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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From a proposal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924801/california-moves-closer-to-banning-federal-offshore-drilling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reopen offshore drilling\u003c/a> to today’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927865/trump-epa-ready-to-throw-down-gauntlet-on-calif-auto-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announcement\u003c/a> on lowering fuel efficiency requirements, the Trump administration is taking no prisoners in its scorched-earth policy against the kind of environmental regulations Californians have long prized and other states have replicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the current federal government attempts to yank the state’s progressive environmental policies up by their very roots, those with a stake in their success have ratcheted up their public statements of disgust to near-Trumpian levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Gov. Jerry Brown, for instance, who had this to say in a statement today:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“For Trump to now destroy a law first enacted at the request of Ronald Reagan five decades ago is a betrayal and an assault on the health of Americans everywhere. Under his reckless scheme, motorists will pay more at the pump, get worse gas mileage and breathe dirtier air. California will fight this stupidity in every conceivable way possible.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But that was nothing compared to what Brown’s predecessor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, threw Trump’s way. Here’s part of his official statement, issued under the banner of the USC Schwarzenegger Institute:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I am sick and tired of these fake conservatives who believe in states’ rights to make their own policies – as long as state policy is to pollute more. If you want to clean up your air, they throw federalism right out the window. I’ve had it with so-called pro-business conservatives who ignore what actual industry leaders say is best for business. The car companies’ own lobbyist said they hoped the administration would “find a solution that continues to increase fuel efficiency standards.” Let’s be clear: this is a stupid policy and no one asked for this. Businesses prefer certainty – not policies that change with the whims of each new White House.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Schwarzenegger has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3jR-NcWzD0\">feuding\u003c/a> with Trump over a host of issues for some time now. The former governor of California and star of such movies as “Terminator,” “Terminator 2,” and “Terminator 3” (as well as “Kindergarten Cop”) has a serious environmental legacy at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was Schwarzenegger who signed AB 32, the state’s landmark — and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927229/california-meets-key-climate-change-goal-early\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">effective\u003c/a> — law that has reduced the greenhouse gas emissions that drive climate change. It was only last month that the California Air Resources Board released data showing that 2016 emissions had fallen below those produced in the state in 1990, a milestone reached four years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should today’s EPA plan to revoke the exemption allowing California to go above and beyond federal requirements for auto emissions actually become law (there’s already a lawsuit, naturally), that could all but sink the state’s effort to slash emissions another 40 percent by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which all goes to say, when it comes to the Governator lambasting the policies of the president, you can count on one thing :\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’ll \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YEG9DgRHhA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">be back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warmer Soil Releasing More Carbon, Worsening Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>Even the dirt on the ground is making climate change worse, a new study finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants capture massive amounts of carbon, pumping it into the soil where usually it stays for hundreds or thousands of years.[contextly_sidebar id=”v3ttozJyWQs5K9BIGVidVliV7j6bQ44K”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations from across the globe show that as temperatures have warmed, bacteria and fungi in the soil are becoming more active. These turbo-charged microbes are feeding on dead leaves and plants, releasing more heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the air, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it a vicious cycle of warming. Burning of coal, oil and natural gas heats the air and soil, which worsens warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This uncontrolled cycle speeds up and amplifies climate change, said Jerry Melillo of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts, who wasn’t part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found a significant increase in the amount of carbon since the 1990s coming out of microbes when compared to other releases of carbon. They analyzed sensor readings, soil measurements, plant growth data and satellite observations in what’s the most comprehensive study yet of the climate change impacts of soil.[contextly_sidebar id=”XrkLbElgnB0X9BQRquMpqsaNDTpklZn4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world really is showing an effect here,” said lead researcher Ben Bond-Lamberty of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “It’s a fingerprint of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, soil releases about nine times more carbon than human-caused activities, but that’s part of a natural cycle when the amount of carbon released into the air is about equal to the carbon taken out by oceans and plants. Fossil fuel emissions knock the atmosphere out of balance by putting more in than comes out. Heated soil releases more carbon, further putting the cycle out of whack, Bond-Lamberty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists said as the world continues to warm, the soil will release yet more carbon that it has been holding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If something isn’t done, “we are really in trouble,” said Rattan Lal of Ohio State University, who wasn’t part of the study. He added that proper soil conservation techniques — such as avoiding plowing, off-season cover crop and leaving crop residue on the ground — can help keep more of the carbon in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Even the dirt on the ground is making climate change worse, a new study finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants capture massive amounts of carbon, pumping it into the soil where usually it stays for hundreds or thousands of years.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations from across the globe show that as temperatures have warmed, bacteria and fungi in the soil are becoming more active. These turbo-charged microbes are feeding on dead leaves and plants, releasing more heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the air, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it a vicious cycle of warming. Burning of coal, oil and natural gas heats the air and soil, which worsens warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This uncontrolled cycle speeds up and amplifies climate change, said Jerry Melillo of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts, who wasn’t part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found a significant increase in the amount of carbon since the 1990s coming out of microbes when compared to other releases of carbon. They analyzed sensor readings, soil measurements, plant growth data and satellite observations in what’s the most comprehensive study yet of the climate change impacts of soil.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world really is showing an effect here,” said lead researcher Ben Bond-Lamberty of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “It’s a fingerprint of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, soil releases about nine times more carbon than human-caused activities, but that’s part of a natural cycle when the amount of carbon released into the air is about equal to the carbon taken out by oceans and plants. Fossil fuel emissions knock the atmosphere out of balance by putting more in than comes out. Heated soil releases more carbon, further putting the cycle out of whack, Bond-Lamberty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists said as the world continues to warm, the soil will release yet more carbon that it has been holding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If something isn’t done, “we are really in trouble,” said Rattan Lal of Ohio State University, who wasn’t part of the study. He added that proper soil conservation techniques — such as avoiding plowing, off-season cover crop and leaving crop residue on the ground — can help keep more of the carbon in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wowzers! Death Valley Sets Tentative World Record for Hottest Month",
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"content": "\u003cp>The natural furnace of California’s Death Valley was on full broil in July, tentatively setting a world record for hottest month ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The month’s average temperature was 108.1 degrees, said Todd Lericos, a meteorologist in the Las Vegas office of the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That roasted the previous record, set in Death Valley in July 2017 when the average was 107.4 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It eclipsed the record by quite a bit,” Lericos said, adding that the data is considered preliminary and needs to be reviewed before it goes into official record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperatures are measured at Furnace Creek in Death Valley National Park, a vast, austere and rugged landscape in the desert of southeastern California that includes Badwater Basin, which at 282 feet (85.9 meters) below sea level is the lowest point in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valley got its morbid name from a group of pioneers who got lost there in 1849-1850 and thought it would be the end, according to the National Park Service. Only one died, however, before they found their way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer heat is so routinely extreme that tourists are warned to drink at least a gallon of water each day, carry additional water in their cars, stay close to their vehicles and watch themselves and others for dizziness, nausea and other symptoms of potentially deadly heat illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors are urged to “travel prepared to survive,” avoid hiking at low elevations and return to their air-conditioned cars for a cool-down after just 10 to 15 minutes of exposure outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And amid the heat, thunderstorms bring the threat of flash floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location holds the world record for highest temperature ever recorded — 134 degrees — set on July 10, 1913.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with that history, July was exceptional as a weather pattern stoked temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A very persistent high pressure system set up over the Southwest, restricting the movement of air vertically in the atmosphere and creating a heat wave, Lericos said. “It was fairly intense for this time of year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the extreme conditions were four consecutive days reaching a high of 127 degrees and overnight lows that remained over the century mark.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The natural furnace of California’s Death Valley was on full broil in July, tentatively setting a world record for hottest month ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The month’s average temperature was 108.1 degrees, said Todd Lericos, a meteorologist in the Las Vegas office of the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That roasted the previous record, set in Death Valley in July 2017 when the average was 107.4 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It eclipsed the record by quite a bit,” Lericos said, adding that the data is considered preliminary and needs to be reviewed before it goes into official record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperatures are measured at Furnace Creek in Death Valley National Park, a vast, austere and rugged landscape in the desert of southeastern California that includes Badwater Basin, which at 282 feet (85.9 meters) below sea level is the lowest point in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valley got its morbid name from a group of pioneers who got lost there in 1849-1850 and thought it would be the end, according to the National Park Service. Only one died, however, before they found their way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer heat is so routinely extreme that tourists are warned to drink at least a gallon of water each day, carry additional water in their cars, stay close to their vehicles and watch themselves and others for dizziness, nausea and other symptoms of potentially deadly heat illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors are urged to “travel prepared to survive,” avoid hiking at low elevations and return to their air-conditioned cars for a cool-down after just 10 to 15 minutes of exposure outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And amid the heat, thunderstorms bring the threat of flash floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location holds the world record for highest temperature ever recorded — 134 degrees — set on July 10, 1913.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with that history, July was exceptional as a weather pattern stoked temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A very persistent high pressure system set up over the Southwest, restricting the movement of air vertically in the atmosphere and creating a heat wave, Lericos said. “It was fairly intense for this time of year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the extreme conditions were four consecutive days reaching a high of 127 degrees and overnight lows that remained over the century mark.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump EPA Takes Aim at California's Tougher Fuel Requirements",
"headTitle": "Trump EPA Takes Aim at California’s Tougher Fuel Requirements | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency on Thursday took the wraps off its plan to throttle back requirements for auto fuel efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/us-epa-and-dot-propose-fuel-economy-standards-my-2021-2026-vehicles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a> essentially freezes automakers’ average fleet efficiency requirements, known as CAFE standards, at the 35 miles-per-gallon level planned for 2020, More stringent standards that were set to go into effect for 2021 to 2026 model years would be shelved, in what EPA calls “a much-needed time-out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the move is also seen as a challenge to the longstanding waiver California was granted under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Air Act, \u003c/a>allowing the state to set its own auto emissions standards. Twelve other states have followed California’s lead and in May, 17 states and the District of Columbia sued the EPA to halt the rollback. Thursday’s EPA action is not the “frontal assault” that some were expecting, but it does put that waiver up for review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Governor Jerry Brown called the proposal “a betrayal and an assault on the health of Americans everywhere.” The governor says it would mean consumers “pay more at the pump, get worse gas mileage and breathe dirtier air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California will fight this stupidity in every conceivable way possible,” he vowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger weighed in, calling the move “stupid policy,” and eagerly picking up the gauntlet thrown down by the administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope some conservatives with a conscience will act in Washington to defend California’s waiver based on these historic Republican values,” he wrote in a statement. “But if not, I’d remind them that California has won this battle before. We will win again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has already successfully sued to retain its automotive autonomy, when it was threatened under the George W. Bush administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of California is not looking to pick a fight with the Trump administration,” state attorney general Xavier Becerra told reporters in early May, “But we are ready for one — especially when the stakes are so high for the health of our families, our economy, and our planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s higher standards have been a keystone in the state’s strategy to clear the air of both toxic emissions and greenhouse gases. Transportation is California’s largest single contributor to global warming, accounting for about 40 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/qRXuCERPDmINj1LTwuruo?domain=arb.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> as of 2016. After bottoming out around 2012, those emissions have begun rising again, despite the state’s efforts to get more alternative-fuel vehicles on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 635px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927890\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans.jpg\" alt=\"Graph: transportion emissions trends\" width=\"635\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans.jpg 635w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans-520x367.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks have begun rising again in California. \u003ccite>(Calif. Air Resources Board)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EPA Wants to ‘Correct’ Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says the move is “to correct the national automobile fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions standards to give the American people greater access to safer, more affordable vehicles that are cleaner for the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration also asserts that under the 1975 law that first established the system, only the federal government has the authority to set fuel efficiency standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaning heavily on its safety argument, the administration has dubbed its proposal the SAFE rule, an acronym for Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles, claiming the change would save 1,000 lives per year, a contention that independent experts have questioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921972/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long-threatened\u003c/a> EPA rollback was begun under Scott Pruitt, the agency’s first administrator appointed by President Donald Trump. Pruitt, who asserted that California should not be allowed to “dictate” standards to the rest of the nation, later resigned under pressure, replaced by his deputy, Andrew Wheeler. California air regulators, who began negotiations with Pruitt and have continued them under Wheeler, say they see no apparent intent to back off of the anti-regulatory agenda of the Trump administration. But Wheeler seemed at least mildly conciliatory when talking with reporters last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We certainly want to work with the state of California,” he said, “to make sure they’re comfortable with the direction the government wants to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA action, which is one step in a lengthy process, opens up a 60-day public comment period, leading to a final rule, possibly by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "'California will fight this stupidity in every conceivable way possible,' vows Gov. Jerry Brown.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency on Thursday took the wraps off its plan to throttle back requirements for auto fuel efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/us-epa-and-dot-propose-fuel-economy-standards-my-2021-2026-vehicles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a> essentially freezes automakers’ average fleet efficiency requirements, known as CAFE standards, at the 35 miles-per-gallon level planned for 2020, More stringent standards that were set to go into effect for 2021 to 2026 model years would be shelved, in what EPA calls “a much-needed time-out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the move is also seen as a challenge to the longstanding waiver California was granted under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Air Act, \u003c/a>allowing the state to set its own auto emissions standards. Twelve other states have followed California’s lead and in May, 17 states and the District of Columbia sued the EPA to halt the rollback. Thursday’s EPA action is not the “frontal assault” that some were expecting, but it does put that waiver up for review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Governor Jerry Brown called the proposal “a betrayal and an assault on the health of Americans everywhere.” The governor says it would mean consumers “pay more at the pump, get worse gas mileage and breathe dirtier air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California will fight this stupidity in every conceivable way possible,” he vowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger weighed in, calling the move “stupid policy,” and eagerly picking up the gauntlet thrown down by the administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope some conservatives with a conscience will act in Washington to defend California’s waiver based on these historic Republican values,” he wrote in a statement. “But if not, I’d remind them that California has won this battle before. We will win again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has already successfully sued to retain its automotive autonomy, when it was threatened under the George W. Bush administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of California is not looking to pick a fight with the Trump administration,” state attorney general Xavier Becerra told reporters in early May, “But we are ready for one — especially when the stakes are so high for the health of our families, our economy, and our planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s higher standards have been a keystone in the state’s strategy to clear the air of both toxic emissions and greenhouse gases. Transportation is California’s largest single contributor to global warming, accounting for about 40 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/qRXuCERPDmINj1LTwuruo?domain=arb.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> as of 2016. After bottoming out around 2012, those emissions have begun rising again, despite the state’s efforts to get more alternative-fuel vehicles on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 635px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927890\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans.jpg\" alt=\"Graph: transportion emissions trends\" width=\"635\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans.jpg 635w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CAEmissions2016_Trans-520x367.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks have begun rising again in California. \u003ccite>(Calif. Air Resources Board)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EPA Wants to ‘Correct’ Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says the move is “to correct the national automobile fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions standards to give the American people greater access to safer, more affordable vehicles that are cleaner for the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration also asserts that under the 1975 law that first established the system, only the federal government has the authority to set fuel efficiency standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaning heavily on its safety argument, the administration has dubbed its proposal the SAFE rule, an acronym for Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles, claiming the change would save 1,000 lives per year, a contention that independent experts have questioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921972/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long-threatened\u003c/a> EPA rollback was begun under Scott Pruitt, the agency’s first administrator appointed by President Donald Trump. Pruitt, who asserted that California should not be allowed to “dictate” standards to the rest of the nation, later resigned under pressure, replaced by his deputy, Andrew Wheeler. California air regulators, who began negotiations with Pruitt and have continued them under Wheeler, say they see no apparent intent to back off of the anti-regulatory agenda of the Trump administration. But Wheeler seemed at least mildly conciliatory when talking with reporters last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We certainly want to work with the state of California,” he said, “to make sure they’re comfortable with the direction the government wants to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA action, which is one step in a lengthy process, opens up a 60-day public comment period, leading to a final rule, possibly by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Alameda County’s lone oil field will close up shop after nearly five decades of production, following a county decision to deny its permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The field, located just outside of Livermore, produces about 30 barrels of oil a day and is one of two remaining oil producers in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebresources.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E&B Natural Resources\u003c/a>, which purchased the oil field in 2007, had reapplied for two 10-year conditional use permits in January that were approved in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change.’ \u003ccite>Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The decision was challenged by two environmental advocacy groups, the Center for Biological Diversity and Livermore Eco Watchdog, because of perceived risks to Livermore’s groundwater. Accompanying the appeal was a signed letter endorsed by more than 20 public health and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California wants to be a leader in fighting climate change, it makes no sense for us to continue approving oil projects like this around the state,” says Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups’ appeal was brought before the Board of Supervisors last week in a hearing that ran for more than three hours. The board ultimately ruled against approving the permits in a 4-0 vote, with Supervisor Nate Miley abstaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the final vote, 4-0, reflects widespread opposition from people from all parts of the county,” says Kretzmann. “The board prioritized the community rather than the profits of the oil company and they should be applauded for standing up to the oil industry and putting their constituents first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B, based in Bakersfield, uses a method known as waterflooding to extract oil from the ground. The process pumps water down one well, pushing the oil up through a different well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change by reducing fossil fuel production and moving us toward renewable energy,” says Kretzmann. “Alameda County has shown bold decision-making and it can be a model for other cities and counties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for E&B called the decision “disappointing,” pointing to a recommendation to approve the permits from the county planning department and a green light from the local zoning board. He also implied that the fight isn’t over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“E&B Natural Resources will continue to explore a mutually agreeable resolution with the County on our conditional use permits,” spokesman Ted Cordova wrote in a statement emailed to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B has been cited for safety violations over the years, including a 2015 fine for failing to report a spill and disposing of the contaminated soil without testing for toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also that year, E&B agreed to an $85,000 settlement with the county for mixing sludge with non-hazardous soils. At the time, the company argued that the violation occurred before E&B took over operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two state agencies, the California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources and the Water Resources Board, have said that the groundwater \u003ca href=\"https://patch.com/california/livermore/protest-planned-public-meeting-new-exemption-oil-producer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the oil field\u003c/a> is not suitable for drinking because of its high mineral and salt content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kretzmann takes issue with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their own documents show that the water could be treated and used for other types of use,” he says. “The water should be preserved for future use — especially given the fact that California is likely to experience more severe droughts in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Alameda County’s lone oil field will close up shop after nearly five decades of production, following a county decision to deny its permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The field, located just outside of Livermore, produces about 30 barrels of oil a day and is one of two remaining oil producers in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebresources.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E&B Natural Resources\u003c/a>, which purchased the oil field in 2007, had reapplied for two 10-year conditional use permits in January that were approved in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change.’ \u003ccite>Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The decision was challenged by two environmental advocacy groups, the Center for Biological Diversity and Livermore Eco Watchdog, because of perceived risks to Livermore’s groundwater. Accompanying the appeal was a signed letter endorsed by more than 20 public health and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California wants to be a leader in fighting climate change, it makes no sense for us to continue approving oil projects like this around the state,” says Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups’ appeal was brought before the Board of Supervisors last week in a hearing that ran for more than three hours. The board ultimately ruled against approving the permits in a 4-0 vote, with Supervisor Nate Miley abstaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the final vote, 4-0, reflects widespread opposition from people from all parts of the county,” says Kretzmann. “The board prioritized the community rather than the profits of the oil company and they should be applauded for standing up to the oil industry and putting their constituents first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B, based in Bakersfield, uses a method known as waterflooding to extract oil from the ground. The process pumps water down one well, pushing the oil up through a different well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change by reducing fossil fuel production and moving us toward renewable energy,” says Kretzmann. “Alameda County has shown bold decision-making and it can be a model for other cities and counties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for E&B called the decision “disappointing,” pointing to a recommendation to approve the permits from the county planning department and a green light from the local zoning board. He also implied that the fight isn’t over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“E&B Natural Resources will continue to explore a mutually agreeable resolution with the County on our conditional use permits,” spokesman Ted Cordova wrote in a statement emailed to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B has been cited for safety violations over the years, including a 2015 fine for failing to report a spill and disposing of the contaminated soil without testing for toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also that year, E&B agreed to an $85,000 settlement with the county for mixing sludge with non-hazardous soils. At the time, the company argued that the violation occurred before E&B took over operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two state agencies, the California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources and the Water Resources Board, have said that the groundwater \u003ca href=\"https://patch.com/california/livermore/protest-planned-public-meeting-new-exemption-oil-producer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the oil field\u003c/a> is not suitable for drinking because of its high mineral and salt content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kretzmann takes issue with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their own documents show that the water could be treated and used for other types of use,” he says. “The water should be preserved for future use — especially given the fact that California is likely to experience more severe droughts in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Redding Medical Staff Scrambling to Provide Care",
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"content": "\u003cp>Medical staff near Redding have been scrambling to provide necessary care, some while dealing with the mandatory evacuations of their own homes in the face of the explosive Carr Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']Shasta Community Health Center supports Shasta County at its six locations. But Chief Operations Officer Brandon Thornock says last Friday alone, dozens of employees were unable to come to work. Still, he says, enough employees showed up that the health center can staff two facilities: their medical center in Anderson and a consolidated team of medical professionals operating out of Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of their physicians and staff have also been sent to the evacuation center established at Shasta College to help fire evacuees with anxiety and smoke inhalation problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center, one of the most sensitive operations was the transfer of six babies from the hospital’s neonatal intensive care unit, says Mike Mangas, a communications manager for the hospital. It can take three to four hours to prepare the babies to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five babies were taken to the UC Davis Medical Center, while a sixth was transferred to Mercy San Juan. All arrived in good health and Mangas says they’re doing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, he says Mercy has seen several burn and smoke-related injuries, including 3 firefighters, but none were serious and all have now been discharged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”PKSsgbdsFAc8xVRhDXbPq7h565rX5IHh”]The hospital is ready to remove additional patients if needed, but Mangas noted that a shift this week in the direction of the active front of the fire might spare them more damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had people who work at the hospital who lost their homes,” Mangas says, “but many of them still showed up for work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr Fire has burned more than 112,000 acres, destroyed more than 900 homes, and is still just 30 percent contained. Fire officials are beginning to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allow residents back\u003c/a> in some areas, while continuing \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory evacuations\u003c/a> in others.\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Medical staff near Redding have been scrambling to provide necessary care, some while dealing with the mandatory evacuations of their own homes in the face of the explosive Carr Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Shasta Community Health Center supports Shasta County at its six locations. But Chief Operations Officer Brandon Thornock says last Friday alone, dozens of employees were unable to come to work. Still, he says, enough employees showed up that the health center can staff two facilities: their medical center in Anderson and a consolidated team of medical professionals operating out of Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of their physicians and staff have also been sent to the evacuation center established at Shasta College to help fire evacuees with anxiety and smoke inhalation problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center, one of the most sensitive operations was the transfer of six babies from the hospital’s neonatal intensive care unit, says Mike Mangas, a communications manager for the hospital. It can take three to four hours to prepare the babies to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five babies were taken to the UC Davis Medical Center, while a sixth was transferred to Mercy San Juan. All arrived in good health and Mangas says they’re doing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, he says Mercy has seen several burn and smoke-related injuries, including 3 firefighters, but none were serious and all have now been discharged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The hospital is ready to remove additional patients if needed, but Mangas noted that a shift this week in the direction of the active front of the fire might spare them more damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had people who work at the hospital who lost their homes,” Mangas says, “but many of them still showed up for work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr Fire has burned more than 112,000 acres, destroyed more than 900 homes, and is still just 30 percent contained. Fire officials are beginning to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allow residents back\u003c/a> in some areas, while continuing \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory evacuations\u003c/a> in others.\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Admin: Driving Would be Riskier with Tougher Fuel Standards",
"headTitle": "Trump Admin: Driving Would be Riskier with Tougher Fuel Standards | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration says people would drive more and be exposed to increased risk if their cars get better gas mileage, an argument intended to justify freezing Obama-era toughening of fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transportation experts dispute the arguments, contained in a draft of the administration’s proposals prepared this summer, excerpts of which were obtained by The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excerpts also show the administration plans to challenge California’s long-standing authority to enact its own, tougher pollution and fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revisions to the mileage requirements for 2021 through 2026 are still being worked on, the administration says, and changes could be made before the proposal is released as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration gave notice earlier this year that it would roll back tough new fuel standards put into place in the waning days of the Obama administration. Anticipating the new regulation, California and 16 other states sued the Trump administration in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, “improvements over time have better longer-term effects simply by not alienating consumers, as compared to great leaps forward” in fuel efficiency and other technology, the administration argues. It contends that freezing the mileage requirements at 2020 levels would save up to 1,000 lives per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New vehicles would be cheaper — and heavier — if they don’t have to meet more stringent fuel requirements and more people would buy them, the draft says, and that would put more drivers in safer, newer vehicles that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the draft says that people will drive less if their vehicles get fewer miles per gallon, lowering the risk of crashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Zuby, chief research officer at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, said he’s doubtful about the administration’s estimate of lives saved because other factors could affect traffic deaths, such as automakers agreeing to make automatic emergency braking standard on all models before 2022. “They’re making assumptions about stuff that may or may not be the same,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the logic that heavier vehicles are safer doesn’t hold up because lighter, newer vehicles perform as well or better than older, heavier versions in crash tests, and because the weight difference between the Obama and Trump requirements would be minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Allow me to be skeptical,” said Giorgio Rizzoni, an engineering professor and director of the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. “To say that safety is a direct result of somehow freezing the fuel economy mandate for a few years, I think that’s a stretch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that a heavier, bigger vehicle would incur less damage in a crash with a smaller, lighter one and that fatality rates also are higher for smaller vehicles. But they also say that lighter vehicles with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and lighter, high-strength steel alloys perform as well or better than their predecessors in crash tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Taub, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, said he would choose a 2017 Malibu over a heavier one from 20 years earlier. It’s engineered better, has more features to avoid crashes and additional air bags, among other things. “You want to be in the newer vehicle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An April draft from the Trump administration said freezing the requirements at 2020 levels would save people $1,900 per new vehicle. But the later draft raises that to $2,100 and even as high as $2,700 by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups questioned the justification for freezing the standards. Luke Tonachel, director of the clean-vehicle program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the risk from people driving more due to higher mileage is “tiny and maybe even negligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Trump administration proposal, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average roughly 30 mpg in real-world driving, and that wouldn’t change through 2026.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has had the authority under the half-century-old Clean Air Act to set its own mileage under a special rule allowing the state to curb its chronic smog problem. More than a dozen states follow California’s standards, amounting to about 40 percent of the country’s new-vehicle market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if he thinks a freeze in U.S. mileage standards is warranted, EPA acting administrator Andrew Wheeler told a small group of reporters at EPA headquarters last week, “I think we need to go where the technology takes us” on fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler did not elaborate. Agency spokespeople did not respond when asked specifically if the EPA acting chief was making the case that modern cars could be both fuel efficient and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler also spoke out for what he called “a 50-state solution” that would keep the U.S car and truck market from splitting between two different mileage standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation said in a statement that the final fuel economy standards would be based on sound science. The department cautioned that a draft doesn’t capture the whole picture of the proposed regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft said a 2012 analysis of fuel economy standards under the Obama administration deliberately limited the amount of mass reduction necessary under the standards. This was done “in order to avoid the appearance of adverse safety effects,” the draft stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krisher reported from Detroit.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration says people would drive more and be exposed to increased risk if their cars get better gas mileage, an argument intended to justify freezing Obama-era toughening of fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transportation experts dispute the arguments, contained in a draft of the administration’s proposals prepared this summer, excerpts of which were obtained by The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excerpts also show the administration plans to challenge California’s long-standing authority to enact its own, tougher pollution and fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revisions to the mileage requirements for 2021 through 2026 are still being worked on, the administration says, and changes could be made before the proposal is released as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration gave notice earlier this year that it would roll back tough new fuel standards put into place in the waning days of the Obama administration. Anticipating the new regulation, California and 16 other states sued the Trump administration in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, “improvements over time have better longer-term effects simply by not alienating consumers, as compared to great leaps forward” in fuel efficiency and other technology, the administration argues. It contends that freezing the mileage requirements at 2020 levels would save up to 1,000 lives per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New vehicles would be cheaper — and heavier — if they don’t have to meet more stringent fuel requirements and more people would buy them, the draft says, and that would put more drivers in safer, newer vehicles that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the draft says that people will drive less if their vehicles get fewer miles per gallon, lowering the risk of crashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Zuby, chief research officer at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, said he’s doubtful about the administration’s estimate of lives saved because other factors could affect traffic deaths, such as automakers agreeing to make automatic emergency braking standard on all models before 2022. “They’re making assumptions about stuff that may or may not be the same,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the logic that heavier vehicles are safer doesn’t hold up because lighter, newer vehicles perform as well or better than older, heavier versions in crash tests, and because the weight difference between the Obama and Trump requirements would be minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Allow me to be skeptical,” said Giorgio Rizzoni, an engineering professor and director of the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. “To say that safety is a direct result of somehow freezing the fuel economy mandate for a few years, I think that’s a stretch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that a heavier, bigger vehicle would incur less damage in a crash with a smaller, lighter one and that fatality rates also are higher for smaller vehicles. But they also say that lighter vehicles with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and lighter, high-strength steel alloys perform as well or better than their predecessors in crash tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Taub, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, said he would choose a 2017 Malibu over a heavier one from 20 years earlier. It’s engineered better, has more features to avoid crashes and additional air bags, among other things. “You want to be in the newer vehicle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An April draft from the Trump administration said freezing the requirements at 2020 levels would save people $1,900 per new vehicle. But the later draft raises that to $2,100 and even as high as $2,700 by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups questioned the justification for freezing the standards. Luke Tonachel, director of the clean-vehicle program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the risk from people driving more due to higher mileage is “tiny and maybe even negligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Trump administration proposal, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average roughly 30 mpg in real-world driving, and that wouldn’t change through 2026.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has had the authority under the half-century-old Clean Air Act to set its own mileage under a special rule allowing the state to curb its chronic smog problem. More than a dozen states follow California’s standards, amounting to about 40 percent of the country’s new-vehicle market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if he thinks a freeze in U.S. mileage standards is warranted, EPA acting administrator Andrew Wheeler told a small group of reporters at EPA headquarters last week, “I think we need to go where the technology takes us” on fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler did not elaborate. Agency spokespeople did not respond when asked specifically if the EPA acting chief was making the case that modern cars could be both fuel efficient and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler also spoke out for what he called “a 50-state solution” that would keep the U.S car and truck market from splitting between two different mileage standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation said in a statement that the final fuel economy standards would be based on sound science. The department cautioned that a draft doesn’t capture the whole picture of the proposed regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft said a 2012 analysis of fuel economy standards under the Obama administration deliberately limited the amount of mass reduction necessary under the standards. This was done “in order to avoid the appearance of adverse safety effects,” the draft stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krisher reported from Detroit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "smoke-chasers-help-predict-wildfire-behavior",
"title": "Smoke-Chasers Help Predict Wildfire Behavior",
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"content": "\u003cp>One thing that stands out in this already-staggering fire season is the repeated accounts of bizarre fire behavior that seem to defy conventional wisdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists are looking for new clues to that behavior. It turns out that the smoke plume from a wildfire tells its own complex story that contains some of those clues, and in California, there’s a new breed of “smoke chaser” looking to decode them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928405\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: smoke plume from Carr Fire, near Redding, CA\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1182\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-800x493.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-768x473.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1020x628.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1200x739.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1180x726.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-960x591.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-520x320.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are probing smoke plumes from the Carr Fire and other wildfires to better predict fire behavior. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I arrive at the Carr Fire’s incident command post in Anderson, just south of Redding, Craig Clements had just come out of a briefing with the incident meteorologist. Every big fire has one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re having issues with the smoke and they want to know how deep it is,” explains Clements. “We’re gonna map the smoke layer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clements runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fire Weather Research Lab\u003c/a> at San Jose State State University — and he’s taken it on the road. The lab’s mobile unit is a white, heavy-duty pickup, outfitted with a cluster of weather instruments and a LIDAR unit. \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LIDAR is kind of like radar\u003c/a>, but instead of using radio waves, shoots a beam of light skyward, in this case to make a vertical map of the smoke column.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928403\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: mobile unit on site\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SJSU’s mobile fire weather unit is the only one of its kind operated by a U.S. university. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We can track the smoke,” says Clements, “but we can also measure the wind circulation patterns in the smoke plume.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorology student Jackson Yip pulls the rig off of Highway 299 onto an open field, about 5 miles from the fire line, and gets to work inflating a small weather balloon — about four feet across. It carries a transmitter the size of an eyeglass case, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/upperair/factsheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a radiosonde\u003c/a>, that will send data back to the truck. He lets it go and it shoots into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a good sight. Come on, keep goin’, keep goin’!,” urges Clements.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will keep going, sampling and transmitting data back once every second, until it reaches 40,000 feet or more above the earth. The fire lab crew will transmit their data to the meteorologist on duty at the command post, where it can help form a better picture of conditions aloft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”DtKkbwvPmAseBAsYXj8h5MqEwXQxwCdC”]Launch sites for weather balloons are “few and far between,” according to Clements, so the team’s ability to launch on site was a boon to the “i-met,” the incident meteorologist who asked them to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow–look at that,” Clements exclaims, as the information starts to form a picture. The first thing they notice is a strong inversion: a layer of air about 9,000 feet up that’s warmer than the air below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The air’s really, really warm above,” he observes.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That warm air acts as a lid on the lower atmosphere, which helps explain why the entire Sacramento Valley seems to be enshrouded in a yellow, smokey haze. But what the team is really looking for, are signs that the fire’s behavior might be changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928402\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: smoke haze near Redding\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-768x579.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1020x769.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1200x904.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1920x1447.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1180x889.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-960x723.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-520x392.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A yellow pall of smoke haze hangs over Interstate 5 south of Redding, during the Carr Fire. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you have a very convective day, let’s say, in the atmosphere, where a lot of vertical motion is occurring,” Clements explains, “that can impact the fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing they can spot is something called a “velocity couplet,” where winds above the fire are moving in opposite directions, just meters apart. That indicates rotation, and the possible formation of fire “tornadoes,” like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one that added to the devastation\u003c/a> near Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re not seeing that on this day — but as the information comes in, it reveals something else that’s potentially dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“The air is really, really dry aloft,” notes Clements, “so if that really dry air mixes down to the surface, it could really impact fire behavior, because it’ll dry out the fuels.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, it’s something to keep an eye on — no need to sound an alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As air descends, it’ll only warm more and get drier,” explains grad student Matthew Brewer. “If the sun’s able to warm the surface, and you start to get surface mixing, and we get convection, and get these big circulations going, and that could bring down some of the dry air; as air comes up, air has to come back down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, San Jose State has the only mobile fire weather lab in the nation, and the immediate goal is research. But Clements hopes they can make the case for units like this to become a staple of wildfire management — especially when current fires seem to be breaking all the conventional rules of fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are general rules of thumb,” Clements says, “but it doesn’t always happen. And so the more observations we can get on a wildfire in terms of meteorology, fire behavior, and fuels conditions, the better for predicting the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But maybe the bottom line of why they’re out here was best expressed by the undergrad student in the crew, 23-year-old Jackson Yip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, the papers that will be coming out of these observations and the knowledge we gain from it will ultimately save property and save lives,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fall, the lab is adding a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_band\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ka-band mobile Doppler radar\u003c/a> unit to its arsenal. Clements says that will give them unprecedented range and power to demystify the forces inside a fire’s smoke plume.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Every big fire has a meteorologist whose job is to help figure out what the fire might do next. So it helps if that meteorologist has a smoke-chaser.",
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"title": "Smoke-Chasers Help Predict Wildfire Behavior | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One thing that stands out in this already-staggering fire season is the repeated accounts of bizarre fire behavior that seem to defy conventional wisdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists are looking for new clues to that behavior. It turns out that the smoke plume from a wildfire tells its own complex story that contains some of those clues, and in California, there’s a new breed of “smoke chaser” looking to decode them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928405\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: smoke plume from Carr Fire, near Redding, CA\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1182\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-800x493.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-768x473.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1020x628.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1200x739.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1180x726.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-960x591.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-520x320.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are probing smoke plumes from the Carr Fire and other wildfires to better predict fire behavior. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I arrive at the Carr Fire’s incident command post in Anderson, just south of Redding, Craig Clements had just come out of a briefing with the incident meteorologist. Every big fire has one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re having issues with the smoke and they want to know how deep it is,” explains Clements. “We’re gonna map the smoke layer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clements runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fire Weather Research Lab\u003c/a> at San Jose State State University — and he’s taken it on the road. The lab’s mobile unit is a white, heavy-duty pickup, outfitted with a cluster of weather instruments and a LIDAR unit. \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LIDAR is kind of like radar\u003c/a>, but instead of using radio waves, shoots a beam of light skyward, in this case to make a vertical map of the smoke column.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928403\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: mobile unit on site\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SJSU’s mobile fire weather unit is the only one of its kind operated by a U.S. university. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We can track the smoke,” says Clements, “but we can also measure the wind circulation patterns in the smoke plume.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorology student Jackson Yip pulls the rig off of Highway 299 onto an open field, about 5 miles from the fire line, and gets to work inflating a small weather balloon — about four feet across. It carries a transmitter the size of an eyeglass case, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/upperair/factsheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a radiosonde\u003c/a>, that will send data back to the truck. He lets it go and it shoots into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a good sight. Come on, keep goin’, keep goin’!,” urges Clements.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will keep going, sampling and transmitting data back once every second, until it reaches 40,000 feet or more above the earth. The fire lab crew will transmit their data to the meteorologist on duty at the command post, where it can help form a better picture of conditions aloft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Launch sites for weather balloons are “few and far between,” according to Clements, so the team’s ability to launch on site was a boon to the “i-met,” the incident meteorologist who asked them to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow–look at that,” Clements exclaims, as the information starts to form a picture. The first thing they notice is a strong inversion: a layer of air about 9,000 feet up that’s warmer than the air below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The air’s really, really warm above,” he observes.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That warm air acts as a lid on the lower atmosphere, which helps explain why the entire Sacramento Valley seems to be enshrouded in a yellow, smokey haze. But what the team is really looking for, are signs that the fire’s behavior might be changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928402\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: smoke haze near Redding\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-768x579.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1020x769.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1200x904.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1920x1447.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1180x889.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-960x723.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-520x392.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A yellow pall of smoke haze hangs over Interstate 5 south of Redding, during the Carr Fire. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you have a very convective day, let’s say, in the atmosphere, where a lot of vertical motion is occurring,” Clements explains, “that can impact the fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing they can spot is something called a “velocity couplet,” where winds above the fire are moving in opposite directions, just meters apart. That indicates rotation, and the possible formation of fire “tornadoes,” like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one that added to the devastation\u003c/a> near Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re not seeing that on this day — but as the information comes in, it reveals something else that’s potentially dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The air is really, really dry aloft,” notes Clements, “so if that really dry air mixes down to the surface, it could really impact fire behavior, because it’ll dry out the fuels.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, it’s something to keep an eye on — no need to sound an alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As air descends, it’ll only warm more and get drier,” explains grad student Matthew Brewer. “If the sun’s able to warm the surface, and you start to get surface mixing, and we get convection, and get these big circulations going, and that could bring down some of the dry air; as air comes up, air has to come back down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, San Jose State has the only mobile fire weather lab in the nation, and the immediate goal is research. But Clements hopes they can make the case for units like this to become a staple of wildfire management — especially when current fires seem to be breaking all the conventional rules of fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are general rules of thumb,” Clements says, “but it doesn’t always happen. And so the more observations we can get on a wildfire in terms of meteorology, fire behavior, and fuels conditions, the better for predicting the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But maybe the bottom line of why they’re out here was best expressed by the undergrad student in the crew, 23-year-old Jackson Yip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, the papers that will be coming out of these observations and the knowledge we gain from it will ultimately save property and save lives,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fall, the lab is adding a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_band\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ka-band mobile Doppler radar\u003c/a> unit to its arsenal. Clements says that will give them unprecedented range and power to demystify the forces inside a fire’s smoke plume.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters",
"headTitle": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>The West is known for summer wildfires. Now it seems Western summers will be distinguished by another kind of flare-up: algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>This summer has witnessed an explosion of algae problems in Western water bodies. Usually marked by a bright green mat of floating scum, the blooms are unsightly and unpleasant for water lovers. More concerning are potentially toxic cyanobacteria often produced by the algae, which can be deadly to pets and livestock and cause illnesses in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms have popped up in freshwater lakes and streams for years. But in recent years they seem bigger and more widespread than ever, resulting in closed beaches, public health warnings and risks to drinking water in a few locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are even popping up in unlikely places, such as high-elevation mountain lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is currently no federal drinking water standard for algal toxins and in many places, data monitoring of blooms is still scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really a devilish problem,” said Craig Cox, a senior vice-president for agriculture and natural resources at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> who is tracking the issue. “The more I look into it, the more stunning the state of play seems to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cause of each incident is not always known, two of the main known drivers of algal blooms are excess nutrients in the water and extreme heat. As a result, algae-coated lakes could become one of the most visible consequences of rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Understanding the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most serious incident recently occurred in May in Salem, Oregon, where a health advisory was issued to more than 200,000 customers of the city water department following the detection of algal toxins in the drinking water supply. Young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions were warned not to drink tap water for most of the month of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727081904/USACE_Detroit_Dam_Oregon1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detroit Lake and Dam on the North Santiam River, a source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon, the state capital. A toxic algal bloom at the lake in May and June resulted in a weeks-long public health advisory in which children, the elderly and other sensitive groups were urged not to consume Salem’s drinking water. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Salem officials still don’t know what caused the toxic bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the million-dollar question that everybody wants to know,” said Lacey Goeres-Priest, water quality supervisor at the Salem Public Works Department. “There’s a lot of different factors that play into this type of event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae and the bacteria involved in harmful blooms are all naturally occurring and are important building blocks of all life on Earth. But the two main causes of the blooms are not natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion and excessive fertilizer are to blame for the high levels of nutrients. For the second factor, warm temperatures cause algae to bloom more aggressively and climate change seems a likely culprit. Scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts published a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/climate-change-projected-significantly-increase-harmful-algal-blooms-us-freshwaters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in 2017 predicting toxic algal blooms would increase as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They like it hot, and this helps them outcompete beneficial phytoplankton,” said Ali Dunn, an environmental scientist at the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) who studies blooms in that state. “It’s definitely been a catalyst for their growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the Data Gaps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms are unpredictable, typically resulting from a suite of biological and environmental conditions. Most algal toxins come from a class of cyanobacteria present with some – but not all – algae. So the mere presence of algae does not mean a toxin is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to detect algal toxins is through laboratory testing of water samples. This can take days, adding significant delay to any public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each lake, river, water body kind of has its own story to tell,” said Dunn. “The drivers are going to be different and unique to that system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows precisely how often blooms occur because there is no monitoring of the problem on a national scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox, based in Ames, Iowa, and his team at EWG decided to gather their own data by recording how often algal blooms were mentioned in the news media. He admits this was a crude method, but no other data was available. In their resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, released in May, they documented 169 blooms in 2017 – up from 51 the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly a low estimate, because many blooms probably don’t get reported in the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: in 2016, the SWRCB launched its own \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algal bloom reporting program\u003c/a>. It is based entirely on volunteer reports. Even so, in \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2017\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">it recorded\u003c/a> 181 algal blooms just in California, an increase from 91 the year before. Of the 2017 blooms, 141 were serious enough to prompt health advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the 2017 reports illustrates how algal blooms are popping up where they once didn’t seem possible. On Sept. 8, a bright green lake-wide algal bloom was reported at Rim Rock Lake, a natural water body at the 7,000-feet (2,130 meters) elevation deep inside Lassen National Forest in Northern California. Water samples revealed four species of cyanobacteria, but none was producing toxins at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/national-lakes-assessment-2012-key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Lakes Assessment\u003c/a> every five years that sheds a little more light on the issue. The most recent assessment now dates back to 2012. It found cyanobacteria and \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a>, a key algal toxin, had increased 8.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, in the nation’s lakes compared with 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the presence of phosphorus – a main nutrient from fertilizers that feeds algal blooms – also grew significantly worse. Eighteen percent of lakes showed increasing phosphorus concentrations compared with 2007. And 40 percent were recorded as having excess phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to show, with our occurrence data, that toxins are present across the country in all surface water types,” said Keith Loftin, a research chemist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas. “But in terms of an exact count year to year, we do not have that data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close this gap, Loftin is helping develop a new national \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyanobacteria Assessment Network\u003c/a>. He’s part of a team that includes the EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA. They plan to use satellite sensors to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms nationwide. It will include a smartphone app to make the data widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082028/DiamondValleyCyanotracker1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"538\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satellite image shows the state of an algal bloom in July at Diamond Valley Lake near Riverside, California, a critical storage reservoir for the Metropolitan Water District. In June, the district closed the lake to recreating as a result of the bloom. (Image Courtesy Cyanotracker/University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The system is being tested now and Loftin hopes it will be publicly available within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data produced by the system could help develop new algae management techniques and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drinking Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, the nation’s water-quality police, has only issued recommendations and has yet to impose federal drinking water standards for algal toxins. As a result, many utilities are forced to improvise when an algal bloom strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was the case during Salem’s recent crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first indicator came on May 8, when an algal bloom appeared at Detroit Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the North Santiam River. Salem draws its drinking water from the reservoir, which is also popular for boating, swimming and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it had experienced blooms before, Salem already had a weekly testing program for algal toxins. Now it increased testing to twice weekly, sending samples to a laboratory in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until May 25, just before Memorial Day weekend, that test results from a sample of the city’s water confirmed the presence of a type of cyanotoxin. Consulting with the Oregon Health Authority, the city took a wait-and-see approach to the problem over the long holiday weekend, Goeres-Priest said. It tweaked the water treatment process to try to control the toxin, and tapped a backup supply from the neighboring city of Keizer to help dilute the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bloom continued. So on Tuesday, May 29, the city issued a health advisory urging sensitive groups not to drink the tap water. It affected not just Salem, but three neighboring communities that draw water from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With help from the state, Salem began distributing bottled water and the National Guard mobilized tankers to dispense clean water at two dozen sites for residents who brought their own containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city lifted the health advisory five days later, on June 2, after two consecutive days of clean water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the bloom roared back, and on June 6 Salem was forced to impose the advisory again, adding to public confusion. It was finally lifted on July 3, only after 12 consecutive days of clean water tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms had struck Detroit Lake before, but none had ever lasted that long or required health warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is different about this year than previous years? At this point, I don’t know the answer to that,” Goeres-Priest said. “We’re still learning a lot about the toxins themselves, and trying to understand what triggers that toxin release.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A forest fire may be one new contributor. The Whitewater Fire, which started in July 2017, burned 14,000 acres of forest in the Santiam River watershed east of Salem. Fire ash contains phosphorus, a nutrient that could have fed this year’s algal bloom. Goeres-Priest doesn’t know to what extent that was a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algal bloom episode was costly for Salem, she said, although a full tally is not yet available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the city spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on water sample testing. Later, to avoid the delay of sending samples to Ohio, the city bought its own testing machine at a cost of $35,000. It also bought a cryofreezer because laboratory protocol requires samples to be flash-frozen and thawed three times before testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salem also had to upgrade its water treatment plant, adding a process involving powdered activated carbon to remove algal toxins from the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082114/lab-technician-at-willow-lake-prepares-water-samples-next-to-caas-equipment_web_1600x1067_color-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Salem, Oregon, city employee prepares water samples for testing to determine the presence of algal toxins. The city purchased new testing machines during a recent toxic algal bloom to avoid delays in sending water samples to a lab in Ohio. (Photo Courtesy city of Salem)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to Salem’s travails, the Oregon Health Authority imposed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/06/29/salem-water-alert-oregon-algal-toxins-test-oha/746671002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interim water quality standards\u003c/a> for algal toxins. It now requires all water agencies to test for them regularly while it develops permanent standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solving the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear about toxic algal blooms is that treating the outbreak doesn’t solve the problem. They are likely to recur until the root cause is corrected. Watsonville, California, provides an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake, a Watsonville city recreation site, began experiencing algal blooms as early as the 1980s, said Jackie McCloud, the city’s environmental projects manager. The lake drains into the Pajaro River, then into Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms were not a drinking water concern, because the lake isn’t used for that purpose. But the algae problem became unavoidable when sea otters, protected by the state and federal Endangered Species Act, began turning up dead on the bay shore in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necropsies cited liver failure as cause of death in 33 sea otters. That, in turn was caused by exposure to microcystin, an algal toxin that accumulated in the tissues of sea urchins and shellfish eaten by the otters. It was the first time the freshwater toxin had been documented to survive in seawater and cause the death of marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxin was traced upstream to Pinto Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud said the lake’s algae problem dates back to the earliest days of settlement in the area. Vast redwood forests in the coastal mountains draining into the watershed were cut down for building materials, and the resulting erosion coated the bottom of the lake with nutrients – specifically phosphorus. Farming, road building and housing development sent more phosphorus-laden runoff into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just seeing massive amounts of erosion from the watershed coming into the lake,” McCloud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city took a two-pronged approach: stop the algal blooms and stop the erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the blooms, the city hired a consultant who applied alum, a chemical compound meant to neutralize and isolate phosphorus in the lakebed. McCloud called this a “Band-Aid” measure because the real solution lies in the watershed upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the city has no land use authority in the watershed, so it began working with Santa Cruz County and the local Resource Conservation District, an organization that helps farmers improve land use practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landowners were encouraged to adopt erosion control measures, such as water bars on dirt roads to manage runoff and buffer strips of vegetation to capture it. The county adopted similar measures on its public lands in the watershed, including Mt. Madonna County Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work, including the alum treatment, was funded by $900,000 in EPA grants administered by the SWRCB. McCloud called it a success: there have been no algal blooms since the work began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knows the job isn’t done. The alum treatment will eventually wear off, and erosion controls require ongoing maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to see more of these hot, intense weather events where we don’t have a lot of water coming into the system anymore and we’re concentrating this phosphorus,” McCloud said. “We knew the lake was the biggest problem, but we realized we’re not going to solve anything by just looking at that one spot. You have to look bigger than just your lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/30/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Toxic bacteria produced by some algae are a threat to public health. Climate change may be one reason algal blooms have become a growing concern for many water agencies.",
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"description": "Toxic bacteria produced by some algae are a threat to public health. Climate change may be one reason algal blooms have become a growing concern for many water agencies.",
"title": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters | KQED",
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"headline": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters",
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"slug": "hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters",
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"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"source": "Environment",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>The West is known for summer wildfires. Now it seems Western summers will be distinguished by another kind of flare-up: algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>This summer has witnessed an explosion of algae problems in Western water bodies. Usually marked by a bright green mat of floating scum, the blooms are unsightly and unpleasant for water lovers. More concerning are potentially toxic cyanobacteria often produced by the algae, which can be deadly to pets and livestock and cause illnesses in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms have popped up in freshwater lakes and streams for years. But in recent years they seem bigger and more widespread than ever, resulting in closed beaches, public health warnings and risks to drinking water in a few locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are even popping up in unlikely places, such as high-elevation mountain lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is currently no federal drinking water standard for algal toxins and in many places, data monitoring of blooms is still scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really a devilish problem,” said Craig Cox, a senior vice-president for agriculture and natural resources at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> who is tracking the issue. “The more I look into it, the more stunning the state of play seems to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cause of each incident is not always known, two of the main known drivers of algal blooms are excess nutrients in the water and extreme heat. As a result, algae-coated lakes could become one of the most visible consequences of rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Understanding the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most serious incident recently occurred in May in Salem, Oregon, where a health advisory was issued to more than 200,000 customers of the city water department following the detection of algal toxins in the drinking water supply. Young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions were warned not to drink tap water for most of the month of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727081904/USACE_Detroit_Dam_Oregon1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detroit Lake and Dam on the North Santiam River, a source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon, the state capital. A toxic algal bloom at the lake in May and June resulted in a weeks-long public health advisory in which children, the elderly and other sensitive groups were urged not to consume Salem’s drinking water. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Salem officials still don’t know what caused the toxic bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the million-dollar question that everybody wants to know,” said Lacey Goeres-Priest, water quality supervisor at the Salem Public Works Department. “There’s a lot of different factors that play into this type of event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae and the bacteria involved in harmful blooms are all naturally occurring and are important building blocks of all life on Earth. But the two main causes of the blooms are not natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion and excessive fertilizer are to blame for the high levels of nutrients. For the second factor, warm temperatures cause algae to bloom more aggressively and climate change seems a likely culprit. Scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts published a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/climate-change-projected-significantly-increase-harmful-algal-blooms-us-freshwaters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in 2017 predicting toxic algal blooms would increase as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They like it hot, and this helps them outcompete beneficial phytoplankton,” said Ali Dunn, an environmental scientist at the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) who studies blooms in that state. “It’s definitely been a catalyst for their growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the Data Gaps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms are unpredictable, typically resulting from a suite of biological and environmental conditions. Most algal toxins come from a class of cyanobacteria present with some – but not all – algae. So the mere presence of algae does not mean a toxin is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to detect algal toxins is through laboratory testing of water samples. This can take days, adding significant delay to any public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each lake, river, water body kind of has its own story to tell,” said Dunn. “The drivers are going to be different and unique to that system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows precisely how often blooms occur because there is no monitoring of the problem on a national scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox, based in Ames, Iowa, and his team at EWG decided to gather their own data by recording how often algal blooms were mentioned in the news media. He admits this was a crude method, but no other data was available. In their resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, released in May, they documented 169 blooms in 2017 – up from 51 the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly a low estimate, because many blooms probably don’t get reported in the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: in 2016, the SWRCB launched its own \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algal bloom reporting program\u003c/a>. It is based entirely on volunteer reports. Even so, in \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2017\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">it recorded\u003c/a> 181 algal blooms just in California, an increase from 91 the year before. Of the 2017 blooms, 141 were serious enough to prompt health advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the 2017 reports illustrates how algal blooms are popping up where they once didn’t seem possible. On Sept. 8, a bright green lake-wide algal bloom was reported at Rim Rock Lake, a natural water body at the 7,000-feet (2,130 meters) elevation deep inside Lassen National Forest in Northern California. Water samples revealed four species of cyanobacteria, but none was producing toxins at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/national-lakes-assessment-2012-key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Lakes Assessment\u003c/a> every five years that sheds a little more light on the issue. The most recent assessment now dates back to 2012. It found cyanobacteria and \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a>, a key algal toxin, had increased 8.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, in the nation’s lakes compared with 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the presence of phosphorus – a main nutrient from fertilizers that feeds algal blooms – also grew significantly worse. Eighteen percent of lakes showed increasing phosphorus concentrations compared with 2007. And 40 percent were recorded as having excess phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to show, with our occurrence data, that toxins are present across the country in all surface water types,” said Keith Loftin, a research chemist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas. “But in terms of an exact count year to year, we do not have that data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close this gap, Loftin is helping develop a new national \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyanobacteria Assessment Network\u003c/a>. He’s part of a team that includes the EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA. They plan to use satellite sensors to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms nationwide. It will include a smartphone app to make the data widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082028/DiamondValleyCyanotracker1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"538\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satellite image shows the state of an algal bloom in July at Diamond Valley Lake near Riverside, California, a critical storage reservoir for the Metropolitan Water District. In June, the district closed the lake to recreating as a result of the bloom. (Image Courtesy Cyanotracker/University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The system is being tested now and Loftin hopes it will be publicly available within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data produced by the system could help develop new algae management techniques and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drinking Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, the nation’s water-quality police, has only issued recommendations and has yet to impose federal drinking water standards for algal toxins. As a result, many utilities are forced to improvise when an algal bloom strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was the case during Salem’s recent crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first indicator came on May 8, when an algal bloom appeared at Detroit Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the North Santiam River. Salem draws its drinking water from the reservoir, which is also popular for boating, swimming and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it had experienced blooms before, Salem already had a weekly testing program for algal toxins. Now it increased testing to twice weekly, sending samples to a laboratory in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until May 25, just before Memorial Day weekend, that test results from a sample of the city’s water confirmed the presence of a type of cyanotoxin. Consulting with the Oregon Health Authority, the city took a wait-and-see approach to the problem over the long holiday weekend, Goeres-Priest said. It tweaked the water treatment process to try to control the toxin, and tapped a backup supply from the neighboring city of Keizer to help dilute the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bloom continued. So on Tuesday, May 29, the city issued a health advisory urging sensitive groups not to drink the tap water. It affected not just Salem, but three neighboring communities that draw water from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With help from the state, Salem began distributing bottled water and the National Guard mobilized tankers to dispense clean water at two dozen sites for residents who brought their own containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city lifted the health advisory five days later, on June 2, after two consecutive days of clean water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the bloom roared back, and on June 6 Salem was forced to impose the advisory again, adding to public confusion. It was finally lifted on July 3, only after 12 consecutive days of clean water tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms had struck Detroit Lake before, but none had ever lasted that long or required health warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is different about this year than previous years? At this point, I don’t know the answer to that,” Goeres-Priest said. “We’re still learning a lot about the toxins themselves, and trying to understand what triggers that toxin release.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A forest fire may be one new contributor. The Whitewater Fire, which started in July 2017, burned 14,000 acres of forest in the Santiam River watershed east of Salem. Fire ash contains phosphorus, a nutrient that could have fed this year’s algal bloom. Goeres-Priest doesn’t know to what extent that was a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algal bloom episode was costly for Salem, she said, although a full tally is not yet available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the city spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on water sample testing. Later, to avoid the delay of sending samples to Ohio, the city bought its own testing machine at a cost of $35,000. It also bought a cryofreezer because laboratory protocol requires samples to be flash-frozen and thawed three times before testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salem also had to upgrade its water treatment plant, adding a process involving powdered activated carbon to remove algal toxins from the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082114/lab-technician-at-willow-lake-prepares-water-samples-next-to-caas-equipment_web_1600x1067_color-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Salem, Oregon, city employee prepares water samples for testing to determine the presence of algal toxins. The city purchased new testing machines during a recent toxic algal bloom to avoid delays in sending water samples to a lab in Ohio. (Photo Courtesy city of Salem)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to Salem’s travails, the Oregon Health Authority imposed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/06/29/salem-water-alert-oregon-algal-toxins-test-oha/746671002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interim water quality standards\u003c/a> for algal toxins. It now requires all water agencies to test for them regularly while it develops permanent standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solving the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear about toxic algal blooms is that treating the outbreak doesn’t solve the problem. They are likely to recur until the root cause is corrected. Watsonville, California, provides an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake, a Watsonville city recreation site, began experiencing algal blooms as early as the 1980s, said Jackie McCloud, the city’s environmental projects manager. The lake drains into the Pajaro River, then into Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms were not a drinking water concern, because the lake isn’t used for that purpose. But the algae problem became unavoidable when sea otters, protected by the state and federal Endangered Species Act, began turning up dead on the bay shore in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necropsies cited liver failure as cause of death in 33 sea otters. That, in turn was caused by exposure to microcystin, an algal toxin that accumulated in the tissues of sea urchins and shellfish eaten by the otters. It was the first time the freshwater toxin had been documented to survive in seawater and cause the death of marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxin was traced upstream to Pinto Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud said the lake’s algae problem dates back to the earliest days of settlement in the area. Vast redwood forests in the coastal mountains draining into the watershed were cut down for building materials, and the resulting erosion coated the bottom of the lake with nutrients – specifically phosphorus. Farming, road building and housing development sent more phosphorus-laden runoff into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just seeing massive amounts of erosion from the watershed coming into the lake,” McCloud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city took a two-pronged approach: stop the algal blooms and stop the erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the blooms, the city hired a consultant who applied alum, a chemical compound meant to neutralize and isolate phosphorus in the lakebed. McCloud called this a “Band-Aid” measure because the real solution lies in the watershed upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the city has no land use authority in the watershed, so it began working with Santa Cruz County and the local Resource Conservation District, an organization that helps farmers improve land use practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landowners were encouraged to adopt erosion control measures, such as water bars on dirt roads to manage runoff and buffer strips of vegetation to capture it. The county adopted similar measures on its public lands in the watershed, including Mt. Madonna County Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work, including the alum treatment, was funded by $900,000 in EPA grants administered by the SWRCB. McCloud called it a success: there have been no algal blooms since the work began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knows the job isn’t done. The alum treatment will eventually wear off, and erosion controls require ongoing maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to see more of these hot, intense weather events where we don’t have a lot of water coming into the system anymore and we’re concentrating this phosphorus,” McCloud said. “We knew the lake was the biggest problem, but we realized we’re not going to solve anything by just looking at that one spot. You have to look bigger than just your lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/30/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "From Space, Large Swaths of West Covered in Smoke",
"headTitle": "From Space, Large Swaths of West Covered in Smoke | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA satellites captured striking images showing the scale of multiple devastating wildfires raging throughout Northern California and the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the California wildfires have killed at least eight people and scorched more than 200,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/20180730-westernfires.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1928254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This natural-color satellite image was collected by the Aqua satellite on July 29, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has declared a state of emergency for Lake, Mendocino, Napa and Shasta Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend, President Donald Trump\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-california-emergency-declaration-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ordered federal\u003c/a> assistance “to supplement state, tribal and local response efforts,” according to the White House statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Aqua satellite on Sunday captured wildfire smoke billowing throughout California, seen in the image above, and drifting eastward toward Utah and beyond. Actively burning areas are outlined in red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole of the western coast looks like it is on fire,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-sees-fires-up-and-down-us-west-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a> issued by NASA said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928280\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_feature/public/thumbnails/image/20170727-calif2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1928280 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"701\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-768x673.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-1020x894.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-960x841.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-375x329.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-520x456.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was captured by NASA’s Terra satellite on July 26, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by MODIS’s thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA.(Photo courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similarly, NASA’s Terra satellite on Thursday captured the breadth of multiple wildfires that have swept through the West Coast, from Oregon and Northern California to south of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> largest of the California blazes\u003c/a>, Carr Fire in Shasta County, doubled in size over the weekend to 98,724 acres and was 20 percent contained as of Monday morning, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire has so far destroyed about 1,000 structures and claimed six lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Guard has been deployed to assist firefighters battling the blaze, whose ferocity produced a huge column of whirling smoke and fire, dubbed a “firenado.”[contextly_sidebar id=”OqWF9VNdDcmZDbyyqyj3wDRGCjhgQzmj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Mendocino County, two blazes scorched almost 56,000 acres. Firefighters \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battled the blaze\u003c/a> overnight but “weather conditions will continue to challenge firefighters as hot, dry and windy conditions persist,” according to the Cal Fire incident report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Monday morning, the fire\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was 10 percent\u003c/a> contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson fire, which led to a partial closure of Yosemite National Park, is 30 percent contained as of Monday morning. Two firefighters died battling the blaze, which has scorched 56,659 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several mandatory evacuations are in place and more information can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Fire info page\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”rJ7t8usz6Y2fVMC4PmliMWsnRiazYkmY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, California wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-wildfires/firefighters-gain-on-sprawling-california-wildfire-six-dead-idUSKBN1KK1KE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have scorched nearly\u003c/a> 410,000 acres, the highest year-to-date level in a decade, reports Reuters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unrelenting bout of hot and dry weather in Northern California has contributed to unfavorable conditions for firefighters battling to contain the fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hot, dry weather that contributed to the deadly California firestorm shows no sign of letting up into the first part of August,” said the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-shows-california-shrouded-in-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> NASA statement\u003c/a> accompanying the images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA satellites captured striking images showing the scale of multiple devastating wildfires raging throughout Northern California and the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the California wildfires have killed at least eight people and scorched more than 200,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/20180730-westernfires.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1928254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This natural-color satellite image was collected by the Aqua satellite on July 29, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has declared a state of emergency for Lake, Mendocino, Napa and Shasta Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend, President Donald Trump\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-california-emergency-declaration-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ordered federal\u003c/a> assistance “to supplement state, tribal and local response efforts,” according to the White House statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Aqua satellite on Sunday captured wildfire smoke billowing throughout California, seen in the image above, and drifting eastward toward Utah and beyond. Actively burning areas are outlined in red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole of the western coast looks like it is on fire,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-sees-fires-up-and-down-us-west-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a> issued by NASA said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928280\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_feature/public/thumbnails/image/20170727-calif2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1928280 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"701\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-768x673.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-1020x894.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-960x841.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-375x329.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-520x456.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was captured by NASA’s Terra satellite on July 26, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by MODIS’s thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA.(Photo courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similarly, NASA’s Terra satellite on Thursday captured the breadth of multiple wildfires that have swept through the West Coast, from Oregon and Northern California to south of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> largest of the California blazes\u003c/a>, Carr Fire in Shasta County, doubled in size over the weekend to 98,724 acres and was 20 percent contained as of Monday morning, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire has so far destroyed about 1,000 structures and claimed six lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Guard has been deployed to assist firefighters battling the blaze, whose ferocity produced a huge column of whirling smoke and fire, dubbed a “firenado.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Mendocino County, two blazes scorched almost 56,000 acres. Firefighters \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battled the blaze\u003c/a> overnight but “weather conditions will continue to challenge firefighters as hot, dry and windy conditions persist,” according to the Cal Fire incident report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Monday morning, the fire\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was 10 percent\u003c/a> contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson fire, which led to a partial closure of Yosemite National Park, is 30 percent contained as of Monday morning. Two firefighters died battling the blaze, which has scorched 56,659 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several mandatory evacuations are in place and more information can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Fire info page\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, California wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-wildfires/firefighters-gain-on-sprawling-california-wildfire-six-dead-idUSKBN1KK1KE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have scorched nearly\u003c/a> 410,000 acres, the highest year-to-date level in a decade, reports Reuters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unrelenting bout of hot and dry weather in Northern California has contributed to unfavorable conditions for firefighters battling to contain the fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hot, dry weather that contributed to the deadly California firestorm shows no sign of letting up into the first part of August,” said the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-shows-california-shrouded-in-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> NASA statement\u003c/a> accompanying the images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>National Guard troops, Highway Patrol officers and teams of state prison inmates have joined fire crews struggling to battle the deadly Carr and Ferguson fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Triple-digit temperatures and steep terrain are challenging firefighters’ containment efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.’\u003ccite>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5927/\">Ferguson Fire\u003c/a> is burning in remote areas surrounding Yosemite National Park.The wildfire has scarred more than 56,000 acres and is currently 30 percent contained. CalFire officials say they should have it fully contained in roughly two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\">Carr Fire\u003c/a> continues to threaten homes in Shasta and Trinity counties, as firefighters battle against wind and extreme fire conditions. Fire officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.co.shasta.ca.us/index/sheriff_index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lifted some evacuation orders\u003c/a> today, but thousands of people are still prohibited from returning home. The fire is 20 percent contained, with crews working to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hold the control lines\u003c/a> they built Sunday night .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore spoke of the fear many are feeling and the need for prompt evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert on your phone or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources Strained\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr and Ferguson fires are only 2 of 17 major blazes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866493/firefighters-battle-17-major-blazes-across-california\">currently being fought\u003c/a> across the state. Each requires a dedicated team of firefighters, and as resources become strained the state is mobilizing additional sources of manpower across 125 agencies to help with firefighting efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gZYDcQ9h4mrAu0SMhcBI4IdMuilw7bcs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Highway Patrol Commissioner Warren Stanley has sent 118 uniformed officers to the Carr Fire to help with evacuations, including officers from the Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Conservation_Camps/\">Conservation Camp Program\u003c/a>, an inmate work project under the direction of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, is also sending its teams. The program provides an able-bodied, trained work force of inmates who must be approved to work alongside Cal Fire crews on fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program supports around 3,500 inmates, spread across the state in 43 camps. The men and women of the program live in their assigned camps year-round, working on fire prevention and conservation projects when not actively fighting fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have large fires like this, we move crews all over the state,” says Bill Sessa, an information officer with CDCR. “We move crews from other areas to provide backup fire protection. Literally, we have all our crews moving all day, every day, when we get into these major firestorms that are spread all over the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation Camp teams numbering 1,700 inmates are currently being dispatched across 10 different fires to help cut containment lines and maintain equipment. Most of the effort, Sessa says, is being directed toward the largest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some have been working on the Ferguson fire since it broke out more than a week ago,” he says, “and many are being redirected to the Carr fire, which seems to have exploded in size.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently 450 inmates assigned to the Ferguson fire and 599 to the Carr fire. They frequently work for 24 hours straight, carrying heavy loads of up to 60 pounds. Working in teams of 12 under the direction of Cal Fire captains, they hack away vegetation in an effort to stop the spread of fire or to change its direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you hear news reports of a fire being ‘X-percent contained,’” says Sessa, that is the work of our crews.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928286\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928286\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inmate firefighters battle the Ferguson fire in Jerseydale, California, on July 22, 2018. \u003ccite>(NOAH BERGER/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Volunteers are evaluated based on their security risk, physical ability and criminal history, Sessa said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a great amount of teamwork that is required for these teams to work, so we are looking for those who have a respect for the law, a willingness to work as a team, a willingness to take on the discipline of working on a fire crew.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California National Guard has also sent 800 troops to the Carr Fire. Among them are crews to operate six helicopters, two C-130 planes to drop fire retardant, and an MQ-9 remotely-piloted aircraft for collecting real-time footage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is our home,” Major Todd Morgan wrote in a \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAGUARD/\">Facebook\u003c/a> post. Whether it is in Napa, Yosemite, Fresno, or Ventura County, every Californian is affected by the wildfires. When we go out, this isn’t just another mission we are tasked with, this is taking care of and defending our home, our neighbors, friends, and family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson and Carr fires combined are responsible for eight \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683457/death-toll-up-to-5-as-carr-fire-continues-to-burn-in-redding\">fatalities\u003c/a>, including four firefighters and four civilians. But with more than a dozen people reported missing, authorities warn this number could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Carr fire encroaches on Redding city limits, the threat of extensive property and structural damage also increases. Several hundred structures have already been destroyed, with a further 5,012 threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown received a fire management assistance grant to help fund firefighting efforts, and has also received direct federal assistance from the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Michelle Wiley contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California wildfires have gotten so large and unruly that crews from the National Guard and the state prison system's Conservation Camp are helping battle the blazes.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>National Guard troops, Highway Patrol officers and teams of state prison inmates have joined fire crews struggling to battle the deadly Carr and Ferguson fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Triple-digit temperatures and steep terrain are challenging firefighters’ containment efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.’\u003ccite>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5927/\">Ferguson Fire\u003c/a> is burning in remote areas surrounding Yosemite National Park.The wildfire has scarred more than 56,000 acres and is currently 30 percent contained. CalFire officials say they should have it fully contained in roughly two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\">Carr Fire\u003c/a> continues to threaten homes in Shasta and Trinity counties, as firefighters battle against wind and extreme fire conditions. Fire officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.co.shasta.ca.us/index/sheriff_index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lifted some evacuation orders\u003c/a> today, but thousands of people are still prohibited from returning home. The fire is 20 percent contained, with crews working to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hold the control lines\u003c/a> they built Sunday night .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore spoke of the fear many are feeling and the need for prompt evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert on your phone or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources Strained\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr and Ferguson fires are only 2 of 17 major blazes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866493/firefighters-battle-17-major-blazes-across-california\">currently being fought\u003c/a> across the state. Each requires a dedicated team of firefighters, and as resources become strained the state is mobilizing additional sources of manpower across 125 agencies to help with firefighting efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Highway Patrol Commissioner Warren Stanley has sent 118 uniformed officers to the Carr Fire to help with evacuations, including officers from the Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Conservation_Camps/\">Conservation Camp Program\u003c/a>, an inmate work project under the direction of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, is also sending its teams. The program provides an able-bodied, trained work force of inmates who must be approved to work alongside Cal Fire crews on fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program supports around 3,500 inmates, spread across the state in 43 camps. The men and women of the program live in their assigned camps year-round, working on fire prevention and conservation projects when not actively fighting fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have large fires like this, we move crews all over the state,” says Bill Sessa, an information officer with CDCR. “We move crews from other areas to provide backup fire protection. Literally, we have all our crews moving all day, every day, when we get into these major firestorms that are spread all over the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation Camp teams numbering 1,700 inmates are currently being dispatched across 10 different fires to help cut containment lines and maintain equipment. Most of the effort, Sessa says, is being directed toward the largest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some have been working on the Ferguson fire since it broke out more than a week ago,” he says, “and many are being redirected to the Carr fire, which seems to have exploded in size.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently 450 inmates assigned to the Ferguson fire and 599 to the Carr fire. They frequently work for 24 hours straight, carrying heavy loads of up to 60 pounds. Working in teams of 12 under the direction of Cal Fire captains, they hack away vegetation in an effort to stop the spread of fire or to change its direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you hear news reports of a fire being ‘X-percent contained,’” says Sessa, that is the work of our crews.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928286\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928286\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inmate firefighters battle the Ferguson fire in Jerseydale, California, on July 22, 2018. \u003ccite>(NOAH BERGER/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Volunteers are evaluated based on their security risk, physical ability and criminal history, Sessa said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a great amount of teamwork that is required for these teams to work, so we are looking for those who have a respect for the law, a willingness to work as a team, a willingness to take on the discipline of working on a fire crew.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California National Guard has also sent 800 troops to the Carr Fire. Among them are crews to operate six helicopters, two C-130 planes to drop fire retardant, and an MQ-9 remotely-piloted aircraft for collecting real-time footage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is our home,” Major Todd Morgan wrote in a \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAGUARD/\">Facebook\u003c/a> post. Whether it is in Napa, Yosemite, Fresno, or Ventura County, every Californian is affected by the wildfires. When we go out, this isn’t just another mission we are tasked with, this is taking care of and defending our home, our neighbors, friends, and family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson and Carr fires combined are responsible for eight \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683457/death-toll-up-to-5-as-carr-fire-continues-to-burn-in-redding\">fatalities\u003c/a>, including four firefighters and four civilians. But with more than a dozen people reported missing, authorities warn this number could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Carr fire encroaches on Redding city limits, the threat of extensive property and structural damage also increases. Several hundred structures have already been destroyed, with a further 5,012 threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown received a fire management assistance grant to help fund firefighting efforts, and has also received direct federal assistance from the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Michelle Wiley contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
}
}
