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"content": "\u003cp>California is well behind the curve on groundwater regulation. With a few exceptions, groundwater extraction has never been regulated in the state or even monitored with any precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 2014 law, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (SGMA), at last will require groundwater basins in the state to reverse longstanding overdraft problems. This will mean metering individual groundwater wells for the first time, as well as collecting fees from groundwater users to fund management efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most western states started down this path decades ago. So to help inform the nascent effort in California, Environmental Defense Fund and the Daugherty Water for Food Global Initiative examined groundwater management programs in six states. Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/groundwater-case-study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">new report\u003c/a> illuminates lessons from Arizona, Oregon, Colorado, Texas, Nebraska and a few pioneering groundwater managers within California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke with Christina Babbitt, a coauthor of the report and senior manager of the Environmental Defense Fund’s California groundwater program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why did you do this study?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Babbitt: We really did the report to better understand some of the challenges that water managers are facing across the West, and the tools and strategies they’re using to address these challenges. We think that by better understanding what others are doing across the West, we can leverage those lessons learned to inform water management under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at some of these innovative approaches, we can give water managers hope in California that they can meet these difficult challenges that lie ahead of us. The weather this winter is yet another reminder of why California needs a safe and resilient water system. And groundwater plays a really important role in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What were your main findings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: The most effective groundwater programs had five key elements: trust and community involvement, accurate data, a portfolio of approaches, performance metrics and access to adequate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building trust is key. It emerged as something that is needed, but is something that is often overlooked when developing successful groundwater management programs. And trust really began by having broad community involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How should groundwater agencies go about building trust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: That is something we can’t stress enough in SGMA implementation. One way is to use data to build trust. So for example, in the Kings Basin in California they’ve been using these data-driven groundwater models to convey what is happening with groundwater so people can start to buy into what is happening within the basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also you can build trust by including stakeholders in the planning process from the very beginning, so they know how management is evolving and what information goes into making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska they’ve done a lot of outreach and engagement and they are in charge of more than groundwater – for example, soil management and land conservation. It allows them to communicate and interact with the community in ways that are not always regulatory, which I think is a great way to build trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What do you mean by ‘broad community involvement,’ and why is that important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I think this broad community involvement needs to be from a diversity of voices, so it’s not just one sector making all of the decisions. All the interested stakeholders need to feel they have a voice at the table. And it’s not only a voice. They need to feel their voice is being considered by decision-makers. If that’s not done at these early stages of development, it’s going to come back and be detrimental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a huge educational component that goes along with it. There are a lot of people who depend on the well they might have outside their house. They need to understand why they should be interested in participating. That’s a responsibility of the folks who are making the decision to really reach out and be inclusive in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The report also mentions the importance of patience. But it’s not one of your five key elements.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: Successful groundwater management is not something that happens overnight. It takes all of these five elements and it also takes a huge learning curve. It’s a process of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s interesting. I think when SGMA was first passed, a lot of the deadlines for achieving sustainability seemed really far off. But if you’re in a high-priority basin, you have to develop a sustainability plan by 2020. And that’s right around the corner. That’s not going to be easy with the challenges many of these areas are facing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You examined policies in six states, all of them in the West except for Nebraska. Why Nebraska?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I’m a bit biased because I did go to school at the University of Nebraska. But Nebraska is a state that’s dominated by irrigated agriculture. And I think 91 percent of the state’s total land area is dedicated to agricultural production. So they have a lot at stake when it comes to groundwater, and we can learn a lot from the things they’ve done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska has implemented a portfolio of approaches to manage their groundwater, including regulations, incentives and outreach programs. Some highlights from what they are doing really well are emphasizing public education and outreach to make sure water users and community members are informed. They have established a really interesting system for capping the number of irrigated acres that can be allowed, and a way to allocate water among individual users. It provides much-needed certainty to growers, but also allows itself to adapt to changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of data is needed, and how is it used?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: People are going to need to show why and how they are making decisions. And I think data is a key piece of the puzzle when it comes to building some of these incentive-based programs. For example, if you want to look at the Edwards aquifer [in Texas], they have implemented a system that allows them to trade pumping permits. It’s essentially a trading market, and you need a certain amount of data to be able to implement that program or to incentivize some of these mitigation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It really must be a portfolio of approaches. You can’t just have regulation. You can’t just have education and outreach. It really is many things that have to come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/13/to-manage-groundwater-california-could-learn-from-its-neighbors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is well behind the curve on groundwater regulation. With a few exceptions, groundwater extraction has never been regulated in the state or even monitored with any precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 2014 law, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (SGMA), at last will require groundwater basins in the state to reverse longstanding overdraft problems. This will mean metering individual groundwater wells for the first time, as well as collecting fees from groundwater users to fund management efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most western states started down this path decades ago. So to help inform the nascent effort in California, Environmental Defense Fund and the Daugherty Water for Food Global Initiative examined groundwater management programs in six states. Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/groundwater-case-study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">new report\u003c/a> illuminates lessons from Arizona, Oregon, Colorado, Texas, Nebraska and a few pioneering groundwater managers within California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke with Christina Babbitt, a coauthor of the report and senior manager of the Environmental Defense Fund’s California groundwater program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why did you do this study?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Babbitt: We really did the report to better understand some of the challenges that water managers are facing across the West, and the tools and strategies they’re using to address these challenges. We think that by better understanding what others are doing across the West, we can leverage those lessons learned to inform water management under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at some of these innovative approaches, we can give water managers hope in California that they can meet these difficult challenges that lie ahead of us. The weather this winter is yet another reminder of why California needs a safe and resilient water system. And groundwater plays a really important role in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What were your main findings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: The most effective groundwater programs had five key elements: trust and community involvement, accurate data, a portfolio of approaches, performance metrics and access to adequate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building trust is key. It emerged as something that is needed, but is something that is often overlooked when developing successful groundwater management programs. And trust really began by having broad community involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How should groundwater agencies go about building trust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: That is something we can’t stress enough in SGMA implementation. One way is to use data to build trust. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/13/to-manage-groundwater-california-could-learn-from-its-neighbors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Report Sparks Debate: Delta Tunnels Could Help Save Fish Species",
"headTitle": "New Report Sparks Debate: Delta Tunnels Could Help Save Fish Species | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One of California’s foremost experts on freshwater fish believes there may be hope for restoring native salmon to abundance – but there’s a catch: California must build the controversial Delta tunnels, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The expected costs are tremendous and there is a lot of concern over that, but our paper is about what’s good for fish,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/pbmoyle\">Peter Moyle\u003c/a>, a professor of fisheries with the University of California, Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a>. “Will the Delta tunnels be good for fish or not? I think they will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle co-authored a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Delta-White-Paper_completed-3.6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">63-page report\u003c/a> with colleagues John Durand and Carson Jeffres that was released on Tuesday. It proposes a comprehensive game plan for restoring the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and saving native fish from extinction. Achieving this goal, according to the report, will require restoring a great deal of riverside habitat in the northern and western Delta. Saving the native fish, the report says, will also probably require building the Delta tunnels, or something resembling them.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZNa7EivuxUmiiCSjqiv7hAV37IKMFxQ1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels, known officially as California \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterFix\u003c/a>, would create a new conveyance system under the delta at an estimated cost of $17 billion. Such an alternative water diversion system, the authors explain in their paper, could help alleviate strains on the Delta currently caused by powerful water pumps at the south edge of the estuary, as long it is coupled with large-scale habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper was commissioned by \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Coastkeeper\u003c/a>, which received guidance and direction in the effort by the Municipal Water District of Orange County, according to meeting reports from \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.mwdoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/111616BOD_FINAL.pdf\">late 2016\u003c/a> and early 2017. Garry Brown, the executive director of Orange County Coastkeeper, said his organization funded the paper and that no funding came from water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conflict Of Interest?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, executive director of the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a>, which opposes the tunnel project, believes the paper’s findings were influenced by the MWD. The district receives water from the Delta via the State Water Project and potentially has much to gain from the tunnels, which its supporters say will improve the consistency and reliability of deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe Dr. Moyle delivered a theory based on the opinions of the people who funded his work,” Barrigan-Parrilla said. “It’s really heartbreaking. [Peter Moyle] is going to wind up on the wrong side of history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle said that for him, “What matters is being on the right side of protecting native fishes. Critics need to come up with a comprehensive, realistic plan for fish conservation that takes into account major changes to the delta that are likely to happen in the not-too-distant future.”[contextly_sidebar id=”SESip0mwjDHlPmRknDzv4AAzFIQl6cdh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report comes at a time when the Delta smelt is nearer to extinction than it has ever been and when Chinook salmon numbers have plunged following years of drought-related stress. In fact, Moyle co-authored a report just 10 months ago predicting that most of California’s native salmon and trout would vanish over the next few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We predicted they’d go extinct if present trends continue,” he said. “The new report is a plan to make present trends \u003cem>not\u003c/em> continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper – entitled “Making the Delta a Better Place for Native Fishes” – aims to provide lawmakers and policy directors with a framework to reverse the trends that have made the Delta such a hostile place for native fish that evolved to thrive in an estuary environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broken Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAfter decades of aggressive water diversions, much of the Delta now functions ecologically more like a Mississippi basin swamp than like an estuary. One key feature of an estuary is that freshwater flows relatively consistently through the system, toward the sea. That flow pattern has been disrupted in much of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Moyle explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an ecosystem in most of the central and south Delta that just isn’t suitable for most of the native fishes we want to have around,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”dt6ORmIOjyltDK7Qr6OpJRRt9s0xR4LW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, two large pumping stations at the south edge of the Delta draw water into a pair of canals taking the water south and west. The pumps, run by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the California Department of Water Resources, are so powerful that they actually reverse the flow of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers at times, confusing migrating fish and drawing them toward remote backwaters and the pumps themselves. This phenomenon has killed many millions of salmon, smelt and other native species over several decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01081.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds up a tagged Chinook salmon for a photograph before it’s released into the San Joaquin River. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new report outlines a state-mandated project called EcoRestore, initially introduced several years ago as a mitigation to the Delta tunnels project. EcoRestore would protect or revive about 30,000 acres in the Delta region – mainly floodplain and inter-tidal habitat. The report’s authors suggest expanding this project while focusing restoration efforts on a region of the estuary sometimes called the “North Delta Habitat Arc.” This area begins in the Yolo Bypass floodplain region southwest of Sacramento and extends south and west along the course of the Sacramento River. It has been spared some of the most drastic impacts and landscape alterations seen in the south Delta and to biologists is a key area of focus for habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where the best opportunities are for habitat restoration, and the best place to spend money for restoration,” Moyle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sparking Debate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe paper doesn’t exactly introduce any new concepts in Delta restoration. What it does do, Moyle said, is present the needs of the Delta in one cohesive document.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People know what the fish need,” he said. “It’s more a matter of connecting all the dots to make a coherent restoration program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the report is likely to fire up debate and criticism is its discussion of the hotly contested Delta tunnels. The project’s detractors have long warned the tunnels could easily lead to increased volumes of water being removed from the Delta – which they say could push salmon and other species over the brink.[contextly_sidebar id=”A29mpotHTm0AeeMiKPynWklPIMruGxvh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they build it, salmon will do worse than they are now, and we’ll lose Delta smelt,” Barrigan-Parrilla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle acknowledged there are risks associated with building and operating the tunnels, but it’s still a project he stands behind. Moyle said he feels the objections to WaterFix are misguided – at least as far as rebuilding salmon runs is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The status quo is not sustainable; it will result in the likely collapse of many remaining stocks of desirable fishes even with large investment in restoration projects,” the new report warns, referring to the existing water diversion system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing Risks\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Moyle and his co-authors make the case that a pair of tunnels could alleviate the reverse-flow problem by diverting water from the north end of the estuary. This water would be moved underground and would connect to the existing conveyance system. The south Delta pumps would be throttled back, or even shut down for much of the year, and the end effect would be an uninterrupted seaward flow of water – exactly what could restore the Delta to health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But there are a lot of ifs, buts and ands here,” Moyle said.[contextly_sidebar id=”M2fw5fqr5nNNhXxF2LG5VxbSX2nFr8tU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, huge fish screens must be installed in front of the tunnel intakes to prevent increased mortality of salmon – barriers that the report cautions might not be effective. The report also cautions that the tunnels will only benefit fish populations if all possible mitigations, including floodplain habitat restoration, are completed. Moreover, the authors warn that, once the tunnels are built, total water exports must not increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what John McManus worries will happen. The executive director of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.goldengatesalmon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>, a fishery advocacy group, McManus agrees with Moyle that the existing water diversion system threatens to annihilate Central Valley Chinook. However, he says the huge size of the proposed tunnels is reason to believe they will be used to take unsustainable volumes of water from the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McManus added that a single-tunnel version of the project – now being considered by the state – could also be harmful to fish. Moyle’s report assessed a single-tunnel alternative but decided it would be little better than the status quo “because it lacks flexibility” and would mean running the Delta pumps at relatively high rates.[contextly_sidebar id=”GHmUsyZfpUCh2MDK2hYC4Ak75px9dYJy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research community seems generally skeptical of the capacity for the proposed tunnels to benefit fish. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20181028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in February by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey concluded that the project would likely increase negative impacts on juvenile Chinook salmon. Rene Henery, California science director for the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.tu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trout Unlimited\u003c/a>, feels Moyle has endorsed the tunnels because he considers the better alternative – reducing overall water exports – politically unfeasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But so many things, until they happen, are politically unfeasible,” Henery said. He added that “forcing an infrastructure project that is so controversial” could widen society’s political fissures and make progress in environmental restoration an even more arduous task than it already is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, at Orange County Coastkeeper, said his group does not necessarily support the tunnels.[contextly_sidebar id=”El9wuMXx11S8FZbK9cd9EQMlzP7Gvncv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I think it’s okay to have a discussion about them,” he said. “Some people have become so committed to the fight against California WaterFix that they will overlook the finer points in the paper about habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle says saving fish species was just one reason he wrote the report. He also was eager to help bridge a significant political gap between Northern and Southern Californians. Decades ago, Delta water was exported primarily for use by San Joaquin Valley farmers and cities in Southern California. Today, millions of people in the Bay Area use the Delta’s water, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“The idea is to present this as a common problem,” Moyle said. “We all get water from the Delta now, so it’s a statewide problem. It’s everyone’s problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some fish experts say that the controversial Delta tunnels would benefit ailing fish species like salmon.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of California’s foremost experts on freshwater fish believes there may be hope for restoring native salmon to abundance – but there’s a catch: California must build the controversial Delta tunnels, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The expected costs are tremendous and there is a lot of concern over that, but our paper is about what’s good for fish,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/pbmoyle\">Peter Moyle\u003c/a>, a professor of fisheries with the University of California, Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a>. “Will the Delta tunnels be good for fish or not? I think they will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle co-authored a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Delta-White-Paper_completed-3.6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">63-page report\u003c/a> with colleagues John Durand and Carson Jeffres that was released on Tuesday. It proposes a comprehensive game plan for restoring the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and saving native fish from extinction. Achieving this goal, according to the report, will require restoring a great deal of riverside habitat in the northern and western Delta. Saving the native fish, the report says, will also probably require building the Delta tunnels, or something resembling them.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels, known officially as California \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterFix\u003c/a>, would create a new conveyance system under the delta at an estimated cost of $17 billion. Such an alternative water diversion system, the authors explain in their paper, could help alleviate strains on the Delta currently caused by powerful water pumps at the south edge of the estuary, as long it is coupled with large-scale habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper was commissioned by \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Coastkeeper\u003c/a>, which received guidance and direction in the effort by the Municipal Water District of Orange County, according to meeting reports from \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.mwdoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/111616BOD_FINAL.pdf\">late 2016\u003c/a> and early 2017. Garry Brown, the executive director of Orange County Coastkeeper, said his organization funded the paper and that no funding came from water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conflict Of Interest?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, executive director of the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a>, which opposes the tunnel project, believes the paper’s findings were influenced by the MWD. The district receives water from the Delta via the State Water Project and potentially has much to gain from the tunnels, which its supporters say will improve the consistency and reliability of deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe Dr. Moyle delivered a theory based on the opinions of the people who funded his work,” Barrigan-Parrilla said. “It’s really heartbreaking. [Peter Moyle] is going to wind up on the wrong side of history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle said that for him, “What matters is being on the right side of protecting native fishes. Critics need to come up with a comprehensive, realistic plan for fish conservation that takes into account major changes to the delta that are likely to happen in the not-too-distant future.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report comes at a time when the Delta smelt is nearer to extinction than it has ever been and when Chinook salmon numbers have plunged following years of drought-related stress. In fact, Moyle co-authored a report just 10 months ago predicting that most of California’s native salmon and trout would vanish over the next few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We predicted they’d go extinct if present trends continue,” he said. “The new report is a plan to make present trends \u003cem>not\u003c/em> continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper – entitled “Making the Delta a Better Place for Native Fishes” – aims to provide lawmakers and policy directors with a framework to reverse the trends that have made the Delta such a hostile place for native fish that evolved to thrive in an estuary environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broken Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAfter decades of aggressive water diversions, much of the Delta now functions ecologically more like a Mississippi basin swamp than like an estuary. One key feature of an estuary is that freshwater flows relatively consistently through the system, toward the sea. That flow pattern has been disrupted in much of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Moyle explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an ecosystem in most of the central and south Delta that just isn’t suitable for most of the native fishes we want to have around,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, two large pumping stations at the south edge of the Delta draw water into a pair of canals taking the water south and west. The pumps, run by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the California Department of Water Resources, are so powerful that they actually reverse the flow of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers at times, confusing migrating fish and drawing them toward remote backwaters and the pumps themselves. This phenomenon has killed many millions of salmon, smelt and other native species over several decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01081.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds up a tagged Chinook salmon for a photograph before it’s released into the San Joaquin River. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new report outlines a state-mandated project called EcoRestore, initially introduced several years ago as a mitigation to the Delta tunnels project. EcoRestore would protect or revive about 30,000 acres in the Delta region – mainly floodplain and inter-tidal habitat. The report’s authors suggest expanding this project while focusing restoration efforts on a region of the estuary sometimes called the “North Delta Habitat Arc.” This area begins in the Yolo Bypass floodplain region southwest of Sacramento and extends south and west along the course of the Sacramento River. It has been spared some of the most drastic impacts and landscape alterations seen in the south Delta and to biologists is a key area of focus for habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where the best opportunities are for habitat restoration, and the best place to spend money for restoration,” Moyle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sparking Debate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe paper doesn’t exactly introduce any new concepts in Delta restoration. What it does do, Moyle said, is present the needs of the Delta in one cohesive document.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People know what the fish need,” he said. “It’s more a matter of connecting all the dots to make a coherent restoration program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the report is likely to fire up debate and criticism is its discussion of the hotly contested Delta tunnels. The project’s detractors have long warned the tunnels could easily lead to increased volumes of water being removed from the Delta – which they say could push salmon and other species over the brink.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they build it, salmon will do worse than they are now, and we’ll lose Delta smelt,” Barrigan-Parrilla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle acknowledged there are risks associated with building and operating the tunnels, but it’s still a project he stands behind. Moyle said he feels the objections to WaterFix are misguided – at least as far as rebuilding salmon runs is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The status quo is not sustainable; it will result in the likely collapse of many remaining stocks of desirable fishes even with large investment in restoration projects,” the new report warns, referring to the existing water diversion system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing Risks\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Moyle and his co-authors make the case that a pair of tunnels could alleviate the reverse-flow problem by diverting water from the north end of the estuary. This water would be moved underground and would connect to the existing conveyance system. The south Delta pumps would be throttled back, or even shut down for much of the year, and the end effect would be an uninterrupted seaward flow of water – exactly what could restore the Delta to health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But there are a lot of ifs, buts and ands here,” Moyle said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, huge fish screens must be installed in front of the tunnel intakes to prevent increased mortality of salmon – barriers that the report cautions might not be effective. The report also cautions that the tunnels will only benefit fish populations if all possible mitigations, including floodplain habitat restoration, are completed. Moreover, the authors warn that, once the tunnels are built, total water exports must not increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what John McManus worries will happen. The executive director of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.goldengatesalmon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>, a fishery advocacy group, McManus agrees with Moyle that the existing water diversion system threatens to annihilate Central Valley Chinook. However, he says the huge size of the proposed tunnels is reason to believe they will be used to take unsustainable volumes of water from the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McManus added that a single-tunnel version of the project – now being considered by the state – could also be harmful to fish. Moyle’s report assessed a single-tunnel alternative but decided it would be little better than the status quo “because it lacks flexibility” and would mean running the Delta pumps at relatively high rates.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research community seems generally skeptical of the capacity for the proposed tunnels to benefit fish. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20181028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in February by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey concluded that the project would likely increase negative impacts on juvenile Chinook salmon. Rene Henery, California science director for the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.tu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trout Unlimited\u003c/a>, feels Moyle has endorsed the tunnels because he considers the better alternative – reducing overall water exports – politically unfeasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But so many things, until they happen, are politically unfeasible,” Henery said. He added that “forcing an infrastructure project that is so controversial” could widen society’s political fissures and make progress in environmental restoration an even more arduous task than it already is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, at Orange County Coastkeeper, said his group does not necessarily support the tunnels.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I think it’s okay to have a discussion about them,” he said. “Some people have become so committed to the fight against California WaterFix that they will overlook the finer points in the paper about habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle says saving fish species was just one reason he wrote the report. He also was eager to help bridge a significant political gap between Northern and Southern Californians. Decades ago, Delta water was exported primarily for use by San Joaquin Valley farmers and cities in Southern California. Today, millions of people in the Bay Area use the Delta’s water, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“The idea is to present this as a common problem,” Moyle said. “We all get water from the Delta now, so it’s a statewide problem. It’s everyone’s problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds",
"headTitle": "San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated with at least one algal toxin, while more than a third contained four different kinds of algal toxins, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>published in the March issue of the scientific journal, \u003cem>Harmful Algae\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination levels were often high enough to make people and animals sick, according to researchers at the U\u003cspan id=\"\">niversity of California, Santa Cruz. Their findings revealed that c\u003c/span>ontamination levels “greatly exceeded” regulatory guidelines for multiple toxins in 2012, 2014, and 2015.[contextly_sidebar id=”VZ7twXvSlZ6p2W7R5hF8UnzAhBBoGGxP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time we’ve found all four of those toxins, including both freshwater and marine toxins, in the same mussel samples,” says lead author and ocean scientist Raphael Kudela. “A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay, where freshwwater and marine waters converge, acts as a “big mixing bowl” where toxins collect, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consuming algal toxins — toxic substances released by certain algae — can have detrimental health effects in people and animals. In humans, it can produce allergic reactions such as skin rashes, respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, even liver and kidney failure or death, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.’\u003ccite>Dr. Raphael Kudela\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Although there are no commercial shellfish operations in San Francisco Bay, individuals harvest shellfish for their own consumption, according to the report. Online blogs feature some of the best locations along the bay to collect shellfish, including places where researchers say they found the highest toxin levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how widespread it is, but I wouldn’t recommend harvesting shellfish from the bay,” warns Kudela, “even if you’re following the state quarantine guidelines, because the state only monitors the open coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mussel Samples\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers began tracking algal toxin levels in 2011 using water quality surveys issued by the U.S. Geological Survey. Initially, they looked for two kinds of algal toxins: domoic acid and microcystins. When they found both, researchers began testing mussels for other contaminants and found that they not only contained the first two substances, but two additional kinds of algal toxins — paralytic shellfish and dinophysis shellfish toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, mussel samples often exceeded recommended guidelines for human consumption for both microcystins and \u003cem>Dinophysis\u003c/em> shellfish toxins. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA lists\u003c/a> microcystins as a possible human carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels of domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins were lower than the regulatory limits, but \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9vm5m5ct/qt9vm5m5ct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some studies\u003c/a> suggest repeated exposure to even low levels of these toxins may cause neurological disorders.[contextly_sidebar id=”8st0m0rgfavfMo8lG1TQpIcPkT62cfeg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">The study says ocean warming and the recent drought may have contributed to the situation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“Drought potentially brought some of the marine toxins further into the bay because there was less river flow, and it probably intensified the freshwater toxins,” Kudela says. “We don’t think the toxins were only there because of the drought, but it could have amplified things.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Local and federal agencies have begun to review their monitoring programs as a result of the findings. But in areas like San Francisco Bay it can be difficult to determine who is responsible for monitoring the waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“We need to look at coastal areas more holistically,” says Kudela, “so we don’t end up with a regulatory gray area where nobody’s monitoring the shellfish but people are still eating them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated with at least one algal toxin, while more than a third contained four different kinds of algal toxins, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>published in the March issue of the scientific journal, \u003cem>Harmful Algae\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination levels were often high enough to make people and animals sick, according to researchers at the U\u003cspan id=\"\">niversity of California, Santa Cruz. Their findings revealed that c\u003c/span>ontamination levels “greatly exceeded” regulatory guidelines for multiple toxins in 2012, 2014, and 2015.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time we’ve found all four of those toxins, including both freshwater and marine toxins, in the same mussel samples,” says lead author and ocean scientist Raphael Kudela. “A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay, where freshwwater and marine waters converge, acts as a “big mixing bowl” where toxins collect, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consuming algal toxins — toxic substances released by certain algae — can have detrimental health effects in people and animals. In humans, it can produce allergic reactions such as skin rashes, respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, even liver and kidney failure or death, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.’\u003ccite>Dr. Raphael Kudela\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Although there are no commercial shellfish operations in San Francisco Bay, individuals harvest shellfish for their own consumption, according to the report. Online blogs feature some of the best locations along the bay to collect shellfish, including places where researchers say they found the highest toxin levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how widespread it is, but I wouldn’t recommend harvesting shellfish from the bay,” warns Kudela, “even if you’re following the state quarantine guidelines, because the state only monitors the open coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mussel Samples\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers began tracking algal toxin levels in 2011 using water quality surveys issued by the U.S. Geological Survey. Initially, they looked for two kinds of algal toxins: domoic acid and microcystins. When they found both, researchers began testing mussels for other contaminants and found that they not only contained the first two substances, but two additional kinds of algal toxins — paralytic shellfish and dinophysis shellfish toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, mussel samples often exceeded recommended guidelines for human consumption for both microcystins and \u003cem>Dinophysis\u003c/em> shellfish toxins. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA lists\u003c/a> microcystins as a possible human carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels of domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins were lower than the regulatory limits, but \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9vm5m5ct/qt9vm5m5ct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some studies\u003c/a> suggest repeated exposure to even low levels of these toxins may cause neurological disorders.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">The study says ocean warming and the recent drought may have contributed to the situation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“Drought potentially brought some of the marine toxins further into the bay because there was less river flow, and it probably intensified the freshwater toxins,” Kudela says. “We don’t think the toxins were only there because of the drought, but it could have amplified things.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Local and federal agencies have begun to review their monitoring programs as a result of the findings. But in areas like San Francisco Bay it can be difficult to determine who is responsible for monitoring the waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“We need to look at coastal areas more holistically,” says Kudela, “so we don’t end up with a regulatory gray area where nobody’s monitoring the shellfish but people are still eating them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean?",
"headTitle": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beachgoers often find unusual things that have washed up with the tides. But many people were surprised when a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-sea-snake-newport-beach-20180111-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">venomous yellow-bellied sea snake\u003c/a> recently was found alive on California’s Newport Beach. Sea snakes are less well-known than other marine reptiles, particularly sea turtles, even though they number more than 60 species, most of which evolved 1 to 8 million years ago.[contextly_sidebar id=”PHNPZJw7BtCE8SvYWQmNIJKtUbQ6YzgX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes are found only in the Indian and Pacific oceans. For many years, herpetologists and biologists like me have pondered why there are no sea snakes in the Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea. With colleagues at the University of Florida and elsewhere, I’ve recently proposed some answers to this long-standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wide-ranging, With Limits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways it was not surprising to see a yellow-bellied sea snake, Hydrophis platurus, wash ashore in California. This is the only species of sea snake that is “pelagic,” drifting and following the broad circulation patterns of oceanic currents. It has the broadest distribution of any squamate reptile (the group that includes lizards and snakes), ranging from the tip of South Africa across the Indo-Pacific to the Pacific coast of Central America. The snake that turned up at Newport Beach was the fourth found in California since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920958\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-160x82.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-768x392.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-960x490.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-240x122.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-375x191.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-520x265.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global distribution of sea snakes, with Coral Triangle region circled. Lillywhite et al., BioScience 68 (1), 2018., CC BY-ND\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, however, this far-ranging sea snake occurs in more tropical waters where temperatures are appropriate for it. Why not the Caribbean or Atlantic? I tackled this question with\u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/herpetology/about-us/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coleman Sheehy III\u003c/a>, collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harold Heatwole\u003c/a> of North Carolina State University; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">François Brischoux\u003c/a> of France’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/organisme/presentation.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Committee\u003c/a> for Scientific Research; and \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/museum-voices/david-steadman/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Steadman\u003c/a>, curator of ornithology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. In our \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> we considered sea snakes’ biology, evolutionary history and environmental conditions that we believe have prevented them from migrating into the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climatic And Current Barriers\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Not all sea snakes spend their entire lives in the ocean. Some species, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/banded_sea_krait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sea kraits\u003c/a>, can live on land or in water and lay their eggs on land. This limits their range because they need to stay near land to reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, all entirely marine sea snakes are viviparous: They give birth to fully-formed young at sea, without laying eggs. This essential trait allowed the pelagic yellow-bellied sea snake to extend its range across the entire Indo-Pacific from an area of origin somewhere in the\u003ca href=\"http://ctatlas.reefbase.org/coraltriangle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coral Triangle\u003c/a> of Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time it reached Central America’s Pacific coast however, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4073\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Isthmus of Panama\u003c/a> had formed, fully separating the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. When the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panama Canal\u003c/a> opened in 1914, it became possible for an occasional sea snake to enter Caribbean waters accidentally. However, this species tends to drift with currents, so it is highly unlikely that enough could pass through the canal and find one another to the east to establish a breeding population. In fact, no population of sea snakes has been established on the eastern side of the canal since its completion in 1914.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920959\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-960x632.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-375x247.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-520x342.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banded Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) returning to the sea in Malaysia. Bernard Dupont, CC BY-SA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes also could enter the Atlantic Ocean by swimming from the Indian Ocean around the tip of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. Yellow-bellied sea snakes do occur in the waters immediately east of the cape, but two major obstacles prevent them from traveling farther west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, just west of the cape, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=91198\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benguela Current\u003c/a> brings upwelling of very cold water to the coast of southwestern Africa. This current is 200 to 300 kilometers wide, and its water is too cold – about 55 to 64 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface – for sea snakes that might drift there to survive for long or reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, as my research has shown, sea snakes \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1782/20140119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require fresh water\u003c/a> for drinking and will dehydrate at sea without it. They drink from “lenses” of fresh or brackish water that form temporarily on the ocean’s surface after large downpours of rain. But the climate of coastal southwest Africa is characterized by a large zone of permanent high pressure, which makes the region very dry with almost no rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evolving From Land To Sea\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Sea snakes also could become established by making evolutionary transitions from terrestrial or freshwater habitats to marine habitats in the island systems of the Caribbean. We know that \u003ca href=\"http://web.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Elapidae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">elapid snakes\u003c/a> – a family of venomous snakes with short, fixed-front fangs, such as cobras – have done this in the Coral Triangle region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most of today’s sea snakes originated and evolved into different species in this part of the globe between 2 to 16 million years ago. At that time, this region was a vast wetland complex associated with Southeast Asia and the Australasian archipelago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land and sea are interlaced throughout the Coral Triangle, and have been so for several million years. This region is also characterized by high rainfall, low and variable water salinity, and relatively stable tropical warm temperatures. Throughout much of its geological past, sea levels rose and fell many times, opening and closing marine corridors and causing mangrove fringes and mud flats to form and disappear. All of these conditions are favorable for evolutionary transitions from land to sea, and stable, shallow marine habitats have persisted for the past 3 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Coral Triangle covers 5.7 million square miles and is the most diverse and biologically complex marine ecosystem on the planet. NOAA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similar changes occurred in the Caribbean, but the Coral Triangle is a much larger and more complex system. Multiple ancestral lineages of snakes occur in Southeast Asia, and there are four to five times more viviparous (live-bearing), estuarine species within the Coral Triangle than occur in the Caribbean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my view and that of my co-authors, the presence of appropriate lineages of snakes and a dynamic of ecological conditions favored speciation of sea snakes in the Coral Triangle much more so than in the Caribbean or anywhere else in the Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, the Coral Triangle, broadly defined, appears to be the only region where viviparity is characteristic of the majority of estuarine snakes. These snakes live in coastal waters contacting freshwater habitats, and they were most likely to undergo an evolutionary transition from terrestrial or freshwater to marine habitats and give rise to sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating Changing Oceans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Could future oceanic and weather conditions permit sea snakes to disperse from the Indo-Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean? I believe this is quite unlikely. Thus, we do not expect any sea snake to show up on the beaches of Florida, like those occasional snakes that have drifted to land on beaches in California. There is simply no source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs that some populations and species of sea snakes are in decline or have gone extinct, owing to changes in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.12239/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rainfall patterns\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/52/2/257/673808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water temperatures\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.004.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental contamination\u003c/a> or human exploitation. Future climatic changes might bring negative as well as positive impacts on the biogeography of sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From my own experience watching sea snakes swim with graceful undulations over coral reefs, losing them (or any other marine organism) would be tragic and could threaten the health of coral reefs where sea snakes are top predators and considered to be harbingers of ecosystem change.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91452/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Harvey Lillywhite is Professor of Biology and the Director of Seahorse Key Marine Laboratory at the University of Florida. This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean? | KQED",
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"headline": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beachgoers often find unusual things that have washed up with the tides. But many people were surprised when a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-sea-snake-newport-beach-20180111-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">venomous yellow-bellied sea snake\u003c/a> recently was found alive on California’s Newport Beach. Sea snakes are less well-known than other marine reptiles, particularly sea turtles, even though they number more than 60 species, most of which evolved 1 to 8 million years ago.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes are found only in the Indian and Pacific oceans. For many years, herpetologists and biologists like me have pondered why there are no sea snakes in the Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea. With colleagues at the University of Florida and elsewhere, I’ve recently proposed some answers to this long-standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wide-ranging, With Limits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways it was not surprising to see a yellow-bellied sea snake, Hydrophis platurus, wash ashore in California. This is the only species of sea snake that is “pelagic,” drifting and following the broad circulation patterns of oceanic currents. It has the broadest distribution of any squamate reptile (the group that includes lizards and snakes), ranging from the tip of South Africa across the Indo-Pacific to the Pacific coast of Central America. The snake that turned up at Newport Beach was the fourth found in California since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920958\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-160x82.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-768x392.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-960x490.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-240x122.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-375x191.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-520x265.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global distribution of sea snakes, with Coral Triangle region circled. Lillywhite et al., BioScience 68 (1), 2018., CC BY-ND\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, however, this far-ranging sea snake occurs in more tropical waters where temperatures are appropriate for it. Why not the Caribbean or Atlantic? I tackled this question with\u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/herpetology/about-us/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coleman Sheehy III\u003c/a>, collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harold Heatwole\u003c/a> of North Carolina State University; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">François Brischoux\u003c/a> of France’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/organisme/presentation.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Committee\u003c/a> for Scientific Research; and \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/museum-voices/david-steadman/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Steadman\u003c/a>, curator of ornithology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. In our \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> we considered sea snakes’ biology, evolutionary history and environmental conditions that we believe have prevented them from migrating into the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climatic And Current Barriers\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Not all sea snakes spend their entire lives in the ocean. Some species, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/banded_sea_krait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sea kraits\u003c/a>, can live on land or in water and lay their eggs on land. This limits their range because they need to stay near land to reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, all entirely marine sea snakes are viviparous: They give birth to fully-formed young at sea, without laying eggs. This essential trait allowed the pelagic yellow-bellied sea snake to extend its range across the entire Indo-Pacific from an area of origin somewhere in the\u003ca href=\"http://ctatlas.reefbase.org/coraltriangle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coral Triangle\u003c/a> of Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time it reached Central America’s Pacific coast however, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4073\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Isthmus of Panama\u003c/a> had formed, fully separating the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. When the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panama Canal\u003c/a> opened in 1914, it became possible for an occasional sea snake to enter Caribbean waters accidentally. However, this species tends to drift with currents, so it is highly unlikely that enough could pass through the canal and find one another to the east to establish a breeding population. In fact, no population of sea snakes has been established on the eastern side of the canal since its completion in 1914.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920959\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-960x632.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-375x247.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-520x342.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banded Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) returning to the sea in Malaysia. Bernard Dupont, CC BY-SA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes also could enter the Atlantic Ocean by swimming from the Indian Ocean around the tip of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. Yellow-bellied sea snakes do occur in the waters immediately east of the cape, but two major obstacles prevent them from traveling farther west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, just west of the cape, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=91198\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benguela Current\u003c/a> brings upwelling of very cold water to the coast of southwestern Africa. This current is 200 to 300 kilometers wide, and its water is too cold – about 55 to 64 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface – for sea snakes that might drift there to survive for long or reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, as my research has shown, sea snakes \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1782/20140119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require fresh water\u003c/a> for drinking and will dehydrate at sea without it. They drink from “lenses” of fresh or brackish water that form temporarily on the ocean’s surface after large downpours of rain. But the climate of coastal southwest Africa is characterized by a large zone of permanent high pressure, which makes the region very dry with almost no rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evolving From Land To Sea\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Sea snakes also could become established by making evolutionary transitions from terrestrial or freshwater habitats to marine habitats in the island systems of the Caribbean. We know that \u003ca href=\"http://web.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Elapidae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">elapid snakes\u003c/a> – a family of venomous snakes with short, fixed-front fangs, such as cobras – have done this in the Coral Triangle region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most of today’s sea snakes originated and evolved into different species in this part of the globe between 2 to 16 million years ago. At that time, this region was a vast wetland complex associated with Southeast Asia and the Australasian archipelago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land and sea are interlaced throughout the Coral Triangle, and have been so for several million years. This region is also characterized by high rainfall, low and variable water salinity, and relatively stable tropical warm temperatures. Throughout much of its geological past, sea levels rose and fell many times, opening and closing marine corridors and causing mangrove fringes and mud flats to form and disappear. All of these conditions are favorable for evolutionary transitions from land to sea, and stable, shallow marine habitats have persisted for the past 3 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Coral Triangle covers 5.7 million square miles and is the most diverse and biologically complex marine ecosystem on the planet. NOAA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similar changes occurred in the Caribbean, but the Coral Triangle is a much larger and more complex system. Multiple ancestral lineages of snakes occur in Southeast Asia, and there are four to five times more viviparous (live-bearing), estuarine species within the Coral Triangle than occur in the Caribbean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my view and that of my co-authors, the presence of appropriate lineages of snakes and a dynamic of ecological conditions favored speciation of sea snakes in the Coral Triangle much more so than in the Caribbean or anywhere else in the Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, the Coral Triangle, broadly defined, appears to be the only region where viviparity is characteristic of the majority of estuarine snakes. These snakes live in coastal waters contacting freshwater habitats, and they were most likely to undergo an evolutionary transition from terrestrial or freshwater to marine habitats and give rise to sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating Changing Oceans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Could future oceanic and weather conditions permit sea snakes to disperse from the Indo-Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean? I believe this is quite unlikely. Thus, we do not expect any sea snake to show up on the beaches of Florida, like those occasional snakes that have drifted to land on beaches in California. There is simply no source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs that some populations and species of sea snakes are in decline or have gone extinct, owing to changes in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.12239/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rainfall patterns\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/52/2/257/673808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water temperatures\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.004.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental contamination\u003c/a> or human exploitation. Future climatic changes might bring negative as well as positive impacts on the biogeography of sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From my own experience watching sea snakes swim with graceful undulations over coral reefs, losing them (or any other marine organism) would be tragic and could threaten the health of coral reefs where sea snakes are top predators and considered to be harbingers of ecosystem change.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91452/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Harvey Lillywhite is Professor of Biology and the Director of Seahorse Key Marine Laboratory at the University of Florida. This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the planet warms, the Arctic is warming more than twice as fast. As ice cover is disappearing, average summer sea ice has declined by more than a third since 1979. That’s roughly equal to the entire area of the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means more than rising sea levels and troubled polar bears. It is also shifting global trade routes and altering the balance of power between countries surrounding the Arctic. KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about this with \u003ca href=\"https://www.arctic.gov/ulmer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fran Ulmer\u003c/a>, chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arctic.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United States Arctic Research Commission\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"https://pangea.stanford.edu/news/current-visiting-scholars-ess\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visiting professor\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1920938 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Ice_ANIM_V05_180308.gif\" alt=\"A gif showing shriking Arctic sea ice from 1979 to 2017.\" width=\"500\" height=\"566\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You have been to the North Pole in the summertime, last summer, I understand. Am I correct?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: Summer of 2017, I went to the North Pole on a Russian nuclear icebreaker, and the day we got to the North Pole, it rained, which was stunning to me, and also to the captain of the icebreaker, who had not seen that before. It was another reminder of how rapidly things are changing in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What have you heard about the weather this winter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"A woman stands next to a sign reading 'North Pole'.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fran Ulmer visiting the North Pole in July 2017. \u003ccite>(Fran Ulmer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: This winter has been completely crazy, completely outside the bounds of what has been experienced before. Unfortunately, it has been extraordinarily warm, and we’ve lost a lot of sea ice, so on average, the temperature around the north over the last couple of weeks has been about 36 degrees above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: For people who live here in Northern California, how is this affecting them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: Sea level rise is important to the Bay Area, and you’re already experiencing both sea level rise and subsidence. You are in one of those vulnerable zones, where the amount of sea level rise you get is going to have a big impact on people, and on infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”X4TAX1jpwSUqdewv5B1jqzzTIiAzSDsF”]It also has a big impact on the extent to which our global weather is changing. As the Arctic, which kind of serves as an air conditioner for the planet, gets warmer, and warmer, so will the planet. Ice in the Arctic is not just important to polar bears. It’s important to humans, humans who live on the shore, because of sea level rise, and (it also) affects the opportunity for people to use the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Russia is a lot closer to this than we are. Why is this so important to Russia?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: About 80 percent of all of the oil and gas resources that Russia has is in the Arctic, so it’s important for them to be able to develop those resources, and get them to market. Russia has been promoting the northern sea route, which is the stretch of ocean about the northern coast of Russia, as kind of the new Suez Canal. It’s shorter as an alternative for the future. So, the Russian interests . . . national security, oil and gas, potential economic development associated with the shipping and, I would say, positioning itself as a global power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1920925\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Watt: Does this worry the United States?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gVEMT6oxM5fHxDVFBHEvH1lvOLHL1IbA”]Ulmer: It worries some people, who look to the vulnerabilities if our relationship deteriorates with Russia. The eight Arctic nations have gotten along pretty well, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.state.gov/e/oes/ocns/opa/arc/ac/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arctic Council\u003c/a> has been the intergovernmental forum that has kept people talking, and focused on things like environmental protection and sustainable development. But as Russia increases its Arctic presence through more icebreakers, more submarines, more military installations, more military exercises, it makes some people nervous. I hope we can maintain a fairly good relationship with Russia in the Arctic, because at least to date, the Arctic has been a zone of peace.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the planet warms, the Arctic is warming more than twice as fast. As ice cover is disappearing, average summer sea ice has declined by more than a third since 1979. That’s roughly equal to the entire area of the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means more than rising sea levels and troubled polar bears. It is also shifting global trade routes and altering the balance of power between countries surrounding the Arctic. KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about this with \u003ca href=\"https://www.arctic.gov/ulmer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fran Ulmer\u003c/a>, chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arctic.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United States Arctic Research Commission\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"https://pangea.stanford.edu/news/current-visiting-scholars-ess\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visiting professor\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1920938 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Ice_ANIM_V05_180308.gif\" alt=\"A gif showing shriking Arctic sea ice from 1979 to 2017.\" width=\"500\" height=\"566\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You have been to the North Pole in the summertime, last summer, I understand. Am I correct?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: Summer of 2017, I went to the North Pole on a Russian nuclear icebreaker, and the day we got to the North Pole, it rained, which was stunning to me, and also to the captain of the icebreaker, who had not seen that before. It was another reminder of how rapidly things are changing in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What have you heard about the weather this winter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"A woman stands next to a sign reading 'North Pole'.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1327-e1520796705872.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fran Ulmer visiting the North Pole in July 2017. \u003ccite>(Fran Ulmer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: This winter has been completely crazy, completely outside the bounds of what has been experienced before. Unfortunately, it has been extraordinarily warm, and we’ve lost a lot of sea ice, so on average, the temperature around the north over the last couple of weeks has been about 36 degrees above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: For people who live here in Northern California, how is this affecting them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: Sea level rise is important to the Bay Area, and you’re already experiencing both sea level rise and subsidence. You are in one of those vulnerable zones, where the amount of sea level rise you get is going to have a big impact on people, and on infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>It also has a big impact on the extent to which our global weather is changing. As the Arctic, which kind of serves as an air conditioner for the planet, gets warmer, and warmer, so will the planet. Ice in the Arctic is not just important to polar bears. It’s important to humans, humans who live on the shore, because of sea level rise, and (it also) affects the opportunity for people to use the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Russia is a lot closer to this than we are. Why is this so important to Russia?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulmer: About 80 percent of all of the oil and gas resources that Russia has is in the Arctic, so it’s important for them to be able to develop those resources, and get them to market. Russia has been promoting the northern sea route, which is the stretch of ocean about the northern coast of Russia, as kind of the new Suez Canal. It’s shorter as an alternative for the future. So, the Russian interests . . . national security, oil and gas, potential economic development associated with the shipping and, I would say, positioning itself as a global power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1920925\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/KQEDScience_IceMelt_B2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Watt: Does this worry the United States?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Ulmer: It worries some people, who look to the vulnerabilities if our relationship deteriorates with Russia. The eight Arctic nations have gotten along pretty well, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.state.gov/e/oes/ocns/opa/arc/ac/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arctic Council\u003c/a> has been the intergovernmental forum that has kept people talking, and focused on things like environmental protection and sustainable development. But as Russia increases its Arctic presence through more icebreakers, more submarines, more military installations, more military exercises, it makes some people nervous. I hope we can maintain a fairly good relationship with Russia in the Arctic, because at least to date, the Arctic has been a zone of peace.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A $100 million project removing dams and helping fish route around others is returning a badly endangered salmon to spring-fed waters in northernmost California, giving cold-loving native fish a life-saving place to chill as scientists say climate change, drought and human diversions warm the waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal officials, in a years-long project with dam-owner Pacific Gas & Electric Co., plan to release 200,000 young, endangered winter-run Chinook salmon over the next two months into the north fork of Battle Creek, where melted snow percolating through volcanic rock provides ideal habitat for native salmon and steelhead that thrive in cold mountain water.[contextly_sidebar id=”Wnl1esZEWwI0RGWMI67sN9snATu87BxN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam-building for electrical generation and water storage from the 1930s blocked winter-run Chinook from upstream waterways, cutting their numbers from nearly a million to a few thousand barely getting by in warm downstream stretches of the Sacramento River, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ranks winter-run Chinook as one of eight marine species most at risk of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of Battle Creek’s spring-fed cold water, and the difficulty of keeping the Sacramento River cool enough for the winter-run Chinook, state and federal agencies made a priority of making Battle Creek accessible to winter-run Chinook again.[contextly_sidebar id=”TUM1sPcjPTogGxLHO2AxtAwv3IHxUCJ9″][contextly_sidebar id=”JUkFdSmcSiNj1Ys5GfmRNJJ36MwaNtwX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Battle Creek has long been recognized as an ideal resource for cold water from snow melt,” said Doug Killam, a senior environmental scientist with the state wildlife agency. “It’s kind of a jewel of the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing restoration project has removed one dam blocking access to the fish and will remove four more dams. A similar agreement, now awaiting approval or denial by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, would remove a series of dams blocking access to salmon farther north, in the Klamath River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other parts of this project included building better fish ladders and fish screens to give migrating salmon an easier time navigating around remaining obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s crucial to the survival of winter-run salmon to restore populations beyond the one hanging on in the Sacramento River, where a disaster like a chemical spill or another drought could wipe out the species, wildlife officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014 and 2015, nearly entire generations of the winter-run Chinook died in the too-warm Sacramento, as humans competed with the fish for water releases from behind Shasta Dam during a five-year drought.[contextly_sidebar id=”6KC5eP8J65H7YZuU7bTTLYRCVphAHRwk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trying to keep cold-loving salmon by eeking out cold water from behind dams is becoming more complicated still as the climate changes, said Howard Brown of NOAA fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Man-made climate change is reducing the snow runoff that Californians — both animal and human — historically have depended upon for much of their water supply, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easing the winter-run Chinook’s dependence on a single waterway, the Sacramento, is a good start, a fishing industry trade group said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Salmon fishermen used to have good fishing right outside the Golden Gate in February years ago before winter run salmon were decimated,” said John McManus, head of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Maybe someday we’ll see this again.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A $100 million project removing dams and helping fish route around others is returning a badly endangered salmon to spring-fed waters in northernmost California, giving cold-loving native fish a life-saving place to chill as scientists say climate change, drought and human diversions warm the waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal officials, in a years-long project with dam-owner Pacific Gas & Electric Co., plan to release 200,000 young, endangered winter-run Chinook salmon over the next two months into the north fork of Battle Creek, where melted snow percolating through volcanic rock provides ideal habitat for native salmon and steelhead that thrive in cold mountain water.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam-building for electrical generation and water storage from the 1930s blocked winter-run Chinook from upstream waterways, cutting their numbers from nearly a million to a few thousand barely getting by in warm downstream stretches of the Sacramento River, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ranks winter-run Chinook as one of eight marine species most at risk of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of Battle Creek’s spring-fed cold water, and the difficulty of keeping the Sacramento River cool enough for the winter-run Chinook, state and federal agencies made a priority of making Battle Creek accessible to winter-run Chinook again.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Battle Creek has long been recognized as an ideal resource for cold water from snow melt,” said Doug Killam, a senior environmental scientist with the state wildlife agency. “It’s kind of a jewel of the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing restoration project has removed one dam blocking access to the fish and will remove four more dams. A similar agreement, now awaiting approval or denial by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, would remove a series of dams blocking access to salmon farther north, in the Klamath River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other parts of this project included building better fish ladders and fish screens to give migrating salmon an easier time navigating around remaining obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s crucial to the survival of winter-run salmon to restore populations beyond the one hanging on in the Sacramento River, where a disaster like a chemical spill or another drought could wipe out the species, wildlife officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014 and 2015, nearly entire generations of the winter-run Chinook died in the too-warm Sacramento, as humans competed with the fish for water releases from behind Shasta Dam during a five-year drought.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trying to keep cold-loving salmon by eeking out cold water from behind dams is becoming more complicated still as the climate changes, said Howard Brown of NOAA fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Man-made climate change is reducing the snow runoff that Californians — both animal and human — historically have depended upon for much of their water supply, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easing the winter-run Chinook’s dependence on a single waterway, the Sacramento, is a good start, a fishing industry trade group said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Salmon fishermen used to have good fishing right outside the Golden Gate in February years ago before winter run salmon were decimated,” said John McManus, head of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Maybe someday we’ll see this again.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "2017 Wildfires Affected the Atmosphere Like a Volcanic Eruption, Study Says",
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"content": "\u003cp>Massive smoke plumes from the record-breaking 2017 North American wildfires affected Earth’s atmosphere like a volcanic eruption does, according to \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL076763/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powerful flames from the wildfires released thick smoke into the stratosphere, the next highest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that sits about six miles above the Earth’s surface. “Once there, the smoke particles circled the globe in roughly two weeks and remained in the stratosphere for several months,” \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/?utm_source=CPRE&utm_medium=email&utm_content=this+week+from+AGU+3%2f7%2f18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes reporter Brendan Bane\u003c/a> for the website, \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geospace\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The overall impact of the 2017 North American fires on the stratosphere surpassed all other documented wildfire events since the beginning of stratospheric observations in the 1980s and had an effect equivalent to a volcanic eruption, according to the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘This event was so big and its fires were so powerful that not only did they inject material into the stratosphere, they injected enough material that the stratosphere was polluted on a hemispheric scale,’ said Sergey Khaykin, an atmospheric scientist at Versailles University (UVSQ) in France, and lead author of the new study in \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em>, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. ‘The effect really was comparable to a moderate volcanic eruption.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/files/2018/03/smoke_plume_tracking.gif\" alt=\"smoke plumes from north america 2017 fire season\" width=\"1200\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watch as smoke plumes from North America’s 2017 fire season dissipate across the northern hemisphere. In just a few days, the plume’s contents spread across the globe and back again, covering thousands of miles in just a short time.\u003cbr>Credit: Sergey Khaykin.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bane describes why the 2017 North American wildfires were uniquely powerful and how the smoke moved through Earth’s atmosphere in fascinating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the study hope their findings will lead other researchers to pay more attention to the effects of wildfire pollution on Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”S3C0e0WUKFKCoLcjv17gBGqipRAoZjY1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfire season was one of the most destructive in recent history, destroying millions of acres throughout British Columbia, California, Montana, and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massive recovery efforts included about 28,000 personnel, 1,900 fire engines, and 200 active-duty military personnel, according to a Mother Jones \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2017/12/the-2017-fire-season-has-been-more-expensive-than-any-on-record-and-its-only-going-to-get-worse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> into the causes of the wildfire and the emergency response is airing this week at 6:22 a.m. and 8:22 a.m. on FM 88.5.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Massive smoke plumes from the record-breaking 2017 North American wildfires affected Earth’s atmosphere like a volcanic eruption does, according to \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL076763/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powerful flames from the wildfires released thick smoke into the stratosphere, the next highest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that sits about six miles above the Earth’s surface. “Once there, the smoke particles circled the globe in roughly two weeks and remained in the stratosphere for several months,” \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/?utm_source=CPRE&utm_medium=email&utm_content=this+week+from+AGU+3%2f7%2f18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes reporter Brendan Bane\u003c/a> for the website, \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geospace\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The overall impact of the 2017 North American fires on the stratosphere surpassed all other documented wildfire events since the beginning of stratospheric observations in the 1980s and had an effect equivalent to a volcanic eruption, according to the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘This event was so big and its fires were so powerful that not only did they inject material into the stratosphere, they injected enough material that the stratosphere was polluted on a hemispheric scale,’ said Sergey Khaykin, an atmospheric scientist at Versailles University (UVSQ) in France, and lead author of the new study in \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em>, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. ‘The effect really was comparable to a moderate volcanic eruption.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/files/2018/03/smoke_plume_tracking.gif\" alt=\"smoke plumes from north america 2017 fire season\" width=\"1200\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watch as smoke plumes from North America’s 2017 fire season dissipate across the northern hemisphere. In just a few days, the plume’s contents spread across the globe and back again, covering thousands of miles in just a short time.\u003cbr>Credit: Sergey Khaykin.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bane describes why the 2017 North American wildfires were uniquely powerful and how the smoke moved through Earth’s atmosphere in fascinating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the study hope their findings will lead other researchers to pay more attention to the effects of wildfire pollution on Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfire season was one of the most destructive in recent history, destroying millions of acres throughout British Columbia, California, Montana, and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massive recovery efforts included about 28,000 personnel, 1,900 fire engines, and 200 active-duty military personnel, according to a Mother Jones \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2017/12/the-2017-fire-season-has-been-more-expensive-than-any-on-record-and-its-only-going-to-get-worse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> into the causes of the wildfire and the emergency response is airing this week at 6:22 a.m. and 8:22 a.m. on FM 88.5.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Ninth Circuit on Wednesday ruled that climate suit brought by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918228/san-francisco-federal-court-takes-up-young-peoples-climate-change-suit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">group of 21 youth\u003c/a> against the Trump administration can move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We will put the federal government’s dangerous energy system and climate policies on trial.’\u003ccite>Julia Olson, Our Children’s Trust\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In an unusual move, the Trump administration had filed a petition with the Ninth Circuit asking it to review a lower district court’s decision to let the case proceed. The administration argued that defending its climate change policy would pose too great a burden requiring “drastic and extraordinary” measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If appellate review could be invoked whenever a district court denied a motion to dismiss, we would be quickly overwhelmed with such requests,” the three-judge panel ruled in a unanimous decision.[contextly_sidebar id=”Uml6MAQJW78NRz1c6nSrPudoF7FMOnbx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The case will now move forward in the U.S. District Court in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Ninth Circuit just gave us the green light for trial,” said Julia Olson, a co-attorney for the youth plaintiffs. “We will ask the District Court for a trial date in 2018 where we will put the federal government’s dangerous energy system and climate policies on trial for infringing the constitutional rights of young people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit, filed by nonprofit Our Children’s Trust on behalf of the 21 youth, seeks science-based climate recovery plans by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two-year-old suit, filed during the Obama Administration, argues that the U.S. government has been complicit for decades in the acceleration of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Ninth Circuit on Wednesday ruled that climate suit brought by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918228/san-francisco-federal-court-takes-up-young-peoples-climate-change-suit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">group of 21 youth\u003c/a> against the Trump administration can move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We will put the federal government’s dangerous energy system and climate policies on trial.’\u003ccite>Julia Olson, Our Children’s Trust\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In an unusual move, the Trump administration had filed a petition with the Ninth Circuit asking it to review a lower district court’s decision to let the case proceed. The administration argued that defending its climate change policy would pose too great a burden requiring “drastic and extraordinary” measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If appellate review could be invoked whenever a district court denied a motion to dismiss, we would be quickly overwhelmed with such requests,” the three-judge panel ruled in a unanimous decision.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The case will now move forward in the U.S. District Court in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Ninth Circuit just gave us the green light for trial,” said Julia Olson, a co-attorney for the youth plaintiffs. “We will ask the District Court for a trial date in 2018 where we will put the federal government’s dangerous energy system and climate policies on trial for infringing the constitutional rights of young people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit, filed by nonprofit Our Children’s Trust on behalf of the 21 youth, seeks science-based climate recovery plans by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two-year-old suit, filed during the Obama Administration, argues that the U.S. government has been complicit for decades in the acceleration of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you imagine the San Francisco Bay as a bathtub, sea level rise means the bathwater is rising. A new study published today in Science Advances finds the tub is sinking too, and in some places, more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Bay Area cities have built on landfill or newer mud, that land is compacting, and sinking faster than other places. This subsidence is a problem for, among others, Foster City, Union City, San Rafael, and the land around San Francisco Airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5984px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920817\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\" alt=\"Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from subsidence (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red).\" width=\"5984\" height=\"4326\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg 5984w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-800x578.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-768x555.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1020x737.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1920x1388.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1180x853.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-960x694.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5984px) 100vw, 5984px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from sinking land (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red). \u003ccite>(Roland Burgmann/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The northwest corner of Treasure Island is subsiding really rapidly – half an inch or so per year,” says UC Berkeley geophysicist Roland Burgmann. He’s a senior author on the study and worked with Manoochehr Shirzaei, a former postdoctoral fellow at Berkeley, now at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann and Shirzaei used an ultra-precise satellite radar system to map, for the first time, Bay Area land loss with exacting resolution. By combining projected land loss with sea level rise, the team concludes that by century’s end, 90 percent more land could be at risk of flooding than from sea level rise alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920816\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-160x167.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-768x800.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1020x1063.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1920x2000.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1180x1229.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-960x1000.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-240x250.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-375x391.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-520x542.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of sea level rise are worsened in places around the Bay Area built on infill or mud that is sinking, say researchers from Berkeley and ASU.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These maps show where we should be pretty much underwater all the time on average,” Burgmann says. He cautions that the work only addresses flooding related to sea level rise and subsidence – essentially, what happens when you raise the level of bathwater while lowering the tub itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Burgmann notes that sinking lands and rising seas aren’t the only hazards that affect flooding in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to add to that bathtub daily tides, storms every season and really big flooding events – then you have the full hazard story,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann believes his team’s information and methods could help coastal planners prepare for acute hazards such as king tides, storms, tsunamis and catastrophic floods. Scientists haven’t very often done an analysis that combines land loss and sea level rise together, perhaps because, they say, subsidence data has not been robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not widely used, not at a national level,” says Patrick Barnard, a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “Most studies ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnard says USGS hazard assessments about flooding in the San Francisco Bay Area already rely in part on Burgmann’s data and analysis. And it’s important to continue to develop more accurate land loss projections for the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If [subsidence] is not included in assessing sea level rise,” he says, “we could be missing a significant part of the risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann’s study also could prove valuable to at least one of the ten teams participating in the competition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a>. It’s funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and others with the goal of adapting to sea level rise in the Bay Area. Near Union City, a city vulnerable to both sinking land and sea level rise, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/public-sediment\">an interdisciplinary team called Public Sediment is investigating\u003c/a> the future of Alameda Creek – and team member Gena Wirth is eager to hear more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People keep thinking that sea level rise is a future problem, but we actually have to act now,” says Wirth, a landscape architect with \u003ca href=\"https://www.scapestudio.com/\">New York-based SCAPE Architecture\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around Alameda Creek, she says, “there’s been a thinking that the levees are a fundamental part of the solution [to sea level rise…but if the whole ground is sinking and the groundwater dynamics are changing we have to plan in a totally different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Sediment team is considering ways to strategically breach levees and set sediment free, to nourish the mudflats and marshes that can protect East Bay cities from storms and high tide. Their proposal and those from nine other teams will be public in May.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you imagine the San Francisco Bay as a bathtub, sea level rise means the bathwater is rising. A new study published today in Science Advances finds the tub is sinking too, and in some places, more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Bay Area cities have built on landfill or newer mud, that land is compacting, and sinking faster than other places. This subsidence is a problem for, among others, Foster City, Union City, San Rafael, and the land around San Francisco Airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5984px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920817\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\" alt=\"Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from subsidence (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red).\" width=\"5984\" height=\"4326\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg 5984w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-800x578.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-768x555.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1020x737.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1920x1388.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1180x853.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-960x694.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5984px) 100vw, 5984px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from sinking land (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red). \u003ccite>(Roland Burgmann/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The northwest corner of Treasure Island is subsiding really rapidly – half an inch or so per year,” says UC Berkeley geophysicist Roland Burgmann. He’s a senior author on the study and worked with Manoochehr Shirzaei, a former postdoctoral fellow at Berkeley, now at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann and Shirzaei used an ultra-precise satellite radar system to map, for the first time, Bay Area land loss with exacting resolution. By combining projected land loss with sea level rise, the team concludes that by century’s end, 90 percent more land could be at risk of flooding than from sea level rise alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920816\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-160x167.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-768x800.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1020x1063.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1920x2000.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1180x1229.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-960x1000.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-240x250.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-375x391.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-520x542.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of sea level rise are worsened in places around the Bay Area built on infill or mud that is sinking, say researchers from Berkeley and ASU.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These maps show where we should be pretty much underwater all the time on average,” Burgmann says. He cautions that the work only addresses flooding related to sea level rise and subsidence – essentially, what happens when you raise the level of bathwater while lowering the tub itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Burgmann notes that sinking lands and rising seas aren’t the only hazards that affect flooding in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to add to that bathtub daily tides, storms every season and really big flooding events – then you have the full hazard story,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann believes his team’s information and methods could help coastal planners prepare for acute hazards such as king tides, storms, tsunamis and catastrophic floods. Scientists haven’t very often done an analysis that combines land loss and sea level rise together, perhaps because, they say, subsidence data has not been robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not widely used, not at a national level,” says Patrick Barnard, a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “Most studies ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnard says USGS hazard assessments about flooding in the San Francisco Bay Area already rely in part on Burgmann’s data and analysis. And it’s important to continue to develop more accurate land loss projections for the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If [subsidence] is not included in assessing sea level rise,” he says, “we could be missing a significant part of the risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann’s study also could prove valuable to at least one of the ten teams participating in the competition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a>. It’s funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and others with the goal of adapting to sea level rise in the Bay Area. Near Union City, a city vulnerable to both sinking land and sea level rise, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/public-sediment\">an interdisciplinary team called Public Sediment is investigating\u003c/a> the future of Alameda Creek – and team member Gena Wirth is eager to hear more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People keep thinking that sea level rise is a future problem, but we actually have to act now,” says Wirth, a landscape architect with \u003ca href=\"https://www.scapestudio.com/\">New York-based SCAPE Architecture\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around Alameda Creek, she says, “there’s been a thinking that the levees are a fundamental part of the solution [to sea level rise…but if the whole ground is sinking and the groundwater dynamics are changing we have to plan in a totally different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Sediment team is considering ways to strategically breach levees and set sediment free, to nourish the mudflats and marshes that can protect East Bay cities from storms and high tide. Their proposal and those from nine other teams will be public in May.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Look What the Big Storm Brought to the Sierra",
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"content": "\u003cp>A powerful storm visible in satellite images has dramatically changed the state’s seasonal snowpack totals, according to today’s monthly survey — but it still leaves California’s water supplies well below normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Watch how you use water.’\u003ccite>Frank Gherke,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Department of Water Resources\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada’s biggest storm of the year attracted (and threatened) skiiers and closed some roads; Squaw Valley and Alpine Meadows \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/explore/blog/over-7-feet-storm-totals-and-over-100-inches-9-days\">reported\u003c/a> 7 feet of snow this weekend. The storm also delayed state scientists’ monthly trek out to Phillips Station, just off highway 50 near Echo Summit. This is just one spot in the California Cooperative Snow Survey (CCSS) managed by the Department of Water Resources (DWR).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, survey chief, Frank Gehrke, found 41.5 inches of snow at the site, with a water content of just over nine inches. That’s more than triple what the site held a week earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7700848e-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n“It’s an encouraging start to March, but we’ve got a long way to go,” Gehrke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements from the larger network of stations comprising the CCSS find the state’s snowpack \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/DLYSWEQ\">at around 37% of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year. That’s a potential problem since the frozen reservoir of water in California’s snowpack has, in the past, provided around a third of the state’s supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would take two more of the sort of storms we just went through” to approach normal snowpack by April 1, Gehrke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials ended the state declaration of drought in 2017, buoyed by last year’s near-record winter rains. But paltry winter precipitation has returned nearly half the state to drought again, \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">according to the U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=38d377de-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So much snow dumped in the last few days that the Sierra Avalanche Center \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory%20of%20deep%20slab%20and%20wind-driven%20avalanches\">is warning\u003c/a> of considerable risk. And recent rainstorms \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\">have filled\u003c/a> reservoirs to capacity or close to it even in overdry Southern California. Those conditions have helped stave off a return to declared drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCLA climatologist Dan Swain points out that changing climatic conditions may force change in policy considerations, too. Historically, California has swung between lean water years and fat ones, between warm years and cold. However, he says, “we’re definitely drifting in a certain temperature right now, which is warmer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=01cbfb8a-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nWhat that means, Swain says, is that California is likely to see two conditions thought to be contradictory: more rain years as well as more severe and prolonged droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These systems that we have in place right now were designed for a particular climate that no longer exists,” Swain says, “and will be even further from the climate we’re likely to have just a couple of decades from now,.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR’s Gehrke says the survey offers a simpler and immediate lesson: “Watch how you use water.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A powerful storm visible in satellite images has dramatically changed the state’s seasonal snowpack totals, according to today’s monthly survey — but it still leaves California’s water supplies well below normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Watch how you use water.’\u003ccite>Frank Gherke,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Department of Water Resources\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada’s biggest storm of the year attracted (and threatened) skiiers and closed some roads; Squaw Valley and Alpine Meadows \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/explore/blog/over-7-feet-storm-totals-and-over-100-inches-9-days\">reported\u003c/a> 7 feet of snow this weekend. The storm also delayed state scientists’ monthly trek out to Phillips Station, just off highway 50 near Echo Summit. This is just one spot in the California Cooperative Snow Survey (CCSS) managed by the Department of Water Resources (DWR).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, survey chief, Frank Gehrke, found 41.5 inches of snow at the site, with a water content of just over nine inches. That’s more than triple what the site held a week earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7700848e-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n“It’s an encouraging start to March, but we’ve got a long way to go,” Gehrke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements from the larger network of stations comprising the CCSS find the state’s snowpack \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/DLYSWEQ\">at around 37% of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year. That’s a potential problem since the frozen reservoir of water in California’s snowpack has, in the past, provided around a third of the state’s supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would take two more of the sort of storms we just went through” to approach normal snowpack by April 1, Gehrke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials ended the state declaration of drought in 2017, buoyed by last year’s near-record winter rains. But paltry winter precipitation has returned nearly half the state to drought again, \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">according to the U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=38d377de-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So much snow dumped in the last few days that the Sierra Avalanche Center \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory%20of%20deep%20slab%20and%20wind-driven%20avalanches\">is warning\u003c/a> of considerable risk. And recent rainstorms \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\">have filled\u003c/a> reservoirs to capacity or close to it even in overdry Southern California. Those conditions have helped stave off a return to declared drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCLA climatologist Dan Swain points out that changing climatic conditions may force change in policy considerations, too. Historically, California has swung between lean water years and fat ones, between warm years and cold. However, he says, “we’re definitely drifting in a certain temperature right now, which is warmer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=01cbfb8a-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nWhat that means, Swain says, is that California is likely to see two conditions thought to be contradictory: more rain years as well as more severe and prolonged droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These systems that we have in place right now were designed for a particular climate that no longer exists,” Swain says, “and will be even further from the climate we’re likely to have just a couple of decades from now,.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR’s Gehrke says the survey offers a simpler and immediate lesson: “Watch how you use water.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Launches Environmental Justice Unit to Protect Vulnerable Neighborhoods",
"headTitle": "California Launches Environmental Justice Unit to Protect Vulnerable Neighborhoods | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is getting an Environmental Justice Bureau charged with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/20/bike-car-or-train-which-commute-has-the-worst-air-pollution-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking into polluters\u003c/a> who operate in low-income and minority neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution. In fact, they usually go hand in hand.’\u003ccite>Vien Truong, Green for All\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for state Attorney General Xavier Becerra says the new team will have four lawyers when it’s fully staffed, and is funded from the department’s existing budget. It’s unclear, however, where the funds are being apportioned from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The harsh reality is that some communities in California – particularly low-income communities and communities of color – continue to bear the brunt of pollution from industrial development, poor land use decisions, transportation, and trade corridors,” Becerra said in a statement. “Meeting the needs of these communities requires our focused attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pollution Follows Poverty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> show that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in minority neighborhoods. One long-term \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23414-targeting-minority-low-income-neighborhoods-for-hazardous-waste-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that reviewed 30 years of demographic data found a “consistent pattern” of placing hazardous waste sites where poor people and people of color live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Minorities and low-income communities are seen as the path of least resistance because they have fewer resources and political clout to oppose the siting of unwanted facilities,” said the 2016 report, published by the University of Michigan and University of Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ddd8eFNoCX4pnjsLz68jDKO0soOYCwDw”]Another long-term \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Toxic Waste and Race at Twenty\u003c/em>, found more than half of all people in the U.S. who live within 1.86 miles of a hazardous waste facility are minorities, exposing neighborhoods dominated by people of color to higher rates of air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new environmental justice unit will focus on cleaning up contaminated drinking water; reducing exposure to toxics in consumer products; and penalizing illegal discharges to air and water affecting low-income and minority neighborhoods. The office will continue to challenge federal decisions that could affect the health of vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the issues the new unit is expected to look at includes a federal case concerning the storage of coal at the Port of Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Gm3fR5HiYhpFWii7VSdOZw7MixnAyNjE”]A spokesman for Becerra’s office said the state joined the suit by filing an \u003cem>amicus\u003c/em> brief in support of Oakland’s coal ordinance in order to “send a strong message that the time for taking advantage of communities of color is no more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra’s new unit has injected optimism among local activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution — in fact, they usually go hand in hand,” said Vien Truong, director of Oakland-based nonprofit Green For All. “Families across the state will breathe a sigh of relief with the promise of justice and accountability for polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> introduced by Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) would establish an environmental justice fund for monies from penalties and court settlements, which can then be used for further investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California vs. Trump\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has emerged as a prominent challenger to the Trump administration’s efforts to restructure U.S. environmental policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight,” Governor Jerry Brown said during a speech to the American Geophysical Union last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Trump took office, Becerra has filed more than two dozen lawsuits against the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, Department of Interior, and others. The lawsuits include challenges to federal decisions to repeal fracking regulations and suspend a 2015 rule that would have protected more California rivers under the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Justice Bureau is part of a broader effort by Becerra to clamp down on polluters in the state. According to his office, almost half of the 26\u003cb> \u003c/b>federal lawsuits he has filed so far have focused on children’s access to clean air and drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8epGbOrco4QRXafClKjAijgiwnLEsYSf”]The announcement of the unit comes just weeks after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eliminated a key Clinton-era measure that regulated air pollutants such as arsenic, mercury and lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is among the most dangerous actions that the Trump EPA has taken yet against public health,” John Walke, clean air director at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/180125-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Becerra’s office says positions in the new unit will be filled soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is getting an Environmental Justice Bureau charged with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/20/bike-car-or-train-which-commute-has-the-worst-air-pollution-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking into polluters\u003c/a> who operate in low-income and minority neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution. In fact, they usually go hand in hand.’\u003ccite>Vien Truong, Green for All\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for state Attorney General Xavier Becerra says the new team will have four lawyers when it’s fully staffed, and is funded from the department’s existing budget. It’s unclear, however, where the funds are being apportioned from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The harsh reality is that some communities in California – particularly low-income communities and communities of color – continue to bear the brunt of pollution from industrial development, poor land use decisions, transportation, and trade corridors,” Becerra said in a statement. “Meeting the needs of these communities requires our focused attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pollution Follows Poverty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> show that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in minority neighborhoods. One long-term \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23414-targeting-minority-low-income-neighborhoods-for-hazardous-waste-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that reviewed 30 years of demographic data found a “consistent pattern” of placing hazardous waste sites where poor people and people of color live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Minorities and low-income communities are seen as the path of least resistance because they have fewer resources and political clout to oppose the siting of unwanted facilities,” said the 2016 report, published by the University of Michigan and University of Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Another long-term \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Toxic Waste and Race at Twenty\u003c/em>, found more than half of all people in the U.S. who live within 1.86 miles of a hazardous waste facility are minorities, exposing neighborhoods dominated by people of color to higher rates of air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new environmental justice unit will focus on cleaning up contaminated drinking water; reducing exposure to toxics in consumer products; and penalizing illegal discharges to air and water affecting low-income and minority neighborhoods. The office will continue to challenge federal decisions that could affect the health of vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the issues the new unit is expected to look at includes a federal case concerning the storage of coal at the Port of Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A spokesman for Becerra’s office said the state joined the suit by filing an \u003cem>amicus\u003c/em> brief in support of Oakland’s coal ordinance in order to “send a strong message that the time for taking advantage of communities of color is no more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra’s new unit has injected optimism among local activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution — in fact, they usually go hand in hand,” said Vien Truong, director of Oakland-based nonprofit Green For All. “Families across the state will breathe a sigh of relief with the promise of justice and accountability for polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> introduced by Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) would establish an environmental justice fund for monies from penalties and court settlements, which can then be used for further investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California vs. Trump\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has emerged as a prominent challenger to the Trump administration’s efforts to restructure U.S. environmental policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight,” Governor Jerry Brown said during a speech to the American Geophysical Union last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Trump took office, Becerra has filed more than two dozen lawsuits against the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, Department of Interior, and others. The lawsuits include challenges to federal decisions to repeal fracking regulations and suspend a 2015 rule that would have protected more California rivers under the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Justice Bureau is part of a broader effort by Becerra to clamp down on polluters in the state. According to his office, almost half of the 26\u003cb> \u003c/b>federal lawsuits he has filed so far have focused on children’s access to clean air and drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The announcement of the unit comes just weeks after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eliminated a key Clinton-era measure that regulated air pollutants such as arsenic, mercury and lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is among the most dangerous actions that the Trump EPA has taken yet against public health,” John Walke, clean air director at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/180125-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Becerra’s office says positions in the new unit will be filled soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Say New Reservoirs Will Not Offset Dramatically Declining Snowpack",
"headTitle": "Scientists Say New Reservoirs Will Not Offset Dramatically Declining Snowpack | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have found dramatically declining snowpack across the American West over the past six decades that will likely cause water shortages in the region that cannot be managed by building new reservoirs, according to a study published Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study led by scientists from Oregon State University and the University of California, Los Angeles found drops in snow measurements at more than 90 percent of regional snow monitoring sites that have consistently tracked snow levels since 1955, said Philip Mote, director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute at Oregon State University.[contextly_sidebar id=”jcs4HmnmHGGYIdQil2jF8LYi0Zf0cc86″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study authors also used modeling to show the average snowpack in the region dropped between 15 and 30 percent in a little more than a century, he said, and that modeling paralleled the actual findings based on existing measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the region’s average snowpack has lost the equivalent volume of water that it would take to fill Lake Mead, the West’s largest man-made reservoir, Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study appeared in NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Science and was a follow-up study to one completed in 2005. This analysis found the loss of snowpack has accelerated, Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a bigger decline than we expected,” he said. “In many lower-elevation sites, what used to fall as snow is now rain. Upper elevations have not been affected nearly as much, but most states don’t have that much area at 7,000-plus feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water stored in the region’s snowpack is roughly the same as all the water stored in the region’s reservoirs, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Infrastructure Lost Cause\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“The solution isn’t in infrastructure. New reservoirs could not be built fast enough to offset the loss of snow storage,” Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found California had the most gains in snowpack since 1955, but recent droughts erased those gains and caused the snowpack to fall in many locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eastern Oregon and northern Nevada saw the worst decreases in snowpack over the span of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual sites in California, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Arizona saw snowpack declines of more than 70 percent, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mote said it’s not snowing less, but that the snow is melting sooner in the season at higher elevations, leading to low levels in river and reservoir levels during the driest days of summer and early fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study focused on data from 1,766 snowpack monitoring sites across the western U.S., most of them tracked by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at snow measurements taken April 1, which is typically at the height of the snowpack, but also looked at measurements taken in January, February, March and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found declining trends in all months, states and climates,” Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snowpack levels are below average in the western U.S. so far in 2018 as well, he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have found dramatically declining snowpack across the American West over the past six decades that will likely cause water shortages in the region that cannot be managed by building new reservoirs, according to a study published Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study led by scientists from Oregon State University and the University of California, Los Angeles found drops in snow measurements at more than 90 percent of regional snow monitoring sites that have consistently tracked snow levels since 1955, said Philip Mote, director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute at Oregon State University.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study authors also used modeling to show the average snowpack in the region dropped between 15 and 30 percent in a little more than a century, he said, and that modeling paralleled the actual findings based on existing measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the region’s average snowpack has lost the equivalent volume of water that it would take to fill Lake Mead, the West’s largest man-made reservoir, Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study appeared in NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Science and was a follow-up study to one completed in 2005. This analysis found the loss of snowpack has accelerated, Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a bigger decline than we expected,” he said. “In many lower-elevation sites, what used to fall as snow is now rain. Upper elevations have not been affected nearly as much, but most states don’t have that much area at 7,000-plus feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water stored in the region’s snowpack is roughly the same as all the water stored in the region’s reservoirs, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Infrastructure Lost Cause\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“The solution isn’t in infrastructure. New reservoirs could not be built fast enough to offset the loss of snow storage,” Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found California had the most gains in snowpack since 1955, but recent droughts erased those gains and caused the snowpack to fall in many locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eastern Oregon and northern Nevada saw the worst decreases in snowpack over the span of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual sites in California, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Arizona saw snowpack declines of more than 70 percent, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mote said it’s not snowing less, but that the snow is melting sooner in the season at higher elevations, leading to low levels in river and reservoir levels during the driest days of summer and early fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study focused on data from 1,766 snowpack monitoring sites across the western U.S., most of them tracked by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at snow measurements taken April 1, which is typically at the height of the snowpack, but also looked at measurements taken in January, February, March and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found declining trends in all months, states and climates,” Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snowpack levels are below average in the western U.S. so far in 2018 as well, he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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