I think that even if there wasn’t a prudent local effort to analyze the impacts on the part of the proponents of local brackish groundwater use, the groundwater management agencies that are trying to comply with the Groundwater Management Act are going to be a driving force to make sure that proper analysis is being done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: Thank you for talking with us. Is there anything else that you would like to say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I think in summary, it’s not going to be on a statewide level a huge contribution to our state’s water supply, but it is important for many local communities who need a more significant source of supply, and it is a way to take advantage of a source of water that is currently unusable and being able to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/20/desalinated-water-in-california-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In an unprecedented courtroom tutorial on climate science, the oil company Chevron went on record agreeing with the scientific consensus that people are causing global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the company also deflected any responsibility for it under federal law and played up uncertainties in projections for both the volume and future consequences of greenhouse gas emissions. The tack signals a potential legal defense against financial liability for climate change impacts such as rising sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The odd hearing in federal court came as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">part of a lawsuit\u003c/a> brought by two coastal cities, San Francisco and Oakland, who claim that oil companies are liable for the cost of adapting to sea level rise. The cities claim that the companies ignored the risks to the environment posed by the fossil fuels they were producing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I read in the paper this was going to be like the Scopes Monkey trial. I couldn’t help but laugh.’\u003ccite>Judge William Alsup\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Federal district judge William Alsup asked the cities and their Big Oil defendants to present an hour each on two subjects: the evolution of climate science to date, and the best available science now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No ‘Monkey Trial’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I read in the paper this was going to be like the Scopes Monkey trial. I couldn’t help but laugh,” Alsup said. “Please don’t call this a trial.” The reference was to \u003ca href=\"http://www.historynet.com/scopes-trial.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the 1925 case\u003c/a> when the theory of evolution was effectively put on trial in Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the four-plus-hour tutorial began, Alsup warned that it was meant to be wonky. “You will find this probably boring,” he said. “If you get bored, you can just leave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At times the presentations lived up to Alsup’s promise, especially as scientists allied with the coastal city plaintiffs addressed the intricacies of sea level rise. The judge interrupted \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Oxford University, to ask for clarification on the movement of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and to quibble with graphs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Dive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen summarized early developments in climate science, including the work of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/arrhenius-bio.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Svante Arrhenius\u003c/a>, a 19th century Swedish physicist who predicted that temperatures would rise when more carbon dioxide became trapped in the atmosphere; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/17/obituaries/roger-revelle-82-early-theorist-in-global-warming-and-geology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Roger Revelle\u003c/a>, who warned that the ocean would not absorb all of the rising carbon emissions and that, as a result, a greenhouse effect would warm the planet; and \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/history_legacy/charles_david_keeling_biography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Keeling\u003c/a>, who collected carbon dioxide samples at Mauna Loa to establish what has been a rapid and constant rise in greenhouse gas in the industrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representing Chevron, Theodore Boutrous, a lawyer with Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, began his presentation quoting approvingly from the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change’s fifth and most recent assessment. “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century,” IPCC authors wrote in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boutrous, too, quoted Arrhenius approvingly, leading to a strange exchange with Alsup in which the judge said it was “amazing” that the Swede could have, in 1896, made “a projection that even today sounds pretty reasonable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These scientists were brilliant,” Boutrous responded, trying to pivot back to a separate point about scientific uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, but this was one guy, you have to admire that,” Alsup noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Presentations from scientists and from Boutrous were shaped by Alsup’s interruptions, inquisitiveness, and research, as well as questions for which the judge had asked parties to prepare answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921607\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921607\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd.jpeg\" alt=\"People lined up outside courtroom\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1579\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd.jpeg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-160x126.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-800x632.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-768x606.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-1020x805.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-1920x1516.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-1180x932.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-960x758.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-240x189.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-375x296.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-520x411.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An overflow crowd lines up outside federal court in San Francisco for the vaunted courtroom tutorial on climate science. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeding Doubt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Chevron, Boutrous sought to establish that climate change has a global history, in order to bolster the argument, submitted to the court on Tuesday, that plaintiffs’ claims should be dismissed from federal court. And he sought to characterize climate science as a discordant and tumultuous process filled with uncertainty and trial and error, even as he acknowledged the importance of the IPCC’s most recent assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, for their part, said that the IPCC represented good work, but not the final word in climate research. University of Illinois climatologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.atmos.illinois.edu/cms/One.aspx?siteId=127458&pageId=151986\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Don Wuebbles\u003c/a> pointed out that seventeen of the last eighteen years have been the warmest on record. And while he led a chapter of the 2014 IPCC report, Wuebbles said, “science did not stop” when that work was published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plaintiffs’ experts also presented evidence that impacts for coastal cities are worsening. UCSC researcher \u003ca href=\"https://eps.ucsc.edu/faculty/Profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=griggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Griggs\u003c/a> said that severe weather events are becoming more important to local communities. “Waiting for absolute scientific certainty is not an option because of what’s at stake,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where to from Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The significance of the tutorial to the underlying legal claim or to climate liability remains unclear. Legal jurisdiction for tort claims like this one remains murky; another federal judge has sent similar claims brought by San Mateo and Marin Counties, and Imperial Beach against oil companies to state court, and observers say the conflict among state and federal authorities could take time to unwind. Chevron \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filed a motion to dismiss\u003c/a> this case for jurisdictional and other reasons on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the unprecedented nature of the tutorial heaped attention on what the oil companies say now, what they knew about climate science over the last century, and how they responded to the risks changing climate has posed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late in the day, Judge Alsup seemed surprised to learn that Boutrous, as Chevron’s attorney, was speaking only for his client and not the other oil company defendants. He ordered ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips, Royal Dutch Shell, and BP to go on the record within two weeks, either agreeing with what Boutrous presented or specifying their own positions on the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t get away with sitting here in silence and then later saying he wasn’t speaking for us,” he told them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In an unprecedented courtroom tutorial on climate science, the oil company Chevron went on record agreeing with the scientific consensus that people are causing global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the company also deflected any responsibility for it under federal law and played up uncertainties in projections for both the volume and future consequences of greenhouse gas emissions. The tack signals a potential legal defense against financial liability for climate change impacts such as rising sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The odd hearing in federal court came as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">part of a lawsuit\u003c/a> brought by two coastal cities, San Francisco and Oakland, who claim that oil companies are liable for the cost of adapting to sea level rise. The cities claim that the companies ignored the risks to the environment posed by the fossil fuels they were producing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I read in the paper this was going to be like the Scopes Monkey trial. I couldn’t help but laugh.’\u003ccite>Judge William Alsup\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Federal district judge William Alsup asked the cities and their Big Oil defendants to present an hour each on two subjects: the evolution of climate science to date, and the best available science now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No ‘Monkey Trial’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I read in the paper this was going to be like the Scopes Monkey trial. I couldn’t help but laugh,” Alsup said. “Please don’t call this a trial.” The reference was to \u003ca href=\"http://www.historynet.com/scopes-trial.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the 1925 case\u003c/a> when the theory of evolution was effectively put on trial in Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the four-plus-hour tutorial began, Alsup warned that it was meant to be wonky. “You will find this probably boring,” he said. “If you get bored, you can just leave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At times the presentations lived up to Alsup’s promise, especially as scientists allied with the coastal city plaintiffs addressed the intricacies of sea level rise. The judge interrupted \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Oxford University, to ask for clarification on the movement of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and to quibble with graphs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Dive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen summarized early developments in climate science, including the work of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/arrhenius-bio.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Svante Arrhenius\u003c/a>, a 19th century Swedish physicist who predicted that temperatures would rise when more carbon dioxide became trapped in the atmosphere; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/17/obituaries/roger-revelle-82-early-theorist-in-global-warming-and-geology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Roger Revelle\u003c/a>, who warned that the ocean would not absorb all of the rising carbon emissions and that, as a result, a greenhouse effect would warm the planet; and \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/history_legacy/charles_david_keeling_biography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Keeling\u003c/a>, who collected carbon dioxide samples at Mauna Loa to establish what has been a rapid and constant rise in greenhouse gas in the industrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representing Chevron, Theodore Boutrous, a lawyer with Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, began his presentation quoting approvingly from the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change’s fifth and most recent assessment. “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century,” IPCC authors wrote in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boutrous, too, quoted Arrhenius approvingly, leading to a strange exchange with Alsup in which the judge said it was “amazing” that the Swede could have, in 1896, made “a projection that even today sounds pretty reasonable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These scientists were brilliant,” Boutrous responded, trying to pivot back to a separate point about scientific uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, but this was one guy, you have to admire that,” Alsup noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Presentations from scientists and from Boutrous were shaped by Alsup’s interruptions, inquisitiveness, and research, as well as questions for which the judge had asked parties to prepare answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921607\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921607\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd.jpeg\" alt=\"People lined up outside courtroom\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1579\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd.jpeg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-160x126.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-800x632.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-768x606.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-1020x805.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-1920x1516.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-1180x932.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-960x758.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-240x189.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-375x296.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/CourthouseCrowd-520x411.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An overflow crowd lines up outside federal court in San Francisco for the vaunted courtroom tutorial on climate science. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeding Doubt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Chevron, Boutrous sought to establish that climate change has a global history, in order to bolster the argument, submitted to the court on Tuesday, that plaintiffs’ claims should be dismissed from federal court. And he sought to characterize climate science as a discordant and tumultuous process filled with uncertainty and trial and error, even as he acknowledged the importance of the IPCC’s most recent assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, for their part, said that the IPCC represented good work, but not the final word in climate research. University of Illinois climatologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.atmos.illinois.edu/cms/One.aspx?siteId=127458&pageId=151986\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Don Wuebbles\u003c/a> pointed out that seventeen of the last eighteen years have been the warmest on record. And while he led a chapter of the 2014 IPCC report, Wuebbles said, “science did not stop” when that work was published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plaintiffs’ experts also presented evidence that impacts for coastal cities are worsening. UCSC researcher \u003ca href=\"https://eps.ucsc.edu/faculty/Profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=griggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Griggs\u003c/a> said that severe weather events are becoming more important to local communities. “Waiting for absolute scientific certainty is not an option because of what’s at stake,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where to from Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The significance of the tutorial to the underlying legal claim or to climate liability remains unclear. Legal jurisdiction for tort claims like this one remains murky; another federal judge has sent similar claims brought by San Mateo and Marin Counties, and Imperial Beach against oil companies to state court, and observers say the conflict among state and federal authorities could take time to unwind. Chevron \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filed a motion to dismiss\u003c/a> this case for jurisdictional and other reasons on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the unprecedented nature of the tutorial heaped attention on what the oil companies say now, what they knew about climate science over the last century, and how they responded to the risks changing climate has posed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late in the day, Judge Alsup seemed surprised to learn that Boutrous, as Chevron’s attorney, was speaking only for his client and not the other oil company defendants. He ordered ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips, Royal Dutch Shell, and BP to go on the record within two weeks, either agreeing with what Boutrous presented or specifying their own positions on the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t get away with sitting here in silence and then later saying he wasn’t speaking for us,” he told them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial",
"headTitle": "Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:56pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup wraps up today’s first ever court-mandated climate crash course by showing off his very cool space tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Alsup shows off his space tie for science day \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976547821204619264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup has tie (painted?) with what looks like a Hubble snapshot of deep space – yellow galaxies on blue. He’s ready to science!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Nathanael Johnson (@SavorTooth) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SavorTooth/status/976475761132453889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:553pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup tells attorneys for the other defendants that they have two weeks to sign on to Chevron’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge is issuing an order to other defendants explaining whether they agree with every statement Boutrous said. “You can’t get away with sitting here in silence and then later saying he wasn’t speaking for us.” They’ve got two weeks \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976546870322388992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Concluding the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, Judge Alsup tells counsel for other fossil fuel defendants that they have 2 weeks to file statements specifying whether they disagree with any points / concessions made by Chevron’s attorney. Should be interesting to see their responses!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976547719975133189?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:45pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Judge Alsup poses an interesting question about wildfires: Don’t they emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the air? Is that a tiny factor in the overall rise of CO2 emissions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Molly Peterson observes that the judge may be trying to compare wildfire CO2 emissions to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wuebbles tells the judge that while he has not done the math on fire emissions, it is small compared to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 3 percent of annual U.S. greenhouse gas emissions come from wildfires, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.forestfoundation.org/wildfires-and-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Forest Foundation\u003c/a>. The Los Angeles Daily News \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2017/12/14/in-californias-wildfires-a-looming-threat-to-climate-goals-smolders/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last year\u003c/a> that in less than one week, wildfires in Southern California released harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:19pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Climate science has advanced in the years since 2012, notes Nobel-prize winning climate researcher Wuebbles. He is responding to Chevron’s tactic of limiting their tutorial to certain years, a move that some say serves to downplay the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Plaintiff cities get Don Wuebbles up there to say that “science did not stop” after 2012, when IPCC 5 stops…he’s here to talk to the National Climate Assessment \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\">https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538039680868352?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wuebbles wrote a chapter of the IPCC and is clarifying that the 2017 National Climate Assessment has newer reliable science in it as well \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538368182923264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:18pm: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>To wrap up the climate tutorial, city plaintiffs have called Donald Wuebbles, lead author of the U.S. National Climate Assessment, to speak about the best available science on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Seventeen of the last 18 years are the warmest on record, says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Wuebbles?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Wuebbles\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976539725606481920?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:16pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> And that’s a wrap for Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s Boutrous finishes main presentation on science with a quote from Oakland’s bond disclosure (about not being able to predict natural events)…which isn’t exactly peer-reviewed. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976537517875871744?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:11pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> An interesting strategy being employed by the defense is to limit reports on sea level rise to certain years, a tactic which some say is misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s presentation on sea level rise focuses on IPCC from 2013, which means observations end a couple of years before that. Sea level rise science has advanced significantly since the last IPCC, as Gary Griggs indicated earlier. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534296033837056?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This is why a judge’s “tutorial” on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climate?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climate\u003c/a> can be dangerous: what recourse is there when Chevron presents data and graphics that are completely misleading? How do they get challenged? \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Peter Gleick (@PeterGleick) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/976534289335701505?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:55am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron just informed Judge Alsup that he is presenting on behalf of his client alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting: Alsup to Chevron attny I thought you were presenting for all the defendants. Do they agree with you? Boutrous: I’m just presenting for Chevron. Alsup: Okay at some point I’m going to ask them all if they agree. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateTutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateTutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976530769165172736?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Both presentations also strongly influenced by Judge’s self-directed research, questions, and interests. When Chevron lawyer can’t answer scientific questions, Alsup has been more likely to let it go. Alsup pressed scientists further. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\">https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534880979791872?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:48am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Along with attempting to poke holes at the certainty of climate science, the defense is also arguing that the \u003cem>extraction\u003c/em> of fossil fuels is not the problem, rather its the \u003cem>use\u003c/em> of their product. That would seem to relate back to their earlier “collective responsibility” argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s lawyer at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> – “IPCC does not say it’s the extraction of fossil fuels [that causes climate change], it’s the energy use – the economic activity – that generates emissions.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976526523103506433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>11:27am:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Judge Alsup is apparently a fan of physicist Svante Arrhenius, who in 1896, made the first estimate of climate sensitivity, calculating that surface temperatures would rise by 4-6°C if carbon dioxide emissions doubled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup professes admiration for Arrhenius: ‘Don’t you think it’s amazing that that guy..with just the back of an envelope with pencil and paper, could have made that projection that even today sounds pretty reasonable?’ Chevron atty agrees: ‘These scientists are brilliant.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Debra Kahn (@debra_kahn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debra_kahn/status/976521407466106880?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup shows his science nerd side. Marvels that at end of 19th C. Svante Arrhenius predicted roughly the same temp rise from CO2 increase as modern models. “He was one guy in an early age and using his brain and some data … You have to admire that.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976520479090425856?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The strategy apparently being employed by Chevron lawyers is to argue that climate science is filled with uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">At the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, it appears that Chevron’s strategy is to portray climate science as a field that is characterised by significant uncertainty and conflicting scientific theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976519729614475264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">“That’s how science works. It’s trial and error…It’s cumulative; it’s self-correcting.” – Chevron lawyer emphasizes uncertainty of Arrhenius’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatescience?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatescience\u003c/a> in 1951. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976516202867580928?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s graphs seem mostly to end around 2010 or 2012, which helps minimize the visual impact of the record temperatures in more recent years \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976525027276288001?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:10am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’S Molly Peterson reports that during the summary portion of early 20th century climate science, Judge Alsup interrupted the Chevron attorney to point out that he skipped meterologist Guy Callendar’s landmark 1938 report linking fossil fuels to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about Callendar’s findings at \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/apr/22/guy-callendar-climate-fossil-fuels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Someone established a Twitter account in 2014 for Guy Callendar, the scientist referenced by Judge Alsup in the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\">https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976521896782016512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10:58am: \u003c/strong>Remarks on\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the defense’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge and Chevron attorney seem to establish that since 1951, it’s been accepted that CO2 has a warming effect. Oil company attorney isn’t great at answering judge’s science questions; does it matter? Hard to say. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976517515999244288?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting that Alsup was quick to prevent plaintiffs from “getting political” but hasn’t said anything about Chevron critiquing policies of SF & Oakland, and those recommended by IPCC, in first five minutes of presentation \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976506236253302784?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:35am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron is largely relying on data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron presenting a history of IPCC summaries, not a history of science as requested. And then, warming is partly “how people are living their lives.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976508965252055041?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters at the hearing note that no experts are presenting on behalf of the oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Defendants leaving science to lawyer, plaintiffs to scientists. Both OK, just noting difference in strategy. Probably woulda been good to have a scientist answer Alsup on solar fluctuations, tho. Lawyer says “it just happens” 🤷🏻♀️\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976512549582598144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>10:16am: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Environmental journalist Warren Cornwall:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">No indication so far that oil companies will be calling scientists to talk to Judge Alsup today. Chevron attorney is doing the talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976506832331026433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Avi Garbow, former general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells KQED that Chevron supports\u003c/a> the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Garbow. “Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, oil industry lawyers will argue that the courtroom is not the proper forum for tackling climate change issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:11am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Climate reporter Amy Westervelt tweeting from the courtroom:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Griggs: 10-year flood that would have come once every 10 years is now coming 10 times a year. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976504429149958144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:41am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Retired Judge Alice C. Hill, whose work now focuses on preparing for the impacts of climate change, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfareblog.com/catastrophic-risks-climate-change-us-turns-its-back-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writing in\u003c/a> national security blog \u003cem>LawFare:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This isn’t the stuff of science fiction. It is happening already, right here in the United States. It just gets worse—a lot worse—the more carbon we send up into the atmosphere. Just as America suffers, so will the rest of the world. And some of their suffering will spill back onto us. We already have plenty of examples of how climate impacts in other countries threaten global stability and our national security. These include the historic drought in Syria that drove over a million people, mostly young men, to move to cities in search of work and which, in turn, contributed to civil unrest and unprecedented mass migration.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a> is done with his presentation. The next witness for plaintiffs is \u003ca href=\"https://eps.ucsc.edu/faculty/Profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=griggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Griggs\u003c/a>, professor of Earth Sciences at the University of California Santa Cruz. Grigg will focus on how sea level rise is affecting San Franciso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Griggs: Showing chart of sea level rise, steep rate of increase 20,000 years ago and then even steeper rate of increase today. Discussion of lower sea levels thousands of years ago, including ancient peoples crossing the land bridge to North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Deborah Moore (@debmoore_UCS) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debmoore_UCS/status/976495452383096832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:14am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>On the question of liability for the impacts of climate change:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen notes it is possible to trace CO2 emissions directly to products sold by individual companies. Highly relevant to question of \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> for fossil fuel companies. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976489073966657536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Now we’re getting to a key legal point in this climate lawsuit against oil companies. Myles Allen tells Judge Alsup “It’s possible to trace these emissions directly to products sold by individual companies.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976489669650075648?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:05am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Today’s tutorial, a key early step in the case, is divided into two parts. The first part is 60 minutes and will have both sides presenting the history of climate change study. The second portion will have both sides present the best available science on climate science, including data on coastal flooding and sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">It’s kind of a climate change greatest hits: Allen recaps how Roger Revelle in 1957 made the crucial observation that simple chemistry limits the amount of carbon dioxide that the oceans can take up. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976487828765908992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:42am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Jessica Wentz, a lawyer at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sabin Center for Climate Change Law\u003c/a>, is live tweeting from Judge Alsup’s courtroom in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen: “the important point here is that we don’t just have a theory… we have direct observations from space” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976482927843225600?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A report \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/files/2018/02/Adler-2018-02-U.S.-Climate-Change-Litigation-in-the-Age-of-Trump-Year-One.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued by the Sabin Center\u003c/a> in February titled “\u003cem>U.S. Climate Change Litigation in the Age of Trump\u003c/em>,” finds that lawsuits calling for climate protections exceeded those that opposed climate deregulation by roughly 3:1 (73% to 27%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cases mark a surge in “municipalities suing fossil fuel companies under state common law and a suite of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuits seeking transparency from the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:36am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’s Craig Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes that oil industry lawyers\u003c/a> will not try to debate climate science during today’s hearing. Their strategy instead will be to have the case thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:29am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> First mention of Sventus Arrenhius, who wrote what’s widely considered to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/Arrhenius%201906,%20final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first paper on climate change.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Molly Peterson\u003c/a> reports that Judge Alsup is establishing himself as an active questioner in the climate tutorial, interrupting Allen and asking for clarification on powerpoint graphs.\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:19am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The first expert presenting to Judge Alsup is the Environmental Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a>, who is arguing for liability for oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">First presenter for plaintiffs at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> tutorial is Myles Allen, Oxford professor who has advocated for quantifying human responsibility\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Oil must pay for climate change. Now we can calculate how much \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\">https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976476202742398976?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:15am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> A federal judge in San Francisco is getting a five-hour crash course on climate science today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge William Alsup is presiding over a lawsuit filed by Oakland and San Francisco against\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of climate change impacts. Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow our blog for special live coverage. KQED’s Molly Peterson is also tweeting live from the courtroom at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@mollydacious\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921476 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:56pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup wraps up today’s first ever court-mandated climate crash course by showing off his very cool space tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Alsup shows off his space tie for science day \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976547821204619264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup has tie (painted?) with what looks like a Hubble snapshot of deep space – yellow galaxies on blue. He’s ready to science!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Nathanael Johnson (@SavorTooth) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SavorTooth/status/976475761132453889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:553pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup tells attorneys for the other defendants that they have two weeks to sign on to Chevron’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge is issuing an order to other defendants explaining whether they agree with every statement Boutrous said. “You can’t get away with sitting here in silence and then later saying he wasn’t speaking for us.” They’ve got two weeks \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976546870322388992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Concluding the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, Judge Alsup tells counsel for other fossil fuel defendants that they have 2 weeks to file statements specifying whether they disagree with any points / concessions made by Chevron’s attorney. Should be interesting to see their responses!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976547719975133189?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:45pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Judge Alsup poses an interesting question about wildfires: Don’t they emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the air? Is that a tiny factor in the overall rise of CO2 emissions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Molly Peterson observes that the judge may be trying to compare wildfire CO2 emissions to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wuebbles tells the judge that while he has not done the math on fire emissions, it is small compared to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 3 percent of annual U.S. greenhouse gas emissions come from wildfires, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.forestfoundation.org/wildfires-and-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Forest Foundation\u003c/a>. The Los Angeles Daily News \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2017/12/14/in-californias-wildfires-a-looming-threat-to-climate-goals-smolders/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last year\u003c/a> that in less than one week, wildfires in Southern California released harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:19pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Climate science has advanced in the years since 2012, notes Nobel-prize winning climate researcher Wuebbles. He is responding to Chevron’s tactic of limiting their tutorial to certain years, a move that some say serves to downplay the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Plaintiff cities get Don Wuebbles up there to say that “science did not stop” after 2012, when IPCC 5 stops…he’s here to talk to the National Climate Assessment \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\">https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538039680868352?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wuebbles wrote a chapter of the IPCC and is clarifying that the 2017 National Climate Assessment has newer reliable science in it as well \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538368182923264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:18pm: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>To wrap up the climate tutorial, city plaintiffs have called Donald Wuebbles, lead author of the U.S. National Climate Assessment, to speak about the best available science on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Seventeen of the last 18 years are the warmest on record, says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Wuebbles?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Wuebbles\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976539725606481920?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:16pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> And that’s a wrap for Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s Boutrous finishes main presentation on science with a quote from Oakland’s bond disclosure (about not being able to predict natural events)…which isn’t exactly peer-reviewed. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976537517875871744?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:11pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> An interesting strategy being employed by the defense is to limit reports on sea level rise to certain years, a tactic which some say is misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s presentation on sea level rise focuses on IPCC from 2013, which means observations end a couple of years before that. Sea level rise science has advanced significantly since the last IPCC, as Gary Griggs indicated earlier. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534296033837056?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This is why a judge’s “tutorial” on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climate?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climate\u003c/a> can be dangerous: what recourse is there when Chevron presents data and graphics that are completely misleading? How do they get challenged? \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Peter Gleick (@PeterGleick) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/976534289335701505?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:55am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron just informed Judge Alsup that he is presenting on behalf of his client alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting: Alsup to Chevron attny I thought you were presenting for all the defendants. Do they agree with you? Boutrous: I’m just presenting for Chevron. Alsup: Okay at some point I’m going to ask them all if they agree. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateTutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateTutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976530769165172736?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Both presentations also strongly influenced by Judge’s self-directed research, questions, and interests. When Chevron lawyer can’t answer scientific questions, Alsup has been more likely to let it go. Alsup pressed scientists further. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\">https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534880979791872?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:48am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Along with attempting to poke holes at the certainty of climate science, the defense is also arguing that the \u003cem>extraction\u003c/em> of fossil fuels is not the problem, rather its the \u003cem>use\u003c/em> of their product. That would seem to relate back to their earlier “collective responsibility” argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s lawyer at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> – “IPCC does not say it’s the extraction of fossil fuels [that causes climate change], it’s the energy use – the economic activity – that generates emissions.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976526523103506433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>11:27am:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Judge Alsup is apparently a fan of physicist Svante Arrhenius, who in 1896, made the first estimate of climate sensitivity, calculating that surface temperatures would rise by 4-6°C if carbon dioxide emissions doubled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup professes admiration for Arrhenius: ‘Don’t you think it’s amazing that that guy..with just the back of an envelope with pencil and paper, could have made that projection that even today sounds pretty reasonable?’ Chevron atty agrees: ‘These scientists are brilliant.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Debra Kahn (@debra_kahn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debra_kahn/status/976521407466106880?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup shows his science nerd side. Marvels that at end of 19th C. Svante Arrhenius predicted roughly the same temp rise from CO2 increase as modern models. “He was one guy in an early age and using his brain and some data … You have to admire that.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976520479090425856?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The strategy apparently being employed by Chevron lawyers is to argue that climate science is filled with uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">At the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, it appears that Chevron’s strategy is to portray climate science as a field that is characterised by significant uncertainty and conflicting scientific theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976519729614475264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">“That’s how science works. It’s trial and error…It’s cumulative; it’s self-correcting.” – Chevron lawyer emphasizes uncertainty of Arrhenius’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatescience?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatescience\u003c/a> in 1951. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976516202867580928?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s graphs seem mostly to end around 2010 or 2012, which helps minimize the visual impact of the record temperatures in more recent years \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976525027276288001?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:10am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’S Molly Peterson reports that during the summary portion of early 20th century climate science, Judge Alsup interrupted the Chevron attorney to point out that he skipped meterologist Guy Callendar’s landmark 1938 report linking fossil fuels to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about Callendar’s findings at \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/apr/22/guy-callendar-climate-fossil-fuels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Someone established a Twitter account in 2014 for Guy Callendar, the scientist referenced by Judge Alsup in the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\">https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976521896782016512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10:58am: \u003c/strong>Remarks on\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the defense’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge and Chevron attorney seem to establish that since 1951, it’s been accepted that CO2 has a warming effect. Oil company attorney isn’t great at answering judge’s science questions; does it matter? Hard to say. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976517515999244288?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting that Alsup was quick to prevent plaintiffs from “getting political” but hasn’t said anything about Chevron critiquing policies of SF & Oakland, and those recommended by IPCC, in first five minutes of presentation \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976506236253302784?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:35am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron is largely relying on data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron presenting a history of IPCC summaries, not a history of science as requested. And then, warming is partly “how people are living their lives.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976508965252055041?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters at the hearing note that no experts are presenting on behalf of the oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Defendants leaving science to lawyer, plaintiffs to scientists. Both OK, just noting difference in strategy. Probably woulda been good to have a scientist answer Alsup on solar fluctuations, tho. Lawyer says “it just happens” 🤷🏻♀️\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976512549582598144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>10:16am: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Environmental journalist Warren Cornwall:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">No indication so far that oil companies will be calling scientists to talk to Judge Alsup today. Chevron attorney is doing the talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976506832331026433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Avi Garbow, former general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells KQED that Chevron supports\u003c/a> the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Garbow. “Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, oil industry lawyers will argue that the courtroom is not the proper forum for tackling climate change issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:11am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Climate reporter Amy Westervelt tweeting from the courtroom:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Griggs: 10-year flood that would have come once every 10 years is now coming 10 times a year. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976504429149958144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:41am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Retired Judge Alice C. Hill, whose work now focuses on preparing for the impacts of climate change, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfareblog.com/catastrophic-risks-climate-change-us-turns-its-back-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writing in\u003c/a> national security blog \u003cem>LawFare:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This isn’t the stuff of science fiction. It is happening already, right here in the United States. It just gets worse—a lot worse—the more carbon we send up into the atmosphere. Just as America suffers, so will the rest of the world. And some of their suffering will spill back onto us. We already have plenty of examples of how climate impacts in other countries threaten global stability and our national security. These include the historic drought in Syria that drove over a million people, mostly young men, to move to cities in search of work and which, in turn, contributed to civil unrest and unprecedented mass migration.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a> is done with his presentation. The next witness for plaintiffs is \u003ca href=\"https://eps.ucsc.edu/faculty/Profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=griggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Griggs\u003c/a>, professor of Earth Sciences at the University of California Santa Cruz. Grigg will focus on how sea level rise is affecting San Franciso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Griggs: Showing chart of sea level rise, steep rate of increase 20,000 years ago and then even steeper rate of increase today. Discussion of lower sea levels thousands of years ago, including ancient peoples crossing the land bridge to North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Deborah Moore (@debmoore_UCS) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debmoore_UCS/status/976495452383096832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:14am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>On the question of liability for the impacts of climate change:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen notes it is possible to trace CO2 emissions directly to products sold by individual companies. Highly relevant to question of \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> for fossil fuel companies. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976489073966657536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Now we’re getting to a key legal point in this climate lawsuit against oil companies. Myles Allen tells Judge Alsup “It’s possible to trace these emissions directly to products sold by individual companies.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976489669650075648?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:05am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Today’s tutorial, a key early step in the case, is divided into two parts. The first part is 60 minutes and will have both sides presenting the history of climate change study. The second portion will have both sides present the best available science on climate science, including data on coastal flooding and sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">It’s kind of a climate change greatest hits: Allen recaps how Roger Revelle in 1957 made the crucial observation that simple chemistry limits the amount of carbon dioxide that the oceans can take up. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976487828765908992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:42am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Jessica Wentz, a lawyer at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sabin Center for Climate Change Law\u003c/a>, is live tweeting from Judge Alsup’s courtroom in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen: “the important point here is that we don’t just have a theory… we have direct observations from space” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976482927843225600?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A report \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/files/2018/02/Adler-2018-02-U.S.-Climate-Change-Litigation-in-the-Age-of-Trump-Year-One.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued by the Sabin Center\u003c/a> in February titled “\u003cem>U.S. Climate Change Litigation in the Age of Trump\u003c/em>,” finds that lawsuits calling for climate protections exceeded those that opposed climate deregulation by roughly 3:1 (73% to 27%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cases mark a surge in “municipalities suing fossil fuel companies under state common law and a suite of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuits seeking transparency from the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:36am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’s Craig Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes that oil industry lawyers\u003c/a> will not try to debate climate science during today’s hearing. Their strategy instead will be to have the case thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:29am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> First mention of Sventus Arrenhius, who wrote what’s widely considered to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/Arrhenius%201906,%20final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first paper on climate change.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Molly Peterson\u003c/a> reports that Judge Alsup is establishing himself as an active questioner in the climate tutorial, interrupting Allen and asking for clarification on powerpoint graphs.\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:19am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The first expert presenting to Judge Alsup is the Environmental Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a>, who is arguing for liability for oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">First presenter for plaintiffs at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> tutorial is Myles Allen, Oxford professor who has advocated for quantifying human responsibility\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Oil must pay for climate change. Now we can calculate how much \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\">https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976476202742398976?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:15am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> A federal judge in San Francisco is getting a five-hour crash course on climate science today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge William Alsup is presiding over a lawsuit filed by Oakland and San Francisco against\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of climate change impacts. Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow our blog for special live coverage. KQED’s Molly Peterson is also tweeting live from the courtroom at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@mollydacious\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921476 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Climate's Day in Court: Maybe Not the Great Debate, But Still a 'Big Deal'",
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"content": "\u003cp>The spotlight will be on a San Francisco courtroom Wednesday, when climate science finally gets its day in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion.’\u003ccite>Avi Garbow, Chevron attorney, on human-caused climate change\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The cities of Oakland and San Francisco are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suing several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of adapting to climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels that threaten to flood critical infrastructure. Judge William Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Molly Peterson will be tweeting live from the courtroom during Wednesday’s hearing. Follow her at @Mollydacious and in special live online coverage from KQED Science.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might not be the “great debate” that many are anticipating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil industry lawyers say they will not try to debate climate science in federal court during the hearing, but they will try to have the case thrown out. They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think they’re in a little bit of an awkward position here.’\u003ccite>Dave Owen, UC Hastings College of the Law\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lipshutz says Chevron supports the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels like oil and gas is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Avi Garbow, who was general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration and for this case, Lipshutz’ wing man at Chevron’s outside law firm of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both say their client will present “a neutral assessment of the science,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.slideshare.net/ipcc-media/highlights-of-the-ipcc-fifth-assessment-report-55890466\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">based on a 2014 report\u003c/a> from the United Nations’ International Panel on Climate Change, which pegs greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels as the prime driver of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that in itself will raise questions that could prove vexing to the oil companies if and when the case gets any farther.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re in a little bit of an awkward position here,” says Dave Owen, an environmental law professor at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge has asked for a timeline of the evolving climate science, which Chevron lawyers say they will include. Legal experts say that could expose inconsistencies on the part of the oil companies and create an opportunity for plaintiffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they say that this is the understood science and we knew it all along, then they are stuck trying to explain their earlier public statements and positions,” says Owen. “And that could matter because one of the things the plaintiffs are trying to argue here is that these companies deliberately misled the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron’s lawyers say they will carry the ball in Wednesday’s courtroom “tutorial” for the defendants as a group, which includes oil giants BP and Exxon-Mobil. They say they won’t be calling any expert witnesses, but as the oil companies downplay the drama, the significance of the event is undeniable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A bunch of oil company lawyers are going to walk into federal district court and declare their acceptance of the science of climate change,” says Owen. “That’s a big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The spotlight will be on a San Francisco courtroom Wednesday, when climate science finally gets its day in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion.’\u003ccite>Avi Garbow, Chevron attorney, on human-caused climate change\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The cities of Oakland and San Francisco are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suing several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of adapting to climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels that threaten to flood critical infrastructure. Judge William Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Molly Peterson will be tweeting live from the courtroom during Wednesday’s hearing. Follow her at @Mollydacious and in special live online coverage from KQED Science.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might not be the “great debate” that many are anticipating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil industry lawyers say they will not try to debate climate science in federal court during the hearing, but they will try to have the case thrown out. They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think they’re in a little bit of an awkward position here.’\u003ccite>Dave Owen, UC Hastings College of the Law\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lipshutz says Chevron supports the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels like oil and gas is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Avi Garbow, who was general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration and for this case, Lipshutz’ wing man at Chevron’s outside law firm of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both say their client will present “a neutral assessment of the science,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.slideshare.net/ipcc-media/highlights-of-the-ipcc-fifth-assessment-report-55890466\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">based on a 2014 report\u003c/a> from the United Nations’ International Panel on Climate Change, which pegs greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels as the prime driver of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that in itself will raise questions that could prove vexing to the oil companies if and when the case gets any farther.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re in a little bit of an awkward position here,” says Dave Owen, an environmental law professor at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge has asked for a timeline of the evolving climate science, which Chevron lawyers say they will include. Legal experts say that could expose inconsistencies on the part of the oil companies and create an opportunity for plaintiffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they say that this is the understood science and we knew it all along, then they are stuck trying to explain their earlier public statements and positions,” says Owen. “And that could matter because one of the things the plaintiffs are trying to argue here is that these companies deliberately misled the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron’s lawyers say they will carry the ball in Wednesday’s courtroom “tutorial” for the defendants as a group, which includes oil giants BP and Exxon-Mobil. They say they won’t be calling any expert witnesses, but as the oil companies downplay the drama, the significance of the event is undeniable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A bunch of oil company lawyers are going to walk into federal district court and declare their acceptance of the science of climate change,” says Owen. “That’s a big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Chinook Salmon ‘Overfished’? Not So Fast, Say Fishers",
"headTitle": "Chinook Salmon ‘Overfished’? Not So Fast, Say Fishers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For fishery regulators, it is official: The Sacramento River’s fall-run Chinook salmon are “overfished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This formal designation, made in a February \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Review_of_2017_Ocean_Salmon_Fisheries_18Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Fishery Management Council, comes after three consecutive years of critically low returns of spawning adults, which lay and fertilize their eggs in the Sacramento River and its tributaries. Now, as regulators discuss drastically shortening this year’s fishing season to reduce pressures on the population, embittered fishers are contesting the overfished status. And it’s not just a matter of semantics. There is concern that attaching the wrong word to the problem could result in the wrong management decisions to fix it. The problem, the fishers say, is not how many salmon are being caught but the number of newly born juveniles that even make it to the ocean in the first place – and at the root of that issue is upstream water conditions.[contextly_sidebar id=”bNyDDmMY9ht8n6FviA4Ne5UOjNLGL80R”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are you kidding me? They aren’t overfished!” exclaimed Half Moon Bay commercial fisher Kirk Lombard, irate upon hearing about the designation. “Fishing isn’t the problem. They had a few terrible years with almost no water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tens of millions of fertilized salmon eggs were killed in 2014 and 2015, when sun-heated water – warmed to lethal temperatures for the eggs – flowed for weeks out of the severely depleted Lake Shasta, just a few miles upstream of prime Chinook spawning grounds. This affected both endangered winter-run Chinook and fall-run Chinook, the latter of which is the core of the state’s salmon fishery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of young salmon were successfully reared by Central Valley hatcheries during those years. However, biologists say many of these fish – most of which were released from trucks directly into San Francisco Bay – starved upon reaching the open ocean. Unusually weak wind systems multiple years in a row curtailed deep-water upwelling, resulting in almost no plankton and krill for the little salmon to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Are you kidding me? They aren’t overfished!’\u003ccite>Kirk Lombard, commercial fisher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The Sacramento fish have gone through a series of events that were not positive in any way, shape or form, and now we’re dealing with the results,” said Harry Morse, an information officer with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishery managers consider 122,000 to be the minimum number of spawning adult fall-run Chinook necessary to sustain the Sacramento’s population. However, just 112,947 \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Review_of_2017_Ocean_Salmon_Fisheries_18Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">returned\u003c/a> to the Sacramento in 2015 and just 89,674 in 2016. The following year, just 44,574 fall-run fish were counted swimming upstream, triggering the regulatory designation of “overfished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morse acknowledged the shortcomings of the word when applied to Chinook salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t convey to the public the complexity of the environment, or the series of events that have been so catastrophic for the salmon,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flawed Legal Designation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe reason the term is used, then, is because of a federal law – the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/whatwedo/msa/magnuson_stevens_act.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act\u003c/a> of 1976. This law, which sets the framework for managing sustainable fisheries, states that a population of fish that falls below a predetermined minimum population level is “overfished.” Generally, fish species that decline below their respective threshold do so because of fishing pressure. A variety of West Coast rockfishes, for example, were fished intensively for decades, before tight fishing restrictions were imposed in the early 2000s. This has prompted a dramatic rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many species and fisheries, ‘overfished’ is an appropriate term, because they are depleted because of harvest,” said Sarah Bates, a commercial salmon fisher in San Francisco. “West Coast salmon are not one of those fisheries. The reason they’re depleted is the loss of breeding habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 579px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1921409\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-800x549.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"579\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-768x527.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-240x165.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-375x257.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-520x357.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the media watch fingerling Chinook salmon being dumped into a holding pen as they are transferred from a truck into the Sacramento River on March 25, 2014, in Rio Vista, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The unique life cycle of a salmon includes months or years spent in freshwater, making them particularly vulnerable to environmental impacts unrelated to fishing. Dams, riverside development, water diversions and drought have all impacted the Sacramento River’s Chinook. Prior to European-American colonization of the West, as many as 2 million Chinook may have spawned in the Central Valley’s rivers annually. Today, half a million fish may swim upriver in an exceptional year, with hatcheries producing most of each year’s offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc Gorelnik, a member of the Pacific Fishery Management Council, which helps set fishing regulations, blames the drought – combined with the way in which the United States Bureau of Reclamation has managed water flows – for plunging salmon numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2014 and 2015, they were supposed to impound enough cold water behind Shasta Dam for the fish, and they didn’t,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the agency released so much water from Lake Shasta early in the year that, by the time the salmon had returned to the Sacramento to spawn, the lake’s cold water pool was gone – delivered largely to Sacramento Valley rice farmers. This proved lethal for the fish’s temperature-sensitive eggs.[contextly_sidebar id=”kk3qR6s4YKWLUTUj9jMnUL7R68g4cK6A”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bates suggested that depleted Chinook salmon be labeled something other than overfished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could call them ‘environmentally devastated’ or ‘agriculturally strangled,’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Magnuson-Stevens fishery law requires that regional management councils establish rebuilding plans for fish populations that have been declared overfished. The law restricts rebuilding efforts primarily to fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we have to remember that for our salmon, rebuilding is not a question of limiting harvest,” Bates said. “That won’t do it. We need to protect and resurrect breeding habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diminished salmon populations can rebound rapidly under favorable environmental conditions, thanks to the fish’s relatively short lifespan of just three or four years and the large number of eggs that a single female lays at spawning time – an average of about 5,000. After the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=141570&inline=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley’s salmon runs\u003c/a> collapsed to just 53,000 spawning adults in 2009, they bounced right back. About 163,000 adult fish swam into the Central Valley in 2010. In 2013, almost 450,000 fish came back.[contextly_sidebar id=”YyatNOm78YbRHGGwYkzzHYbP343u0zbo”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2007–09 crash was caused by low ocean productivity “on top of a long-term, steady degradation of the freshwater and estuarine environment,” according to a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/newsdeeply/waterdeeply/public/NOAA+2009+Report+on+Salmon+Crash.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from biologists with the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And they still called it overfished,” Gorelnik said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to amend the Magnuson-Stevens law. A Congressional bill, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/200/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22HR+200%22%5D%7D&r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">House Resolution 200\u003c/a>, introduced in early 2017, seeks to replace “overfished” with “depleted.” More recently, in a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.savingseafood.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NCFC-MSA-Senate-Letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter\u003c/a> sent by fishing groups to Alaska Republican senator Dan Sullivan, fishing interests argued that “the term ‘overfished’ is perceived negatively and can unfairly implicate the industry for stock conditions resulting from other factors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movement has generated pushback from conservation groups, who feel such an amendment could allow harmful fishing interests to escape deserved blame for depleting stocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Gorelnik said continuing to call depressed Chinook salmon runs “overfished” is misleading and possibly even counterproductive. He worries that the term could prompt a rebuilding plan that focuses on fishery limits but fails to look closely at inland environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the salmon are labeled as ‘overfished,’ then what’s the solution? Close fishing, and that doesn’t address the problem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/19/chinook-salmon-overfished-not-so-fast-say-fishers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some say a legal designation meant to protect disappearing fish overlooks the role of breeding habitats.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For fishery regulators, it is official: The Sacramento River’s fall-run Chinook salmon are “overfished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This formal designation, made in a February \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Review_of_2017_Ocean_Salmon_Fisheries_18Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Fishery Management Council, comes after three consecutive years of critically low returns of spawning adults, which lay and fertilize their eggs in the Sacramento River and its tributaries. Now, as regulators discuss drastically shortening this year’s fishing season to reduce pressures on the population, embittered fishers are contesting the overfished status. And it’s not just a matter of semantics. There is concern that attaching the wrong word to the problem could result in the wrong management decisions to fix it. The problem, the fishers say, is not how many salmon are being caught but the number of newly born juveniles that even make it to the ocean in the first place – and at the root of that issue is upstream water conditions.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are you kidding me? They aren’t overfished!” exclaimed Half Moon Bay commercial fisher Kirk Lombard, irate upon hearing about the designation. “Fishing isn’t the problem. They had a few terrible years with almost no water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tens of millions of fertilized salmon eggs were killed in 2014 and 2015, when sun-heated water – warmed to lethal temperatures for the eggs – flowed for weeks out of the severely depleted Lake Shasta, just a few miles upstream of prime Chinook spawning grounds. This affected both endangered winter-run Chinook and fall-run Chinook, the latter of which is the core of the state’s salmon fishery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of young salmon were successfully reared by Central Valley hatcheries during those years. However, biologists say many of these fish – most of which were released from trucks directly into San Francisco Bay – starved upon reaching the open ocean. Unusually weak wind systems multiple years in a row curtailed deep-water upwelling, resulting in almost no plankton and krill for the little salmon to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Are you kidding me? They aren’t overfished!’\u003ccite>Kirk Lombard, commercial fisher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The Sacramento fish have gone through a series of events that were not positive in any way, shape or form, and now we’re dealing with the results,” said Harry Morse, an information officer with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishery managers consider 122,000 to be the minimum number of spawning adult fall-run Chinook necessary to sustain the Sacramento’s population. However, just 112,947 \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Review_of_2017_Ocean_Salmon_Fisheries_18Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">returned\u003c/a> to the Sacramento in 2015 and just 89,674 in 2016. The following year, just 44,574 fall-run fish were counted swimming upstream, triggering the regulatory designation of “overfished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morse acknowledged the shortcomings of the word when applied to Chinook salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t convey to the public the complexity of the environment, or the series of events that have been so catastrophic for the salmon,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flawed Legal Designation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe reason the term is used, then, is because of a federal law – the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/whatwedo/msa/magnuson_stevens_act.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act\u003c/a> of 1976. This law, which sets the framework for managing sustainable fisheries, states that a population of fish that falls below a predetermined minimum population level is “overfished.” Generally, fish species that decline below their respective threshold do so because of fishing pressure. A variety of West Coast rockfishes, for example, were fished intensively for decades, before tight fishing restrictions were imposed in the early 2000s. This has prompted a dramatic rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many species and fisheries, ‘overfished’ is an appropriate term, because they are depleted because of harvest,” said Sarah Bates, a commercial salmon fisher in San Francisco. “West Coast salmon are not one of those fisheries. The reason they’re depleted is the loss of breeding habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 579px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1921409\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-800x549.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"579\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-768x527.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-240x165.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-375x257.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-520x357.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the media watch fingerling Chinook salmon being dumped into a holding pen as they are transferred from a truck into the Sacramento River on March 25, 2014, in Rio Vista, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The unique life cycle of a salmon includes months or years spent in freshwater, making them particularly vulnerable to environmental impacts unrelated to fishing. Dams, riverside development, water diversions and drought have all impacted the Sacramento River’s Chinook. Prior to European-American colonization of the West, as many as 2 million Chinook may have spawned in the Central Valley’s rivers annually. Today, half a million fish may swim upriver in an exceptional year, with hatcheries producing most of each year’s offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc Gorelnik, a member of the Pacific Fishery Management Council, which helps set fishing regulations, blames the drought – combined with the way in which the United States Bureau of Reclamation has managed water flows – for plunging salmon numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2014 and 2015, they were supposed to impound enough cold water behind Shasta Dam for the fish, and they didn’t,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the agency released so much water from Lake Shasta early in the year that, by the time the salmon had returned to the Sacramento to spawn, the lake’s cold water pool was gone – delivered largely to Sacramento Valley rice farmers. This proved lethal for the fish’s temperature-sensitive eggs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bates suggested that depleted Chinook salmon be labeled something other than overfished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could call them ‘environmentally devastated’ or ‘agriculturally strangled,’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Magnuson-Stevens fishery law requires that regional management councils establish rebuilding plans for fish populations that have been declared overfished. The law restricts rebuilding efforts primarily to fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we have to remember that for our salmon, rebuilding is not a question of limiting harvest,” Bates said. “That won’t do it. We need to protect and resurrect breeding habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diminished salmon populations can rebound rapidly under favorable environmental conditions, thanks to the fish’s relatively short lifespan of just three or four years and the large number of eggs that a single female lays at spawning time – an average of about 5,000. After the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=141570&inline=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley’s salmon runs\u003c/a> collapsed to just 53,000 spawning adults in 2009, they bounced right back. About 163,000 adult fish swam into the Central Valley in 2010. In 2013, almost 450,000 fish came back.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2007–09 crash was caused by low ocean productivity “on top of a long-term, steady degradation of the freshwater and estuarine environment,” according to a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/newsdeeply/waterdeeply/public/NOAA+2009+Report+on+Salmon+Crash.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from biologists with the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And they still called it overfished,” Gorelnik said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to amend the Magnuson-Stevens law. A Congressional bill, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/200/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22HR+200%22%5D%7D&r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">House Resolution 200\u003c/a>, introduced in early 2017, seeks to replace “overfished” with “depleted.” More recently, in a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.savingseafood.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NCFC-MSA-Senate-Letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter\u003c/a> sent by fishing groups to Alaska Republican senator Dan Sullivan, fishing interests argued that “the term ‘overfished’ is perceived negatively and can unfairly implicate the industry for stock conditions resulting from other factors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movement has generated pushback from conservation groups, who feel such an amendment could allow harmful fishing interests to escape deserved blame for depleting stocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Gorelnik said continuing to call depressed Chinook salmon runs “overfished” is misleading and possibly even counterproductive. He worries that the term could prompt a rebuilding plan that focuses on fishery limits but fails to look closely at inland environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the salmon are labeled as ‘overfished,’ then what’s the solution? Close fishing, and that doesn’t address the problem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/19/chinook-salmon-overfished-not-so-fast-say-fishers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court",
"title": "What Exxon Knew and When They Knew It: Climate Science in S.F. Federal Court",
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"headTitle": "What Exxon Knew and When They Knew It: Climate Science in S.F. Federal Court | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s not a trial, nor is it quite a debate, but what’s happening Wednesday in Judge William Alsup’s federal courtroom is an unusual and possibly unprecedented proceeding. That’s because Alsup \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180227_docket-317-cv-06011_notice.pdf\">has ordered a four-hour tutorial on climate change\u003c/a> – what scientists know about global warming, and when they knew it. And it’s because of who’s responsible for the tutorial: Bay Area cities on one side, and oil companies on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities sued the oil companies over the impacts of sea level rise, and the tutorial is a key early step in the case, one of dozens of similar cases across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for San Francisco and Oakland claim BP, Exxon, Chevron and others created a public nuisance to the Bay Area by producing and selling oil and gas while misleading the public about known consequences. The two Bay Area cases represent one strategy among several in a growing body of law relying on tort and common-law claims to hold fossil fuel producers responsible for global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complicating these arguments are the other human activities that also contribute to global warming – and the fact that fossil fuel burning is global, which means companies and countries in the oil and gas industry outside of California are responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s why probably there’s going to be a big focus on the fraud part: who was overtly and aggressively denying the science, who knew internally,” says Stanford University historian of science Robert N. Proctor. “There’s a lot of evidence that some of these fossil fuel makers really did know quite a while ago that there was going to be this threat but they covered it up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proctor says the cases resemble efforts to hold major tobacco producers responsible for smoking-related lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both of these industries– tobacco and big carbon – have been kind of embracing science and a sense of open inquiry,” he says, “with the idea being that as long as we leave the inquiry open we can maximize uncertainty and say that we don’t really know the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alsup has \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180306_docket-317-cv-06011_order-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued a list of questions\u003c/a> he wants answered in the presentations. They include the cause of the ice ages, the origins of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and even whether billions of peoples’ breathing is warming up the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These questions are great questions, they’re interesting questions, but they’re not the questions that you would want to say, ‘What’s the state of knowledge?’” says Katherine Mach, a Stanford researcher whose work focuses on assessing climate science. Mach and other scientists characterized the questions as simple, and straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also pretty easy to answer for scientists. “Turns out answers to those questions are actually pretty well known,” wrote Andrew Dressler, a climate scientist at Texas A&M. Dressler has sketched out his responses on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/AndrewDessler/status/971818482915532800\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2018/03/alsup-asks-for-answers/\">At the website Real Climate\u003c/a>, scientists are compiling and updating crowdsourced responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The semi-adversarial nature of the tutorial has reminded some observers of an idea circulated last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-red-team-exercise-would-strengthen-climate-science-1492728579\">by NYU professor Steven Koonin\u003c/a> and then by Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt, that climate science should be the subject of an intellectual \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/06/07/epas-scott-pruitt-wants-to-set-up-opposing-teams-to-debate-climate-change-science/?utm_term=.22e1ad058e44\">“red team-blue team”\u003c/a> exercise, that name taken from military simulations in which one side attacks another. But Wednesday’s briefing is fundamentally different, for at least a few reasons: the judge has wide latitude in using the information presented there, and these days, it’s more likely that the science presented by cities and oil companies will overlap or even agree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuel companies now characterize themselves as active but risk-adverse participants in the global discussion about climate science – and these companies have acknowledged risks posed by climate change in public statements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ExxonMobil, for example, \u003ca href=\"http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/current-issues/climate-policy/climate-perspectives/our-climate-science-history\">states\u003c/a> on its website that it “unequivocally reject[s] allegations that [it] suppressed climate change research contained in media reports that are inaccurate distortions of [the company’s] nearly 40-year history of climate research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But each side has its own time to present the best climate science, and its own version of history. Experts say that format means key differences may emerge in questions around certainty, both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities, for their part, are likely to emphasize growing certainty in climate research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve seen over the last 5-10 years is an incredible amount of research into the science of detection and attribution,” says Aaron Strong, an associate professor of ocean science at the University of Maine. “There are a lot of uncertainties in terms of of future projection of sea level rise, but there’s not a lot of uncertainty in the fact that it’s rising at all.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "What Exxon Knew and When They Knew It: Climate Science in S.F. Federal Court",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not a trial, nor is it quite a debate, but what’s happening Wednesday in Judge William Alsup’s federal courtroom is an unusual and possibly unprecedented proceeding. That’s because Alsup \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180227_docket-317-cv-06011_notice.pdf\">has ordered a four-hour tutorial on climate change\u003c/a> – what scientists know about global warming, and when they knew it. And it’s because of who’s responsible for the tutorial: Bay Area cities on one side, and oil companies on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities sued the oil companies over the impacts of sea level rise, and the tutorial is a key early step in the case, one of dozens of similar cases across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for San Francisco and Oakland claim BP, Exxon, Chevron and others created a public nuisance to the Bay Area by producing and selling oil and gas while misleading the public about known consequences. The two Bay Area cases represent one strategy among several in a growing body of law relying on tort and common-law claims to hold fossil fuel producers responsible for global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complicating these arguments are the other human activities that also contribute to global warming – and the fact that fossil fuel burning is global, which means companies and countries in the oil and gas industry outside of California are responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s why probably there’s going to be a big focus on the fraud part: who was overtly and aggressively denying the science, who knew internally,” says Stanford University historian of science Robert N. Proctor. “There’s a lot of evidence that some of these fossil fuel makers really did know quite a while ago that there was going to be this threat but they covered it up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proctor says the cases resemble efforts to hold major tobacco producers responsible for smoking-related lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both of these industries– tobacco and big carbon – have been kind of embracing science and a sense of open inquiry,” he says, “with the idea being that as long as we leave the inquiry open we can maximize uncertainty and say that we don’t really know the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alsup has \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180306_docket-317-cv-06011_order-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued a list of questions\u003c/a> he wants answered in the presentations. They include the cause of the ice ages, the origins of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and even whether billions of peoples’ breathing is warming up the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These questions are great questions, they’re interesting questions, but they’re not the questions that you would want to say, ‘What’s the state of knowledge?’” says Katherine Mach, a Stanford researcher whose work focuses on assessing climate science. Mach and other scientists characterized the questions as simple, and straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also pretty easy to answer for scientists. “Turns out answers to those questions are actually pretty well known,” wrote Andrew Dressler, a climate scientist at Texas A&M. Dressler has sketched out his responses on Twitter.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2018/03/alsup-asks-for-answers/\">At the website Real Climate\u003c/a>, scientists are compiling and updating crowdsourced responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The semi-adversarial nature of the tutorial has reminded some observers of an idea circulated last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-red-team-exercise-would-strengthen-climate-science-1492728579\">by NYU professor Steven Koonin\u003c/a> and then by Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt, that climate science should be the subject of an intellectual \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/06/07/epas-scott-pruitt-wants-to-set-up-opposing-teams-to-debate-climate-change-science/?utm_term=.22e1ad058e44\">“red team-blue team”\u003c/a> exercise, that name taken from military simulations in which one side attacks another. But Wednesday’s briefing is fundamentally different, for at least a few reasons: the judge has wide latitude in using the information presented there, and these days, it’s more likely that the science presented by cities and oil companies will overlap or even agree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuel companies now characterize themselves as active but risk-adverse participants in the global discussion about climate science – and these companies have acknowledged risks posed by climate change in public statements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ExxonMobil, for example, \u003ca href=\"http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/current-issues/climate-policy/climate-perspectives/our-climate-science-history\">states\u003c/a> on its website that it “unequivocally reject[s] allegations that [it] suppressed climate change research contained in media reports that are inaccurate distortions of [the company’s] nearly 40-year history of climate research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But each side has its own time to present the best climate science, and its own version of history. Experts say that format means key differences may emerge in questions around certainty, both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities, for their part, are likely to emphasize growing certainty in climate research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve seen over the last 5-10 years is an incredible amount of research into the science of detection and attribution,” says Aaron Strong, an associate professor of ocean science at the University of Maine. “There are a lot of uncertainties in terms of of future projection of sea level rise, but there’s not a lot of uncertainty in the fact that it’s rising at all.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Birds have a story to tell about climate change and scientists are listening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers and bird watchers have known for years that the changing climate has been tweaking the timing of bird migrations and breeding — a study known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/about/why-phenology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phenology\u003c/a>. But the field work to document changes in the schedule of arrivals and departures has been laborious — techniques like catching birds in nets and banding them one-by-one, or putting platoons of birders in the field to count them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some scientists are doing their birding by ear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their song is beautiful to listen to, but they’re singing for a reason,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brett_Furnas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brett Furnas\u003c/a>, a statistician-turned-ecologist with the California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. “They’re singing to attract mates and establish territories, And this is important for them to breed and then maintain the population levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 434px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png\" alt=\"Map showing recording locations\" width=\"434\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png 434w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-160x216.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-240x324.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-375x506.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists have analyzed birdsong recordings from hundreds of locations around California, to detect changes in migration timing. \u003ccite>(Brett Furnas/CDFW)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When they’re singing the most, it’s a sign of the peak of the breeding season,” Furnas explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team, led by Furnas from the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Laboratories/Wildlife-Investigations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildlife Investigations Laboratory\u003c/a> and Michael McGrann of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jessup.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Jessup University\u003c/a> in Rocklin have been buying off-the-shelf digital recorders and placing them in selected Northern California forests. The tiny devices are deployed for days at a time in each location, recording the intensity of birdsong to gauge peak breeding times. Their \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1650/CONDOR-17-165.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest findings\u003c/a> were published earlier this year in a journal of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanornithology.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Ornithological Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921306\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Brett Furnas placing a field recorder in Tilden Regional Park\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2876\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-800x1198.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-768x1150.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-1020x1528.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-1180x1768.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-960x1438.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-520x779.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife ecologist Brett Furnas demonstrates placement of one of his field recorders. A lid is snapped on with holes punched to allow the sound in. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As the climate warms, there’s gonna be pressure on the birds to advance the time of their breeding earlier in the season,” says Furnas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over several years of wilderness eavesdropping, Furnas’ team has amassed 1,500 hours of recordings. Experts go through them all, listening to identify different species by their song — but they also use their eyes, scrutinizing digital visualizations of sound called spectrograms. Sometimes it’s easier to pick out individual species visually, from the spectrograms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all kind of partitioning the time, singing, not all on top of each other but in different frequency ranges at different times,” Furnas explains. “It reminds me of an orchestra, but there’s no conductor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the more birds, the fuller the orchestra, which reaches a crescendo at the peak of the mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, Furnas’ team has made hundreds of these recordings in the forests of northern CA, including nearly 370 sites along the Pacific Crest Trail. They’ve pinpointed peak breeding dates for at least eight species of migrating birds. Furnas says they’re shifting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Indeed, other studies have shown that across the northern hemisphere, the breeding is advancing on average four days per decade, which is quite alarming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Furnas is most concerned about is “mismatch.” To migratory birds, timing is everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you’re on a road trip, tired, and counting on a late meal at the motel diner up ahead. And when you get there, the motel is open but the diner is closed. That’s what migrating birds encounter if the timing of their arrival, feeding and breeding are out of sync with their surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And over time with climate change, we expect that to advance,” adds Furnas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the timing is too far off, it could threaten the populations of some species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The equipment for this audio data gathering is surprisingly simple. The team uses tiny digital recorders, about the size of a matchbox, strapped to a piece of foam, and placed inside a Ziplok plastic tub — the kind used to refrigerate leftovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Olympus digital audio recorder in container\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Furnas’ team uses inexpensive off-the-shelf recorders and plastic containers. They’re set to record for five minutes at a time, three times a day, around sunrise at each location. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You might expect that they’d hang them in trees (I did), but they leave them right on the ground at the various listening sites, which Furnas admits makes them a bit vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Funny things happen to these,” he recalls. “I’ve found these, recovered them, and bears have chewed them up and spit out all the batteries a few times. So, these things take a beating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So do the researchers at times. Furnas says he’s been chased by a wild horse, and stepped on a hornets’ nest and nearly a rattlesnake, which is why these days he leaves most of the field work to assistants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Furnas says he’s always inspired by his time in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t know what all the birds are, you hear them and it affects you,” Furnas reflects. “And so you don’t have to be a scientist to appreciate why nature, and the sounds of nature are really important for our quality of life.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Birds have a story to tell about climate change and scientists are listening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers and bird watchers have known for years that the changing climate has been tweaking the timing of bird migrations and breeding — a study known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/about/why-phenology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phenology\u003c/a>. But the field work to document changes in the schedule of arrivals and departures has been laborious — techniques like catching birds in nets and banding them one-by-one, or putting platoons of birders in the field to count them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some scientists are doing their birding by ear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their song is beautiful to listen to, but they’re singing for a reason,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brett_Furnas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brett Furnas\u003c/a>, a statistician-turned-ecologist with the California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. “They’re singing to attract mates and establish territories, And this is important for them to breed and then maintain the population levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 434px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png\" alt=\"Map showing recording locations\" width=\"434\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png 434w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-160x216.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-240x324.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-375x506.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists have analyzed birdsong recordings from hundreds of locations around California, to detect changes in migration timing. \u003ccite>(Brett Furnas/CDFW)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When they’re singing the most, it’s a sign of the peak of the breeding season,” Furnas explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team, led by Furnas from the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Laboratories/Wildlife-Investigations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildlife Investigations Laboratory\u003c/a> and Michael McGrann of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jessup.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Jessup University\u003c/a> in Rocklin have been buying off-the-shelf digital recorders and placing them in selected Northern California forests. The tiny devices are deployed for days at a time in each location, recording the intensity of birdsong to gauge peak breeding times. Their \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1650/CONDOR-17-165.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest findings\u003c/a> were published earlier this year in a journal of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanornithology.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Ornithological Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921306\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Brett Furnas placing a field recorder in Tilden Regional Park\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2876\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-800x1198.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-768x1150.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-1020x1528.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-1180x1768.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-960x1438.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-520x779.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife ecologist Brett Furnas demonstrates placement of one of his field recorders. A lid is snapped on with holes punched to allow the sound in. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As the climate warms, there’s gonna be pressure on the birds to advance the time of their breeding earlier in the season,” says Furnas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over several years of wilderness eavesdropping, Furnas’ team has amassed 1,500 hours of recordings. Experts go through them all, listening to identify different species by their song — but they also use their eyes, scrutinizing digital visualizations of sound called spectrograms. Sometimes it’s easier to pick out individual species visually, from the spectrograms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all kind of partitioning the time, singing, not all on top of each other but in different frequency ranges at different times,” Furnas explains. “It reminds me of an orchestra, but there’s no conductor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the more birds, the fuller the orchestra, which reaches a crescendo at the peak of the mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, Furnas’ team has made hundreds of these recordings in the forests of northern CA, including nearly 370 sites along the Pacific Crest Trail. They’ve pinpointed peak breeding dates for at least eight species of migrating birds. Furnas says they’re shifting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Indeed, other studies have shown that across the northern hemisphere, the breeding is advancing on average four days per decade, which is quite alarming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Furnas is most concerned about is “mismatch.” To migratory birds, timing is everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you’re on a road trip, tired, and counting on a late meal at the motel diner up ahead. And when you get there, the motel is open but the diner is closed. That’s what migrating birds encounter if the timing of their arrival, feeding and breeding are out of sync with their surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And over time with climate change, we expect that to advance,” adds Furnas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the timing is too far off, it could threaten the populations of some species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The equipment for this audio data gathering is surprisingly simple. The team uses tiny digital recorders, about the size of a matchbox, strapped to a piece of foam, and placed inside a Ziplok plastic tub — the kind used to refrigerate leftovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Olympus digital audio recorder in container\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Furnas’ team uses inexpensive off-the-shelf recorders and plastic containers. They’re set to record for five minutes at a time, three times a day, around sunrise at each location. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You might expect that they’d hang them in trees (I did), but they leave them right on the ground at the various listening sites, which Furnas admits makes them a bit vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Funny things happen to these,” he recalls. “I’ve found these, recovered them, and bears have chewed them up and spit out all the batteries a few times. So, these things take a beating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So do the researchers at times. Furnas says he’s been chased by a wild horse, and stepped on a hornets’ nest and nearly a rattlesnake, which is why these days he leaves most of the field work to assistants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Furnas says he’s always inspired by his time in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t know what all the birds are, you hear them and it affects you,” Furnas reflects. “And so you don’t have to be a scientist to appreciate why nature, and the sounds of nature are really important for our quality of life.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Big Improvement in Predicting Drought-Busting Atmospheric Rivers",
"headTitle": "Big Improvement in Predicting Drought-Busting Atmospheric Rivers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Atmospheric river storms bring a fire hose of tropical moisture to Western states, often delivering a majority of winter’s total precipitation in just a few days. Scientist Bryan Mundhenk talks about a new way to predict these storms up to a month in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are vital to western water supplies, yet until very recently they were poorly understood: difficult to predict and measure, and very hard for scientists to estimate where they would make landfall.[contextly_sidebar id=”L1xdT2evPJV4FxygnYEtDtklcJW2Mpsk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are often erroneously called “pineapple express” storms, a term that applies to only a subset of atmospheric river events that originate near Hawaii. Most atmospheric river storms begin in the more distant tropical ocean and develop into a narrow band of strong winds that funnel huge quantities of moisture toward the West Coast of the United States. These storms are so wet that just a handful can account for half of California’s total winter precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research in the last few years has \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/01/31/atmospheric-rivers-five-breakthroughs-in-analyzing-west-coast-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uncovered\u003c/a> some of the mystery behind atmospheric river storms, helping to predict storm timing and intensity. Now a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-017-0008-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study\u003c/a> by scientists at Colorado State University in Fort Collins has revealed a way to predict atmospheric river storms as much as five weeks in advance. That’s well beyond what current tools allow, and it could provide enough lead time to make important decisions about water management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method describes a new way to interpret two other large-scale weather phenomena – the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/16/can-computers-learn-like-humans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Madden-Julian oscillation\u003c/a> (MJO) and \u003ca href=\"https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/qbo-quasi-biennial-oscillation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quasi-biennial oscillation\u003c/a> (QBO) – as a signal for atmospheric river events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently talked to the study’s lead author, \u003ca href=\"http://barnes.atmos.colostate.edu/group/bmundhenk/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bryan Mundhenk\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate in atmospheric science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is our ability to predict atmospheric rivers today? What are the challenges?\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-440241 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/BMundhenk_photo_alt1-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bryan Mundhenk: In general, the current generation of numerical weather prediction models provides very useful information about atmospheric rivers a week or two out. Some of the decision tools – like those available \u003c/span>[from the Center for Western Weather and Extremes] \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/iwv-and-ivt-forecasts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">at Scripps\u003c/span>\u003c/a> – are based on these models to help anticipate atmospheric river timing and intensity along the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> West Coast.[contextly_sidebar id=”YpstYGonrCqmZX88JevAgnfx4bB7rt3l”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We focused this study on the subseasonal timescale, beyond the point where today’s numerical models generally lose skill. We defined this subseasonal timescale as forecast lead times [that are] out two to five weeks. A lot of resource decisions are made within this time scale – think about adjusting reservoir levels, anticipating energy needs or planning outdoor events – but no tools are available to guide decision-makers in regions prone to atmospheric river landfall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span>?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Mundhenk: The Madden-Julian oscillation, or \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span>, is the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropics. It represents large clusters of storms in the tropics that progress along the equator. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> is quite variable, but these storm clusters wrap around the globe every 30–90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The quasi-biennial oscillation, or \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span>, characterizes the winds in the stratosphere high above the tropics. Our interest in the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> is based on research from a few years ago that revealed that the state of these upper-level winds can influence the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span>, as far as the strength of the storms in the tropics and the speed at which they propagate around the globe [goes].\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How do the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> influence atmospheric rivers?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: This concept is exploiting the ability of the atmosphere to support teleconnections. That is, when and where weather in one location on the globe is related to – and can influence – weather at a distant location.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The tropical storms characterized by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> can elicit a wave response that travels around the globe. Think of a storm in the tropics as a stone dropped into a pond. The resulting ripples in that pond are like the wavelike teleconnection response to the stone being dropped. Granted, the ripples in the pond dissipate quickly, but the large-scale response to tropical forcing can take weeks to impact distant parts of the globe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: It sounds like you’ve developed not a weather model, but a new method of observing and interpreting the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO.\u003c/span> Is that right?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: That’s right. This method was really an attempt to see if the teleconnection responses could provide useful information within the subseasonal time scale. We used the initial state of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> to predict anomalous atmospheric river activity two to five weeks in the future.[contextly_sidebar id=”1GgigSr9S8aY94d1bZpXhFjEePaV6GVD”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For example, say on a day in the winter there are strong storms in the Indian Ocean – we call this \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> phase 1 – and easterly winds in the stratosphere over the tropics. Then one should expect higher than normal likelihood of landfalling atmospheric river activity near coastal British Columbia approximately three weeks in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How accurate are your predictions using this method?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: I\u003c/span>n that example about heightened atmospheric river activity near British Columbia three weeks into the future, the prediction of increased activity would be correct a maximum of 20 times out of 30. Perhaps more important than the skill value itself, at this stage, is that this finding suggests the dynamics of the atmosphere – the teleconnection responses – can provide useful information about atmospheric river activity well into the subseasonal time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Do your predictions also provide accuracy about where atmosphere rivers will make landfall?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: We applied this technique to a few regions along the West Coast of North America, but the regions were fairly expansive. It is important to note that this technique targets periods of anomalous atmospheric river activity, not individual atmospheric rivers themselves.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Many locations along the West Coast have pronounced wet seasons during which atmospheric rivers are more common. Say, for a given region, one atmospheric river makes landfall approximately every five days during winter. That would be the “normal.” This technique attempts to predict deviations from that normal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/16/big-improvement-in-predicting-drought-busting-atmospheric-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Atmospheric river storms bring a fire hose of tropical moisture to Western states, often delivering a majority of winter’s total precipitation in just a few days. Scientist Bryan Mundhenk talks about a new way to predict these storms up to a month in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are vital to western water supplies, yet until very recently they were poorly understood: difficult to predict and measure, and very hard for scientists to estimate where they would make landfall.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are often erroneously called “pineapple express” storms, a term that applies to only a subset of atmospheric river events that originate near Hawaii. Most atmospheric river storms begin in the more distant tropical ocean and develop into a narrow band of strong winds that funnel huge quantities of moisture toward the West Coast of the United States. These storms are so wet that just a handful can account for half of California’s total winter precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research in the last few years has \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/01/31/atmospheric-rivers-five-breakthroughs-in-analyzing-west-coast-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uncovered\u003c/a> some of the mystery behind atmospheric river storms, helping to predict storm timing and intensity. Now a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-017-0008-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study\u003c/a> by scientists at Colorado State University in Fort Collins has revealed a way to predict atmospheric river storms as much as five weeks in advance. That’s well beyond what current tools allow, and it could provide enough lead time to make important decisions about water management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method describes a new way to interpret two other large-scale weather phenomena – the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/16/can-computers-learn-like-humans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Madden-Julian oscillation\u003c/a> (MJO) and \u003ca href=\"https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/qbo-quasi-biennial-oscillation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quasi-biennial oscillation\u003c/a> (QBO) – as a signal for atmospheric river events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently talked to the study’s lead author, \u003ca href=\"http://barnes.atmos.colostate.edu/group/bmundhenk/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bryan Mundhenk\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate in atmospheric science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is our ability to predict atmospheric rivers today? What are the challenges?\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-440241 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/BMundhenk_photo_alt1-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bryan Mundhenk: In general, the current generation of numerical weather prediction models provides very useful information about atmospheric rivers a week or two out. Some of the decision tools – like those available \u003c/span>[from the Center for Western Weather and Extremes] \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/iwv-and-ivt-forecasts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">at Scripps\u003c/span>\u003c/a> – are based on these models to help anticipate atmospheric river timing and intensity along the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> West Coast.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We focused this study on the subseasonal timescale, beyond the point where today’s numerical models generally lose skill. We defined this subseasonal timescale as forecast lead times [that are] out two to five weeks. A lot of resource decisions are made within this time scale – think about adjusting reservoir levels, anticipating energy needs or planning outdoor events – but no tools are available to guide decision-makers in regions prone to atmospheric river landfall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span>?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Mundhenk: The Madden-Julian oscillation, or \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span>, is the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropics. It represents large clusters of storms in the tropics that progress along the equator. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> is quite variable, but these storm clusters wrap around the globe every 30–90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The quasi-biennial oscillation, or \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span>, characterizes the winds in the stratosphere high above the tropics. Our interest in the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> is based on research from a few years ago that revealed that the state of these upper-level winds can influence the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span>, as far as the strength of the storms in the tropics and the speed at which they propagate around the globe [goes].\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How do the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> influence atmospheric rivers?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: This concept is exploiting the ability of the atmosphere to support teleconnections. That is, when and where weather in one location on the globe is related to – and can influence – weather at a distant location.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The tropical storms characterized by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> can elicit a wave response that travels around the globe. Think of a storm in the tropics as a stone dropped into a pond. The resulting ripples in that pond are like the wavelike teleconnection response to the stone being dropped. Granted, the ripples in the pond dissipate quickly, but the large-scale response to tropical forcing can take weeks to impact distant parts of the globe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: It sounds like you’ve developed not a weather model, but a new method of observing and interpreting the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO.\u003c/span> Is that right?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: That’s right. This method was really an attempt to see if the teleconnection responses could provide useful information within the subseasonal time scale. We used the initial state of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> to predict anomalous atmospheric river activity two to five weeks in the future.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For example, say on a day in the winter there are strong storms in the Indian Ocean – we call this \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> phase 1 – and easterly winds in the stratosphere over the tropics. Then one should expect higher than normal likelihood of landfalling atmospheric river activity near coastal British Columbia approximately three weeks in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How accurate are your predictions using this method?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: I\u003c/span>n that example about heightened atmospheric river activity near British Columbia three weeks into the future, the prediction of increased activity would be correct a maximum of 20 times out of 30. Perhaps more important than the skill value itself, at this stage, is that this finding suggests the dynamics of the atmosphere – the teleconnection responses – can provide useful information about atmospheric river activity well into the subseasonal time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Do your predictions also provide accuracy about where atmosphere rivers will make landfall?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: We applied this technique to a few regions along the West Coast of North America, but the regions were fairly expansive. It is important to note that this technique targets periods of anomalous atmospheric river activity, not individual atmospheric rivers themselves.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Many locations along the West Coast have pronounced wet seasons during which atmospheric rivers are more common. Say, for a given region, one atmospheric river makes landfall approximately every five days during winter. That would be the “normal.” This technique attempts to predict deviations from that normal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/16/big-improvement-in-predicting-drought-busting-atmospheric-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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