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"content": "\u003cp>On Thursday evening, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683111/wildfire-races-to-outskirts-of-redding-firefighter-dozer-driver-killed\">the Carr Fire exploded\u003c/a> into the outskirts of Redding, blazing through everything in its path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the next morning, through images and video posted online, the world could see the force that had driven the fire’s leap across the Sacramento River and rapid spread into the city: a massive, rotating cloud of smoke and ash and flame. ABC10, which \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\">posted one of the most widely shared videos on Twitter\u003c/a>, said it wasn’t a tornado. But it sure looked like one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fire whirl, also known as a fire devil, fire vortex, fire tornado, or “firenado.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1928250 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-160x159.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-240x239.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-375x373.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire whirl\u003c/a> is any intensely rotating column of heated air that rises from a wildfire, according to Neil Lareau, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Nevada, Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It begins to form when air starts to rotate, usually near the surface of the earth. The air is very hot because of the fire, but also due to the hot ambient air temperatures that set the stage for the fire in the first place. Heat rises, so that spinning air at the surface gets stretched high into the atmosphere, forming a rotating column of hot air that pulls ash and flame along with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What causes the rotation in the first place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the part we don’t really know,” says Lareau.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rotation can be driven by differences in wind speed or temperature, caused by features of the local environment: the terrain or an obstacle on the ground. But researchers don’t understand this part very well, and it’s difficult to pinpoint what exactly started the rotation at the Carr Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens when the rotation rises into the air is better understood. The rotation becomes concentrated in that column. Lareau likens it to a whirling figure skater who puts their arms up over their head to spin faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=UBAcJ3BP_GM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They kind of concentrate that rotation, and make it stronger. And the fire is doing this huge vertical boost to that rotation that may have been at the surface,” he explains, “It’s starting to look more like a tornado than your garden-variety fire whirl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, meteorologists take issue with describing fire whirls as “fire tornadoes” because they form differently, and fire whirls are usually made up of much weaker winds than tornadoes. Last Thursday, though, seeing the aftermath with roofs ripped off of homes and large trees completely uprooted just outside the burn zone, even the weather experts were tempted to describe the Carr Fire whirl as a tornado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Always see confusion about calling firewhirls tornados, yet this damage from the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CarrFire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CarrFire\u003c/a> is very compelling. Not sure what it takes to knock over light posts, but these photos suggest severe mesoscale tornadic-like winds in unburned neighborhoods. Incredible. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAfire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAfire\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\">https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Matt Roberts (@WxMattt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WxMattt/status/1022914361797439489?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 27, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are not an uncommon sight at a wildfire. But they’re usually small, up to 1,000 feet high, and last only minutes or even seconds. On Thursday night, the fire whirl outside of Redding stretched to about 18,000 feet into the air and lasted for nearly an hour, and winds were clocked near the lower end of tornado-strength wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very rare as well to have these really persistent long-lived events like that, ” says Lareau, “To get a big one like this is really scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are dangerous not only because of the strength of the winds involved but because they lift embers high into the air, where higher-altitude winds can carry them far from the flaming front. That’s one way that fires get past what should be major barriers — like the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928160\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"677\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-160x135.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-768x650.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1020x864.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1200x1016.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1180x999.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-960x813.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-240x203.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-375x318.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-520x440.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX.png 1324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 3D visualization of the ‘fire tornado’ at the Carr Fire on the evening of July 26. \u003ccite>(Neil Lareau)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lareau says that other fire whirls on this scale have occurred in Northern California in the recent past, but not in densely populated areas like Redding. Big fire whirls may have played a role in the spread of last year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/02/us/thomas-fire-officially-out/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> and North Bay Fires — counted as the state’s largest and most destructive on record, respectively — but the fire whirls were not on the same scale, and those fires were mostly driven by regional Santa Ana and Diablo winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are really just starting to learn about fire whirls, and are a long way from being able to predict the occurrence of major fire whirl events — but they can identify the ingredients that make such an event more likely. The topography of the area is part of it. And the heat, which reached 113 degrees in Redding last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get a big temperature differential you get a big pressure differential. And when you get a big pressure differential you accelerate the winds,” explains Lareau, “You’re kind of off to the races once you get something like this going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s difficult to tie any one event to climate change, Lareau says that “it’s not a coincidence the that this is the record-[hottest] July for the northern Sacramento Valley, embedded in a broader trend, and we’re going to keep seeing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change. And as UC Merced fire scientist Anthony Westerling argued on Twitter, the “new normal” of fire might not really be “normal” at all, but a permanent state of unpredictability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">We are not, and will not, experience a “new normal” of wildland fire behavior. A “normal” is a long term average that provides a useful guide to the future, but wildfire is responding to accelerating climate change: no one alive today will ever see a stable climate again. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\">https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— A. LeRoy Westerling (@LeroyWesterling) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/LeroyWesterling/status/1023767908080467973?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 30, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether it’s fires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights\">burning intensely at night\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927988/how-wildfires-are-breaking-the-rules-in-california-by-racing-downhill\">rapidly downhill\u003c/a>, or forming fire whirls with tornado strength winds, or all three at the same time — as has been the case at the Carr Fire — firefighters and communities will need to adjust. Soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Thursday evening, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683111/wildfire-races-to-outskirts-of-redding-firefighter-dozer-driver-killed\">the Carr Fire exploded\u003c/a> into the outskirts of Redding, blazing through everything in its path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the next morning, through images and video posted online, the world could see the force that had driven the fire’s leap across the Sacramento River and rapid spread into the city: a massive, rotating cloud of smoke and ash and flame. ABC10, which \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\">posted one of the most widely shared videos on Twitter\u003c/a>, said it wasn’t a tornado. But it sure looked like one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fire whirl, also known as a fire devil, fire vortex, fire tornado, or “firenado.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1928250 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-160x159.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-240x239.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-375x373.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire whirl\u003c/a> is any intensely rotating column of heated air that rises from a wildfire, according to Neil Lareau, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Nevada, Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It begins to form when air starts to rotate, usually near the surface of the earth. The air is very hot because of the fire, but also due to the hot ambient air temperatures that set the stage for the fire in the first place. Heat rises, so that spinning air at the surface gets stretched high into the atmosphere, forming a rotating column of hot air that pulls ash and flame along with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What causes the rotation in the first place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the part we don’t really know,” says Lareau.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rotation can be driven by differences in wind speed or temperature, caused by features of the local environment: the terrain or an obstacle on the ground. But researchers don’t understand this part very well, and it’s difficult to pinpoint what exactly started the rotation at the Carr Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens when the rotation rises into the air is better understood. The rotation becomes concentrated in that column. Lareau likens it to a whirling figure skater who puts their arms up over their head to spin faster.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UBAcJ3BP_GM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UBAcJ3BP_GM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“They kind of concentrate that rotation, and make it stronger. And the fire is doing this huge vertical boost to that rotation that may have been at the surface,” he explains, “It’s starting to look more like a tornado than your garden-variety fire whirl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, meteorologists take issue with describing fire whirls as “fire tornadoes” because they form differently, and fire whirls are usually made up of much weaker winds than tornadoes. Last Thursday, though, seeing the aftermath with roofs ripped off of homes and large trees completely uprooted just outside the burn zone, even the weather experts were tempted to describe the Carr Fire whirl as a tornado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Always see confusion about calling firewhirls tornados, yet this damage from the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CarrFire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CarrFire\u003c/a> is very compelling. Not sure what it takes to knock over light posts, but these photos suggest severe mesoscale tornadic-like winds in unburned neighborhoods. Incredible. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAfire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAfire\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\">https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Matt Roberts (@WxMattt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WxMattt/status/1022914361797439489?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 27, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are not an uncommon sight at a wildfire. But they’re usually small, up to 1,000 feet high, and last only minutes or even seconds. On Thursday night, the fire whirl outside of Redding stretched to about 18,000 feet into the air and lasted for nearly an hour, and winds were clocked near the lower end of tornado-strength wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very rare as well to have these really persistent long-lived events like that, ” says Lareau, “To get a big one like this is really scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are dangerous not only because of the strength of the winds involved but because they lift embers high into the air, where higher-altitude winds can carry them far from the flaming front. That’s one way that fires get past what should be major barriers — like the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928160\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"677\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-160x135.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-768x650.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1020x864.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1200x1016.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1180x999.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-960x813.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-240x203.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-375x318.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-520x440.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX.png 1324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 3D visualization of the ‘fire tornado’ at the Carr Fire on the evening of July 26. \u003ccite>(Neil Lareau)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lareau says that other fire whirls on this scale have occurred in Northern California in the recent past, but not in densely populated areas like Redding. Big fire whirls may have played a role in the spread of last year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/02/us/thomas-fire-officially-out/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> and North Bay Fires — counted as the state’s largest and most destructive on record, respectively — but the fire whirls were not on the same scale, and those fires were mostly driven by regional Santa Ana and Diablo winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are really just starting to learn about fire whirls, and are a long way from being able to predict the occurrence of major fire whirl events — but they can identify the ingredients that make such an event more likely. The topography of the area is part of it. And the heat, which reached 113 degrees in Redding last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get a big temperature differential you get a big pressure differential. And when you get a big pressure differential you accelerate the winds,” explains Lareau, “You’re kind of off to the races once you get something like this going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s difficult to tie any one event to climate change, Lareau says that “it’s not a coincidence the that this is the record-[hottest] July for the northern Sacramento Valley, embedded in a broader trend, and we’re going to keep seeing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change. And as UC Merced fire scientist Anthony Westerling argued on Twitter, the “new normal” of fire might not really be “normal” at all, but a permanent state of unpredictability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">We are not, and will not, experience a “new normal” of wildland fire behavior. A “normal” is a long term average that provides a useful guide to the future, but wildfire is responding to accelerating climate change: no one alive today will ever see a stable climate again. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\">https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— A. LeRoy Westerling (@LeroyWesterling) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/LeroyWesterling/status/1023767908080467973?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 30, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether it’s fires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights\">burning intensely at night\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927988/how-wildfires-are-breaking-the-rules-in-california-by-racing-downhill\">rapidly downhill\u003c/a>, or forming fire whirls with tornado strength winds, or all three at the same time — as has been the case at the Carr Fire — firefighters and communities will need to adjust. Soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Record Heat, Fires Worsened By Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>Heat waves are setting all-time temperature records across the globe, again. Europe suffered its deadliest wildfire in more than a century, and one of nearly 90 large fires in the U.S. West burned dozens of homes and forced the evacuation of at least 37,000 people near Redding, California. Flood-inducing downpours have pounded the U.S. East this week.[contextly_sidebar id=”230sLAPRzLOXfRsPS4qfMGZHlKYA7p98″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of summer — but it’s all being made worse by human-caused climate change, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weirdness abounds,” said Rutgers University climate scientist Jennifer Francis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan hit 106 degrees on Monday, its hottest temperature ever. Records fell in parts of Massachusetts, Maine, Wyoming, Colorado, Oregon, New Mexico and Texas. And then there’s crazy heat in Europe, where normally chill Norway, Sweden and Finland all saw temperatures they have never seen before on any date, pushing past 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this month, at least 118 of these all-time heat records have been set or tied across the globe, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explanations should sound as familiar as the crash of broken records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have very strong evidence that global warming has already put a thumb on the scales, upping the odds of extremes like severe heat and heavy rainfall,” Stanford University climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh said. “We find that global warming has increased the odds of record-setting hot events over more than 80 percent of the planet, and has increased the odds of record-setting wet events at around half of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is making the world warmer because of the build-up of heat-trapping gases from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil and other human activities. And experts say the jet stream — which dictates weather in the Northern Hemisphere — is again behaving strangely.[contextly_sidebar id=”HFX1bmd78yzB41Sj8w7bvH2k2Jl175K0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An unusually sharply kinked jet stream has been stuck in place for weeks now,” said Jeff Masters, director of the private Weather Underground. He says that allows the heat to stay in place over three areas where the kinks are: Europe, Japan and the western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same jet stream pattern caused the 2003 European heat wave, the 2010 Russian heat wave and fires, the 2011 Texas and Oklahoma drought and the 2016 Canadian wildfires, Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann said, pointing to past studies by him and others. He said in an email that these extremes are “becoming more common because of human-caused climate change and in particular, the amplified warming in the Arctic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have long said they can’t directly link single weather events, like a heat wave, to human caused climate change without extensive study. In the past decade they have used observations, statistics and computer simulations to calculate if global warming increases the chances of the events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by European scientists Friday found that the ongoing European heat wave is twice as likely because of human-caused global warming, though those conclusions have not yet been confirmed by outside scientists. The World Weather Attribution team said they compared three-day heat measurements and forecasts for the Netherlands, Denmark and Ireland with historical records going back to the early 1900s.[contextly_sidebar id=”lPZjy9tps81YDBgJDm50rI5BoWOkpmrF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world is becoming warmer and so heat waves like this are becoming more common,” said Friederike Otto, a member of the team and deputy director of the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erich Fischer, an expert on weather extremes at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich who wasn’t part of the analysis said the authors used well-established methods to make their conclusions, adding “their estimates may even be rather conservative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Georgia Tech climate scientist Kim Cobb said the link between climate change and fires isn’t as strong as it is with heat waves, but it is becoming clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A devastating fire in Greece — with at least 86 fatalities — is the deadliest fire in Europe since 1900, according to the International Disaster Database run by the Centre for the Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels, Belgium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States on Friday, there were 89 active large fires, consuming nearly 900,000 acres, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. So far this year, fires have burned 4.15 million acres, which is nearly 14 percent higher than average over the past 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first major science study to connect greenhouse gases to stronger and longer heat waves was in 2004. It was titled “More intense, more frequent and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century.” Study author Gerald Meehl of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said Friday that now it “reads like a prediction of what has been happening and will continue to happen as long as average temperatures continue to rise with ever-increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. It’s no mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borenstein reported from Washington, Jordans from Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Heat waves are setting all-time temperature records across the globe, again. Europe suffered its deadliest wildfire in more than a century, and one of nearly 90 large fires in the U.S. West burned dozens of homes and forced the evacuation of at least 37,000 people near Redding, California. Flood-inducing downpours have pounded the U.S. East this week.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of summer — but it’s all being made worse by human-caused climate change, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weirdness abounds,” said Rutgers University climate scientist Jennifer Francis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan hit 106 degrees on Monday, its hottest temperature ever. Records fell in parts of Massachusetts, Maine, Wyoming, Colorado, Oregon, New Mexico and Texas. And then there’s crazy heat in Europe, where normally chill Norway, Sweden and Finland all saw temperatures they have never seen before on any date, pushing past 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this month, at least 118 of these all-time heat records have been set or tied across the globe, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explanations should sound as familiar as the crash of broken records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have very strong evidence that global warming has already put a thumb on the scales, upping the odds of extremes like severe heat and heavy rainfall,” Stanford University climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh said. “We find that global warming has increased the odds of record-setting hot events over more than 80 percent of the planet, and has increased the odds of record-setting wet events at around half of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is making the world warmer because of the build-up of heat-trapping gases from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil and other human activities. And experts say the jet stream — which dictates weather in the Northern Hemisphere — is again behaving strangely.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An unusually sharply kinked jet stream has been stuck in place for weeks now,” said Jeff Masters, director of the private Weather Underground. He says that allows the heat to stay in place over three areas where the kinks are: Europe, Japan and the western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same jet stream pattern caused the 2003 European heat wave, the 2010 Russian heat wave and fires, the 2011 Texas and Oklahoma drought and the 2016 Canadian wildfires, Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann said, pointing to past studies by him and others. He said in an email that these extremes are “becoming more common because of human-caused climate change and in particular, the amplified warming in the Arctic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have long said they can’t directly link single weather events, like a heat wave, to human caused climate change without extensive study. In the past decade they have used observations, statistics and computer simulations to calculate if global warming increases the chances of the events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by European scientists Friday found that the ongoing European heat wave is twice as likely because of human-caused global warming, though those conclusions have not yet been confirmed by outside scientists. The World Weather Attribution team said they compared three-day heat measurements and forecasts for the Netherlands, Denmark and Ireland with historical records going back to the early 1900s.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world is becoming warmer and so heat waves like this are becoming more common,” said Friederike Otto, a member of the team and deputy director of the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erich Fischer, an expert on weather extremes at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich who wasn’t part of the analysis said the authors used well-established methods to make their conclusions, adding “their estimates may even be rather conservative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Georgia Tech climate scientist Kim Cobb said the link between climate change and fires isn’t as strong as it is with heat waves, but it is becoming clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A devastating fire in Greece — with at least 86 fatalities — is the deadliest fire in Europe since 1900, according to the International Disaster Database run by the Centre for the Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels, Belgium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States on Friday, there were 89 active large fires, consuming nearly 900,000 acres, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. So far this year, fires have burned 4.15 million acres, which is nearly 14 percent higher than average over the past 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first major science study to connect greenhouse gases to stronger and longer heat waves was in 2004. It was titled “More intense, more frequent and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century.” Study author Gerald Meehl of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said Friday that now it “reads like a prediction of what has been happening and will continue to happen as long as average temperatures continue to rise with ever-increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. It’s no mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borenstein reported from Washington, Jordans from Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Wildfires Are Breaking the Rules by Burning Downhill Fast",
"headTitle": "California Wildfires Are Breaking the Rules by Burning Downhill Fast | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Right now, on the outskirts of Redding, a rampaging wildfire is doing something that was once unusual: It’s burning fast…downhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fires are burning almost as fast downhill as they burn uphill,” said Cal Fire spokesman Scott McLean, from the scene of the Carr Fire, which by midday Friday had torched more than 44,000 acres and was only 3 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not typical. One of the first things wildland firefighters learn is that fires burn much faster uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s simple physics: heat rises, so the heat from the fire warms and dries out the upslope fuels fastest. It’s also a case of proximity: if you draw a picture of a flame on a slope, you’ll see that there’s a much shorter distance between flame and ground on the uphill side than downhill, so the fire can jump directly from one blade of grass to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the wind. During the day, when fires are typically most active, wind tends to blow uphill, carrying heat and embers up the slope. Facing a fire coming up a hill has long been a serious threat to firefighters, and fires moving rapidly uphill have been implicated in many of the deadliest fires for firefighters, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp009.pdf\">South Canyon Fire\u003c/a> of 1994 and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr299.pdf\">Mann Gulch Fire\u003c/a> of 1949, which killed 14 and 13 firefighters, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the dangers of fighting a fire burning up a hill, crews working in hilly terrain take advantage of the opposite effect, anchoring firefighting operations on the downhill side of a fire and using the slope as a buffer zone as fire will move more slowly downhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this trick has become less reliable in recent years. Chris Anthony, a division chief at Cal Fire who has worked on fires for more than 25 years, has observed more examples of fires spreading rapidly downhill. The Carr Fire is just one example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers haven’t measured this trend yet, so nobody knows for sure why this might be happening, but Anthony has an idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that really contributes to that, right now, is we came out of this very long drought period, and we still have a lot of fuels out there, that are very dry or very dead, even,” says Anthony. “And so they carry fire much more rapidly than prior to the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wet winter that followed the drought added to the fuel load. The hillsides are now so packed with dry grasses that the slope matters less on a downhill run. When there’s so much ready fuel, combined with hot, dry conditions and strong winds, fires just move faster in all directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An uptick in downhill fire behavior might also be related to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights\">increase in nighttime temperatures\u003c/a>. On a typical day, local winds move uphill during the day and downhill in the evening. In the past, cooler nighttime temperatures could impede fire activity driven by these evening winds. But if fires remain active at night, local evening winds could drive faster downslope fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the trend toward more intense downhill fires is anecdotal, and some researchers are hesitant to speculate why firefighters might be seeing this behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is that a statistically significant trend?” asks Nick Nauslar, a fire weather forecaster at the National Weather Service’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.spc.noaa.gov/\">Storm Prediction Center\u003c/a> in Oklahoma. “And if so what might be causing that? There would have to be a couple more steps before I try to make assumptions or formulate theories on why that might be happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Fires that burn quickly downhill are particularly worrisome because communities are often situated at the base of the mountains.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Regardless, there have always been some downslope fires that spread quickly. Santa Ana and Diablo winds typically run downslope, says Nauslar. These winds have long driven most of California’s most destructive fires, including the 2017 Wine Country Fires, which were the state’s deadliest fires, and the Thomas Fire in Southern California, now the state’s largest fire on record. There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/climate/caifornia-fires-wind.html\">mixed evidence\u003c/a> as to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">whether climate change is affecting the strength or frequency of these winds\u003c/a>, but they were especially powerful last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917067/wine-country-fires-were-fanned-by-unprecedented-winds\">some of the strongest winds\u003c/a> in recorded history, especially from that direction, that northerly, northeastern component winds, and that’s downslope,” says Nauslar of the Wine Country fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rapidly spreading downhill fires also played a major role in last winter’s Thomas Fire. It coincided with the longest Santa Ana wind event on record, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/1/1/18/xml\">a recent analysis\u003c/a> of the 2017 fires led by Nauslar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would still see very, very active fire behavior on the downslope portion of those fires,” adds Anthony, “because those fuels were so extremely dry and the climatic conditions were such that embers would start new fires ahead of the main fire front.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928127\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928127\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Coffey Park house ruins\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Remnants of Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood after the October fires of 2017. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fires that burn quickly downhill are particularly worrisome because communities are often situated at the base of the mountains. Last fall, it was a downslope fire that pushed into Santa Rosa and drove \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1916352/santa-rosa-residents-face-neighborhoods-destroyed-by-fire\">the destruction of Coffey Park\u003c/a> and other local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters are keeping careful tabs on changes in fire behavior to help prevent tragedies like what happened in Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we get reports that we’re going to have a large downslope or down-canyon wind in the evenings,” notes Cal Fire Battalion Chief Jonathan Cox, “there’s things we can do such as reinforcing the downhill line, putting additional resources below the fire in anticipation, and understanding that when the fire comes downhill what the risks might be as far as communities or hazards or whatnot that we need to protect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tools are there to manage downhill fires, but Cal Fire’s general approach to firefighting may need to readjust to changing times as these difficult conditions become more common. Climate change is expected to continue to increase nighttime temperatures and the types of extreme weather that has primed fuels this year for faster, bigger fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes us really have to reevaluate our strategy,” says Anthony, “and not just expect that fire to just transition to something that is going to burn less intensely.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fires that burn quickly downhill are especially worrisome as towns are often situated at the base of the mountains.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Right now, on the outskirts of Redding, a rampaging wildfire is doing something that was once unusual: It’s burning fast…downhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fires are burning almost as fast downhill as they burn uphill,” said Cal Fire spokesman Scott McLean, from the scene of the Carr Fire, which by midday Friday had torched more than 44,000 acres and was only 3 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not typical. One of the first things wildland firefighters learn is that fires burn much faster uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s simple physics: heat rises, so the heat from the fire warms and dries out the upslope fuels fastest. It’s also a case of proximity: if you draw a picture of a flame on a slope, you’ll see that there’s a much shorter distance between flame and ground on the uphill side than downhill, so the fire can jump directly from one blade of grass to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the wind. During the day, when fires are typically most active, wind tends to blow uphill, carrying heat and embers up the slope. Facing a fire coming up a hill has long been a serious threat to firefighters, and fires moving rapidly uphill have been implicated in many of the deadliest fires for firefighters, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp009.pdf\">South Canyon Fire\u003c/a> of 1994 and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr299.pdf\">Mann Gulch Fire\u003c/a> of 1949, which killed 14 and 13 firefighters, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the dangers of fighting a fire burning up a hill, crews working in hilly terrain take advantage of the opposite effect, anchoring firefighting operations on the downhill side of a fire and using the slope as a buffer zone as fire will move more slowly downhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this trick has become less reliable in recent years. Chris Anthony, a division chief at Cal Fire who has worked on fires for more than 25 years, has observed more examples of fires spreading rapidly downhill. The Carr Fire is just one example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers haven’t measured this trend yet, so nobody knows for sure why this might be happening, but Anthony has an idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that really contributes to that, right now, is we came out of this very long drought period, and we still have a lot of fuels out there, that are very dry or very dead, even,” says Anthony. “And so they carry fire much more rapidly than prior to the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wet winter that followed the drought added to the fuel load. The hillsides are now so packed with dry grasses that the slope matters less on a downhill run. When there’s so much ready fuel, combined with hot, dry conditions and strong winds, fires just move faster in all directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An uptick in downhill fire behavior might also be related to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights\">increase in nighttime temperatures\u003c/a>. On a typical day, local winds move uphill during the day and downhill in the evening. In the past, cooler nighttime temperatures could impede fire activity driven by these evening winds. But if fires remain active at night, local evening winds could drive faster downslope fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the trend toward more intense downhill fires is anecdotal, and some researchers are hesitant to speculate why firefighters might be seeing this behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is that a statistically significant trend?” asks Nick Nauslar, a fire weather forecaster at the National Weather Service’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.spc.noaa.gov/\">Storm Prediction Center\u003c/a> in Oklahoma. “And if so what might be causing that? There would have to be a couple more steps before I try to make assumptions or formulate theories on why that might be happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Fires that burn quickly downhill are particularly worrisome because communities are often situated at the base of the mountains.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Regardless, there have always been some downslope fires that spread quickly. Santa Ana and Diablo winds typically run downslope, says Nauslar. These winds have long driven most of California’s most destructive fires, including the 2017 Wine Country Fires, which were the state’s deadliest fires, and the Thomas Fire in Southern California, now the state’s largest fire on record. There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/climate/caifornia-fires-wind.html\">mixed evidence\u003c/a> as to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">whether climate change is affecting the strength or frequency of these winds\u003c/a>, but they were especially powerful last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917067/wine-country-fires-were-fanned-by-unprecedented-winds\">some of the strongest winds\u003c/a> in recorded history, especially from that direction, that northerly, northeastern component winds, and that’s downslope,” says Nauslar of the Wine Country fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rapidly spreading downhill fires also played a major role in last winter’s Thomas Fire. It coincided with the longest Santa Ana wind event on record, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/1/1/18/xml\">a recent analysis\u003c/a> of the 2017 fires led by Nauslar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would still see very, very active fire behavior on the downslope portion of those fires,” adds Anthony, “because those fuels were so extremely dry and the climatic conditions were such that embers would start new fires ahead of the main fire front.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928127\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928127\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Coffey Park house ruins\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Remnants of Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood after the October fires of 2017. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fires that burn quickly downhill are particularly worrisome because communities are often situated at the base of the mountains. Last fall, it was a downslope fire that pushed into Santa Rosa and drove \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1916352/santa-rosa-residents-face-neighborhoods-destroyed-by-fire\">the destruction of Coffey Park\u003c/a> and other local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters are keeping careful tabs on changes in fire behavior to help prevent tragedies like what happened in Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we get reports that we’re going to have a large downslope or down-canyon wind in the evenings,” notes Cal Fire Battalion Chief Jonathan Cox, “there’s things we can do such as reinforcing the downhill line, putting additional resources below the fire in anticipation, and understanding that when the fire comes downhill what the risks might be as far as communities or hazards or whatnot that we need to protect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tools are there to manage downhill fires, but Cal Fire’s general approach to firefighting may need to readjust to changing times as these difficult conditions become more common. Climate change is expected to continue to increase nighttime temperatures and the types of extreme weather that has primed fuels this year for faster, bigger fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes us really have to reevaluate our strategy,” says Anthony, “and not just expect that fire to just transition to something that is going to burn less intensely.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Outlaws Plastic Straws, Stirrers",
"headTitle": "San Francisco Outlaws Plastic Straws, Stirrers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 4:50 p.m. Tuesday: \u003c/strong> San Francisco supervisors have unanimously approved a ban on plastic straws and some takeout containers. The legislation requires a second vote next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post: \u003c/strong>In a bid to further cut down on waste, eco-conscious San Francisco is expected to join Seattle in outlawing plastic straws used to suck down Mai Tais and slurp up bubble tea.[contextly_sidebar id=”1p59EY4ymlpIaZlKFkGYQ9mmHJ28c5My”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal, to be taken up by the Board of Supervisors on Tuesday, also would make the novel move to ban vendors from using takeout containers made with fluorinated chemicals. Washington’s governor recently signed legislation approving a possible ban to go into effect in 2022, but San Francisco’s January 2020 deadline would be earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation prohibits eateries from using plastic anti-splashers, stirrers and other plastic items that environmentalists say are too small to be recycled properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retailers would no longer be able to sell the items starting July 2019. In addition, food and drink vendors would be allowed to dispense cutlery, napkins, condiments and lids only on request or through self-serve stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with disabilities have spoken out against the plastic straw ban, saying customers with mobility issues rely on the tubes to drink and paper or metal straws aren’t always appropriate. But businesses in politically progressive San Francisco appear to be largely in support, with Supervisor Katy Tang announcing the legislation at a popular bubble milk tea shop in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a movement not just happening in San Francisco but nationally and internationally,” said Peter Gallotta, spokesman for the city’s Department of Environment. “The larger elephant in the room is the single-use disposable culture we find ourselves in, and straws are the epitome of this unnecessary daily waste.”[contextly_sidebar id=”HAngwCuZaFFqA6pQwxGjgZlBBops87uK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Washington, D.C.-based Plastics Industry Association issued a statement Monday saying a better solution is to expand recycling technology. “Regardless of what a straw is made of, we can all agree that it should not end up as litter,” it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seattle is believed to be the first major U.S. city to shun plastic straws when its ban went into effect this month. Since then, the world’s largest coffee shop and hotel chains — Starbucks and Marriott — announced they too would move away from plastic straws and stirrers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has frequently led the way on policies considered eco-friendly. In 2007, it outlawed single-use plastic bags and in 2016, expanded its prohibition on foam food carryout containers to include retail sales of kiddie pool toys and packing peanuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_/15786418/APNews/site/article/midarticle2_0__container__\">\n\u003cp>Tuesday’s legislation calls for to-go containers and wrappers to be free of fluorinated chemicals. The chemicals are used to ward off grease, but the chemicals do not degrade, said Jen Jackson, toxics reduction manager at the San Francisco Department of Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t compost,” she said, “so it will remain and continue to accumulate in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Corley, spokesman for the American Chemistry Council, a trade association, said Monday that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has deemed the chemicals currently used to package to-go food is safe.[contextly_sidebar id=”E69LbVaRa3zIJP2sM3grFFpLDolTPsBO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This potential ban is unnecessary, contrary to sound science and will provide no further benefits to public health or the environment,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gwyneth Borden, executive director of the Golden Gate Restaurant Association, said restaurateurs have no desire to pass on toxins through carryout containers. But the higher cost of compostable fluorinated-free containers will drive businesses to return to recyclable plastic containers, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an interesting evolution,” Borden said, “but sometimes making decisions premature to fully understanding the science can be difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Eco-conscious San Francisco plans to ban plastic straws, along with tiny coffee stirrers and cup pluggers, as part of an effort to reduce plastic waste. The legislation also makes single-use food and drink side items available upon request.",
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"description": "Eco-conscious San Francisco plans to ban plastic straws, along with tiny coffee stirrers and cup pluggers, as part of an effort to reduce plastic waste. The legislation also makes single-use food and drink side items available upon request.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 4:50 p.m. Tuesday: \u003c/strong> San Francisco supervisors have unanimously approved a ban on plastic straws and some takeout containers. The legislation requires a second vote next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post: \u003c/strong>In a bid to further cut down on waste, eco-conscious San Francisco is expected to join Seattle in outlawing plastic straws used to suck down Mai Tais and slurp up bubble tea.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal, to be taken up by the Board of Supervisors on Tuesday, also would make the novel move to ban vendors from using takeout containers made with fluorinated chemicals. Washington’s governor recently signed legislation approving a possible ban to go into effect in 2022, but San Francisco’s January 2020 deadline would be earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation prohibits eateries from using plastic anti-splashers, stirrers and other plastic items that environmentalists say are too small to be recycled properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retailers would no longer be able to sell the items starting July 2019. In addition, food and drink vendors would be allowed to dispense cutlery, napkins, condiments and lids only on request or through self-serve stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with disabilities have spoken out against the plastic straw ban, saying customers with mobility issues rely on the tubes to drink and paper or metal straws aren’t always appropriate. But businesses in politically progressive San Francisco appear to be largely in support, with Supervisor Katy Tang announcing the legislation at a popular bubble milk tea shop in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a movement not just happening in San Francisco but nationally and internationally,” said Peter Gallotta, spokesman for the city’s Department of Environment. “The larger elephant in the room is the single-use disposable culture we find ourselves in, and straws are the epitome of this unnecessary daily waste.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Washington, D.C.-based Plastics Industry Association issued a statement Monday saying a better solution is to expand recycling technology. “Regardless of what a straw is made of, we can all agree that it should not end up as litter,” it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seattle is believed to be the first major U.S. city to shun plastic straws when its ban went into effect this month. Since then, the world’s largest coffee shop and hotel chains — Starbucks and Marriott — announced they too would move away from plastic straws and stirrers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has frequently led the way on policies considered eco-friendly. In 2007, it outlawed single-use plastic bags and in 2016, expanded its prohibition on foam food carryout containers to include retail sales of kiddie pool toys and packing peanuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_/15786418/APNews/site/article/midarticle2_0__container__\">\n\u003cp>Tuesday’s legislation calls for to-go containers and wrappers to be free of fluorinated chemicals. The chemicals are used to ward off grease, but the chemicals do not degrade, said Jen Jackson, toxics reduction manager at the San Francisco Department of Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t compost,” she said, “so it will remain and continue to accumulate in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Corley, spokesman for the American Chemistry Council, a trade association, said Monday that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has deemed the chemicals currently used to package to-go food is safe.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This potential ban is unnecessary, contrary to sound science and will provide no further benefits to public health or the environment,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gwyneth Borden, executive director of the Golden Gate Restaurant Association, said restaurateurs have no desire to pass on toxins through carryout containers. But the higher cost of compostable fluorinated-free containers will drive businesses to return to recyclable plastic containers, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an interesting evolution,” Borden said, “but sometimes making decisions premature to fully understanding the science can be difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land",
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"content": "\u003cp>An innovative scheme to leverage Central Valley farmland as temporary wetlands on the Pacific Flyway helped birds navigate California’s five-year drought, according to \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5147/\">a new analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four years ago, in the midst of California’s most punishing drought on record, conservation groups began working with growers and citizen scientists to identify and maintain habitat for wetland birds on agricultural land, as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">KQED reported.\u003c/a> The Central Valley is in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, and millions of birds stop to rest at wetlands in the region during their migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of historically occurring natural wetlands in the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/suppl/10.3996/012014-JFWM-003/suppl_file/012014-jfwm-003.s10.pdf?code=ufws-site\">are gone, largely displaced by agriculture\u003c/a>, the birds have to work with what’s there. So, conservation groups devised a strategy to help them out: The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Resources Conservation Service started paying rice farmers to keep their fields flooded during the post-harvest months, allowing migratory birds to take refuge in these “pop-up wetlands.” For farmers and conservationists, participating in this type of incentive program was risky: farmers had to put in additional labor, the conservation groups offset the estimated costs, and neither group knew for sure whether the plan would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">Read the backstory of the BirdReturns program in this KQED Quest feature\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But now enough time has elapsed to get some answers. Researchers used satellite data to understand how wetland bird habitat changed over the course of the drought and to estimate how much the incentive programs for farmers helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From satellite images taken between 2000 and 2015, the researchers could detect how much open water was available for birds during non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought years. They found that the severe drought dramatically reduced available wetland habitat, with declines of up to 80 percent in agricultural areas and up to 60 percent in managed wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little surprised at the magnitude of the decline in some of the wetlands,” recalls Matt Reiter, principal scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, and lead author on the study. “Maybe it shouldn’t have been, given how much coverage the drought was getting and it was the first time we started seeing water curtailment, and certainly the price of water was going up, and so it shouldn’t have surprised me but it did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess the effect of incentives for flooded farms, the researchers honed in on rice fields, calculating what percent of the total flooded rice habitat could be attributed to two incentive programs during times of severe drought. The Nature Conservancy’s \u003ca href=\"http://birdreturns.org/\">BirdReturns\u003c/a> program was responsible for up to 61 percent of available flooded rice habitat in the fall and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s \u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP)\u003c/a> provided up to 100 percent of available habitat in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two programs operated at different times of year: BirdReturns focuses on the fall and spring, and WHEP on the winter months. In the analysis, these complementary timelines functioned to maintain wetland habitat in rice fields for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help. However, the direct effects of drought on birds are not yet clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our big questions now is, ‘Okay, so what?’” says Reiter. “What does this mean for the birds? Are the birds falling out of the sky? Are the birds declining? Did the drought really impact their populations?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat is a pretty good proxy for population impacts, since habitat loss has been documented to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000426\">leading cause of wetland bird declines\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142\">of wildlife declines more generally\u003c/a>. And \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1658\">research has shown\u003c/a> that bird densities can be very high in flooded agricultural fields. But Reiter and his colleagues want to put some real numbers on the effects of severe drought on wetland birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927732\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1200x405.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1920x648.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1180x398.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-960x324.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-240x81.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-375x127.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-520x175.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill Cranes are one of many wetland bird species that can be found in the flooded rice fields. \u003ccite>(Bob Wick/BLM)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incentive programs are set to continue for the time being — but both are dependent on ongoing funding: the BirdReturns program relies on funding from the nonprofit Nature Conservancy, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s WHEP is counting on a renewal of funds in the federal Farm Bill. Ideally, Reiter says, the incentive programs would be “a short-term thing, that instills a new kind of management ethic that then sort of propagates itself forward.” It’s uncertain whether that will ever happen, so funding is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reiter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Different versions of these incentive programs have been around for a very long time, so it gives you some hope that they will stay around,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there’s the new analysis, which Reiter hopes will reach people who may be considering similar conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our study really shows the value of these incentive programs,” he says, “and so we just hope that managers can see these data and see that — hey — there is real value in doing these programs, and particularly in drought years, as we saw, and think about how we can make sure that these are sustained into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, birds visiting the Central Valley have a little more room to roost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An innovative scheme to leverage Central Valley farmland as temporary wetlands on the Pacific Flyway helped birds navigate California’s five-year drought, according to \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5147/\">a new analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four years ago, in the midst of California’s most punishing drought on record, conservation groups began working with growers and citizen scientists to identify and maintain habitat for wetland birds on agricultural land, as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">KQED reported.\u003c/a> The Central Valley is in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, and millions of birds stop to rest at wetlands in the region during their migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of historically occurring natural wetlands in the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/suppl/10.3996/012014-JFWM-003/suppl_file/012014-jfwm-003.s10.pdf?code=ufws-site\">are gone, largely displaced by agriculture\u003c/a>, the birds have to work with what’s there. So, conservation groups devised a strategy to help them out: The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Resources Conservation Service started paying rice farmers to keep their fields flooded during the post-harvest months, allowing migratory birds to take refuge in these “pop-up wetlands.” For farmers and conservationists, participating in this type of incentive program was risky: farmers had to put in additional labor, the conservation groups offset the estimated costs, and neither group knew for sure whether the plan would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">Read the backstory of the BirdReturns program in this KQED Quest feature\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But now enough time has elapsed to get some answers. Researchers used satellite data to understand how wetland bird habitat changed over the course of the drought and to estimate how much the incentive programs for farmers helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From satellite images taken between 2000 and 2015, the researchers could detect how much open water was available for birds during non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought years. They found that the severe drought dramatically reduced available wetland habitat, with declines of up to 80 percent in agricultural areas and up to 60 percent in managed wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little surprised at the magnitude of the decline in some of the wetlands,” recalls Matt Reiter, principal scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, and lead author on the study. “Maybe it shouldn’t have been, given how much coverage the drought was getting and it was the first time we started seeing water curtailment, and certainly the price of water was going up, and so it shouldn’t have surprised me but it did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess the effect of incentives for flooded farms, the researchers honed in on rice fields, calculating what percent of the total flooded rice habitat could be attributed to two incentive programs during times of severe drought. The Nature Conservancy’s \u003ca href=\"http://birdreturns.org/\">BirdReturns\u003c/a> program was responsible for up to 61 percent of available flooded rice habitat in the fall and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s \u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP)\u003c/a> provided up to 100 percent of available habitat in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two programs operated at different times of year: BirdReturns focuses on the fall and spring, and WHEP on the winter months. In the analysis, these complementary timelines functioned to maintain wetland habitat in rice fields for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help. However, the direct effects of drought on birds are not yet clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our big questions now is, ‘Okay, so what?’” says Reiter. “What does this mean for the birds? Are the birds falling out of the sky? Are the birds declining? Did the drought really impact their populations?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat is a pretty good proxy for population impacts, since habitat loss has been documented to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000426\">leading cause of wetland bird declines\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142\">of wildlife declines more generally\u003c/a>. And \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1658\">research has shown\u003c/a> that bird densities can be very high in flooded agricultural fields. But Reiter and his colleagues want to put some real numbers on the effects of severe drought on wetland birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927732\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1200x405.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1920x648.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1180x398.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-960x324.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-240x81.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-375x127.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-520x175.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill Cranes are one of many wetland bird species that can be found in the flooded rice fields. \u003ccite>(Bob Wick/BLM)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incentive programs are set to continue for the time being — but both are dependent on ongoing funding: the BirdReturns program relies on funding from the nonprofit Nature Conservancy, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s WHEP is counting on a renewal of funds in the federal Farm Bill. Ideally, Reiter says, the incentive programs would be “a short-term thing, that instills a new kind of management ethic that then sort of propagates itself forward.” It’s uncertain whether that will ever happen, so funding is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reiter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Different versions of these incentive programs have been around for a very long time, so it gives you some hope that they will stay around,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there’s the new analysis, which Reiter hopes will reach people who may be considering similar conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our study really shows the value of these incentive programs,” he says, “and so we just hope that managers can see these data and see that — hey — there is real value in doing these programs, and particularly in drought years, as we saw, and think about how we can make sure that these are sustained into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, birds visiting the Central Valley have a little more room to roost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s power grid operators called for cutbacks in electricity usage as parts of the U.S. Southwest braced Tuesday for another day of scorching heat.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZY8Ecu9yuTnHbe3OTqnHOkh3jpoBksNp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With triple-digit temperatures expected throughout the region, the California Independent System Operator Corp. urged people to ease off blasting the air conditioner or using the washer or other appliances from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. Tuesday and again on Wednesday. Those are the times of peak power usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called Flex Alerts are needed to reduce the risk of rotating power outages, Cal-ISO said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scattered outages during the day and evening Monday left several thousands of people sweltering even though overall state electrical demand never exceeded available power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials urged homeowners to keep the thermostat at 78 degrees (26 Celsius) or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health also urged people to stay out of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When temperatures are high, even a few hours of exertion may cause severe dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Others who are frail or have chronic health conditions may develop serious health problems leading to death if they are exposed to high temperatures over several days,” said Dr. Jeffrey Gunzenhauser, the county’s interim health officer.[contextly_sidebar id=”oZ3czPRTDr1KET89oZoGen2iPHSs9VJR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children, the elderly and pets shouldn’t be left in homes without air conditioning or in cars even with open windows because temperatures can quickly soar to life-threatening levels, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highs around the Southwest approached 120 degrees (49 Celsius) Monday, with Phoenix recording a steamy 115 degrees (46 Celsius), breaking the previous record for the day, the National Weather Service reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be suffocating,” said Don Frey, an employee of the moving company Budget Movers, told KTVK-TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important tool of his trade was his water jug, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about Tuesday’s forecast of a high of 117 degrees (47 Celsius), Frey said: “Those are the days that you really wish you listened to mom and dad and stayed in school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters said southern Arizona will swelter through temperatures from 112 to 119 degrees through Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, forecasts called for a high of 108 degrees along the border from Del Rio to Laredo and up to 101 in Central Texas and the Big Bend. However, temperatures were only expected to top out in the upper 90s over much of the state.[contextly_sidebar id=”maO7kGUrliSjBRD9YnzmAI74PrtHd42h”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of Utah were also issued an excessive heat warning with temperatures this week expected to approach 109 degrees. The weather service said the warning for Utah’s Dixie and Lake Powell regions will be in effect Tuesday through Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With some of the highest temperatures over the next few days expected in Phoenix, officials cautioned people to stay hydrated and take advantage of cooler indoor buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maricopa County public health officials say 155 people died in the Phoenix area last year from heat-caused illnesses such heat stroke.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health also urged people to stay out of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When temperatures are high, even a few hours of exertion may cause severe dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Others who are frail or have chronic health conditions may develop serious health problems leading to death if they are exposed to high temperatures over several days,” said Dr. Jeffrey Gunzenhauser, the county’s interim health officer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children, the elderly and pets shouldn’t be left in homes without air conditioning or in cars even with open windows because temperatures can quickly soar to life-threatening levels, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highs around the Southwest approached 120 degrees (49 Celsius) Monday, with Phoenix recording a steamy 115 degrees (46 Celsius), breaking the previous record for the day, the National Weather Service reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be suffocating,” said Don Frey, an employee of the moving company Budget Movers, told KTVK-TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important tool of his trade was his water jug, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about Tuesday’s forecast of a high of 117 degrees (47 Celsius), Frey said: “Those are the days that you really wish you listened to mom and dad and stayed in school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters said southern Arizona will swelter through temperatures from 112 to 119 degrees through Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, forecasts called for a high of 108 degrees along the border from Del Rio to Laredo and up to 101 in Central Texas and the Big Bend. However, temperatures were only expected to top out in the upper 90s over much of the state.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of Utah were also issued an excessive heat warning with temperatures this week expected to approach 109 degrees. The weather service said the warning for Utah’s Dixie and Lake Powell regions will be in effect Tuesday through Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With some of the highest temperatures over the next few days expected in Phoenix, officials cautioned people to stay hydrated and take advantage of cooler indoor buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maricopa County public health officials say 155 people died in the Phoenix area last year from heat-caused illnesses such heat stroke.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Heat Rises, So Do Suicides, a Stanford Study Finds",
"headTitle": "As Heat Rises, So Do Suicides, a Stanford Study Finds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A warming climate may carry a sneaky effect on mental health. A Stanford University-led research team warns \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0222-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a study published today\u003c/a> that hotter temperatures are raising the risk of suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ547&warncounty=CAC037&firewxzone=CAZ547&local_place1=2%20Miles%20WSW%20Burbank%20CA&product1=Excessive+Heat+Warning&lat=34.182&lon=-118.3595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excessive Heat Warning\u003c/a> issued for the San Gabriel, San Fernando and Ventura County Valleys, through Thursday. Temperatures up to 108 degrees with high nighttime temperatures. \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-during\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Take precautions\u003c/a>.\u003ccite>National Weather Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Going back to the early 19th century, scientists, sociologists and poets all noticed more people die by suicide in spring. That’s caused other teams to investigate \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1901524\">sunlight’s influence on mental health \u003c/a>and the connection between \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/the-troubling-link-between-allergies-and-suicide/523608/\">allergies and suicide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall Burke, an associate professor of earth systems sciences at Stanford, worked with colleagues at UC Berkeley and an international team to amass decades of death records for the U.S. and Mexico, and localized temperature records. They found that when temperatures rose about 2 degrees Fahrenheit in a given location and given month, deaths by suicide rose by about 1 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a one percent effect – if multiplied across many people in the United States – implies a very large additional health burden from increasing temperature,” says Burke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, nearly 800,000 people die by suicide each year, according to the World Health Organization. Suicides in the United States and Mexico represent abut 7% of the total. In the United States, suicide is a top-ten leading cause of death, and in the most recent 17 years on record, the nation’s overall suicide rate has increased 28%, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml\">according to\u003c/a> the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke’s newly-released study doesn’t suggest that hot temperatures cause people to harm themselves. And he stresses that suicide has other larger and well-documented risk factors. Researchers now wonder \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245634/\">whether warmer temperatures are\u003c/a> some sort of a biological trigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But based on this data and on global models, this team projects that if climate change continues unchecked until the middle of this century, hotter temperatures could cause at least 20,000 additional deaths in the two countries studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sounds like an abstract statistic,” Burke says, “but we should think of that as individuals and individual families that are going to be fundamentally affected by that if temperatures increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that air conditioning and wealth don’t seem to mitigate the link between hotter temperatures and suicide. So as temperatures rise, he expects the risks of heat to human health will continue to rise too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A warming climate may carry a sneaky effect on mental health. A Stanford University-led research team warns \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0222-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a study published today\u003c/a> that hotter temperatures are raising the risk of suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ547&warncounty=CAC037&firewxzone=CAZ547&local_place1=2%20Miles%20WSW%20Burbank%20CA&product1=Excessive+Heat+Warning&lat=34.182&lon=-118.3595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excessive Heat Warning\u003c/a> issued for the San Gabriel, San Fernando and Ventura County Valleys, through Thursday. Temperatures up to 108 degrees with high nighttime temperatures. \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-during\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Take precautions\u003c/a>.\u003ccite>National Weather Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Going back to the early 19th century, scientists, sociologists and poets all noticed more people die by suicide in spring. That’s caused other teams to investigate \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1901524\">sunlight’s influence on mental health \u003c/a>and the connection between \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/the-troubling-link-between-allergies-and-suicide/523608/\">allergies and suicide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall Burke, an associate professor of earth systems sciences at Stanford, worked with colleagues at UC Berkeley and an international team to amass decades of death records for the U.S. and Mexico, and localized temperature records. They found that when temperatures rose about 2 degrees Fahrenheit in a given location and given month, deaths by suicide rose by about 1 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a one percent effect – if multiplied across many people in the United States – implies a very large additional health burden from increasing temperature,” says Burke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, nearly 800,000 people die by suicide each year, according to the World Health Organization. Suicides in the United States and Mexico represent abut 7% of the total. In the United States, suicide is a top-ten leading cause of death, and in the most recent 17 years on record, the nation’s overall suicide rate has increased 28%, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml\">according to\u003c/a> the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke’s newly-released study doesn’t suggest that hot temperatures cause people to harm themselves. And he stresses that suicide has other larger and well-documented risk factors. Researchers now wonder \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245634/\">whether warmer temperatures are\u003c/a> some sort of a biological trigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But based on this data and on global models, this team projects that if climate change continues unchecked until the middle of this century, hotter temperatures could cause at least 20,000 additional deaths in the two countries studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sounds like an abstract statistic,” Burke says, “but we should think of that as individuals and individual families that are going to be fundamentally affected by that if temperatures increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that air conditioning and wealth don’t seem to mitigate the link between hotter temperatures and suicide. So as temperatures rise, he expects the risks of heat to human health will continue to rise too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Monitoring Agricultural Water Use Remains Challenging Despite New Oversight Rules",
"headTitle": "Monitoring Agricultural Water Use Remains Challenging Despite New Oversight Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A new program in California aimed at tracking agricultural water consumption is off to a bumpy start, highlighting the challenges of monitoring an industry that has historically enjoyed limited oversight.[contextly_sidebar id=”9GyCzsqYD2KoprBkRhX1TmaNWhg3fJ5D”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water in the West, with many states using more than 70 percent of developed freshwater supplies for agriculture. So you would think state governments watch water consumption on farms carefully to look for conservation opportunities. In fact, some do not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">California generates more farm revenue than any other state. Yet until recently there was no requirement to report agricultural water consumption. That changed in 2007, when a new state law required irrigation districts to file annual reports on water delivered to their farm customers, beginning in 2012.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The program became known as “farm-gate” reporting, because irrigation districts must document monthly deliveries to the diversion gates where water leaves the district’s distribution canal and moves onto private farmland.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">However, follow-up laws confused the rules, and there has never been any penalty for failing to comply.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, only 48 percent of irrigation districts complied with the law in 2016, the most recent reporting year, according to the state Department of Water Resources, which oversees the program.[contextly_sidebar id=”546RAah7jhtbJmKX9zbrA0NYjbFHMnqP”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In addition, tech-savvy California did not require irrigation districts to file their reports online. Instead, it allowed them to send paper forms by mail. And the law did not require the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span> to post any of the data online. So it did not do so until May of this year, when it launched a crude beta-stage \u003ca href=\"https://wuedata.water.ca.gov/ag_farm_plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">website\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that includes only some of the data reported so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“This is the agency that’s responsible for managing, I would argue, the most precious natural resource in the state,” said Arohi Sharma, a water policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council. “The agency has the ability to fill all of these gaps. It’s just a matter of flexing its muscles and holding water districts accountable.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Sharma is lead author of a new \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NRDC\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/arohi-sharma/report-ca-ag-water-data-leaks-through-mismanagement-cracks?utm_source=tw&utm_medium=tweet&utm_campaign=Water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> critical of the state’s program. In its analysis, compliance with the law was even lower than the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> estimate. Using \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> data, the group focused on 123 “large” irrigation districts \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> those with at least 10,000 irrigated acres \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> in order to compare consistent data. It found only 30 percent of these districts submitted water delivery data in 2016.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“While these numbers are obviously not satisfactory, we think it’s going to improve because of the changes in the legislation,” said Manucher Alemi, a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> policy adviser on water use efficiency, who manages the program. “These things take time. We are making progress.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The data available on the state’s website also contains errors. Anthea Hansen, general manager of Del Puerto Water District, said she has filed the water delivery reports every year since the requirement began. But only one \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> from 2014 \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> is posted online, giving the impression the district is out of compliance. And that record shows the 2014 report was submitted in April 2018, suggesting it was filed late.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZcvvWCEH5tdLJhwGhRY75uNyvVYPLobc”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That appears to be a data entry error, because the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span> website shows 2014 reports from other irrigation districts were also submitted in April 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Last year, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> did a report to the Legislature, and our name popped up as being delinquent,” said Hansen, whose district irrigates some 45,000 acres in the Modesto area. “And I was quite taken aback, because I don’t like our name to pop up in a negative light on anything. We strive to do everything right here.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> officials say they send annual reminders by letter and email to encourage irrigation districts to submit the required data. But Hansen said she has never received one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2256px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133958 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180720100226/Hkg22059571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2256\" height=\"1501\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farm gates like this one in Firebaugh, California, control the flow of water in irrigation canals. They’re also the point at which the state’s irrigation districts are supposed to measure annual water deliveries to farms. But fewer than half are meeting the annual reporting requirement, and the state Department of Water Resources has limited enforcement power. (ROBYNBECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I don’t think it’s so much that water agencies can’t or don’t want to do it,\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">” she said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It could be they don’t know or forgot. It’s not a real highly publicized thing.\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Alvar Escriva-Bou, a water policy research fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, called the state’s approach a “bottom-up” method of water accounting. That’s because it relies on good-faith reporting by water users at the end of the distribution system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“When there’s not good oversight, you have to be really careful on what users tell you,” he said, “because they just fill out the form and send it in. You need good oversight to rely on these requirements.”[contextly_sidebar id=”j4vOVuwyqamsK4XJhvMhdHwMAnNhCUJP”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Escriva-Bou was the lead author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/publication/accounting-for-californias-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">2016 study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that examined California’s water accounting systems. It includes an exhaustive technical appendix, illuminating methods used by nearly every other Western state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">He said Colorado and Idaho are good examples of what he calls top-down water accounting. In both cases, the state collects its own data on water distribution by maintaining hundreds of measurement devices on irrigation canals. Irrigators are not required to send in any reports, because the state gathers the data itself \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> in many cases using real-time sensors linked to state computers by telemetry devices.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Both states also maintain comprehensive information portals, offering public access to a vast trove of current information on water distribution and water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">California offers good data on water movement by major state and federal plumbing systems, but very little at the local level.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Sometimes centralized systems can help, especially during droughts, and we don’t have that in California,” Escriva-Bou said. “We struggled during the last drought to know exactly how much water we have, and how much water farmers were using.”[contextly_sidebar id=”tpvBQfeAwuTSO3mKu95hfsdQsSBdUKJM”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The California farm water reporting program is governed by no fewer than three laws. In some ways, each has clarified the requirements. In other ways, they have added complications.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The farm-gate reporting requirement first came into effect in 2007 with the passage of \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_1401-1450/ab_1404_bill_20071014_chaptered.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Assembly Bill 1404\u003c/a>. It required irrigation districts serving 2,000 or more acres to measure water deliveries according to “best professional practices,” which were never defined. They were required to report the data annually to the state, starting in 2012, according to “water year.” For Hansen’s district that is March through February.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2009, a comprehensive water law (\u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/sb7/projects.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Senate Bill \u003cspan class=\"caps\">X7\u003c/span>-7\u003c/a>) added requirements for districts serving more than 25,000 acres. These larger districts were directed to measure and report water deliveries according to standards developed by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>, and the reporting period was switched to calendar year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It took the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> three years to develop those standards, and the first reporting year was 2013. The requirements called for the water delivery data to be reported on a paper form, with email submission as an option.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The latest changes were imposed on May 31 when Governor Jerry Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Assembly Bill 1668\u003c/a>. Starting January 1, 2019, irrigation districts must report their water deliveries according to groundwater basin. Some large irrigation districts may encompass four or five basins, which means they must file four or five reports.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For the first time, this new law requires water delivery reports to be filed online.[contextly_sidebar id=”cl4h0CjokjqoGFf5ptSA9NLb9nY38QDy”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The requirements have been evolving and there has been a lack of clarity on what districts have been required to do,” said Mike Wade, executive director of the California Farm Water Coalition. “As a moving target, it was hard to keep up.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">None of these laws allows the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> to fine or penalize water districts that miss deadlines or fail to file.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">However, the 2009 law did allow the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> to use its grantmaking power as a hammer: irrigation districts with service areas between 10,000 acres and 25,000 acres are not eligible to receive state grants for water projects unless they submit annual water delivery reports.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Our only leverage is through encouragement and incentives for compliance,” Alemi said. “And we don’t have the resources to monitor every one of them all the time. So we just communicate with them and tell them when it is due.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In short, the mosaic of laws has saddled the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> with enforcing three different sets of requirements, depending on the size of the irrigation district.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One result is that the data gathered from irrigation districts so far is not consistent. Some reflects a calendar year, some a water year. Some is on paper, and some is electronic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The earliest data is not being posted, simply because we’re trying to verify accuracy,” Alemi said. “And that’s taking time because there was some confusion around the change to calendar year.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There is also some question about how useful the data will be when it does get compiled.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The law requires irrigation districts to report monthly deliveries to farm gates – the points where water leaves the district’s distribution canal and flows onto private farmland. Each record shows the total number of farm gates and total water volume delivered to those gates each month. The records do not show how much was diverted at each gate, or how the water was used on each farm.[contextly_sidebar id=”spgfMUImxhbxxR1rg9URe335RARElOmh”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think it can be a valuable tool and help improve management and tighten standards down, so people are assured they’re doing a good job,” said Wade. “But I don’t know, in the big scheme of things, that it’s going to change a lot in terms of our understanding of water supply in California.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The records also say nothing about return flow. This is the water not consumed by crops that may run off the field and return to a stream. Idaho collects this information, but California does not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Knowing return flows, if any, is important to determine agriculture’s net effect on fisheries and aquatic habitat. And if it is known that return flows are augmenting streamflow, said Escriva-Bou, it may also avoid the pain of water diversion curtailments during drought.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even so, Alemi said the state’s data collection program will lead to useful reforms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It helps us to understand what the agricultural demand is, and also project how we are going to close the gap between supply and demand in the future,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/23/california-farms-water-use-still-unclear-despite-new-reporting-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "While some other states monitor water deliveries to farms in real time, California has allowed irrigation districts to submit annual reports on paper. According to one recent analysis, fewer than half are even doing that much.",
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"description": "While some other states monitor water deliveries to farms in real time, California has allowed irrigation districts to submit annual reports on paper. According to one recent analysis, fewer than half are even doing that much.",
"title": "Monitoring Agricultural Water Use Remains Challenging Despite New Oversight Rules | KQED",
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"headline": "Monitoring Agricultural Water Use Remains Challenging Despite New Oversight Rules",
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"slug": "california-farms-water-use-still-unclear-despite-new-reporting-rules",
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"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new program in California aimed at tracking agricultural water consumption is off to a bumpy start, highlighting the challenges of monitoring an industry that has historically enjoyed limited oversight.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water in the West, with many states using more than 70 percent of developed freshwater supplies for agriculture. So you would think state governments watch water consumption on farms carefully to look for conservation opportunities. In fact, some do not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">California generates more farm revenue than any other state. Yet until recently there was no requirement to report agricultural water consumption. That changed in 2007, when a new state law required irrigation districts to file annual reports on water delivered to their farm customers, beginning in 2012.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The program became known as “farm-gate” reporting, because irrigation districts must document monthly deliveries to the diversion gates where water leaves the district’s distribution canal and moves onto private farmland.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">However, follow-up laws confused the rules, and there has never been any penalty for failing to comply.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, only 48 percent of irrigation districts complied with the law in 2016, the most recent reporting year, according to the state Department of Water Resources, which oversees the program.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In addition, tech-savvy California did not require irrigation districts to file their reports online. Instead, it allowed them to send paper forms by mail. And the law did not require the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span> to post any of the data online. So it did not do so until May of this year, when it launched a crude beta-stage \u003ca href=\"https://wuedata.water.ca.gov/ag_farm_plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">website\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that includes only some of the data reported so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“This is the agency that’s responsible for managing, I would argue, the most precious natural resource in the state,” said Arohi Sharma, a water policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council. “The agency has the ability to fill all of these gaps. It’s just a matter of flexing its muscles and holding water districts accountable.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Sharma is lead author of a new \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NRDC\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/arohi-sharma/report-ca-ag-water-data-leaks-through-mismanagement-cracks?utm_source=tw&utm_medium=tweet&utm_campaign=Water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> critical of the state’s program. In its analysis, compliance with the law was even lower than the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> estimate. Using \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> data, the group focused on 123 “large” irrigation districts \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> those with at least 10,000 irrigated acres \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> in order to compare consistent data. It found only 30 percent of these districts submitted water delivery data in 2016.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“While these numbers are obviously not satisfactory, we think it’s going to improve because of the changes in the legislation,” said Manucher Alemi, a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> policy adviser on water use efficiency, who manages the program. “These things take time. We are making progress.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The data available on the state’s website also contains errors. Anthea Hansen, general manager of Del Puerto Water District, said she has filed the water delivery reports every year since the requirement began. But only one \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> from 2014 \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> is posted online, giving the impression the district is out of compliance. And that record shows the 2014 report was submitted in April 2018, suggesting it was filed late.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That appears to be a data entry error, because the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>\u003c/span> website shows 2014 reports from other irrigation districts were also submitted in April 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Last year, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> did a report to the Legislature, and our name popped up as being delinquent,” said Hansen, whose district irrigates some 45,000 acres in the Modesto area. “And I was quite taken aback, because I don’t like our name to pop up in a negative light on anything. We strive to do everything right here.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> officials say they send annual reminders by letter and email to encourage irrigation districts to submit the required data. But Hansen said she has never received one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2256px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133958 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180720100226/Hkg22059571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2256\" height=\"1501\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farm gates like this one in Firebaugh, California, control the flow of water in irrigation canals. They’re also the point at which the state’s irrigation districts are supposed to measure annual water deliveries to farms. But fewer than half are meeting the annual reporting requirement, and the state Department of Water Resources has limited enforcement power. (ROBYNBECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I don’t think it’s so much that water agencies can’t or don’t want to do it,\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">” she said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It could be they don’t know or forgot. It’s not a real highly publicized thing.\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Alvar Escriva-Bou, a water policy research fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, called the state’s approach a “bottom-up” method of water accounting. That’s because it relies on good-faith reporting by water users at the end of the distribution system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“When there’s not good oversight, you have to be really careful on what users tell you,” he said, “because they just fill out the form and send it in. You need good oversight to rely on these requirements.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Escriva-Bou was the lead author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/publication/accounting-for-californias-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">2016 study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that examined California’s water accounting systems. It includes an exhaustive technical appendix, illuminating methods used by nearly every other Western state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">He said Colorado and Idaho are good examples of what he calls top-down water accounting. In both cases, the state collects its own data on water distribution by maintaining hundreds of measurement devices on irrigation canals. Irrigators are not required to send in any reports, because the state gathers the data itself \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"st\">–\u003c/span> in many cases using real-time sensors linked to state computers by telemetry devices.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Both states also maintain comprehensive information portals, offering public access to a vast trove of current information on water distribution and water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">California offers good data on water movement by major state and federal plumbing systems, but very little at the local level.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Sometimes centralized systems can help, especially during droughts, and we don’t have that in California,” Escriva-Bou said. “We struggled during the last drought to know exactly how much water we have, and how much water farmers were using.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The California farm water reporting program is governed by no fewer than three laws. In some ways, each has clarified the requirements. In other ways, they have added complications.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The farm-gate reporting requirement first came into effect in 2007 with the passage of \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_1401-1450/ab_1404_bill_20071014_chaptered.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Assembly Bill 1404\u003c/a>. It required irrigation districts serving 2,000 or more acres to measure water deliveries according to “best professional practices,” which were never defined. They were required to report the data annually to the state, starting in 2012, according to “water year.” For Hansen’s district that is March through February.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2009, a comprehensive water law (\u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/sb7/projects.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Senate Bill \u003cspan class=\"caps\">X7\u003c/span>-7\u003c/a>) added requirements for districts serving more than 25,000 acres. These larger districts were directed to measure and report water deliveries according to standards developed by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span>, and the reporting period was switched to calendar year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It took the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> three years to develop those standards, and the first reporting year was 2013. The requirements called for the water delivery data to be reported on a paper form, with email submission as an option.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The latest changes were imposed on May 31 when Governor Jerry Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Assembly Bill 1668\u003c/a>. Starting January 1, 2019, irrigation districts must report their water deliveries according to groundwater basin. Some large irrigation districts may encompass four or five basins, which means they must file four or five reports.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For the first time, this new law requires water delivery reports to be filed online.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The requirements have been evolving and there has been a lack of clarity on what districts have been required to do,” said Mike Wade, executive director of the California Farm Water Coalition. “As a moving target, it was hard to keep up.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">None of these laws allows the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> to fine or penalize water districts that miss deadlines or fail to file.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">However, the 2009 law did allow the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> to use its grantmaking power as a hammer: irrigation districts with service areas between 10,000 acres and 25,000 acres are not eligible to receive state grants for water projects unless they submit annual water delivery reports.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Our only leverage is through encouragement and incentives for compliance,” Alemi said. “And we don’t have the resources to monitor every one of them all the time. So we just communicate with them and tell them when it is due.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In short, the mosaic of laws has saddled the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DWR\u003c/span> with enforcing three different sets of requirements, depending on the size of the irrigation district.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One result is that the data gathered from irrigation districts so far is not consistent. Some reflects a calendar year, some a water year. Some is on paper, and some is electronic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The earliest data is not being posted, simply because we’re trying to verify accuracy,” Alemi said. “And that’s taking time because there was some confusion around the change to calendar year.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There is also some question about how useful the data will be when it does get compiled.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The law requires irrigation districts to report monthly deliveries to farm gates – the points where water leaves the district’s distribution canal and flows onto private farmland. Each record shows the total number of farm gates and total water volume delivered to those gates each month. The records do not show how much was diverted at each gate, or how the water was used on each farm.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think it can be a valuable tool and help improve management and tighten standards down, so people are assured they’re doing a good job,” said Wade. “But I don’t know, in the big scheme of things, that it’s going to change a lot in terms of our understanding of water supply in California.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The records also say nothing about return flow. This is the water not consumed by crops that may run off the field and return to a stream. Idaho collects this information, but California does not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Knowing return flows, if any, is important to determine agriculture’s net effect on fisheries and aquatic habitat. And if it is known that return flows are augmenting streamflow, said Escriva-Bou, it may also avoid the pain of water diversion curtailments during drought.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even so, Alemi said the state’s data collection program will lead to useful reforms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It helps us to understand what the agricultural demand is, and also project how we are going to close the gap between supply and demand in the future,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/23/california-farms-water-use-still-unclear-despite-new-reporting-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tla4E8-DGRs?start=1225]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller talks with Newsroom host Thuy Vu about the early start to this year’s fire season, and its connections to higher nighttime temperatures and climate change. They also discuss recent attempts by U.S. cities to sue fossil fuel companies for the costs of climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are already noting a shrinkage of the Sierra snowpack and the transition line between rain and snow moving uphill,” says Miller. “Then there’s the massive tree die-off in the Sierra and reduced flows in rivers and streams — both driven by drought, down to an extended fire season and all the way to the coast, where rising seas are causing cliff erosion and high-tide flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this reality, Miller says that California is probably experiencing “a wider range of climate effects than any other state in the nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/tla4E8-DGRs?start=1225'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/tla4E8-DGRs?start=1225'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller talks with Newsroom host Thuy Vu about the early start to this year’s fire season, and its connections to higher nighttime temperatures and climate change. They also discuss recent attempts by U.S. cities to sue fossil fuel companies for the costs of climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are already noting a shrinkage of the Sierra snowpack and the transition line between rain and snow moving uphill,” says Miller. “Then there’s the massive tree die-off in the Sierra and reduced flows in rivers and streams — both driven by drought, down to an extended fire season and all the way to the coast, where rising seas are causing cliff erosion and high-tide flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this reality, Miller says that California is probably experiencing “a wider range of climate effects than any other state in the nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Harsh drought conditions in parts of the American West are pushing wild horses to the brink and spurring extreme measures to protect them.[contextly_sidebar id=”379rul4CCWTTtfuuUOOat8RYjrQXPtgj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For what they say is the first time, volunteer groups in Arizona and Colorado are hauling thousands of gallons of water and truckloads of food to remote grazing grounds where springs have run dry and vegetation has disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal land managers also have begun emergency roundups in desert areas of Utah and Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen it like this,” said Simone Netherlands, president of the Arizona-based Salt River Wild Horse Management Group. In May, dozens of horses were found dead on the edge of a dried-up watering hole in northeastern Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As spring turned to summer, drought conditions turned from bad to worse, Netherlands said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico are under the most severe category of drought, though extreme conditions are present from California to Missouri, government analysts say. Parts of the region have witnessed some of the driest conditions on record, amid a cycle of high temperatures and low snowmelt that appears to be getting worse, National Weather Service hydrologist Brian McInerney said.[contextly_sidebar id=”Y0Z2soLZvO63Ov2YyYfy3w0v3pk23Gme”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dry conditions have fed wildfires that have destroyed hundreds of buildings across the West. This month, a firefighter was killed battling a blaze near California’s Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Bureau of Land Management — which oversees vast expanses of public land, mostly in the West — says the problem facing wild horses stems from overpopulation aggravated by severe drought. The region is home to roughly 67,000 wild horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re always going to have drought issues. That’s a common thing out on the range,” agency spokesman Jason Lutterman said. “What really exacerbates things is when we’re already over population, because then you already have resource issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency’s emergency roundup in western Utah began a week ago, aiming to remove roughly 250 wild horses from a population of approximately 670. The operation is expected to take several weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the horses are rounded up, the government gives them veterinary treatment and offers them for sale or adoption. Those that aren’t sold or adopted are transferred to privately contracted corrals and pastures for the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>A similar emergency roundup began this month in central Nevada, where officials said some horses in a herd of 2,100 could die from lack of water in coming weeks. The operation was quickly halted, ironically because of extreme rain, but will likely resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ground’s so dry it’s not absorbing that water. It’s running off,” bureau spokeswoman Jenny Lesieutre said.[contextly_sidebar id=”YPNMW5lsM9BqOp0ptXpDFtGygxdwavxH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volunteers are also taking action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since late spring, Netherlands’s Salt River group has hauled hay to a dozen locations outside Phoenix to feed a herd of starving wild horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 200 miles (320 kilometers) north, a couple near Gray Mountain, on the Navajo Nation, have spearheaded an effort to leave water and food for horses they say would die without human intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In western Colorado, volunteers say they’re preparing to bring up to 5,000 gallons (18,900 liters) of water per day to a herd of 750 desperate horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Springs are drying up that have never dried up,” said Cindy Wright, co-founder of Colorado conservation group Wild Horse Warriors for Sand Wash Basin. Horses in the area stalk the dry earth with their ribs exposed, desperate for a drop, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wild horse advocates have balked at the Bureau of Land Management’s insistence that wild horse populations are too high. Critics say the agency is using dry conditions as a smoke screen to shrink horse populations in response to pressure from ranchers whose livestock compete with the horses for grazing land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do have a concern about the larger numbers that they’re pulling off, and then a bigger concern about the BLM under this administration using all kinds of excuses to pull off horses,” said Suzanne Roy, executive director of the American Wild Horse Campaign, an advocacy organization.[contextly_sidebar id=”pEcEtyv2A4p8aGKApOSfyflGrNFhsQZC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is prohibited from euthanizing the wild horses it rounds up, though President Donald Trump has proposed allowing the animals to be killed or sold for slaughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists in Nevada held a rally last Tuesday at the bureau’s state headquarters in Reno to protest a planned roundup later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics want the government to instead use birth control to manage wild horse populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bureau says the fertility treatment, which must be administered yearly and fired from a dart gun at close range, is too difficult for use except in certain cases where herds are easy to approach and have markings that make horses distinguishable from one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the long-term answer, volunteers say their efforts can’t go on forever. Trucking in water and food could cost several thousand dollars per month and make horses overly dependent on humans, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have a very good fall with a lot of rain — and it’s also warm so that our fall vegetation grows — we’re going to lose horses,” Wright said.\u003cbr>\n___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writers Felicia Fonseca in Flagstaff, Arizona, and Scott Sonner in Reno, Nevada, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_34814 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_34814\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_34814\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Harsh drought conditions in parts of the American West are pushing wild horses to the brink and spurring extreme measures to protect them.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For what they say is the first time, volunteer groups in Arizona and Colorado are hauling thousands of gallons of water and truckloads of food to remote grazing grounds where springs have run dry and vegetation has disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal land managers also have begun emergency roundups in desert areas of Utah and Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen it like this,” said Simone Netherlands, president of the Arizona-based Salt River Wild Horse Management Group. In May, dozens of horses were found dead on the edge of a dried-up watering hole in northeastern Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As spring turned to summer, drought conditions turned from bad to worse, Netherlands said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico are under the most severe category of drought, though extreme conditions are present from California to Missouri, government analysts say. Parts of the region have witnessed some of the driest conditions on record, amid a cycle of high temperatures and low snowmelt that appears to be getting worse, National Weather Service hydrologist Brian McInerney said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dry conditions have fed wildfires that have destroyed hundreds of buildings across the West. This month, a firefighter was killed battling a blaze near California’s Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Bureau of Land Management — which oversees vast expanses of public land, mostly in the West — says the problem facing wild horses stems from overpopulation aggravated by severe drought. The region is home to roughly 67,000 wild horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re always going to have drought issues. That’s a common thing out on the range,” agency spokesman Jason Lutterman said. “What really exacerbates things is when we’re already over population, because then you already have resource issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency’s emergency roundup in western Utah began a week ago, aiming to remove roughly 250 wild horses from a population of approximately 670. The operation is expected to take several weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the horses are rounded up, the government gives them veterinary treatment and offers them for sale or adoption. Those that aren’t sold or adopted are transferred to privately contracted corrals and pastures for the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>A similar emergency roundup began this month in central Nevada, where officials said some horses in a herd of 2,100 could die from lack of water in coming weeks. The operation was quickly halted, ironically because of extreme rain, but will likely resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ground’s so dry it’s not absorbing that water. It’s running off,” bureau spokeswoman Jenny Lesieutre said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volunteers are also taking action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since late spring, Netherlands’s Salt River group has hauled hay to a dozen locations outside Phoenix to feed a herd of starving wild horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 200 miles (320 kilometers) north, a couple near Gray Mountain, on the Navajo Nation, have spearheaded an effort to leave water and food for horses they say would die without human intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In western Colorado, volunteers say they’re preparing to bring up to 5,000 gallons (18,900 liters) of water per day to a herd of 750 desperate horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Springs are drying up that have never dried up,” said Cindy Wright, co-founder of Colorado conservation group Wild Horse Warriors for Sand Wash Basin. Horses in the area stalk the dry earth with their ribs exposed, desperate for a drop, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wild horse advocates have balked at the Bureau of Land Management’s insistence that wild horse populations are too high. Critics say the agency is using dry conditions as a smoke screen to shrink horse populations in response to pressure from ranchers whose livestock compete with the horses for grazing land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do have a concern about the larger numbers that they’re pulling off, and then a bigger concern about the BLM under this administration using all kinds of excuses to pull off horses,” said Suzanne Roy, executive director of the American Wild Horse Campaign, an advocacy organization.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is prohibited from euthanizing the wild horses it rounds up, though President Donald Trump has proposed allowing the animals to be killed or sold for slaughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists in Nevada held a rally last Tuesday at the bureau’s state headquarters in Reno to protest a planned roundup later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics want the government to instead use birth control to manage wild horse populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bureau says the fertility treatment, which must be administered yearly and fired from a dart gun at close range, is too difficult for use except in certain cases where herds are easy to approach and have markings that make horses distinguishable from one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the long-term answer, volunteers say their efforts can’t go on forever. Trucking in water and food could cost several thousand dollars per month and make horses overly dependent on humans, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have a very good fall with a lot of rain — and it’s also warm so that our fall vegetation grows — we’re going to lose horses,” Wright said.\u003cbr>\n___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writers Felicia Fonseca in Flagstaff, Arizona, and Scott Sonner in Reno, Nevada, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_34814 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_34814\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_34814\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"articleContent\" class=\"articleContent\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>California and 14 other states sued the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Thursday over its decision to suspend an Obama-era rule aimed at limiting pollution from trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The July 6 decision by the Trump EPA was illegal and could put thousands of additional highly polluting trucks on the roads, the states and the District of Columbia said in the lawsuit filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA said it does not comment on pending litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule at issue limited production of heavy-duty freight trucks outfitted with older engines that don’t meet today’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An EPA official said in a memo that the suspension was in the public interest to avoid disruption to small businesses that make the trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former EPA Chief Scott Pruitt had called the Obama administration’s ban on the dirtier truck engines an example of regulatory overreach that “threatened to put an entire industry of specialized truck manufacturers out of business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration said pollution from the retrofitted trucks could lead to 1,600 early deaths each year.[contextly_sidebar id=”01NjmQu5GrOV4eJMPCXbLXtjqCh3O5td”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As EPA administrator, Scott Pruitt’s job was to act as out country’s chief environmental prosecutor,” California’s attorney general, Democrat Xavier Becerra, said in a statement. “At every turn — even until the bitter end — he failed to carry out this important duty and instead put the profits of major polluters above the health of our families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The D.C. appeals court has already blocked the suspension of the rule temporarily in a separate lawsuit filed by environmental groups, according to Becerra.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv id=\"articleContent\" class=\"articleContent\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>California and 14 other states sued the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Thursday over its decision to suspend an Obama-era rule aimed at limiting pollution from trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The July 6 decision by the Trump EPA was illegal and could put thousands of additional highly polluting trucks on the roads, the states and the District of Columbia said in the lawsuit filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA said it does not comment on pending litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule at issue limited production of heavy-duty freight trucks outfitted with older engines that don’t meet today’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An EPA official said in a memo that the suspension was in the public interest to avoid disruption to small businesses that make the trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former EPA Chief Scott Pruitt had called the Obama administration’s ban on the dirtier truck engines an example of regulatory overreach that “threatened to put an entire industry of specialized truck manufacturers out of business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration said pollution from the retrofitted trucks could lead to 1,600 early deaths each year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As EPA administrator, Scott Pruitt’s job was to act as out country’s chief environmental prosecutor,” California’s attorney general, Democrat Xavier Becerra, said in a statement. “At every turn — even until the bitter end — he failed to carry out this important duty and instead put the profits of major polluters above the health of our families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The D.C. appeals court has already blocked the suspension of the rule temporarily in a separate lawsuit filed by environmental groups, according to Becerra.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Here’s How the Largest Dam Removal Project in the U.S. Would Work",
"headTitle": "Here’s How the Largest Dam Removal Project in the U.S. Would Work | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Four dams on the Klamath River may be simultaneously removed as early as 2021, after years of planning. It’s being hailed as a crucial effort to save salmon, but it won’t solve all the basin’s water problems.[contextly_sidebar id=”Zeuphy79Z2zdDCV3oDvKRaMB09ldtHht”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one is popping the champagne corks just yet, but the process to remove four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River just took a big step forward. On June 28, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.klamathrenewal.org/about-the-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Klamath River Renewal Corporation\u003c/a> released the \u003ca href=\"http://www.klamathrenewal.org/definite-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Definite Plan for the Lower Klamath Project\u003c/a>, a 2,300-page detailed analysis of how the reservoirs would be drawn down, the dams removed, the materials disposed of and the formerly inundated land restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document will be reviewed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u003c/a> (FERC) and an independent board of consultants. After any necessary revisions are made – and if no further regulatory hurdles emerge – removal of the dams would begin in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, that moment will be the culmination of two decades of talks, coalition building and planning. Curtis Knight, executive director of the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://caltrout.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Trout\u003c/a>, remembers going to his first meeting regarding the dams’ future in 2000. “I marked that date with the birth of my daughter,” he said. “She’s now a senior in high school next year – that’s how long it’s been going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams – Iron Gate, Copco 1, Copco 2 and J.C. Boyle – are four of six dams along the mainstem of the Klamath River, which runs for more than 250 miles from Oregon’s Upper Klamath Lake to the Pacific Ocean in Requa, California, just south of Crescent City. The dams have been blamed for failing populations of wild fish runs, such as salmon and steelhead, as well as exacerbating water quality problems in the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their removal would open up 400 miles of mainstem and tributary habitat and would be an unprecedented endeavor. “There’s never been four dams removed simultaneously anywhere in the U.S. or beyond,” said Steve Rothert, California regional director at the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanrivers.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927667\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-800x618.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-768x594.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1020x788.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1200x927.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1180x912.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-960x742.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-375x290.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-520x402.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A project map showing the dams along the Klamath River, including four that are scheduled to be removed. \u003ccite>(Klamath River Renewal Corporation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rothert is eager to finally see the dams removed. And he’s not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To hear the tribes talk about the loss, the devastation when the first dam went up – it was 1918 when \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/content/dam/pacificorp/doc/Energy_Sources/Hydro/Hydro_Licensing/Klamath_River/Exhibit_E_Appendices_E_6E_Attachment_3_Copco_No_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copco 1\u003c/a> was built and first blocked the fish,” he said. “They’ve been waiting a century for this. It puts my impatience in perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Long Time Coming\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Craig Tucker, media spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.karuk.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karuk Tribe\u003c/a>, dam removal on the river can’t come soon enough. “Our fish runs are struggling,” he said. “Last year was one of the worst salmon runs we ever had; we had massive disease outbreaks. These fish aren’t going to last much longer if we don’t do something significant.”[contextly_sidebar id=”bPAm727weHPVijorX0CyRoDQ5oRXTJAp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Karuk and other Klamath River tribes have long opposed the dams, which blocked fish migration to the Upper Basin. But the effort to remove them took on renewed fervor in the early 2000s when stakeholder meetings first began, triggered by the relicensing process for the dams, owned by \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PacifiCorp\u003c/a>, as part of the 50-year review process by FERC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, the Karuk took their fight against the dams to Scotland to protest at shareholder meetings of Scottish Power, which owned PacifiCorp. A few years later, Scottish Power sold PacifiCorp to Berkshire Hathaway Energy, and the fight moved to Warren Buffett’s hometown of Omaha, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The work with the company started out being very confrontational,” said Tucker. But over time that changed, driven largely by economics and a growing coalition in the Klamath River Basin interested in dam removal and restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2010, estimates to address new requirements for fish passage and water quality, including reducing toxic algae blooms, put the cost of keeping the dams at more than $400 million – higher than the current costs for removing the dams and the subsequent restoration work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams are used only for hydropower and not water supply or flood control, and so the expense to upgrade them to obtain a new operational license from FERC didn’t seem to justify the amount of electricity they generated for PacifiCorp, according to Tucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133829\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085555/20170630_120443_Credit_KRRC1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1299\" height=\"974\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stretch of the Klamath River, which flows 250 miles from Upper Klamath Lake in Oregon to the Pacific Ocean in Northern California. (Anna Murveit / KRRC)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>A statement by the energy company said it entered into the current agreement, known as the Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement, “based upon its assessment that the KHSA provided superior cost and risk protections for PacifiCorp and its customers as compared to continuing on a path of relicensing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a number of years, efforts to remove the dams were tied to a larger plan, the proposed Klamath Basin Restoration Act, which dealt with other issues of water management in the Upper Klamath Basin, but that fell through after Congress failed to authorize it in 2015.[contextly_sidebar id=”SrYJ1hYtquZVZ4OaHhsrOh7WmCeyv4tw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal efforts pushed forward, however, and in 2016 an amended Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement was finalized. PacifiCorp agreed to transfer the dam licenses to a newly created entity, the Klamath River Renewal Corporation, which would then take over the decommissioning and removal of the facilities, pending approval by FERC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project will be paid for by two primary sources: $200 million that comes from PacifiCorp ratepayers and up to $250 million from Proposition 1, a water bond passed in California in 2014. The project estimate puts costs now at $398 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Getting the Job Done\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no doubt that the removal of the four dams is a big deal. “It sounds like an epic undertaking, and in some ways it is,” said Rothert. “But it’s also just a matter of putting more people and big yellow machines on the job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the dams are breached, considerable work will take place to improve local roads to handle the construction traffic, and to prepare the sites that will be used for staging and disposing of materials – all of which is detailed in the Definite Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All four reservoirs will be drawn down simultaneously in a roughly eight-week period beginning in January, currently scheduled for 2021, explained Mark Bransom, executive director of the Klamath River Renewal Corporation.[contextly_sidebar id=”nnF29LSKNppBOySJpbKLlk8AwwaTaSzN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We fully appreciate that it is going to be something of a significant impact,” he said. The time of year was chosen to minimize risks to fish, many of which are likely to be in tributaries or the ocean at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best-case scenario would be a wet winter with a number of high-flow events that can help move the sediment that’s been trapped behind the dams, said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The removal of sediment is one of the biggest wild cards in dam removal, according to California Trout’s Knight. “Is there unfound toxicity in there? We haven’t found any yet, but that doesn’t mean there isn’t some there,” he said. “What is the composition of the sediment really like and how is that going to move itself downriver? What are the impacts on fish? Those are some of the bigger unknowns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will inevitably be some fish mortality in the process, but “I think everyone understands the trade-off there – it’s a short-term hit for a long-term benefit,” Knight said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to ecological considerations and technical concerns, the Definite Plan also specifically addresses how to deal with the cultural resources of the tribes that are around the edges of the reservoirs or even inundated by the reservoirs themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also some private property issues related to flood risk in a section of the river 18 miles below Iron Gate Dam. “We’re undertaking efforts to protect structures that are likely to be at some increased risk” of a 100-year flood, said Bransom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams themselves will then be removed – with Iron Gate the tallest at 173ft high and Copco 2 the shortest at 33ft – but so too will all the other associated infrastructure, including canals, turbines, powerhouses, water intakes and a fish hatchery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133827\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085553/Iron-Gate-Dam_Credit-Michael-Wier1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">At 173ft, the earthen Iron Gate Dam is the tallest of four dams planned to be removed from the Klamath River in California and Oregon. (Michael Wier / CalTrout)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Then the process of restoration of the formerly inundated lands will begin. “There are many, many square miles that will be exposed upon drawdown of the reservoirs, and so we have to have a detailed proposal on how we will reestablish native vegetation and stabilize the site and do work to provide habitat where appropriate to assure tributary connectivity,” said Bransom. The largest reservoir area is Copco 1 at 1,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>More Work Ahead\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the four dams gone, fisheries groups believe that fish populations are likely to rebound quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What American Rivers has seen hundreds of times across the country is that the fish that have been blocked for decades, and sometimes over a century, just instinctively know that they need to swim past where the dam used to be and keep going and will repopulate and recolonize historic spawning grounds often in the first years and even the first weeks of access,” said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no one believes dam removal will be a cure-all for larger environmental and water management problems in the Klamath Basin. Rothert said that more needs to be done to address tributaries such as the Shasta and Scott rivers. “That’s really where fish spawn, rear and get fat and big, and those two small rivers crank out the lion’s share of Klamath River wild salmon,” he said. “And they are just being destroyed to grow cows and alfalfa. I think a lot of the attention needs to be focused on those rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight agrees that “tributary restoration is one of the big things that needs to be done to fully realize the potential” of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085551/diseased-salmon-03_Karuk1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2816\" height=\"2112\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">The planned removal of four dams on the Klamath River is intended to help improve fish runs and prevent disease outbreaks like the one that has stricken these juvenile salmon. (Karuk Tribe)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Addressing flow issues in the Upper Klamath Basin where water is diverted for farming and ranching is another long-term problem that needs to be solved. Tribes, environmental groups, agricultural groups and federal agencies have butted heads over disagreements there for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is currently a “lot of tension around water rights” in the basin, said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, a federal judge in San Francisco will \u003ca href=\"https://www.heraldandnews.com/members/forum/editorials/finding-a-balance-for-the-basin-s-water-is-key/article_60713784-fa1c-5763-ae21-fc8a650e355a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hear a case\u003c/a> brought by the Klamath Tribes against federal agencies to protect water levels in Upper Klamath Lake for endangered fish. A ruling in the Klamath Tribes’ favor could cut off water for irrigators in the Upper Klamath Basin and reignite a regional water war. “Things could get really ugly this summer on the Klamath,” said Tucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The removal of the dams is an important step, but just a step in what needs to be a comprehensive basin approach to recovery and stability,” said Rothert. “Not only for commercial and recreation fishermen and tribes who depend on a healthy fishery, but also the farmers and ranchers who use water from the Klamath to irrigate, and who need a more predictable and reliable business environment with water supply being key for them to really succeed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Four dams on the Klamath River may be simultaneously removed as early as 2021, after years of planning. It’s being hailed as a crucial effort to save salmon, but it won’t solve all the basin’s water problems.",
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"description": "Four dams on the Klamath River may be simultaneously removed as early as 2021, after years of planning. It’s being hailed as a crucial effort to save salmon, but it won’t solve all the basin’s water problems.",
"title": "Here’s How the Largest Dam Removal Project in the U.S. Would Work | KQED",
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"headline": "Here’s How the Largest Dam Removal Project in the U.S. Would Work",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Four dams on the Klamath River may be simultaneously removed as early as 2021, after years of planning. It’s being hailed as a crucial effort to save salmon, but it won’t solve all the basin’s water problems.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one is popping the champagne corks just yet, but the process to remove four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River just took a big step forward. On June 28, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.klamathrenewal.org/about-the-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Klamath River Renewal Corporation\u003c/a> released the \u003ca href=\"http://www.klamathrenewal.org/definite-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Definite Plan for the Lower Klamath Project\u003c/a>, a 2,300-page detailed analysis of how the reservoirs would be drawn down, the dams removed, the materials disposed of and the formerly inundated land restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document will be reviewed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u003c/a> (FERC) and an independent board of consultants. After any necessary revisions are made – and if no further regulatory hurdles emerge – removal of the dams would begin in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, that moment will be the culmination of two decades of talks, coalition building and planning. Curtis Knight, executive director of the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://caltrout.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Trout\u003c/a>, remembers going to his first meeting regarding the dams’ future in 2000. “I marked that date with the birth of my daughter,” he said. “She’s now a senior in high school next year – that’s how long it’s been going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams – Iron Gate, Copco 1, Copco 2 and J.C. Boyle – are four of six dams along the mainstem of the Klamath River, which runs for more than 250 miles from Oregon’s Upper Klamath Lake to the Pacific Ocean in Requa, California, just south of Crescent City. The dams have been blamed for failing populations of wild fish runs, such as salmon and steelhead, as well as exacerbating water quality problems in the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their removal would open up 400 miles of mainstem and tributary habitat and would be an unprecedented endeavor. “There’s never been four dams removed simultaneously anywhere in the U.S. or beyond,” said Steve Rothert, California regional director at the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanrivers.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927667\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-800x618.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-768x594.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1020x788.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1200x927.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-1180x912.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-960x742.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-375x290.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171-520x402.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Klamath_map-7.20.171.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A project map showing the dams along the Klamath River, including four that are scheduled to be removed. \u003ccite>(Klamath River Renewal Corporation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rothert is eager to finally see the dams removed. And he’s not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To hear the tribes talk about the loss, the devastation when the first dam went up – it was 1918 when \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/content/dam/pacificorp/doc/Energy_Sources/Hydro/Hydro_Licensing/Klamath_River/Exhibit_E_Appendices_E_6E_Attachment_3_Copco_No_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copco 1\u003c/a> was built and first blocked the fish,” he said. “They’ve been waiting a century for this. It puts my impatience in perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Long Time Coming\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Craig Tucker, media spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.karuk.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karuk Tribe\u003c/a>, dam removal on the river can’t come soon enough. “Our fish runs are struggling,” he said. “Last year was one of the worst salmon runs we ever had; we had massive disease outbreaks. These fish aren’t going to last much longer if we don’t do something significant.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Karuk and other Klamath River tribes have long opposed the dams, which blocked fish migration to the Upper Basin. But the effort to remove them took on renewed fervor in the early 2000s when stakeholder meetings first began, triggered by the relicensing process for the dams, owned by \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PacifiCorp\u003c/a>, as part of the 50-year review process by FERC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, the Karuk took their fight against the dams to Scotland to protest at shareholder meetings of Scottish Power, which owned PacifiCorp. A few years later, Scottish Power sold PacifiCorp to Berkshire Hathaway Energy, and the fight moved to Warren Buffett’s hometown of Omaha, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The work with the company started out being very confrontational,” said Tucker. But over time that changed, driven largely by economics and a growing coalition in the Klamath River Basin interested in dam removal and restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2010, estimates to address new requirements for fish passage and water quality, including reducing toxic algae blooms, put the cost of keeping the dams at more than $400 million – higher than the current costs for removing the dams and the subsequent restoration work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams are used only for hydropower and not water supply or flood control, and so the expense to upgrade them to obtain a new operational license from FERC didn’t seem to justify the amount of electricity they generated for PacifiCorp, according to Tucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133829\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085555/20170630_120443_Credit_KRRC1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1299\" height=\"974\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stretch of the Klamath River, which flows 250 miles from Upper Klamath Lake in Oregon to the Pacific Ocean in Northern California. (Anna Murveit / KRRC)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>A statement by the energy company said it entered into the current agreement, known as the Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement, “based upon its assessment that the KHSA provided superior cost and risk protections for PacifiCorp and its customers as compared to continuing on a path of relicensing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a number of years, efforts to remove the dams were tied to a larger plan, the proposed Klamath Basin Restoration Act, which dealt with other issues of water management in the Upper Klamath Basin, but that fell through after Congress failed to authorize it in 2015.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal efforts pushed forward, however, and in 2016 an amended Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement was finalized. PacifiCorp agreed to transfer the dam licenses to a newly created entity, the Klamath River Renewal Corporation, which would then take over the decommissioning and removal of the facilities, pending approval by FERC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project will be paid for by two primary sources: $200 million that comes from PacifiCorp ratepayers and up to $250 million from Proposition 1, a water bond passed in California in 2014. The project estimate puts costs now at $398 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Getting the Job Done\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no doubt that the removal of the four dams is a big deal. “It sounds like an epic undertaking, and in some ways it is,” said Rothert. “But it’s also just a matter of putting more people and big yellow machines on the job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the dams are breached, considerable work will take place to improve local roads to handle the construction traffic, and to prepare the sites that will be used for staging and disposing of materials – all of which is detailed in the Definite Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All four reservoirs will be drawn down simultaneously in a roughly eight-week period beginning in January, currently scheduled for 2021, explained Mark Bransom, executive director of the Klamath River Renewal Corporation.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We fully appreciate that it is going to be something of a significant impact,” he said. The time of year was chosen to minimize risks to fish, many of which are likely to be in tributaries or the ocean at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best-case scenario would be a wet winter with a number of high-flow events that can help move the sediment that’s been trapped behind the dams, said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The removal of sediment is one of the biggest wild cards in dam removal, according to California Trout’s Knight. “Is there unfound toxicity in there? We haven’t found any yet, but that doesn’t mean there isn’t some there,” he said. “What is the composition of the sediment really like and how is that going to move itself downriver? What are the impacts on fish? Those are some of the bigger unknowns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will inevitably be some fish mortality in the process, but “I think everyone understands the trade-off there – it’s a short-term hit for a long-term benefit,” Knight said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to ecological considerations and technical concerns, the Definite Plan also specifically addresses how to deal with the cultural resources of the tribes that are around the edges of the reservoirs or even inundated by the reservoirs themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also some private property issues related to flood risk in a section of the river 18 miles below Iron Gate Dam. “We’re undertaking efforts to protect structures that are likely to be at some increased risk” of a 100-year flood, said Bransom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dams themselves will then be removed – with Iron Gate the tallest at 173ft high and Copco 2 the shortest at 33ft – but so too will all the other associated infrastructure, including canals, turbines, powerhouses, water intakes and a fish hatchery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133827\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085553/Iron-Gate-Dam_Credit-Michael-Wier1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">At 173ft, the earthen Iron Gate Dam is the tallest of four dams planned to be removed from the Klamath River in California and Oregon. (Michael Wier / CalTrout)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Then the process of restoration of the formerly inundated lands will begin. “There are many, many square miles that will be exposed upon drawdown of the reservoirs, and so we have to have a detailed proposal on how we will reestablish native vegetation and stabilize the site and do work to provide habitat where appropriate to assure tributary connectivity,” said Bransom. The largest reservoir area is Copco 1 at 1,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>More Work Ahead\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the four dams gone, fisheries groups believe that fish populations are likely to rebound quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What American Rivers has seen hundreds of times across the country is that the fish that have been blocked for decades, and sometimes over a century, just instinctively know that they need to swim past where the dam used to be and keep going and will repopulate and recolonize historic spawning grounds often in the first years and even the first weeks of access,” said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no one believes dam removal will be a cure-all for larger environmental and water management problems in the Klamath Basin. Rothert said that more needs to be done to address tributaries such as the Shasta and Scott rivers. “That’s really where fish spawn, rear and get fat and big, and those two small rivers crank out the lion’s share of Klamath River wild salmon,” he said. “And they are just being destroyed to grow cows and alfalfa. I think a lot of the attention needs to be focused on those rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight agrees that “tributary restoration is one of the big things that needs to be done to fully realize the potential” of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180718085551/diseased-salmon-03_Karuk1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2816\" height=\"2112\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">The planned removal of four dams on the Klamath River is intended to help improve fish runs and prevent disease outbreaks like the one that has stricken these juvenile salmon. (Karuk Tribe)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Addressing flow issues in the Upper Klamath Basin where water is diverted for farming and ranching is another long-term problem that needs to be solved. Tribes, environmental groups, agricultural groups and federal agencies have butted heads over disagreements there for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is currently a “lot of tension around water rights” in the basin, said Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, a federal judge in San Francisco will \u003ca href=\"https://www.heraldandnews.com/members/forum/editorials/finding-a-balance-for-the-basin-s-water-is-key/article_60713784-fa1c-5763-ae21-fc8a650e355a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hear a case\u003c/a> brought by the Klamath Tribes against federal agencies to protect water levels in Upper Klamath Lake for endangered fish. A ruling in the Klamath Tribes’ favor could cut off water for irrigators in the Upper Klamath Basin and reignite a regional water war. “Things could get really ugly this summer on the Klamath,” said Tucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The removal of the dams is an important step, but just a step in what needs to be a comprehensive basin approach to recovery and stability,” said Rothert. “Not only for commercial and recreation fishermen and tribes who depend on a healthy fishery, but also the farmers and ranchers who use water from the Klamath to irrigate, and who need a more predictable and reliable business environment with water supply being key for them to really succeed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"source": "WaitWhat"
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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