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"content": "\u003cp>As California accelerates its efforts to reduce greenhouses gases over the next decade, experts are pointing to vulnerabilities in its celebrated cap-and-trade system, weaknesses that could make the state’s goals difficult—even impossible—to reach.[contextly_sidebar id=”0xCbhs39gK6664SED8MRTuo0WlzFiHJZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade, featuring a market where permission to pollute is bought and sold, is a key mechanism California uses to lower the volume of harmful discharges by industries that are subject to state emissions caps. But as the California Air Resources Board ponders a major retrofitting of the highly complex program, state analysts say that in a little over a decade emissions could soar much higher than the legally binding level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Checking the math on cap and trade has taken on urgency this year because the state is leaning more heavily on the system to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The air board \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scopingplan.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projects\u003c/a> the program will account for about 46 percent of annual reductions in coming years, a figure that has surprised many experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One calculation is out of California’s control: a possible political shift in Ontario, Canada, after provincial elections there next month. One leading candidate has vowed to dismantle the province’s cap-and-trade system, which participates in California’s emissions-trading market. A Canadian withdrawal could undermine California officials’ message about its stability and growth as they recruit other states and nations to join.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far more troubling are red flags highlighted in reports from academia, the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office, independent market experts and other major carbon markets, all concluding that California has a serious problem with too many unused pollution credits.[contextly_sidebar id=”pydcypHcJLfS22mjQ4Zv0n7XyuPAqYX6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cap-and-trade system, major polluters must either produce fewer greenhouse gases to comply with California’s emissions caps or buy credits to offset their excess emissions from companies that pollute less. Credits are traded at state-sanctioned auctions and on secondary markets. And the state gives some free to utilities, natural-gas suppliers and industries that are vulnerable to out-of-state competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have not yet needed to use up the allowances to stay within state emissions limits and probably won’t have to in the next couple of years, according to some analysts, who estimate there are hundreds of millions of unused credits in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is a glut of credits that could allow businesses to keep polluting past state limits in later years, after the overall cap becomes more restrictive. Unless the oversupply is addressed, experts say, polluters will have no incentive to cut emissions to required levels by 2030; instead, industries could continue polluting and use banked allowances to offset their emissions and technically keep them under the cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Legislative Analyst’s Office foresees a reckoning, \u003ca href=\"http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3719\">estimating\u003c/a> that because of excess allowances, actual emissions could be as much as 30 percent over the statewide target by 2030.[contextly_sidebar id=”1FUOJxcgGZAGZ3NWS0BDBo2Jwfxkmd4X”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One analyst likened the problem to a game of musical chairs that starts with too many chairs and allows participants to save seats for later. The issue has plagued both the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/reform-of-eu-carbon-trading-scheme-agreed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Union’s\u003c/a> carbon-trading system and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.rggi.org/sites/default/files/Uploads/Program-Review/12-19-2017/Announcement_Completed_Model_Rule.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative\u003c/a>, a consortium of nine eastern U.S. states that sells credits for the electricity sector. Both markets have put policies in place to limit surpluses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, lawmakers instructed the air board to examine the issue last year, and the agency has steadfastly maintained that the surplus of credits will not imperil California’s fight against climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajinder Sahota, who oversees much of the cap-and-trade program for the air board, has testified numerous times before the Legislature on this topic. On each occasion she has assured lawmakers that the system is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not believe that there are unused allowances in the system that will hinder our goals for 2020,” she told CALmatters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She didn’t address how allowances might play out in subsequent years. But the agency forecasts that the state will also meet its 2030 target, when emissions limits will tighten dramatically, the number of free allowances will come down and the cap-and-trade program will expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the skeptics is Ontario’s environmental oversight agency. The commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/climate-change/2017/From-Plan-to-Progress.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual report\u003c/a> in January stated flatly that California has an oversupply of allowances that could last for the life of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that the board believes…they don’t have an oversupply problem,” said \u003ca href=\"https://eco.on.ca/about-us/commissioner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dianne Saxe\u003c/a>, the environmental commissioner of Ontario. “Frankly, we don’t understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disconnect will be addressed this week in a hearing before the newly formed Joint \u003ca href=\"http://climatechangepolicies.legislature.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Legislative Committee on Climate Change Policies\u003c/a>. The committee chairman, Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia, a Democrat from Coachella, said the air board will be grilled on how it intends to manage allowances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our numbers don’t pencil out to be the same numbers they propose,” Garcia said. “We will go back and reexamine the numbers they are projecting. We have some questions about how they got there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Cullenward is an energy economist with the climate-change think tank Near Zero and teaches environmental law at Stanford University. He’s also a member of the newly established Independent Emissions Market Advisory Committee that is charged with reviewing the mechanics of cap and trade. He says the air board not only got its \u003ca href=\"http://wp.nearzero.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Near-Zero-Post-2020-Caps-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projections\u003c/a> wrong but also used an incorrect model for its calculations. The board’s most recent estimates are off by 10 percent and used a model that the agency identified in 2010 as problematic, he said in an interview.[contextly_sidebar id=”U5xXa4nbIchABlRUuFPmPSS0WtwtOvua”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t emphasize enough, this is a basic question of scientific integrity,” Cullenward said. The board has been reluctant to engage outside experts on the issue of allowances, “in a rush to justify that this is not a problem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota said external studies have not taken into account that allowances are set aside if they have gone unsold for 24 months—a “self-ratcheting mechanism,” she said, that prevents a glut on the market. The Canadian study, she said, relied on a flawed analysis conducted by Chris Busch, research director at Energy Innovation, a San Francisco-based climate-change and clean-energy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxe, the environment commissioner, stood behind the report’s conclusions, saying, “We did our own analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busch, who was among the first researchers to identify the oversupply problem, is a longtime supporter of California’s cap-and-trade system, which he calls the best designed in the world. Busch said he used the air board’s own data to reach his \u003ca href=\"http://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/WCI-oversupply-grows-February-update.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conclusions\u003c/a> about allowances, which he said were conservative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I sought to engage the air board to evaluate what they thought of the numbers,” he said. “They didn’t want to engage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota said she had not read all of the recent reports, but the air board is taking all the research and criticisms seriously.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cap-and-trade system, major polluters must either produce fewer greenhouse gases to comply with California’s emissions caps or buy credits to offset their excess emissions from companies that pollute less. Credits are traded at state-sanctioned auctions and on secondary markets. And the state gives some free to utilities, natural-gas suppliers and industries that are vulnerable to out-of-state competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have not yet needed to use up the allowances to stay within state emissions limits and probably won’t have to in the next couple of years, according to some analysts, who estimate there are hundreds of millions of unused credits in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is a glut of credits that could allow businesses to keep polluting past state limits in later years, after the overall cap becomes more restrictive. Unless the oversupply is addressed, experts say, polluters will have no incentive to cut emissions to required levels by 2030; instead, industries could continue polluting and use banked allowances to offset their emissions and technically keep them under the cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Legislative Analyst’s Office foresees a reckoning, \u003ca href=\"http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3719\">estimating\u003c/a> that because of excess allowances, actual emissions could be as much as 30 percent over the statewide target by 2030.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One analyst likened the problem to a game of musical chairs that starts with too many chairs and allows participants to save seats for later. The issue has plagued both the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/reform-of-eu-carbon-trading-scheme-agreed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Union’s\u003c/a> carbon-trading system and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.rggi.org/sites/default/files/Uploads/Program-Review/12-19-2017/Announcement_Completed_Model_Rule.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative\u003c/a>, a consortium of nine eastern U.S. states that sells credits for the electricity sector. Both markets have put policies in place to limit surpluses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, lawmakers instructed the air board to examine the issue last year, and the agency has steadfastly maintained that the surplus of credits will not imperil California’s fight against climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajinder Sahota, who oversees much of the cap-and-trade program for the air board, has testified numerous times before the Legislature on this topic. On each occasion she has assured lawmakers that the system is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not believe that there are unused allowances in the system that will hinder our goals for 2020,” she told CALmatters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She didn’t address how allowances might play out in subsequent years. But the agency forecasts that the state will also meet its 2030 target, when emissions limits will tighten dramatically, the number of free allowances will come down and the cap-and-trade program will expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the skeptics is Ontario’s environmental oversight agency. The commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/climate-change/2017/From-Plan-to-Progress.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual report\u003c/a> in January stated flatly that California has an oversupply of allowances that could last for the life of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that the board believes…they don’t have an oversupply problem,” said \u003ca href=\"https://eco.on.ca/about-us/commissioner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dianne Saxe\u003c/a>, the environmental commissioner of Ontario. “Frankly, we don’t understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disconnect will be addressed this week in a hearing before the newly formed Joint \u003ca href=\"http://climatechangepolicies.legislature.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Legislative Committee on Climate Change Policies\u003c/a>. The committee chairman, Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia, a Democrat from Coachella, said the air board will be grilled on how it intends to manage allowances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our numbers don’t pencil out to be the same numbers they propose,” Garcia said. “We will go back and reexamine the numbers they are projecting. We have some questions about how they got there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Cullenward is an energy economist with the climate-change think tank Near Zero and teaches environmental law at Stanford University. He’s also a member of the newly established Independent Emissions Market Advisory Committee that is charged with reviewing the mechanics of cap and trade. He says the air board not only got its \u003ca href=\"http://wp.nearzero.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Near-Zero-Post-2020-Caps-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projections\u003c/a> wrong but also used an incorrect model for its calculations. The board’s most recent estimates are off by 10 percent and used a model that the agency identified in 2010 as problematic, he said in an interview.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t emphasize enough, this is a basic question of scientific integrity,” Cullenward said. The board has been reluctant to engage outside experts on the issue of allowances, “in a rush to justify that this is not a problem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota said external studies have not taken into account that allowances are set aside if they have gone unsold for 24 months—a “self-ratcheting mechanism,” she said, that prevents a glut on the market. The Canadian study, she said, relied on a flawed analysis conducted by Chris Busch, research director at Energy Innovation, a San Francisco-based climate-change and clean-energy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxe, the environment commissioner, stood behind the report’s conclusions, saying, “We did our own analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busch, who was among the first researchers to identify the oversupply problem, is a longtime supporter of California’s cap-and-trade system, which he calls the best designed in the world. Busch said he used the air board’s own data to reach his \u003ca href=\"http://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/WCI-oversupply-grows-February-update.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conclusions\u003c/a> about allowances, which he said were conservative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I sought to engage the air board to evaluate what they thought of the numbers,” he said. “They didn’t want to engage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota said she had not read all of the recent reports, but the air board is taking all the research and criticisms seriously.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Little-Known Accounting Policy Could Fuel Green Infrastructure Surge",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the years to come, we’re likely to see a lot more “green” and distributed infrastructure projects from water utilities, like permeable pavement, rainwater capture and efficiency rebates. That’s because coming up with the money needed to scale these projects just got a lot easier.[contextly_sidebar id=”DIms7kZFOMyfTNVNNzAYs2M8vRiOi2iF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the water world, most big infrastructure projects like treatment facilities and pipelines are usually financed by water agencies selling bonds, which can help them raise millions of dollars for a project that only needs to be paid off a little bit at a time over many years. That’s because these projects are owned by the agencies and are considered an asset on which they can capitalize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But turf removal programs, green roofs and other localized water projects that can have significant impact on water consumption – often referred to as “distributed infrastructure” – weren’t typically considered an asset because they weren’t actually owned by an agency. Instead rebates for these kinds of projects were funded from operating budgets, which often isn’t enough to really scale such efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.gasb.org/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Government Accounting Standards Board\u003c/a> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>), which is an independent organization that establishes accounting and financial standards, approved a policy \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.gasb.org/jsp/GASB/Document_C/DocumentPage?cid=1176170563952&acceptedDisclaimer=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">implementation guide\u003c/a> on May 7. This time one of the guidelines it addressed was Statement No. 62 (also referred to in shorthand as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> 62).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> 62 has actually been around for years, but it wasn’t well known. That prompted \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> this month to clarify the language around “business-type activities” of public agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a universe of things that public agencies spend money on. Some of it is straightforward: If you’re buying chemicals every year, that’s an annual expense, and if you’re building a treatment facility, that’s a capital asset,” said Cynthia Koehler, executive director of the San Francisco-based nonprofit \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://waternow.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterNow Alliance\u003c/a> and board member of the Marin Municipal Water District. “In between are things that \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>recognizes as ‘business type activities’ of public agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> also refers to these as “regulated operations,” and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> 62 says that it’s possible for these regulated operations to be considered assets that can be capitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this language may be new to many folks not in the accounting world, what it means in the real world is that many water agencies will now be able to use bonds to fund things they didn’t typically consider an asset before. In particular, distributed infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s “potentially a massive game changer,” said Koehler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for a water agency to be able to capitalize regulated operations, it needs to meet some criteria. It has to have a governing board able to set its own rates and it needs to be able to set rates that are likely to recover the cost of the regulated operation.[contextly_sidebar id=”JYWmRdIUco2POFkelfZf9hZPIglueRvE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a public agency can do that, “the money you spend can be considered an asset and once you have an asset you can bond-fund it,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.gfoa.org/ed-harrington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ed Harrington\u003c/a>, who served as the controller for the city and county of San Francisco and later as the general manager of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission until he retired in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a big shift for most water utilities, which are used to thinking about fixed things like pipes and pumps as assets. But \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>’s latest guideline is confirming that this practice of capitalizing regulated operations is definitely above board. “This guidance connects the dots from a statement that has existed for some time, specifically to water utilities and how they book expenses for distributed infrastructure,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now utilities can raise a lot more money for distributed infrastructure projects that they can then pay off slowly over many years, instead of trying to finance projects with cash on hand. That opens up the door to more money for initiatives like cash-for-grass rebates, leak detection devices, rainwater capture, graywater reuse, green roofs, constructed wetlands, permeable pavement, direct installation of high efficiency toilets or fixtures, and smart irrigation control rebates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_131249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131249\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180523040322/900_01_us_ca_48_33761.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">An 865-gallon rain barrel next to a water filter and micron filters for harvested rainwater on a green home in Los Angeles. (Citizen of the Planet/Education Images/\u003cspan class=\"caps\">UIG\u003c/span> via Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These distributed infrastructure projects have huge potential. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/nrdc-switchboard-urban-water-conservation-and-efficiency-enormous-potential-close-to-home/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2014 report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Institute, an Oakland-based global water think-tank, found that there’s the potential to save \u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.1\u003c/span> billion to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.4\u003c/span> billion cubic meters (enough water for \u003cspan class=\"caps\">5.8\u003c/span> million to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">10.4\u003c/span> million families a year) through efficiencies in the urban water sector alone in California. “Our analysis focused on the savings that could be achieved through more widespread adoption of technology and practices that are available and already in use in California and elsewhere around the world,” the Pacific Institute found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that will bring more than just financial benefits, said Rowan Schmidt, program director for finance and investment strategies at \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.eartheconomics.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Economics\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helps organizations make investment and policy decisions by taking nature into account. “Green infrastructure will support core services, but you also get these co-benefits out of it like increased resilience compared with centralized infrastructure, as well as health benefits and property value improvements.”[contextly_sidebar id=”o5tq1EpJUM0K7lEOD6tcc8ym241uvweN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a community has issues with flooding, for example, Harrington said, instead of using pipes and pumps to tackle the problem, agencies can explore other distributed or green infrastructure options. “You can say I’m going to go much more into permeable pavement, green roofs, those kind of things that use nature, that bring the water back into the aquifer, that avoid flooding, that can be very efficient and cost effective and can be done much quicker,” said Harrington. “It’s not to say you’re never going to need pipes and pumps, but you could probably meet a good amount of the flooding problem if you just returned things back to the way they were before there was so much concrete.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step now is getting the word out, said Schmidt. “I think there is a lot of education required. How do we get the mechanism to scale up across thousands of utilities and special districts across the country?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">The challenge, added Koehler, is for groups like WaterNow Alliance and Earth Economics to help explain what this opportunity is all about, and to socialize and normalize it. “Opportunity is the operative word,” she said. “There’s no mandate here. What to me is great about it is the flexibility. It’s there if you want to use it, it’s this opportunity, but nobody is forcing you to go this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/05/23/little-known-accounting-policy-could-fuel-green-infrastructure-surge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Most water agencies don’t think of local water projects like green roofs or efficiency rebates as assets, but now they can. And that means agencies can now access capital markets for funding, which could help dramatically grow these projects.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the years to come, we’re likely to see a lot more “green” and distributed infrastructure projects from water utilities, like permeable pavement, rainwater capture and efficiency rebates. That’s because coming up with the money needed to scale these projects just got a lot easier.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the water world, most big infrastructure projects like treatment facilities and pipelines are usually financed by water agencies selling bonds, which can help them raise millions of dollars for a project that only needs to be paid off a little bit at a time over many years. That’s because these projects are owned by the agencies and are considered an asset on which they can capitalize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But turf removal programs, green roofs and other localized water projects that can have significant impact on water consumption – often referred to as “distributed infrastructure” – weren’t typically considered an asset because they weren’t actually owned by an agency. Instead rebates for these kinds of projects were funded from operating budgets, which often isn’t enough to really scale such efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.gasb.org/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Government Accounting Standards Board\u003c/a> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>), which is an independent organization that establishes accounting and financial standards, approved a policy \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.gasb.org/jsp/GASB/Document_C/DocumentPage?cid=1176170563952&acceptedDisclaimer=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">implementation guide\u003c/a> on May 7. This time one of the guidelines it addressed was Statement No. 62 (also referred to in shorthand as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> 62).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> 62 has actually been around for years, but it wasn’t well known. That prompted \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> this month to clarify the language around “business-type activities” of public agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a universe of things that public agencies spend money on. Some of it is straightforward: If you’re buying chemicals every year, that’s an annual expense, and if you’re building a treatment facility, that’s a capital asset,” said Cynthia Koehler, executive director of the San Francisco-based nonprofit \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://waternow.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterNow Alliance\u003c/a> and board member of the Marin Municipal Water District. “In between are things that \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>recognizes as ‘business type activities’ of public agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> also refers to these as “regulated operations,” and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> 62 says that it’s possible for these regulated operations to be considered assets that can be capitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this language may be new to many folks not in the accounting world, what it means in the real world is that many water agencies will now be able to use bonds to fund things they didn’t typically consider an asset before. In particular, distributed infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s “potentially a massive game changer,” said Koehler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for a water agency to be able to capitalize regulated operations, it needs to meet some criteria. It has to have a governing board able to set its own rates and it needs to be able to set rates that are likely to recover the cost of the regulated operation.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a public agency can do that, “the money you spend can be considered an asset and once you have an asset you can bond-fund it,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.gfoa.org/ed-harrington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ed Harrington\u003c/a>, who served as the controller for the city and county of San Francisco and later as the general manager of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission until he retired in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a big shift for most water utilities, which are used to thinking about fixed things like pipes and pumps as assets. But \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>’s latest guideline is confirming that this practice of capitalizing regulated operations is definitely above board. “This guidance connects the dots from a statement that has existed for some time, specifically to water utilities and how they book expenses for distributed infrastructure,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now utilities can raise a lot more money for distributed infrastructure projects that they can then pay off slowly over many years, instead of trying to finance projects with cash on hand. That opens up the door to more money for initiatives like cash-for-grass rebates, leak detection devices, rainwater capture, graywater reuse, green roofs, constructed wetlands, permeable pavement, direct installation of high efficiency toilets or fixtures, and smart irrigation control rebates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_131249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131249\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180523040322/900_01_us_ca_48_33761.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">An 865-gallon rain barrel next to a water filter and micron filters for harvested rainwater on a green home in Los Angeles. (Citizen of the Planet/Education Images/\u003cspan class=\"caps\">UIG\u003c/span> via Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These distributed infrastructure projects have huge potential. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/nrdc-switchboard-urban-water-conservation-and-efficiency-enormous-potential-close-to-home/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2014 report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Institute, an Oakland-based global water think-tank, found that there’s the potential to save \u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.1\u003c/span> billion to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.4\u003c/span> billion cubic meters (enough water for \u003cspan class=\"caps\">5.8\u003c/span> million to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">10.4\u003c/span> million families a year) through efficiencies in the urban water sector alone in California. “Our analysis focused on the savings that could be achieved through more widespread adoption of technology and practices that are available and already in use in California and elsewhere around the world,” the Pacific Institute found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that will bring more than just financial benefits, said Rowan Schmidt, program director for finance and investment strategies at \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.eartheconomics.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Economics\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helps organizations make investment and policy decisions by taking nature into account. “Green infrastructure will support core services, but you also get these co-benefits out of it like increased resilience compared with centralized infrastructure, as well as health benefits and property value improvements.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a community has issues with flooding, for example, Harrington said, instead of using pipes and pumps to tackle the problem, agencies can explore other distributed or green infrastructure options. “You can say I’m going to go much more into permeable pavement, green roofs, those kind of things that use nature, that bring the water back into the aquifer, that avoid flooding, that can be very efficient and cost effective and can be done much quicker,” said Harrington. “It’s not to say you’re never going to need pipes and pumps, but you could probably meet a good amount of the flooding problem if you just returned things back to the way they were before there was so much concrete.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step now is getting the word out, said Schmidt. “I think there is a lot of education required. How do we get the mechanism to scale up across thousands of utilities and special districts across the country?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">The challenge, added Koehler, is for groups like WaterNow Alliance and Earth Economics to help explain what this opportunity is all about, and to socialize and normalize it. “Opportunity is the operative word,” she said. “There’s no mandate here. What to me is great about it is the flexibility. It’s there if you want to use it, it’s this opportunity, but nobody is forcing you to go this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/05/23/little-known-accounting-policy-could-fuel-green-infrastructure-surge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Something strange is happening with a now-banned chemical that eats away at Earth’s protective ozone layer: Scientists say there’s more of it — not less — going into the atmosphere and they don’t know where it is coming from.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZuKSbg4FpAN0pU3VtJrjRng5Ri2Iv9Wp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a hole in the ozone formed over Antarctica, countries around the world in 1987 agreed to phase out several types of ozone-depleting chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/about/cfc.html\">chlorofluorocarbons\u003c/a> (CFCs). Production was banned, emissions fell and the hole slowly shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But starting in 2013, emissions of the second most common kind started rising, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> . The chemical, called CFC11, was used for making foam, degreasing stains and for refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the most surprising and unexpected observation I’ve made in my 27 years” of measurements, said study lead author Stephen Montzka, a research chemist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emissions today are about the same as it was nearly 20 years ago,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Countries have reported close to zero production of the chemical since 2006 but the study found about 14,300 tons (13,000 metric tons) a year has been released since 2013. Some seeps out of foam and buildings and machines, but scientists say what they’re seeing is much more than that.[contextly_sidebar id=”gTHE9U1Mye9bIZCzAQyKx8vJCwq51Tbh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rogue Production\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurements from a dozen monitors around the world suggest the emissions are coming from somewhere around China, Mongolia and the Koreas, according to the study. The chemical can be a byproduct in other chemical manufacturing, but it is supposed to be captured and recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either someone’s making the banned compound or it’s sloppy byproducts that haven’t been reported as required, Montzka said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An outside expert, Ross Salawitch, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Maryland, is less diplomatic. He calls it “rogue production,” adding that if it continues “the recovery of the ozone layer would be threatened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High in the atmosphere, ozone shields Earth from ultraviolet rays that cause skin cancer, crop damage and other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature removes 2 percent of the CFC11 out of the air each year, so concentrations of the chemical in the atmosphere are still falling, but at a slower rate because of the new emissions, Montzka said. The chemical stays in the air for about 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Something strange is happening with a now-banned chemical that eats away at Earth’s protective ozone layer: Scientists say there’s more of it — not less — going into the atmosphere and they don’t know where it is coming from.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a hole in the ozone formed over Antarctica, countries around the world in 1987 agreed to phase out several types of ozone-depleting chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/about/cfc.html\">chlorofluorocarbons\u003c/a> (CFCs). Production was banned, emissions fell and the hole slowly shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But starting in 2013, emissions of the second most common kind started rising, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> . The chemical, called CFC11, was used for making foam, degreasing stains and for refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the most surprising and unexpected observation I’ve made in my 27 years” of measurements, said study lead author Stephen Montzka, a research chemist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emissions today are about the same as it was nearly 20 years ago,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Countries have reported close to zero production of the chemical since 2006 but the study found about 14,300 tons (13,000 metric tons) a year has been released since 2013. Some seeps out of foam and buildings and machines, but scientists say what they’re seeing is much more than that.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rogue Production\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurements from a dozen monitors around the world suggest the emissions are coming from somewhere around China, Mongolia and the Koreas, according to the study. The chemical can be a byproduct in other chemical manufacturing, but it is supposed to be captured and recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either someone’s making the banned compound or it’s sloppy byproducts that haven’t been reported as required, Montzka said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An outside expert, Ross Salawitch, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Maryland, is less diplomatic. He calls it “rogue production,” adding that if it continues “the recovery of the ozone layer would be threatened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High in the atmosphere, ozone shields Earth from ultraviolet rays that cause skin cancer, crop damage and other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature removes 2 percent of the CFC11 out of the air each year, so concentrations of the chemical in the atmosphere are still falling, but at a slower rate because of the new emissions, Montzka said. The chemical stays in the air for about 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Yearlong Bay 'Challenge' Ends with Lofty Plans for Staving Off Sea Level Rise",
"headTitle": "Yearlong Bay ‘Challenge’ Ends with Lofty Plans for Staving Off Sea Level Rise | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Design teams from around the world unveil their visions today for a ring of ambitious projects circling San Francisco Bay, all aimed at increasing “resilience” to the challenges of rising sea levels and other growing threats to communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917797/racing-rising-seas-in-the-bay-area-design-teams-roll-out-big-ideas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a year’s worth of ground work\u003c/a>, nine teams participating in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient by Design Bay Area Challenge\u003c/a> take the wraps off of their various visions. Some are long on lofty language and short on concrete plans, but all are the product of some of the world’s most forward-thinking urban designers, funded mainly by the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve really been able to raise awareness around flood risk and come up with big ideas,” says Amanda Brown-Stevens, the project’s director. “And we believe that some of these ideas will be ready to take next steps — that we can move toward implementation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though none of the concepts will come cheap, some have fairly specific aims. The team known as Common Ground has a plan for relieving a major bottleneck at the north end of the bay. Designers envision raising State Highway 37 twenty feet off the ground to create a “Grand Bayway” that would both speed traffic between Sears Point and Vallejo and allow tidal flows to restore the marshlands underneath. Team members propose taking another year to establish “agreed goals and criteria” for their “far-ranging and ambitious” plan, while at the same time starting a series of smaller “bottom up” projects that would ultimately weave into the overall project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highway 37, much of which is one lane in each direction, has become a major headache for North Bay commuters even when it’s not closed by traffic mishaps or flooding, as it was several times in the wet winter of 2016-17.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s not that we’re doing this to be green. We’re doing this just to make it over the next 50 to 100 years.’\u003ccite>Kristina Hill, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the All Bay Collective team says it is “rethinking the shoreline” around San Leandro with “a network of flourishing greenways” that would provide recreation and ecological benefits, as well as a buffer against rising bay waters. The plan counts on pulling together eight different communities from East Oakland to San Leandro to create and manage the resulting “Estuary Commons,” which would include floating housing. Some of it is pretty “out there” compared to conventional notions of urban development. But designers say that’s what’s called for with projections for sea level rise ratcheting up, seemingly with each new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that what people are missing is that conventional development is going to fail,” says Kristina Hill, an urban ecologist at UC Berkeley and member of the All Bay Collective. “It’s not that we’re doing this to be green. We’re doing this just to make it over the next 50 to 100 years. This is baseline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's rendering of redesigned East Bay shoreline\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Softening” shorelines is a common strategy among designs for managing rising sea levels. \u003ccite>(All Bay Collective/Resilient by Design)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The number of separate cities (more than 100) and counties surrounding the bay has always been an obstacle to this kind of cooperative planning. Add in port authorities, Caltrans, regional park districts, fish & wildlife agencies, BART, and so on, and the ensuing three-dimensional chess game can quickly become mind-boggling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about what flood risk looks like, it doesn’t stop at jurisdictional boundaries,” says Brown-Stevens, who holds up the RBD effort as a pilot for cooperative planning. “We really do need to collaborate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of the collaboration panned out. One of the ten teams essentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesheraldonline.com/general-news/20180511/team-uplift-vallejo-dropped-from-resilient-by-design-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped out of the race\u003c/a>, possibly after meeting with resistance from stakeholders in Vallejo, where the team had envisioned a sweeping plan to address — not only rising seas — but transportation and housing woes, as well. The Los Angeles-based Team UPLIFT reportedly turned over its work to local officials, who will either run with the ball or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the formal “challenge” winds down this week, the hardest tasks may lie ahead: getting some of these projects funded and accomplished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really do see this as a beginning,” says Brown-Stevens. “Really, the success of this challenge will be measured by what on-the-ground impact there’s been in the next year, the next five years, the next ten, twenty years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science reporter Molly Peterson contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Design teams from around the world unveil their visions today for a ring of ambitious projects circling San Francisco Bay, all aimed at increasing “resilience” to the challenges of rising sea levels and other growing threats to communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917797/racing-rising-seas-in-the-bay-area-design-teams-roll-out-big-ideas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a year’s worth of ground work\u003c/a>, nine teams participating in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient by Design Bay Area Challenge\u003c/a> take the wraps off of their various visions. Some are long on lofty language and short on concrete plans, but all are the product of some of the world’s most forward-thinking urban designers, funded mainly by the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve really been able to raise awareness around flood risk and come up with big ideas,” says Amanda Brown-Stevens, the project’s director. “And we believe that some of these ideas will be ready to take next steps — that we can move toward implementation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though none of the concepts will come cheap, some have fairly specific aims. The team known as Common Ground has a plan for relieving a major bottleneck at the north end of the bay. Designers envision raising State Highway 37 twenty feet off the ground to create a “Grand Bayway” that would both speed traffic between Sears Point and Vallejo and allow tidal flows to restore the marshlands underneath. Team members propose taking another year to establish “agreed goals and criteria” for their “far-ranging and ambitious” plan, while at the same time starting a series of smaller “bottom up” projects that would ultimately weave into the overall project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highway 37, much of which is one lane in each direction, has become a major headache for North Bay commuters even when it’s not closed by traffic mishaps or flooding, as it was several times in the wet winter of 2016-17.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s not that we’re doing this to be green. We’re doing this just to make it over the next 50 to 100 years.’\u003ccite>Kristina Hill, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the All Bay Collective team says it is “rethinking the shoreline” around San Leandro with “a network of flourishing greenways” that would provide recreation and ecological benefits, as well as a buffer against rising bay waters. The plan counts on pulling together eight different communities from East Oakland to San Leandro to create and manage the resulting “Estuary Commons,” which would include floating housing. Some of it is pretty “out there” compared to conventional notions of urban development. But designers say that’s what’s called for with projections for sea level rise ratcheting up, seemingly with each new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that what people are missing is that conventional development is going to fail,” says Kristina Hill, an urban ecologist at UC Berkeley and member of the All Bay Collective. “It’s not that we’re doing this to be green. We’re doing this just to make it over the next 50 to 100 years. This is baseline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's rendering of redesigned East Bay shoreline\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Softening” shorelines is a common strategy among designs for managing rising sea levels. \u003ccite>(All Bay Collective/Resilient by Design)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The number of separate cities (more than 100) and counties surrounding the bay has always been an obstacle to this kind of cooperative planning. Add in port authorities, Caltrans, regional park districts, fish & wildlife agencies, BART, and so on, and the ensuing three-dimensional chess game can quickly become mind-boggling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about what flood risk looks like, it doesn’t stop at jurisdictional boundaries,” says Brown-Stevens, who holds up the RBD effort as a pilot for cooperative planning. “We really do need to collaborate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of the collaboration panned out. One of the ten teams essentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesheraldonline.com/general-news/20180511/team-uplift-vallejo-dropped-from-resilient-by-design-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped out of the race\u003c/a>, possibly after meeting with resistance from stakeholders in Vallejo, where the team had envisioned a sweeping plan to address — not only rising seas — but transportation and housing woes, as well. The Los Angeles-based Team UPLIFT reportedly turned over its work to local officials, who will either run with the ball or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the formal “challenge” winds down this week, the hardest tasks may lie ahead: getting some of these projects funded and accomplished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really do see this as a beginning,” says Brown-Stevens. “Really, the success of this challenge will be measured by what on-the-ground impact there’s been in the next year, the next five years, the next ten, twenty years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science reporter Molly Peterson contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Marine life across North America will experience a substantial shift northward over the next few decades, according to a new comprehensive report that looks at how climate change will alter the habitats of 686 marine species.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZWaC88LRXs3J7FU8fyQV618GAKLNrFBh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As water warms up in some places it allows fish to colonize,” says\u003cspan class=\"\"> \u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/main/malin-pinsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malin Pinsky\u003c/a>, an ecologist at Rutgers University and co-author of the study. \u003c/span> “But if it gets too hot, the species gets driven out of the region. This is something that we already see happening all over North America, all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says it’s hard to say how far, how soon this redistribution of marine life will play out gradually over the next 80 years and could continue long past the 21st century, depending on what choices society makes in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It could also have big implications for California’s iconic crab and salmon fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://pinsky.marine.rutgers.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutgers University\u003c/a> combined data from U.S. and Canadian government surveys that looked at where species have historically been found, with models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that project future environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then did projections using both low and high estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Taking the lowest estimates into account, researchers found there will still be a substantial shift toward the North Pole, although it would reduce the extent of the shifts by one-half to two-thirds. Pinsky says “pretty much” all species would be affected, though not by as much as with higher emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right'] “So from the perspective of fishing communities and fishing managers, there are real benefits to sticking to the Paris Accord,” referring to the international climate agreement, from which the Trump administration has withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The projection models are particularly useful for California fisheries, where management decisions depend on a range of possible environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rug is getting slowly pulled out from under coastal fishing communities,” says Pinsky. “That may mean longer trips and higher fuel costs. For others with smaller boats, it may mean needing to find a new species to catch, which can be challenging because buying permits for new fisheries can be really expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when smaller shifts in marine life distribution have happened in the past, it has often led to conflict, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we see starting to happen, especially on the east coast. There have been ongoing debates about who should get access to species like flounder, black sea bass, all found in new locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Fisheries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitats for some species will shift up to 900 miles north, including those that are crucial for California fisheries, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab for instance, one of the most valuable fisheries in the state, is expected to shift up to 500 miles north. While the Chinook salmon, an important staple of California fisheries, is projected to move up to 200 miles north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a substantial decline in habitat availability for certain species is expected over time, says Pinsky. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2018/01/31/tanner-crab-fishery-opens-march-1-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tanner crab\u003c/a>, important to the Alaskan fishing industry, could experience a 95 percent decline in habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says entire ecosystems could face disruption from the impact of climate change on marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we know is that different fish and other animals shift at different rates,” he says. “So it often means that a predator may lose one of its prey, or a prey may gain a new predator. So these changes are disrupting food webs as well. And it’s quite hard to predict what the consequences of that will be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says these developments are likely to lead to more surprises in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, climate change isn’t about uncertainty,” he says. “Unfortunately, we actually have a lot of certainty especially towards the direction these species will shift. And that is almost entirely towards the north.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Marine life across North America will experience a substantial shift northward over the next few decades, according to a new comprehensive report that looks at how climate change will alter the habitats of 686 marine species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As water warms up in some places it allows fish to colonize,” says\u003cspan class=\"\"> \u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/main/malin-pinsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malin Pinsky\u003c/a>, an ecologist at Rutgers University and co-author of the study. \u003c/span> “But if it gets too hot, the species gets driven out of the region. This is something that we already see happening all over North America, all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says it’s hard to say how far, how soon this redistribution of marine life will play out gradually over the next 80 years and could continue long past the 21st century, depending on what choices society makes in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It could also have big implications for California’s iconic crab and salmon fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://pinsky.marine.rutgers.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutgers University\u003c/a> combined data from U.S. and Canadian government surveys that looked at where species have historically been found, with models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that project future environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then did projections using both low and high estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Taking the lowest estimates into account, researchers found there will still be a substantial shift toward the North Pole, although it would reduce the extent of the shifts by one-half to two-thirds. Pinsky says “pretty much” all species would be affected, though not by as much as with higher emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> “So from the perspective of fishing communities and fishing managers, there are real benefits to sticking to the Paris Accord,” referring to the international climate agreement, from which the Trump administration has withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The projection models are particularly useful for California fisheries, where management decisions depend on a range of possible environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rug is getting slowly pulled out from under coastal fishing communities,” says Pinsky. “That may mean longer trips and higher fuel costs. For others with smaller boats, it may mean needing to find a new species to catch, which can be challenging because buying permits for new fisheries can be really expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when smaller shifts in marine life distribution have happened in the past, it has often led to conflict, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we see starting to happen, especially on the east coast. There have been ongoing debates about who should get access to species like flounder, black sea bass, all found in new locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Fisheries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitats for some species will shift up to 900 miles north, including those that are crucial for California fisheries, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab for instance, one of the most valuable fisheries in the state, is expected to shift up to 500 miles north. While the Chinook salmon, an important staple of California fisheries, is projected to move up to 200 miles north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a substantial decline in habitat availability for certain species is expected over time, says Pinsky. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2018/01/31/tanner-crab-fishery-opens-march-1-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tanner crab\u003c/a>, important to the Alaskan fishing industry, could experience a 95 percent decline in habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says entire ecosystems could face disruption from the impact of climate change on marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we know is that different fish and other animals shift at different rates,” he says. “So it often means that a predator may lose one of its prey, or a prey may gain a new predator. So these changes are disrupting food webs as well. And it’s quite hard to predict what the consequences of that will be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says these developments are likely to lead to more surprises in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, climate change isn’t about uncertainty,” he says. “Unfortunately, we actually have a lot of certainty especially towards the direction these species will shift. And that is almost entirely towards the north.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Impact of a Warming Climate on the Sierra Nevada and California’s Water",
"headTitle": "Impact of a Warming Climate on the Sierra Nevada and California’s Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Imagine a California where springtime temperatures are 7F warmer than they are today, where snowmelt runoff comes 50 days earlier and the average snowpack is just 36 percent of the 1981–2000 average.[contextly_sidebar id=”MZIIX4X0g03kP0hWMZS4EUb3EtsJl5yh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the reality by the end of the century if we don’t curb greenhouse gas emissions, say researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles. A recent report from the UCLA Center for Climate Science analyzes how climate change will impact the Sierra Nevada and what that will mean for water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular the research examines changes to temperature, the amount of snowpack and the timing of runoff and which elevations and watersheds will be most affected as the climate warms. It also compares how these factors may change with “business as usual” and do little to curb greenhouse gas emissions, versus a scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions begin to level off around 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither forecast is great, but the research does show that curbing greenhouse gas emissions can make a difference. “Business as usual is the path we’re on, but it isn’t a foregone conclusion,” the report states. “Cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate end-of-century impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with one of the report’s coauthors, Neil Berg, associate director of science at the UCLA Center for Climate Science and the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, to discuss the findings and their implication for Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What prompted this report?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNeil Berg: If you look at a place like California, the global climate models really don’t capture the fine-scale topography and regional characteristics that we know shape our weather and climate around us. So we embarked on two studies, and they used a process called downscaling, which translates global models to a finer resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We took about a year, maybe 18 months, to do all the modeling, and it’s run on numerous supercomputers, both at UCLA and other national laboratories. And then we got to work analyzing the huge amounts of data and thinking through the most interesting variables and questions related to climate impacts for Californians.[contextly_sidebar id=”hnlYrmvGH1mqREWIz0pg84ccVZjuw3W8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That included, how was snowpack changing? How was runoff changing? And how was temperature changing behind each of those?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What did you find?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you look at the entire Sierra Nevada, if we don’t curb our climate emissions, so if we stay on the business as usual pathway, we would expect a 7F rise in springtime temperature. But if we do take some significant action to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, that amount of change could be nearly cut in half. So, somewhere around 3–4F of warming by the spring, and this is for the end of the century, so from roughly 2080 to 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Your study found that the middle elevations, around 5,000–8,000ft, are the most vulnerable as temperatures warm. Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Those middle elevations tend to be located where that freezing line, that 32F line, lies within the Sierra Nevada mountains. So even small changes in temperature – 1 degree, 2 degrees, 3 degrees – increase significantly the type of precipitation that falls in those mid elevations from frozen to liquid. The highest elevations, above 8,000ft, are so high that they in many cases remain sheltered from even a significant amount of warming in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1806825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1806825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kern River’s water is 10-times stronger than it was a year ago, after near-record snowmelt from California’s wet winter flows down from Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And then there’s this really interesting thing called the snow albedo feedback, which is a cyclical process where you start out with some snow at these mid elevations and you have some future warming that melts away part of that snow, or just more rain instead of snow falls, and that exposes a darker underlying surface, either vegetation or bare soils. And they have a lower reflectivity or albedo of sunlight, so it’s absorbing more incoming sunlight which further warms the ground and the surrounding air, which further shrinks the snowpack, which further exposes more land, further shrinking snowpack, and so forth. Those mid elevations are most sensitive to changes in temperature and then it kicks off this snow albedo feedback in those elevation bands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Snowpack in those middle elevation areas is really crucial to the state’s water supply, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Yes, it’s a critical area for water resources across the state. In my opinion this was one of the more dramatic and alarming findings that was produced from this paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Most of this research focused on projections of future impacts from warming, but you have also done research about what’s been happening already. What did you find there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: There was a companion study that I authored a couple of years ago, and this was during the 2011–15 drought, looking at what the snowpack in the Sierra would be in the absence of any existing or observed warming over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using advanced modeling tools we were able to simulate a hypothetical natural world over that drought period and we found that in the absence of observed warming, which was on the level of 1–2C [1.8–3.6F], right now, that snowpack in the Sierra would have been about 25 percent more during that drought period. It’s a pretty significant finding to say that in the last drought climate change removed a quarter of the snowpack in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So in other words, climate change is not something that’s only happening in the future.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: Oh definitely, the projected changes are dramatic and huge and really sobering, but to me it was surprising to see there was a huge impact happening right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What should water managers be taking away from your research?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: That the snowpack in the Sierra will not under any greenhouse gas emissions scenario be as full and healthy as it has been in the past, and to see that as an opportunity to rethink a snow-based water transport system across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think water managers need to be looking at much more local water storage and capture and recycling. The resizing of reservoirs is an option, but that has to be weighed against the huge financial cost and ecological concerns. But I see an opportunity to not be so reliant on this water conveyance system, and particularly for these major urban areas like L.A. The limited amount of rain that we do get should be used to its maximum potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I was a water manager, I’d view this as a challenging opportunity, but a feasible opportunity to actually develop more local water solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It seems like there is also a call to action in presenting these two different scenarios of what the world may hold if we work to curb greenhouse gas emissions and if we don’t.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: There is no question that the only way to avoid the worst outcomes is to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. That has to be part of the dialogue, and if we don’t do anything on the mitigation then our adaptation becomes even harder. I don’t think there is any question that the need to reduce global emissions is an absolute necessity in order to avoid some of the most dire projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/05/09/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new report from scientists at UCLA paints two scenarios for the Sierra Nevada. Neither is great, but cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate impacts substantially.",
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"description": "A new report from scientists at UCLA paints two scenarios for the Sierra Nevada. Neither is great, but cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate impacts substantially.",
"title": "Impact of a Warming Climate on the Sierra Nevada and California’s Water | KQED",
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"headline": "Impact of a Warming Climate on the Sierra Nevada and California’s Water",
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"nprByline": "Tara Lohan\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine a California where springtime temperatures are 7F warmer than they are today, where snowmelt runoff comes 50 days earlier and the average snowpack is just 36 percent of the 1981–2000 average.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the reality by the end of the century if we don’t curb greenhouse gas emissions, say researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles. A recent report from the UCLA Center for Climate Science analyzes how climate change will impact the Sierra Nevada and what that will mean for water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular the research examines changes to temperature, the amount of snowpack and the timing of runoff and which elevations and watersheds will be most affected as the climate warms. It also compares how these factors may change with “business as usual” and do little to curb greenhouse gas emissions, versus a scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions begin to level off around 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither forecast is great, but the research does show that curbing greenhouse gas emissions can make a difference. “Business as usual is the path we’re on, but it isn’t a foregone conclusion,” the report states. “Cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate end-of-century impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with one of the report’s coauthors, Neil Berg, associate director of science at the UCLA Center for Climate Science and the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, to discuss the findings and their implication for Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What prompted this report?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNeil Berg: If you look at a place like California, the global climate models really don’t capture the fine-scale topography and regional characteristics that we know shape our weather and climate around us. So we embarked on two studies, and they used a process called downscaling, which translates global models to a finer resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We took about a year, maybe 18 months, to do all the modeling, and it’s run on numerous supercomputers, both at UCLA and other national laboratories. And then we got to work analyzing the huge amounts of data and thinking through the most interesting variables and questions related to climate impacts for Californians.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That included, how was snowpack changing? How was runoff changing? And how was temperature changing behind each of those?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What did you find?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you look at the entire Sierra Nevada, if we don’t curb our climate emissions, so if we stay on the business as usual pathway, we would expect a 7F rise in springtime temperature. But if we do take some significant action to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, that amount of change could be nearly cut in half. So, somewhere around 3–4F of warming by the spring, and this is for the end of the century, so from roughly 2080 to 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Your study found that the middle elevations, around 5,000–8,000ft, are the most vulnerable as temperatures warm. Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Those middle elevations tend to be located where that freezing line, that 32F line, lies within the Sierra Nevada mountains. So even small changes in temperature – 1 degree, 2 degrees, 3 degrees – increase significantly the type of precipitation that falls in those mid elevations from frozen to liquid. The highest elevations, above 8,000ft, are so high that they in many cases remain sheltered from even a significant amount of warming in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1806825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1806825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kern River’s water is 10-times stronger than it was a year ago, after near-record snowmelt from California’s wet winter flows down from Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And then there’s this really interesting thing called the snow albedo feedback, which is a cyclical process where you start out with some snow at these mid elevations and you have some future warming that melts away part of that snow, or just more rain instead of snow falls, and that exposes a darker underlying surface, either vegetation or bare soils. And they have a lower reflectivity or albedo of sunlight, so it’s absorbing more incoming sunlight which further warms the ground and the surrounding air, which further shrinks the snowpack, which further exposes more land, further shrinking snowpack, and so forth. Those mid elevations are most sensitive to changes in temperature and then it kicks off this snow albedo feedback in those elevation bands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Snowpack in those middle elevation areas is really crucial to the state’s water supply, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Yes, it’s a critical area for water resources across the state. In my opinion this was one of the more dramatic and alarming findings that was produced from this paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Most of this research focused on projections of future impacts from warming, but you have also done research about what’s been happening already. What did you find there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: There was a companion study that I authored a couple of years ago, and this was during the 2011–15 drought, looking at what the snowpack in the Sierra would be in the absence of any existing or observed warming over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using advanced modeling tools we were able to simulate a hypothetical natural world over that drought period and we found that in the absence of observed warming, which was on the level of 1–2C [1.8–3.6F], right now, that snowpack in the Sierra would have been about 25 percent more during that drought period. It’s a pretty significant finding to say that in the last drought climate change removed a quarter of the snowpack in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So in other words, climate change is not something that’s only happening in the future.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: Oh definitely, the projected changes are dramatic and huge and really sobering, but to me it was surprising to see there was a huge impact happening right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What should water managers be taking away from your research?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: That the snowpack in the Sierra will not under any greenhouse gas emissions scenario be as full and healthy as it has been in the past, and to see that as an opportunity to rethink a snow-based water transport system across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think water managers need to be looking at much more local water storage and capture and recycling. The resizing of reservoirs is an option, but that has to be weighed against the huge financial cost and ecological concerns. But I see an opportunity to not be so reliant on this water conveyance system, and particularly for these major urban areas like L.A. The limited amount of rain that we do get should be used to its maximum potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I was a water manager, I’d view this as a challenging opportunity, but a feasible opportunity to actually develop more local water solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It seems like there is also a call to action in presenting these two different scenarios of what the world may hold if we work to curb greenhouse gas emissions and if we don’t.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: There is no question that the only way to avoid the worst outcomes is to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. That has to be part of the dialogue, and if we don’t do anything on the mitigation then our adaptation becomes even harder. I don’t think there is any question that the need to reduce global emissions is an absolute necessity in order to avoid some of the most dire projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/05/09/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "In a First, California Will Require Solar Panels On All New Homes",
"headTitle": "In a First, California Will Require Solar Panels On All New Homes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On Wednesday, the California Energy Commission unanimously voted to approve new energy standards that will require all new homes in California to have solar panels and other measures geared toward making buildings more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is just a milestone. There’s a hell of a lot of work to do between now and 2020,” said chairman Robert Weisenmiller. “The bottom line is we’re going to stay focused on making this happen, and happen smoothly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission held a hearing before the vote to solicit public comment from various trade groups. The majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one manufacturing trade group, however, urged the commission to delay the move. A spokesperson for the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute expressed concern over late changes in the standards that would affect high efficiency air filters and water heaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the request, a representative for the commission said there’s no valid legal basis for the delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that we’re good to go,” the representative said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Energy Commission\u003c/a> is expected to approve \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new standards\u003c/a> on Wednesday that will require solar panels for nearly all new homes starting in 2020, marking an historic leap in the state’s efforts to slash greenhouse emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future.’\u003ccite>State Senator Scott Wiener\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The new standards will apply to homes, condos and multi-family buildings up to three stories high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move would be a key step in meeting the state’s ambitious zero net energy goals, says state Senator Scott Wiener (D-San Francisco). In 2007, the energy commission called for all new residential buildings to produce as much energy as they consume by 2020. New commercial buildings have to meet the standard by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who led the successful effort to pass a solar mandate for San Francisco construction in 2016, says solar energy is a necessary component of California’s zero net energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to achieve zero net energy, you have to have a renewable energy source,” says Wiener. “With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future, and this is one step in that direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the step is significant, California has been preparing for the transition to solar energy for years, according to a spokeswoman for the state energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”93h9RBR6lqw8T1KvE3fdh7sWuT8MWkTU”]”We update energy codes every three years and in 2013 we required that all new homes be solar-ready,” says spokeswoman Amber Beck. “Homes had to have a certain amount of space on the roof so a homeowner could add a solar panel later on if he chooses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making California homes more energy-efficient is part of a broader initiative to shrink the state’s greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electricity consumed by residential and commercial buildings is responsible for 14 percent of the state’s greenhouse pollutants, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/cpucblog.aspx?id=12374&blogid=1551\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/a> \u003cspan id=\"ctl00_MainContent_BlogEntries1\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics, though, question the wisdom of the transition to solar at a time when California is struggling with a dire housing crisis and skyrocketing housing costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, only 12 percent of households can afford a median-priced home, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.paragon-re.com/trend/bay-area-housing-affordability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent report\u003c/a> by Paragon Real Estate Group. And in California overall, half as many people can afford median priced housing as in the rest of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It absolutely will increase the cost of homes,” says Lisa Vorderbrueggen, director of governmental affairs for the Bay Area Building Industry Association. “But on the other hand, increasing the energy efficiency of homes has long been a state priority, so there’s no free lunch. We certainly would like to see local jurisdictions reduce costs elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy commission’s Beck says the solar mandate will add about $40 a month to the average monthly mortgage payment. But, she adds, the new standards will cut energy use by more than half, and homeowners can expect to save about $80 per month in energy costs over the course of a 30-year mortgage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who has made housing affordability \u003cspan class=\"st\">a centerpiece of his agenda\u003c/span>, says homeowners will also have the option of leasing their solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have a third party come in and install and maintain those solar panels,” he says, “so they end up paying for themselves over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides the solar mandate, the new standards to be voted on Wednesday include lighting upgrades for all new commercial buildings and high-rise construction above three stories, a transition that will help buildings use 30 percent less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, new ventilation requirements will apply to new homes and healthcare facilities. The measures \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will protect\u003c/a> residents from air pollution originating from outdoor and indoor sources, according to the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Wednesday, the California Energy Commission unanimously voted to approve new energy standards that will require all new homes in California to have solar panels and other measures geared toward making buildings more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is just a milestone. There’s a hell of a lot of work to do between now and 2020,” said chairman Robert Weisenmiller. “The bottom line is we’re going to stay focused on making this happen, and happen smoothly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission held a hearing before the vote to solicit public comment from various trade groups. The majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one manufacturing trade group, however, urged the commission to delay the move. A spokesperson for the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute expressed concern over late changes in the standards that would affect high efficiency air filters and water heaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the request, a representative for the commission said there’s no valid legal basis for the delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that we’re good to go,” the representative said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Energy Commission\u003c/a> is expected to approve \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new standards\u003c/a> on Wednesday that will require solar panels for nearly all new homes starting in 2020, marking an historic leap in the state’s efforts to slash greenhouse emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future.’\u003ccite>State Senator Scott Wiener\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The new standards will apply to homes, condos and multi-family buildings up to three stories high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move would be a key step in meeting the state’s ambitious zero net energy goals, says state Senator Scott Wiener (D-San Francisco). In 2007, the energy commission called for all new residential buildings to produce as much energy as they consume by 2020. New commercial buildings have to meet the standard by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who led the successful effort to pass a solar mandate for San Francisco construction in 2016, says solar energy is a necessary component of California’s zero net energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to achieve zero net energy, you have to have a renewable energy source,” says Wiener. “With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future, and this is one step in that direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the step is significant, California has been preparing for the transition to solar energy for years, according to a spokeswoman for the state energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”We update energy codes every three years and in 2013 we required that all new homes be solar-ready,” says spokeswoman Amber Beck. “Homes had to have a certain amount of space on the roof so a homeowner could add a solar panel later on if he chooses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making California homes more energy-efficient is part of a broader initiative to shrink the state’s greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electricity consumed by residential and commercial buildings is responsible for 14 percent of the state’s greenhouse pollutants, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/cpucblog.aspx?id=12374&blogid=1551\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/a> \u003cspan id=\"ctl00_MainContent_BlogEntries1\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics, though, question the wisdom of the transition to solar at a time when California is struggling with a dire housing crisis and skyrocketing housing costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, only 12 percent of households can afford a median-priced home, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.paragon-re.com/trend/bay-area-housing-affordability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent report\u003c/a> by Paragon Real Estate Group. And in California overall, half as many people can afford median priced housing as in the rest of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It absolutely will increase the cost of homes,” says Lisa Vorderbrueggen, director of governmental affairs for the Bay Area Building Industry Association. “But on the other hand, increasing the energy efficiency of homes has long been a state priority, so there’s no free lunch. We certainly would like to see local jurisdictions reduce costs elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy commission’s Beck says the solar mandate will add about $40 a month to the average monthly mortgage payment. But, she adds, the new standards will cut energy use by more than half, and homeowners can expect to save about $80 per month in energy costs over the course of a 30-year mortgage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who has made housing affordability \u003cspan class=\"st\">a centerpiece of his agenda\u003c/span>, says homeowners will also have the option of leasing their solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have a third party come in and install and maintain those solar panels,” he says, “so they end up paying for themselves over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides the solar mandate, the new standards to be voted on Wednesday include lighting upgrades for all new commercial buildings and high-rise construction above three stories, a transition that will help buildings use 30 percent less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, new ventilation requirements will apply to new homes and healthcare facilities. The measures \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will protect\u003c/a> residents from air pollution originating from outdoor and indoor sources, according to the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers warn that the surge in global tourism is outstripping the “decarbonization” of tourism-related technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study of its kind, researchers found that carbon emissions from world travel contribute about 8 percent of all carbon emissions, four times more than previously estimated. [contextly_sidebar id=”WwPRBfmtHn2sVbSTzCwHnqIYz1n4TcRl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rate is expected to grow 4 percent annually, outpacing the footprints of many other economic sectors, according \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0141-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to the study\u003c/a> published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Climate Change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study takes a sweeping look at the environmental impact of global tourism by examining the entire supply chain, from flights, dining, to shopping purchases. High-income countries account for the majority of this footprint, with the U.S. topping the list followed by China, Germany and India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our analysis is a world-first look at the true cost of tourism — including consumables such as food from eating out and souvenirs — it’s a complete life-cycle assessment of global tourism, ensuring we don’t miss any impacts,” said senior author Arunima Malik, who teaches sustainability at the University of Sydney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which did not distinguish between business travel and tourism, found that domestic travel accounts for the majority of these carbon footprints. Transportation, shopping and food were cited as significant contributors to tourism-generated emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings suggest a natural tension between efforts to slow global warming and spending that drives many local and even national economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco had a total of 24.6 million visitors in 2015, an increase of 2.7 percent over 2014, according to the\u003ca href=\"http://www.sftravel.com/article/san-francisco-travel-reports-record-breaking-year-tourism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> San Francisco Travel Association.\u003c/a>[contextly_sidebar id=”SfQTBPnRfwqRsxtdVFmfbJVBNg8kSqiz”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors spent $8.5 billion in the city while meeting planners and exhibitors for “goods and services” shelled out another $723 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some smaller nations such as the Maldives, Mauritius, Cyrus and the Seychelles, international tourism accounted for 30 to 80 percent of all national emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the growing environmental impact of world travel, the study authors say that international climate talks should include tourism-generated emissions in the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon taxes or carbon trading schemes — in particular for aviation — may be required to curtail unchecked future growth in tourism-related emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers warn that the surge in global tourism is outstripping the “decarbonization” of tourism-related technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study of its kind, researchers found that carbon emissions from world travel contribute about 8 percent of all carbon emissions, four times more than previously estimated. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rate is expected to grow 4 percent annually, outpacing the footprints of many other economic sectors, according \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0141-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to the study\u003c/a> published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Climate Change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study takes a sweeping look at the environmental impact of global tourism by examining the entire supply chain, from flights, dining, to shopping purchases. High-income countries account for the majority of this footprint, with the U.S. topping the list followed by China, Germany and India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our analysis is a world-first look at the true cost of tourism — including consumables such as food from eating out and souvenirs — it’s a complete life-cycle assessment of global tourism, ensuring we don’t miss any impacts,” said senior author Arunima Malik, who teaches sustainability at the University of Sydney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which did not distinguish between business travel and tourism, found that domestic travel accounts for the majority of these carbon footprints. Transportation, shopping and food were cited as significant contributors to tourism-generated emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings suggest a natural tension between efforts to slow global warming and spending that drives many local and even national economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco had a total of 24.6 million visitors in 2015, an increase of 2.7 percent over 2014, according to the\u003ca href=\"http://www.sftravel.com/article/san-francisco-travel-reports-record-breaking-year-tourism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> San Francisco Travel Association.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors spent $8.5 billion in the city while meeting planners and exhibitors for “goods and services” shelled out another $723 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some smaller nations such as the Maldives, Mauritius, Cyrus and the Seychelles, international tourism accounted for 30 to 80 percent of all national emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the growing environmental impact of world travel, the study authors say that international climate talks should include tourism-generated emissions in the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon taxes or carbon trading schemes — in particular for aviation — may be required to curtail unchecked future growth in tourism-related emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Michael Mann, creator of ‘hockey stick’ curve for greenhouse gases, says we now have to double sea rise projections.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sees California as ‘shining beacon’ for how to take action\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Despite harassment, says ‘You don’t back off from a worthy battle when the stakes are important.’\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Even as negotiators wind up another round of climate talks in Germany this week, there is little evidence that leaders are reining in global greenhouse gas emissions enough to avoid warming Earth by more than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) — that’s the threshold at which scientists say we can avoid the worst impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere averaged \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923455/co2-atmospheric-concentrations-just-crossed-a-scary-mark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 410 parts per million\u003c/a> in April, for the first time since scientists have been tracking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You don’t back off from a worthy battle when the stakes are important.’\u003ccite>Michael Mann, Penn State\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller sat down recently with \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.essc.psu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth System Science Center\u003c/a> at Penn State University, to assess where things stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann’s major claim to fame is the hockey stick. Not the Wayne Gretzky kind, but the data plot that came to be known as the “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_stick_graph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hockey stick curve\u003c/a>.” Al Gore used it in his “Inconvenient Truth” documentary to show the sharp upward trend in temperatures since the start of the industrial age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923551\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1515px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923551 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM.png\" alt=\"Hockey stick graph of temperatures\" width=\"1515\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM.png 1515w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-160x110.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-800x549.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-768x527.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-1020x700.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-1200x824.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-1180x810.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-960x659.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-240x165.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-375x257.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-520x357.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1515px) 100vw, 1515px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “hockey stick:” temperatures in blue represent the “shaft,” steeply rising red part of the curve is the “blade.” \u003ccite>(Michael Mann)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Mann \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-will-cross-the-climate-danger-threshold-by-2036/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote a piece\u003c/a> for \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientific American\u003c/a> warning that crossing 405 parts per million would be leaping over the “danger threshold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The following is an edited transcript.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: Given what we know now that maybe we didn’t know or weren’t as certain of even five years ago, are you more concerned or less concerned than you were then?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann: I’m more concerned. Over the last several years, we’ve learned that there are processes that are now playing out that we didn’t have in our models in our early projections that are causing the ice sheets to lose ice faster than we expected, earlier than we expected, that’s leading to more sea level rise than we expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s like a minefield that we’re walking out onto, and the farther we walk out onto that minefield, the more of those mines we’re going to set off.’\u003ccite>Michael Mann, Penn State\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Just within the last year, even since the last report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we’ve now learned that the west Antarctic ice sheet may lose twice as much ice by the end of this century as we thought previously. We now have to double the sea level rise projections. Previously, the upper end of the range that you typically heard — by the end of the century maybe three feet of sea level rise — we now think we could see more than six feet of sea level rise. And far more than that, if we don’t act, ultimately, if we lose the west Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet, which we’ll do if we burn all of the available fossil fuels. Then we’re talking 80, 100 feet of sea level rise. We’re not quite in “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpKbULrB9Z8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Waterworld\u003c/a>” but headed in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: What happens in the polar regions doesn’t stay in the polar regions.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MM: Absolutely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn’t understand, five years ago, that the melting of the Arctic sea ice and the change in the pattern of warming in the poles that that causes might change the jet stream in the way that it appears to be doing. For California, it’s a disastrous impact because it’s causing the jet stream to sort of veer north and deny California of all of that rainfall and snowfall that it depends on for water supply in the water. Hotter summers, more evaporation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration: globe with wavy jet stream pattern\" width=\"640\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA-240x176.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA-375x275.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA-520x381.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High-altitude winds known as the jet stream have taken a wavy path, diverting winter storms up and around California. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The jet stream is steering north of California, denying the state the precipitation that it needs, and then that same jet stream comes crashing down in the east, giving us very unusual, if brief, episodes of cold. We’re just starting to understand the subtle physics of why it is that climate change may be causing the jet stream to behave in this wacky way, and it’s not a good surprise. It’s a bad surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: And the president’s response to that is, “Hey, it’s really cold here. We could use a little bit of global warming.” How much do you think this current administration has set back the cause of awareness of climate science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MM: It’s really unprecedented. What’s most worrying to me isn’t what Donald Trump tweets about climate change, but what his administration is doing to set back our efforts. It’s dismantling protections — the Clean Power Plan that the Obama administration put in place, that helps us achieve the sorts of reductions in carbon emissions that we have committed to in the Paris agreement — backing out of the Paris agreement, and taking away incentives for renewable energy. I mean pretty much doing everything that polluting interests want him to do to ensure that we double down in fossil fuels rather than join the rest of the world, and move on toward the great revolution, the economic revolution of the next century: renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: At this point there is so much warming in the pipeline, so to speak, how can you be optimistic that we can make any difference with any kind of policy?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”9AW9BpTzhQiGDUoHVbkIVxfH6malhOxj”]MM: Well, sometimes there’s a danger that when we hold a number up like 405 parts per million, or 2 degrees Celsius warming, it makes it sound like there’s some cliff that we fall off and there’s no going back. And the way I prefer to think of it is rather than a cliff that we go off, it’s like a minefield that we’re walking out onto, and the farther we walk out onto that minefield, the more of those mines we’re going to set off. We don’t know exactly where they are, but we know they’re out there, and we know that the only safe thing is to stop marching headlong into that minefield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: Let me just ask you about California’s efforts, bucking the trend at the federal level of doing either nothing or actually reversing progress. It’s been said that California’s about 1 percent of global emissions, that it can’t really move the needle no matter what it does. You agree with that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MM: I don’t. I do see California as a great shining beacon. It isn’t just the emissions reductions that it is achieving itself. It’s the message it’s sending to the world, and it is the credibility that it gives policymakers when they say that this can be done. They can point to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: You’ve paid a high personal price for all of your efforts toward communicating climate science. Can you just run down a list of some of the things that have happened to you as a result of your work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MM: I didn’t realize that I would be hauled into a hostile congressional hearing, be attacked on the editorial pages of The Wall Street Journal, have police come to my office to investigate a white substance that I had received in the mail, dealing with death threats against me, thinly veiled threats against my family. Certainly not what you think you’re signing up for when you, as I did, study science at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You go into the field of science and when that science comes into conflict with certain vested interests — in this case, the science of climate change perceived by some fossil fuel interests as a threat to their bottom line — in some cases, they have decided to sort of wage this war against the science. And often it takes the form of personal attacks against the scientists themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: What made you decide not to lay low? Because that had to be a tough call.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MM: It was. I think frankly, it was a matter just of personality and temperament. I wasn’t a big kid when I was in elementary school but I always stood up to bullies and I always fought back, even if I was likely to get beat up, because it was the right thing to do. You don’t back off from a worthy battle when the stakes are important. And in this case, what could be more important than the battle to preserve this planet for future generations?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Michael Mann, creator of ‘hockey stick’ curve for greenhouse gases, says we now have to double sea rise projections.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sees California as ‘shining beacon’ for how to take action\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Despite harassment, says ‘You don’t back off from a worthy battle when the stakes are important.’\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Even as negotiators wind up another round of climate talks in Germany this week, there is little evidence that leaders are reining in global greenhouse gas emissions enough to avoid warming Earth by more than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) — that’s the threshold at which scientists say we can avoid the worst impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere averaged \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923455/co2-atmospheric-concentrations-just-crossed-a-scary-mark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 410 parts per million\u003c/a> in April, for the first time since scientists have been tracking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You don’t back off from a worthy battle when the stakes are important.’\u003ccite>Michael Mann, Penn State\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller sat down recently with \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.essc.psu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth System Science Center\u003c/a> at Penn State University, to assess where things stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann’s major claim to fame is the hockey stick. Not the Wayne Gretzky kind, but the data plot that came to be known as the “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_stick_graph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hockey stick curve\u003c/a>.” Al Gore used it in his “Inconvenient Truth” documentary to show the sharp upward trend in temperatures since the start of the industrial age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923551\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1515px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923551 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM.png\" alt=\"Hockey stick graph of temperatures\" width=\"1515\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM.png 1515w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-160x110.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-800x549.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-768x527.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-1020x700.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-1200x824.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-1180x810.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-960x659.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-240x165.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-375x257.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/IPCC_2001_3rd-Assessment_Report_SPM-520x357.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1515px) 100vw, 1515px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “hockey stick:” temperatures in blue represent the “shaft,” steeply rising red part of the curve is the “blade.” \u003ccite>(Michael Mann)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Mann \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-will-cross-the-climate-danger-threshold-by-2036/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote a piece\u003c/a> for \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientific American\u003c/a> warning that crossing 405 parts per million would be leaping over the “danger threshold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The following is an edited transcript.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: Given what we know now that maybe we didn’t know or weren’t as certain of even five years ago, are you more concerned or less concerned than you were then?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann: I’m more concerned. Over the last several years, we’ve learned that there are processes that are now playing out that we didn’t have in our models in our early projections that are causing the ice sheets to lose ice faster than we expected, earlier than we expected, that’s leading to more sea level rise than we expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s like a minefield that we’re walking out onto, and the farther we walk out onto that minefield, the more of those mines we’re going to set off.’\u003ccite>Michael Mann, Penn State\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Just within the last year, even since the last report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we’ve now learned that the west Antarctic ice sheet may lose twice as much ice by the end of this century as we thought previously. We now have to double the sea level rise projections. Previously, the upper end of the range that you typically heard — by the end of the century maybe three feet of sea level rise — we now think we could see more than six feet of sea level rise. And far more than that, if we don’t act, ultimately, if we lose the west Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet, which we’ll do if we burn all of the available fossil fuels. Then we’re talking 80, 100 feet of sea level rise. We’re not quite in “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpKbULrB9Z8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Waterworld\u003c/a>” but headed in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: What happens in the polar regions doesn’t stay in the polar regions.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MM: Absolutely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn’t understand, five years ago, that the melting of the Arctic sea ice and the change in the pattern of warming in the poles that that causes might change the jet stream in the way that it appears to be doing. For California, it’s a disastrous impact because it’s causing the jet stream to sort of veer north and deny California of all of that rainfall and snowfall that it depends on for water supply in the water. Hotter summers, more evaporation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration: globe with wavy jet stream pattern\" width=\"640\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA-240x176.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA-375x275.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/jetstream_wobbly_NASA-520x381.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High-altitude winds known as the jet stream have taken a wavy path, diverting winter storms up and around California. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The jet stream is steering north of California, denying the state the precipitation that it needs, and then that same jet stream comes crashing down in the east, giving us very unusual, if brief, episodes of cold. We’re just starting to understand the subtle physics of why it is that climate change may be causing the jet stream to behave in this wacky way, and it’s not a good surprise. It’s a bad surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: And the president’s response to that is, “Hey, it’s really cold here. We could use a little bit of global warming.” How much do you think this current administration has set back the cause of awareness of climate science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MM: It’s really unprecedented. What’s most worrying to me isn’t what Donald Trump tweets about climate change, but what his administration is doing to set back our efforts. It’s dismantling protections — the Clean Power Plan that the Obama administration put in place, that helps us achieve the sorts of reductions in carbon emissions that we have committed to in the Paris agreement — backing out of the Paris agreement, and taking away incentives for renewable energy. I mean pretty much doing everything that polluting interests want him to do to ensure that we double down in fossil fuels rather than join the rest of the world, and move on toward the great revolution, the economic revolution of the next century: renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: At this point there is so much warming in the pipeline, so to speak, how can you be optimistic that we can make any difference with any kind of policy?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>MM: Well, sometimes there’s a danger that when we hold a number up like 405 parts per million, or 2 degrees Celsius warming, it makes it sound like there’s some cliff that we fall off and there’s no going back. And the way I prefer to think of it is rather than a cliff that we go off, it’s like a minefield that we’re walking out onto, and the farther we walk out onto that minefield, the more of those mines we’re going to set off. We don’t know exactly where they are, but we know they’re out there, and we know that the only safe thing is to stop marching headlong into that minefield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: Let me just ask you about California’s efforts, bucking the trend at the federal level of doing either nothing or actually reversing progress. It’s been said that California’s about 1 percent of global emissions, that it can’t really move the needle no matter what it does. You agree with that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MM: I don’t. I do see California as a great shining beacon. It isn’t just the emissions reductions that it is achieving itself. It’s the message it’s sending to the world, and it is the credibility that it gives policymakers when they say that this can be done. They can point to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: You’ve paid a high personal price for all of your efforts toward communicating climate science. Can you just run down a list of some of the things that have happened to you as a result of your work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MM: I didn’t realize that I would be hauled into a hostile congressional hearing, be attacked on the editorial pages of The Wall Street Journal, have police come to my office to investigate a white substance that I had received in the mail, dealing with death threats against me, thinly veiled threats against my family. Certainly not what you think you’re signing up for when you, as I did, study science at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You go into the field of science and when that science comes into conflict with certain vested interests — in this case, the science of climate change perceived by some fossil fuel interests as a threat to their bottom line — in some cases, they have decided to sort of wage this war against the science. And often it takes the form of personal attacks against the scientists themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM: What made you decide not to lay low? Because that had to be a tough call.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MM: It was. I think frankly, it was a matter just of personality and temperament. I wasn’t a big kid when I was in elementary school but I always stood up to bullies and I always fought back, even if I was likely to get beat up, because it was the right thing to do. You don’t back off from a worthy battle when the stakes are important. And in this case, what could be more important than the battle to preserve this planet for future generations?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the first time in human history, the monthly average concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has surpassed the threshold of 410 parts per million.[contextly_sidebar id=”5xXRiGwtizD12R67l83DACY0biOov0fr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the finding of the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/category/measurement-notes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> Program\u003c/a>, which tracks carbon dioxide measurements in the Earth’s atmosphere every 10 minutes. That data is then plotted onto the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keeling Curve\u003c/a>, a graph that illustrates the rise in carbon dioxide levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The curve symbolizes humanity’s waste dump. I’m hopeful in the next 10 years or so, it begins to bend over and it becomes the curve of hope, not danger. We haven’t reached that point yet.’\u003ccite>Ralph Keeling, geophysicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The information is based on continuous measurements taken at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/mlo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mauna Loa Observatory\u003c/a> in Hawaii. The latest threshold was registered in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest record shows that “humans are overwhelming nature” according to \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/personnel_bios/ralph_keeling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ralph Keeling\u003c/a>, a geophysicist and the head of the Scripps CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to realize that we are headed towards pretty dangerous territory if we aren’t already in it,” says Keeling. “So something like 450-500 parts per billion places us in the danger zone. Things are changing already, so it’s become a question of how hard will it be to cope with all these changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1923491 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-800x480.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-768x461.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-240x144.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-375x225.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-520x312.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, the rate has accelerated decade by decade, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going up at about 2.5 parts per million per year. At that rate we will hit 450 in just 15 years. We’re already in very unnatural territory with respect to carbon dioxide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unabated rise will have major consequences for people and organisms, says Keeling. Sea level rise, heat waves and rainfall patterns will all be impacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Species will go extinct and areas will be flooded. A lot will happen,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for the rapid rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is almost entirely based on the burning of fossil fuels, according to Keeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Keeling graph that tracks the rise of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> going back 10,000 years shows a sudden uptick around the 18th century, when global industrialization was underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1923470\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-800x480.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-768x461.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-240x144.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-375x225.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-520x312.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From 1700 to the present , you see the curve start to rise. Around that period, people relied on coal and the world was industrializing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeling says the fight to save the planet will rest mainly on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915384/can-california-really-go-100-percent-renewable-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">growth of renewables.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The curve symbolizes humanity’s waste dump,” says Keeling. “I’m hopeful in the next 10 years or so, it begins to bend over and it becomes the curve of hope, not danger. We haven’t reached that point yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time in human history, the monthly average concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has surpassed the threshold of 410 parts per million.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the finding of the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/category/measurement-notes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> Program\u003c/a>, which tracks carbon dioxide measurements in the Earth’s atmosphere every 10 minutes. That data is then plotted onto the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keeling Curve\u003c/a>, a graph that illustrates the rise in carbon dioxide levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The curve symbolizes humanity’s waste dump. I’m hopeful in the next 10 years or so, it begins to bend over and it becomes the curve of hope, not danger. We haven’t reached that point yet.’\u003ccite>Ralph Keeling, geophysicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The information is based on continuous measurements taken at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/mlo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mauna Loa Observatory\u003c/a> in Hawaii. The latest threshold was registered in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest record shows that “humans are overwhelming nature” according to \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/personnel_bios/ralph_keeling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ralph Keeling\u003c/a>, a geophysicist and the head of the Scripps CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to realize that we are headed towards pretty dangerous territory if we aren’t already in it,” says Keeling. “So something like 450-500 parts per billion places us in the danger zone. Things are changing already, so it’s become a question of how hard will it be to cope with all these changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1923491 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-800x480.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-768x461.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-240x144.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-375x225.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1-520x312.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/mlo_full_record-1.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, the rate has accelerated decade by decade, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going up at about 2.5 parts per million per year. At that rate we will hit 450 in just 15 years. We’re already in very unnatural territory with respect to carbon dioxide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unabated rise will have major consequences for people and organisms, says Keeling. Sea level rise, heat waves and rainfall patterns will all be impacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Species will go extinct and areas will be flooded. A lot will happen,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for the rapid rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is almost entirely based on the burning of fossil fuels, according to Keeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Keeling graph that tracks the rise of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> going back 10,000 years shows a sudden uptick around the 18th century, when global industrialization was underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1923470\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-800x480.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-768x461.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-240x144.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-375x225.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k-520x312.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/co2_10k.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From 1700 to the present , you see the curve start to rise. Around that period, people relied on coal and the world was industrializing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeling says the fight to save the planet will rest mainly on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915384/can-california-really-go-100-percent-renewable-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">growth of renewables.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The curve symbolizes humanity’s waste dump,” says Keeling. “I’m hopeful in the next 10 years or so, it begins to bend over and it becomes the curve of hope, not danger. We haven’t reached that point yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Pressure Mounts to Solve California’s Toxic Farmland Drainage Problem",
"headTitle": "Pressure Mounts to Solve California’s Toxic Farmland Drainage Problem | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Many Americans know the name Kesterson as the California site where thousands of birds and fish were discovered with gruesome deformities in 1983, a result of exposure to selenium-poisoned farm runoff. Thirty-five years later, it is one of the oldest unresolved water problems in the state.[contextly_sidebar id=”sn0yIbuz07uRax3wH5rwT3iPgZrqq3Wm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Selenium, a naturally occurring element, is essential to people and animals alike in small doses. But selenium continues pouring off many San Joaquin Valley farms in \u003c/span>larger quantities, which can be toxic. The United States Bureau of Reclamation, which is legally obligated to solve the drainage problem as owner of the Central Valley Project irrigation system, has failed to find a fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s not an easy problem to solve,” said Rachel Zwillinger, a water policy adviser at Defenders of Wildlife. “The scope of the problem is large and the consequences of not doing it well – as we learned at Kesterson – are profound.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Bureau of Reclamation and Congress created the drainage problem in 1960 when they agreed to add Westlands Water District to the Central Valley Project, providing it with irrigation water diverted from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to the north. Westlands’ soils were known to be salty and perched atop an impermeable clay layer, so the bureau also agreed to build a drainage system to ensure the land would remain fertile.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their solution, in 1971, was to build Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge and fill its ponds with farm drainage. The selenium problem was not recognized at the time, but the project went ahead even though the California Department of Water Resources and biologists at the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Fish and Wildlife Service warned the runoff might be harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 1983, bird embryos at Kesterson were found with missing and deformed limbs, exposed brains and other horrors. Selenium that leached from the soil into farm runoff was to blame. The Bureau of Reclamation then began a decades-long search for another solution. None has been found so far.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923447\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923447\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1-160x77.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1-240x116.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1-375x181.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1-520x251.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew pumps selenium-laden water out of the concrete-lined San Luis Drain into a field near Tranquility, California, in the 1980s as part of a previous cleanup project for selenium-contaminated farm runoff that poisoned birds at the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge. \u003ccite>(The Fresno Bee)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, Westlands Water District is pressing Congress to let it take charge of the drainage problem. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1769?q=%7B%22search%22:%5B%22hr1769%22%5D%7D&r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">bill introduced\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the House of Representatives earlier this year by Representative David Valadao (R-Hanford), would turn the drainage problem over to Westlands while also absolving the district of its $350 million debt for its share of construction costs for the Central Valley Project.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One solution Westlands proposes is to grow salt-tolerant grasses using the tainted irrigation water, thereby sequestering the selenium in plant tissues. But a 17-year-long experiment using that method has produced mixed results.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A half-dozen smaller water districts clustered just south of Westlands have been running the experiment, known as the San Joaquin River Water Quality Improvement Project. Selenium levels, measured in bird eggs collected at the 5,400-acre site, have varied considerably over the life of the project.[contextly_sidebar id=”0VimOuHUBQAUPc8QkxmHnqHZRR82VRyl”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Results from a 2016 monitoring report show that selenium concentrations in killdeer and redwing blackbird eggs are enough to cause deformities or prevent hatching.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Joe McGahan, drainage coordinator for the water agencies sponsoring the project, provided preliminary results from 2017. These show selenium levels declined significantly for both species, but remain at levels that may be harmful.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Generally, I think the verdict is that it has stabilized, for the most part, over time,” McGahan said. “Certainly we’re watching it, and we’re going to continue to monitor.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">McGahan said the partners have plans to expand the project, and are applying to the state for funds to help cover the cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Zwillinger is skeptical.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Selenium is bioaccumulating and showing up in bird eggs on the project site in concentrations that are really concerning,” she said. “This approach, which is touted as a new, better start, is still having really substantial consequences for birds.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923446\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 710px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923446\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"710\" height=\"855\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11.jpeg 710w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11-160x193.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11-240x289.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11-375x452.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11-520x626.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An eared Grebe, photographed in 1984, was born without eyes and with badly deformed feet at Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge as a result of selenium contamination. \u003ccite>(The Fresno Bee)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The effort is being watched closely by officials at \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://gwdwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Grassland Water District\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. The district delivers water to dozens of state, federal and private wildlife refuge areas, some located downstream from the project area and the adjacent Westlands Water District. Collectively known as the Grasslands Ecological Area, the 240,000-acre complex is the largest contiguous body of wetlands in the western \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> The selenium drainage problem is an ongoing threat to millions of migratory waterfowl and other wildlife that rely on the wetlands.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ric Ortega, general manager of Grassland Water District, said he wants to see much more rigorous testing and monitoring of the selenium treatment project.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“They only pull a few samples a year,” he said. “It’s not comprehensive enough to really ascertain anything. So that’s a concern. We have a hypersaline perched water table out here that’s very tough to manage. I would hope it’s more expansive and more statistically robust moving forward.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Zwillinger also wants more rigorous monitoring, both at the existing project site and any project undertaken by Westlands, if it successfully wrests control of the drainage problem away from the Bureau of Reclamation. There is no such requirement in Valadao’s proposed legislation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Westlands officials could not be reached for comment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Bureau of Reclamation has its own incentive to unload the selenium cleanup burden this year. Under a previous legal settlement with Westlands, Reclamation committed to proceed with a drainage cleanup plan estimated to cost as much as $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.5\u003c/span>billion, including a mix of farmland retirement and water treatment systems akin to desalination.[contextly_sidebar id=”J9bUCoX4dL0BhmPjFA4bl5dPyt2632Xc”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://drive.google.com/open?id=1egBR42iO3ifvnD0xYuJqEZCffxYaD2-s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">November letter\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to the federal agency, California senators Kamala Harris and Dianne Feinstein urged the agency to update its decade-old environmental impact study on that cleanup proposal. They think the bureau can find a simpler, cheaper solution, and they specifically highlighted the option of growing salt-tolerant grasses – the same approach that shows mixed results in recent monitoring of bird eggs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Zwillinger expects heavy pressure to pass the Valadao bill before the November election, when Republicans could lose their control of Congress. She is optimistic that language could be added requiring, at a minimum, rigorous monitoring and performance standards for any new selenium-control project.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think all sides are unhappy with the status quo and motivated to find a solution,” Zwillinger said. “Of all the complex California water issues, it strikes me that [in this case] there could actually be an agreement in the near term that’s protective of both the environment and agricultural interests.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/05/02/pressure-mounts-to-solve-californias-toxic-farmland-drainage-problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Three decades ago, selenium-tainted farm runoff in the San Joaquin Valley deformed wildlife in horrific ways. Amid political maneuvering in Congress to find a solution, the toxin is still showing up in bird eggs.",
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"description": "Three decades ago, selenium-tainted farm runoff in the San Joaquin Valley deformed wildlife in horrific ways. Amid political maneuvering in Congress to find a solution, the toxin is still showing up in bird eggs.",
"title": "Pressure Mounts to Solve California’s Toxic Farmland Drainage Problem | KQED",
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"headline": "Pressure Mounts to Solve California’s Toxic Farmland Drainage Problem",
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"slug": "pressure-mounts-to-solve-californias-toxic-farmland-drainage-problem",
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"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many Americans know the name Kesterson as the California site where thousands of birds and fish were discovered with gruesome deformities in 1983, a result of exposure to selenium-poisoned farm runoff. Thirty-five years later, it is one of the oldest unresolved water problems in the state.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Selenium, a naturally occurring element, is essential to people and animals alike in small doses. But selenium continues pouring off many San Joaquin Valley farms in \u003c/span>larger quantities, which can be toxic. The United States Bureau of Reclamation, which is legally obligated to solve the drainage problem as owner of the Central Valley Project irrigation system, has failed to find a fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s not an easy problem to solve,” said Rachel Zwillinger, a water policy adviser at Defenders of Wildlife. “The scope of the problem is large and the consequences of not doing it well – as we learned at Kesterson – are profound.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Bureau of Reclamation and Congress created the drainage problem in 1960 when they agreed to add Westlands Water District to the Central Valley Project, providing it with irrigation water diverted from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to the north. Westlands’ soils were known to be salty and perched atop an impermeable clay layer, so the bureau also agreed to build a drainage system to ensure the land would remain fertile.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their solution, in 1971, was to build Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge and fill its ponds with farm drainage. The selenium problem was not recognized at the time, but the project went ahead even though the California Department of Water Resources and biologists at the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Fish and Wildlife Service warned the runoff might be harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 1983, bird embryos at Kesterson were found with missing and deformed limbs, exposed brains and other horrors. Selenium that leached from the soil into farm runoff was to blame. The Bureau of Reclamation then began a decades-long search for another solution. None has been found so far.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923447\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923447\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1-160x77.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1-240x116.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1-375x181.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/SanLuisDrainBee1-520x251.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew pumps selenium-laden water out of the concrete-lined San Luis Drain into a field near Tranquility, California, in the 1980s as part of a previous cleanup project for selenium-contaminated farm runoff that poisoned birds at the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge. \u003ccite>(The Fresno Bee)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, Westlands Water District is pressing Congress to let it take charge of the drainage problem. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1769?q=%7B%22search%22:%5B%22hr1769%22%5D%7D&r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">bill introduced\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the House of Representatives earlier this year by Representative David Valadao (R-Hanford), would turn the drainage problem over to Westlands while also absolving the district of its $350 million debt for its share of construction costs for the Central Valley Project.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One solution Westlands proposes is to grow salt-tolerant grasses using the tainted irrigation water, thereby sequestering the selenium in plant tissues. But a 17-year-long experiment using that method has produced mixed results.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A half-dozen smaller water districts clustered just south of Westlands have been running the experiment, known as the San Joaquin River Water Quality Improvement Project. Selenium levels, measured in bird eggs collected at the 5,400-acre site, have varied considerably over the life of the project.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Results from a 2016 monitoring report show that selenium concentrations in killdeer and redwing blackbird eggs are enough to cause deformities or prevent hatching.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Joe McGahan, drainage coordinator for the water agencies sponsoring the project, provided preliminary results from 2017. These show selenium levels declined significantly for both species, but remain at levels that may be harmful.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Generally, I think the verdict is that it has stabilized, for the most part, over time,” McGahan said. “Certainly we’re watching it, and we’re going to continue to monitor.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">McGahan said the partners have plans to expand the project, and are applying to the state for funds to help cover the cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Zwillinger is skeptical.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Selenium is bioaccumulating and showing up in bird eggs on the project site in concentrations that are really concerning,” she said. “This approach, which is touted as a new, better start, is still having really substantial consequences for birds.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923446\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 710px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923446\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"710\" height=\"855\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11.jpeg 710w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11-160x193.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11-240x289.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11-375x452.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Kesterson-deformed-grebe11-520x626.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An eared Grebe, photographed in 1984, was born without eyes and with badly deformed feet at Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge as a result of selenium contamination. \u003ccite>(The Fresno Bee)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The effort is being watched closely by officials at \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://gwdwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Grassland Water District\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. The district delivers water to dozens of state, federal and private wildlife refuge areas, some located downstream from the project area and the adjacent Westlands Water District. Collectively known as the Grasslands Ecological Area, the 240,000-acre complex is the largest contiguous body of wetlands in the western \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> The selenium drainage problem is an ongoing threat to millions of migratory waterfowl and other wildlife that rely on the wetlands.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ric Ortega, general manager of Grassland Water District, said he wants to see much more rigorous testing and monitoring of the selenium treatment project.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“They only pull a few samples a year,” he said. “It’s not comprehensive enough to really ascertain anything. So that’s a concern. We have a hypersaline perched water table out here that’s very tough to manage. I would hope it’s more expansive and more statistically robust moving forward.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Zwillinger also wants more rigorous monitoring, both at the existing project site and any project undertaken by Westlands, if it successfully wrests control of the drainage problem away from the Bureau of Reclamation. There is no such requirement in Valadao’s proposed legislation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Westlands officials could not be reached for comment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Bureau of Reclamation has its own incentive to unload the selenium cleanup burden this year. Under a previous legal settlement with Westlands, Reclamation committed to proceed with a drainage cleanup plan estimated to cost as much as $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.5\u003c/span>billion, including a mix of farmland retirement and water treatment systems akin to desalination.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://drive.google.com/open?id=1egBR42iO3ifvnD0xYuJqEZCffxYaD2-s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">November letter\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to the federal agency, California senators Kamala Harris and Dianne Feinstein urged the agency to update its decade-old environmental impact study on that cleanup proposal. They think the bureau can find a simpler, cheaper solution, and they specifically highlighted the option of growing salt-tolerant grasses – the same approach that shows mixed results in recent monitoring of bird eggs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Zwillinger expects heavy pressure to pass the Valadao bill before the November election, when Republicans could lose their control of Congress. She is optimistic that language could be added requiring, at a minimum, rigorous monitoring and performance standards for any new selenium-control project.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think all sides are unhappy with the status quo and motivated to find a solution,” Zwillinger said. “Of all the complex California water issues, it strikes me that [in this case] there could actually be an agreement in the near term that’s protective of both the environment and agricultural interests.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/05/02/pressure-mounts-to-solve-californias-toxic-farmland-drainage-problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Big Energy Utilities Face Local Rebellion",
"headTitle": "California’s Big Energy Utilities Face Local Rebellion | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Disruption in the electricity market is afoot as more California neighborhoods move away from big companies to locally owned power providers. This model, known as Community Choice Aggregation, appeals to customers interested in cleaner, more affordable power, and the break up of utility monopolies.[contextly_sidebar id=”XAyuBuZ6v0uUS1C2BKO5IniYyxoQVnQ6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A CCA trade group estimates that by 2020 more than half of California’s residents will be served by a CCA. Currently, \u003ca href=\"https://cal-cca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there are 13 active CCAs\u003c/a> in the state. More than 80 California cities are in the process of considering, or forming, a CCA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Local, green electricity-on-the-cheap faces its own battles, however. Skeptics worry CCAs do little to nothing to reduce overall green-house gas emissions. Some caution CCAs may be stifling investment in clean power infrastructure by taking customers away from traditional utilities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A state law passed in 2002 allowed the formation of these locally-owned agencies. In the North Bay, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Clean Energy \u003c/a>was the first CCA to purchase electricity on behalf of its residents.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\nSome traditional investor-owned utilities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">such as Pacific Gas and Electric Co., have put a positive spin on the movement, painting a rosy picture of a collaborative synergy with CCAs, rather than a threat to their business model.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We respect the energy choices that are available to customers and we will continue to cooperate with local governments as they develop these CCA programs,” says Paul Doherty, spokesperson at PG&E, which serves central and northern California.[contextly_sidebar id=”IKllBgL1cc4hgXuqKuyfXW7uLglVnZew”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the setup, PG&E \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">provides billing, transmission, and distribution services for CCA customers. The only thing a CCA does is select its energy portfolio and then sell energy to customers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We view [PG&E]\u003cem>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>as a partner,” says Annie Henderson, the spokesperson at \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Community Energy\u003c/a>, which is rolling out services in June for Alameda County and eleven of its cities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But California energy analysts say those talking points belie a more complicated, if not delicate, relationship. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>The Cost of Escape\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Utilities are not willing to let their customers go without a fight. \u003c/span>PG&E and other traditional utilities are engaged in a contentious dispute with CCAs over “exit fees.” These fees are the cost utilities want to recoup each month from CCA customers for power projects they invested on behalf of those customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923409\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wind Turbines line the hillsides outside Bakersfield, California. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The assumption was that those customers would stay in our service territory, and that we would need to serve them,” PG&E Senior Vice President Steven Malnight\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rtoinsider.com/community-choice-aggregator-cca-48422/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> told state senators last year\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> during a hearing on the matter. “Today, we know that reality is significantly different.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In April, PG&E and two other energy companies \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20170425_pge_and_other_california_energy_companies_propose_reforms_to_support_the_states_clean_energy_goals_protect_customer_choice_and_ensure_customer_equality_\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">submitted a joint filing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the California Public Utilities Commission proposing a new mechanism for calculating the fee, known as the Power Charge Indifference Adjustment, that would serve to raise the cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CPUC is currently overseeing the issue in a series of hearings and is expected \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M211/K795/211795024.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to submit\u003c/a> a ruling in July.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has already\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegoenergydistrict.org/fair-exit-fees.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> raised this fee\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at least twice, including in 2015, when the fees jumped between 44 – 127\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>percent, depending on the locale. (In 2015 the fee for an average CCA customer \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2015/12/22/pge-nearly-doubles-fee-for-those-who-leave-for-clean-energy-programs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jumped to about $13 from $6.70\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CCAs and other community advocates \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PCIA/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have strongly come out\u003c/a> against the proposal arguing that it threatens to make CCAs less affordable.[contextly_sidebar id=”JpRa9fEWPmAEEPOZLUPPjSOF8pxK0MVk”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, What is Fair?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>However, allowing CCA customers to walk away from investments made on their behalf risks disproportionately punishing remaining utility customers, says Severin Borenstein, energy policy expert at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has argued, and I think there is something to this and so does the PUC, that this [exit] fee was set too low,” says Borenstein. When customers depart the CCA should pay for their share of contracts, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And CCAs have completely rejected that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923407\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923407 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Diego harbor glows under the night sky. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But community advocates say customers shouldn’t be on the hook for risky business choices made by shareholder-owned companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may be called public utilities but it’s a misnomer because they operate for profit and not for the benefit of the public,” says April Rose Maurath Sommer, whose nonprofit Protect Our Communities Foundation, provided testimony at a recent PUC hearing.[contextly_sidebar id=”iPTDjaiBleBB5dv7W9dvhA6QQHuWDN44″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She says that shareholders should bare the burden of poor management decisions. Those decisions include over-procuring electricity which has led to a costly power glut in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Much Power\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A 2017\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-electricity-capacity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> report by the Los Angeles Times\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that state regulators continued approving the opening of new power plants even as electricity consumption in the state decreased. As a result, these power plants will produce at least 21 percent more electricity than California needs by 2020, according to the LA Times.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that hasn’t translated to lower costs for residents, who pay among the highest rates in the nation. While electricity consumption in California has decreased by 2.6 percent since 2008, the LA Times says that customers are still paying $6.8 billion more for power than they did then.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customers are paying nearly double the amount of what the rest of the country pays in order to cover the costs of these power plants. And that’s likely to continue for the near future. Customers will contribute “many billions of dollars” because regulators approved higher rates to compensate utilities for reckless investments, according to the LA Times.[contextly_sidebar id=”CkKsUGfXgGt6jkypUYwJ4xgTfS9NYzY4″]\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E in particular fought hard in 2010 to secure approval for the Colusa power plant, an investment that will cost its customers more than $700 million over the plant’s lifespan. The plant has operated “far below capacity” since launching, reports the LA Times.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same 2017 hearing in Sacramento, comments made by regulators suggest that the California Public Utilities Commission is not equipped to deal with these challenges.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We are being deregulated from the bottom up, and there is no real plan as to how it fits together,” CPUC president Michael Picker told lawmakers. “I am looking to you for direction.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CPUC report issued on Thursday explored the recent developments in the energy market and attempts to outline the main challenges. The aim of the report is to “jumpstart a conversation” and to provide guidance for policymakers, according to the accompanying press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, we are deregulating electric markets through dozens of different decisions and legislative actions, but we do not have a plan,” a statement issued by CPUC President Michael Picker warns. “If California policy makers are not careful, we could drift slowly back into another predicament like the energy crisis of 2001.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs, however, take issue with the report’s characterizations of the changing energy landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Highly regulated locally controlled CCAs were designed to help correct the problems from the energy crisis and they are performing as intended – delivering reliable, affordable and clean energy to local customers, while exceeding the state’s GHG goals,” said Beth Vaughan, the executive director of CalCCA, a trade association that represents the interests of CCAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Green Comparisons\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Along with affordability, many customers enrolling in community choice programs are expecting a different, greener type of energy than what the incumbent utilities have offered.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But experts say so far the actual numbers don’t reflect a significant difference.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923410\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Gas & Electric repair truck parked on a San Francisco street. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20180220_pge_clean_energy_deliveries_already_meet_future_goals\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> obtains nearly\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 80 percent of its electricity from carbon free resources while 33 percent comes from renewable sources. By comparison, homes covered by EBCE will be powered by 85 percent carbon-free power and at least 38 percent renewable energy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Commercial customers in Albany and Hayward will be powered by 100 percent carbon-free power at the same rate as PG&E.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think in general the difference isn’t all that huge,” says Borenstein. “PG&E is offering an extremely green portfolio.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Musical Chairs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, questions remain over where CCAs are procuring their energy from and whether their entry into the market will help reduce overall greenhouse emissions.[contextly_sidebar id=”EA3qE4w9ywR6M9xJMceykln1EFSta4r4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CCAs are simply obtaining electricity from the existing grid rather than generating new energy, then that purchase has not actually increased the total amount of green power. According to Borenstein, it’s simply “reshuffling” what’s already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs have been under a lot of pressure to ensure that the electricity they provide is actually creating cleaner power, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Merely buying renewable energy doesn’t necessarily mean that the purchase is increasing the total amount of renewable energy on the grid, or decreasing greenhouse gases,” says Borenstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs would need to invest in the requisite infrastructure allowing them to produce renewable energy. But critics say that CCAs don’t have the financial standing needed to invest in such projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, none of the CCAs have a credit rating and the first rule of business is ‘credit is fundamental to doing business,’” Jan Smutny-Jones, CEO of the Independent Energy Producers Association, told industry publication Utility Dive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Borenstein says that CCAs have increasingly become more sensitive to this. “At first they were doing things that customers would have found disappointing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains unclear where EBCE will be purchasing its electricity from. According to their website, “The power portfolio is currently under development, but the intent is to purchase as much electricity as possible from sources located in California at prices that remain competitive with PG&E. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some however, the challenges CCAs may stumble on as they get off the ground are worth the trade-off if it means breaking a monopoly.[contextly_sidebar id=”FrYrE5SsTJYjYdBcAVi1K5ULnTKkffCH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With community choice aggregation, now people can choose between locally controlled retail energy or Pacific Gas and Electric,” says James Sweeney, management science and engineering professor at Stanford University. “So the first step is about local control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the challenges CCAs may face as they get off the ground, Borenstein says that opening up California’s electricity market to retail competition is likely to benefit the average Californians in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Giant utilities like PG&E jockey to recoup costs as customers slide away. ",
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"title": "California's Big Energy Utilities Face Local Rebellion | KQED",
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"headline": "California's Big Energy Utilities Face Local Rebellion",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Disruption in the electricity market is afoot as more California neighborhoods move away from big companies to locally owned power providers. This model, known as Community Choice Aggregation, appeals to customers interested in cleaner, more affordable power, and the break up of utility monopolies.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A CCA trade group estimates that by 2020 more than half of California’s residents will be served by a CCA. Currently, \u003ca href=\"https://cal-cca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there are 13 active CCAs\u003c/a> in the state. More than 80 California cities are in the process of considering, or forming, a CCA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Local, green electricity-on-the-cheap faces its own battles, however. Skeptics worry CCAs do little to nothing to reduce overall green-house gas emissions. Some caution CCAs may be stifling investment in clean power infrastructure by taking customers away from traditional utilities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A state law passed in 2002 allowed the formation of these locally-owned agencies. In the North Bay, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Clean Energy \u003c/a>was the first CCA to purchase electricity on behalf of its residents.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\nSome traditional investor-owned utilities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">such as Pacific Gas and Electric Co., have put a positive spin on the movement, painting a rosy picture of a collaborative synergy with CCAs, rather than a threat to their business model.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We respect the energy choices that are available to customers and we will continue to cooperate with local governments as they develop these CCA programs,” says Paul Doherty, spokesperson at PG&E, which serves central and northern California.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the setup, PG&E \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">provides billing, transmission, and distribution services for CCA customers. The only thing a CCA does is select its energy portfolio and then sell energy to customers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We view [PG&E]\u003cem>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>as a partner,” says Annie Henderson, the spokesperson at \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Community Energy\u003c/a>, which is rolling out services in June for Alameda County and eleven of its cities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But California energy analysts say those talking points belie a more complicated, if not delicate, relationship. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>The Cost of Escape\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Utilities are not willing to let their customers go without a fight. \u003c/span>PG&E and other traditional utilities are engaged in a contentious dispute with CCAs over “exit fees.” These fees are the cost utilities want to recoup each month from CCA customers for power projects they invested on behalf of those customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923409\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wind Turbines line the hillsides outside Bakersfield, California. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The assumption was that those customers would stay in our service territory, and that we would need to serve them,” PG&E Senior Vice President Steven Malnight\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rtoinsider.com/community-choice-aggregator-cca-48422/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> told state senators last year\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> during a hearing on the matter. “Today, we know that reality is significantly different.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In April, PG&E and two other energy companies \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20170425_pge_and_other_california_energy_companies_propose_reforms_to_support_the_states_clean_energy_goals_protect_customer_choice_and_ensure_customer_equality_\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">submitted a joint filing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the California Public Utilities Commission proposing a new mechanism for calculating the fee, known as the Power Charge Indifference Adjustment, that would serve to raise the cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CPUC is currently overseeing the issue in a series of hearings and is expected \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M211/K795/211795024.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to submit\u003c/a> a ruling in July.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has already\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegoenergydistrict.org/fair-exit-fees.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> raised this fee\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at least twice, including in 2015, when the fees jumped between 44 – 127\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>percent, depending on the locale. (In 2015 the fee for an average CCA customer \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2015/12/22/pge-nearly-doubles-fee-for-those-who-leave-for-clean-energy-programs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jumped to about $13 from $6.70\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CCAs and other community advocates \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PCIA/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have strongly come out\u003c/a> against the proposal arguing that it threatens to make CCAs less affordable.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, What is Fair?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>However, allowing CCA customers to walk away from investments made on their behalf risks disproportionately punishing remaining utility customers, says Severin Borenstein, energy policy expert at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has argued, and I think there is something to this and so does the PUC, that this [exit] fee was set too low,” says Borenstein. When customers depart the CCA should pay for their share of contracts, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And CCAs have completely rejected that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923407\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923407 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Diego harbor glows under the night sky. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But community advocates say customers shouldn’t be on the hook for risky business choices made by shareholder-owned companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may be called public utilities but it’s a misnomer because they operate for profit and not for the benefit of the public,” says April Rose Maurath Sommer, whose nonprofit Protect Our Communities Foundation, provided testimony at a recent PUC hearing.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She says that shareholders should bare the burden of poor management decisions. Those decisions include over-procuring electricity which has led to a costly power glut in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Much Power\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A 2017\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-electricity-capacity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> report by the Los Angeles Times\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that state regulators continued approving the opening of new power plants even as electricity consumption in the state decreased. As a result, these power plants will produce at least 21 percent more electricity than California needs by 2020, according to the LA Times.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that hasn’t translated to lower costs for residents, who pay among the highest rates in the nation. While electricity consumption in California has decreased by 2.6 percent since 2008, the LA Times says that customers are still paying $6.8 billion more for power than they did then.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customers are paying nearly double the amount of what the rest of the country pays in order to cover the costs of these power plants. And that’s likely to continue for the near future. Customers will contribute “many billions of dollars” because regulators approved higher rates to compensate utilities for reckless investments, according to the LA Times.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E in particular fought hard in 2010 to secure approval for the Colusa power plant, an investment that will cost its customers more than $700 million over the plant’s lifespan. The plant has operated “far below capacity” since launching, reports the LA Times.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same 2017 hearing in Sacramento, comments made by regulators suggest that the California Public Utilities Commission is not equipped to deal with these challenges.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We are being deregulated from the bottom up, and there is no real plan as to how it fits together,” CPUC president Michael Picker told lawmakers. “I am looking to you for direction.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CPUC report issued on Thursday explored the recent developments in the energy market and attempts to outline the main challenges. The aim of the report is to “jumpstart a conversation” and to provide guidance for policymakers, according to the accompanying press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, we are deregulating electric markets through dozens of different decisions and legislative actions, but we do not have a plan,” a statement issued by CPUC President Michael Picker warns. “If California policy makers are not careful, we could drift slowly back into another predicament like the energy crisis of 2001.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs, however, take issue with the report’s characterizations of the changing energy landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Highly regulated locally controlled CCAs were designed to help correct the problems from the energy crisis and they are performing as intended – delivering reliable, affordable and clean energy to local customers, while exceeding the state’s GHG goals,” said Beth Vaughan, the executive director of CalCCA, a trade association that represents the interests of CCAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Green Comparisons\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Along with affordability, many customers enrolling in community choice programs are expecting a different, greener type of energy than what the incumbent utilities have offered.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But experts say so far the actual numbers don’t reflect a significant difference.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923410\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Gas & Electric repair truck parked on a San Francisco street. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20180220_pge_clean_energy_deliveries_already_meet_future_goals\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> obtains nearly\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 80 percent of its electricity from carbon free resources while 33 percent comes from renewable sources. By comparison, homes covered by EBCE will be powered by 85 percent carbon-free power and at least 38 percent renewable energy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Commercial customers in Albany and Hayward will be powered by 100 percent carbon-free power at the same rate as PG&E.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think in general the difference isn’t all that huge,” says Borenstein. “PG&E is offering an extremely green portfolio.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Musical Chairs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, questions remain over where CCAs are procuring their energy from and whether their entry into the market will help reduce overall greenhouse emissions.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CCAs are simply obtaining electricity from the existing grid rather than generating new energy, then that purchase has not actually increased the total amount of green power. According to Borenstein, it’s simply “reshuffling” what’s already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs have been under a lot of pressure to ensure that the electricity they provide is actually creating cleaner power, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Merely buying renewable energy doesn’t necessarily mean that the purchase is increasing the total amount of renewable energy on the grid, or decreasing greenhouse gases,” says Borenstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs would need to invest in the requisite infrastructure allowing them to produce renewable energy. But critics say that CCAs don’t have the financial standing needed to invest in such projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, none of the CCAs have a credit rating and the first rule of business is ‘credit is fundamental to doing business,’” Jan Smutny-Jones, CEO of the Independent Energy Producers Association, told industry publication Utility Dive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Borenstein says that CCAs have increasingly become more sensitive to this. “At first they were doing things that customers would have found disappointing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains unclear where EBCE will be purchasing its electricity from. According to their website, “The power portfolio is currently under development, but the intent is to purchase as much electricity as possible from sources located in California at prices that remain competitive with PG&E. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some however, the challenges CCAs may stumble on as they get off the ground are worth the trade-off if it means breaking a monopoly.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With community choice aggregation, now people can choose between locally controlled retail energy or Pacific Gas and Electric,” says James Sweeney, management science and engineering professor at Stanford University. “So the first step is about local control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the challenges CCAs may face as they get off the ground, Borenstein says that opening up California’s electricity market to retail competition is likely to benefit the average Californians in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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