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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s hard to change a habit, even if there’s a good reason for it. And comedian Nato Green thinks he has a pretty darn good reason.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m one of the great comedians of our time. But I’m also dumb. Because I’m not a vegan. Even though I claim to believe in science and the science is overwhelming that the best thing we can do for climate change is adopt a vegan diet. Even not adopt a vegan diet, just be more vegan. It’s like the Kinsey scale — like no one’s really gay or straight — there’s a spectrum. Like, just move toward the gay end of the spectrum of veganism. Carnivorous-fluid, like gender-fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m terrified about climate change. I would place my level of panic about the future of the planet somewhere between listening to Nick Cave and dry heaving on the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I’m still not a vegan, because vegans are annoying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m a Jew, I understand what it’s like to be right and irritating. Like most progressives, I believe that feeling sufficiently upset is an acceptable alternative to doing anything concrete. Like most Americans, I hope denial will save me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someday I’ll have to tell my kids, “Sorry, we had to move to Fury Road because in 2017 daddy didn’t want to stop eating brisket.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s not me. I read that alfalfa is a water guzzler which California harvests for export to China to feed cows — the worst offenders for greenhouse gases — to feed workers to make our iPads. The solution to climate change isn’t for \u003cem>me\u003c/em> to stop eating meat because the offending meat is in China. We’d be better off to boycott Apple products. But Californians prefer apocalypse to a day without Words With Friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, I’ve been Saint Augustine about veganism. Yes, but not yet. I love animal products too much. I’ve made my own bacon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m experimenting with cutting beef out of my diet and cooking more vegan at home. It makes me angry, but I like it. Less full, less sleepy, less heartburn. I would need to eat a whole lot more fruits and vegetables than ribs and scones to fill the hole of anxiety inside of me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I will forage on — see what I did there? — for the sake of the planet, even though enjoying vegan food makes me furious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nato Green is a San Francisco-based comedian and humor columnist currently residing in Cuba.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someday I’ll have to tell my kids, “Sorry, we had to move to Fury Road because in 2017 daddy didn’t want to stop eating brisket.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s not me. I read that alfalfa is a water guzzler which California harvests for export to China to feed cows — the worst offenders for greenhouse gases — to feed workers to make our iPads. The solution to climate change isn’t for \u003cem>me\u003c/em> to stop eating meat because the offending meat is in China. We’d be better off to boycott Apple products. But Californians prefer apocalypse to a day without Words With Friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, I’ve been Saint Augustine about veganism. Yes, but not yet. I love animal products too much. I’ve made my own bacon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m experimenting with cutting beef out of my diet and cooking more vegan at home. It makes me angry, but I like it. Less full, less sleepy, less heartburn. I would need to eat a whole lot more fruits and vegetables than ribs and scones to fill the hole of anxiety inside of me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I will forage on — see what I did there? — for the sake of the planet, even though enjoying vegan food makes me furious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nato Green is a San Francisco-based comedian and humor columnist currently residing in Cuba.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A former “professional climate denier” and his allies are mounting a campaign to persuade conservatives that the threat posed by climate change is real. Jerry Taylor, who in a previous life developed many of the arguments that conservatives cite against climate science, now runs the \u003ca href=\"https://niskanencenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niskanen Center\u003c/a>, a libertarian-leaning think tank that’s working to debunk the very arguments he helped to advance. Another Republican, former congressman Bob Inglis, has separately founded his own organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.republicen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RepublicEn\u003c/a>, with a similar mission.[contextly_sidebar id=”c0Fwd9tNC4edwCdXjMW1CXoaTfgcJ7bq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their distinct approach relies on conservative arguments to build support for climate science among the Republican establishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it takes having conservatives hear solutions in the language of conservatism,” Inglis\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> said in an interview\u003c/a> with MIT publication \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Review\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same interview, Taylor says that in meetings with Republican leaders, he typically opens with, “I understand why you’re skeptical. I probably wrote most of the talking points you’ve read. But I changed my mind, and let me explain why I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says his fundamental shift in thinking occurred gradually and was largely spurred by arguments advanced by economists and other right-leaning thinkers. In an interview with Vox, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he says that mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> became impossible to dismiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he concern has been with us for over 30 years, and the case isn’t getting weaker. It seems to get stronger. And while one can do some gymnastics to continue to defend the “there’s nothing to see here, folks” argument, it became harder and harder.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Taylor is now on a mission to persuade other conservatives and he’s relying on science-based methodologies that target party elites, as opposed to voters. That’s because studies have shown that party leaders shape mass opinion, and not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recent Gallup poll found that\u003c/a> nearly 70 percent of Republicans believe global warming is “generally exaggerated,” while 67 percent of Democrats believe it poses a “serious threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.yale.edu/dan-m-kahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[contextly_sidebar id=”xakQMZeDQ9efXEJKjsJmRZrLJsJYY3kK”]Dan Kahan\u003c/a>, a Yale professor who authored a recent study on climate-science literacy, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2459057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says that\u003c/a> “Positions on climate change have become symbols of whose side you are on in a cultural conflict divorced from science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Mullin\u003c/a>, an associate professor of environmental politics who helped author a similar study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells Technology Review\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The real focus shouldn’t be on convincing the public, hitting people over the head again and again with the science and dangers of climate change. Instead, the goal should be to change the minds of the elites. When they send clear and consistent signals, mass opinions that seemed strong and fixed can swing in the other direction, Mullin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For conservatives like Taylor and Inglis, that top-down approach is the key to convincing the Republican base to support climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beliefs about climate change — whether it’s happening, whether we should do anything — have been pretty stable. What moves around is right-wing opinion. And it tends to follow the leader,” Taylor\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tells Vox.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A former “professional climate denier” and his allies are mounting a campaign to persuade conservatives that the threat posed by climate change is real. Jerry Taylor, who in a previous life developed many of the arguments that conservatives cite against climate science, now runs the \u003ca href=\"https://niskanencenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niskanen Center\u003c/a>, a libertarian-leaning think tank that’s working to debunk the very arguments he helped to advance. Another Republican, former congressman Bob Inglis, has separately founded his own organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.republicen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RepublicEn\u003c/a>, with a similar mission.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their distinct approach relies on conservative arguments to build support for climate science among the Republican establishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it takes having conservatives hear solutions in the language of conservatism,” Inglis\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> said in an interview\u003c/a> with MIT publication \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Review\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same interview, Taylor says that in meetings with Republican leaders, he typically opens with, “I understand why you’re skeptical. I probably wrote most of the talking points you’ve read. But I changed my mind, and let me explain why I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says his fundamental shift in thinking occurred gradually and was largely spurred by arguments advanced by economists and other right-leaning thinkers. In an interview with Vox, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he says that mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> became impossible to dismiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he concern has been with us for over 30 years, and the case isn’t getting weaker. It seems to get stronger. And while one can do some gymnastics to continue to defend the “there’s nothing to see here, folks” argument, it became harder and harder.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Taylor is now on a mission to persuade other conservatives and he’s relying on science-based methodologies that target party elites, as opposed to voters. That’s because studies have shown that party leaders shape mass opinion, and not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recent Gallup poll found that\u003c/a> nearly 70 percent of Republicans believe global warming is “generally exaggerated,” while 67 percent of Democrats believe it poses a “serious threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.yale.edu/dan-m-kahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dan Kahan\u003c/a>, a Yale professor who authored a recent study on climate-science literacy, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2459057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says that\u003c/a> “Positions on climate change have become symbols of whose side you are on in a cultural conflict divorced from science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Mullin\u003c/a>, an associate professor of environmental politics who helped author a similar study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells Technology Review\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The real focus shouldn’t be on convincing the public, hitting people over the head again and again with the science and dangers of climate change. Instead, the goal should be to change the minds of the elites. When they send clear and consistent signals, mass opinions that seemed strong and fixed can swing in the other direction, Mullin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For conservatives like Taylor and Inglis, that top-down approach is the key to convincing the Republican base to support climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beliefs about climate change — whether it’s happening, whether we should do anything — have been pretty stable. What moves around is right-wing opinion. And it tends to follow the leader,” Taylor\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tells Vox.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>We don’t know exactly how climate change might affect the rain that is vital to California. And that’s troubling to Shirley Gutierrez.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every water droplet is a world. It’s a tiny miracle that refracts light, and it creates beautiful sounds as it falls. Water flowing is like music to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to know that I was born in San Francisco, and that I grew up here. Right before I was born, when I was in my eighth month of gestation, it was one of the rainiest months in California history. So while I was \u003cem>in utero\u003c/em>, it was raining like crazy all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when I was a child, the winters were very robust, very rich. It would start raining in November, and it would rain steadily and heavily for several months. Having rain, having that abundance of rain in my life when I was a kid, felt like wealth. It felt like richness and safety somehow. Like the order of things was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I still long for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the first experience I have of winter is the anxiety about whether we’re going to have one at all. I remember one time when I was driving home to Walnut Creek, and I looked over at the hills and the hills were the color of August. They were completely brown. And I had this bizarre mental slippage about what time of year it was, and I started to panic a little bit before I remembered that, “Yeah, it’s December. It’s December, and this is the time and this is the year, and you’re okay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1922647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I haven’t yet found coping mechanisms that are adequate. But I also think it’s important to remember there are things we can do literally in our own backyards. Right now, we are trapping water in small ways and attempting to save it as much as we can. It could be just catching the shower water, or using our dishwater and putting that on plants or using it to water trees, or whatever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience of water in ponds, lakes, streams, falling from the sky – all of that means life and renewal to me. And so saving it means promoting life to me. And that’s very very important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Shirley Gutierrez is a freelance film and television editor in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>We don’t know exactly how climate change might affect the rain that is vital to California. And that’s troubling to Shirley Gutierrez.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every water droplet is a world. It’s a tiny miracle that refracts light, and it creates beautiful sounds as it falls. Water flowing is like music to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to know that I was born in San Francisco, and that I grew up here. Right before I was born, when I was in my eighth month of gestation, it was one of the rainiest months in California history. So while I was \u003cem>in utero\u003c/em>, it was raining like crazy all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when I was a child, the winters were very robust, very rich. It would start raining in November, and it would rain steadily and heavily for several months. Having rain, having that abundance of rain in my life when I was a kid, felt like wealth. It felt like richness and safety somehow. Like the order of things was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I still long for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the first experience I have of winter is the anxiety about whether we’re going to have one at all. I remember one time when I was driving home to Walnut Creek, and I looked over at the hills and the hills were the color of August. They were completely brown. And I had this bizarre mental slippage about what time of year it was, and I started to panic a little bit before I remembered that, “Yeah, it’s December. It’s December, and this is the time and this is the year, and you’re okay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1922647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I haven’t yet found coping mechanisms that are adequate. But I also think it’s important to remember there are things we can do literally in our own backyards. Right now, we are trapping water in small ways and attempting to save it as much as we can. It could be just catching the shower water, or using our dishwater and putting that on plants or using it to water trees, or whatever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience of water in ponds, lakes, streams, falling from the sky – all of that means life and renewal to me. And so saving it means promoting life to me. And that’s very very important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Shirley Gutierrez is a freelance film and television editor in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was in high school, we talked about seven generations — to think seven generations ahead. And I don’t hear that anymore. With this climate chaos, are people just too busy to think about the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think people are just overwhelmed. It takes too much time to keep writing your senator, your city council. It’s difficult to stay in there and fight the good fight. Although people are. But it’s just hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recycle more. I drive hardly at all. I don’t use any pesticides in my yard, and so it’s bee-friendly. I have a swarm trap in my backyard so I can get some bees. I just try and be conscious and aware that what my little bit of stewardship is, is taken care of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kate Sholl lives in Santa Rosa.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ci>Sometimes a surprising moment shifts something fundamental inside us. That’s what happened when Jasper Montgomery went into the Mojave Desert for four days, alone.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve done a lot of camping and backpacking, so sleeping on the ground was something I love, but I had never done it without tent. I was nervous at first about snakes and scorpions. But I loved being out under the stars, with nothing blocking me from the world around me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my first morning, I wake up and open my eyes and see the rabbit. She is squatting under a juniper tree chewing on some native grasses. I’m lying on the ground; my head is on the ground, so we are literally eye to eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am a foreigner in her land, but she doesn’t run away. As the dawn creeps across the desert floor, she is warily watching me. And I am watching her. We watch each other while soaking in the warmth of the morning sun rising over the Granite Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It shifted how to be human in relation to Earth, being out alone for four days in the desert. Before, I spent time \u003cem>in\u003c/em> nature, now I spend time \u003cem>with\u003c/em> Nature. Before, I was a separate human being, separate from the nature I was in. Now, I’m not separate from it, I’m part of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cem>Jasper Montgomery is an occupational therapist in Ashland, Oregon. \u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every year since 1984, the advocacy organization American Rivers has compiled a list of the 10 most endangered rivers in the U.S. – a distinction that is awarded, in part, based on a major decision that is looming for those rivers in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report is not a list of the nation’s ‘worst’ or most polluted rivers, but rather it highlights rivers confronted by critical decisions that will determine their future,” the report explains. “The report presents alternatives to proposals that would damage rivers, identifies those who make the crucial decisions and points out opportunities for the public to take action on behalf of each listed river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the listed rivers include in the No. 1 spot the Big Sunflower River in Coahoma County, Mississippi, which is threatened by an agricultural drainage project overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that could damage up to 200,000 acres of wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project was originally vetoed by George W. Bush’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Senator John McCain called it one of the worst projects he’d ever seen come through Congress,” said Christopher Williams, senior vice president of conservation at American Rivers. “Along with our allies, we worked hard on this years ago, we thought we’d won and now it’s back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western rivers on the list this year include two Bristol Bay rivers in Alaska (threatened by an open-pit mine), the Lower Rio Grande in Texas (border wall), the South Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho (mining), Montana’s Smith River (more mining) and the Colville River (or Kuukpik River) in Alaska (oil).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Williams to learn more about the threats to Western rivers and the challenges of river conservation work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the process for deciding which rivers to pick each year?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChristopher Williams: We take nominations from all over the country. Some are generated by our own staff, some are generated by local river groups or local activists. And we look for rivers, based on three characteristics: One, that the river is nationally or regionally significant. Two, that the river is under imminent threat. And three, that there is some decision that is going to take place while the river is on the list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There are rivers from all over the country on your list – Alaska to Mississippi – and they face a variety of threats. Were there any common themes between them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: The common theme for this year that runs through seven of the 10 rivers is that the fate of these rivers, this year, is tied to the Trump administration and its allies in Congress either reversing an old decision or making a new decision regarding a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 33 years we have been doing this list, at least in my experience, this particular administration and its allies in Congress are among the most anti-environmental protection that we’ve faced. This plays out across air, water, land, and this list demonstrates how it’s really playing out in terms of river conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the rivers on your list this year is the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, which is in the spotlight because of Trump’s border wall. What would the environmental impacts of that be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the biggest issues with the wall is you’re building the wall right through the middle of an ecosystem. You’re cutting off wildlife movement of everything from ocelot to jaguarundi to pronghorn, you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Lower Rio Grande, there was the latest appropriation that was approved by Congress for the building of an additional 30 miles of wall. That essentially is a levee bollard fence, which is a small levee with a metal fence on top that’s built right through the middle of a floodplain. So you’re essentially cutting the river off from its floodplain. You’re cutting wildlife off from the river, you’re cutting local communities and sometimes local property owners off from the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a structure in the floodplain, you’re potentially aggravating flooding, you’re potentially aggravating erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of environmental review process is there?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the real problematic aspects of the wall construction is that those potential environmental impacts will most likely not be completely studied and not be completely known, because there is a law on the books that allows the Department of Homeland Security to bypass all environmental reviews when they are building a wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress did approve money to build this 30 miles of wall in the Lower Rio Grande valley, but that’s just the beginning if Trump gets all the money he wants. You’re looking at not only new wall construction in the Lower Rio Grande, but the Middle Rio Grande, moving up toward potentially Big Bend National Park, where all the those problems I just mentioned could manifest in one of the absolute crown jewels of the national park system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Many of the other rivers in the West are threatened or in danger because of proposed resource extraction, like the Smith River in Montana.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: The Smith River is one of the most beloved rivers in Montana. It doesn’t have a lot of big water, so it’s a great place if you want to float a river and it has world-class fishing. It’s under threat by a copper mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s up to the Montana Department of Environmental Quality to look at this mine very closely to make absolutely certain that if a mine goes forward there, it’s managed in such a way that it doesn’t damage that river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It was interesting to see that the Nushagak and Kvichak rivers of Bristol Bay, Alaska, are on the list because of the proposed Pebble Mine, which is a project that people have fought for years and years because of its threats to the largest run of wild sockeye salmon. What’s happening there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: A decision that was made by the Obama administration, by Gina McCarthy’s EPA, that essentially said: ‘This project is so destructive we’re going to veto it, we’re going to use our EPA Clean Water Act veto authority to stop this.’ And so, that was it, it was stopped cold. But the Trump administration essentially reversed that decision, and now the permitting process for an incredibly destructive mine is going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proponents of the mine are essentially the mining company, and that’s about it. There’s opposition from the state of Alaska, from Native American groups, from recreational fishers, from commercial fishers. This is a fishery worth $1.5 billion annually and 14,000 jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the big picture look like right now for organizations like yours that are advocating for river conservation?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: At the national level, our organization is working to protect the suite of environmental laws that are under assault by the Trump administration and allies in Congress. For example, our organization worked for years to get the Clean Water Rule put into place that protects small rivers and streams and wetlands that are sources for drinking water for 100 million Americans. Working with the Obama administration, we got that regulation put into place, that cleared up the Clean Water Act’s authority to protect those rivers and streams, and that Clean Water Rule has been a primary target for rollback by President Trump and EPA administrator Scott Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just one example. I believe it’s now 30-plus environmental rules that the administration has rolled back and attempted to roll back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every year since 1984, the advocacy organization American Rivers has compiled a list of the 10 most endangered rivers in the U.S. – a distinction that is awarded, in part, based on a major decision that is looming for those rivers in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report is not a list of the nation’s ‘worst’ or most polluted rivers, but rather it highlights rivers confronted by critical decisions that will determine their future,” the report explains. “The report presents alternatives to proposals that would damage rivers, identifies those who make the crucial decisions and points out opportunities for the public to take action on behalf of each listed river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the listed rivers include in the No. 1 spot the Big Sunflower River in Coahoma County, Mississippi, which is threatened by an agricultural drainage project overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that could damage up to 200,000 acres of wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project was originally vetoed by George W. Bush’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Senator John McCain called it one of the worst projects he’d ever seen come through Congress,” said Christopher Williams, senior vice president of conservation at American Rivers. “Along with our allies, we worked hard on this years ago, we thought we’d won and now it’s back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western rivers on the list this year include two Bristol Bay rivers in Alaska (threatened by an open-pit mine), the Lower Rio Grande in Texas (border wall), the South Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho (mining), Montana’s Smith River (more mining) and the Colville River (or Kuukpik River) in Alaska (oil).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Williams to learn more about the threats to Western rivers and the challenges of river conservation work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the process for deciding which rivers to pick each year?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChristopher Williams: We take nominations from all over the country. Some are generated by our own staff, some are generated by local river groups or local activists. And we look for rivers, based on three characteristics: One, that the river is nationally or regionally significant. Two, that the river is under imminent threat. And three, that there is some decision that is going to take place while the river is on the list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There are rivers from all over the country on your list – Alaska to Mississippi – and they face a variety of threats. Were there any common themes between them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: The common theme for this year that runs through seven of the 10 rivers is that the fate of these rivers, this year, is tied to the Trump administration and its allies in Congress either reversing an old decision or making a new decision regarding a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 33 years we have been doing this list, at least in my experience, this particular administration and its allies in Congress are among the most anti-environmental protection that we’ve faced. This plays out across air, water, land, and this list demonstrates how it’s really playing out in terms of river conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the rivers on your list this year is the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, which is in the spotlight because of Trump’s border wall. What would the environmental impacts of that be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the biggest issues with the wall is you’re building the wall right through the middle of an ecosystem. You’re cutting off wildlife movement of everything from ocelot to jaguarundi to pronghorn, you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Lower Rio Grande, there was the latest appropriation that was approved by Congress for the building of an additional 30 miles of wall. That essentially is a levee bollard fence, which is a small levee with a metal fence on top that’s built right through the middle of a floodplain. So you’re essentially cutting the river off from its floodplain. You’re cutting wildlife off from the river, you’re cutting local communities and sometimes local property owners off from the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a structure in the floodplain, you’re potentially aggravating flooding, you’re potentially aggravating erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of environmental review process is there?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the real problematic aspects of the wall construction is that those potential environmental impacts will most likely not be completely studied and not be completely known, because there is a law on the books that allows the Department of Homeland Security to bypass all environmental reviews when they are building a wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress did approve money to build this 30 miles of wall in the Lower Rio Grande valley, but that’s just the beginning if Trump gets all the money he wants. You’re looking at not only new wall construction in the Lower Rio Grande, but the Middle Rio Grande, moving up toward potentially Big Bend National Park, where all the those problems I just mentioned could manifest in one of the absolute crown jewels of the national park system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Many of the other rivers in the West are threatened or in danger because of proposed resource extraction, like the Smith River in Montana.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: The Smith River is one of the most beloved rivers in Montana. It doesn’t have a lot of big water, so it’s a great place if you want to float a river and it has world-class fishing. It’s under threat by a copper mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s up to the Montana Department of Environmental Quality to look at this mine very closely to make absolutely certain that if a mine goes forward there, it’s managed in such a way that it doesn’t damage that river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It was interesting to see that the Nushagak and Kvichak rivers of Bristol Bay, Alaska, are on the list because of the proposed Pebble Mine, which is a project that people have fought for years and years because of its threats to the largest run of wild sockeye salmon. What’s happening there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: A decision that was made by the Obama administration, by Gina McCarthy’s EPA, that essentially said: ‘This project is so destructive we’re going to veto it, we’re going to use our EPA Clean Water Act veto authority to stop this.’ And so, that was it, it was stopped cold. But the Trump administration essentially reversed that decision, and now the permitting process for an incredibly destructive mine is going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proponents of the mine are essentially the mining company, and that’s about it. There’s opposition from the state of Alaska, from Native American groups, from recreational fishers, from commercial fishers. This is a fishery worth $1.5 billion annually and 14,000 jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the big picture look like right now for organizations like yours that are advocating for river conservation?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: At the national level, our organization is working to protect the suite of environmental laws that are under assault by the Trump administration and allies in Congress. For example, our organization worked for years to get the Clean Water Rule put into place that protects small rivers and streams and wetlands that are sources for drinking water for 100 million Americans. Working with the Obama administration, we got that regulation put into place, that cleared up the Clean Water Act’s authority to protect those rivers and streams, and that Clean Water Rule has been a primary target for rollback by President Trump and EPA administrator Scott Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just one example. I believe it’s now 30-plus environmental rules that the administration has rolled back and attempted to roll back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Global warming is likely slowing the main Atlantic Ocean circulation, which has plunged to its weakest level on record, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown in the circulation — a crucial part of Earth’s climate — had been predicted by computer models, but researchers said they can now observe it. It could make for more extreme weather across the Northern Hemisphere, especially Europe, and could increase sea level rise along the U.S. East Coast, they said.[contextly_sidebar id=”rBXbrroqZ2YEkGIYJQGOOczDsnq7IBIn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown also raises the prospect of a complete circulation shutdown, which would be a dangerous “tipping point,” according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a shutdown was the premise of the scientifically inaccurate 2004 disaster movie “The Day After Tomorrow.” Study authors said a collapse is at least decades away but would be a catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know somewhere out there is a tipping point where this current system is likely to break down,” said study co-author Stefan Rahmstorf, a climate scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “We still don’t know how far away or close to this tipping point we might be. … This is uncharted territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other scientists are skeptical, citing a scarcity of data.[contextly_sidebar id=”NHnK3NaaMoXqY2V0rXvwyyEsFLqURaLU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, called AMOC, is a key conveyor belt for ocean water and air, creating weather. Warm salty water moves north from the tropics along the Gulf Stream off the U.S. East Coast to the North Atlantic, where it cools, sinks and heads south. The faster it moves, the more water is turned over from warm surface to cool depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This overturning circulation redistributes heat on our planet,” said study lead author Levke Caesar, a physicist at the Potsdam Institute. “It brings heat from the tropics to the high latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caesar study and another one published in the same issue of Nature by a different team indicate that the Atlantic’s circulation is the weakest it’s been in about 1,500 years. And the slowdown is intensifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the middle of the 20th century, the speed at which the ocean moves water in the AMOC has dropped 15 percent, the study found, using cold subpolar water temperatures as an indirect measurement. And it has plummeted in recent years, the study concluded.[contextly_sidebar id=”Lw0kIwLUlZDhLNAgq3mazHe7QsPnD2TJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gulf Stream, the warm water current where hurricanes can power up, historically veers away from the United States around the Carolinas or Virginia. The Gulf Stream now hugs closer to coast around New York, and there’s a significantly warmer bulge around Maine related to the circulation slowdown, Rahmstorf and Caesar said. The northern U.S. Atlantic coastal waters have warmed faster than most parts of the ocean in recent decades, researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists blame global warming in a couple of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer water lessens the amount of cooling and makes it harder for the water to sink and turn over. Ice sheets and glaciers in Greenland are melting and the fresh water is pouring into the area where the water turns over, making it less salty, less dense and therefore less likely to sink. There’s also more rain and snow in northern areas and more evaporation in southern areas, altering the flow, Rahmstorf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a slow change at the moment, but we’re changing it,” Caesar said. “One danger is in the unknown of what will happen. We should expect changes.”[contextly_sidebar id=”U4At75iQnf6Mh9rzLQIm9SGit6iW0eqq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf and Caesar looked at an established cold patch — about 2 million square miles (5.2 million square kilometers), or the size of India and Mexico combined — as the indirect measurements for the speed of the AMOC, calling it a fingerprint of the ocean circulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s clear that the circulation is weakening, said Colorado State hurricane expert Phil Klotzbach, who wasn’t part of the studies. Decades ago, that would have meant weaker Atlantic hurricane activity, but that hasn’t been happening and it could mean there is a difference in weakening in winter and summer, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andreas Schmittner at Oregon State University, who also wasn’t part of the studies, said the Potsdam group’s analysis makes sense, adding that as the world emits more greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels, we can expect it to slow further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But MIT’s Carl Wunsch said that the paper’s “assertions of weakening are conceivable, but unsupported by any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Kevin Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said his recent work faults regular cycles in the atmosphere more than the ocean. He said the Potsdam study doesn’t explain year to year variability, while atmospheric cycles do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf said his study averages data over a decade at a time to render year-to-year changes less meaningful. The work shows that it is ocean circulation that drives the changes in atmosphere, not the other way around, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global warming is likely slowing the main Atlantic Ocean circulation, which has plunged to its weakest level on record, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown in the circulation — a crucial part of Earth’s climate — had been predicted by computer models, but researchers said they can now observe it. It could make for more extreme weather across the Northern Hemisphere, especially Europe, and could increase sea level rise along the U.S. East Coast, they said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown also raises the prospect of a complete circulation shutdown, which would be a dangerous “tipping point,” according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a shutdown was the premise of the scientifically inaccurate 2004 disaster movie “The Day After Tomorrow.” Study authors said a collapse is at least decades away but would be a catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know somewhere out there is a tipping point where this current system is likely to break down,” said study co-author Stefan Rahmstorf, a climate scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “We still don’t know how far away or close to this tipping point we might be. … This is uncharted territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other scientists are skeptical, citing a scarcity of data.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, called AMOC, is a key conveyor belt for ocean water and air, creating weather. Warm salty water moves north from the tropics along the Gulf Stream off the U.S. East Coast to the North Atlantic, where it cools, sinks and heads south. The faster it moves, the more water is turned over from warm surface to cool depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This overturning circulation redistributes heat on our planet,” said study lead author Levke Caesar, a physicist at the Potsdam Institute. “It brings heat from the tropics to the high latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caesar study and another one published in the same issue of Nature by a different team indicate that the Atlantic’s circulation is the weakest it’s been in about 1,500 years. And the slowdown is intensifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the middle of the 20th century, the speed at which the ocean moves water in the AMOC has dropped 15 percent, the study found, using cold subpolar water temperatures as an indirect measurement. And it has plummeted in recent years, the study concluded.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gulf Stream, the warm water current where hurricanes can power up, historically veers away from the United States around the Carolinas or Virginia. The Gulf Stream now hugs closer to coast around New York, and there’s a significantly warmer bulge around Maine related to the circulation slowdown, Rahmstorf and Caesar said. The northern U.S. Atlantic coastal waters have warmed faster than most parts of the ocean in recent decades, researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists blame global warming in a couple of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer water lessens the amount of cooling and makes it harder for the water to sink and turn over. Ice sheets and glaciers in Greenland are melting and the fresh water is pouring into the area where the water turns over, making it less salty, less dense and therefore less likely to sink. There’s also more rain and snow in northern areas and more evaporation in southern areas, altering the flow, Rahmstorf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a slow change at the moment, but we’re changing it,” Caesar said. “One danger is in the unknown of what will happen. We should expect changes.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf and Caesar looked at an established cold patch — about 2 million square miles (5.2 million square kilometers), or the size of India and Mexico combined — as the indirect measurements for the speed of the AMOC, calling it a fingerprint of the ocean circulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s clear that the circulation is weakening, said Colorado State hurricane expert Phil Klotzbach, who wasn’t part of the studies. Decades ago, that would have meant weaker Atlantic hurricane activity, but that hasn’t been happening and it could mean there is a difference in weakening in winter and summer, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andreas Schmittner at Oregon State University, who also wasn’t part of the studies, said the Potsdam group’s analysis makes sense, adding that as the world emits more greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels, we can expect it to slow further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But MIT’s Carl Wunsch said that the paper’s “assertions of weakening are conceivable, but unsupported by any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Kevin Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said his recent work faults regular cycles in the atmosphere more than the ocean. He said the Potsdam study doesn’t explain year to year variability, while atmospheric cycles do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf said his study averages data over a decade at a time to render year-to-year changes less meaningful. The work shows that it is ocean circulation that drives the changes in atmosphere, not the other way around, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Southern California Water Agencies Vote to Spend Big on 'WaterFix' Tunnels",
"headTitle": "Southern California Water Agencies Vote to Spend Big on ‘WaterFix’ Tunnels | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Twin tunnels that would carry water from the Sacramento Delta south are one step closer to happening. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has voted to cover nearly 11 billion dollars of the project’s construction cost, over the objection of the region’s two largest cities, Los Angeles and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”eE01vS6XYhIE2kWmdp9DoonrYMoHAXiI”]“It’ll be a very busy two years as we sort out a lot of the issues involved,” says Metropolitan’s chairman, Randy Record. “We believe the right thing to do is build both tunnels, and that’s how we’re proceeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a weighted voting system, board members representing more than 60 percent of Metropolitan’s territory approved picking up what would have been agriculture’s financial share of the project. Tuesday’s vote added $6.5 billion to the roughly $4.3 billion that Metropolitan voted to allocate to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>, which would build three water intakes in the Delta to send water through two tunnels to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”OEWks82SK1FjmnPKM9o4yeFMHXxAwS3Z”]Metropolitan, whose 26 member agencies supply water to 19 million people, has invested heavily in the WaterFix already, including by buying four Delta islands in the tunnels’ proposed path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the project has been on shaky ground since another potential funder withdrew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Westlands Water District, which would have funded 25% of the project, voted to drop out last September. At the time, Metropolitan’s general manager, Jeffrey Kightlinger said that without Westlands, “you don’t have a project.” last September. A month later, the Santa Clara Valley Water District offered only “conditional support” for WaterFix, \u003ca href=\"https://scvwd.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=5504927&GUID=ADDE92E0-FADE-4CBC-BBD8-BAB9D2316F4D\">with a preference\u003c/a> for a scaled-down, one-tunnel project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7zqY3rLKCmOzpvbnFvRJbV7Z5ngFYURU”]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last week Metropolitan’s staff \u003ca href=\"http://mwdh2o.com/PDFWWACurrentBoardAgendas/04102018%20BOD%208-7%20B-L.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended a staged approach\u003c/a> to the tunnels project, beginning with one and adding another if circumstances warranted it\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then a last-minute letter from Governor Jerry Brown\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Brown-letter-Cal-Water-Fix.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> pushed the board to choose\u003c/a> the two-tunnel option. After the vote, Brown claimed victory. “This is a historic decision that is good for California — our people, our farms and our natural environment,” he said, in a written statement.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metropolitan’s board room was packed and, at times, rowdy. Environmentalists and opponents to higher water bills turned out to make public comment, including Bruce Reznick, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://lawaterkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LA Waterkeeper\u003c/a>, who referenced his appearances at prior hearings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’ve gone beyond tired, I’m testifying angry,” Reznik said. “This project needs to die. It is a house of cards that is falling apart. Pull the plug, it will be a mercy killing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voicing support for the two-tunnel WaterFix option were chambers of commerce, trade groups, business interests, and Orange County cities, including Anaheim.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It will only cost more to build the added capacity in the future,” said Anaheim councilwoman Kris Murray. “We have the opportunity to get it done today and protect the water supply for millions in the process.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today’s vote means that the wholesaler and its customers will be on the hook for at least two-thirds of the project’s cost. That’s just one reason board members representing San Fernando, Santa Monica, San Diego and Los Angeles voted no.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The ratepayers are obviously going to incur a dramatically increased risk,” said Mark Gold, one of five board members from Los Angeles, where Mayor Eric Garcetti has vowed to double local water supplies by 2035. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In recent years, both LA and San Diego have begun to invest in alternatives to importing water, including stormwater capture, groundwater storage, water treatment, and cutting demand. Gold says he fears the pricey twin tunnels project will undermine that work. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What will it do the public’s appetite to invest in local projects that create local jobs and create additional local benefits such as flood control and water quality?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several obstacles remain. The WaterFix has environmental approvals from state and federal authorities, but it still requires more funding, and a green light from the State Water Resources Control Board, to go forward. The project is also the subject of a number of lawsuits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metropolitan’s leadership says it’s prepared for the fight it deems necessary to stave off catastrophe. “Do we want to wait for Katrina and then say let’s go deal with it?” said Metropolitan chairman Record. “We have examples out there that say the time is now.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"divIP1\" class=\"itmPrt cnvLayer2\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"divExp\" class=\"divExp\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"divBdy\" class=\"bdyItmPrt\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">This story has been updated to clarify Santa Clara Valley Water District’s 2017 vote on WaterFix.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Twin tunnels that would carry water from the Sacramento Delta south are one step closer to happening. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has voted to spend nearly 11 billion dollars on the California WaterFix, over the objection of the region’s two largest cities. ",
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"description": "Twin tunnels that would carry water from the Sacramento Delta south are one step closer to happening. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has voted to spend nearly 11 billion dollars on the California WaterFix, over the objection of the region’s two largest cities. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twin tunnels that would carry water from the Sacramento Delta south are one step closer to happening. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has voted to cover nearly 11 billion dollars of the project’s construction cost, over the objection of the region’s two largest cities, Los Angeles and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It’ll be a very busy two years as we sort out a lot of the issues involved,” says Metropolitan’s chairman, Randy Record. “We believe the right thing to do is build both tunnels, and that’s how we’re proceeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a weighted voting system, board members representing more than 60 percent of Metropolitan’s territory approved picking up what would have been agriculture’s financial share of the project. Tuesday’s vote added $6.5 billion to the roughly $4.3 billion that Metropolitan voted to allocate to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>, which would build three water intakes in the Delta to send water through two tunnels to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Metropolitan, whose 26 member agencies supply water to 19 million people, has invested heavily in the WaterFix already, including by buying four Delta islands in the tunnels’ proposed path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the project has been on shaky ground since another potential funder withdrew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Westlands Water District, which would have funded 25% of the project, voted to drop out last September. At the time, Metropolitan’s general manager, Jeffrey Kightlinger said that without Westlands, “you don’t have a project.” last September. A month later, the Santa Clara Valley Water District offered only “conditional support” for WaterFix, \u003ca href=\"https://scvwd.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=5504927&GUID=ADDE92E0-FADE-4CBC-BBD8-BAB9D2316F4D\">with a preference\u003c/a> for a scaled-down, one-tunnel project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last week Metropolitan’s staff \u003ca href=\"http://mwdh2o.com/PDFWWACurrentBoardAgendas/04102018%20BOD%208-7%20B-L.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended a staged approach\u003c/a> to the tunnels project, beginning with one and adding another if circumstances warranted it\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then a last-minute letter from Governor Jerry Brown\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Brown-letter-Cal-Water-Fix.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> pushed the board to choose\u003c/a> the two-tunnel option. After the vote, Brown claimed victory. “This is a historic decision that is good for California — our people, our farms and our natural environment,” he said, in a written statement.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metropolitan’s board room was packed and, at times, rowdy. Environmentalists and opponents to higher water bills turned out to make public comment, including Bruce Reznick, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://lawaterkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LA Waterkeeper\u003c/a>, who referenced his appearances at prior hearings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’ve gone beyond tired, I’m testifying angry,” Reznik said. “This project needs to die. It is a house of cards that is falling apart. Pull the plug, it will be a mercy killing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voicing support for the two-tunnel WaterFix option were chambers of commerce, trade groups, business interests, and Orange County cities, including Anaheim.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It will only cost more to build the added capacity in the future,” said Anaheim councilwoman Kris Murray. “We have the opportunity to get it done today and protect the water supply for millions in the process.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today’s vote means that the wholesaler and its customers will be on the hook for at least two-thirds of the project’s cost. That’s just one reason board members representing San Fernando, Santa Monica, San Diego and Los Angeles voted no.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The ratepayers are obviously going to incur a dramatically increased risk,” said Mark Gold, one of five board members from Los Angeles, where Mayor Eric Garcetti has vowed to double local water supplies by 2035. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In recent years, both LA and San Diego have begun to invest in alternatives to importing water, including stormwater capture, groundwater storage, water treatment, and cutting demand. Gold says he fears the pricey twin tunnels project will undermine that work. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What will it do the public’s appetite to invest in local projects that create local jobs and create additional local benefits such as flood control and water quality?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several obstacles remain. The WaterFix has environmental approvals from state and federal authorities, but it still requires more funding, and a green light from the State Water Resources Control Board, to go forward. The project is also the subject of a number of lawsuits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metropolitan’s leadership says it’s prepared for the fight it deems necessary to stave off catastrophe. “Do we want to wait for Katrina and then say let’s go deal with it?” said Metropolitan chairman Record. “We have examples out there that say the time is now.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"divIP1\" class=\"itmPrt cnvLayer2\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"divExp\" class=\"divExp\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"divBdy\" class=\"bdyItmPrt\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">This story has been updated to clarify Santa Clara Valley Water District’s 2017 vote on WaterFix.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Napa, Watershed and Woodlands Initiative Clashes With Wineries",
"headTitle": "In Napa, Watershed and Woodlands Initiative Clashes With Wineries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">After years of \u003c/span>trying to save the oak trees he loves in Napa County, California, Jim Wilson may be about to realize his dream. He’s part of the team behind \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/2329/Measure-C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa’s Measure C\u003c/a>, an initiative on the June ballot with the twin goals of preserving oak woodlands and protecting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hillsides are beautiful and also filter rain, keeping water clean as it replenishes aquifers,” said Wilson, a retired Anheuser-Busch chemist who lives on a fifth-generation cattle ranch in Napa. “Ninety-five percent of oaks on the valley floor are gone and we want to do a better job reducing deforestation on hills.”[contextly_sidebar id=”5DVYbPNRwkfZMOy27qEhEV69rFtqr0Rm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2006 report by the California Oak Foundation, oak woodlands cover about one-eighth of the state and are densest in Napa, covering some 167,000 acres, or one-third of the county. More than 90 percent of Napa’s remaining oak woodlands are privately owned and about one-third are on soil that could be agriculturally productive, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/1894/Voluntary-Oak-Woodlands-Management-Plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2010 Napa County Voluntary Oak Woodlands Management Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture covers about one-fifth of the county, and today’s oak woodland loss is primarily due to vineyard development. Napa vineyards covered nearly 50,000 acres in 2006, and the county’s General Plan projects that they will cover another 10,000 acres by 2030. About 3,000 acres of this vineyard expansion is projected to replace woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current oak woodland protections include requiring that two replacement oaks be planted or preserved for every mature oak felled. In addition, some oaks on private land are protected now – including those on slopes steeper than 35 percent and in riparian forests along streams – but many are not. So Wilson decided to take matters into his own hands, coauthoring the Napa County Watershed and Oak Woodland Protection Initiative. “Developers wield an awful lot of power,” he said. “They are used to being able to say how we use our natural resources in Napa.”[contextly_sidebar id=”2KcFoFXTIzqos23WFk0McupfIBiMKLic”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative’s key provisions include increasing the number of replacement oaks from two to three, and extending riparian protections to the ephemeral streams that are dry most of the year but channel rainfall during storms. Most controversially, beginning in 2030 the initiative would also limit oak removal to 795 acres. After that, landowners would need a county permit to remove more oaks and even then could remove only 10 percent of the oak canopy cover on a given parcel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the initiative include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Club’s Redwood Chapter\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.forestsforever.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley-based nonprofit Forests Forever\u003c/a>, while opponents include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://napavintners.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa Valley Vintners\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://napafarmbureau.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> – and there are local grape growers and vintners on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local farm bureau objects most strongly to the initiative’s limit on removing oaks. “Napa County has some of the most stringent oak woodland protections in the country,” said Ryan Klobas, policy director for the Napa County Farm Bureau. “There is no scientific evidence to substantiate claims that the initiative is needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bureau also believes that the initiative is anti-agriculture. “It narrowly targets vineyard development,” Klobas said. “There are exceptions to the oak removal limit but agriculture is not one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exceptions include oak removal to make room for affordable housing and other projects required by state or federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922282\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-800x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers pick cabernet sauvignon grapes at Trinchero Napa Valley during the 2017 grape harvest near St. Helena, California. Many wineries oppose an initiative on the June ballot aimed at protecting the region’s remaining oak woodlands. \u003ccite>(George Rose/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also cite a legal analysis of the initiative commissioned by the county board of supervisors, which concluded that there is a “significant likelihood” of legal challenges. The analysis, conducted by real estate law firm Miller Starr Regalia, also said that “at least portions of [the initiative] would likely survive any legal challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach to protecting Napa’s water from vineyard development is already in the works. In 2017, the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a> adopted a regulation to control pollutants from vineyards in the Napa River and Sonoma Creek watersheds. Potential pollutants include nutrients from fertilizer as well as pesticides, notably those that mimic estrogen and might have the unintended effect of feminizing salmon.[contextly_sidebar id=”qJ1lpo9Ys7lvXjcEv4jCQPSCQin2hguz”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the water board regulation, vineyards are also “significant sources” of sediment, which can cause a host of problems in waterways such as clogging the loose gravel where salmon spawn. Moreover, converting forests to vineyards can “significantly increase” storm runoff and erosion. Under the new regulation, cutting down native trees above a certain size will require approval from the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, as well as planting three replacements for every tree that is cut. The regulation will be phased in over the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, oak woodlands do far more than protect water quality. Oak canopies capture up to one-third more rainfall than grasslands, boosting groundwater supplies. In addition, oak woodlands are among the most diverse ecosystems in California, with more than 300 animal species, nearly 5,000 insect species and more than 2,000 plant species, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>. And many of these species depend on oaks.[contextly_sidebar id=”dX7LbcUxibHxfJjpF4vBr0e7PifnRByn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Slutzkin has what may be an unusual take on the initiative. “I find myself in the awkward position of opposing it, but supporting the preservation of oak woodlands and watersheds,” said Slutzkin, a retired commercial developer who is a longtime Sierra Club member and served on the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://naparcd.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> board for a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees initiatives as a failure of governance. “You get them when the political process doesn’t work,” he said. “Supporters of the watershed and oak woodland initiative are well-meaning and the goal is good – but you can’t write a perfect initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Slutzkin favors an inclusive process like the one that culminated in Napa’s Living River project, which combines flood control with environmental restoration. “I would like to see the county take leadership as it did with the Living River to create community consensus,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the initiative has divided Napa, Slutzkin noted that “there are no bad people on either side.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://bayareamonitor.org/napa-measure-c/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">This story\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci> first appeared on the \u003c/i>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://bayareamonitor.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u003ci>Bay Area Monitor\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many wineries oppose an initiative on the June ballot aimed at protecting the region’s oak woodlands.",
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"title": "In Napa, Watershed and Woodlands Initiative Clashes With Wineries | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">After years of \u003c/span>trying to save the oak trees he loves in Napa County, California, Jim Wilson may be about to realize his dream. He’s part of the team behind \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/2329/Measure-C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa’s Measure C\u003c/a>, an initiative on the June ballot with the twin goals of preserving oak woodlands and protecting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hillsides are beautiful and also filter rain, keeping water clean as it replenishes aquifers,” said Wilson, a retired Anheuser-Busch chemist who lives on a fifth-generation cattle ranch in Napa. “Ninety-five percent of oaks on the valley floor are gone and we want to do a better job reducing deforestation on hills.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2006 report by the California Oak Foundation, oak woodlands cover about one-eighth of the state and are densest in Napa, covering some 167,000 acres, or one-third of the county. More than 90 percent of Napa’s remaining oak woodlands are privately owned and about one-third are on soil that could be agriculturally productive, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/1894/Voluntary-Oak-Woodlands-Management-Plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2010 Napa County Voluntary Oak Woodlands Management Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture covers about one-fifth of the county, and today’s oak woodland loss is primarily due to vineyard development. Napa vineyards covered nearly 50,000 acres in 2006, and the county’s General Plan projects that they will cover another 10,000 acres by 2030. About 3,000 acres of this vineyard expansion is projected to replace woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current oak woodland protections include requiring that two replacement oaks be planted or preserved for every mature oak felled. In addition, some oaks on private land are protected now – including those on slopes steeper than 35 percent and in riparian forests along streams – but many are not. So Wilson decided to take matters into his own hands, coauthoring the Napa County Watershed and Oak Woodland Protection Initiative. “Developers wield an awful lot of power,” he said. “They are used to being able to say how we use our natural resources in Napa.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative’s key provisions include increasing the number of replacement oaks from two to three, and extending riparian protections to the ephemeral streams that are dry most of the year but channel rainfall during storms. Most controversially, beginning in 2030 the initiative would also limit oak removal to 795 acres. After that, landowners would need a county permit to remove more oaks and even then could remove only 10 percent of the oak canopy cover on a given parcel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the initiative include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Club’s Redwood Chapter\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.forestsforever.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley-based nonprofit Forests Forever\u003c/a>, while opponents include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://napavintners.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa Valley Vintners\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://napafarmbureau.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> – and there are local grape growers and vintners on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local farm bureau objects most strongly to the initiative’s limit on removing oaks. “Napa County has some of the most stringent oak woodland protections in the country,” said Ryan Klobas, policy director for the Napa County Farm Bureau. “There is no scientific evidence to substantiate claims that the initiative is needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bureau also believes that the initiative is anti-agriculture. “It narrowly targets vineyard development,” Klobas said. “There are exceptions to the oak removal limit but agriculture is not one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exceptions include oak removal to make room for affordable housing and other projects required by state or federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922282\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-800x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers pick cabernet sauvignon grapes at Trinchero Napa Valley during the 2017 grape harvest near St. Helena, California. Many wineries oppose an initiative on the June ballot aimed at protecting the region’s remaining oak woodlands. \u003ccite>(George Rose/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also cite a legal analysis of the initiative commissioned by the county board of supervisors, which concluded that there is a “significant likelihood” of legal challenges. The analysis, conducted by real estate law firm Miller Starr Regalia, also said that “at least portions of [the initiative] would likely survive any legal challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach to protecting Napa’s water from vineyard development is already in the works. In 2017, the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a> adopted a regulation to control pollutants from vineyards in the Napa River and Sonoma Creek watersheds. Potential pollutants include nutrients from fertilizer as well as pesticides, notably those that mimic estrogen and might have the unintended effect of feminizing salmon.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the water board regulation, vineyards are also “significant sources” of sediment, which can cause a host of problems in waterways such as clogging the loose gravel where salmon spawn. Moreover, converting forests to vineyards can “significantly increase” storm runoff and erosion. Under the new regulation, cutting down native trees above a certain size will require approval from the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, as well as planting three replacements for every tree that is cut. The regulation will be phased in over the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, oak woodlands do far more than protect water quality. Oak canopies capture up to one-third more rainfall than grasslands, boosting groundwater supplies. In addition, oak woodlands are among the most diverse ecosystems in California, with more than 300 animal species, nearly 5,000 insect species and more than 2,000 plant species, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>. And many of these species depend on oaks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Slutzkin has what may be an unusual take on the initiative. “I find myself in the awkward position of opposing it, but supporting the preservation of oak woodlands and watersheds,” said Slutzkin, a retired commercial developer who is a longtime Sierra Club member and served on the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://naparcd.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> board for a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees initiatives as a failure of governance. “You get them when the political process doesn’t work,” he said. “Supporters of the watershed and oak woodland initiative are well-meaning and the goal is good – but you can’t write a perfect initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Slutzkin favors an inclusive process like the one that culminated in Napa’s Living River project, which combines flood control with environmental restoration. “I would like to see the county take leadership as it did with the Living River to create community consensus,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the initiative has divided Napa, Slutzkin noted that “there are no bad people on either side.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://bayareamonitor.org/napa-measure-c/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">This story\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci> first appeared on the \u003c/i>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://bayareamonitor.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u003ci>Bay Area Monitor\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands",
"headTitle": "California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration is suing California over a legislative hurdle that effectively prevents the federal government from selling public land to large oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department announced on April 2 plans to challenge a state law passed in 2017 that allows California the right to intervene in the sale of federal public lands.[contextly_sidebar id=”sK92V9fMLxxVMFicYKmfUA37cfBeZBmt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration is arguing the law constitutes improper state interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-lawsuit-invalidate-new-california-law-restricting-federal-land-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a DOJ release\u003c/a> Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the state legislation “extreme” and blasted California for causing the department to waste “valuable time and resources” in filing the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AGBecerra/status/980897241756942336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fired back on Twitter\u003c/a> the same day with, “Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Info/SB50.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 50\u003c/a>, allows the state the right of first refusal in the sale of federal public lands, meaning the state can match the sale price that another purchaser has offered. If it chooses to forego the option, it provides the purchaser with a compliance certificate. The certificate allows the purchaser to record the transfer at the county land records office.[contextly_sidebar id=”tDvVCJXAC02E3drmXcSZGdBrMkZbdOiK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invalidating the sale itself, the law prevents the purchaser from recording it with the land recorder’s office unless California signs off. That can impact the purchaser’s ability to sell the land or obtain a mortgage, says Eric Biber, an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not a requirement, there are important reasons for why a landowner might want to record their deed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reasons you want to record your transfer is because you don’t want to risk losing your land to a subsequent transaction on that property,” says Biber. “In addition, no bank will ever lend you money or a mortgage if you do a transfer without that land recording.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal complaint alleges that California has already intervened in multiple land sales since SB50 was passed. Among those cited include the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Army’s plan to convey public land in Alameda County to a developer for the purpose of constructing facilities. The Veterans Affairs Department in Los Angeles also wants to lease part of their land to create housing for veterans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legislation & the Constitution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Legal experts say California’s law may be difficult to defend in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution’s Property Clause broadly restricts states from interfering with federal land disposal. In addition, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal law prevails over the state law if a conflict arises between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the essence of the whole system,” says John Cary Sims, a constitutional law professor at the McGeorge School of Law. “So if the federal government says that racial segregation is illegal, then states don’t have a choice in whether they’re going to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1047936/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> complaint\u003c/a> also points to the act that formally admitted California as a state in 1850. In return for statehood, California promised not to interfere with the disposal of public lands. Several federal laws also provide for land disposal, say legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?’\u003ccite>John Cary Sims, Constitutional Law Professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California does not see the issue as a conflict between federal and state law, but as California’s right to control the environment. Nearly 46 percent of land in California is federally owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the SB 50 was introduced, Senator Ben Allen \u003ca href=\"http://focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/preserveca/SB-50_Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was aimed at\u003c/a> protecting California’s public lands from being sold off to the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]e have seen a drastic shift in Congress which has culminated in efforts to open federal public lands for more oil and gas exploration and to even give lands away outright to corporations or states,” said Allen. “There are significant questions about the Trump administration’s support, or lack of support, of public lands based on his appointments and their stated positions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Buyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome legal experts say California may have a case because of \u003cem>who\u003c/em> the law targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing here, at least from the state’s perspective, is that they aren’t directly regulating the sale,” says Biber. “What they’re doing stems from this concept of land recording that has existed for centuries in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will argue that they aren’t regulating the federal government, only the purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental law professor Richard Frank says the phrasing of the statute is a “clever attempt” to avoid preemption by focusing on the purchaser rather than the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California may try to advance this argument but I’m not sure that’s a persuasive or powerful argument,” says Frank. “A federal judge might well conclude that the state of California can’t do indirectly what the state can’t do directly.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IYTR9q4Ma734TYhUCB9sivFVD2S9i0y6”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sims says it would all depend on the mechanics of the statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims says the court might look to the historical record to see whether federal policy reflects any preference for who can buy the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California cares about who ultimately buys the land but there is no manifested federal policy that prefers one purchaser over the other, than maybe what California is doing is fine,” says Sims. “Those who happen to sit in office may care but the law may not embody any federal policy about the purchaser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain federal laws on land transfers also require federal agencies to comply with state law, says Biber.[contextly_sidebar id=”lfQGINmX1ayg6vxqxlv3Jiw0nZQJ5Vl9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That goes to the state’s second argument — they would say, ‘Sure, we are regulating you, but the law says we can.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those laws are those aimed at conservation efforts such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which applies to large swathes of the California desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FLPMA in part prohibits transfers of public lands that contain restrictions that would violate “any law or regulation pursuant to state and local land use plans, or programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mantle of State’s Rights\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegal experts point to a potential double standard, between the Trump Administration’s position in this case versus their position on federal monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the context of national monuments, the Trump administration has argued that the federal government has a duty to transfer federal lands to the state,” says Alex Camacho, professor of environmental law at the University of California, Irvine. “This issue of states rights has been levied by this administration to support states that fall within agreement with the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Frank says while ironic, the practice is nothing new and refers to it as “situational federalism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Republicans and Democrats both invoke states’ rights when it involves their agenda. There isn’t a whole lot of ideological purity when it comes to the issue of federalism and states rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it was then-Texas’ attorney general Greg Abbott, who during the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/may/10/greg-abbott/greg-abbott-says-he-has-sued-obama-administration-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> “I go into the office, I sue the federal government and I go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pubic lands case is slated for initial hearings on August 13, 2018 in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration is suing California over a legislative hurdle that effectively prevents the federal government from selling public land to large oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department announced on April 2 plans to challenge a state law passed in 2017 that allows California the right to intervene in the sale of federal public lands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration is arguing the law constitutes improper state interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-lawsuit-invalidate-new-california-law-restricting-federal-land-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a DOJ release\u003c/a> Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the state legislation “extreme” and blasted California for causing the department to waste “valuable time and resources” in filing the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AGBecerra/status/980897241756942336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fired back on Twitter\u003c/a> the same day with, “Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Info/SB50.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 50\u003c/a>, allows the state the right of first refusal in the sale of federal public lands, meaning the state can match the sale price that another purchaser has offered. If it chooses to forego the option, it provides the purchaser with a compliance certificate. The certificate allows the purchaser to record the transfer at the county land records office.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invalidating the sale itself, the law prevents the purchaser from recording it with the land recorder’s office unless California signs off. That can impact the purchaser’s ability to sell the land or obtain a mortgage, says Eric Biber, an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not a requirement, there are important reasons for why a landowner might want to record their deed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reasons you want to record your transfer is because you don’t want to risk losing your land to a subsequent transaction on that property,” says Biber. “In addition, no bank will ever lend you money or a mortgage if you do a transfer without that land recording.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal complaint alleges that California has already intervened in multiple land sales since SB50 was passed. Among those cited include the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Army’s plan to convey public land in Alameda County to a developer for the purpose of constructing facilities. The Veterans Affairs Department in Los Angeles also wants to lease part of their land to create housing for veterans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legislation & the Constitution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Legal experts say California’s law may be difficult to defend in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution’s Property Clause broadly restricts states from interfering with federal land disposal. In addition, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal law prevails over the state law if a conflict arises between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the essence of the whole system,” says John Cary Sims, a constitutional law professor at the McGeorge School of Law. “So if the federal government says that racial segregation is illegal, then states don’t have a choice in whether they’re going to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1047936/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> complaint\u003c/a> also points to the act that formally admitted California as a state in 1850. In return for statehood, California promised not to interfere with the disposal of public lands. Several federal laws also provide for land disposal, say legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?’\u003ccite>John Cary Sims, Constitutional Law Professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California does not see the issue as a conflict between federal and state law, but as California’s right to control the environment. Nearly 46 percent of land in California is federally owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the SB 50 was introduced, Senator Ben Allen \u003ca href=\"http://focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/preserveca/SB-50_Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was aimed at\u003c/a> protecting California’s public lands from being sold off to the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]e have seen a drastic shift in Congress which has culminated in efforts to open federal public lands for more oil and gas exploration and to even give lands away outright to corporations or states,” said Allen. “There are significant questions about the Trump administration’s support, or lack of support, of public lands based on his appointments and their stated positions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Buyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome legal experts say California may have a case because of \u003cem>who\u003c/em> the law targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing here, at least from the state’s perspective, is that they aren’t directly regulating the sale,” says Biber. “What they’re doing stems from this concept of land recording that has existed for centuries in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will argue that they aren’t regulating the federal government, only the purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental law professor Richard Frank says the phrasing of the statute is a “clever attempt” to avoid preemption by focusing on the purchaser rather than the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California may try to advance this argument but I’m not sure that’s a persuasive or powerful argument,” says Frank. “A federal judge might well conclude that the state of California can’t do indirectly what the state can’t do directly.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sims says it would all depend on the mechanics of the statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims says the court might look to the historical record to see whether federal policy reflects any preference for who can buy the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California cares about who ultimately buys the land but there is no manifested federal policy that prefers one purchaser over the other, than maybe what California is doing is fine,” says Sims. “Those who happen to sit in office may care but the law may not embody any federal policy about the purchaser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain federal laws on land transfers also require federal agencies to comply with state law, says Biber.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That goes to the state’s second argument — they would say, ‘Sure, we are regulating you, but the law says we can.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those laws are those aimed at conservation efforts such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which applies to large swathes of the California desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FLPMA in part prohibits transfers of public lands that contain restrictions that would violate “any law or regulation pursuant to state and local land use plans, or programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mantle of State’s Rights\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegal experts point to a potential double standard, between the Trump Administration’s position in this case versus their position on federal monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the context of national monuments, the Trump administration has argued that the federal government has a duty to transfer federal lands to the state,” says Alex Camacho, professor of environmental law at the University of California, Irvine. “This issue of states rights has been levied by this administration to support states that fall within agreement with the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Frank says while ironic, the practice is nothing new and refers to it as “situational federalism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Republicans and Democrats both invoke states’ rights when it involves their agenda. There isn’t a whole lot of ideological purity when it comes to the issue of federalism and states rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it was then-Texas’ attorney general Greg Abbott, who during the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/may/10/greg-abbott/greg-abbott-says-he-has-sued-obama-administration-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> “I go into the office, I sue the federal government and I go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pubic lands case is slated for initial hearings on August 13, 2018 in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A $20 million international competition to make profitable products from a gas that otherwise would contribute to global warming has entered its final stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists in the contest sponsored by a U.S. energy company and a group of Canadian oil sands producers have shown in a lab they can use carbon dioxide from power plants to potentially turn a profit making everything from concrete to methanol, an alcohol used in a range of products.[contextly_sidebar id=”ozexLDEtLHzrUKaHmWU2485uuX4uP10b”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists announced Monday — from India, China, Scotland, Canada and the U.S. — will collect $5 million in prize money, or $500,000 apiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teams also get the chance to put their ideas to work using much larger volumes of CO2 obtained from actual power plant emissions. The 1 metric ton of CO2 they will need to use daily is 10 times more than they had to demonstrate in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ton is still only about 1 percent of a power plant’s daily output of CO2. But the competition is more about inspiring than immediate solutions to climate change, said Marcius Extavour, senior director of energy and resources for the XPRIZE Foundation organizing the contest.[contextly_sidebar id=”FR5pE3YPpyk9SubIfy2pa6aUReRbVgOs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about opening people’s minds and really demonstrating what is possible,” Extavour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the finalists will compete to make use of actual flue gases from a Wyoming coal-fired power plant. The other five will compete at a gas-fired power plant in Alberta, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting this summer, they will have a year to practice at the plants before data collection for competition begins. The two winners, one at each site, will each collect a $7.5 million grand prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemistry is why the competition has two tracks. Carbon dioxide concentrations at the Wyoming Integrated Test Center, a new research facility at the Dry Fork Station coal-fired power plant near Gillette, are about double those at the Alberta Carbon Conversion Technology Centre, a new research facility at the Shepard Energy Centre gas-fired power plant in Calgary, Alberta.[contextly_sidebar id=”VBJ5NyD2v8hkuy5uJzZ6c211OG4H21M6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists scored highest among 20 semifinalists on how much CO2 they could put to use, as well as the value of their products. Making concrete, for example, scores high on volume but not product value, while making relatively small amounts of pricey carbon fiber scores low on volume but high on value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists include C2CNT, a team from Ashburn, Virginia, making carbon nanotubes, and CarbonCure, of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, which already has been using carbon dioxide on a commercial scale to chemically create limestone in concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonCure works with almost 100 concrete plants in the U.S. and Canada but gets its CO2 from a variety of sources, said Jennifer Wagner, CarbonCure’s XPRIZE team leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the technology works. We know there is an environmental benefit and an economic benefit to the concrete producers,” Wagner said. “What we need to show for the purposes of the XPRIZE is that technology can score the highest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides saving concrete producers money, the process can potentially reduce demand for cement from plants that are responsible for up to 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The competition is sponsored by NRG Energy and Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance. XPRIZE is an organizer of technological innovation contests including one that awarded $10 million for the first private organization to launch a manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about opening people’s minds and really demonstrating what is possible,” Extavour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the finalists will compete to make use of actual flue gases from a Wyoming coal-fired power plant. The other five will compete at a gas-fired power plant in Alberta, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting this summer, they will have a year to practice at the plants before data collection for competition begins. The two winners, one at each site, will each collect a $7.5 million grand prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemistry is why the competition has two tracks. Carbon dioxide concentrations at the Wyoming Integrated Test Center, a new research facility at the Dry Fork Station coal-fired power plant near Gillette, are about double those at the Alberta Carbon Conversion Technology Centre, a new research facility at the Shepard Energy Centre gas-fired power plant in Calgary, Alberta.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists scored highest among 20 semifinalists on how much CO2 they could put to use, as well as the value of their products. Making concrete, for example, scores high on volume but not product value, while making relatively small amounts of pricey carbon fiber scores low on volume but high on value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists include C2CNT, a team from Ashburn, Virginia, making carbon nanotubes, and CarbonCure, of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, which already has been using carbon dioxide on a commercial scale to chemically create limestone in concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonCure works with almost 100 concrete plants in the U.S. and Canada but gets its CO2 from a variety of sources, said Jennifer Wagner, CarbonCure’s XPRIZE team leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the technology works. We know there is an environmental benefit and an economic benefit to the concrete producers,” Wagner said. “What we need to show for the purposes of the XPRIZE is that technology can score the highest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides saving concrete producers money, the process can potentially reduce demand for cement from plants that are responsible for up to 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The competition is sponsored by NRG Energy and Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance. XPRIZE is an organizer of technological innovation contests including one that awarded $10 million for the first private organization to launch a manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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