window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"science_1927138": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1927138",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927138",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1927136,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-520x367.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 367
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-160x113.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 113
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-640x372.jpg",
"width": 640,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-375x265.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 265
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21.jpg",
"width": 640,
"height": 452
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GWR_9012-21-240x170.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 170
}
},
"publishDate": 1531244722,
"modified": 1532358838,
"caption": "An aerial photo of the New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River in California. ",
"description": null,
"title": "GWR_9012-21",
"credit": "Yuba County Water Agency",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1927105": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1927105",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927105",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1927097,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775.jpg",
"width": 3264,
"height": 2447
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-1920x1439.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1439
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-1920x1439.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1439
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_1775-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1531184390,
"modified": 1531184920,
"caption": "A grassland in Lake County, California flourished in the year after the 2015 Jerusalem Fire.",
"description": "Green grassland on a sunny day with flowers and oak trees in the background.",
"title": "IMG_1775",
"credit": "Allie Weill",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1918211": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1918211",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1918211",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1918208,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/iStock-490343450-e1512659696960-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1512659476,
"modified": 1512659803,
"caption": "Picture of an old building at Volkswagen Group's headquarters in Wolfsburg, Germany.",
"description": null,
"title": "Volkswagen Plant Wolfsburg",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1923738": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1923738",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1923738",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1923652,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-960x641.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 641
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429.jpg",
"width": 5443,
"height": 3633
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1020x681.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 681
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1180x788.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 788
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1200x801.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 801
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-800x534.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 534
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1920x1282.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1282
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1180x788.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 788
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1920x1282.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1282
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-768x513.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 513
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1525898447,
"modified": 1531124147,
"caption": "The six funds from Norway, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait and New Zealand released a joint framework Friday to encourage investors to take climate-related risks into consideration when investing.",
"description": null,
"title": "SOLARPANELS",
"credit": "Lauren Hanussak/KQED",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1927063": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1927063",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927063",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1927062,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0.jpg",
"width": 2664,
"height": 1998
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-9636189881-2f5ba7c1d0feca1782ec4ff23525e6c071ee02b0-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1531157698,
"modified": 1531157698,
"caption": null,
"description": "People walk by a Starbucks store in Chicago on May 29. Starbucks announced that it plans to remove plastic straws from its 28,000 stores worldwide by 2020.",
"title": "People walk by a Starbucks store in Chicago on May 29. Starbucks announced that it plans to remove plastic straws from its 28,000 stores worldwide by 2020.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1927239": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1927239",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927239",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1927048,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402.jpg",
"width": 5760,
"height": 3840
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-695310402-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1531344829,
"modified": 1531344906,
"caption": "An image of an Oklahoma bridge in Southern Oklahoma on a Late Autumn Day.",
"description": null,
"title": "Picturesque Old Pennington Creek Bridge in Oklahoma",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1927038": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1927038",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927038",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1926996,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-520x304.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 304
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-160x94.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 94
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-960x561.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 561
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-375x219.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 219
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1122
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-1020x596.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 596
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-1180x690.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 690
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-1200x701.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 701
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-800x468.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 468
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-1920x1122.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1122
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-1180x690.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 690
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-1920x1122.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1122
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-768x449.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 449
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut-240x140.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 140
}
},
"publishDate": 1530925726,
"modified": 1530925874,
"caption": "Warmer nighttime temperatures could be a key factor in recent changes in fire behavior.",
"description": "Warmer nighttime temperatures could be a key factor in recent changes in fire behavior.",
"title": "RS16260_GettyImages-482742956-qut",
"credit": "Josh Edelson",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1926984": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1926984",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926984",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1926981,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-520x377.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 377
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-160x116.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 116
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-960x697.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 697
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-375x272.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 272
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830.jpg",
"width": 2033,
"height": 1475
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-1020x740.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 740
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-1180x856.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 856
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-1200x871.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 871
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-800x580.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 580
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-1920x1393.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1393
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-1180x856.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 856
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-1920x1393.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1393
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-768x557.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 557
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/iStock-506297830-240x174.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 174
}
},
"publishDate": 1530908828,
"modified": 1530908929,
"caption": "General Motor's Chevy Bolt electric car, shown here, is slated to hit San Francisco streets in 2019. ",
"description": null,
"title": "Best of CES - Chevy Bolt EV",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1926935": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1926935",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926935",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1926934,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-520x346.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 346
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-960x639.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 639
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1.jpg",
"width": 3000,
"height": 1998
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-1020x679.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 679
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-1180x786.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 786
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-1200x799.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 799
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-1920x1279.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1279
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-1180x786.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 786
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-1920x1279.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1279
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-768x511.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 511
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/gettyimages-887736324-edit_custom-ed58243b70f119eada87c444d4221a6f19991cb1-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1530820338,
"modified": 1530820338,
"caption": null,
"description": "Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt was among the most controversial of President Trump's original Cabinet-level picks.",
"title": "Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt was among the most controversial of President Trump's original Cabinet-level picks.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1926842": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1926842",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926842",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1926434,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954.jpg",
"width": 3500,
"height": 2333
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-987420954-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1530651166,
"modified": 1530651238,
"caption": "Sequoia trees under a starry sky in the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias on May 21, 2018 in Yosemite National Park. The grove reopened recently after a three-year renovation project to better protect the trees that can live more than 3,000 years. ",
"description": null,
"title": "US-ENVIORNMENT-NATIONAL PARK-YOSEMITE-SEQUOIA",
"credit": "DAVID MCNEW/AFP/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1926819": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1926819",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926819",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1926817,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-520x325.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 325
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-160x100.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 100
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-960x600.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-375x234.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 234
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1.jpg",
"width": 1140,
"height": 712
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-1020x637.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 637
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-800x500.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 500
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-768x480.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 480
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/SacRCourtlandAerial1-240x150.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
}
},
"publishDate": 1530607676,
"modified": 1530607696,
"caption": "A bend in the Sacramento River near Courtland, California, where one of three new intakes is proposed for the state’s huge water diversion tunnel project.",
"description": "A bend in the Sacramento River near Courtland, California, where one of three new intakes is proposed for the state’s huge water diversion tunnel project.Randall Benton, Sacramento Bee",
"title": "SacRCourtlandAerial1",
"credit": "Randall Benton/Sacramento Bee",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1926826": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1926826",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926826",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1926824,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340.jpg",
"width": 2522,
"height": 1681
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-811636340-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1530608719,
"modified": 1530608769,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": null,
"credit": "Damien Meyer/AFP/Getty Images)",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"byline_science_1927136": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1927136",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1927136",
"name": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1927121": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1927121",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1927121",
"name": "The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1927056": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1927056",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1927056",
"name": "Sylvie Corbet\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1927062": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1927062",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1927062",
"name": "Jennifer Liberto, NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1927048": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1927048",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1927048",
"name": "The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1926934": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1926934",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1926934",
"name": "Brett Neely, NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1926817": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1926817",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1926817",
"name": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1926824": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1926824",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1926824",
"name": "Seth Borenstein\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"cmiller": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "221",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "221",
"found": true
},
"name": "Craig Miller",
"firstName": "Craig",
"lastName": "Miller",
"slug": "cmiller",
"email": "craig@voxterra.net",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [
"science"
],
"title": "Editor Emeritus, Science",
"bio": "Craig is a former KQED Science editor, specializing in weather, climate, water & energy issues, with a little seismology thrown in just to shake things up. Prior to that, he launched and led the station's award-winning multimedia project, Climate Watch. Craig is also an accomplished writer/producer of television documentaries, with a focus on natural resource issues.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "voxterra",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Craig Miller | KQED",
"description": "Editor Emeritus, Science",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/cmiller"
},
"aahmed": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11428",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11428",
"found": true
},
"name": "Amel Ahmed",
"firstName": "Amel",
"lastName": "Ahmed",
"slug": "aahmed",
"email": "aahmed@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": "Amel Ahmed is a reporter for KQED. Prior to joining KQED, Amel worked at Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera English, Democracy Now! and Punched Productions. She also helped produce \u003cem>Changing Face of Harlem\u003c/em>, a documentary that tracked gentrification in Harlem over a period of ten years. She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "amelscript",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": []
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": []
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Amel Ahmed | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/aahmed"
},
"aweill": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11518",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11518",
"found": true
},
"name": "Allie Weill",
"firstName": "Allie",
"lastName": "Weill",
"slug": "aweill",
"email": "aweill@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": "Allie Weill is the 2018 AAAS Mass Media Fellow at KQED Science. Allie comes to KQED from the University of California, Davis, where her dissertation research focuses on wildfire in California shrublands. She has a background in youth science education and citizen science and has taught about environmental topics in a wide range of places, from boats on the Hudson River to the forests of the Sierra Nevada. She has a BA in Biological Sciences and a BS in Geophysical Sciences from the University of Chicago. Her interests include plants, fire, lichens, fossils, diversity in science, crossword puzzles, and pie making. Find her on Twitter @Al_R_Wallace",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f08760c1295c7adfc339c9eb765a3230?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"contributor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": []
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Allie Weill | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f08760c1295c7adfc339c9eb765a3230?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f08760c1295c7adfc339c9eb765a3230?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/aweill"
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"science_category_climate": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_31",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "31",
"score": 11.05895
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 33,
"slug": "climate",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "Climate",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "science",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial",
"currentPage": 74
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/science?category=climate",
"seeMore": false,
"paginated": true,
"page": 74
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"science_1927136": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1927136",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927136",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1531256402000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1531256402,
"format": "standard",
"title": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover",
"headTitle": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Among the California rivers, \u003c/span>the Yuba is one of the most dramatic. Draining the Sierra Nevada just north of Lake Tahoe, it is steep and flashy – one of the most flood-prone rivers in the state.[contextly_sidebar id=”5W6DMWRFLlQdVnTSwRb7AsRbiAPhj5RN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yuba River floods have killed people – notably in 1955, 1986 and 1997 – and climate change is making such floods more likely. As the atmosphere warms, more winter precipitation falls as rain rather than snow. This boosts the amount of runoff coursing downhill in any given storm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/span>\u003c/a> has been working for years to strengthen levees along the river to handle additional runoff, together with the cities of Marysville and Yuba City downstream. Now the water agency plans something more ambitious: a major modification of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River, its primary water storage reservoir, to handle bigger and wetter storms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It plans to build a \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/new/ss-design/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">second spillway\u003c/a>\u003c/span> at the dam to boost its water-release capacity, at an estimated cost of $160 million. The larger spillway will allow dam operators to release water sooner and faster to prepare for approaching storms.[contextly_sidebar id=”hb3pfTlPCWoT3gwTBUnvLuxoHxdF2wnt”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">State and federal agencies have undertaken such complex projects, notably at nearby Folsom Dam on the American River, a billion-dollar project recently completed by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers. But the New Bullards Bar project is a rare example of a local water agency undertaking costly dam modifications in response to changing hydrology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you can evacuate water faster from the reservoir when there’s channel capacity, then you have more space in the reservoir for those peak flows,” said Curt Aikens, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency. “Definitely, this will help to the extent climate change produces bigger storm events and bigger peak flows.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 680px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133332 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709140936/6513098583_d0d1bbb0bd_b2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"625\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curt Aikens, center, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency, stands at the base of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River during a tour in December 2011. He’s flanked by Col. Mike Wehr and Col. Bill Leady of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Photo by Michael J. Nevins, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A new spillway would boost the reservoir’s flood-control capacity when warm, wet storms are predicted. Also, the additional operating flexibility it offers could boost water storage at certain times of year, a major benefit to the agency’s agricultural water customers and hydroelectric power generation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">New Bullards Bar Dam, completed in 1970, is one of the most spectacular impoundments in the state. A graceful concrete-arch dam, it soars 645ft high over the North Yuba River, providing a storage capacity of about 1 million acre-feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The existing spillway at the dam has a relatively small release capacity of 19,000 cubic feet per second. Also, it is relatively high on the dam’s face – just 16ft below the typical full-reservoir water surface elevation. This means it can’t release water until the reservoir is nearly full, which limits options when responding to an approaching storm.[contextly_sidebar id=”U3zattDGIuNzrM3ORAOBp4mFJ3wUh65Q”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“With the current spillway, we can’t make big releases because we’re just waiting to fill up the reservoir to the point where you can release lots of water. That’s the point of this new spillway,” Aikens said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The project involves tunneling through the mountainside on the dam’s right abutment. The tunnel would be 38ft wide and 28ft high, with operable gates and a concrete chute directing water into the Yuba River below the dam.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1002px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133327 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709135001/NBB-YCWA-Plan1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1002\" height=\"556\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Yuba County Water Agency proposes to build a new, larger spillway at New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River. The new spillway would involve tunneling through the mountainside next to the existing spillway. (Photo credit: Image courtesy Yuba County Water Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It will have a release capacity of 45,000 cubic feet per second – more than double the existing spillway. And it will be 31.5ft lower than the existing spillway gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, when a big storm is forecast, dam operators can release water a lot sooner to free up empty space in the reservoir. This means the potential impact of downstream flooding is reduced, because the peak flow can be spread out over a longer period of time. Aikens said the new spillway could reduce the flood peak on the Yuba River downstream at Marysville as much as 2ft, significantly reducing stress on the city’s levees.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The agency also looked at raising the dam 10ft as an alternative. But that was rejected because it would cost a lot more, cause more environmental impacts and would not improve operational flexibility. The new spillway’s estimated cost of $160 million is about 46 percent less than raising the dam.[contextly_sidebar id=”YkK7kjn0na5tyJzaMLxW5AZV7pgprb4e”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://yubariver.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">South Yuba River Citizens League\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an environmental group that has fought for decades to improve flows and habitat in the river, supports the concept of a new spillway, said Rachel Hutchinson, the group’s river science director.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">She said the project is especially welcome after the disaster at Oroville Dam in 2017. Both spillways at Oroville, operated by the California Department of Water Resources, were severely damaged during heavy storm runoff, forcing thousands of downstream residents to evacuate amid fears the dam itself might collapse.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That disaster also churned up gobs of sediment and debris that clogged the riverbed and the Feather River salmon hatchery.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think having a little more safety surrounding our dams would help to protect the resources that we have in the river, instead of allowing them to be another victim in a potential dam crisis,” Hutchinson said. “The human population and safety of the dams, of course, is paramount. But when a dam fails, the environment also loses.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A larger spillway would also provide a new kind of drought protection.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Normal operations require dam operators to keep lots of empty space in reservoirs during winter to be ready for floodwaters. The greater release capacity of a new spillway could allow the agency to keep the reservoir full more often, providing an important hedge against dry winters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Recent storm patterns in California, for instance, have produced wet conditions in December sufficient to fill many reservoirs. But operators were required to release water to be sure there was room for floodwaters later in winter. But then January and February turned out dry, leaving reservoirs only partially filled by the time winter ended.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To take advantage of this winter flexibility, Yuba County Water Agency also plans to adopt a new strategy called forecast-informed reservoir operations. This would change flood-control rules at the dam, allowing the reservoir to be kept nearly full in winter if weather forecasts indicate no storms are approaching.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If forecasts show a storm is targeting the Yuba watershed, the agency could still create enough flood-control capacity by dumping water quickly with the new, larger spillway.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Being able to manage the flood pool at New Bullards Bar is going to be more complicated in the future,” Hutchinson said. “With more of our precipitation falling as rain rather than snow, it’s going to fill more early and they’re going to want to hold onto that water. This should give them more flexibility with how they store water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Aikens said the agency plans to develop the new operating rules while the second spillway is under construction, so both are completed at the same time. Construction is expected to start in 2022, with completion three years later.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/07/09/nasas-dawn-goes-in-for-a-closer-look-at-the-birth-of-the-solar-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/10/on-the-yuba-river-climate-change-means-its-time-for-a-dam-makeover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1368,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 27
},
"modified": 1704927710,
"excerpt": "Climate change brings new flood risks and new challenges for water storage managers. In California, one local water agency is taking on the big task of modifying its primary storage reservoir to be ready for these changes.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Climate change brings new flood risks and new challenges for water storage managers. In California, one local water agency is taking on the big task of modifying its primary storage reservoir to be ready for these changes.",
"title": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover",
"datePublished": "2018-07-10T14:00:02-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:01:50-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "on-the-yuba-river-climate-change-means-its-time-for-a-dam-makeover",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Water",
"path": "/science/1927136/on-the-yuba-river-climate-change-means-its-time-for-a-dam-makeover",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Among the California rivers, \u003c/span>the Yuba is one of the most dramatic. Draining the Sierra Nevada just north of Lake Tahoe, it is steep and flashy – one of the most flood-prone rivers in the state.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yuba River floods have killed people – notably in 1955, 1986 and 1997 – and climate change is making such floods more likely. As the atmosphere warms, more winter precipitation falls as rain rather than snow. This boosts the amount of runoff coursing downhill in any given storm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/span>\u003c/a> has been working for years to strengthen levees along the river to handle additional runoff, together with the cities of Marysville and Yuba City downstream. Now the water agency plans something more ambitious: a major modification of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River, its primary water storage reservoir, to handle bigger and wetter storms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It plans to build a \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/new/ss-design/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">second spillway\u003c/a>\u003c/span> at the dam to boost its water-release capacity, at an estimated cost of $160 million. The larger spillway will allow dam operators to release water sooner and faster to prepare for approaching storms.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">State and federal agencies have undertaken such complex projects, notably at nearby Folsom Dam on the American River, a billion-dollar project recently completed by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers. But the New Bullards Bar project is a rare example of a local water agency undertaking costly dam modifications in response to changing hydrology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you can evacuate water faster from the reservoir when there’s channel capacity, then you have more space in the reservoir for those peak flows,” said Curt Aikens, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency. “Definitely, this will help to the extent climate change produces bigger storm events and bigger peak flows.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 680px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133332 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709140936/6513098583_d0d1bbb0bd_b2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"625\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curt Aikens, center, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency, stands at the base of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River during a tour in December 2011. He’s flanked by Col. Mike Wehr and Col. Bill Leady of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Photo by Michael J. Nevins, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A new spillway would boost the reservoir’s flood-control capacity when warm, wet storms are predicted. Also, the additional operating flexibility it offers could boost water storage at certain times of year, a major benefit to the agency’s agricultural water customers and hydroelectric power generation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">New Bullards Bar Dam, completed in 1970, is one of the most spectacular impoundments in the state. A graceful concrete-arch dam, it soars 645ft high over the North Yuba River, providing a storage capacity of about 1 million acre-feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The existing spillway at the dam has a relatively small release capacity of 19,000 cubic feet per second. Also, it is relatively high on the dam’s face – just 16ft below the typical full-reservoir water surface elevation. This means it can’t release water until the reservoir is nearly full, which limits options when responding to an approaching storm.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“With the current spillway, we can’t make big releases because we’re just waiting to fill up the reservoir to the point where you can release lots of water. That’s the point of this new spillway,” Aikens said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The project involves tunneling through the mountainside on the dam’s right abutment. The tunnel would be 38ft wide and 28ft high, with operable gates and a concrete chute directing water into the Yuba River below the dam.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1002px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133327 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709135001/NBB-YCWA-Plan1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1002\" height=\"556\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Yuba County Water Agency proposes to build a new, larger spillway at New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River. The new spillway would involve tunneling through the mountainside next to the existing spillway. (Photo credit: Image courtesy Yuba County Water Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It will have a release capacity of 45,000 cubic feet per second – more than double the existing spillway. And it will be 31.5ft lower than the existing spillway gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, when a big storm is forecast, dam operators can release water a lot sooner to free up empty space in the reservoir. This means the potential impact of downstream flooding is reduced, because the peak flow can be spread out over a longer period of time. Aikens said the new spillway could reduce the flood peak on the Yuba River downstream at Marysville as much as 2ft, significantly reducing stress on the city’s levees.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The agency also looked at raising the dam 10ft as an alternative. But that was rejected because it would cost a lot more, cause more environmental impacts and would not improve operational flexibility. The new spillway’s estimated cost of $160 million is about 46 percent less than raising the dam.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://yubariver.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">South Yuba River Citizens League\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an environmental group that has fought for decades to improve flows and habitat in the river, supports the concept of a new spillway, said Rachel Hutchinson, the group’s river science director.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">She said the project is especially welcome after the disaster at Oroville Dam in 2017. Both spillways at Oroville, operated by the California Department of Water Resources, were severely damaged during heavy storm runoff, forcing thousands of downstream residents to evacuate amid fears the dam itself might collapse.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That disaster also churned up gobs of sediment and debris that clogged the riverbed and the Feather River salmon hatchery.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think having a little more safety surrounding our dams would help to protect the resources that we have in the river, instead of allowing them to be another victim in a potential dam crisis,” Hutchinson said. “The human population and safety of the dams, of course, is paramount. But when a dam fails, the environment also loses.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A larger spillway would also provide a new kind of drought protection.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Normal operations require dam operators to keep lots of empty space in reservoirs during winter to be ready for floodwaters. The greater release capacity of a new spillway could allow the agency to keep the reservoir full more often, providing an important hedge against dry winters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Recent storm patterns in California, for instance, have produced wet conditions in December sufficient to fill many reservoirs. But operators were required to release water to be sure there was room for floodwaters later in winter. But then January and February turned out dry, leaving reservoirs only partially filled by the time winter ended.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To take advantage of this winter flexibility, Yuba County Water Agency also plans to adopt a new strategy called forecast-informed reservoir operations. This would change flood-control rules at the dam, allowing the reservoir to be kept nearly full in winter if weather forecasts indicate no storms are approaching.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If forecasts show a storm is targeting the Yuba watershed, the agency could still create enough flood-control capacity by dumping water quickly with the new, larger spillway.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Being able to manage the flood pool at New Bullards Bar is going to be more complicated in the future,” Hutchinson said. “With more of our precipitation falling as rain rather than snow, it’s going to fill more early and they’re going to want to hold onto that water. This should give them more flexibility with how they store water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Aikens said the agency plans to develop the new operating rules while the second spillway is under construction, so both are completed at the same time. Construction is expected to start in 2022, with completion three years later.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/07/09/nasas-dawn-goes-in-for-a-closer-look-at-the-birth-of-the-solar-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/10/on-the-yuba-river-climate-change-means-its-time-for-a-dam-makeover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1927136/on-the-yuba-river-climate-change-means-its-time-for-a-dam-makeover",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1927136"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_89",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_2873",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_572",
"science_460",
"science_201"
],
"featImg": "science_1927138",
"label": "source_science_1927136"
},
"science_1927097": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1927097",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927097",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1531246124000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1531246124,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should",
"headTitle": "Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Over the past week, multiple large wildfires have broken out across California from San Diego County to the Oregon border, releasing tons of carbon dioxide into the air. As the vegetation grows back, the system should reabsorb carbon from the atmosphere, serving as carbon sinks — but that depends on how well those grasses and trees respond to a changing climate in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study from researchers at UC Davis finds that grasslands are likely to be more resilient carbon sinks than forests as the climate changes. Grasses store more of their carbon underground, leading to fewer carbon losses from fire or drought. Currently, forests store much greater amounts of carbon than grasslands. California redwoods, for example, absorb more carbon per acre than any other system in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a whole, California’s forests are faring poorly in the face of increasingly severe drought, fire, and beetle kill. The Forest Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/tree_mortality/california/index.shtml\">has estimated \u003c/a>that 129 million trees have died in California since 2010. Most of the carbon that these trees stored is above ground and will be released when the trees burn or decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Pawlok Dass, a postdoctoral researcher at Davis, who focuses on the global carbon cycle and climate change impacts on ecosystems, wondered whether the focus on forests in climate mitigation plans might be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized that a lot of money is being invested in the forests which are being impacted quite a bit by these wildfires,” he says, “which are literally burning the forests and causing all the money invested to go up in smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dass notes, grasslands were getting very little attention, even though grasslands are an important native ecosystem in California — especially in the southern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forests and Grasses Under Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used a forest simulation model to test how well forests and grasslands in California would fare in four different climate scenarios: 1) an optimistic scenario where emissions stop, 2) a “business-as-usual,” where emissions continue at the present rate, 3) cyclical drought, and 4) “megadrought” that persists for the next century. In all four scenarios, grasslands generally did better than forests. Grasslands expanded in the Sierra Nevada and southern parts of the state and contracted in the north. On the other hand, forest area shrank under most of the climate scenarios, only expanding in the most optimistic scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model does not account for any kind of direct human activity, such as logging or fire suppression. It also lumps plants into broad categories: a coast redwood tree counts the same as a lodgepole pine tree, even though a redwood can easily re-sprout after a fire, whereas a pine cannot. Similarly, non-native grasses are treated the same as native grasses, though non-native grasslands are pervasive in California and \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044001/meta\">research suggests\u003c/a> non-native grasses store less carbon than native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Dass concedes that the simulation is an oversimplification, he says it’s a way to do experiments that would be impossible or unethical to do on a large scale in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model predicts that in the absence of human intervention, California’s vegetation will lose more carbon than it can absorb under all but the most optimistic climate mitigation scenario. In order to compare the relative effects on grasses and trees, the researchers ran two experiments. First, how would carbon storage change if there were only grasses in California? They found that California remained a carbon sink in the long term. But when they asked the opposite question—what if there were only forests?—carbon storage quickly declined, because the forests couldn’t cope with fire and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most ambitious climate mitigation scenario, forests remain the largest carbon sinks in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dass is not optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not see any sign of any mitigation,” he notes. “The current US administration has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement and a lot of other nations don’t seem to be giving much importance to climate change mitigation, so the probability of humanity doing something to prevent climate change seems to be less and less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A National Treasure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors are quick to emphasize that we should still protect forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests of California are a national treasure,” says Dass. “It would absolutely make no sense to remove forests or not to conserve forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the researchers acknowledge that their study does not account for forest management activities, such as forest thinning and prescribed burning, which can increase the resilience of forests in the face of climate change. Governor Jerry Brown’s final \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">budget plan\u003c/a> includes $210 million for forest improvement and wildfire prevention projects, supporting the California Forest Carbon Plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/10/governor-brown-issues-executive-order-to-protect-communities-from-wildfire-climate-impacts/\">announced in May\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix,”\u003c/a> passed by Congress as part of a federal spending package in March, which changes the way fire suppression is funded, is also designed to support forest resilience projects in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927106\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927106\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2013 Rim Fire burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, much of it at high severity. The forests may store less carbon in a warmer future. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, forest treatments need to be applied strategically and consistently; \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/110057\">some researchers argue \u003c/a>that forest treatments are unlikely to increase carbon stocks on a large scale. If you do a controlled burn on an area that never sees a wildfire come through, the net effect is carbon loss. Depending on forests and forest management activities for carbon storage can be risky. Based on the new study, grasslands are more reliable carbon sinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you invest Y amount of dollars in a grassland, the initial return will be definitely less than the investment of the forest, but the probability of that amount of dollars being lost in a wildfire is much less, compared to the amount invested in the forest,” says Dass. “It’s a low gain, long term investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rethinking the Strategy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors argue that grassland conservation should be more seriously considered as carbon sinks for the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">Cap-and-Trade offset program\u003c/a>, which is regulated by the California Air Resources Board. Under the program, businesses can offset up to 8 percent of their carbon emissions by supporting approved carbon mitigation projects. Approved projects cover a wide range of activities but their carbon storage capacity must be verifiable over the long term. Many of the approved projects focus on forest conservation and management. And forest offset projects must already account for their own riskiness, says Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board. There’s a buffer built in for wildfire or other unintended disturbances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, grasslands are not on the list of acceptable project types. Dass and the authors of the new study thinks that it’s time to add grasslands to the portfolio. Dass notes that “grasslands are more stable than forests, but they are by no means immune to the effects of climate change.” The authors cite the \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a> as an example, which promotes carbon sequestration in rangeland, agricultural, and forest soils by encouraging practices like adding compost to grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clegern says the Air Resources Board is aware of these projects, but that they have not proven their case as a viable alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to see some more research,” says Clegern.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1276,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 27
},
"modified": 1704927713,
"excerpt": "New research suggests that policymakers have been missing a major opportunity to soak up carbon and slow down climate change.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "New research suggests that policymakers have been missing a major opportunity to soak up carbon and slow down climate change.",
"title": "Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should",
"datePublished": "2018-07-10T11:08:44-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:01:53-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "to-fight-climate-change-grasslands-may-be-a-safer-bet-than-forests",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate",
"path": "/science/1927097/to-fight-climate-change-grasslands-may-be-a-safer-bet-than-forests",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the past week, multiple large wildfires have broken out across California from San Diego County to the Oregon border, releasing tons of carbon dioxide into the air. As the vegetation grows back, the system should reabsorb carbon from the atmosphere, serving as carbon sinks — but that depends on how well those grasses and trees respond to a changing climate in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study from researchers at UC Davis finds that grasslands are likely to be more resilient carbon sinks than forests as the climate changes. Grasses store more of their carbon underground, leading to fewer carbon losses from fire or drought. Currently, forests store much greater amounts of carbon than grasslands. California redwoods, for example, absorb more carbon per acre than any other system in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a whole, California’s forests are faring poorly in the face of increasingly severe drought, fire, and beetle kill. The Forest Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/tree_mortality/california/index.shtml\">has estimated \u003c/a>that 129 million trees have died in California since 2010. Most of the carbon that these trees stored is above ground and will be released when the trees burn or decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Pawlok Dass, a postdoctoral researcher at Davis, who focuses on the global carbon cycle and climate change impacts on ecosystems, wondered whether the focus on forests in climate mitigation plans might be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized that a lot of money is being invested in the forests which are being impacted quite a bit by these wildfires,” he says, “which are literally burning the forests and causing all the money invested to go up in smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dass notes, grasslands were getting very little attention, even though grasslands are an important native ecosystem in California — especially in the southern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forests and Grasses Under Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used a forest simulation model to test how well forests and grasslands in California would fare in four different climate scenarios: 1) an optimistic scenario where emissions stop, 2) a “business-as-usual,” where emissions continue at the present rate, 3) cyclical drought, and 4) “megadrought” that persists for the next century. In all four scenarios, grasslands generally did better than forests. Grasslands expanded in the Sierra Nevada and southern parts of the state and contracted in the north. On the other hand, forest area shrank under most of the climate scenarios, only expanding in the most optimistic scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model does not account for any kind of direct human activity, such as logging or fire suppression. It also lumps plants into broad categories: a coast redwood tree counts the same as a lodgepole pine tree, even though a redwood can easily re-sprout after a fire, whereas a pine cannot. Similarly, non-native grasses are treated the same as native grasses, though non-native grasslands are pervasive in California and \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044001/meta\">research suggests\u003c/a> non-native grasses store less carbon than native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Dass concedes that the simulation is an oversimplification, he says it’s a way to do experiments that would be impossible or unethical to do on a large scale in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model predicts that in the absence of human intervention, California’s vegetation will lose more carbon than it can absorb under all but the most optimistic climate mitigation scenario. In order to compare the relative effects on grasses and trees, the researchers ran two experiments. First, how would carbon storage change if there were only grasses in California? They found that California remained a carbon sink in the long term. But when they asked the opposite question—what if there were only forests?—carbon storage quickly declined, because the forests couldn’t cope with fire and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most ambitious climate mitigation scenario, forests remain the largest carbon sinks in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dass is not optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not see any sign of any mitigation,” he notes. “The current US administration has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement and a lot of other nations don’t seem to be giving much importance to climate change mitigation, so the probability of humanity doing something to prevent climate change seems to be less and less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A National Treasure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors are quick to emphasize that we should still protect forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests of California are a national treasure,” says Dass. “It would absolutely make no sense to remove forests or not to conserve forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the researchers acknowledge that their study does not account for forest management activities, such as forest thinning and prescribed burning, which can increase the resilience of forests in the face of climate change. Governor Jerry Brown’s final \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">budget plan\u003c/a> includes $210 million for forest improvement and wildfire prevention projects, supporting the California Forest Carbon Plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/10/governor-brown-issues-executive-order-to-protect-communities-from-wildfire-climate-impacts/\">announced in May\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix,”\u003c/a> passed by Congress as part of a federal spending package in March, which changes the way fire suppression is funded, is also designed to support forest resilience projects in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927106\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927106\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2013 Rim Fire burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, much of it at high severity. The forests may store less carbon in a warmer future. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, forest treatments need to be applied strategically and consistently; \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/110057\">some researchers argue \u003c/a>that forest treatments are unlikely to increase carbon stocks on a large scale. If you do a controlled burn on an area that never sees a wildfire come through, the net effect is carbon loss. Depending on forests and forest management activities for carbon storage can be risky. Based on the new study, grasslands are more reliable carbon sinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you invest Y amount of dollars in a grassland, the initial return will be definitely less than the investment of the forest, but the probability of that amount of dollars being lost in a wildfire is much less, compared to the amount invested in the forest,” says Dass. “It’s a low gain, long term investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rethinking the Strategy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors argue that grassland conservation should be more seriously considered as carbon sinks for the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">Cap-and-Trade offset program\u003c/a>, which is regulated by the California Air Resources Board. Under the program, businesses can offset up to 8 percent of their carbon emissions by supporting approved carbon mitigation projects. Approved projects cover a wide range of activities but their carbon storage capacity must be verifiable over the long term. Many of the approved projects focus on forest conservation and management. And forest offset projects must already account for their own riskiness, says Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board. There’s a buffer built in for wildfire or other unintended disturbances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, grasslands are not on the list of acceptable project types. Dass and the authors of the new study thinks that it’s time to add grasslands to the portfolio. Dass notes that “grasslands are more stable than forests, but they are by no means immune to the effects of climate change.” The authors cite the \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a> as an example, which promotes carbon sequestration in rangeland, agricultural, and forest soils by encouraging practices like adding compost to grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clegern says the Air Resources Board is aware of these projects, but that they have not proven their case as a viable alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to see some more research,” says Clegern.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1927097/to-fight-climate-change-grasslands-may-be-a-safer-bet-than-forests",
"authors": [
"11518"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35"
],
"tags": [
"science_765",
"science_1627",
"science_194",
"science_762",
"science_113"
],
"featImg": "science_1927105",
"label": "source_science_1927097"
},
"science_1927121": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1927121",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927121",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1531241285000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1531241285,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Appeals Court Backs $10B Volkswagen Emissions Cheating Deal",
"headTitle": "Appeals Court Backs $10B Volkswagen Emissions Cheating Deal | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A U.S. appeals court on Monday approved a $10 billion settlement between Volkswagen and car owners caught up in the company’s emissions cheating scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal delivered “tangible, substantial benefits” and the federal judge who approved it did more than enough to ensure it was fair, a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled unanimously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German automaker agreed to spend up to $10 billion compensating owners of roughly 475,000 Volkswagens and Audi vehicles with 2-liter diesel engines — the bulk of the vehicles caught up in the scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Volkswagen acknowledged that the cars were programmed to cheat on emissions tests. Under the terms of the deal, the automaker agreed to either buy back the cars or fix them and to pay each owner thousands of dollars in additional compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge Charles Breyer in San Francisco approved that deal in 2016 as part of a $15 billion settlement that also included $2.7 billion for unspecified environmental mitigation and an additional $2 billion to promote zero-emissions vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 9th Circuit ruling Monday considered several objections, including returning to Volkswagen any of the $10 billion that is not paid out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 percent of affected vehicles have already been removed from the road or modified, Elizabeth Cabraser, lead attorney for Volkswagen owners and leaseholders, said in a statement Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased with the court’s decision, which acknowledges the widespread support this historic settlement has received from affected Volkswagen owners and lessees and the substantial benefits available to class members,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen has acknowledged that more than 550,000 vehicles in the U.S. were programmed to turn on emissions controls during government lab tests and turn them off while on the road. Investigators found that the cars emitted more than 40 times the legal limit of nitrogen oxide, which can cause respiratory problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_90071 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_90071\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_90071\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 327,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 11
},
"modified": 1704927714,
"excerpt": "Volkswagen acknowledged that the cars were programmed to cheat on emissions tests. Under the terms of the deal, the automaker agreed to either buy back the cars or fix them. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Volkswagen acknowledged that the cars were programmed to cheat on emissions tests. Under the terms of the deal, the automaker agreed to either buy back the cars or fix them. ",
"title": "Appeals Court Backs $10B Volkswagen Emissions Cheating Deal | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Appeals Court Backs $10B Volkswagen Emissions Cheating Deal",
"datePublished": "2018-07-10T09:48:05-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:01:54-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "appeals-court-backs-10b-volkswagen-emissions-cheating-deal",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "The Associated Press",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Environment",
"path": "/science/1927121/appeals-court-backs-10b-volkswagen-emissions-cheating-deal",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A U.S. appeals court on Monday approved a $10 billion settlement between Volkswagen and car owners caught up in the company’s emissions cheating scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal delivered “tangible, substantial benefits” and the federal judge who approved it did more than enough to ensure it was fair, a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled unanimously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German automaker agreed to spend up to $10 billion compensating owners of roughly 475,000 Volkswagens and Audi vehicles with 2-liter diesel engines — the bulk of the vehicles caught up in the scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Volkswagen acknowledged that the cars were programmed to cheat on emissions tests. Under the terms of the deal, the automaker agreed to either buy back the cars or fix them and to pay each owner thousands of dollars in additional compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge Charles Breyer in San Francisco approved that deal in 2016 as part of a $15 billion settlement that also included $2.7 billion for unspecified environmental mitigation and an additional $2 billion to promote zero-emissions vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 9th Circuit ruling Monday considered several objections, including returning to Volkswagen any of the $10 billion that is not paid out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 percent of affected vehicles have already been removed from the road or modified, Elizabeth Cabraser, lead attorney for Volkswagen owners and leaseholders, said in a statement Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased with the court’s decision, which acknowledges the widespread support this historic settlement has received from affected Volkswagen owners and lessees and the substantial benefits available to class members,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen has acknowledged that more than 550,000 vehicles in the U.S. were programmed to turn on emissions controls during government lab tests and turn them off while on the road. Investigators found that the cars emitted more than 40 times the legal limit of nitrogen oxide, which can cause respiratory problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_90071 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_90071\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_90071\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1927121/appeals-court-backs-10b-volkswagen-emissions-cheating-deal",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1927121"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_89",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_704",
"science_354",
"science_192"
],
"featImg": "science_1918211",
"label": "source_science_1927121"
},
"science_1927056": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1927056",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927056",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1531170496000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1531170496,
"format": "standard",
"title": "6 Major Wealth Funds Agree to Encourage Greener Economy",
"headTitle": "6 Major Wealth Funds Agree to Encourage Greener Economy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The sovereign wealth funds of major oil-producing countries have agreed upon a common roadmap to encourage investments toward a greener economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six funds from Norway, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait and New Zealand released a joint framework Friday to encourage investors to take climate-related risks into consideration when investing. They also want to improve businesses’ transparency on their strategies toward establishing low-carbon economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funds hope to send a signal that will impact the international financial system. Altogether, they are worth $3 trillion. Norway’s sovereign wealth fund, the world’s largest of its kind, is worth $1 trillion alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document is to be formally presented during a meeting in Paris of the heads of the funds with French President Emmanuel Macron and Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State-owned sovereign wealth funds are designed to invest their countries’ public money for the long term. In an apparent paradox, except for New Zealand, the five others are based on fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coordinator of the working group of the six sovereign funds, Lawrence Yanovitch, said these countries “see a great commercial interest along the way, because they are saying that they think low-carbon economy is the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He stressed that all the Gulf countries as well as Norway are already preparing their own economies to a transition toward renewable energies. He said they realize the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels and more extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes six months after a climate summit in Paris in which world leaders, investment funds and energy magnates promised to devote new money and technology to slow global warming. The summit was a reaction to U.S. President Donald Trump’s rejection of the landmark 2015 Paris climate accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the framework, the funds “seek to promote better informed decisions, thereby contributing to a smooth transition to a more low-emissions economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-binding recommendations notably aim at fostering shared methodologies and indicators related to climate change and identifying “climate-related risks and opportunities.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 357,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 12
},
"modified": 1704927717,
"excerpt": "The funds hope to send a signal that will impact the international financial system. Altogether, they are worth $3 trillion.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The funds hope to send a signal that will impact the international financial system. Altogether, they are worth $3 trillion.",
"title": "6 Major Wealth Funds Agree to Encourage Greener Economy | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "6 Major Wealth Funds Agree to Encourage Greener Economy",
"datePublished": "2018-07-09T14:08:16-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:01:57-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "6-major-wealth-funds-agree-to-encourage-greener-economy",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Sylvie Corbet\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1927056/6-major-wealth-funds-agree-to-encourage-greener-economy",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The sovereign wealth funds of major oil-producing countries have agreed upon a common roadmap to encourage investments toward a greener economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six funds from Norway, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait and New Zealand released a joint framework Friday to encourage investors to take climate-related risks into consideration when investing. They also want to improve businesses’ transparency on their strategies toward establishing low-carbon economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funds hope to send a signal that will impact the international financial system. Altogether, they are worth $3 trillion. Norway’s sovereign wealth fund, the world’s largest of its kind, is worth $1 trillion alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document is to be formally presented during a meeting in Paris of the heads of the funds with French President Emmanuel Macron and Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State-owned sovereign wealth funds are designed to invest their countries’ public money for the long term. In an apparent paradox, except for New Zealand, the five others are based on fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coordinator of the working group of the six sovereign funds, Lawrence Yanovitch, said these countries “see a great commercial interest along the way, because they are saying that they think low-carbon economy is the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He stressed that all the Gulf countries as well as Norway are already preparing their own economies to a transition toward renewable energies. He said they realize the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels and more extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes six months after a climate summit in Paris in which world leaders, investment funds and energy magnates promised to devote new money and technology to slow global warming. The summit was a reaction to U.S. President Donald Trump’s rejection of the landmark 2015 Paris climate accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the framework, the funds “seek to promote better informed decisions, thereby contributing to a smooth transition to a more low-emissions economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-binding recommendations notably aim at fostering shared methodologies and indicators related to climate change and identifying “climate-related risks and opportunities.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1927056/6-major-wealth-funds-agree-to-encourage-greener-economy",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1927056"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_3151",
"science_3424",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_182",
"science_192",
"science_652",
"science_461"
],
"featImg": "science_1923738",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1927062": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1927062",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927062",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1531157766000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1531157766,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Starbucks: Goodbye, Plastic Straws",
"headTitle": "Starbucks: Goodbye, Plastic Straws | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Starbucks \u003ca href=\"https://news.starbucks.com/press-releases/starbucks-to-eliminate-plastic-straws-globally-by-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced on Monday\u003c/a> it plans to eliminate plastic straws from its 28,000 stores worldwide by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company will broaden the manufacture and use of what some in social media have dubbed the “adult sippy cup.” It’s a plastic strawless lid that will come to replace single-use plastic straws that now inundate its coffee shops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says the move, when fully implemented, could mean a billion fewer plastic straws across its stores each year. And it’s a part of Starbucks’ $10 million investment in creating recyclable and compostable cups around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strawless lid has already been in use at many of the company’s stores for certain kinds of cold drinks like cold foam and “draft nitro,” the coffee drink that comes out of a keg, mixed with nitrogen. Unlike straws, the new lid can be recycled, \u003ca href=\"https://news.starbucks.com/news/starbucks-announces-environmental-milestone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the company said\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For our partners and customers, this is a significant milestone to achieve our global aspiration of sustainable coffee, served to our customers in more sustainable ways,” Kevin Johnson, president and chief executive officer for Starbucks, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starbucks’ headquarters are in Seattle, where a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/30/624911805/seattle-bans-most-plastic-straws-in-restaurants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ban on plastic straws\u003c/a> just kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other chains are also experimenting with getting rid of straws. In June, McDonald’s announced it would \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/15/620367460/mcdonalds-says-its-ditching-plastic-straws-in-u-k-and-ireland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">start phasing out plastic straws\u003c/a> at about 1,300 restaurants in the United Kingdom and Ireland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Starbucks%3A+Goodbye%2C+Plastic+Straws&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 259,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 9
},
"modified": 1704927721,
"excerpt": "Starbucks announced on Monday that it plans to get rid of plastic straws in its 28,000 stores worldwide by 2020. Instead, the company said it plans to use recyclable plastic lids that allow sipping.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Starbucks announced on Monday that it plans to get rid of plastic straws in its 28,000 stores worldwide by 2020. Instead, the company said it plans to use recyclable plastic lids that allow sipping.",
"title": "Starbucks: Goodbye, Plastic Straws | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Starbucks: Goodbye, Plastic Straws",
"datePublished": "2018-07-09T10:36:06-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:02:01-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "starbucks-goodbye-plastic-straws",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=627220348&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Jennifer Liberto, NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Mon, 09 Jul 2018 08:38:40 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Mon, 09 Jul 2018 12:07:00 -0400",
"sticky": false,
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2018/07/09/627220348/starbucks-goodbye-plastic-straws?ft=nprml&f=627220348",
"nprImageAgency": "Getty Images",
"nprImageCredit": "Scott Olson",
"source": "Environment",
"nprStoryId": "627220348",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Mon, 09 Jul 2018 12:07:00 -0400",
"path": "/science/1927062/starbucks-goodbye-plastic-straws",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Starbucks \u003ca href=\"https://news.starbucks.com/press-releases/starbucks-to-eliminate-plastic-straws-globally-by-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced on Monday\u003c/a> it plans to eliminate plastic straws from its 28,000 stores worldwide by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company will broaden the manufacture and use of what some in social media have dubbed the “adult sippy cup.” It’s a plastic strawless lid that will come to replace single-use plastic straws that now inundate its coffee shops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says the move, when fully implemented, could mean a billion fewer plastic straws across its stores each year. And it’s a part of Starbucks’ $10 million investment in creating recyclable and compostable cups around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strawless lid has already been in use at many of the company’s stores for certain kinds of cold drinks like cold foam and “draft nitro,” the coffee drink that comes out of a keg, mixed with nitrogen. Unlike straws, the new lid can be recycled, \u003ca href=\"https://news.starbucks.com/news/starbucks-announces-environmental-milestone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the company said\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For our partners and customers, this is a significant milestone to achieve our global aspiration of sustainable coffee, served to our customers in more sustainable ways,” Kevin Johnson, president and chief executive officer for Starbucks, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starbucks’ headquarters are in Seattle, where a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/30/624911805/seattle-bans-most-plastic-straws-in-restaurants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ban on plastic straws\u003c/a> just kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other chains are also experimenting with getting rid of straws. In June, McDonald’s announced it would \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/15/620367460/mcdonalds-says-its-ditching-plastic-straws-in-u-k-and-ireland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">start phasing out plastic straws\u003c/a> at about 1,300 restaurants in the United Kingdom and Ireland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Starbucks%3A+Goodbye%2C+Plastic+Straws&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1927062/starbucks-goodbye-plastic-straws",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1927062"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_3151",
"science_3424",
"science_40",
"science_2873"
],
"tags": [
"science_182",
"science_192",
"science_324",
"science_1189"
],
"featImg": "science_1927063",
"label": "source_science_1927062"
},
"science_1927048": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1927048",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1927048",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1531152055000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1531152055,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Oklahoma Sees More Severe Earthquakes, Fewer Overall",
"headTitle": "Oklahoma Sees More Severe Earthquakes, Fewer Overall | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Oklahoma’s 4.0 earthquakes are up significantly this year, but the overall rate of earthquakes is declining.[contextly_sidebar id=”VPdXhV17XHE5KQyFRFZgaXGQsWiJawet”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oklahoma has had six quakes of at least magnitude 4.0 halfway through this year, which is one more than all of last year. But the overall rate of earthquakes has declined, with 96 quakes of magnitude 3.0 or greater through June 30, compared with 144 at this point last year and 302 by the end of 2017, the Tulsa World reported. A magnitude 4.6 in April near Perry was the 12th largest in state history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are largely seeing earthquakes on unmapped faults that were activated in 2014 by wastewater injection, said state seismologist Jake Walter. Scientists are researching specific mechanisms by which the state’s ongoing seismicity is triggered, he said. Wastewater can trigger the initial earthquakes, but quakes themselves can lead to more quakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So in some ways the wastewater injection has created a new paradigm that defies how we would categorize main shocks and aftershocks if this were a fault that had slipped in a more natural setting,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”lMwZC9PJi1VHjhPugowEzATSkbZvu2mZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walter said that Oklahoma’s seismic risk appears to be similar to the latest hazard forecast put out by the U.S. Geological Survey in March. The agency calculated Oklahoma’s short-term hazard levels to be similar to active regions in California. The chance of earthquake damage in high-hazard areas of Oklahoma this year ranges from 1 percent to 14 percent, “much higher” than most parts of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 273,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 7
},
"modified": 1704927722,
"excerpt": "Scientists are largely seeing earthquakes on unmapped faults that were activated in 2014 by wastewater injection.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Scientists are largely seeing earthquakes on unmapped faults that were activated in 2014 by wastewater injection.",
"title": "Oklahoma Sees More Severe Earthquakes, Fewer Overall | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Oklahoma Sees More Severe Earthquakes, Fewer Overall",
"datePublished": "2018-07-09T09:00:55-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:02:02-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "oklahoma-sees-more-severe-earthquakes-fewer-overall",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "The Associated Press",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Environment",
"path": "/science/1927048/oklahoma-sees-more-severe-earthquakes-fewer-overall",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Oklahoma’s 4.0 earthquakes are up significantly this year, but the overall rate of earthquakes is declining.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oklahoma has had six quakes of at least magnitude 4.0 halfway through this year, which is one more than all of last year. But the overall rate of earthquakes has declined, with 96 quakes of magnitude 3.0 or greater through June 30, compared with 144 at this point last year and 302 by the end of 2017, the Tulsa World reported. A magnitude 4.6 in April near Perry was the 12th largest in state history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are largely seeing earthquakes on unmapped faults that were activated in 2014 by wastewater injection, said state seismologist Jake Walter. Scientists are researching specific mechanisms by which the state’s ongoing seismicity is triggered, he said. Wastewater can trigger the initial earthquakes, but quakes themselves can lead to more quakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So in some ways the wastewater injection has created a new paradigm that defies how we would categorize main shocks and aftershocks if this were a fault that had slipped in a more natural setting,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walter said that Oklahoma’s seismic risk appears to be similar to the latest hazard forecast put out by the U.S. Geological Survey in March. The agency calculated Oklahoma’s short-term hazard levels to be similar to active regions in California. The chance of earthquake damage in high-hazard areas of Oklahoma this year ranges from 1 percent to 14 percent, “much higher” than most parts of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1927048/oklahoma-sees-more-severe-earthquakes-fewer-overall",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1927048"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_38",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_257",
"science_192"
],
"featImg": "science_1927239",
"label": "source_science_1927048"
},
"science_1926996": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1926996",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926996",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1531119707000
]
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights",
"title": "Something Else Adding Fuel to California's Fire Season: Warmer Nights",
"publishDate": 1531119707,
"format": "audio",
"headTitle": "Something Else Adding Fuel to California’s Fire Season: Warmer Nights | KQED",
"labelTerm": {},
"content": "\u003cp>It will most likely be weeks before the County Fire west of Sacramento is completely extinguished. By Friday it had consumed nearly 140 square miles — an area larger than Las Vegas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters say it was a vicious cycle of weather conditions, terrain and vegetation that made it one of the fastest-growing fires in recent memory. But there was something else at work: a relatively new challenge confronting fire crews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have noted that nighttime temperatures — overnight lows, in particular — are rising at a faster rate than daytime highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We know this has been going on and impacting firefighting operations.’\u003ccite>Tim Brown, Western Regional Climate Ctr.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is a significant difference,” says Tim Brown, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://wrcc.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Regional Climate Center\u003c/a> in Reno. “Both temperatures are rising, but the minimum temperatures are rising even more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says the difference in rates first started showing up in the data around 1980, and that overnight lows are now running about 2 degrees F above the 1981-2010 period that climate scientists use as a benchmark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can see both the trends in the daily high temperatures,” he notes, “but an even stronger trend in the daily night time temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927045\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927045\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png\" alt=\"Graph: N. Calif. overnight low temps since pre-20th C.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1180\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-160x94.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-800x472.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-768x453.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1020x602.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1200x708.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1920x1133.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1180x696.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-960x566.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-240x142.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-375x221.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-520x307.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph shows the recent spike in Northern California’s overnight low temperatures, compared to 1981-2010 period. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And it’s not good news for firefighters, who have complained in recent years that wildfires have not been “laying down” at night as they had in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says the trend has been particularly apparent at this time of year, and in the part of the state where the season’s first two major fires erupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This rise has been occurring all over the state,” says Brown. “But where the current fires are — the County Fire, the Pawnee Fire — yes, over the last six years, we can see from these observations that the nighttime temperatures have been particularly warmer than usual during the spring months and into summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could’ve been a contributing factor when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11678850/firefighters-struggle-to-contain-massive-northern-california-blaze\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the County Fire\u003c/a> started devouring landscape at the rate of 1,000 acres an hour, growing fourfold in size on its first night. The higher nighttime temperatures were just part of a witch’s brew of heat, low humidity, erratic winds, and terrain that made for a difficult fire fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know this has been going on and impacting firefighting operations,” says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s fire season is off to an early start. By early July, Cal Fire had responded to about \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article214198989.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">260 more fires\u003c/a> than by the same time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says that since nights have warmed and humidity dropped, there isn’t as much moisture for “cured” or dead vegetation to absorb from the air. And, he says, if fire crews can’t make as much headway at night as they used to, it means there is also more smoke to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a substantial increase in the potential for public health impacts that we can link to this increase in nighttime temperature,” says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "It's a little-known oddity about the changing climate: overnight low temperatures are rising faster than daytime highs. That's not good news for the fire season.",
"status": "publish",
"parent": 0,
"modified": 1727135679,
"stats": {
"hasAudio": false,
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"paragraphCount": 16,
"wordCount": 545
},
"headData": {
"title": "Something Else Adding Fuel to California's Fire Season: Warmer Nights | KQED",
"description": "It's a little-known oddity about the changing climate: overnight low temperatures are rising faster than daytime highs. That's not good news for the fire season.",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogDescription": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"twDescription": "",
"twImgId": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Something Else Adding Fuel to California's Fire Season: Warmer Nights",
"datePublished": "2018-07-09T00:01:47-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-09-23T16:54:39-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"source": "Climate",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/07/MillerFiresNightTemps.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights",
"audioDuration": 441000,
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It will most likely be weeks before the County Fire west of Sacramento is completely extinguished. By Friday it had consumed nearly 140 square miles — an area larger than Las Vegas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters say it was a vicious cycle of weather conditions, terrain and vegetation that made it one of the fastest-growing fires in recent memory. But there was something else at work: a relatively new challenge confronting fire crews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have noted that nighttime temperatures — overnight lows, in particular — are rising at a faster rate than daytime highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We know this has been going on and impacting firefighting operations.’\u003ccite>Tim Brown, Western Regional Climate Ctr.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is a significant difference,” says Tim Brown, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://wrcc.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Regional Climate Center\u003c/a> in Reno. “Both temperatures are rising, but the minimum temperatures are rising even more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says the difference in rates first started showing up in the data around 1980, and that overnight lows are now running about 2 degrees F above the 1981-2010 period that climate scientists use as a benchmark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can see both the trends in the daily high temperatures,” he notes, “but an even stronger trend in the daily night time temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927045\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927045\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png\" alt=\"Graph: N. Calif. overnight low temps since pre-20th C.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1180\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-160x94.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-800x472.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-768x453.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1020x602.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1200x708.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1920x1133.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1180x696.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-960x566.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-240x142.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-375x221.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-520x307.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph shows the recent spike in Northern California’s overnight low temperatures, compared to 1981-2010 period. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And it’s not good news for firefighters, who have complained in recent years that wildfires have not been “laying down” at night as they had in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says the trend has been particularly apparent at this time of year, and in the part of the state where the season’s first two major fires erupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This rise has been occurring all over the state,” says Brown. “But where the current fires are — the County Fire, the Pawnee Fire — yes, over the last six years, we can see from these observations that the nighttime temperatures have been particularly warmer than usual during the spring months and into summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could’ve been a contributing factor when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11678850/firefighters-struggle-to-contain-massive-northern-california-blaze\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the County Fire\u003c/a> started devouring landscape at the rate of 1,000 acres an hour, growing fourfold in size on its first night. The higher nighttime temperatures were just part of a witch’s brew of heat, low humidity, erratic winds, and terrain that made for a difficult fire fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know this has been going on and impacting firefighting operations,” says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s fire season is off to an early start. By early July, Cal Fire had responded to about \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article214198989.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">260 more fires\u003c/a> than by the same time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says that since nights have warmed and humidity dropped, there isn’t as much moisture for “cured” or dead vegetation to absorb from the air. And, he says, if fire crews can’t make as much headway at night as they used to, it means there is also more smoke to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a substantial increase in the potential for public health impacts that we can link to this increase in nighttime temperature,” says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights",
"authors": [
"221"
],
"programs": [
"science_5376"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_5141",
"science_3423"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_3370",
"science_3428",
"science_113"
],
"featImg": "science_1927038",
"label": "source_science_1926996"
},
"science_1926981": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1926981",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926981",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530925242000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530925242,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Hey, Uber and Lyft: Look Out, There's a Robo-Taxi in Your Rearview Mirror",
"headTitle": "Hey, Uber and Lyft: Look Out, There’s a Robo-Taxi in Your Rearview Mirror | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In preparation for its highly anticipated ride-hailing app, General Motors has built one of the largest charging stations in the U.S. in a parking garage near Embarcadero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Vu8GFtVt22DVw7BjPdAtbj8MZEJcUaRC”]The location is a popular spot for ride-hailing services and the charging site will consist of 18 charging stations, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-03/gm-said-to-put-pieces-in-place-for-robo-taxis-in-san-francisco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports Bloomberg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fleet of self-driving taxis, comprised of heavily modified Chevrolet Bolt electric vehicles, are slated to hit the road in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-driving car company Cruise, which is owned by GM, has been quietly testing its driverless fleet \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2017/08/08/cruise-ride-hailing-app-self-driving-uber-lyft-gm.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">among its own employees\u003c/a> for the past year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2018/07/05/gm-robo-taxis-uber-lyft-sf.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the San Francisco Business Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has been expanding on its home turf, having recently leased three buildings in San Francisco, and is currently recruiting heavily for talent. A decision on the exact date of a launch has not been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s an indication that Cruise is getting ready to commercialize autonomous ride-hailing services for the public and it will be in San Francisco,” Grayson Brulte, co-founder of consulting firm Brulte & Co., told Bloomberg. “I imagine they would want to own and operate the service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A GM spokesman said only that the automaker is still working toward commercializing its self-driving car service and that the company hasn’t decided whether to own the business or find partners. He declined to comment on the location.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"content__segment combx\">“For us the gating metric that determines when we take the driver out of the car is safety,” Cruise CEO Kyle Vogt \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2018/06/01/gm-cruise-ceo-softbank-investment-self-driving.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the Business Times\u003c/a> in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cruise is \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/vr/autonomous/testing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of 56 companies with a permit\u003c/a> to test autonomous cars on public roads in California. The California Public Utilities Commission voted in late May to \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M212/K643/212643106.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">create two pilot programs\u003c/a> for companies to provide limited rides to the public free of charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first pilot program permits companies to provide service with a \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M215/K467/215467801.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trained driver in the vehicle\u003c/a>. The second pilot program does not require a driver but cars must meet strict requirements set out by the Department of Motor Vehicles, including requirements to remotely monitor the operation of the vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GM’s first pilot program for its driverless fleet will start late next year, reports Bloomberg.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 390,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 12
},
"modified": 1704927726,
"excerpt": "General Motors has built one of the largest charging stations in the U.S. in a parking garage near Embarcadero. And is ramping up its fleet of driverless electric cars.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "General Motors has built one of the largest charging stations in the U.S. in a parking garage near Embarcadero. And is ramping up its fleet of driverless electric cars.",
"title": "Hey, Uber and Lyft: Look Out, There's a Robo-Taxi in Your Rearview Mirror | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Hey, Uber and Lyft: Look Out, There's a Robo-Taxi in Your Rearview Mirror",
"datePublished": "2018-07-06T18:00:42-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:02:06-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "hey-uber-and-lyft-look-out-theres-a-robo-taxi-in-your-rear-view-mirror",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Technology",
"path": "/science/1926981/hey-uber-and-lyft-look-out-theres-a-robo-taxi-in-your-rear-view-mirror",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In preparation for its highly anticipated ride-hailing app, General Motors has built one of the largest charging stations in the U.S. in a parking garage near Embarcadero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The location is a popular spot for ride-hailing services and the charging site will consist of 18 charging stations, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-03/gm-said-to-put-pieces-in-place-for-robo-taxis-in-san-francisco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports Bloomberg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fleet of self-driving taxis, comprised of heavily modified Chevrolet Bolt electric vehicles, are slated to hit the road in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-driving car company Cruise, which is owned by GM, has been quietly testing its driverless fleet \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2017/08/08/cruise-ride-hailing-app-self-driving-uber-lyft-gm.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">among its own employees\u003c/a> for the past year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2018/07/05/gm-robo-taxis-uber-lyft-sf.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the San Francisco Business Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has been expanding on its home turf, having recently leased three buildings in San Francisco, and is currently recruiting heavily for talent. A decision on the exact date of a launch has not been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s an indication that Cruise is getting ready to commercialize autonomous ride-hailing services for the public and it will be in San Francisco,” Grayson Brulte, co-founder of consulting firm Brulte & Co., told Bloomberg. “I imagine they would want to own and operate the service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A GM spokesman said only that the automaker is still working toward commercializing its self-driving car service and that the company hasn’t decided whether to own the business or find partners. He declined to comment on the location.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"content__segment combx\">“For us the gating metric that determines when we take the driver out of the car is safety,” Cruise CEO Kyle Vogt \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2018/06/01/gm-cruise-ceo-softbank-investment-self-driving.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the Business Times\u003c/a> in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cruise is \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/vr/autonomous/testing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of 56 companies with a permit\u003c/a> to test autonomous cars on public roads in California. The California Public Utilities Commission voted in late May to \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M212/K643/212643106.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">create two pilot programs\u003c/a> for companies to provide limited rides to the public free of charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first pilot program permits companies to provide service with a \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M215/K467/215467801.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trained driver in the vehicle\u003c/a>. The second pilot program does not require a driver but cars must meet strict requirements set out by the Department of Motor Vehicles, including requirements to remotely monitor the operation of the vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GM’s first pilot program for its driverless fleet will start late next year, reports Bloomberg.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1926981/hey-uber-and-lyft-look-out-theres-a-robo-taxi-in-your-rear-view-mirror",
"authors": [
"11428"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_89",
"science_35",
"science_37",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_2592",
"science_2889",
"science_3028",
"science_192",
"science_5183",
"science_461"
],
"featImg": "science_1926984",
"label": "source_science_1926981"
},
"science_1926934": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1926934",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926934",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530820410000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530820410,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Scott Pruitt Out At EPA",
"headTitle": "Scott Pruitt Out At EPA | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scott Pruitt will no longer lead the Environmental Protection Agency, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1014956568129892352\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">President Trump announced Thursday afternoon via Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt was among the most controversial of President Trump’s original Cabinet-level picks. He embodied the administration’s broad support for the fossil fuel industry and its disdain for climate science, and attracted the attention of Congress and the EPA’s inspector general for a wide range of potential ethics violations that hinged on misusing his power and spending far more taxpayer money than his predecessors had on travel and security expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As investigations piled up, multiple close aides and EPA staffers resigned from the agency, and support among congressional Republicans slowly weakened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt came to the EPA from Oklahoma, where he \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510355798/epa-critic-to-get-sharp-questions-on-industry-ties-as-he-vies-to-run-agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spent years as the state’s attorney general attacking\u003c/a> the federal agency he would eventually run. With other Republican attorneys general, he sued the EPA to stop ozone and methane emissions rules and \u003ca href=\"https://stateimpact.npr.org/oklahoma/2014/08/06/oklahoma-attorney-general-scott-pruitt-sues-epa-over-federal-clean-power-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">block regulations\u003c/a> on coal-fired power plants. Throughout his career, he has publicly questioned climate change and whether it is caused by greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a replacement for Pruitt is named, the EPA will be led by Deputy Administrator \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/17/593546626/former-coal-lobbyist-on-tap-for-no-2-spot-at-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Wheeler\u003c/a>, himself a former coal lobbyist and senior Senate staffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ethics Questions and Investigations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Pruitt’s environmental policies were controversial, it was his spending and attempts to use the position for personal gain that resulted in more than a dozen investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several patterns were quickly established, including unusually high spending on his office and travel and continually mixing his personal and professional lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4412774-FPDS-NG-ICDUSER-Booth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA spent\u003c/a> about $43,000 on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/14/scott-pruitts-25000-soundproof-phone-booth-it-actually-cost-more-like-43000/?utm_term=.5ccc035134f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">soundproof phone booth\u003c/a> for the administrator’s office, and \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> reported that Pruitt spent thousands of dollars \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/first-class-travel-distinguishes-scott-pruitts-epa-tenure/2018/02/11/5bb89afc-0b7d-11e8-8b0d-891602206fb7_story.html?utm_term=.ed6e6914c51a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on first-class plane tickets\u003c/a>. \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reported Pruitt’s chief of security proposed that Pruitt spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/us/politics/scott-pruitt-security-furniture.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$70,000 on two desks, one of them bulletproof\u003c/a>. The desks were not purchased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt cited security threats as one reason for the first-class travel, and he spent tens of thousands of dollars on a publicly-funded, 24-hour security detail, which his office said was necessary to protect him from threats. Pruitt’s security detail \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/30/politics/epa-pruitt-travel-whitehouse-rose-bowl-disneyland/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly accompanied\u003c/a> him on personal trips, including a family vacation to Disneyland. In August 2017, the EPA’s Office of the Inspector General \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-08/documents/_epaoig_notificationmemo_08-28-17_administratorstravel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">began investigating\u003c/a> Pruitt’s travel and security expenses and has widened the investigation \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/office-inspector-general/project-notification-memorandums\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multiple times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt aides also sought to protect their boss from questions, and help his wife pursue business deals, according to \u003cem>New York Times \u003c/em>and\u003cem> Washington Post \u003c/em>analyses of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2018/05/pruitt-exposed-sierra-club-secures-24000-pages-epa-emails-call-logs-and\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">internal emails\u003c/a> released to the Sierra Club under the Freedom of Information Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CNN, Pruitt broke with a tradition set by past EPA administrators and kept a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/02/politics/scott-pruitt-whistleblower-secret-calendar/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">secret, non-public calendar\u003c/a> to hide meetings with industry representatives and controversial figures. At public appearances, EPA staff often told reporters and citizens that the administrator would only answer pre-planned questions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/09/609697381/reporter-on-new-email-dump-that-reveals-secret-inner-workings-of-the-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Times reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chick-fil-A, Industry Lobbyists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2017, a scheduler for Pruitt reached out to the chief executive of the restaurant chain Chik-fil-A about setting up a meeting to discuss a “potential business opportunity,” \u003ca href=\"http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/national/epa-head-scott-pruitts-outreach-to-chick-fil-a-ceo-on-a-potential-business-opportunity/3006/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Post reported\u003c/a>. Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-tapped-aide-donors-to-help-wife-land-job-at-conservative-group/2018/06/13/f54c87fa-6db1-11e8-afd5-778aca903bbe_story.html?utm_term=.6f082ae58ca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA official reached out\u003c/a> on Pruitt’s behalf to conservative political groups to ask about potential job opportunities for Pruitt’s wife, Marlyn Pruitt, who eventually landed a temporary position as an independent contractor for a conservative advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, the Office of Government Ethics \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/04/10/600875028/government-ethics-officials-raise-red-flags-on-scott-pruitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a letter\u003c/a> in which acting director and general counsel David Apol wrote some of Pruitt’s actions, including the use of his subordinates’ time, “do raise concerns about whether the Administrator is using public office for personal gain in violation of ethics rules” and “raise concerns about whether the Administrator misused his position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As administrator, Pruitt also maintained close relationships with energy industry lobbyists and executives. He rented a room in a Washington, D.C., condominium owned by the wife of a prominent lobbyist, J. Steven Hart, who \u003ca href=\"https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=E5A4A633-B204-4801-9510-6EF7861505E2&filingTypeID=78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">personally represented\u003c/a>, among others, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquefied natural gas company\u003c/a> that stands to profit from \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pruitt’s push\u003c/a> to increase American gas exports, \u003cem>The Daily Beast\u003c/em> reported. Hart also represented other companies with business before the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/04/04/epas-scott-pruitt-pushes-back-on-pay-raise-condo-controversy-in-fox-exclusive.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interview on Fox News\u003c/a>, Pruitt incorrectly stated, “Mr. Hart has no clients that have business before this agency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the rental agreement, Pruitt paid $50 for each night he spent at the condo, which Pruitt described as “like an Airbnb situation.” In an initial \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4429953-MInoli-Memo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>, an EPA lawyer defended the lease agreement, saying it was “consistent with federal ethics regulations regarding gifts” but noted later in \u003ca href=\"http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/04/04/new.record.re.review.of.lease2018-04-04-163433.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a memo\u003c/a> obtained by CNN that he had not reviewed whether Pruitt was adhering to the lease’s terms after an \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/exclusive-epa-chief-pruitt-joined-family-condo-tied/story?id=54125092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ABC News report\u003c/a> that his daughter may have stayed in another room at the condo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also came under fire for enriching political appointees at the agency. \u003cem>The Atlantic\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/pruitt-epa/557123/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in March, Pruitt circumvented the normal bureaucratic process to approve substantial pay increases for two EPA staffers after the White House refused to sign off on the raises. Both aides later resigned. One \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4493622/June-4-Connolly-Letter-to-Gowdy-Re-EPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">later told \u003c/a>House investigators that she was routinely asked to do personal tasks for Pruitt, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/04/616818561/epa-chiefs-latest-ethics-issue-used-mattress-from-a-trump-hotel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one instance\u003c/a> in which she called the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C. to ask about purchasing a used mattress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said he did not know about the salary increases until after they were granted, although in later congressional \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-says-he-did-know-about-pay-raises\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testimony\u003c/a> he said he knew they were happening but not the amounts. He used the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4112130-2017-3-Administratively-Determined-Positions-EPA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same provision\u003c/a> to hire Nancy Beck, a longtime executive at the largest U.S. chemical industry lobbying group, to oversee toxic chemical regulation for the EPA. Earlier this year, the EPA inspector general \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/notification_oa-fy18-0085_01-08-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> it was auditing Pruitt’s use of so-called administratively determined positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump Support\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Pruitt’s ethical problems deepened, he lost support from congressional Republicans and influential conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reports of Pruitt’s conduct continually surfaced, Republican senators grew weary of defending him, saying they agreed with his policies but not his conduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is acting like a moron and he needs to stop it,” said Sen. John Kennedy, R-La., \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/07/politics/senator-kennedy-scott-pruitt-epa-moron-cnntv/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on CNN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt is “about as swampy as you get here,” said Sen. Joni Ernst, R-Iowa, who also said Pruitt was insufficiently supportive of ethanol fuel, a major industry in Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prominent conservative talk show host Laura Ingraham repeatedly called for Pruitt’s firing. “It just doesn’t look good. If you want to drain the swamp, you got to have people in it who forego personal benefits and don’t send your aides around doing personal errands on the taxpayer dime, otherwise you make everyone else look bad,” said Ingraham on her radio show in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although multiple White House staff reportedly asked President Trump to remove Pruitt, the EPA chief was able to hold on in part because he built a strong rapport with the president over their shared dislike of the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scott Pruitt is doing a great job within the walls of the EPA. I mean, we’re setting records,” said Trump in June. “Outside, he’s being attacked very viciously by the press. And I’m not saying that he’s blameless, but we’ll see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deregulatory Agenda\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the EPA, Pruitt focused on taking the agency “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/home/back-basics-agenda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back to basics\u003c/a>,” which he described as clean air and clean water policies, and asking state and local governments to take more responsibility for enforcing environmental regulations. He worked with the White House to undercut or begin rolling back many of the Obama administration’s signature environmental policies, including\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> leaving the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/28/517016071/trump-aims-to-eliminate-clean-water-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reversing a sweeping rule\u003c/a> that designated which bodies of water are subject to federal authority, and moving to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/10/556962291/how-much-can-the-repeal-of-the-clean-power-plan-help-the-declining-coal-industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repeal the Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> regulation of carbon dioxide emissions. During his tenure, many climate change documents and pages were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/29/553696314/an-absent-epa-climate-report-and-a-tale-of-two-flooded-superfund-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">removed from the agency’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also created a task force to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/06/556041266/epas-scott-pruitt-vows-to-speed-toxic-superfund-site-cleanup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expedite cleanup plans\u003c/a> for some of the most contaminated sites in the country, a move that was cautiously supported by environmental groups frustrated by understaffing of the Superfund program under previous administrations. However, the task force proved to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/pruitt-superfund-plans-leave-no-paper-trail.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opaque\u003c/a> about its decision-making process, and Pruitt did not allocate additional funds to the program. This spring, the man in charge of overseeing Superfund cleanups \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/03/607996825/albert-kelly-an-adviser-to-epa-chief-scott-pruitt-resigns-abruptly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">abruptly stepped down\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA also said it would weaken fleet-wide fuel economy standards, rolling back Obama-era limits meant to nearly double the average fuel economy for cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025. “I am determining that those standards are inappropriate and should be revised,” Pruitt announced, flanked by leaders of three auto industry trade groups at a press conference. “I just want to say first and foremost to you in the auto sector. Thank you for your leadership. Thank you for the difference you’ve made on behalf of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is leading a coalition of 17 states \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/01/607447344/states-sue-the-epa-to-protect-obama-era-fuel-efficiency-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suing the EPA\u003c/a> over the planned change in efficiency standards, arguing that a weakened rule would violate the Clean Air Act. Automobile emissions and transportation currently account for more than a quarter of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scott+Pruitt+Out+At+EPA&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1618,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 35
},
"modified": 1704927731,
"excerpt": "After months of ethics scandals and investigations, the embattled EPA head has resigned, the president said Thursday.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "After months of ethics scandals and investigations, the embattled EPA head has resigned, the president said Thursday.",
"title": "Scott Pruitt Out At EPA | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Scott Pruitt Out At EPA",
"datePublished": "2018-07-05T12:53:30-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:02:11-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "scott-pruitt-out-at-epa",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=594078923&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Brett Neely, NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Thu, 05 Jul 2018 15:48:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Thu, 05 Jul 2018 15:52:07 -0400",
"sticky": false,
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2018/07/05/594078923/scott-pruitt-out-at-epa?ft=nprml&f=594078923",
"nprImageAgency": "Getty Images",
"nprImageCredit": "Pete Marovich",
"source": "Environment",
"nprStoryId": "594078923",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Thu, 05 Jul 2018 15:52:00 -0400",
"path": "/science/1926934/scott-pruitt-out-at-epa",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt will no longer lead the Environmental Protection Agency, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1014956568129892352\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">President Trump announced Thursday afternoon via Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt was among the most controversial of President Trump’s original Cabinet-level picks. He embodied the administration’s broad support for the fossil fuel industry and its disdain for climate science, and attracted the attention of Congress and the EPA’s inspector general for a wide range of potential ethics violations that hinged on misusing his power and spending far more taxpayer money than his predecessors had on travel and security expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As investigations piled up, multiple close aides and EPA staffers resigned from the agency, and support among congressional Republicans slowly weakened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt came to the EPA from Oklahoma, where he \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510355798/epa-critic-to-get-sharp-questions-on-industry-ties-as-he-vies-to-run-agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spent years as the state’s attorney general attacking\u003c/a> the federal agency he would eventually run. With other Republican attorneys general, he sued the EPA to stop ozone and methane emissions rules and \u003ca href=\"https://stateimpact.npr.org/oklahoma/2014/08/06/oklahoma-attorney-general-scott-pruitt-sues-epa-over-federal-clean-power-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">block regulations\u003c/a> on coal-fired power plants. Throughout his career, he has publicly questioned climate change and whether it is caused by greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a replacement for Pruitt is named, the EPA will be led by Deputy Administrator \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/17/593546626/former-coal-lobbyist-on-tap-for-no-2-spot-at-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Wheeler\u003c/a>, himself a former coal lobbyist and senior Senate staffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ethics Questions and Investigations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Pruitt’s environmental policies were controversial, it was his spending and attempts to use the position for personal gain that resulted in more than a dozen investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several patterns were quickly established, including unusually high spending on his office and travel and continually mixing his personal and professional lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4412774-FPDS-NG-ICDUSER-Booth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA spent\u003c/a> about $43,000 on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/14/scott-pruitts-25000-soundproof-phone-booth-it-actually-cost-more-like-43000/?utm_term=.5ccc035134f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">soundproof phone booth\u003c/a> for the administrator’s office, and \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> reported that Pruitt spent thousands of dollars \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/first-class-travel-distinguishes-scott-pruitts-epa-tenure/2018/02/11/5bb89afc-0b7d-11e8-8b0d-891602206fb7_story.html?utm_term=.ed6e6914c51a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on first-class plane tickets\u003c/a>. \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reported Pruitt’s chief of security proposed that Pruitt spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/us/politics/scott-pruitt-security-furniture.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$70,000 on two desks, one of them bulletproof\u003c/a>. The desks were not purchased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt cited security threats as one reason for the first-class travel, and he spent tens of thousands of dollars on a publicly-funded, 24-hour security detail, which his office said was necessary to protect him from threats. Pruitt’s security detail \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/30/politics/epa-pruitt-travel-whitehouse-rose-bowl-disneyland/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly accompanied\u003c/a> him on personal trips, including a family vacation to Disneyland. In August 2017, the EPA’s Office of the Inspector General \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-08/documents/_epaoig_notificationmemo_08-28-17_administratorstravel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">began investigating\u003c/a> Pruitt’s travel and security expenses and has widened the investigation \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/office-inspector-general/project-notification-memorandums\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multiple times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt aides also sought to protect their boss from questions, and help his wife pursue business deals, according to \u003cem>New York Times \u003c/em>and\u003cem> Washington Post \u003c/em>analyses of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2018/05/pruitt-exposed-sierra-club-secures-24000-pages-epa-emails-call-logs-and\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">internal emails\u003c/a> released to the Sierra Club under the Freedom of Information Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CNN, Pruitt broke with a tradition set by past EPA administrators and kept a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/02/politics/scott-pruitt-whistleblower-secret-calendar/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">secret, non-public calendar\u003c/a> to hide meetings with industry representatives and controversial figures. At public appearances, EPA staff often told reporters and citizens that the administrator would only answer pre-planned questions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/09/609697381/reporter-on-new-email-dump-that-reveals-secret-inner-workings-of-the-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Times reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chick-fil-A, Industry Lobbyists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2017, a scheduler for Pruitt reached out to the chief executive of the restaurant chain Chik-fil-A about setting up a meeting to discuss a “potential business opportunity,” \u003ca href=\"http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/national/epa-head-scott-pruitts-outreach-to-chick-fil-a-ceo-on-a-potential-business-opportunity/3006/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Post reported\u003c/a>. Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-tapped-aide-donors-to-help-wife-land-job-at-conservative-group/2018/06/13/f54c87fa-6db1-11e8-afd5-778aca903bbe_story.html?utm_term=.6f082ae58ca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA official reached out\u003c/a> on Pruitt’s behalf to conservative political groups to ask about potential job opportunities for Pruitt’s wife, Marlyn Pruitt, who eventually landed a temporary position as an independent contractor for a conservative advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, the Office of Government Ethics \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/04/10/600875028/government-ethics-officials-raise-red-flags-on-scott-pruitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a letter\u003c/a> in which acting director and general counsel David Apol wrote some of Pruitt’s actions, including the use of his subordinates’ time, “do raise concerns about whether the Administrator is using public office for personal gain in violation of ethics rules” and “raise concerns about whether the Administrator misused his position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As administrator, Pruitt also maintained close relationships with energy industry lobbyists and executives. He rented a room in a Washington, D.C., condominium owned by the wife of a prominent lobbyist, J. Steven Hart, who \u003ca href=\"https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=E5A4A633-B204-4801-9510-6EF7861505E2&filingTypeID=78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">personally represented\u003c/a>, among others, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquefied natural gas company\u003c/a> that stands to profit from \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pruitt’s push\u003c/a> to increase American gas exports, \u003cem>The Daily Beast\u003c/em> reported. Hart also represented other companies with business before the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/04/04/epas-scott-pruitt-pushes-back-on-pay-raise-condo-controversy-in-fox-exclusive.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interview on Fox News\u003c/a>, Pruitt incorrectly stated, “Mr. Hart has no clients that have business before this agency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the rental agreement, Pruitt paid $50 for each night he spent at the condo, which Pruitt described as “like an Airbnb situation.” In an initial \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4429953-MInoli-Memo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>, an EPA lawyer defended the lease agreement, saying it was “consistent with federal ethics regulations regarding gifts” but noted later in \u003ca href=\"http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/04/04/new.record.re.review.of.lease2018-04-04-163433.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a memo\u003c/a> obtained by CNN that he had not reviewed whether Pruitt was adhering to the lease’s terms after an \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/exclusive-epa-chief-pruitt-joined-family-condo-tied/story?id=54125092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ABC News report\u003c/a> that his daughter may have stayed in another room at the condo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also came under fire for enriching political appointees at the agency. \u003cem>The Atlantic\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/pruitt-epa/557123/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in March, Pruitt circumvented the normal bureaucratic process to approve substantial pay increases for two EPA staffers after the White House refused to sign off on the raises. Both aides later resigned. One \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4493622/June-4-Connolly-Letter-to-Gowdy-Re-EPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">later told \u003c/a>House investigators that she was routinely asked to do personal tasks for Pruitt, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/04/616818561/epa-chiefs-latest-ethics-issue-used-mattress-from-a-trump-hotel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one instance\u003c/a> in which she called the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C. to ask about purchasing a used mattress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said he did not know about the salary increases until after they were granted, although in later congressional \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-says-he-did-know-about-pay-raises\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testimony\u003c/a> he said he knew they were happening but not the amounts. He used the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4112130-2017-3-Administratively-Determined-Positions-EPA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same provision\u003c/a> to hire Nancy Beck, a longtime executive at the largest U.S. chemical industry lobbying group, to oversee toxic chemical regulation for the EPA. Earlier this year, the EPA inspector general \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/notification_oa-fy18-0085_01-08-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> it was auditing Pruitt’s use of so-called administratively determined positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump Support\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Pruitt’s ethical problems deepened, he lost support from congressional Republicans and influential conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reports of Pruitt’s conduct continually surfaced, Republican senators grew weary of defending him, saying they agreed with his policies but not his conduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is acting like a moron and he needs to stop it,” said Sen. John Kennedy, R-La., \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/07/politics/senator-kennedy-scott-pruitt-epa-moron-cnntv/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on CNN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt is “about as swampy as you get here,” said Sen. Joni Ernst, R-Iowa, who also said Pruitt was insufficiently supportive of ethanol fuel, a major industry in Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prominent conservative talk show host Laura Ingraham repeatedly called for Pruitt’s firing. “It just doesn’t look good. If you want to drain the swamp, you got to have people in it who forego personal benefits and don’t send your aides around doing personal errands on the taxpayer dime, otherwise you make everyone else look bad,” said Ingraham on her radio show in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although multiple White House staff reportedly asked President Trump to remove Pruitt, the EPA chief was able to hold on in part because he built a strong rapport with the president over their shared dislike of the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scott Pruitt is doing a great job within the walls of the EPA. I mean, we’re setting records,” said Trump in June. “Outside, he’s being attacked very viciously by the press. And I’m not saying that he’s blameless, but we’ll see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deregulatory Agenda\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the EPA, Pruitt focused on taking the agency “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/home/back-basics-agenda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back to basics\u003c/a>,” which he described as clean air and clean water policies, and asking state and local governments to take more responsibility for enforcing environmental regulations. He worked with the White House to undercut or begin rolling back many of the Obama administration’s signature environmental policies, including\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> leaving the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/28/517016071/trump-aims-to-eliminate-clean-water-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reversing a sweeping rule\u003c/a> that designated which bodies of water are subject to federal authority, and moving to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/10/556962291/how-much-can-the-repeal-of-the-clean-power-plan-help-the-declining-coal-industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repeal the Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> regulation of carbon dioxide emissions. During his tenure, many climate change documents and pages were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/29/553696314/an-absent-epa-climate-report-and-a-tale-of-two-flooded-superfund-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">removed from the agency’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also created a task force to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/06/556041266/epas-scott-pruitt-vows-to-speed-toxic-superfund-site-cleanup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expedite cleanup plans\u003c/a> for some of the most contaminated sites in the country, a move that was cautiously supported by environmental groups frustrated by understaffing of the Superfund program under previous administrations. However, the task force proved to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/pruitt-superfund-plans-leave-no-paper-trail.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opaque\u003c/a> about its decision-making process, and Pruitt did not allocate additional funds to the program. This spring, the man in charge of overseeing Superfund cleanups \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/03/607996825/albert-kelly-an-adviser-to-epa-chief-scott-pruitt-resigns-abruptly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">abruptly stepped down\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA also said it would weaken fleet-wide fuel economy standards, rolling back Obama-era limits meant to nearly double the average fuel economy for cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025. “I am determining that those standards are inappropriate and should be revised,” Pruitt announced, flanked by leaders of three auto industry trade groups at a press conference. “I just want to say first and foremost to you in the auto sector. Thank you for your leadership. Thank you for the difference you’ve made on behalf of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is leading a coalition of 17 states \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/01/607447344/states-sue-the-epa-to-protect-obama-era-fuel-efficiency-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suing the EPA\u003c/a> over the planned change in efficiency standards, arguing that a weakened rule would violate the Clean Air Act. Automobile emissions and transportation currently account for more than a quarter of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scott+Pruitt+Out+At+EPA&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1926934/scott-pruitt-out-at-epa",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1926934"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_192",
"science_2080",
"science_3322"
],
"featImg": "science_1926935",
"label": "source_science_1926934"
},
"science_1926434": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1926434",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926434",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530659848000
]
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "the-giants-of-california-how-redwoods-and-whales-got-so-big",
"title": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big",
"publishDate": 1530659848,
"format": "image",
"headTitle": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big | KQED",
"labelTerm": {},
"content": "\u003cp>When Virginia-based ecologist Jeff Atkins visited the giant redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, he saw something that blew his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching drops of water falling from the top of the canopy,” he wrote on Twitter. “And it took forever for them to fall. I mean FOREVER!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are so tall that, standing on the forest floor, you can’t see to the tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You crane your head back and you look up, up, up, up, and it becomes a blur as you get into the crown,” says Lucy Kerhoulas, professor of forest physiology at Humboldt State University. You can’t really know what’s up there, unless you actually go up and climb,” which Kerhoulas has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer in California is a great time to hang out with giants: the giant sequoias in Yosemite National Park, or the giant redwood trees in forests from Big Sur to the Oregon border. And though the famous grey whale migration season is long over, summer whale watchers can spot the world’s largest living animal: the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale skeleton has hung in the California Academy of Sciences for years — the new exhibit is designed to draw attention to the classic specimen. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to learn about California’s giants and why the state became home to these giants is by visiting a new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t happenstance that California and the waters off our coast are home to these giants. As the new exhibit explains, bigness emerges partly from the particulars of life here – the ocean currents and our famous fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">\u003cem>Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> opened June 15. Highlights include:\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A blue whale skeleton, 85 feet long.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An immersive fog room, where visitors can feel what it’s like to be a redwood.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A series of films featuring the ecology of a redwood tree from roots to crown, shot by a drone in 6K definition.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Skulls and skeletons of marine mammals, including the massive northern elephant seal.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Strong winds drive ocean upwelling along the coast, bringing nutrients up from lower layers of the ocean to the surface. Plankton and krill multiply exhuberantly, providing food for the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those same winds bring cold water south from Arctic latitudes. When warm summer temperatures hit that cold water, a fog layer forms. The fog is drawn toward land, providing plenty of water for the redwood trees along the coast. Redwoods evolved the ability to tap into fog, absorbing some of its moisture through their leaves and funneling more to their roots. So ocean currents and weather systems unite in an ecological system primed to foster bigness in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UC Davis paleontologist Geerat Vermeij says ecology doesn’t tell the whole story of how the giants got so big. Plants and animals don’t evolve bigness just because they can, much like a car doesn’t move forward just because there is a road in front of it — someone has to get in the driver’s seat and turn it on. In other words, there needs to be an evolutionary driver, too. There has to be an advantage to being bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg 3888w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1200x842.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1920x1347.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1180x828.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-960x674.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale exhales through its blowhole, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Long Beach, California on July 16, 2008. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, are believed to be the largest animal to ever live on earth. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants of the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Gearty, a paleobiologist at Stanford, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-learn-why-aquatic-mammals-need-be-big-not-too-big\">thinks he knows what pushed many marine mammals to get big\u003c/a>: they needed to keep warm. Water pulls heat from a body much faster than air — it’s why you can get hypothermia in 60 degree water. A marine mammal needs to deal with this every day, and one of the best ways to prevent heat loss is to get bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gCcjqCUvcP2T3Zcw1sJPe746KEzUSrk9″]“The amount of skin they have compared to how much stuff inside they have goes down,” Gearty says, “and so they lose less heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gearty calculated the optimal size a mammal would need to be in order to stay warm in the water, and it turns out that’s about the size of a manatee. Relative to most land mammals, that’s pretty big, and it’s comparable to many marine mammals we do see. But it’s a whole lot smaller than a blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published last year suggested it was food density, not food availability, that drove the evolution of the biggest whales. Bigger whales were more efficient consumers of dense pockets of krill than smaller whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vermeij favors a different hypothesis: killer whales and giant sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the evolution of the very largest whales pretty closely coincides with the evolution of killer whales,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales aren’t all that big, but they are social hunters, which allows them to bring down really large prey. Other early whales may have encountered Megalodon, a giant shark that stretched 59 feet from nose to tail. Being bigger than the Megalodon would have helped whales avoid becoming prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwood trees often reach heights greater than 300 feet. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants on Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that redwood trees evolved a second trait that, like their ability to absorb water from fog, allows them to thrive as huge trees: Redwoods are extraordinarily good at not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']While some other towering tree species invest in growing very fast, redwoods invest in defense: pest-resistant heartwood, fire resistant bark, and an impressive ability to regrow damaged trunks and branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly difficult to kill a redwood,” says Tamara Schwarz, director of exhibit development at the CalAcademy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the hundreds or thousands of years that a redwood may live, even moderate growth adds up. The evolutionary driver of bigness in redwoods may be the advantage in being good at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be simply be that being taller means better access to sunlight in the dark forest. On the other hand, trees compete for sunlight in every forest, and the oldest trees on earth, the bristlecone pines, are not particularly big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t really know for sure what drives bigness in redwood trees. But an answer\u003cb> \u003c/b>may lie in the redwood’s unusual, enormous genome, currently the topic of study for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/\">Redwood Genome Project\u003c/a>. The redwood genome is ten times the size of the human genome, with six copies of its chromosomes (both humans and giant sequoias only have two copies). Mapping the redwood genome may uncover genes that explain how the redwood got so big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the new exhibit, visitors can see a 9-foot tall redwood section up close and learn about how it tells the stories of the tree’s lifetime. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants in a Time of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions like fog and food availability might not have been the only factors in the evolution of giants, but if those conditions change, it might be enough threaten California’s iconic species. Climate change could disrupt the ocean dynamics that generate abundant food and fog. Stanford’s Gearty says the biggest concern for whales is that they will no longer have enough food to sustain their huge bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of redwoods may be bit less gloomy. Fog levels have declined over recent decades, but it’s unclear whether this will hurt the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers say higher levels of carbon dioxide could help redwoods grow. When trees take in carbon dioxide, they lose water, but when there’s a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees can sequester more carbon for the same amount of water lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get more bang for your buck,” says Humboldt State’s Kerhoulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though drought and warmer temperatures might be stressful, especially for younger redwood forests, the same resilience that has allowed the redwoods and sequoias to grow so tall seems to be helping them cope with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all totally doom and gloom,” Kerhoulas says. “These two ancient tree species, they have survived deep time, millions of years. And so from what I can tell, it seems like they are displaying a pretty high level of drought resistance and resilience.”\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "A new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences explores what it is about California's ecology that so readily fosters bigness.",
"status": "publish",
"parent": 0,
"modified": 1725578201,
"stats": {
"hasAudio": false,
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"paragraphCount": 35,
"wordCount": 1478
},
"headData": {
"title": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big | KQED",
"description": "A new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences explores what it is about California's ecology that so readily fosters bigness.",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogDescription": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"twDescription": "",
"twImgId": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big",
"datePublished": "2018-07-03T16:17:28-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-09-05T16:16:41-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"source": "Biology",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1926434/the-giants-of-california-how-redwoods-and-whales-got-so-big",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Virginia-based ecologist Jeff Atkins visited the giant redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, he saw something that blew his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching drops of water falling from the top of the canopy,” he wrote on Twitter. “And it took forever for them to fall. I mean FOREVER!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are so tall that, standing on the forest floor, you can’t see to the tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You crane your head back and you look up, up, up, up, and it becomes a blur as you get into the crown,” says Lucy Kerhoulas, professor of forest physiology at Humboldt State University. You can’t really know what’s up there, unless you actually go up and climb,” which Kerhoulas has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer in California is a great time to hang out with giants: the giant sequoias in Yosemite National Park, or the giant redwood trees in forests from Big Sur to the Oregon border. And though the famous grey whale migration season is long over, summer whale watchers can spot the world’s largest living animal: the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale skeleton has hung in the California Academy of Sciences for years — the new exhibit is designed to draw attention to the classic specimen. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to learn about California’s giants and why the state became home to these giants is by visiting a new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t happenstance that California and the waters off our coast are home to these giants. As the new exhibit explains, bigness emerges partly from the particulars of life here – the ocean currents and our famous fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">\u003cem>Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> opened June 15. Highlights include:\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A blue whale skeleton, 85 feet long.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An immersive fog room, where visitors can feel what it’s like to be a redwood.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A series of films featuring the ecology of a redwood tree from roots to crown, shot by a drone in 6K definition.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Skulls and skeletons of marine mammals, including the massive northern elephant seal.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Strong winds drive ocean upwelling along the coast, bringing nutrients up from lower layers of the ocean to the surface. Plankton and krill multiply exhuberantly, providing food for the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those same winds bring cold water south from Arctic latitudes. When warm summer temperatures hit that cold water, a fog layer forms. The fog is drawn toward land, providing plenty of water for the redwood trees along the coast. Redwoods evolved the ability to tap into fog, absorbing some of its moisture through their leaves and funneling more to their roots. So ocean currents and weather systems unite in an ecological system primed to foster bigness in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UC Davis paleontologist Geerat Vermeij says ecology doesn’t tell the whole story of how the giants got so big. Plants and animals don’t evolve bigness just because they can, much like a car doesn’t move forward just because there is a road in front of it — someone has to get in the driver’s seat and turn it on. In other words, there needs to be an evolutionary driver, too. There has to be an advantage to being bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg 3888w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1200x842.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1920x1347.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1180x828.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-960x674.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale exhales through its blowhole, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Long Beach, California on July 16, 2008. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, are believed to be the largest animal to ever live on earth. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants of the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Gearty, a paleobiologist at Stanford, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-learn-why-aquatic-mammals-need-be-big-not-too-big\">thinks he knows what pushed many marine mammals to get big\u003c/a>: they needed to keep warm. Water pulls heat from a body much faster than air — it’s why you can get hypothermia in 60 degree water. A marine mammal needs to deal with this every day, and one of the best ways to prevent heat loss is to get bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The amount of skin they have compared to how much stuff inside they have goes down,” Gearty says, “and so they lose less heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gearty calculated the optimal size a mammal would need to be in order to stay warm in the water, and it turns out that’s about the size of a manatee. Relative to most land mammals, that’s pretty big, and it’s comparable to many marine mammals we do see. But it’s a whole lot smaller than a blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published last year suggested it was food density, not food availability, that drove the evolution of the biggest whales. Bigger whales were more efficient consumers of dense pockets of krill than smaller whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vermeij favors a different hypothesis: killer whales and giant sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the evolution of the very largest whales pretty closely coincides with the evolution of killer whales,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales aren’t all that big, but they are social hunters, which allows them to bring down really large prey. Other early whales may have encountered Megalodon, a giant shark that stretched 59 feet from nose to tail. Being bigger than the Megalodon would have helped whales avoid becoming prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwood trees often reach heights greater than 300 feet. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants on Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that redwood trees evolved a second trait that, like their ability to absorb water from fog, allows them to thrive as huge trees: Redwoods are extraordinarily good at not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "emailsignup",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"newslettername": "science",
"align": "right",
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While some other towering tree species invest in growing very fast, redwoods invest in defense: pest-resistant heartwood, fire resistant bark, and an impressive ability to regrow damaged trunks and branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly difficult to kill a redwood,” says Tamara Schwarz, director of exhibit development at the CalAcademy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the hundreds or thousands of years that a redwood may live, even moderate growth adds up. The evolutionary driver of bigness in redwoods may be the advantage in being good at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be simply be that being taller means better access to sunlight in the dark forest. On the other hand, trees compete for sunlight in every forest, and the oldest trees on earth, the bristlecone pines, are not particularly big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t really know for sure what drives bigness in redwood trees. But an answer\u003cb> \u003c/b>may lie in the redwood’s unusual, enormous genome, currently the topic of study for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/\">Redwood Genome Project\u003c/a>. The redwood genome is ten times the size of the human genome, with six copies of its chromosomes (both humans and giant sequoias only have two copies). Mapping the redwood genome may uncover genes that explain how the redwood got so big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the new exhibit, visitors can see a 9-foot tall redwood section up close and learn about how it tells the stories of the tree’s lifetime. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants in a Time of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions like fog and food availability might not have been the only factors in the evolution of giants, but if those conditions change, it might be enough threaten California’s iconic species. Climate change could disrupt the ocean dynamics that generate abundant food and fog. Stanford’s Gearty says the biggest concern for whales is that they will no longer have enough food to sustain their huge bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of redwoods may be bit less gloomy. Fog levels have declined over recent decades, but it’s unclear whether this will hurt the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers say higher levels of carbon dioxide could help redwoods grow. When trees take in carbon dioxide, they lose water, but when there’s a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees can sequester more carbon for the same amount of water lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get more bang for your buck,” says Humboldt State’s Kerhoulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though drought and warmer temperatures might be stressful, especially for younger redwood forests, the same resilience that has allowed the redwoods and sequoias to grow so tall seems to be helping them cope with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all totally doom and gloom,” Kerhoulas says. “These two ancient tree species, they have survived deep time, millions of years. And so from what I can tell, it seems like they are displaying a pretty high level of drought resistance and resilience.”\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1926434/the-giants-of-california-how-redwoods-and-whales-got-so-big",
"authors": [
"11518"
],
"categories": [
"science_2874",
"science_30",
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_2873"
],
"tags": [
"science_986",
"science_194",
"science_3370",
"science_813",
"science_255"
],
"featImg": "science_1926842",
"label": "source_science_1926434"
},
"science_1926817": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1926817",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926817",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530651617000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530651617,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Meet the New Entity in Charge of California’s Water Tunnels Project",
"headTitle": "Meet the New Entity in Charge of California’s Water Tunnels Project | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is about to embark on one of the biggest public works projects not just in its own state history, but in any state’s history. The $17 billion \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterFix\u003c/a> tunnel project was approved by the state Department of Water Resources in June 2017 after a decade of study, and now moves into the nitty gritty of construction planning.[contextly_sidebar id=”jjKDMEU2YBi5oQze8PouywypYQm9diSm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if that weren’t enough, it now appears construction will be led by an entity entirely new to such a massive water project. The local water agencies that stand to benefit from the tunnels have formed a joint powers authority (JPA) to oversee construction, rather than let the Department of Water Resources handle that, as it has historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments have formed hundreds of JPAs for various municipal purposes. But this is a new undertaking for a massive state-owned water project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WaterFix includes two giant tunnels, each 35 miles long, which will divert water from the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river. Three massive new intakes along the river, near the town of Courtland, would siphon water into the tunnels, then to existing state and federal canals near the city of Tracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to reduce harm to endangered fish species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, caused in part by existing water diversion plumbing. The project remains hugely controversial among environmental groups and local residents in and around the Delta, who are concerned it will disrupt the sensitive estuary and not live up to its promise of helping native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to their anxiety is the new joint powers authority. Officially called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dcdca.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Delta Conveyance Design and Construction Authority\u003c/a>, it was formed at a meeting in Sacramento on May 17. How will it work? Here are some answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Delta Conveyance Design and Construction Authority?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a joint powers authority created under California Government Code \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&division=7.&title=1.&part=&chapter=5.&article=1.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Section 6500\u003c/a>. Its sole purpose is to design and build the water diversion pumps and tunnels known as California WaterFix. Once completed, the project will be delivered to the state Department of Water Resources, which will retain control and supervision of the project throughout, and the JPA will be dissolved.[contextly_sidebar id=”L7ELRhfncYrqUdGlyZJVWVtPk0bcj1A1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The JPA is led by a board of directors consisting of board members from the local water agencies that have agreed to finance the project. These board members will supervise a newly hired staff that will manage project construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four board members named so far include president Tony Estremera of the Santa Clara Valley Water District; vice president Richard Atwater of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California; Sarah Palmer of Zone 7 Water Agency; and Steve Blois of Metropolitan Water District. There are also four alternate board members, drawn from the same three water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employees hired so far include interim executive director Jill Duerig, former general manager of Zone 7 Water Agency, a retail water district serving the Livermore area; and interim general counsel Stefanie Morris, a partner with the law firm Best, Best &Krieger, and former general counsel for the State Water Contractors. Nearly a dozen additional employees are expected to be hired, including a program manager, chief engineer, contracting boss and environmental manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is DWR handing over construction of such an important project to this entity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local water agencies basically insisted on overseeing construction as a condition of funding the project. They believe they’ll be able to save time and money by managing construction themselves through the JPA, which they assert provides a more flexible approach to designing, contracting, constructing and financing the project.[contextly_sidebar id=”3g6hYmIfPznJTdbsxO7I1P1pgZsx32cv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agencies feel that by assembling a specialized team that functions outside the bureaucracy of state government, they will be able to make quicker decisions, hire contractors faster and resolve problems easier. All this, they hope, will make the project move more smoothly. Construction is expected to start in two to three years, and take 13 years to complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Has something like this ever been done before?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joint powers agreements are common in California and elsewhere. A \u003ca href=\"http://sgf.senate.ca.gov/sites/sgf.senate.ca.gov/files/GWTFinalversion2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> in 2007 by the California Senate Local Government Committee estimated more than 1,800 JPAs have been formed by municipalities for construction projects or to oversee common programs or assets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One relevant example is the State Water Contractors, a JPA representing local water agencies that buy water from the State Water Project, which is owned and operated by the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it seems that a JPA has never been used to actually build infrastructure for the State Water Project. DWR has always managed construction of its own infrastructure using its own employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What powers does this new JPA have?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A JPA is simply a tool to combine powers already held by its member agencies to achieve a common purpose. So the Delta Conveyance JPA will never have any powers – or obligations – that aren’t already familiar to anyone who understands local government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, California law governing JPAs does give these agencies special powers to issue revenue bonds. This may make project financing more attractive to the agencies involved, and may limit their individual liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180628110559/WaterFixIntakeRender4-151.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of one of the three tunnel intakes proposed along the Sacramento River as part of California WaterFix, a $17 billion water diversion project in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The fish screens for each intake are about a half mile long. (Image Courtesy Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Delta Conveyance JPA will be hiring and supervising contractors, awarding payments and overseeing the construction schedule on its own. DWR has oversight authority and may take control of the project if it goes awry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parties to the JPA, including the Department of Water Resources, signed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dcdca.org/pdf/Agenda%20Item%207d%20Materials.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">16-page agreement\u003c/a> that details overall goals and responsibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the JPA bound by California’s public records and open-meeting laws?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A JPA made up of local government agencies essentially becomes a new government agency itself. As a result, it is required by law to comply with the Ralph M. Brown Act (which requires board meetings be publicly notified and open to the public) and the state Public Records Act (which requires its documents and correspondence be open to public inspection).[contextly_sidebar id=”shKcdRGKMNhP0ljNu5RUjj1xcoiTcmd0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What concerns do critics have about this JPA?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are quite a few. One is that the JPA’s control over construction will bleed over into operation of the tunnels once complete. This “fox in the henhouse” situation could mean the tunnels are operated to maximize water delivery, not to minimize environmental impact. This is worrisome, because many operational details of the tunnels are still unresolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land acquisition is another. Thousands of acres of land must be acquired in the Delta to build and operate the project. The JPA holds the power to acquire land from willing sellers, subject to DWR approval. However, if the seller is not willing and eminent domain is required, the agreement delegates this task to the Department of Water Resources. Some are concerned this will slow down the process, and put the department on the hook for potentially large legal costs to acquire property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a question about how conflicts will be resolved with the public. It remains unclear who Delta residents are supposed to contact within the JPA if they have a problem with construction noise, traffic, dust and dozens of other potential hardships. Residents feel they’ll get better complaint resolution from the Department of Water Resources, which is legally bound to represent all Californians. The out-of-town water agencies running the JPA, they fear, will put schedule, cost and their own far-flung ratepayers ahead of resolving impacts on local residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/03/meet-the-new-entity-in-charge-of-californias-water-tunnels-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1338,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 32
},
"modified": 1704927738,
"excerpt": "The local water agencies that stand to benefit from California’s WaterFix tunnels project have formed a new joint powers authority to oversee construction. Here’s a look at how that will work.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The local water agencies that stand to benefit from California’s WaterFix tunnels project have formed a new joint powers authority to oversee construction. Here’s a look at how that will work.",
"title": "Meet the New Entity in Charge of California’s Water Tunnels Project | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Meet the New Entity in Charge of California’s Water Tunnels Project",
"datePublished": "2018-07-03T14:00:17-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:02:18-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "meet-the-new-entity-in-charge-of-californias-water-tunnels-project",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Water",
"path": "/science/1926817/meet-the-new-entity-in-charge-of-californias-water-tunnels-project",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is about to embark on one of the biggest public works projects not just in its own state history, but in any state’s history. The $17 billion \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterFix\u003c/a> tunnel project was approved by the state Department of Water Resources in June 2017 after a decade of study, and now moves into the nitty gritty of construction planning.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if that weren’t enough, it now appears construction will be led by an entity entirely new to such a massive water project. The local water agencies that stand to benefit from the tunnels have formed a joint powers authority (JPA) to oversee construction, rather than let the Department of Water Resources handle that, as it has historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments have formed hundreds of JPAs for various municipal purposes. But this is a new undertaking for a massive state-owned water project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WaterFix includes two giant tunnels, each 35 miles long, which will divert water from the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river. Three massive new intakes along the river, near the town of Courtland, would siphon water into the tunnels, then to existing state and federal canals near the city of Tracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to reduce harm to endangered fish species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, caused in part by existing water diversion plumbing. The project remains hugely controversial among environmental groups and local residents in and around the Delta, who are concerned it will disrupt the sensitive estuary and not live up to its promise of helping native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to their anxiety is the new joint powers authority. Officially called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dcdca.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Delta Conveyance Design and Construction Authority\u003c/a>, it was formed at a meeting in Sacramento on May 17. How will it work? Here are some answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Delta Conveyance Design and Construction Authority?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a joint powers authority created under California Government Code \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&division=7.&title=1.&part=&chapter=5.&article=1.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Section 6500\u003c/a>. Its sole purpose is to design and build the water diversion pumps and tunnels known as California WaterFix. Once completed, the project will be delivered to the state Department of Water Resources, which will retain control and supervision of the project throughout, and the JPA will be dissolved.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The JPA is led by a board of directors consisting of board members from the local water agencies that have agreed to finance the project. These board members will supervise a newly hired staff that will manage project construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four board members named so far include president Tony Estremera of the Santa Clara Valley Water District; vice president Richard Atwater of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California; Sarah Palmer of Zone 7 Water Agency; and Steve Blois of Metropolitan Water District. There are also four alternate board members, drawn from the same three water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employees hired so far include interim executive director Jill Duerig, former general manager of Zone 7 Water Agency, a retail water district serving the Livermore area; and interim general counsel Stefanie Morris, a partner with the law firm Best, Best &Krieger, and former general counsel for the State Water Contractors. Nearly a dozen additional employees are expected to be hired, including a program manager, chief engineer, contracting boss and environmental manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is DWR handing over construction of such an important project to this entity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local water agencies basically insisted on overseeing construction as a condition of funding the project. They believe they’ll be able to save time and money by managing construction themselves through the JPA, which they assert provides a more flexible approach to designing, contracting, constructing and financing the project.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agencies feel that by assembling a specialized team that functions outside the bureaucracy of state government, they will be able to make quicker decisions, hire contractors faster and resolve problems easier. All this, they hope, will make the project move more smoothly. Construction is expected to start in two to three years, and take 13 years to complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Has something like this ever been done before?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joint powers agreements are common in California and elsewhere. A \u003ca href=\"http://sgf.senate.ca.gov/sites/sgf.senate.ca.gov/files/GWTFinalversion2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> in 2007 by the California Senate Local Government Committee estimated more than 1,800 JPAs have been formed by municipalities for construction projects or to oversee common programs or assets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One relevant example is the State Water Contractors, a JPA representing local water agencies that buy water from the State Water Project, which is owned and operated by the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it seems that a JPA has never been used to actually build infrastructure for the State Water Project. DWR has always managed construction of its own infrastructure using its own employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What powers does this new JPA have?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A JPA is simply a tool to combine powers already held by its member agencies to achieve a common purpose. So the Delta Conveyance JPA will never have any powers – or obligations – that aren’t already familiar to anyone who understands local government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, California law governing JPAs does give these agencies special powers to issue revenue bonds. This may make project financing more attractive to the agencies involved, and may limit their individual liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180628110559/WaterFixIntakeRender4-151.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of one of the three tunnel intakes proposed along the Sacramento River as part of California WaterFix, a $17 billion water diversion project in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The fish screens for each intake are about a half mile long. (Image Courtesy Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Delta Conveyance JPA will be hiring and supervising contractors, awarding payments and overseeing the construction schedule on its own. DWR has oversight authority and may take control of the project if it goes awry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parties to the JPA, including the Department of Water Resources, signed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dcdca.org/pdf/Agenda%20Item%207d%20Materials.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">16-page agreement\u003c/a> that details overall goals and responsibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the JPA bound by California’s public records and open-meeting laws?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A JPA made up of local government agencies essentially becomes a new government agency itself. As a result, it is required by law to comply with the Ralph M. Brown Act (which requires board meetings be publicly notified and open to the public) and the state Public Records Act (which requires its documents and correspondence be open to public inspection).\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What concerns do critics have about this JPA?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are quite a few. One is that the JPA’s control over construction will bleed over into operation of the tunnels once complete. This “fox in the henhouse” situation could mean the tunnels are operated to maximize water delivery, not to minimize environmental impact. This is worrisome, because many operational details of the tunnels are still unresolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land acquisition is another. Thousands of acres of land must be acquired in the Delta to build and operate the project. The JPA holds the power to acquire land from willing sellers, subject to DWR approval. However, if the seller is not willing and eminent domain is required, the agreement delegates this task to the Department of Water Resources. Some are concerned this will slow down the process, and put the department on the hook for potentially large legal costs to acquire property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a question about how conflicts will be resolved with the public. It remains unclear who Delta residents are supposed to contact within the JPA if they have a problem with construction noise, traffic, dust and dozens of other potential hardships. Residents feel they’ll get better complaint resolution from the Department of Water Resources, which is legally bound to represent all Californians. The out-of-town water agencies running the JPA, they fear, will put schedule, cost and their own far-flung ratepayers ahead of resolving impacts on local residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/03/meet-the-new-entity-in-charge-of-californias-water-tunnels-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1926817/meet-the-new-entity-in-charge-of-californias-water-tunnels-project",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1926817"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_89",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_572",
"science_201"
],
"featImg": "science_1926819",
"label": "source_science_1926817"
},
"science_1926824": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1926824",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1926824",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530633620000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530633620,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Honeybees Finding it Harder to Eat at America’s Bee Hot Spot",
"headTitle": "Honeybees Finding it Harder to Eat at America’s Bee Hot Spot | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Bees are having a much harder time finding food in the region known as America’s last honeybee refuge, a new federal study found.[contextly_sidebar id=”J2glFdJr2VJQpZMkmQsi5gFDp7pZNDD2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s hot spot for commercial beekeeping is the Northern Great Plains of the Dakotas and neighboring areas, where more 1 million colonies spend their summer feasting on pollen and nectar from nearby wildflowers and other plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from 2006 to 2016, more than half the conservation land within a mile of bee colonies was converted into agriculture, usually row crops such as soybeans and corn, said the study’s lead author Clint Otto of the U.S. Geological Survey. Those crops hold no food for bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a decade, bees and other pollinators in America have been dwindling in numbers because of a variety of problems, including poor nutrition, pesticides, parasites and disease. And outside experts said this study highlights another problem that affects the health of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area — which Otto called “America’s last honeybee refuge” — lost about 629 square miles (1,630 square kilometers) of prime bee habitat, according to the study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And bees that have a hard time finding food are less likely to survive the winter, Otto said. They may not be hungry, he said, but they aren’t healthy either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Miller, in his 49th year as a North Dakota commercial beekeeper, said the Dakotas and Minnesota were once the last best place for bees.[contextly_sidebar id=”E1DkJVGwBYonxYynR2SqSHgf5JjjQNXp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now they are the least worst,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller, whose business was started in 1894 by his great-grandfather, has watched the average colony honey production drop from 120 pounds per hive 30 years ago to about 50 pounds now. But the price has gone up five-fold, and beekeepers like Miller are getting paid to truck their bees to California to pollinate crops there, mostly almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government pays farmers to keep some land wild and that benefits bees that feast on grasslands, flowers and weeds, Otto said. But the conservation program has a cap on how much land it will pay for — and during the ethanol boom, farmers found they could make more money in corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Commercial beekeepers are scrambling to try to find places to take their bees when they are not in a crop requiring pollination,” U.S. Department of Agriculture bee researcher Diana Cox-Foster, who was not part of the study, said in an email.[contextly_sidebar id=”8maEERGiA43zIQZTHA3FtcOhvffIPseU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation lands of the Northern Great Plains were a go-to spot,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than one-third of America’s commercial colonies spend summer in the Northern Great Plains. The area east of the Dakotas is too developed, and the weather to the west is too dry, Otto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bees are crucial pollinators for more than 90 percent of the nation’s flowering crops, including apples, nuts, avocados, broccoli, peaches, blueberries and cherries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without honeybees,” Otto said, “our dinner plate looks a lot less colorful.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 539,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 17
},
"modified": 1704927740,
"excerpt": "A new federal study finds that honeybees in the Northern Great Plains are having a hard time finding food as conservation land is converted to row crops.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A new federal study finds that honeybees in the Northern Great Plains are having a hard time finding food as conservation land is converted to row crops.",
"title": "Honeybees Finding it Harder to Eat at America’s Bee Hot Spot | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Honeybees Finding it Harder to Eat at America’s Bee Hot Spot",
"datePublished": "2018-07-03T09:00:20-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:02:20-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "honeybees-finding-it-harder-to-eat-at-americas-bee-hot-spot",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Seth Borenstein\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Environment",
"path": "/science/1926824/honeybees-finding-it-harder-to-eat-at-americas-bee-hot-spot",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bees are having a much harder time finding food in the region known as America’s last honeybee refuge, a new federal study found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s hot spot for commercial beekeeping is the Northern Great Plains of the Dakotas and neighboring areas, where more 1 million colonies spend their summer feasting on pollen and nectar from nearby wildflowers and other plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from 2006 to 2016, more than half the conservation land within a mile of bee colonies was converted into agriculture, usually row crops such as soybeans and corn, said the study’s lead author Clint Otto of the U.S. Geological Survey. Those crops hold no food for bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a decade, bees and other pollinators in America have been dwindling in numbers because of a variety of problems, including poor nutrition, pesticides, parasites and disease. And outside experts said this study highlights another problem that affects the health of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area — which Otto called “America’s last honeybee refuge” — lost about 629 square miles (1,630 square kilometers) of prime bee habitat, according to the study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And bees that have a hard time finding food are less likely to survive the winter, Otto said. They may not be hungry, he said, but they aren’t healthy either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Miller, in his 49th year as a North Dakota commercial beekeeper, said the Dakotas and Minnesota were once the last best place for bees.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now they are the least worst,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller, whose business was started in 1894 by his great-grandfather, has watched the average colony honey production drop from 120 pounds per hive 30 years ago to about 50 pounds now. But the price has gone up five-fold, and beekeepers like Miller are getting paid to truck their bees to California to pollinate crops there, mostly almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government pays farmers to keep some land wild and that benefits bees that feast on grasslands, flowers and weeds, Otto said. But the conservation program has a cap on how much land it will pay for — and during the ethanol boom, farmers found they could make more money in corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Commercial beekeepers are scrambling to try to find places to take their bees when they are not in a crop requiring pollination,” U.S. Department of Agriculture bee researcher Diana Cox-Foster, who was not part of the study, said in an email.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation lands of the Northern Great Plains were a go-to spot,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than one-third of America’s commercial colonies spend summer in the Northern Great Plains. The area east of the Dakotas is too developed, and the weather to the west is too dry, Otto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bees are crucial pollinators for more than 90 percent of the nation’s flowering crops, including apples, nuts, avocados, broccoli, peaches, blueberries and cherries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without honeybees,” Otto said, “our dinner plate looks a lot less colorful.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1926824/honeybees-finding-it-harder-to-eat-at-americas-bee-hot-spot",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1926824"
],
"categories": [
"science_2874",
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_192"
],
"featImg": "science_1926826",
"label": "source_science_1926824"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"radioSearchSegmentsReducer": {},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/science?category=climate": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 876,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 1578,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"science_1927136",
"science_1927097",
"science_1927121",
"science_1927056",
"science_1927062",
"science_1927048",
"science_1926996",
"science_1926981",
"science_1926934",
"science_1926434",
"science_1926817",
"science_1926824"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science_category_climate": {
"isLoading": true
},
"science_31": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_31",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "31",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 33,
"slug": "climate",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/climate"
},
"source_science_1927136": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1927136",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Water",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1927097": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1927097",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1927121": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1927121",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Environment",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1927062": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1927062",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Environment",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1927048": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1927048",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Environment",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1926996": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1926996",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1926981": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1926981",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Technology",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1926934": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1926934",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Environment",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1926434": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1926434",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Biology",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1926817": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1926817",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Water",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1926824": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1926824",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Environment",
"isLoading": false
},
"science_89": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_89",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "89",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Engineering",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Engineering Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 92,
"slug": "engineering",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/engineering"
},
"science_35": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_35",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "35",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Environment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Environment Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 37,
"slug": "environment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/environment"
},
"science_40": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_40",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "40",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "News Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 42,
"slug": "news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/news"
},
"science_2873": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2873",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2873",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Oceans",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Oceans Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2873,
"slug": "oceans",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/oceans"
},
"science_98": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_98",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "98",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Water",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Water Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 102,
"slug": "water",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/water"
},
"science_194": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_194",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "194",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate change",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate change Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 198,
"slug": "climate-change",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-change"
},
"science_572": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_572",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "572",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "drought",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "drought Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 578,
"slug": "drought",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/drought"
},
"science_460": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_460",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "460",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "engineering",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "engineering Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 466,
"slug": "engineering-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/engineering-2"
},
"science_201": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_201",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "201",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "water",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "water Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 205,
"slug": "water-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/water-2"
},
"science_765": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_765",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "765",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "carbon",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "carbon Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 772,
"slug": "carbon",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/carbon"
},
"science_1627": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1627",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1627",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "carbon emissions",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "carbon emissions Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1636,
"slug": "carbon-emissions",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/carbon-emissions"
},
"science_762": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_762",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "762",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "forest",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "forest Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 769,
"slug": "forest",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/forest"
},
"science_113": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_113",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "113",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "wildfire",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "wildfire Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 117,
"slug": "wildfire",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/wildfire"
},
"science_704": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_704",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "704",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "cars",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "cars Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 711,
"slug": "cars",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/cars"
},
"science_354": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_354",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "354",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "emissions",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "emissions Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 360,
"slug": "emissions",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/emissions"
},
"science_192": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_192",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "192",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "environment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "environment Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 196,
"slug": "environment-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/environment-2"
},
"science_3151": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3151",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3151",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Future of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Future of You Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3151,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/future-of-you"
},
"science_3424": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3424",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3424",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED Future of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED Future of You Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3424,
"slug": "kqed-future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/kqed-future-of-you"
},
"science_182": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_182",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "182",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 186,
"slug": "climate-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-2"
},
"science_652": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_652",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "652",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "green building",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "green building Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 658,
"slug": "green-building",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/green-building"
},
"science_461": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_461",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "461",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "technology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "technology Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 467,
"slug": "technology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/technology"
},
"science_324": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_324",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "324",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "oceans",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "oceans Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 330,
"slug": "oceans",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/oceans"
},
"science_1189": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1189",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1189",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "plastic",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "plastic Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1198,
"slug": "plastic",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/plastic"
},
"science_38": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_38",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "38",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Geology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Geology Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 40,
"slug": "geology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/geology"
},
"science_257": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_257",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "257",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "earthquake",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "earthquake Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 261,
"slug": "earthquake",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/earthquake"
},
"science_5376": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5376",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5376",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"name": "Science Podcast",
"slug": "science-podcast",
"taxonomy": "program",
"description": null,
"featImg": null,
"headData": {
"title": "Science Podcast | KQED Science",
"description": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogDescription": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"twDescription": null,
"twImgId": null
},
"ttid": 5376,
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/program/science-podcast"
},
"science_5141": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5141",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5141",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Podcast",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Podcast Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 5141,
"slug": "podcast",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/podcast"
},
"science_3423": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3423",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3423",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Science Podcast",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"socialTitle": "Bay Area Science: Stories & Insights with KQED's Science Podcasts",
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "Our captivating podcasts take you on a journey through the Bay Area's vibrant scientific landscape. Discover groundbreaking research & hear expert insights.",
"title": "Bay Area Science: Stories & Insights with KQED's Science Podcasts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3423,
"slug": "science-podcast",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/science-podcast"
},
"science_3370": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3370",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3370",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "featured",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "featured Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3370,
"slug": "featured",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/featured"
},
"science_3428": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3428",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3428",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "temperature",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "temperature Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3428,
"slug": "temperature",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/temperature"
},
"science_37": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_37",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "37",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Events",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Events Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 39,
"slug": "events",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/events"
},
"science_2592": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2592",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2592",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "autonomous vehicles",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "autonomous vehicles Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2604,
"slug": "autonomous-vehicles",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/autonomous-vehicles"
},
"science_2889": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2889",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2889",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "clean energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "clean energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2889,
"slug": "clean-energy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/clean-energy"
},
"science_3028": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3028",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3028",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "electric car",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "electric car Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3028,
"slug": "electric-car",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/electric-car"
},
"science_5183": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5183",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5183",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "San Francisco",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "San Francisco Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 5183,
"slug": "san-francisco",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/san-francisco"
},
"science_2080": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2080",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2080",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "EPA",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "EPA Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2091,
"slug": "epa",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/epa"
},
"science_3322": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3322",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3322",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Trump",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Trump Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3322,
"slug": "trump",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/trump"
},
"science_2874": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2874",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2874",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Animals",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Animals Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2874,
"slug": "animals",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/animals"
},
"science_30": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_30",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "30",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Biology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Biology Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 32,
"slug": "biology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/biology"
},
"science_986": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_986",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "986",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "california academy of sciences",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "california academy of sciences Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 993,
"slug": "california-academy-of-sciences",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/california-academy-of-sciences"
},
"science_813": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_813",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "813",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "news",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "news Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 820,
"slug": "news-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/news-2"
},
"science_255": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_255",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "255",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "whales",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "whales Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 259,
"slug": "whales",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/whales"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
}
}
