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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s hard to change a habit, even if there’s a good reason for it. And comedian Nato Green thinks he has a pretty darn good reason.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m one of the great comedians of our time. But I’m also dumb. Because I’m not a vegan. Even though I claim to believe in science and the science is overwhelming that the best thing we can do for climate change is adopt a vegan diet. Even not adopt a vegan diet, just be more vegan. It’s like the Kinsey scale — like no one’s really gay or straight — there’s a spectrum. Like, just move toward the gay end of the spectrum of veganism. Carnivorous-fluid, like gender-fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m terrified about climate change. I would place my level of panic about the future of the planet somewhere between listening to Nick Cave and dry heaving on the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I’m still not a vegan, because vegans are annoying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m a Jew, I understand what it’s like to be right and irritating. Like most progressives, I believe that feeling sufficiently upset is an acceptable alternative to doing anything concrete. Like most Americans, I hope denial will save me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someday I’ll have to tell my kids, “Sorry, we had to move to Fury Road because in 2017 daddy didn’t want to stop eating brisket.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s not me. I read that alfalfa is a water guzzler which California harvests for export to China to feed cows — the worst offenders for greenhouse gases — to feed workers to make our iPads. The solution to climate change isn’t for \u003cem>me\u003c/em> to stop eating meat because the offending meat is in China. We’d be better off to boycott Apple products. But Californians prefer apocalypse to a day without Words With Friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, I’ve been Saint Augustine about veganism. Yes, but not yet. I love animal products too much. I’ve made my own bacon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m experimenting with cutting beef out of my diet and cooking more vegan at home. It makes me angry, but I like it. Less full, less sleepy, less heartburn. I would need to eat a whole lot more fruits and vegetables than ribs and scones to fill the hole of anxiety inside of me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I will forage on — see what I did there? — for the sake of the planet, even though enjoying vegan food makes me furious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nato Green is a San Francisco-based comedian and humor columnist currently residing in Cuba.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someday I’ll have to tell my kids, “Sorry, we had to move to Fury Road because in 2017 daddy didn’t want to stop eating brisket.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s not me. I read that alfalfa is a water guzzler which California harvests for export to China to feed cows — the worst offenders for greenhouse gases — to feed workers to make our iPads. The solution to climate change isn’t for \u003cem>me\u003c/em> to stop eating meat because the offending meat is in China. We’d be better off to boycott Apple products. But Californians prefer apocalypse to a day without Words With Friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, I’ve been Saint Augustine about veganism. Yes, but not yet. I love animal products too much. I’ve made my own bacon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m experimenting with cutting beef out of my diet and cooking more vegan at home. It makes me angry, but I like it. Less full, less sleepy, less heartburn. I would need to eat a whole lot more fruits and vegetables than ribs and scones to fill the hole of anxiety inside of me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I will forage on — see what I did there? — for the sake of the planet, even though enjoying vegan food makes me furious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nato Green is a San Francisco-based comedian and humor columnist currently residing in Cuba.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A former “professional climate denier” and his allies are mounting a campaign to persuade conservatives that the threat posed by climate change is real. Jerry Taylor, who in a previous life developed many of the arguments that conservatives cite against climate science, now runs the \u003ca href=\"https://niskanencenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niskanen Center\u003c/a>, a libertarian-leaning think tank that’s working to debunk the very arguments he helped to advance. Another Republican, former congressman Bob Inglis, has separately founded his own organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.republicen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RepublicEn\u003c/a>, with a similar mission.[contextly_sidebar id=”c0Fwd9tNC4edwCdXjMW1CXoaTfgcJ7bq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their distinct approach relies on conservative arguments to build support for climate science among the Republican establishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it takes having conservatives hear solutions in the language of conservatism,” Inglis\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> said in an interview\u003c/a> with MIT publication \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Review\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same interview, Taylor says that in meetings with Republican leaders, he typically opens with, “I understand why you’re skeptical. I probably wrote most of the talking points you’ve read. But I changed my mind, and let me explain why I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says his fundamental shift in thinking occurred gradually and was largely spurred by arguments advanced by economists and other right-leaning thinkers. In an interview with Vox, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he says that mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> became impossible to dismiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he concern has been with us for over 30 years, and the case isn’t getting weaker. It seems to get stronger. And while one can do some gymnastics to continue to defend the “there’s nothing to see here, folks” argument, it became harder and harder.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Taylor is now on a mission to persuade other conservatives and he’s relying on science-based methodologies that target party elites, as opposed to voters. That’s because studies have shown that party leaders shape mass opinion, and not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recent Gallup poll found that\u003c/a> nearly 70 percent of Republicans believe global warming is “generally exaggerated,” while 67 percent of Democrats believe it poses a “serious threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.yale.edu/dan-m-kahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[contextly_sidebar id=”xakQMZeDQ9efXEJKjsJmRZrLJsJYY3kK”]Dan Kahan\u003c/a>, a Yale professor who authored a recent study on climate-science literacy, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2459057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says that\u003c/a> “Positions on climate change have become symbols of whose side you are on in a cultural conflict divorced from science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Mullin\u003c/a>, an associate professor of environmental politics who helped author a similar study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells Technology Review\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The real focus shouldn’t be on convincing the public, hitting people over the head again and again with the science and dangers of climate change. Instead, the goal should be to change the minds of the elites. When they send clear and consistent signals, mass opinions that seemed strong and fixed can swing in the other direction, Mullin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For conservatives like Taylor and Inglis, that top-down approach is the key to convincing the Republican base to support climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beliefs about climate change — whether it’s happening, whether we should do anything — have been pretty stable. What moves around is right-wing opinion. And it tends to follow the leader,” Taylor\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tells Vox.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A former “professional climate denier” and his allies are mounting a campaign to persuade conservatives that the threat posed by climate change is real. Jerry Taylor, who in a previous life developed many of the arguments that conservatives cite against climate science, now runs the \u003ca href=\"https://niskanencenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niskanen Center\u003c/a>, a libertarian-leaning think tank that’s working to debunk the very arguments he helped to advance. Another Republican, former congressman Bob Inglis, has separately founded his own organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.republicen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RepublicEn\u003c/a>, with a similar mission.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their distinct approach relies on conservative arguments to build support for climate science among the Republican establishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it takes having conservatives hear solutions in the language of conservatism,” Inglis\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> said in an interview\u003c/a> with MIT publication \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Review\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same interview, Taylor says that in meetings with Republican leaders, he typically opens with, “I understand why you’re skeptical. I probably wrote most of the talking points you’ve read. But I changed my mind, and let me explain why I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says his fundamental shift in thinking occurred gradually and was largely spurred by arguments advanced by economists and other right-leaning thinkers. In an interview with Vox, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he says that mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> became impossible to dismiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he concern has been with us for over 30 years, and the case isn’t getting weaker. It seems to get stronger. And while one can do some gymnastics to continue to defend the “there’s nothing to see here, folks” argument, it became harder and harder.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Taylor is now on a mission to persuade other conservatives and he’s relying on science-based methodologies that target party elites, as opposed to voters. That’s because studies have shown that party leaders shape mass opinion, and not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recent Gallup poll found that\u003c/a> nearly 70 percent of Republicans believe global warming is “generally exaggerated,” while 67 percent of Democrats believe it poses a “serious threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.yale.edu/dan-m-kahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dan Kahan\u003c/a>, a Yale professor who authored a recent study on climate-science literacy, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2459057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says that\u003c/a> “Positions on climate change have become symbols of whose side you are on in a cultural conflict divorced from science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Mullin\u003c/a>, an associate professor of environmental politics who helped author a similar study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells Technology Review\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The real focus shouldn’t be on convincing the public, hitting people over the head again and again with the science and dangers of climate change. Instead, the goal should be to change the minds of the elites. When they send clear and consistent signals, mass opinions that seemed strong and fixed can swing in the other direction, Mullin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For conservatives like Taylor and Inglis, that top-down approach is the key to convincing the Republican base to support climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beliefs about climate change — whether it’s happening, whether we should do anything — have been pretty stable. What moves around is right-wing opinion. And it tends to follow the leader,” Taylor\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tells Vox.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>We don’t know exactly how climate change might affect the rain that is vital to California. And that’s troubling to Shirley Gutierrez.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every water droplet is a world. It’s a tiny miracle that refracts light, and it creates beautiful sounds as it falls. Water flowing is like music to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to know that I was born in San Francisco, and that I grew up here. Right before I was born, when I was in my eighth month of gestation, it was one of the rainiest months in California history. So while I was \u003cem>in utero\u003c/em>, it was raining like crazy all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when I was a child, the winters were very robust, very rich. It would start raining in November, and it would rain steadily and heavily for several months. Having rain, having that abundance of rain in my life when I was a kid, felt like wealth. It felt like richness and safety somehow. Like the order of things was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I still long for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the first experience I have of winter is the anxiety about whether we’re going to have one at all. I remember one time when I was driving home to Walnut Creek, and I looked over at the hills and the hills were the color of August. They were completely brown. And I had this bizarre mental slippage about what time of year it was, and I started to panic a little bit before I remembered that, “Yeah, it’s December. It’s December, and this is the time and this is the year, and you’re okay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1922647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I haven’t yet found coping mechanisms that are adequate. But I also think it’s important to remember there are things we can do literally in our own backyards. Right now, we are trapping water in small ways and attempting to save it as much as we can. It could be just catching the shower water, or using our dishwater and putting that on plants or using it to water trees, or whatever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience of water in ponds, lakes, streams, falling from the sky – all of that means life and renewal to me. And so saving it means promoting life to me. And that’s very very important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Shirley Gutierrez is a freelance film and television editor in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>We don’t know exactly how climate change might affect the rain that is vital to California. And that’s troubling to Shirley Gutierrez.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every water droplet is a world. It’s a tiny miracle that refracts light, and it creates beautiful sounds as it falls. Water flowing is like music to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to know that I was born in San Francisco, and that I grew up here. Right before I was born, when I was in my eighth month of gestation, it was one of the rainiest months in California history. So while I was \u003cem>in utero\u003c/em>, it was raining like crazy all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when I was a child, the winters were very robust, very rich. It would start raining in November, and it would rain steadily and heavily for several months. Having rain, having that abundance of rain in my life when I was a kid, felt like wealth. It felt like richness and safety somehow. Like the order of things was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I still long for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the first experience I have of winter is the anxiety about whether we’re going to have one at all. I remember one time when I was driving home to Walnut Creek, and I looked over at the hills and the hills were the color of August. They were completely brown. And I had this bizarre mental slippage about what time of year it was, and I started to panic a little bit before I remembered that, “Yeah, it’s December. It’s December, and this is the time and this is the year, and you’re okay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1922647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I haven’t yet found coping mechanisms that are adequate. But I also think it’s important to remember there are things we can do literally in our own backyards. Right now, we are trapping water in small ways and attempting to save it as much as we can. It could be just catching the shower water, or using our dishwater and putting that on plants or using it to water trees, or whatever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience of water in ponds, lakes, streams, falling from the sky – all of that means life and renewal to me. And so saving it means promoting life to me. And that’s very very important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Shirley Gutierrez is a freelance film and television editor in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was in high school, we talked about seven generations — to think seven generations ahead. And I don’t hear that anymore. With this climate chaos, are people just too busy to think about the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think people are just overwhelmed. It takes too much time to keep writing your senator, your city council. It’s difficult to stay in there and fight the good fight. Although people are. But it’s just hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recycle more. I drive hardly at all. I don’t use any pesticides in my yard, and so it’s bee-friendly. I have a swarm trap in my backyard so I can get some bees. I just try and be conscious and aware that what my little bit of stewardship is, is taken care of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kate Sholl lives in Santa Rosa.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ci>Sometimes a surprising moment shifts something fundamental inside us. That’s what happened when Jasper Montgomery went into the Mojave Desert for four days, alone.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve done a lot of camping and backpacking, so sleeping on the ground was something I love, but I had never done it without tent. I was nervous at first about snakes and scorpions. But I loved being out under the stars, with nothing blocking me from the world around me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my first morning, I wake up and open my eyes and see the rabbit. She is squatting under a juniper tree chewing on some native grasses. I’m lying on the ground; my head is on the ground, so we are literally eye to eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am a foreigner in her land, but she doesn’t run away. As the dawn creeps across the desert floor, she is warily watching me. And I am watching her. We watch each other while soaking in the warmth of the morning sun rising over the Granite Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It shifted how to be human in relation to Earth, being out alone for four days in the desert. Before, I spent time \u003cem>in\u003c/em> nature, now I spend time \u003cem>with\u003c/em> Nature. Before, I was a separate human being, separate from the nature I was in. Now, I’m not separate from it, I’m part of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cem>Jasper Montgomery is an occupational therapist in Ashland, Oregon. \u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every year since 1984, the advocacy organization American Rivers has compiled a list of the 10 most endangered rivers in the U.S. – a distinction that is awarded, in part, based on a major decision that is looming for those rivers in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report is not a list of the nation’s ‘worst’ or most polluted rivers, but rather it highlights rivers confronted by critical decisions that will determine their future,” the report explains. “The report presents alternatives to proposals that would damage rivers, identifies those who make the crucial decisions and points out opportunities for the public to take action on behalf of each listed river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the listed rivers include in the No. 1 spot the Big Sunflower River in Coahoma County, Mississippi, which is threatened by an agricultural drainage project overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that could damage up to 200,000 acres of wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project was originally vetoed by George W. Bush’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Senator John McCain called it one of the worst projects he’d ever seen come through Congress,” said Christopher Williams, senior vice president of conservation at American Rivers. “Along with our allies, we worked hard on this years ago, we thought we’d won and now it’s back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western rivers on the list this year include two Bristol Bay rivers in Alaska (threatened by an open-pit mine), the Lower Rio Grande in Texas (border wall), the South Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho (mining), Montana’s Smith River (more mining) and the Colville River (or Kuukpik River) in Alaska (oil).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Williams to learn more about the threats to Western rivers and the challenges of river conservation work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the process for deciding which rivers to pick each year?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChristopher Williams: We take nominations from all over the country. Some are generated by our own staff, some are generated by local river groups or local activists. And we look for rivers, based on three characteristics: One, that the river is nationally or regionally significant. Two, that the river is under imminent threat. And three, that there is some decision that is going to take place while the river is on the list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There are rivers from all over the country on your list – Alaska to Mississippi – and they face a variety of threats. Were there any common themes between them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: The common theme for this year that runs through seven of the 10 rivers is that the fate of these rivers, this year, is tied to the Trump administration and its allies in Congress either reversing an old decision or making a new decision regarding a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 33 years we have been doing this list, at least in my experience, this particular administration and its allies in Congress are among the most anti-environmental protection that we’ve faced. This plays out across air, water, land, and this list demonstrates how it’s really playing out in terms of river conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the rivers on your list this year is the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, which is in the spotlight because of Trump’s border wall. What would the environmental impacts of that be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the biggest issues with the wall is you’re building the wall right through the middle of an ecosystem. You’re cutting off wildlife movement of everything from ocelot to jaguarundi to pronghorn, you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Lower Rio Grande, there was the latest appropriation that was approved by Congress for the building of an additional 30 miles of wall. That essentially is a levee bollard fence, which is a small levee with a metal fence on top that’s built right through the middle of a floodplain. So you’re essentially cutting the river off from its floodplain. You’re cutting wildlife off from the river, you’re cutting local communities and sometimes local property owners off from the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a structure in the floodplain, you’re potentially aggravating flooding, you’re potentially aggravating erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of environmental review process is there?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the real problematic aspects of the wall construction is that those potential environmental impacts will most likely not be completely studied and not be completely known, because there is a law on the books that allows the Department of Homeland Security to bypass all environmental reviews when they are building a wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress did approve money to build this 30 miles of wall in the Lower Rio Grande valley, but that’s just the beginning if Trump gets all the money he wants. You’re looking at not only new wall construction in the Lower Rio Grande, but the Middle Rio Grande, moving up toward potentially Big Bend National Park, where all the those problems I just mentioned could manifest in one of the absolute crown jewels of the national park system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Many of the other rivers in the West are threatened or in danger because of proposed resource extraction, like the Smith River in Montana.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: The Smith River is one of the most beloved rivers in Montana. It doesn’t have a lot of big water, so it’s a great place if you want to float a river and it has world-class fishing. It’s under threat by a copper mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s up to the Montana Department of Environmental Quality to look at this mine very closely to make absolutely certain that if a mine goes forward there, it’s managed in such a way that it doesn’t damage that river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It was interesting to see that the Nushagak and Kvichak rivers of Bristol Bay, Alaska, are on the list because of the proposed Pebble Mine, which is a project that people have fought for years and years because of its threats to the largest run of wild sockeye salmon. What’s happening there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: A decision that was made by the Obama administration, by Gina McCarthy’s EPA, that essentially said: ‘This project is so destructive we’re going to veto it, we’re going to use our EPA Clean Water Act veto authority to stop this.’ And so, that was it, it was stopped cold. But the Trump administration essentially reversed that decision, and now the permitting process for an incredibly destructive mine is going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proponents of the mine are essentially the mining company, and that’s about it. There’s opposition from the state of Alaska, from Native American groups, from recreational fishers, from commercial fishers. This is a fishery worth $1.5 billion annually and 14,000 jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the big picture look like right now for organizations like yours that are advocating for river conservation?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: At the national level, our organization is working to protect the suite of environmental laws that are under assault by the Trump administration and allies in Congress. For example, our organization worked for years to get the Clean Water Rule put into place that protects small rivers and streams and wetlands that are sources for drinking water for 100 million Americans. Working with the Obama administration, we got that regulation put into place, that cleared up the Clean Water Act’s authority to protect those rivers and streams, and that Clean Water Rule has been a primary target for rollback by President Trump and EPA administrator Scott Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just one example. I believe it’s now 30-plus environmental rules that the administration has rolled back and attempted to roll back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every year since 1984, the advocacy organization American Rivers has compiled a list of the 10 most endangered rivers in the U.S. – a distinction that is awarded, in part, based on a major decision that is looming for those rivers in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report is not a list of the nation’s ‘worst’ or most polluted rivers, but rather it highlights rivers confronted by critical decisions that will determine their future,” the report explains. “The report presents alternatives to proposals that would damage rivers, identifies those who make the crucial decisions and points out opportunities for the public to take action on behalf of each listed river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the listed rivers include in the No. 1 spot the Big Sunflower River in Coahoma County, Mississippi, which is threatened by an agricultural drainage project overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that could damage up to 200,000 acres of wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project was originally vetoed by George W. Bush’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Senator John McCain called it one of the worst projects he’d ever seen come through Congress,” said Christopher Williams, senior vice president of conservation at American Rivers. “Along with our allies, we worked hard on this years ago, we thought we’d won and now it’s back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western rivers on the list this year include two Bristol Bay rivers in Alaska (threatened by an open-pit mine), the Lower Rio Grande in Texas (border wall), the South Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho (mining), Montana’s Smith River (more mining) and the Colville River (or Kuukpik River) in Alaska (oil).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Williams to learn more about the threats to Western rivers and the challenges of river conservation work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the process for deciding which rivers to pick each year?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChristopher Williams: We take nominations from all over the country. Some are generated by our own staff, some are generated by local river groups or local activists. And we look for rivers, based on three characteristics: One, that the river is nationally or regionally significant. Two, that the river is under imminent threat. And three, that there is some decision that is going to take place while the river is on the list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There are rivers from all over the country on your list – Alaska to Mississippi – and they face a variety of threats. Were there any common themes between them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: The common theme for this year that runs through seven of the 10 rivers is that the fate of these rivers, this year, is tied to the Trump administration and its allies in Congress either reversing an old decision or making a new decision regarding a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 33 years we have been doing this list, at least in my experience, this particular administration and its allies in Congress are among the most anti-environmental protection that we’ve faced. This plays out across air, water, land, and this list demonstrates how it’s really playing out in terms of river conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the rivers on your list this year is the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, which is in the spotlight because of Trump’s border wall. What would the environmental impacts of that be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the biggest issues with the wall is you’re building the wall right through the middle of an ecosystem. You’re cutting off wildlife movement of everything from ocelot to jaguarundi to pronghorn, you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Lower Rio Grande, there was the latest appropriation that was approved by Congress for the building of an additional 30 miles of wall. That essentially is a levee bollard fence, which is a small levee with a metal fence on top that’s built right through the middle of a floodplain. So you’re essentially cutting the river off from its floodplain. You’re cutting wildlife off from the river, you’re cutting local communities and sometimes local property owners off from the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a structure in the floodplain, you’re potentially aggravating flooding, you’re potentially aggravating erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of environmental review process is there?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the real problematic aspects of the wall construction is that those potential environmental impacts will most likely not be completely studied and not be completely known, because there is a law on the books that allows the Department of Homeland Security to bypass all environmental reviews when they are building a wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress did approve money to build this 30 miles of wall in the Lower Rio Grande valley, but that’s just the beginning if Trump gets all the money he wants. You’re looking at not only new wall construction in the Lower Rio Grande, but the Middle Rio Grande, moving up toward potentially Big Bend National Park, where all the those problems I just mentioned could manifest in one of the absolute crown jewels of the national park system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Many of the other rivers in the West are threatened or in danger because of proposed resource extraction, like the Smith River in Montana.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: The Smith River is one of the most beloved rivers in Montana. It doesn’t have a lot of big water, so it’s a great place if you want to float a river and it has world-class fishing. It’s under threat by a copper mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s up to the Montana Department of Environmental Quality to look at this mine very closely to make absolutely certain that if a mine goes forward there, it’s managed in such a way that it doesn’t damage that river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It was interesting to see that the Nushagak and Kvichak rivers of Bristol Bay, Alaska, are on the list because of the proposed Pebble Mine, which is a project that people have fought for years and years because of its threats to the largest run of wild sockeye salmon. What’s happening there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: A decision that was made by the Obama administration, by Gina McCarthy’s EPA, that essentially said: ‘This project is so destructive we’re going to veto it, we’re going to use our EPA Clean Water Act veto authority to stop this.’ And so, that was it, it was stopped cold. But the Trump administration essentially reversed that decision, and now the permitting process for an incredibly destructive mine is going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proponents of the mine are essentially the mining company, and that’s about it. There’s opposition from the state of Alaska, from Native American groups, from recreational fishers, from commercial fishers. This is a fishery worth $1.5 billion annually and 14,000 jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the big picture look like right now for organizations like yours that are advocating for river conservation?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: At the national level, our organization is working to protect the suite of environmental laws that are under assault by the Trump administration and allies in Congress. For example, our organization worked for years to get the Clean Water Rule put into place that protects small rivers and streams and wetlands that are sources for drinking water for 100 million Americans. Working with the Obama administration, we got that regulation put into place, that cleared up the Clean Water Act’s authority to protect those rivers and streams, and that Clean Water Rule has been a primary target for rollback by President Trump and EPA administrator Scott Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just one example. I believe it’s now 30-plus environmental rules that the administration has rolled back and attempted to roll back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Global warming is likely slowing the main Atlantic Ocean circulation, which has plunged to its weakest level on record, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown in the circulation — a crucial part of Earth’s climate — had been predicted by computer models, but researchers said they can now observe it. It could make for more extreme weather across the Northern Hemisphere, especially Europe, and could increase sea level rise along the U.S. East Coast, they said.[contextly_sidebar id=”rBXbrroqZ2YEkGIYJQGOOczDsnq7IBIn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown also raises the prospect of a complete circulation shutdown, which would be a dangerous “tipping point,” according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a shutdown was the premise of the scientifically inaccurate 2004 disaster movie “The Day After Tomorrow.” Study authors said a collapse is at least decades away but would be a catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know somewhere out there is a tipping point where this current system is likely to break down,” said study co-author Stefan Rahmstorf, a climate scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “We still don’t know how far away or close to this tipping point we might be. … This is uncharted territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other scientists are skeptical, citing a scarcity of data.[contextly_sidebar id=”NHnK3NaaMoXqY2V0rXvwyyEsFLqURaLU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, called AMOC, is a key conveyor belt for ocean water and air, creating weather. Warm salty water moves north from the tropics along the Gulf Stream off the U.S. East Coast to the North Atlantic, where it cools, sinks and heads south. The faster it moves, the more water is turned over from warm surface to cool depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This overturning circulation redistributes heat on our planet,” said study lead author Levke Caesar, a physicist at the Potsdam Institute. “It brings heat from the tropics to the high latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caesar study and another one published in the same issue of Nature by a different team indicate that the Atlantic’s circulation is the weakest it’s been in about 1,500 years. And the slowdown is intensifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the middle of the 20th century, the speed at which the ocean moves water in the AMOC has dropped 15 percent, the study found, using cold subpolar water temperatures as an indirect measurement. And it has plummeted in recent years, the study concluded.[contextly_sidebar id=”Lw0kIwLUlZDhLNAgq3mazHe7QsPnD2TJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gulf Stream, the warm water current where hurricanes can power up, historically veers away from the United States around the Carolinas or Virginia. The Gulf Stream now hugs closer to coast around New York, and there’s a significantly warmer bulge around Maine related to the circulation slowdown, Rahmstorf and Caesar said. The northern U.S. Atlantic coastal waters have warmed faster than most parts of the ocean in recent decades, researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists blame global warming in a couple of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer water lessens the amount of cooling and makes it harder for the water to sink and turn over. Ice sheets and glaciers in Greenland are melting and the fresh water is pouring into the area where the water turns over, making it less salty, less dense and therefore less likely to sink. There’s also more rain and snow in northern areas and more evaporation in southern areas, altering the flow, Rahmstorf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a slow change at the moment, but we’re changing it,” Caesar said. “One danger is in the unknown of what will happen. We should expect changes.”[contextly_sidebar id=”U4At75iQnf6Mh9rzLQIm9SGit6iW0eqq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf and Caesar looked at an established cold patch — about 2 million square miles (5.2 million square kilometers), or the size of India and Mexico combined — as the indirect measurements for the speed of the AMOC, calling it a fingerprint of the ocean circulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s clear that the circulation is weakening, said Colorado State hurricane expert Phil Klotzbach, who wasn’t part of the studies. Decades ago, that would have meant weaker Atlantic hurricane activity, but that hasn’t been happening and it could mean there is a difference in weakening in winter and summer, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andreas Schmittner at Oregon State University, who also wasn’t part of the studies, said the Potsdam group’s analysis makes sense, adding that as the world emits more greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels, we can expect it to slow further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But MIT’s Carl Wunsch said that the paper’s “assertions of weakening are conceivable, but unsupported by any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Kevin Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said his recent work faults regular cycles in the atmosphere more than the ocean. He said the Potsdam study doesn’t explain year to year variability, while atmospheric cycles do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf said his study averages data over a decade at a time to render year-to-year changes less meaningful. The work shows that it is ocean circulation that drives the changes in atmosphere, not the other way around, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global warming is likely slowing the main Atlantic Ocean circulation, which has plunged to its weakest level on record, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown in the circulation — a crucial part of Earth’s climate — had been predicted by computer models, but researchers said they can now observe it. It could make for more extreme weather across the Northern Hemisphere, especially Europe, and could increase sea level rise along the U.S. East Coast, they said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown also raises the prospect of a complete circulation shutdown, which would be a dangerous “tipping point,” according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a shutdown was the premise of the scientifically inaccurate 2004 disaster movie “The Day After Tomorrow.” Study authors said a collapse is at least decades away but would be a catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know somewhere out there is a tipping point where this current system is likely to break down,” said study co-author Stefan Rahmstorf, a climate scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “We still don’t know how far away or close to this tipping point we might be. … This is uncharted territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other scientists are skeptical, citing a scarcity of data.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, called AMOC, is a key conveyor belt for ocean water and air, creating weather. Warm salty water moves north from the tropics along the Gulf Stream off the U.S. East Coast to the North Atlantic, where it cools, sinks and heads south. The faster it moves, the more water is turned over from warm surface to cool depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This overturning circulation redistributes heat on our planet,” said study lead author Levke Caesar, a physicist at the Potsdam Institute. “It brings heat from the tropics to the high latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caesar study and another one published in the same issue of Nature by a different team indicate that the Atlantic’s circulation is the weakest it’s been in about 1,500 years. And the slowdown is intensifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the middle of the 20th century, the speed at which the ocean moves water in the AMOC has dropped 15 percent, the study found, using cold subpolar water temperatures as an indirect measurement. And it has plummeted in recent years, the study concluded.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gulf Stream, the warm water current where hurricanes can power up, historically veers away from the United States around the Carolinas or Virginia. The Gulf Stream now hugs closer to coast around New York, and there’s a significantly warmer bulge around Maine related to the circulation slowdown, Rahmstorf and Caesar said. The northern U.S. Atlantic coastal waters have warmed faster than most parts of the ocean in recent decades, researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists blame global warming in a couple of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer water lessens the amount of cooling and makes it harder for the water to sink and turn over. Ice sheets and glaciers in Greenland are melting and the fresh water is pouring into the area where the water turns over, making it less salty, less dense and therefore less likely to sink. There’s also more rain and snow in northern areas and more evaporation in southern areas, altering the flow, Rahmstorf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a slow change at the moment, but we’re changing it,” Caesar said. “One danger is in the unknown of what will happen. We should expect changes.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf and Caesar looked at an established cold patch — about 2 million square miles (5.2 million square kilometers), or the size of India and Mexico combined — as the indirect measurements for the speed of the AMOC, calling it a fingerprint of the ocean circulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s clear that the circulation is weakening, said Colorado State hurricane expert Phil Klotzbach, who wasn’t part of the studies. Decades ago, that would have meant weaker Atlantic hurricane activity, but that hasn’t been happening and it could mean there is a difference in weakening in winter and summer, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andreas Schmittner at Oregon State University, who also wasn’t part of the studies, said the Potsdam group’s analysis makes sense, adding that as the world emits more greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels, we can expect it to slow further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But MIT’s Carl Wunsch said that the paper’s “assertions of weakening are conceivable, but unsupported by any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Kevin Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said his recent work faults regular cycles in the atmosphere more than the ocean. He said the Potsdam study doesn’t explain year to year variability, while atmospheric cycles do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf said his study averages data over a decade at a time to render year-to-year changes less meaningful. The work shows that it is ocean circulation that drives the changes in atmosphere, not the other way around, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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