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"content": "\u003cp>The punch-counterpunch \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparring\u003c/a> between the Trump administration and the state of California over rollbacks of federal environmental regulations is often described as a war of words, with neither the president nor Gov. Jerry Brown giving an inch.[contextly_sidebar id=”Fx6pAtHUYGpzaeeW5Vq0p7i6HRbpL4QG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the disputes are largely symbolic—foot-stamping gestures from Washington designed to resonate with the president’s core supporters rather than to hold up in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the latest skirmish is serious. The federal Environmental Protection Agency’s decision to unravel \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/trump_california/epa-poised-roll-back-fuel-efficiency-standards-undermining-californias-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fuel-efficiency standards \u003c/a>for cars and light trucks not only threatens California’s autonomy in setting its own emissions limits but also could derail the state’s ability to reach its future greenhouse-gas-reduction goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a politically motivated effort to weaken clean-vehicle standards with no documentation, evidence or law to back up that decision,” Mary Nichols, chairwoman of the state Air Resources Board, said in a statement. “This is not a technical assessment; it is a move to demolish the nation’s clean-car program. EPA’s action, if implemented, will worsen people’s health with degraded air quality and undermine regulatory certainty for automakers.”[contextly_sidebar id=”qxgeRQHWeDX75lIpvcEYY5nHN3QiZceO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gauntlet was thrown down by EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt, a darling of the Trump administration for his zeal in dismantling Obama-era environmental regulations. Even though Pruitt is the target of multiple investigations for alleged ethical transgressions and has found his job security in question, the effect of his current decisions can resonate far beyond his or his boss’ terms in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been some troubling developments,” said Deborah Sivas, director of the Environmental Law Clinic at Stanford Law School. “But I think a lot of this is ultimately not going to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting the brakes on fuel efficiency\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Sivas said an attack on the fuel-efficiency standard is one of the critical fights for California, which must drastically reduce emissions from the state’s enormous \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-climate-fight-gets-harder-soon-big-culprit-cars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transportation\u003c/a> sector to stay on track in cutting carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are miles-per-gallon standards set near the end of the Obama administration. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/final-rule-model-year-2017-and-later-light-duty-vehicle#rule-summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require\u003c/a> an average 45.4 miles per gallon by 2022 and more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025. Standards differ by vehicle type and are stricter for cars than for SUVs and light trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester France, the former EPA senior executive who directed the office that crafted the regulations, termed the fuel-standard rule solid. France, who retired in 2012, said the benchmarks were the product of rigorous technical research and vetting with federal agencies, the California air board and car manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule was reviewed again during the last days of the Obama administration and determined to be reasonable.[contextly_sidebar id=”K0jcbCHMRn9RaZtNvYXML6rLcO1c5rxK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mid-term review was thorough and found that advances in auto-industry technology meant that meeting the standards was easier and cheaper than EPA had predicted,” France said. “It concluded that the standards were attainable, and, if anything, they could have gone further.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt called the current regulations inappropriate, saying they “set the standards too high.” He said his agency and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration would revisit them, but he has not yet announced any proposed changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some insiders say a draft document has been submitted that calls for scrapping the next adjustment, scheduled to take effect after 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In explaining its rationale, the EPA has dusted off a decades-old analysis that suggests lighter, more fuel-efficient cars are not substantial enough to withstand crashes and thus pose a danger to drivers. Federal and \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/leviii/carb_version_lotus_project_peer_review.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state crash tests\u003c/a> disprove that, but Sivas said she anticipates similar arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is pushing back hard. Brown, during a recent visit to Washington, told reporters that the rollback is “not going to happen, and the attempts to do this are going to be bogged down in litigation long after we have a new president.”[contextly_sidebar id=”c6g563xKfnne7I2DAWs4mt6xfhDJCyoq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, California filed its 32\u003csup>nd\u003c/sup> lawsuit against the Trump administration, asserting that in preparing to change the emission standards, the EPA is violating the Clean Air Act and failing to follow its own regulations. In announcing the suit, which 17 other states have joined, Brown conjured images of floods and wildfires ravaging the state as greenhouse gases warm the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is real stuff,” he said. “I intend to fight this as hard as I can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to rolling back mileage requirements, Pruitt has signaled that he may revoke California’s legal authority to establish its own emissions standards, independent of federal benchmarks. A dozen other states have adopted California’s standards; together, that coalition represents more than a third of the national auto market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is not the arbiter of these issues,” Pruitt said in television interview in March. While the state may set its own limits on greenhouse-gas emissions, he said, it “shouldn’t and can’t dictate to the rest of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s right to request a waiver from federal clean-air laws is well established and, legal experts say, the burden would be high for the administration to convince a court that there is a compelling reason to change the longstanding policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt told lawmakers in Washington last week that his agency was engaged in talks with California officials regarding proposed changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California air board spokesman Stanley Young said the state has had three meetings with the EPA since December, adding: “Nothing substantive was discussed, so I wouldn’t characterize them as negotiations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the board had not seen a final proposal, and no future meetings were scheduled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, Nichols tweeted to Pruitt: “Call me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opening the coast to drilling\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Perhaps the most consequential of the administration’s many moves to expand domestic energy production is the Interior Department’s five-year plan to offer lease sales in federal waters off the outer continental shelf, including parcels where drilling has been banned for decades. That includes the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/trump_california/trump-administration-unveils-plan-open-california-coast-drilling/\">plan\u003c/a>, announced by Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke, envisions drilling in the Arctic, off the Hawaiian coast and in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as well as expanding existing exploration into the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The leasing is scheduled to begin in 2019 off the north coast of Alaska, then move to the lower 48 states, the agency said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke said the leasing plans would expand the country’s energy independence. “This is the beginning of an opening up,” he said, promising that the months-long public comment period before enactment would include all stakeholders. “The states will have a voice.”[contextly_sidebar id=”ickvNB3qFdiXRKbYilhBxw5nXV6n34dj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whose voice will be heeded may be another matter. Florida’s governor has already negotiated directly with President Donald Trump to exempt his state from leasing. Even though Brown had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-gov-jerry-brown-asks-trump-1515793472-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conversation \u003c/a>with administration officials relaying California’s wish to be included in a similar exemption, no announcement has been made that would prevent drilling in federal waters off the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is one issue where the state may get its way, thanks to current market forces and a stubborn regulatory blockade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industries have shown little interest in exploring off the California coast, and the State Lands Commission has \u003ca href=\"http://ltg.ca.gov/news.2017.6.22_OCSResolution.html\">resolved\u003c/a> to make it much more difficult and expensive for companies to get crude oil to land and into pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission’s policy to prevent construction of onshore infrastructure does nothing to stop drilling but could limit the volume of oil shipped at a time when the low price per barrel is already discouraging new exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given those financial and logistical headaches, companies may take a pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A state like California is going to put its full force and resources on the line,” said Timothy O’Connor, a California-based attorney for the Environmental Defense Fund. “There’s still an element of local and state control, and we are going to defend our values to their very core. That’s certainly one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rolling back air rules\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>California has notched two victories over the Trump administration’s effort to undo a methane regulation instituted during Obama’s term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Waste Prevention Rule was to have gone into effect in January 2017, regulating emissions of natural gas leaking from more than 100,000 oil and gas wells on public lands across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Interior Department delayed enactment of the rule and was \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/trump_california/california-wins-court-says-trump-administration-must-enforce-methane-rules/\">sued \u003c/a>by California and New Mexico. The states prevailed. The agency then suspended part of the new rule and the two states sued again, winning in court once more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The victory has significant impact in California, home to vast, aging oil fields and energy infrastructure. Methane’s potent heat-trapping capacity makes it many times more damaging to the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. The state Air Resources Board recently limited methane coming from both new and existing oil and gas sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another win came in a suit the state joined after the EPA postponed \u003cstrong>implementation\u003c/strong> of yet another Obama-era rule aimed at combating smog. The “Ozone Rule” reduced allowable concentrations of ozone, a main component of smog.[contextly_sidebar id=”Za1gZ5W754Kb9JRcX40Dt0xkvZ6ZWl6T”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt ordered the EPA to extend the deadline to comply with the new standards by at least a year. Two days after California and 15 other states filed suit, Pruitt reversed his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also won a suit calling for federal transportation officials to monitor greenhouse-gas emissions along national highways, but the government is considering repealing the regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another pending case, California and other states are suing the EPA to identify areas of the country with the most polluted air. In April, Trump weighed in, directing the EPA to relax restrictions on state governments and businesses that have been key to cutting smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-administrator-environmental-protection-agency/\">a memo\u003c/a>, the president instructed Pruitt to expedite review of state smog-reduction plans and streamline the process for businesses to get air-quality-related permits. In addition, Trump ordered a review of other air-quality regulations related to public health to determine whether they “should be revised or rescinded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency said the directive was aimed at trimming costs and maximizing efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dropping protection for water\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>In an effort to more precisely define which bodies of water are covered under federal law, the Obama administration adopted a rule in 2015 that effectively expanded the number of protected waterways, including springs and floodplains that appear for only part of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to safeguard both water quality and water quantity, and to put an end to the time-consuming practice of determining status on a case-by-case basis. The U.S. Supreme Court had already weighed in, but the high court’s definitions of the “waters of the United States” failed to provide adequate clarification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama definition-stretching rules were strenuously opposed by developers, who said they swept up much of the undeveloped land in California, including wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after Trump came into office, the EPA launched a review of the rule, and then got rid of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, California \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/trump_california/california-sues-trump-administration-water-protection/\">sued \u003c/a>the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which signs off on development permits in protected wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal case is still pending, but Sivas said the Trump administration is doing an end-run by requiring the Army Corps to run all permit requests through Washington, rather than making those determinations in regional offices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By centralizing the decision making, Sivas said, political appointees can circumvent scientific and legal analysis performed by field offices and determine the outcome based on other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My guess is they are going to say [to developers] ‘You don’t need a permit,’ ” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters.org is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been some troubling developments,” said Deborah Sivas, director of the Environmental Law Clinic at Stanford Law School. “But I think a lot of this is ultimately not going to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting the brakes on fuel efficiency\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Sivas said an attack on the fuel-efficiency standard is one of the critical fights for California, which must drastically reduce emissions from the state’s enormous \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-climate-fight-gets-harder-soon-big-culprit-cars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transportation\u003c/a> sector to stay on track in cutting carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are miles-per-gallon standards set near the end of the Obama administration. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/final-rule-model-year-2017-and-later-light-duty-vehicle#rule-summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require\u003c/a> an average 45.4 miles per gallon by 2022 and more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025. Standards differ by vehicle type and are stricter for cars than for SUVs and light trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester France, the former EPA senior executive who directed the office that crafted the regulations, termed the fuel-standard rule solid. France, who retired in 2012, said the benchmarks were the product of rigorous technical research and vetting with federal agencies, the California air board and car manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule was reviewed again during the last days of the Obama administration and determined to be reasonable.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mid-term review was thorough and found that advances in auto-industry technology meant that meeting the standards was easier and cheaper than EPA had predicted,” France said. “It concluded that the standards were attainable, and, if anything, they could have gone further.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt called the current regulations inappropriate, saying they “set the standards too high.” He said his agency and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration would revisit them, but he has not yet announced any proposed changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some insiders say a draft document has been submitted that calls for scrapping the next adjustment, scheduled to take effect after 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In explaining its rationale, the EPA has dusted off a decades-old analysis that suggests lighter, more fuel-efficient cars are not substantial enough to withstand crashes and thus pose a danger to drivers. Federal and \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/leviii/carb_version_lotus_project_peer_review.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state crash tests\u003c/a> disprove that, but Sivas said she anticipates similar arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is pushing back hard. Brown, during a recent visit to Washington, told reporters that the rollback is “not going to happen, and the attempts to do this are going to be bogged down in litigation long after we have a new president.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, California filed its 32\u003csup>nd\u003c/sup> lawsuit against the Trump administration, asserting that in preparing to change the emission standards, the EPA is violating the Clean Air Act and failing to follow its own regulations. In announcing the suit, which 17 other states have joined, Brown conjured images of floods and wildfires ravaging the state as greenhouse gases warm the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is real stuff,” he said. “I intend to fight this as hard as I can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to rolling back mileage requirements, Pruitt has signaled that he may revoke California’s legal authority to establish its own emissions standards, independent of federal benchmarks. A dozen other states have adopted California’s standards; together, that coalition represents more than a third of the national auto market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is not the arbiter of these issues,” Pruitt said in television interview in March. While the state may set its own limits on greenhouse-gas emissions, he said, it “shouldn’t and can’t dictate to the rest of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s right to request a waiver from federal clean-air laws is well established and, legal experts say, the burden would be high for the administration to convince a court that there is a compelling reason to change the longstanding policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt told lawmakers in Washington last week that his agency was engaged in talks with California officials regarding proposed changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California air board spokesman Stanley Young said the state has had three meetings with the EPA since December, adding: “Nothing substantive was discussed, so I wouldn’t characterize them as negotiations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the board had not seen a final proposal, and no future meetings were scheduled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, Nichols tweeted to Pruitt: “Call me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opening the coast to drilling\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Perhaps the most consequential of the administration’s many moves to expand domestic energy production is the Interior Department’s five-year plan to offer lease sales in federal waters off the outer continental shelf, including parcels where drilling has been banned for decades. That includes the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/trump_california/trump-administration-unveils-plan-open-california-coast-drilling/\">plan\u003c/a>, announced by Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke, envisions drilling in the Arctic, off the Hawaiian coast and in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as well as expanding existing exploration into the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The leasing is scheduled to begin in 2019 off the north coast of Alaska, then move to the lower 48 states, the agency said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke said the leasing plans would expand the country’s energy independence. “This is the beginning of an opening up,” he said, promising that the months-long public comment period before enactment would include all stakeholders. “The states will have a voice.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whose voice will be heeded may be another matter. Florida’s governor has already negotiated directly with President Donald Trump to exempt his state from leasing. Even though Brown had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-gov-jerry-brown-asks-trump-1515793472-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conversation \u003c/a>with administration officials relaying California’s wish to be included in a similar exemption, no announcement has been made that would prevent drilling in federal waters off the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is one issue where the state may get its way, thanks to current market forces and a stubborn regulatory blockade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industries have shown little interest in exploring off the California coast, and the State Lands Commission has \u003ca href=\"http://ltg.ca.gov/news.2017.6.22_OCSResolution.html\">resolved\u003c/a> to make it much more difficult and expensive for companies to get crude oil to land and into pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission’s policy to prevent construction of onshore infrastructure does nothing to stop drilling but could limit the volume of oil shipped at a time when the low price per barrel is already discouraging new exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given those financial and logistical headaches, companies may take a pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A state like California is going to put its full force and resources on the line,” said Timothy O’Connor, a California-based attorney for the Environmental Defense Fund. “There’s still an element of local and state control, and we are going to defend our values to their very core. That’s certainly one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rolling back air rules\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>California has notched two victories over the Trump administration’s effort to undo a methane regulation instituted during Obama’s term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Waste Prevention Rule was to have gone into effect in January 2017, regulating emissions of natural gas leaking from more than 100,000 oil and gas wells on public lands across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Interior Department delayed enactment of the rule and was \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/trump_california/california-wins-court-says-trump-administration-must-enforce-methane-rules/\">sued \u003c/a>by California and New Mexico. The states prevailed. The agency then suspended part of the new rule and the two states sued again, winning in court once more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The victory has significant impact in California, home to vast, aging oil fields and energy infrastructure. Methane’s potent heat-trapping capacity makes it many times more damaging to the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. The state Air Resources Board recently limited methane coming from both new and existing oil and gas sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another win came in a suit the state joined after the EPA postponed \u003cstrong>implementation\u003c/strong> of yet another Obama-era rule aimed at combating smog. The “Ozone Rule” reduced allowable concentrations of ozone, a main component of smog.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt ordered the EPA to extend the deadline to comply with the new standards by at least a year. Two days after California and 15 other states filed suit, Pruitt reversed his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also won a suit calling for federal transportation officials to monitor greenhouse-gas emissions along national highways, but the government is considering repealing the regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another pending case, California and other states are suing the EPA to identify areas of the country with the most polluted air. In April, Trump weighed in, directing the EPA to relax restrictions on state governments and businesses that have been key to cutting smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-administrator-environmental-protection-agency/\">a memo\u003c/a>, the president instructed Pruitt to expedite review of state smog-reduction plans and streamline the process for businesses to get air-quality-related permits. In addition, Trump ordered a review of other air-quality regulations related to public health to determine whether they “should be revised or rescinded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency said the directive was aimed at trimming costs and maximizing efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dropping protection for water\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>In an effort to more precisely define which bodies of water are covered under federal law, the Obama administration adopted a rule in 2015 that effectively expanded the number of protected waterways, including springs and floodplains that appear for only part of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to safeguard both water quality and water quantity, and to put an end to the time-consuming practice of determining status on a case-by-case basis. The U.S. Supreme Court had already weighed in, but the high court’s definitions of the “waters of the United States” failed to provide adequate clarification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama definition-stretching rules were strenuously opposed by developers, who said they swept up much of the undeveloped land in California, including wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after Trump came into office, the EPA launched a review of the rule, and then got rid of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, California \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/trump_california/california-sues-trump-administration-water-protection/\">sued \u003c/a>the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which signs off on development permits in protected wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal case is still pending, but Sivas said the Trump administration is doing an end-run by requiring the Army Corps to run all permit requests through Washington, rather than making those determinations in regional offices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By centralizing the decision making, Sivas said, political appointees can circumvent scientific and legal analysis performed by field offices and determine the outcome based on other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My guess is they are going to say [to developers] ‘You don’t need a permit,’ ” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "To Manage California’s Groundwater, Think Surface Water",
"headTitle": "To Manage California’s Groundwater, Think Surface Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s 2014 legislation, the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) was significant in that it was the state’s first major groundwater regulation. But Michael Kiparsky the founding director of the Wheeler Water Institute at the University of California Berkeley School of Law, says that it was also significant in another way.[contextly_sidebar id=”p6n5eoIk8uEc0rukiUfqPezrbQBLTJvQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It breaks with what had been decades of a legal fiction that groundwater and surface water were not part of a single hydrologic system,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While rivers, lakes and other surface waters are often thought of – and regulated – separately from the groundwater below, the two are connected. Depleted or polluted groundwater makes for depleted or polluted rivers, and vice versa. SGMA acknowledges this by placing some responsibility for surface water conditions in the hands of local Groundwater Sustainability Agencies which need to adopt a plan by 2020 that will keep their local aquifers sustainable and prevent “significant and unreasonable” impacts on both the groundwater and surface water in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, says Kiparsky, is a very exciting change, but one that is poorly understood. Many Groundwater Sustainability Agencies are not yet thinking about their own responsibility towards surface water, and not addressing these groundwater-surface water interactions could have significant consequences for how they manage their basin. To help bring these issues to the surface, Kiparsky and his colleagues produced a report on several important questions about how surface water-groundwater interactions affect groundwater management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Kiparsky about his report, and about the importance and complexity of groundwater and surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: When it comes to understanding how Groundwater Sustainability Agencies should be managing groundwater-surface water interactions, what are the biggest questions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Kiparsky: The first key question for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies to answer is, how does groundwater management in their basin affect surface water and its beneficial uses? That implies that Groundwater Sustainability Agencies need to understand something about the hydrology of the basin and about those beneficial uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This leads to another really crucial [point], which is that Groundwater Sustainability Agencies need to make a decision about what “significant and unreasonable” intersections between groundwater and surface water systems will be, and what a “significant and unreasonable” impact on the beneficial uses of the surface water would be. This is where the SGMA statute builds in some legal uncertainty – what does “significant and unreasonable” actually mean in the context of groundwater management in California?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, there is a two-part answer. The first is is that Groundwater Sustainability Agencies need to explicitly or implicitly, through the shape of their groundwater sustainability plans, determine what “significant and unreasonable” impacts actually are in their basin, and how they will take action to avoid those impacts.[contextly_sidebar id=”JhhMM9thk2VBolGqyMJwi6CXqBeKV9qR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second part of that question may come through the courts. If, and when, the groundwater sustainability plans in some basins face legal challenges, then it will be up to the courts to determine whether the Groundwater Sustainability Agencies’ plans are sufficient, ultimately, and to help define that notion of “significant and unreasonable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you foresee a time when the questions that you bring up in this report will be answered definitively?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKiparsky: Definitive answers to everything about [groundwater sustainability] in the state of California seems to me a lot to ask. I would love to see that clarity, but I don’t expect that to happen anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Groundwater Sustainability Agencies need to make their decisions around how to manage groundwater, and how that groundwater interacts with surface water in spite of the significant uncertainty that currently exists in the legal system and in the scientific understanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making decisions in the face of uncertainty, Groundwater Sustainability Agencies are going to overcome a range of hurdles. Those hurdles could include challenges to plans that they put forth – either legally or politically – or they could include determinations by state agencies to either influence or control a basin’s groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My hope is that our work and the work of others can highlight this particular issue and spur more of the kind of integrative thinking that is required to develop solutions to this and a range of other SGMA issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the things that your report goes into is this overlap of responsibilities for regulating surface water and groundwater. Can you talk a bit about that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKiparsky: The overarching message here is that collaboration is going to be very important for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies that are facing groundwater-surface water issues. There are multiple entities who have some sort of responsibility for these groundwater-surface water systems, or different parts of them, and there are multiple overlapping areas of law and regulation that have – at least in concept – some interplay between them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as we argue in our report, in order to manage the risk of failing to consider the multiple different interests that will come to play around groundwater-surface water interactions, it will be important for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies to talk with the other various parties, including the other state and federal agencies that have explicit interests in the groundwater-surface water interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, there is also another important reason for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies to consider this collaboration, which is that these other entities already may have some expertise in the area. Groundwater Sustainability Agencies don’t need to necessarily reinvent the wheel here. There is potential for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies to expand their capacity by working with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What would be the implication of not thoroughly and thoughtfully addressing these points?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKiparsky: One of the implications is that a plan could develop that does not put a groundwater sustainability agency on the path to achieving sustainability by the time the law requires it to. Were that to happen, then the state, namely the State Water Resources Control Board, would have the responsibility and the authority to step in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were that to happen, then the Groundwater Sustainability Agencies would lose its opportunity to craft creative solutions. A Groundwater Sustainability Agency has the advantage of local knowledge, and to think in novel and nuanced ways. The State Water Board simply does not, and probably will not. Therefore, if the State Water Board were to come in and rely on curtailments of groundwater extraction in a blanket way, then that removes some of what is really promising about SGMA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/05/01/to-manage-californias-groundwater-think-more-about-surface-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California’s groundwater agencies need to create sustainability plans, says Michael Kiparsky of the University of California Berkeley School of Law, noting that, unless those plans also take surface water into account, they might not work.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s 2014 legislation, the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) was significant in that it was the state’s first major groundwater regulation. But Michael Kiparsky the founding director of the Wheeler Water Institute at the University of California Berkeley School of Law, says that it was also significant in another way.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It breaks with what had been decades of a legal fiction that groundwater and surface water were not part of a single hydrologic system,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While rivers, lakes and other surface waters are often thought of – and regulated – separately from the groundwater below, the two are connected. Depleted or polluted groundwater makes for depleted or polluted rivers, and vice versa. SGMA acknowledges this by placing some responsibility for surface water conditions in the hands of local Groundwater Sustainability Agencies which need to adopt a plan by 2020 that will keep their local aquifers sustainable and prevent “significant and unreasonable” impacts on both the groundwater and surface water in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, says Kiparsky, is a very exciting change, but one that is poorly understood. Many Groundwater Sustainability Agencies are not yet thinking about their own responsibility towards surface water, and not addressing these groundwater-surface water interactions could have significant consequences for how they manage their basin. To help bring these issues to the surface, Kiparsky and his colleagues produced a report on several important questions about how surface water-groundwater interactions affect groundwater management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Kiparsky about his report, and about the importance and complexity of groundwater and surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: When it comes to understanding how Groundwater Sustainability Agencies should be managing groundwater-surface water interactions, what are the biggest questions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Kiparsky: The first key question for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies to answer is, how does groundwater management in their basin affect surface water and its beneficial uses? That implies that Groundwater Sustainability Agencies need to understand something about the hydrology of the basin and about those beneficial uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This leads to another really crucial [point], which is that Groundwater Sustainability Agencies need to make a decision about what “significant and unreasonable” intersections between groundwater and surface water systems will be, and what a “significant and unreasonable” impact on the beneficial uses of the surface water would be. This is where the SGMA statute builds in some legal uncertainty – what does “significant and unreasonable” actually mean in the context of groundwater management in California?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, there is a two-part answer. The first is is that Groundwater Sustainability Agencies need to explicitly or implicitly, through the shape of their groundwater sustainability plans, determine what “significant and unreasonable” impacts actually are in their basin, and how they will take action to avoid those impacts.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second part of that question may come through the courts. If, and when, the groundwater sustainability plans in some basins face legal challenges, then it will be up to the courts to determine whether the Groundwater Sustainability Agencies’ plans are sufficient, ultimately, and to help define that notion of “significant and unreasonable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you foresee a time when the questions that you bring up in this report will be answered definitively?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKiparsky: Definitive answers to everything about [groundwater sustainability] in the state of California seems to me a lot to ask. I would love to see that clarity, but I don’t expect that to happen anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Groundwater Sustainability Agencies need to make their decisions around how to manage groundwater, and how that groundwater interacts with surface water in spite of the significant uncertainty that currently exists in the legal system and in the scientific understanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making decisions in the face of uncertainty, Groundwater Sustainability Agencies are going to overcome a range of hurdles. Those hurdles could include challenges to plans that they put forth – either legally or politically – or they could include determinations by state agencies to either influence or control a basin’s groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My hope is that our work and the work of others can highlight this particular issue and spur more of the kind of integrative thinking that is required to develop solutions to this and a range of other SGMA issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the things that your report goes into is this overlap of responsibilities for regulating surface water and groundwater. Can you talk a bit about that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKiparsky: The overarching message here is that collaboration is going to be very important for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies that are facing groundwater-surface water issues. There are multiple entities who have some sort of responsibility for these groundwater-surface water systems, or different parts of them, and there are multiple overlapping areas of law and regulation that have – at least in concept – some interplay between them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as we argue in our report, in order to manage the risk of failing to consider the multiple different interests that will come to play around groundwater-surface water interactions, it will be important for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies to talk with the other various parties, including the other state and federal agencies that have explicit interests in the groundwater-surface water interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, there is also another important reason for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies to consider this collaboration, which is that these other entities already may have some expertise in the area. Groundwater Sustainability Agencies don’t need to necessarily reinvent the wheel here. There is potential for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies to expand their capacity by working with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What would be the implication of not thoroughly and thoughtfully addressing these points?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKiparsky: One of the implications is that a plan could develop that does not put a groundwater sustainability agency on the path to achieving sustainability by the time the law requires it to. Were that to happen, then the state, namely the State Water Resources Control Board, would have the responsibility and the authority to step in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were that to happen, then the Groundwater Sustainability Agencies would lose its opportunity to craft creative solutions. A Groundwater Sustainability Agency has the advantage of local knowledge, and to think in novel and nuanced ways. The State Water Board simply does not, and probably will not. Therefore, if the State Water Board were to come in and rely on curtailments of groundwater extraction in a blanket way, then that removes some of what is really promising about SGMA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/05/01/to-manage-californias-groundwater-think-more-about-surface-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Straw Wars! Bay Area Push to Ban Plastic Straws Picks Up Steam",
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"content": "\u003cp>Oakland is now the latest Bay Area city to consider a proposal to bar food vendors from serving plastic straws unless requested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Councilmember Abel Guillen, who introduced the proposal in March, says the legislation is part of broader effort in the city to reduce environmental waste. In 2006, Oakland adopted a policy called the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/FE/s/IDR/o/ZW/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zero Waste Strategic Plan,\u003c/a> which aims to dramatically reduce the city’s waste disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make further progress on our waste-reduction goals and shift our culture away from single-use products, my ordinance will focus on ‘by request only’ use and better enforcement of existing legislation,” said Guillen in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.abelforoakland.com/abel_s_enews_reducing_waste_and_dumping_standing_up_for_immigrants_updates_on_housing_park_blvd_and_ballpark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley is considering similar legislation that would go one step further by banning single-use plastic straws altogether. Meanwhile straw-upon-request ordinances are already in place in Alameda, Davis, Manhattan Beach and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Big Culprits’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Local environmental advocates say that anti-plastic straw ordinances would eliminate a key source of pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic straws and stirrers are big culprits in trashing San Francisco Bay and our oceans,” David Lewis, the executive director of Save the Bay, told the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864939/the-last-straw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> radio program, the Plastics Industry Association says that straws are not the problem:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Straws have come under fire in some circles. But the issue with straws isn’t that they exist, it’s that they aren’t always being disposed of properly. No matter what straw is made of, it should not end up as litter. The real challenge is making it easier for everyone to better dispose of straws and single use products by enhancing our recycling technologies.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocate Nicole Kozlowski told Forum that the industry has been pointing the finger at consumers for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have surpassed the tipping point of how much plastic can be in the system and we can’t recycle our way out of this issue,” said Kozlowski, who is the co-leader of \u003ca href=\"https://www.surfrider.org/programs/rise-above-plastics\">Rise Above Plastics\u003c/a>, an initiative of the Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are one of the top 10 items routinely found on beaches around the world, according to the nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/International-Coastal-Cleanup_2017-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Conservancy. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic litter is not biodegradable, it ends up breaking into small parts that release toxins into the oceans, threatening the habitat of 500 wildlife species,\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> including 23 endange\u003c/a>red species in San Francisco Bay, the Chronicle reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seabirds for example can ingest as much as 8 percent of their body weight in plastic, which for humans “is equivalent to the average woman having the weight of two babies in her stomach,” said Denise Hardesty, senior research scientist at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Georgia environmental engineering professor Jenna Jambeck calculated that nearly 9 million tons end up in the world’s oceans and coastlines each year, as of 2010, according to her 2015 study in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For every pound of tuna we’re taking out of the ocean, we’re putting two pounds of plastic in the ocean,” said ocean scientist Sherry Lippiatt, California regional coordinator for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s marine debris \u003ca href=\"https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/\">program.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area cities are looking into reinterpreting current laws on the books to go after plastic rather than crafting new legislation from scratch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz, for instance\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/home/showdocument?id=64417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">, expanded a 2007 ordinance\u003c/a> on food packaging to include straws, among other items. That went into effect in November of last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Difficult to Recycle\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Because plastic is potentially recyclable, straws have traditionally been left out of the scope of these ordinances even though many waste-disposal sites don’t accept single-use plastic due to the high costs associated with processing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are especially difficult to recycle because their small size makes them difficult to sort, and they can clog up machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, Emeryville and Albany have existing ordinances on waste reduction with similar wording to Santa Cruz, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-last-straws-several-east-bay-governments-aim-to-ban-the-plastic-foodware/Content?oid=7855804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Express.\u003c/a> On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/4859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/sites/default/files/Ch-5_A-11_PolystyreneFoamBan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayward’s\u003c/a> ordinances explicitly exclude straws from their definition of “disposable foodware” and are therefore exempt from the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area legislation targeting single-use plastic straws is part of a growing effort in the state to curtail their use. An Assembly bill introduced in January would enact a straw-upon-request policy at restaurants statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Oakland is now the latest Bay Area city to consider a proposal to bar food vendors from serving plastic straws unless requested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Councilmember Abel Guillen, who introduced the proposal in March, says the legislation is part of broader effort in the city to reduce environmental waste. In 2006, Oakland adopted a policy called the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/FE/s/IDR/o/ZW/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zero Waste Strategic Plan,\u003c/a> which aims to dramatically reduce the city’s waste disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make further progress on our waste-reduction goals and shift our culture away from single-use products, my ordinance will focus on ‘by request only’ use and better enforcement of existing legislation,” said Guillen in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.abelforoakland.com/abel_s_enews_reducing_waste_and_dumping_standing_up_for_immigrants_updates_on_housing_park_blvd_and_ballpark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley is considering similar legislation that would go one step further by banning single-use plastic straws altogether. Meanwhile straw-upon-request ordinances are already in place in Alameda, Davis, Manhattan Beach and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Big Culprits’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Local environmental advocates say that anti-plastic straw ordinances would eliminate a key source of pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic straws and stirrers are big culprits in trashing San Francisco Bay and our oceans,” David Lewis, the executive director of Save the Bay, told the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864939/the-last-straw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> radio program, the Plastics Industry Association says that straws are not the problem:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Straws have come under fire in some circles. But the issue with straws isn’t that they exist, it’s that they aren’t always being disposed of properly. No matter what straw is made of, it should not end up as litter. The real challenge is making it easier for everyone to better dispose of straws and single use products by enhancing our recycling technologies.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocate Nicole Kozlowski told Forum that the industry has been pointing the finger at consumers for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have surpassed the tipping point of how much plastic can be in the system and we can’t recycle our way out of this issue,” said Kozlowski, who is the co-leader of \u003ca href=\"https://www.surfrider.org/programs/rise-above-plastics\">Rise Above Plastics\u003c/a>, an initiative of the Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are one of the top 10 items routinely found on beaches around the world, according to the nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/International-Coastal-Cleanup_2017-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Conservancy. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic litter is not biodegradable, it ends up breaking into small parts that release toxins into the oceans, threatening the habitat of 500 wildlife species,\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> including 23 endange\u003c/a>red species in San Francisco Bay, the Chronicle reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seabirds for example can ingest as much as 8 percent of their body weight in plastic, which for humans “is equivalent to the average woman having the weight of two babies in her stomach,” said Denise Hardesty, senior research scientist at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Georgia environmental engineering professor Jenna Jambeck calculated that nearly 9 million tons end up in the world’s oceans and coastlines each year, as of 2010, according to her 2015 study in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For every pound of tuna we’re taking out of the ocean, we’re putting two pounds of plastic in the ocean,” said ocean scientist Sherry Lippiatt, California regional coordinator for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s marine debris \u003ca href=\"https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/\">program.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area cities are looking into reinterpreting current laws on the books to go after plastic rather than crafting new legislation from scratch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz, for instance\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/home/showdocument?id=64417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">, expanded a 2007 ordinance\u003c/a> on food packaging to include straws, among other items. That went into effect in November of last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Difficult to Recycle\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Because plastic is potentially recyclable, straws have traditionally been left out of the scope of these ordinances even though many waste-disposal sites don’t accept single-use plastic due to the high costs associated with processing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are especially difficult to recycle because their small size makes them difficult to sort, and they can clog up machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, Emeryville and Albany have existing ordinances on waste reduction with similar wording to Santa Cruz, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-last-straws-several-east-bay-governments-aim-to-ban-the-plastic-foodware/Content?oid=7855804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Express.\u003c/a> On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/4859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/sites/default/files/Ch-5_A-11_PolystyreneFoamBan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayward’s\u003c/a> ordinances explicitly exclude straws from their definition of “disposable foodware” and are therefore exempt from the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area legislation targeting single-use plastic straws is part of a growing effort in the state to curtail their use. An Assembly bill introduced in January would enact a straw-upon-request policy at restaurants statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Sues Over Plan to Scrap Car Emission Standards",
"headTitle": "California Sues Over Plan to Scrap Car Emission Standards | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California and 16 other states have filed a lawsuit against the Trump administration over its plans to scrap gas mileage standards and how much greenhouse gases vehicles can emit, Gov. Jerry Brown and Attorney General Xavier Becerra announced Tuesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”6w2qZi8Le3xkRQPh3FjIHs1Acvm5Y9qE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a science-based attack that we make on these characters in Washington,” said Brown during a news conference on Tuesday. “That in the name of making America great, are making us weak and making the world more dangerous and unsafe, because climate change is not a joke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit takes aim at a plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921958/trump-administration-rejects-fuel-efficiency-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> to eliminate standards for vehicles manufactured between 2022 and 2025. The standards would have required vehicles to get 36 miles per gallon by 2025, about 10 miles over the existing standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt says the standards are not appropriate and need revision. They were set in 2012 when California and the Obama administration agreed to single nationwide fuel economy standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials say the standards are achievable and the EPA’s effort to roll them back is not based on any new research. They argue the plan violates the Clean Air Act and didn’t follow the agency’s own regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Tuesday’s news conference, Brown blasted Pruitt as an “outlaw.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is about health, it’s about life and death, and this character in Washington with his expensive travel tastes and his funny little redecorating plans that cost the American people all sorts of money, is riding roughshod over the laws of this country and the health of our people,” said Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has a unique waiver that allows it to set its own tailpipe emissions standards for vehicles, which it has used to combat smog and more recently global warming. Twelve other states have adopted the California standards as their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automakers have argued that the current requirements would have cost the industry billions of dollars and raised vehicle prices due to the cost of developing the necessary technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental advocates say the move is crucial to protecting the current standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scott Pruitt is recklessly disregarding the vast technical and economic bases for America’s Clean Car Standards,” says Vickie Patton, an attorney at the Environmental Defense Fund, “and instead launching an all-out attack that risks Americans’ health and their pocketbooks. We fully support the states’ legal challenge to Pruitt’s unsupported and unacceptable action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Joining California are Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and the District of Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California and 16 other states have filed a lawsuit against the Trump administration over its plans to scrap gas mileage standards and how much greenhouse gases vehicles can emit, Gov. Jerry Brown and Attorney General Xavier Becerra announced Tuesday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a science-based attack that we make on these characters in Washington,” said Brown during a news conference on Tuesday. “That in the name of making America great, are making us weak and making the world more dangerous and unsafe, because climate change is not a joke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit takes aim at a plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921958/trump-administration-rejects-fuel-efficiency-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> to eliminate standards for vehicles manufactured between 2022 and 2025. The standards would have required vehicles to get 36 miles per gallon by 2025, about 10 miles over the existing standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt says the standards are not appropriate and need revision. They were set in 2012 when California and the Obama administration agreed to single nationwide fuel economy standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials say the standards are achievable and the EPA’s effort to roll them back is not based on any new research. They argue the plan violates the Clean Air Act and didn’t follow the agency’s own regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Tuesday’s news conference, Brown blasted Pruitt as an “outlaw.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is about health, it’s about life and death, and this character in Washington with his expensive travel tastes and his funny little redecorating plans that cost the American people all sorts of money, is riding roughshod over the laws of this country and the health of our people,” said Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has a unique waiver that allows it to set its own tailpipe emissions standards for vehicles, which it has used to combat smog and more recently global warming. Twelve other states have adopted the California standards as their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automakers have argued that the current requirements would have cost the industry billions of dollars and raised vehicle prices due to the cost of developing the necessary technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental advocates say the move is crucial to protecting the current standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scott Pruitt is recklessly disregarding the vast technical and economic bases for America’s Clean Car Standards,” says Vickie Patton, an attorney at the Environmental Defense Fund, “and instead launching an all-out attack that risks Americans’ health and their pocketbooks. We fully support the states’ legal challenge to Pruitt’s unsupported and unacceptable action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Joining California are Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and the District of Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "America’s Air Isn’t Getting Cleaner As Fast As It Used To",
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"content": "\u003cp>For decades America’s air was getting cleaner as levels of a key smog ingredient steadily dropped. That changed about seven years ago when pollution reductions leveled off, a new study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means when tighter federal air quality standards go into effect later this year, many more cities may find themselves on the dirty air list.[contextly_sidebar id=”RYNxv0mlJTIEv2M4O3l36lQfhaVqkVb7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several reasons for the flattening of nitrogen oxide levels including hard-to-reduce industrial and truck pollution, said study co-author Helen Worden, a scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, in Monday’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proceedings\u003c/a> of the National Academy of Sciences, used satellite and ground measurements to track nitrogen oxides, a major ingredient in smog. Levels fell 7 percent from 2005 to 2009, but only dropped 1.7 percent from 2011 to 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t say anymore it’s going down,” Worden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results also show the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s computer models overestimate how clean the air really is, said University of North Carolina’s Jason West, who wasn’t part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smog is created when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cook\u003c/a> in sunlight. Those chemicals come from cars, trucks, power and industrial plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the EPA proposed new air quality standards limiting smog levels to 70 parts per billion, down from the current 75 parts per billion. Those rules are slated to go into effect this fall, but that has been delayed once already. More than 170 counties in the United States are already \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/ancl.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exceeding\u003c/a> the older clean air standard for smog, according to the EPA.[contextly_sidebar id=”KX3HNwmQITSI0TC0d02jF0hCXZT9OIQ1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worden and colleagues tried to figure out what was happening, ruling out the flow of the smog ingredient from China since levels in that country went down since it tightened its air quality rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the 2008 recession may have played a role in the slowdown, Worden said there were other bigger factors at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest and easiest pollution reductions have already been achieved, leaving smaller, more difficult cuts, Worden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Maryland air scientist Ross Salawitch said exposure to elevated ozone can lead to coughing and difficulty breathing, and make respiratory diseases such as asthma worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Worden, who lived in Los Angeles in the early 2000s when it was smoggier than it is now, she would bicycle to work and check ozone levels daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If smog levels were high, “it would really make my lungs burn,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new study finds that America’s nitrogen oxides levels, a key ingredient in smog, aren’t falling as fast as they used to and may be leveling off. That means that when tighter new air quality standards go into effect later this fall, more cities may find themselves on the dirty air list.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For decades America’s air was getting cleaner as levels of a key smog ingredient steadily dropped. That changed about seven years ago when pollution reductions leveled off, a new study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means when tighter federal air quality standards go into effect later this year, many more cities may find themselves on the dirty air list.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several reasons for the flattening of nitrogen oxide levels including hard-to-reduce industrial and truck pollution, said study co-author Helen Worden, a scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, in Monday’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proceedings\u003c/a> of the National Academy of Sciences, used satellite and ground measurements to track nitrogen oxides, a major ingredient in smog. Levels fell 7 percent from 2005 to 2009, but only dropped 1.7 percent from 2011 to 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t say anymore it’s going down,” Worden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results also show the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s computer models overestimate how clean the air really is, said University of North Carolina’s Jason West, who wasn’t part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smog is created when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cook\u003c/a> in sunlight. Those chemicals come from cars, trucks, power and industrial plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the EPA proposed new air quality standards limiting smog levels to 70 parts per billion, down from the current 75 parts per billion. Those rules are slated to go into effect this fall, but that has been delayed once already. More than 170 counties in the United States are already \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/ancl.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exceeding\u003c/a> the older clean air standard for smog, according to the EPA.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worden and colleagues tried to figure out what was happening, ruling out the flow of the smog ingredient from China since levels in that country went down since it tightened its air quality rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the 2008 recession may have played a role in the slowdown, Worden said there were other bigger factors at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest and easiest pollution reductions have already been achieved, leaving smaller, more difficult cuts, Worden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Maryland air scientist Ross Salawitch said exposure to elevated ozone can lead to coughing and difficulty breathing, and make respiratory diseases such as asthma worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Worden, who lived in Los Angeles in the early 2000s when it was smoggier than it is now, she would bicycle to work and check ozone levels daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If smog levels were high, “it would really make my lungs burn,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Delta a Flash Point for Conflict as Climate Change Unfolds",
"headTitle": "California Delta a Flash Point for Conflict as Climate Change Unfolds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is vital to water supplies for 25 million people and 4 million acres of farmland. It is linked to the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay, which makes this water supply uniquely vulnerable to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yet understanding sea level rise in the Delta is complicated. The largest estuary on the West Coast of the Americas, it consists of some 70 islands and more than 1,000 miles of levees. It is also fed by California’s two largest rivers, which drain the Sierra Nevada range.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of this complicates how sea level rise “propagates” through the Delta. It also increases the urgency of the need to understand how changing weather patterns caused by climate change will affect streamflow through the estuary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To help with these questions, the Delta Stewardship Council, a state government agency, recently published a comprehensive new white paper on the issue: “\u003ca href=\"http://deltacouncil.ca.gov/docs/delta-plan/climate-change-and-delta-synthesis-public-draft-march-23-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Climate Change and the Delta: A Synthesis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.” To summarize the paper, Water Deeply interviewed Ronald Melcer, a senior environmental scientist at the council.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923161\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 672px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ron Melcer is a a senior environmental scientist at the Delta Stewardship Council, which has released a new white paper examining climate change impacts on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy Delta Stewardship Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is the purpose of this report? Is it a first?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ronald Melcer: We\u003c/span>’ve set out to do a series of synthesis papers that try and really distill the new science since 2013 related to various topics. We see climate change as a major one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t believe there’s been a synthesis of climate change specific to the Delta, though. So in that sense, this is new. It’s a more definitive look at climate change in the Delta than we’ve had before. We were really trying to set the stage for how we think about restoration in the Delta, and at the same time be as comprehensive as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is your sea level rise projection in this report?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Melcer: There is nearly a 70 percent chance that by 2100 we’re going to see 2.4ft of sea level rise at the Golden Gate Bridge. That’s with a low-emissions scenario, which is based on the Paris climate agreement. So if we were to do some significant work, it would take really relying on the best available technology, doing carbon sequestration and coupling that with a zero-emissions way of living. The way we operate on the planet would fundamentally change. It’s pretty optimistic to think that we’ll get there. But that’s what the Paris agreement calls for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The high emissions scenario is more akin to the trajectory that we’re on at this point. That\u003c/span>’s sort of a business as usual scenario. So if we don’t do anything, that’s where we’re headed. That shows 3.4ft of sea level rise by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Delta see the same magnitude of sea level rise as the Golden Gate?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: Depending on where you are, it will be less than these maximum numbers. But there are some interesting interactions that happen as land elevation changes and the forces of streamflow come in to meet with the tidal waters. That actually drives the water surface elevation up a little bit in localized areas.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Currently we’re working on engaging some technical expertise to do a climate vulnerability assessment within the Delta. This is a key question we would be looking to answer: What do water surface elevations look like within the Delta? We’ll be identifying assets and vulnerabilities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will water flows change through the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There is not universal agreement on the total amount of precipitation we would expect. But the big takeaways are that we expect to see higher streamflow due to rainfall in the winter across all the models. That ties back to atmospheric temperature, ocean temperature, warmer storms coming onboard. And on average, the peak of runoff would shift by one month earlier in the season.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What sort of management issues does this raise?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: T\u003c/span>he system is really predicated on a large snowpack that slowly feeds the reservoirs and river systems. So if we see shifts in runoff, that system starts to require changes in how we operate reservoirs. And that then has downstream impacts on our ability to provide for water supply and water quality management. There’s this cascading effect across all the functions that we rely on our reservoir systems for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the potential downstream effects?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: The Department of Water Resources has done some interesting modeling that shows the effects of just an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flood flows. There’s also an expectation that the occurrence of atmospheric rivers will increase. So on average, we expect flood volumes to increase 60–80 percent on the San Joaquin River, and 10–20 percent on the Sacramento River. That has to do with elevations of the mountain ranges in those different basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These are significant increases in the amount of water that’s flowing across the landscape during a flood event. Whereas, historically we would see some of that contributing to snowpack and then being released slowly through the melting process later in the year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For some San Joaquin basin streams, we expect to see more than a 50 percent increase in 100-year flood events. That’s a massive increase in risk. We have an opportunity to start to figure out what that means, what our flood management infrastructure should look like, with some of the modeling work that\u003c/span>’s come out. We should be thinking about what we need on the landscape to pass that magnitude of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will salinity change in the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There are a couple of implications. An increase in water surface elevation increases the amount of salt water that makes its way into the Delta. We really focus on the implications for habitat, for fish species. That mixing point between freshwater and salt water is really important for the aquatic ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If we are to continue to manage water quality in the Delta with reservoirs, it really is going to require increased reservoir releases to counter that influx of salinity. Some studies have shown that, with 1ft of sea level rise, it would require almost 500,000 acre-feet of additional Delta outflow, generally in the form of reservoir releases, to meet salinity requirements as they stand at this point.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: That sounds like a lot of additional pressure on the state’s water system.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: It starts to paint a picture where we\u003c/span>’re having difficulty meeting all of those objectives. The implications of increasing streamflow in winter and less runoff later in the year leave us with reservoirs that are not full, and then we’re unable to really use managed flows to deal with things like salinity intrusion in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We release flow at certain times of year to protect fish and their spawning activities. Supporting these fish becomes really difficult in these future scenarios where that flexibility continues to be reduced by dynamics of precipitation, sea level rise and salinity intrusion.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/04/27/california-delta-a-flash-point-for-conflict-as-climate-change-unfolds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is vital to water supplies for 25 million people and 4 million acres of farmland. It is linked to the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay, which makes this water supply uniquely vulnerable to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yet understanding sea level rise in the Delta is complicated. The largest estuary on the West Coast of the Americas, it consists of some 70 islands and more than 1,000 miles of levees. It is also fed by California’s two largest rivers, which drain the Sierra Nevada range.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of this complicates how sea level rise “propagates” through the Delta. It also increases the urgency of the need to understand how changing weather patterns caused by climate change will affect streamflow through the estuary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To help with these questions, the Delta Stewardship Council, a state government agency, recently published a comprehensive new white paper on the issue: “\u003ca href=\"http://deltacouncil.ca.gov/docs/delta-plan/climate-change-and-delta-synthesis-public-draft-march-23-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Climate Change and the Delta: A Synthesis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.” To summarize the paper, Water Deeply interviewed Ronald Melcer, a senior environmental scientist at the council.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923161\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 672px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ron Melcer is a a senior environmental scientist at the Delta Stewardship Council, which has released a new white paper examining climate change impacts on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy Delta Stewardship Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is the purpose of this report? Is it a first?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ronald Melcer: We\u003c/span>’ve set out to do a series of synthesis papers that try and really distill the new science since 2013 related to various topics. We see climate change as a major one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t believe there’s been a synthesis of climate change specific to the Delta, though. So in that sense, this is new. It’s a more definitive look at climate change in the Delta than we’ve had before. We were really trying to set the stage for how we think about restoration in the Delta, and at the same time be as comprehensive as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is your sea level rise projection in this report?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Melcer: There is nearly a 70 percent chance that by 2100 we’re going to see 2.4ft of sea level rise at the Golden Gate Bridge. That’s with a low-emissions scenario, which is based on the Paris climate agreement. So if we were to do some significant work, it would take really relying on the best available technology, doing carbon sequestration and coupling that with a zero-emissions way of living. The way we operate on the planet would fundamentally change. It’s pretty optimistic to think that we’ll get there. But that’s what the Paris agreement calls for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The high emissions scenario is more akin to the trajectory that we’re on at this point. That\u003c/span>’s sort of a business as usual scenario. So if we don’t do anything, that’s where we’re headed. That shows 3.4ft of sea level rise by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Delta see the same magnitude of sea level rise as the Golden Gate?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: Depending on where you are, it will be less than these maximum numbers. But there are some interesting interactions that happen as land elevation changes and the forces of streamflow come in to meet with the tidal waters. That actually drives the water surface elevation up a little bit in localized areas.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Currently we’re working on engaging some technical expertise to do a climate vulnerability assessment within the Delta. This is a key question we would be looking to answer: What do water surface elevations look like within the Delta? We’ll be identifying assets and vulnerabilities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will water flows change through the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There is not universal agreement on the total amount of precipitation we would expect. But the big takeaways are that we expect to see higher streamflow due to rainfall in the winter across all the models. That ties back to atmospheric temperature, ocean temperature, warmer storms coming onboard. And on average, the peak of runoff would shift by one month earlier in the season.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What sort of management issues does this raise?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: T\u003c/span>he system is really predicated on a large snowpack that slowly feeds the reservoirs and river systems. So if we see shifts in runoff, that system starts to require changes in how we operate reservoirs. And that then has downstream impacts on our ability to provide for water supply and water quality management. There’s this cascading effect across all the functions that we rely on our reservoir systems for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the potential downstream effects?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: The Department of Water Resources has done some interesting modeling that shows the effects of just an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flood flows. There’s also an expectation that the occurrence of atmospheric rivers will increase. So on average, we expect flood volumes to increase 60–80 percent on the San Joaquin River, and 10–20 percent on the Sacramento River. That has to do with elevations of the mountain ranges in those different basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These are significant increases in the amount of water that’s flowing across the landscape during a flood event. Whereas, historically we would see some of that contributing to snowpack and then being released slowly through the melting process later in the year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For some San Joaquin basin streams, we expect to see more than a 50 percent increase in 100-year flood events. That’s a massive increase in risk. We have an opportunity to start to figure out what that means, what our flood management infrastructure should look like, with some of the modeling work that\u003c/span>’s come out. We should be thinking about what we need on the landscape to pass that magnitude of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will salinity change in the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There are a couple of implications. An increase in water surface elevation increases the amount of salt water that makes its way into the Delta. We really focus on the implications for habitat, for fish species. That mixing point between freshwater and salt water is really important for the aquatic ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If we are to continue to manage water quality in the Delta with reservoirs, it really is going to require increased reservoir releases to counter that influx of salinity. Some studies have shown that, with 1ft of sea level rise, it would require almost 500,000 acre-feet of additional Delta outflow, generally in the form of reservoir releases, to meet salinity requirements as they stand at this point.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: That sounds like a lot of additional pressure on the state’s water system.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: It starts to paint a picture where we\u003c/span>’re having difficulty meeting all of those objectives. The implications of increasing streamflow in winter and less runoff later in the year leave us with reservoirs that are not full, and then we’re unable to really use managed flows to deal with things like salinity intrusion in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We release flow at certain times of year to protect fish and their spawning activities. Supporting these fish becomes really difficult in these future scenarios where that flexibility continues to be reduced by dynamics of precipitation, sea level rise and salinity intrusion.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/04/27/california-delta-a-flash-point-for-conflict-as-climate-change-unfolds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt said Thursday he is still considering whether to overturn a federal waiver that permits California to set its own tailpipe emission standards. The waiver also permits other states to opt in to California’s standards, which are more rigorous than the requirements set by the federal government. [contextly_sidebar id=”nXIYw2iZ7PagpRVyRlknghPSwCPGOLBJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"gmail-p1\">“We are\u003cb> \u003c/b>working very closely with California on the issue,” Pruitt said during a hearing at the Capitol before a House subcommittee. “It’s important we work together to achieve a national standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra has said he is prepared to sue the EPA if it overturns the waiver. California is aiming to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 40 percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s statements come on the heels of a federal appeals court ruling on Monday that blocks the Trump administration from delaying a rule that would raise penalties for automakers who don’t meet fuel efficiency standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AxIpoIrgLYUZVBoj8OS1gqpEOxykUpNB”]Since the 1970s, federal regulators have sought to toughen fuel efficiency standards by fining automakers $55 for every mile-per-gallon that falls short of government-set energy efficiency targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A proposal to raise the fine to $140 per mpg shortfall was introduced in 2015 by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Although slated to go into effect starting from the 2019 model year, the Trump Administration has tried to delay the steeper fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and four other states then sued, saying a delay would cost consumers and increase pollution. The Second Circuit’s ruling protects this penalty for now. But regulators can still overturn it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broader Ethics Scandal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt made the statements during a hearing before lawmakers over his profligate spending and lobbyist ties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public grilling at back-to-back House hearings, called formally to consider EPA’s budget, came as support has appeared to erode for Pruitt among fellow Republicans after revelations about unusual security spending, first-class flights, a sweetheart condo lease and more. Even Republicans who heartily support Pruitt’s policy agenda said his apparent lapses had to be scrutinized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. John Shimkus of Illinois, chairman of the first panel that questioned Pruitt, said afterward the EPA chief was “a little vague,” adding, “It’s never a good idea to blame your staff in public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether Pruitt should resign, he said that’s not his call and suggested that’s up to President Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Molly Peterson and Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt said Thursday he is still considering whether to overturn a federal waiver that permits California to set its own tailpipe emission standards. The waiver also permits other states to opt in to California’s standards, which are more rigorous than the requirements set by the federal government. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"gmail-p1\">“We are\u003cb> \u003c/b>working very closely with California on the issue,” Pruitt said during a hearing at the Capitol before a House subcommittee. “It’s important we work together to achieve a national standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra has said he is prepared to sue the EPA if it overturns the waiver. California is aiming to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 40 percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s statements come on the heels of a federal appeals court ruling on Monday that blocks the Trump administration from delaying a rule that would raise penalties for automakers who don’t meet fuel efficiency standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Since the 1970s, federal regulators have sought to toughen fuel efficiency standards by fining automakers $55 for every mile-per-gallon that falls short of government-set energy efficiency targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A proposal to raise the fine to $140 per mpg shortfall was introduced in 2015 by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Although slated to go into effect starting from the 2019 model year, the Trump Administration has tried to delay the steeper fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and four other states then sued, saying a delay would cost consumers and increase pollution. The Second Circuit’s ruling protects this penalty for now. But regulators can still overturn it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broader Ethics Scandal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt made the statements during a hearing before lawmakers over his profligate spending and lobbyist ties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public grilling at back-to-back House hearings, called formally to consider EPA’s budget, came as support has appeared to erode for Pruitt among fellow Republicans after revelations about unusual security spending, first-class flights, a sweetheart condo lease and more. Even Republicans who heartily support Pruitt’s policy agenda said his apparent lapses had to be scrutinized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. John Shimkus of Illinois, chairman of the first panel that questioned Pruitt, said afterward the EPA chief was “a little vague,” adding, “It’s never a good idea to blame your staff in public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether Pruitt should resign, he said that’s not his call and suggested that’s up to President Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Molly Peterson and Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt has signed a proposed rule that would restrict the types of scientific studies regulators can use to determine the impact of pesticide and pollution exposure on human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt says the change would increase transparency in the agency’s decision-making by requiring all underlying data used in scientific studies to be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including former EPA administrators and scientists, say Pruitt’s move is designed to restrict the agency from citing peer-reviewed public-health studies that use patient medical records required to be kept confidential under patient privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> would be\u003c/a> “walking into a judicial minefield” if he tried to stop the E.P.A. from considering certain studies, says Richard J. Lazarus, a professor of environmental law at Harvard who spoke with the New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embattled EPA administrator signed the proposed order at EPA headquarters Tuesday in an event that was livestreamed on the agency’s website but not open to press coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NYT, which obtained an advanced copy of the proposed regulation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports that \u003c/a>the public will have 30 days to offer comments on the measure before a final rule is issued.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt has signed a proposed rule that would restrict the types of scientific studies regulators can use to determine the impact of pesticide and pollution exposure on human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt says the change would increase transparency in the agency’s decision-making by requiring all underlying data used in scientific studies to be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including former EPA administrators and scientists, say Pruitt’s move is designed to restrict the agency from citing peer-reviewed public-health studies that use patient medical records required to be kept confidential under patient privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> would be\u003c/a> “walking into a judicial minefield” if he tried to stop the E.P.A. from considering certain studies, says Richard J. Lazarus, a professor of environmental law at Harvard who spoke with the New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embattled EPA administrator signed the proposed order at EPA headquarters Tuesday in an event that was livestreamed on the agency’s website but not open to press coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A woman who played a key role in exposing the lead-tainted water disaster in Flint, Michigan, is among seven people from around the world to be awarded a Goldman Environmental Prize for grassroots environmental activism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeeAnne Walters was repeatedly rebuffed by Gov. Rick Snyder’s administration, even as she confronted regulators with bottles of brown water that came from her kitchen tap. Finally, with critical help from a Virginia Tech research team and a local doctor, it was revealed in 2015 that Flint’s water system was contaminated with lead due to a lack of treatment.[contextly_sidebar id=”wWYwjFz2zjIPkJM1ze7jiIQ2kTW27PT0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walters, a mother of four, “worked tirelessly behind the scenes to bring justice to not only her immediate family but all residents of Flint,” the Goldman Environmental Foundation said Monday in announcing this year’s winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize was created in 1989 by the late San Francisco philanthropists Richard and Rhoda Goldman. Winners are selected from nominations made by environmental organizations and others. The prize carries a $200,000 award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walters now lives in Virginia but regularly returns to Flint, where thousands of home water lines are being replaced due to the lead crisis. The city’s water quality has improved since it stopped using the Flint River as its source after 18 months, although there are many concerns about lead that was ingested, especially by children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other winners are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Francia Marquez of Colombia, who rallied other women to vigorously oppose gold mining in the Cauca region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Claire Nouvian of France, who successfully campaigned against deep-sea fish trawling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Makoma Lekalakala and Liz McDaid of South Africa, who fought to stop a nuclear plant deal between their country and Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Manny Calonzo of the Philippines, who led an effort to ban lead paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Khanh Nguy Thi of Vietnam, who used scientific research to discourage dependency on coal-fired power.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A woman who played a key role in exposing the lead-tainted water disaster in Flint, Michigan, is among seven people from around the world to be awarded a Goldman Environmental Prize for grassroots environmental activism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeeAnne Walters was repeatedly rebuffed by Gov. Rick Snyder’s administration, even as she confronted regulators with bottles of brown water that came from her kitchen tap. Finally, with critical help from a Virginia Tech research team and a local doctor, it was revealed in 2015 that Flint’s water system was contaminated with lead due to a lack of treatment.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walters, a mother of four, “worked tirelessly behind the scenes to bring justice to not only her immediate family but all residents of Flint,” the Goldman Environmental Foundation said Monday in announcing this year’s winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize was created in 1989 by the late San Francisco philanthropists Richard and Rhoda Goldman. Winners are selected from nominations made by environmental organizations and others. The prize carries a $200,000 award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walters now lives in Virginia but regularly returns to Flint, where thousands of home water lines are being replaced due to the lead crisis. The city’s water quality has improved since it stopped using the Flint River as its source after 18 months, although there are many concerns about lead that was ingested, especially by children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other winners are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Francia Marquez of Colombia, who rallied other women to vigorously oppose gold mining in the Cauca region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Claire Nouvian of France, who successfully campaigned against deep-sea fish trawling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Makoma Lekalakala and Liz McDaid of South Africa, who fought to stop a nuclear plant deal between their country and Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Manny Calonzo of the Philippines, who led an effort to ban lead paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Khanh Nguy Thi of Vietnam, who used scientific research to discourage dependency on coal-fired power.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wilder Weather Swings in California's Future Could Spell Disaster",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you think California has seen some wild weather recently, fasten your seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eye-popping \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from climate scientists at UCLA projects big increases in the frequency of extreme events at both ends of the wet-dry spectrum: big flood-inducing storms as well as droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings.’\u003ccite>Daniel Swain, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings,” says the normally restrained Daniel Swain, lead author on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team looked at specific extreme events in California’s past and used a suite of climate models to project their frequency in the future. Those events included last year’s “whiplash” winter that drenched the state after a five-year drought, as well as the state’s driest year and the epic \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atmospheric-rivers-california-megaflood-lessons-from-forgotten-catastrophe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floods of 1861-62\u003c/a>. That was the winter Gov. Leland Stanford attended his own inauguration by rowboat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a biblical flood,” says co-author Alex Hall, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a> at UCLA. “It was 40 days straight, practically, of rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922931\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922931 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of a storm sequence similar to that which caused the Great Flood of 1862. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hall and Swain estimate that a similar event today could trigger a $1 trillion catastrophe. And they say it will happen again, perhaps sooner than scientists had previously reckoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/rzgxCYEM4NtELZKUVsCXq?domain=nature.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study, published today\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Nature Climate Change\u003c/em>, estimates that the Great Flood of 1862 was a once-in-200 year event at the time that it happened. Now, their projections indicate we can expect an event on that scale about every 50 years, and that it’s “more likely than not” we’ll see a recurrence sometime between now and 2060.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that we are prepared for that type of event,” says Hall, recalling the February 2017 storms that triggered widespread flooding throughout the state and mass evacuations along the Feather River after the nearly catastrophic failure of the spillways at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at last year’s record-setting precipitation and projected that kind of whiplash winter will also be a more frequent feature of California’s hydrologic cycle, approximately doubling in frequency from its prior 25-year interval, a trend they say will be “noticeable” by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that these events happen,” says Hall. “They’re a natural feature of the climate system here in California — but, we expect them to become much more frequent in the future because of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for.’\u003ccite>Alex Hall, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The same goes for droughts, according to the UCLA study, which also looked at the state’s driest winter on record, 1976-77. Previously about a 100-year event, a single dry year of that severity would be expected to happen every 50 years, with greater frequency in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for,” says Hall, who admits to having a “pearl-clutch moment” when he first saw the data from his study. His preview of the then-unpublished work generated by far the most buzz at a recent symposium on extreme precipitation at \u003cspan class=\"st\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography \u003c/span>in La Jolla. But he says there may be a (somewhat tarnished) silver lining behind all of the dark clouds produced by his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922933\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922933 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of single drought years equivalent to California’s driest on record, 1976-77. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If the planet comes together and eventually reduces or eliminated greenhouse gas emissions,” suggests Hall, “then we can avert some — not all — of the risk of these types of events occurring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to point out that the team used a pessimistic “business-as-usual” projection of future greenhouse gas emissions in their calculations — in other words, they assumed that emissions are not significantly reduced in years to come. Swain says they chose this over a more optimistic mid-range assumption partly because, it’s “still (unfortunately) the closest to the actual observed emissions trajectory,” and that their scenario would, “likely apply even under very optimistic future emissions trajectories, but the magnitude of the changes in frequency would be substantially less on a lower emissions path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other findings from the study were arresting as well. Among other things, the team projects a “sharpening” of California’s precipitation calendar, with more falling during the core winter months (November-February) and less during the spring and fall shoulder seasons. That has implications for runoff and water supply that will force a rethinking by water managers around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think in general climate change is forcing us to confront the fact that we are not living in harmony with our environment,” says Hall.\u003cbr>\n“All climate change is doing is forcing us to confront that fact sooner, and this is an example of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1922981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-768x523.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you think California has seen some wild weather recently, fasten your seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eye-popping \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from climate scientists at UCLA projects big increases in the frequency of extreme events at both ends of the wet-dry spectrum: big flood-inducing storms as well as droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings.’\u003ccite>Daniel Swain, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings,” says the normally restrained Daniel Swain, lead author on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team looked at specific extreme events in California’s past and used a suite of climate models to project their frequency in the future. Those events included last year’s “whiplash” winter that drenched the state after a five-year drought, as well as the state’s driest year and the epic \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atmospheric-rivers-california-megaflood-lessons-from-forgotten-catastrophe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floods of 1861-62\u003c/a>. That was the winter Gov. Leland Stanford attended his own inauguration by rowboat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a biblical flood,” says co-author Alex Hall, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a> at UCLA. “It was 40 days straight, practically, of rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922931\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922931 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of a storm sequence similar to that which caused the Great Flood of 1862. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hall and Swain estimate that a similar event today could trigger a $1 trillion catastrophe. And they say it will happen again, perhaps sooner than scientists had previously reckoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/rzgxCYEM4NtELZKUVsCXq?domain=nature.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study, published today\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Nature Climate Change\u003c/em>, estimates that the Great Flood of 1862 was a once-in-200 year event at the time that it happened. Now, their projections indicate we can expect an event on that scale about every 50 years, and that it’s “more likely than not” we’ll see a recurrence sometime between now and 2060.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that we are prepared for that type of event,” says Hall, recalling the February 2017 storms that triggered widespread flooding throughout the state and mass evacuations along the Feather River after the nearly catastrophic failure of the spillways at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at last year’s record-setting precipitation and projected that kind of whiplash winter will also be a more frequent feature of California’s hydrologic cycle, approximately doubling in frequency from its prior 25-year interval, a trend they say will be “noticeable” by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that these events happen,” says Hall. “They’re a natural feature of the climate system here in California — but, we expect them to become much more frequent in the future because of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for.’\u003ccite>Alex Hall, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The same goes for droughts, according to the UCLA study, which also looked at the state’s driest winter on record, 1976-77. Previously about a 100-year event, a single dry year of that severity would be expected to happen every 50 years, with greater frequency in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for,” says Hall, who admits to having a “pearl-clutch moment” when he first saw the data from his study. His preview of the then-unpublished work generated by far the most buzz at a recent symposium on extreme precipitation at \u003cspan class=\"st\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography \u003c/span>in La Jolla. But he says there may be a (somewhat tarnished) silver lining behind all of the dark clouds produced by his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922933\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922933 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of single drought years equivalent to California’s driest on record, 1976-77. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If the planet comes together and eventually reduces or eliminated greenhouse gas emissions,” suggests Hall, “then we can avert some — not all — of the risk of these types of events occurring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to point out that the team used a pessimistic “business-as-usual” projection of future greenhouse gas emissions in their calculations — in other words, they assumed that emissions are not significantly reduced in years to come. Swain says they chose this over a more optimistic mid-range assumption partly because, it’s “still (unfortunately) the closest to the actual observed emissions trajectory,” and that their scenario would, “likely apply even under very optimistic future emissions trajectories, but the magnitude of the changes in frequency would be substantially less on a lower emissions path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other findings from the study were arresting as well. Among other things, the team projects a “sharpening” of California’s precipitation calendar, with more falling during the core winter months (November-February) and less during the spring and fall shoulder seasons. That has implications for runoff and water supply that will force a rethinking by water managers around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think in general climate change is forcing us to confront the fact that we are not living in harmony with our environment,” says Hall.\u003cbr>\n“All climate change is doing is forcing us to confront that fact sooner, and this is an example of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1922981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-768x523.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Farming That Uses a Little Water ... And a Whole Lot of Fish Poop",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: The following story was produced for Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most farms grow food with soil and water. But at Ouroboros Farm in Half Moon Bay, Ken Armstrong grows food with water and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.’\u003ccite>Ken Armstrong, Ouroboros Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Inside a building about the size of a professional basketball court, water pours from a pipe into huge tubs where goldfish, catfish and tilapia are swimming. Then a complex pipe system takes water from the tubs to feed rows of lettuce, cabbage, and kale, floating on large platforms over water beds. What we’re looking at is called “aquaponics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more people are looking for sustainable solutions to our agricultural needs in the future,” Armstrong says, “and aquaponics is one of those solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farming with aquaponics means balancing three ecosystems: fish, plants and bacteria. The system is a loop that circulates the same water over and over from fish to plants to fish to plants. The job of the fish is just to eat and poop. Bacteria turn the fish poop into nitrates for plants. As the plants take in nourishment, they filter the water and clean it. The clean water goes back to the fish tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922906\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 919px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"919\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png 919w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-800x601.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-768x577.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 919px) 100vw, 919px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Goldfish, catfish and tilapia swim in large tubs, their waste nourishing the greens. The plants clean the water, which then returns to the fish tubs. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much the only utilization of water in an aquaponics system is through transpiration,” Armstrong says, “what the plants actually utilize, and very little is lost to evaporation, which is the case in most soil-based agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a state prone to drought, water is a huge worry for farmers. During the most recent drought, some farmers had to fallow their fields for lack of water. Armstrong says that wouldn’t happen to him, even in a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3VFuuEySRDwWsaLZCUb6okqN4g9136oF”]Despite the benefits, there are some challenges in using aquaponics. Plants that prefer low acidity, like blueberries, don’t do well. And there are high upfront costs to all that infrastructure, plus high energy costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to heat the water, aerate the water, and pump the water,” says Jackson Gross, a researcher at the UC Davis Department of Animal Science. “It’s not without its inefficiencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are ways to minimize these in the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be hooked up with solar,” Gross says. “You can utilize gravity. You can be better with water conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquaponics has been around since the days of the Aztecs and Mayans, who used floating gardens to take advantage of the nutrient-rich waters of nearby lakes. The Asian cultures put tilapia or carp in their rice fields to increase yields and reduce the number of insects. Now, Armstrong says, aquaponics is intriguing as a possible climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re sequestering carbon by doing this,” he says. “You’re not using a lot of chemical-based fertilizers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1875px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1875\" height=\"2500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg 1875w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1875px) 100vw, 1875px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collard greens grow in clay pebbles at Ouroboros Farm. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the future, aquaponics could be used in urban areas to grow leafy green vegetables, which are the plants these systems are most suitable for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong did a thought experiment using a famous San Francisco skyscraper:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to use the Bank of America building, that footprint, put aquaponics systems on every floor there — that one square block radius of San Francisco could probably produce 1 to 2 million pounds of fish per year and over 300 million heads of lettuce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the transportation costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going down the ground floor of the Bank of America building,” he says, “there would be your fish and produce market, so your fish and produce are just coming up and down in an elevator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That vision could be a ways away, but up at UC Davis, Jackson Gross and other researchers are working on a plan for a new commercial- scale aquaponics farm. And as climate change poses new challenges, someday the fish and lettuce on your future dinner plate may be grown together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bonnie Liu is a junior at Santa Clara High School. Her story was produced as part of Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: line-through\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: The following story was produced for Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most farms grow food with soil and water. But at Ouroboros Farm in Half Moon Bay, Ken Armstrong grows food with water and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.’\u003ccite>Ken Armstrong, Ouroboros Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Inside a building about the size of a professional basketball court, water pours from a pipe into huge tubs where goldfish, catfish and tilapia are swimming. Then a complex pipe system takes water from the tubs to feed rows of lettuce, cabbage, and kale, floating on large platforms over water beds. What we’re looking at is called “aquaponics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more people are looking for sustainable solutions to our agricultural needs in the future,” Armstrong says, “and aquaponics is one of those solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farming with aquaponics means balancing three ecosystems: fish, plants and bacteria. The system is a loop that circulates the same water over and over from fish to plants to fish to plants. The job of the fish is just to eat and poop. Bacteria turn the fish poop into nitrates for plants. As the plants take in nourishment, they filter the water and clean it. The clean water goes back to the fish tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922906\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 919px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"919\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png 919w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-800x601.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-768x577.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 919px) 100vw, 919px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Goldfish, catfish and tilapia swim in large tubs, their waste nourishing the greens. The plants clean the water, which then returns to the fish tubs. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much the only utilization of water in an aquaponics system is through transpiration,” Armstrong says, “what the plants actually utilize, and very little is lost to evaporation, which is the case in most soil-based agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a state prone to drought, water is a huge worry for farmers. During the most recent drought, some farmers had to fallow their fields for lack of water. Armstrong says that wouldn’t happen to him, even in a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Despite the benefits, there are some challenges in using aquaponics. Plants that prefer low acidity, like blueberries, don’t do well. And there are high upfront costs to all that infrastructure, plus high energy costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to heat the water, aerate the water, and pump the water,” says Jackson Gross, a researcher at the UC Davis Department of Animal Science. “It’s not without its inefficiencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are ways to minimize these in the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be hooked up with solar,” Gross says. “You can utilize gravity. You can be better with water conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquaponics has been around since the days of the Aztecs and Mayans, who used floating gardens to take advantage of the nutrient-rich waters of nearby lakes. The Asian cultures put tilapia or carp in their rice fields to increase yields and reduce the number of insects. Now, Armstrong says, aquaponics is intriguing as a possible climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re sequestering carbon by doing this,” he says. “You’re not using a lot of chemical-based fertilizers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1875px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1875\" height=\"2500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg 1875w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1875px) 100vw, 1875px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collard greens grow in clay pebbles at Ouroboros Farm. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the future, aquaponics could be used in urban areas to grow leafy green vegetables, which are the plants these systems are most suitable for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong did a thought experiment using a famous San Francisco skyscraper:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to use the Bank of America building, that footprint, put aquaponics systems on every floor there — that one square block radius of San Francisco could probably produce 1 to 2 million pounds of fish per year and over 300 million heads of lettuce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the transportation costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going down the ground floor of the Bank of America building,” he says, “there would be your fish and produce market, so your fish and produce are just coming up and down in an elevator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That vision could be a ways away, but up at UC Davis, Jackson Gross and other researchers are working on a plan for a new commercial- scale aquaponics farm. And as climate change poses new challenges, someday the fish and lettuce on your future dinner plate may be grown together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bonnie Liu is a junior at Santa Clara High School. Her story was produced as part of Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: line-through\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Bay Area Celebrates Earth Day",
"headTitle": "The Bay Area Celebrates Earth Day | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Earth Day, which takes place on April 22 each year, traces its roots to a 1969 oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara. With California as the birthplace of the annual observance, the state will go the extra mile to honor the planet, with events planned in numerous cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Barbara oil spill, the largest oil spill at the time, awakened the American conscience and became one of the catalysts for the modern environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“America had been riding on a high for a long time, and all of a sudden this big oil spill opened people’s eyes as to what our lifestyles were creating,” Michael Lyons, president of nonprofit Get Oil Out, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the LA Times\u003c/a>, for a 2015 story about the history of the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic event, which devastated marine life and killed thousands of birds, led then-\u003ca href=\"http://www.nelsonearthday.net/nelson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senator Gaylord Nelson\u003c/a> to organize a “national teach-in” on the environment on April 22, 1970. Twenty million Americans poured into the streets to show their support for the environment. Legendary news anchorman Walter Cronkite \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&time_continue=2&v=WbwC281uzUs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">described it\u003c/a> as a “national outpouring of mankind seeking its own survival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&v=WbwC281uzUs\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Earth Day has since become an annual tradition. Check out our guide below for film screenings and clean-ups, interactive workshops and musical performances, and other events planned throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://alamedaca.gov/earth-day-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alameda\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>Earth Day Festival April 21, 2018, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922777 alignnone\" title=\"alamedaca.gov\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-160x170.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-768x816.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1020x1084.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1129x1200.jpg 1129w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1180x1254.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-960x1020.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-240x255.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-375x398.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-520x553.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/event/earth-day-2018-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Albany\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, April 21, 9- 11:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.belmont.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5385/155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Belmont\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>Earth Day activities include an E-waste drop-off, document shredding, compost give-away, book recycling, games and prizes. April 21, 9am – Noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvsan.org/content/earth-day\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day: Clean-Up and Recycle. Materials and light breakfast provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922782 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1180x904.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-520x398.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cupertino.org/our-city/departments/environment-sustainability/green-events-activities/earth-day-arbor-day-festival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Cupertino\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPlanned activities include an Earth Day festival, bike campaign, food trucks, rock climbing, petting zoo, arts and crafts, electric vehicle demo, and live entertainment. April 21, 11am-3pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.el-cerrito.org/645/Earth-Day-Celebration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">El Cerrito\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Celebration\u003cb>, \u003c/b>April 21, 2018, 9 am-1:30 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.emeryville.ca.us/1162/Environmental-Programs-Events\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emeryville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Shoreline Clean-up, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.napaenvironmentaled.org/earth-day/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Napa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nClean-Up & Festival, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://pacificabeachcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifica\u003c/a> \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEco-fest, April 21.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922819 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-927x1200.jpg 927w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg 1159w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpleasantonca.gov/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=365&TargetID=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Pleasanton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPresentations, workshops and screening of award-winning documentary \u003cem>Straws \u003c/em>at the Pleasanton Library, 1-4 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park Clean Up for ages 7 and up. Pre-registration is required at \u003ca href=\"http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleasantonfun.com%2F&h=ATMTi6vkVpa7f7YmvCPny-Uiq4yz_MBePb9Sxn8KYVs4AboX-Q9vUhkN_Ak3uzEazbNP8x1lj5xXAR1oQMlhBVDqWyRTAP-3glBiexh4QUCUZacXUPw&s=1\">www.pleasantonfun.com. \u003c/a>Use registration code 6303.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>North Richmond Earth Day Cleanup, Sat., April 21, 9-11am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-wildcat-creek-tickets-44568593864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Albany Earth Day Shoreline Cleanup, Sat., April 21th, 9-11:30am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-albany-bulb-tickets-44160738959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here. \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://earthdaysf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nCivic Center Plaza, Sat., April 21, 11am-7pm.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922783 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-777x1200.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-960x1483.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-375x579.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-520x803.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/calendar.aspx?eid=6262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day at Alum Rock Park, Sunday, April 22, 9am-4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2eedea12c1cb29c9cc5e929cd/files/ad22796d-4ce7-4fef-bfaf-a35138eccdd8/SutainabilityFilmSeriesFlyer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">San Mateo\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFilm Series, April 18, April 23, May 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"details details-width\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sunnyvale.ca.gov/cals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Sunnyvale\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLiving Green Fair: Interactive activities at the public library. Drop-off for medications, mercury thermometers, batteries and cell phones. April 22, 12- 4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://artvallejo.org/events/solano-county-earth-day-cleanup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, Apr 21, 9am-12pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.townofwindsor.com/339/Earth-Day-on-the-Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windsor\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWellness Expo: Events include free health screenings, exercise demos, children’s cooking classes, games, activities, and crafts and a plant sale. April 22, 10 am – 1pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://townofyountville.com/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5262/24?backlist=%2f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yountville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nShredding and E-Waste Event, Friday, April 20, 12am-2am.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Earth Day, which takes place on April 22 each year, traces its roots to a 1969 oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara. With California as the birthplace of the annual observance, the state will go the extra mile to honor the planet, with events planned in numerous cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Barbara oil spill, the largest oil spill at the time, awakened the American conscience and became one of the catalysts for the modern environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“America had been riding on a high for a long time, and all of a sudden this big oil spill opened people’s eyes as to what our lifestyles were creating,” Michael Lyons, president of nonprofit Get Oil Out, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the LA Times\u003c/a>, for a 2015 story about the history of the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic event, which devastated marine life and killed thousands of birds, led then-\u003ca href=\"http://www.nelsonearthday.net/nelson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senator Gaylord Nelson\u003c/a> to organize a “national teach-in” on the environment on April 22, 1970. Twenty million Americans poured into the streets to show their support for the environment. Legendary news anchorman Walter Cronkite \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&time_continue=2&v=WbwC281uzUs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">described it\u003c/a> as a “national outpouring of mankind seeking its own survival.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Earth Day has since become an annual tradition. Check out our guide below for film screenings and clean-ups, interactive workshops and musical performances, and other events planned throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://alamedaca.gov/earth-day-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alameda\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>Earth Day Festival April 21, 2018, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922777 alignnone\" title=\"alamedaca.gov\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-160x170.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-768x816.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1020x1084.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1129x1200.jpg 1129w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1180x1254.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-960x1020.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-240x255.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-375x398.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-520x553.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/event/earth-day-2018-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Albany\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, April 21, 9- 11:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.belmont.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5385/155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Belmont\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>Earth Day activities include an E-waste drop-off, document shredding, compost give-away, book recycling, games and prizes. April 21, 9am – Noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvsan.org/content/earth-day\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day: Clean-Up and Recycle. Materials and light breakfast provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922782 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1180x904.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-520x398.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cupertino.org/our-city/departments/environment-sustainability/green-events-activities/earth-day-arbor-day-festival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Cupertino\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPlanned activities include an Earth Day festival, bike campaign, food trucks, rock climbing, petting zoo, arts and crafts, electric vehicle demo, and live entertainment. April 21, 11am-3pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.el-cerrito.org/645/Earth-Day-Celebration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">El Cerrito\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Celebration\u003cb>, \u003c/b>April 21, 2018, 9 am-1:30 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.emeryville.ca.us/1162/Environmental-Programs-Events\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emeryville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Shoreline Clean-up, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.napaenvironmentaled.org/earth-day/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Napa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nClean-Up & Festival, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://pacificabeachcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifica\u003c/a> \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEco-fest, April 21.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922819 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-927x1200.jpg 927w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg 1159w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpleasantonca.gov/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=365&TargetID=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Pleasanton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPresentations, workshops and screening of award-winning documentary \u003cem>Straws \u003c/em>at the Pleasanton Library, 1-4 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park Clean Up for ages 7 and up. Pre-registration is required at \u003ca href=\"http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleasantonfun.com%2F&h=ATMTi6vkVpa7f7YmvCPny-Uiq4yz_MBePb9Sxn8KYVs4AboX-Q9vUhkN_Ak3uzEazbNP8x1lj5xXAR1oQMlhBVDqWyRTAP-3glBiexh4QUCUZacXUPw&s=1\">www.pleasantonfun.com. \u003c/a>Use registration code 6303.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>North Richmond Earth Day Cleanup, Sat., April 21, 9-11am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-wildcat-creek-tickets-44568593864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Albany Earth Day Shoreline Cleanup, Sat., April 21th, 9-11:30am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-albany-bulb-tickets-44160738959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here. \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://earthdaysf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nCivic Center Plaza, Sat., April 21, 11am-7pm.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922783 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-777x1200.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-960x1483.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-375x579.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-520x803.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/calendar.aspx?eid=6262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day at Alum Rock Park, Sunday, April 22, 9am-4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2eedea12c1cb29c9cc5e929cd/files/ad22796d-4ce7-4fef-bfaf-a35138eccdd8/SutainabilityFilmSeriesFlyer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">San Mateo\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFilm Series, April 18, April 23, May 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"details details-width\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sunnyvale.ca.gov/cals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Sunnyvale\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLiving Green Fair: Interactive activities at the public library. Drop-off for medications, mercury thermometers, batteries and cell phones. April 22, 12- 4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://artvallejo.org/events/solano-county-earth-day-cleanup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, Apr 21, 9am-12pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.townofwindsor.com/339/Earth-Day-on-the-Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windsor\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWellness Expo: Events include free health screenings, exercise demos, children’s cooking classes, games, activities, and crafts and a plant sale. April 22, 10 am – 1pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://townofyountville.com/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5262/24?backlist=%2f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yountville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nShredding and E-Waste Event, Friday, April 20, 12am-2am.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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