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"content": "\u003cp>Kelp forests are the marine mirror images to the towering redwoods onshore, the scaffolding that supports the image of the classic northern California coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these oceanic forests are currently under siege from a potent mix of climate anomalies, disease, and predation that have led to declines in kelp forests not seen in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their place, vast “urchin barrens” of bare rock picked clean by roving grazers. These sunken equivalents of forest clear-cuts gut the complex relationships that sustain a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of the Urchins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weakened by rising ocean temperatures and aggressive storms, kelp forests were already disadvantaged when researchers began to notice urchin populations increasing in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927686\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1927686 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins are experiencing populations surges, leading to overgrazing of giant kelp. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen urchins come through and mow down kelp,” says Tristin McHugh, north coast regional manager for Reef Check, a group of citizen science divers who conduct long-term monitoring studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, for example, there was virtually minimal kelp,” she says. “The barrens were barren — just urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”WEKh98dtZPvhgISltBlFjiZHxmaGztiL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McHugh attributes this increase to elevated recruitment during years in which sea urchin larvae settled out of the plankton in high densities and survived the tumultuous early years of adolescence. Urchins have become so numerous that they have since spawned several citizen science projects aimed at curtailing their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Heroes Wear Furry Capes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, California’s iconic sea otter has stepped in to keep urchin populations in check. Otters feed on sea urchins, which in turn keeps them from overgrazing on kelp. Without otters, the implication is that we would cease to have kelp forests at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens when otters forget just what is on the menu?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same way that you can eat many things but might prefer to eat pizza, otters are known to be generalists in their diets. But individuals have specific preferences which are passed from mother to pup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927356\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-160x51.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-768x247.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1020x328.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1200x386.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1920x617.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1180x379.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-960x309.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-240x77.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-375x121.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-520x167.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A raft of otters rests in Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, CA \u003ccite>(Heather Barrett)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>James Watanabe is a lecturer at Hopkins Marine Station, and he was the first to suggest that otters may have developed a “cultural memory loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the big pulse of recruitment in the ’70’s, up until now, when the urchins started showing up again, there were three generations of otters with some sea urchins present,” he says, “but not enough for any otter to focus on as the main part of the diet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job. They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.’\u003ccite>Joe Tomoleoni, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that the behavior died out if everyone who remembered how to do it has died.” adds Aimee Dunlap, who studies animal cognition at the University of Missouri. “When they reintroduced the California Condor,” she recalls, “they had to haul out carcasses, because they’d had a gap in the parents teaching the young how to be a Condor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Historical Precedent?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe points to the example of \u003cem>Kelletia\u003c/em>, a large predatory snail that moved north into kelp forests during the 1977-1978 El Niño, as a historical example of a time when otters exhibited similar behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big, meaty snail, and it has a big shell, and it got to the point where you could put your hand down anywhere in the kelp beds and one would be within a meter of your hand. But the otters weren’t going for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927360\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927360\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"580\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Kellet’s Whelk in a Monterey kelp forest. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, he began to notice changes beneath the waves. “Within a period of about six months, the abundance dropped and there were a bunch of busted shells all over the place. It’s the damage that only an otter could typically do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Really Blame the Otters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Joe Tomoleoni, an otter biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, bristles at the idea of blaming the urchin boom solely on otters, arguing that it ignores the inherent complexity of kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right'] “It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job,” he says. “They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomoleoni stresses that urchins have always been a major prey item for sea otters in California, and in fact, recent observations show more urchins being consumed now than in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Perfect Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their importance, otter indifference would not be enough to explain what’s happening here. Michael Jacox, a Research Oceanographer with NOAA, points to a series of weather anomalies that have affected the Bay Area over the last five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927620\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 226px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg 226w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp-160x275.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mature kelp plant in Monterey Bay. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It started with a persistent high pressure system which formed over the Pacific Ocean in late 2013. While winters in California are generally characterized as wet and mild, Jacox recalls how “the ridge deflected storms, and we weren’t getting storms or mixing and there was a heat buildup in the surface of the ocean.” This heat buildup, coupled with the extremely strong El Niño of 2015, ultimately impacted the entire US west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had serious implications for marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp in particular was hit especially hard by these warm conditions. “The story for kelp might be similar to how it is for phytoplankton,” Jacox suggests, “They need nutrients in the water, and they prefer cooler conditions. In phytoplankton, we saw really low productivity as a direct result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe suspects it may also have helped drive the urchin boom. To him, the warm water weakened kelp, but failed to kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kelp wasn’t very happy here during the warm water buildup,” he recalls, “but we didn’t see wholesale loss of the canopy like we’re seeing now with overgrazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many researchers spoke to the unprecedented magnitude and persistence of these climate events, they were equally quick to point to signs that the kelp beds may already be recovering. Or at the very least, that they are optimistic the damage can be reversed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite his theory, Watanabe always stressed that it was only a matter of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those otters are so smart,” he says with a smile. “Once they figure out they can eat those urchins, I’m sure the otters will knock them back real quick and the kelp will recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, up on the north coast, we’ve seen cold water showing up,” adds McHugh. “We’ve seen high trade winds and we’ve seen upwelling…maybe our ecosystem is going to have a chance to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Kelp is a keystone in the ocean ecosystem. It's not entirely clear why the urchins have taken over, but there's optimism that the kelp devastation is temporary.",
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"description": "Kelp is a keystone in the ocean ecosystem. It's not entirely clear why the urchins have taken over, but there's optimism that the kelp devastation is temporary.",
"title": "A Sea Urchin Army Is Mowing Down California's Kelp Forests -- But Why? | KQED",
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"headline": "A Sea Urchin Army Is Mowing Down California's Kelp Forests -- But Why?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Kelp forests are the marine mirror images to the towering redwoods onshore, the scaffolding that supports the image of the classic northern California coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these oceanic forests are currently under siege from a potent mix of climate anomalies, disease, and predation that have led to declines in kelp forests not seen in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their place, vast “urchin barrens” of bare rock picked clean by roving grazers. These sunken equivalents of forest clear-cuts gut the complex relationships that sustain a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of the Urchins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weakened by rising ocean temperatures and aggressive storms, kelp forests were already disadvantaged when researchers began to notice urchin populations increasing in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927686\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1927686 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins are experiencing populations surges, leading to overgrazing of giant kelp. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen urchins come through and mow down kelp,” says Tristin McHugh, north coast regional manager for Reef Check, a group of citizen science divers who conduct long-term monitoring studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, for example, there was virtually minimal kelp,” she says. “The barrens were barren — just urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McHugh attributes this increase to elevated recruitment during years in which sea urchin larvae settled out of the plankton in high densities and survived the tumultuous early years of adolescence. Urchins have become so numerous that they have since spawned several citizen science projects aimed at curtailing their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Heroes Wear Furry Capes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, California’s iconic sea otter has stepped in to keep urchin populations in check. Otters feed on sea urchins, which in turn keeps them from overgrazing on kelp. Without otters, the implication is that we would cease to have kelp forests at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens when otters forget just what is on the menu?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same way that you can eat many things but might prefer to eat pizza, otters are known to be generalists in their diets. But individuals have specific preferences which are passed from mother to pup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927356\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-160x51.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-768x247.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1020x328.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1200x386.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1920x617.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1180x379.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-960x309.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-240x77.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-375x121.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-520x167.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A raft of otters rests in Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, CA \u003ccite>(Heather Barrett)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>James Watanabe is a lecturer at Hopkins Marine Station, and he was the first to suggest that otters may have developed a “cultural memory loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the big pulse of recruitment in the ’70’s, up until now, when the urchins started showing up again, there were three generations of otters with some sea urchins present,” he says, “but not enough for any otter to focus on as the main part of the diet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job. They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.’\u003ccite>Joe Tomoleoni, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that the behavior died out if everyone who remembered how to do it has died.” adds Aimee Dunlap, who studies animal cognition at the University of Missouri. “When they reintroduced the California Condor,” she recalls, “they had to haul out carcasses, because they’d had a gap in the parents teaching the young how to be a Condor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Historical Precedent?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe points to the example of \u003cem>Kelletia\u003c/em>, a large predatory snail that moved north into kelp forests during the 1977-1978 El Niño, as a historical example of a time when otters exhibited similar behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big, meaty snail, and it has a big shell, and it got to the point where you could put your hand down anywhere in the kelp beds and one would be within a meter of your hand. But the otters weren’t going for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927360\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927360\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"580\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Kellet’s Whelk in a Monterey kelp forest. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, he began to notice changes beneath the waves. “Within a period of about six months, the abundance dropped and there were a bunch of busted shells all over the place. It’s the damage that only an otter could typically do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Really Blame the Otters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Joe Tomoleoni, an otter biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, bristles at the idea of blaming the urchin boom solely on otters, arguing that it ignores the inherent complexity of kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> “It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job,” he says. “They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomoleoni stresses that urchins have always been a major prey item for sea otters in California, and in fact, recent observations show more urchins being consumed now than in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Perfect Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their importance, otter indifference would not be enough to explain what’s happening here. Michael Jacox, a Research Oceanographer with NOAA, points to a series of weather anomalies that have affected the Bay Area over the last five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927620\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 226px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg 226w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp-160x275.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mature kelp plant in Monterey Bay. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It started with a persistent high pressure system which formed over the Pacific Ocean in late 2013. While winters in California are generally characterized as wet and mild, Jacox recalls how “the ridge deflected storms, and we weren’t getting storms or mixing and there was a heat buildup in the surface of the ocean.” This heat buildup, coupled with the extremely strong El Niño of 2015, ultimately impacted the entire US west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had serious implications for marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp in particular was hit especially hard by these warm conditions. “The story for kelp might be similar to how it is for phytoplankton,” Jacox suggests, “They need nutrients in the water, and they prefer cooler conditions. In phytoplankton, we saw really low productivity as a direct result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe suspects it may also have helped drive the urchin boom. To him, the warm water weakened kelp, but failed to kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kelp wasn’t very happy here during the warm water buildup,” he recalls, “but we didn’t see wholesale loss of the canopy like we’re seeing now with overgrazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many researchers spoke to the unprecedented magnitude and persistence of these climate events, they were equally quick to point to signs that the kelp beds may already be recovering. Or at the very least, that they are optimistic the damage can be reversed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite his theory, Watanabe always stressed that it was only a matter of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those otters are so smart,” he says with a smile. “Once they figure out they can eat those urchins, I’m sure the otters will knock them back real quick and the kelp will recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The dense network of cables that make up the Internet is likely to be inundated with saltwater as sea levels rise, a new analysis suggests, putting thousands of miles of critical infrastructure along U.S. coastlines underwater in the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is actually the wires and the hardware that make the Internet run,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~ram/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ramakrishnan Durairajan\u003c/a>, a computer scientist at the University of Oregon and an author of the research. The analysis estimates under the most severe model for sea level rise that more than 4,000 miles of fiber optic cable along U.S. coastlines will be underwater by the early 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Internet is particularly susceptible to flooding because data travels through underground cables buried along roadways and through tunnels. While the massive deep sea cables that carry data under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are designed to be permanently underwater, other infrastructure such as copper wiring and power stations are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If thousands of miles of cable were flooded because sea level rise, it could potentially impact Internet reliability for millions of Americans in major cities. In fact, higher temperatures and more powerful storms, both of which are more likely as the climate changes, have already affected Internet hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.itnews.com.au/news/iinets-perth-data-centre-melts-in-heatwave-399128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heat wave in Australia\u003c/a> fried air conditioners at a key data center, cutting off a major company’s Internet service for hours. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/hurricane-sandy-disrupts-wireless-and-internet-services/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Superstorm Sandy\u003c/a> knocked out some Internet in New York City when floodwaters cut off power and drowned the underground cables that carry data. At the time, Verizon’s executive director of operations \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/17/3655442/restoring-verizon-service-manhattan-hurricane-sandy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Verge \u003c/em>that there had been a “catastrophic failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hurricane Irma blew across Florida last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article174827041.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Miami Herald reported\u003c/a> that many people were without Internet for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels will make the flooding from such storms worse, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/05/590901652/new-report-predicts-rising-tides-more-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4600140-Durairajan-ANRW-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">newly published analysis\u003c/a> sets aside storms and, for the sake of clarity, focuses on predictable flooding from sea level rise. Large, dense coastal cities such as New York, Miami and Seattle appear to have the highest risk of Internet disruption from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet service providers say they are already thinking about the risks from flooding along the U.S. coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AT&T uses fiber optic cable “designed for use in coastal areas as well as being submerged in either salt- or fresh-water conditions,” spokesman Jeff Kobs says. “In certain locations where cabling will be submerged for long periods of time or consistently exposed, such as beaches or in subways, we use submarine underwater cabling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to mitigate flood risk is to replace copper wiring with more flood-resilient cables. “After Sandy, we started upgrading our network in earnest, and replacing our copper assets with fiber assets,” says Verizon spokeswoman Karen Schulz. “Copper is impacted by water, whereas fiber is not. We’ve switched significant amounts of our network from copper to fiber in the Northeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says Verizon has also elevated buildings and power stations in areas that flood. In most cases, the company’s focus on flood risk “really has less to do with sea level change, and more to do with general flooding concerns,” Schulz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one exception is at so-called cable landing stations where undersea cables connect the U.S. Internet to the rest of the world. “For cable landing stations that are very close to the oceans and that have undersea cables, we specifically assess sea level changes,” Schulz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities are already working on hardening Internet infrastructure to handle the effects of climate change. For example, public buildings in and around \u003ca href=\"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~ordpics/31158_ex1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seattle are connected\u003c/a> by fiber optic cable meant to make the region more resilient to disasters, including floods. Other cities are rethinking how and where they build roads, which could affect where Internet infrastructure ends up; cables often follow highways and other public rights of way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durairajan says that upgrading hardware is one good strategy, but that avoiding Internet disruptions from sea level rise also might require companies to rethink the way data flows through their networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he says, if some wires are temporarily flooded, “can we reroute traffic from that area, to keep communication going? Can we isolate damage at coastal areas from inland assets? We have to start the mitigation strategies and planning right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Rising+Seas+Could+Cause+Problems+For+Internet+Infrastructure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hurricane Irma blew across Florida last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article174827041.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Miami Herald reported\u003c/a> that many people were without Internet for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels will make the flooding from such storms worse, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/05/590901652/new-report-predicts-rising-tides-more-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4600140-Durairajan-ANRW-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">newly published analysis\u003c/a> sets aside storms and, for the sake of clarity, focuses on predictable flooding from sea level rise. Large, dense coastal cities such as New York, Miami and Seattle appear to have the highest risk of Internet disruption from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet service providers say they are already thinking about the risks from flooding along the U.S. coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AT&T uses fiber optic cable “designed for use in coastal areas as well as being submerged in either salt- or fresh-water conditions,” spokesman Jeff Kobs says. “In certain locations where cabling will be submerged for long periods of time or consistently exposed, such as beaches or in subways, we use submarine underwater cabling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to mitigate flood risk is to replace copper wiring with more flood-resilient cables. “After Sandy, we started upgrading our network in earnest, and replacing our copper assets with fiber assets,” says Verizon spokeswoman Karen Schulz. “Copper is impacted by water, whereas fiber is not. We’ve switched significant amounts of our network from copper to fiber in the Northeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says Verizon has also elevated buildings and power stations in areas that flood. In most cases, the company’s focus on flood risk “really has less to do with sea level change, and more to do with general flooding concerns,” Schulz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one exception is at so-called cable landing stations where undersea cables connect the U.S. Internet to the rest of the world. “For cable landing stations that are very close to the oceans and that have undersea cables, we specifically assess sea level changes,” Schulz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities are already working on hardening Internet infrastructure to handle the effects of climate change. For example, public buildings in and around \u003ca href=\"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~ordpics/31158_ex1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seattle are connected\u003c/a> by fiber optic cable meant to make the region more resilient to disasters, including floods. Other cities are rethinking how and where they build roads, which could affect where Internet infrastructure ends up; cables often follow highways and other public rights of way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durairajan says that upgrading hardware is one good strategy, but that avoiding Internet disruptions from sea level rise also might require companies to rethink the way data flows through their networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he says, if some wires are temporarily flooded, “can we reroute traffic from that area, to keep communication going? Can we isolate damage at coastal areas from inland assets? We have to start the mitigation strategies and planning right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Rising+Seas+Could+Cause+Problems+For+Internet+Infrastructure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Power Play: How California Lawmakers Are Navigating a Changing Energy Landscape",
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"content": "\u003cp>State lawmakers, faced with a transformed energy landscape and a glut of renewable power as California charges into a greener future, are considering a handful of measures to meet the state’s energy challenges.[contextly_sidebar id=”EJmArVVvxhckAoFcVPZYqb7X797Rvtwu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The puzzle: how to align state policies with the quickly-evolving electricity world, one lawmakers are attempting to define and to decide how to regulate. Key questions include who should be allowed to distribute energy and whether to expand consumers’ choices in purchasing electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate is taking place as the summer heat has been unleashed, when demand for power rises in concert with temperatures. At issue are the reliability and resiliency of the power grid–its ability to supply electricity consistently and balance itself when unexpected demand or supply arises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most sweeping and controversial ideas, presented as a way for California to produce and use electricity more efficiently, is chilling to some: the replacement of California’s own grid operator with a new regional authority to manage power for the entire West. The question is whether California would be giving up too much for too little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB813\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The proposal,\u003c/a> from Assemblyman Chris Holden, a Pasadena Democrat, would open a market for California’s solar power but could also loosen the state’s grip on some distribution decisions. It has been percolating for several years in one form or another and has been, to say the least, hotly debated in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, California’s Independent System Operator in its present form would disappear. But a multi-state power authority run by a board of representatives from each participating state would operate more efficiently, better harness renewable energy and expand the state’s climate policies to its neighbors, some supporters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already many masters in the existing energy distribution system to dispatch power west of the Rockies. On the top of that food chain is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which oversees interstate power transmission.[contextly_sidebar id=”IdKYsh93WuwLpAlZBBqQL5cFav8M7sgv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holden’s legislation would still allow California to make its own decisions about buying energy, said Kellie Smith, chief consultant to the Assembly Committee on Utilities and Energy, which Holden chairs. The new unified commission would fill a much-needed role as transmission traffic cop, she said: “We are not ceding any more authority than is there today. It’s status quo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opponents say that California would be handing over critical decision-making power to states peddling fossil-fueled energy. They say Rocky Mountain coal states could send more dirty power to California, if they elected to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To begin with, let me guarantee you that Wyoming and Utah have no interest in joining anything that California is part of,” Smith said. “Secondly, we already have coal coming in every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though California has policies requiring utilities to buy a certain amount of renewable power, it can be difficult to determine how each watt of power coming into the state was generated. A unified grid would provide needed transparency, supporters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents counter that the proposal would saddle California consumers with unfair costs for new transmission lines and other infrastructure outside the state. That’s one reason some labor groups oppose the bill; they’ve estimated that tens of thousands of construction jobs will be lost to other states.[contextly_sidebar id=”cQ3cknIoWqQ8NBRccL892PDV2V4jMRDL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Freedman, an attorney with The Utility Reform Network, a watchdog group, applauds improvements to the transmission system. But, echoing critics who say more vetting is needed, he expressed concern that the Holden bill would be a precipitous step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a decision that you can undo,” Freedman said in an interview. “There are many things a state can do to try out a new policy. If it doesn’t work, we can flip it. But once you get rid of the (current system) …. You can’t put the toothpaste back in the tube.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal has long held the interest of Gov. Brown and carries his considerable political weight behind it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other proposals in the mix include allowing industrial and commercial energy customers to cut the cord that binds them to major utilities, as well as a bid to help California reach its climate goals by fashioning a fully “clean” power supply by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is at the forefront of the budding \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://cleanpowerexchange.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consumer choice\u003c/a>\u003c/u> movement—ratepayers leaving behind fortress-like utilities and grouping together to buy power from alternate providers. It’s caught on in more than a dozen California cities and counties, where local governments now determine their own power mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One bill the Legislature is considering would \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allow commercial and industrial power\u003c/a>\u003c/u> customers to join the “community choice” movement, unplugging from utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freedom of choice would encourage competition among power providers and drive down prices, said the bill’s author, Sen. Robert Hertzberg, a Democrat from Van Nuys. The highly technical proposal has flown somewhat under the radar, and its prospects for passage are unclear.[contextly_sidebar id=”0zZ02hs5EewVYXJ5cjtt9fEJ5HduDX8q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Public Utilities Commission has already weighed in on the idea of community grids and other ad hoc arrangements. It warns in a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/2018SummerLoadsandResourcesAssessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft report\u003c/a>\u003c/u> that they could leave consumers vulnerable to fly-by-night operators, stranded without power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with CALmatters, commission President Michael Picker invoked the price spikes and blackouts that rolled across California during the energy crisis of 2000 after deregulation of the energy market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the last deregulation, we had a plan, however flawed,” Picker said. “Now, we are deregulating electric markets through dozens of different decisions and legislative actions, but we do not have a plan. If we are not careful, we can drift into another crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the other ideas that will be on lawmakers’ agenda when they return from recess next month is one that failed last year and has a second chance now: Sen. Kevin de León’s \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a>\u003c/u> that California use 100 percent clean power within the next 27 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles Democrat maintains that the state is on track to meet this accelerated goal. But his legislation is opposed by such powerful interests as the California Chamber of Commerce and the state’s three largest utilities. Legislative politics, which stymied the bill’s passage in the last session, appear to be at work again, making its prospects somewhat murky.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State lawmakers, faced with a transformed energy landscape and a glut of renewable power as California charges into a greener future, are considering a handful of measures to meet the state’s energy challenges.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The puzzle: how to align state policies with the quickly-evolving electricity world, one lawmakers are attempting to define and to decide how to regulate. Key questions include who should be allowed to distribute energy and whether to expand consumers’ choices in purchasing electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate is taking place as the summer heat has been unleashed, when demand for power rises in concert with temperatures. At issue are the reliability and resiliency of the power grid–its ability to supply electricity consistently and balance itself when unexpected demand or supply arises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most sweeping and controversial ideas, presented as a way for California to produce and use electricity more efficiently, is chilling to some: the replacement of California’s own grid operator with a new regional authority to manage power for the entire West. The question is whether California would be giving up too much for too little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB813\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The proposal,\u003c/a> from Assemblyman Chris Holden, a Pasadena Democrat, would open a market for California’s solar power but could also loosen the state’s grip on some distribution decisions. It has been percolating for several years in one form or another and has been, to say the least, hotly debated in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, California’s Independent System Operator in its present form would disappear. But a multi-state power authority run by a board of representatives from each participating state would operate more efficiently, better harness renewable energy and expand the state’s climate policies to its neighbors, some supporters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already many masters in the existing energy distribution system to dispatch power west of the Rockies. On the top of that food chain is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which oversees interstate power transmission.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holden’s legislation would still allow California to make its own decisions about buying energy, said Kellie Smith, chief consultant to the Assembly Committee on Utilities and Energy, which Holden chairs. The new unified commission would fill a much-needed role as transmission traffic cop, she said: “We are not ceding any more authority than is there today. It’s status quo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opponents say that California would be handing over critical decision-making power to states peddling fossil-fueled energy. They say Rocky Mountain coal states could send more dirty power to California, if they elected to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To begin with, let me guarantee you that Wyoming and Utah have no interest in joining anything that California is part of,” Smith said. “Secondly, we already have coal coming in every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though California has policies requiring utilities to buy a certain amount of renewable power, it can be difficult to determine how each watt of power coming into the state was generated. A unified grid would provide needed transparency, supporters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents counter that the proposal would saddle California consumers with unfair costs for new transmission lines and other infrastructure outside the state. That’s one reason some labor groups oppose the bill; they’ve estimated that tens of thousands of construction jobs will be lost to other states.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Freedman, an attorney with The Utility Reform Network, a watchdog group, applauds improvements to the transmission system. But, echoing critics who say more vetting is needed, he expressed concern that the Holden bill would be a precipitous step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a decision that you can undo,” Freedman said in an interview. “There are many things a state can do to try out a new policy. If it doesn’t work, we can flip it. But once you get rid of the (current system) …. You can’t put the toothpaste back in the tube.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal has long held the interest of Gov. Brown and carries his considerable political weight behind it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other proposals in the mix include allowing industrial and commercial energy customers to cut the cord that binds them to major utilities, as well as a bid to help California reach its climate goals by fashioning a fully “clean” power supply by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is at the forefront of the budding \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://cleanpowerexchange.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consumer choice\u003c/a>\u003c/u> movement—ratepayers leaving behind fortress-like utilities and grouping together to buy power from alternate providers. It’s caught on in more than a dozen California cities and counties, where local governments now determine their own power mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One bill the Legislature is considering would \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allow commercial and industrial power\u003c/a>\u003c/u> customers to join the “community choice” movement, unplugging from utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freedom of choice would encourage competition among power providers and drive down prices, said the bill’s author, Sen. Robert Hertzberg, a Democrat from Van Nuys. The highly technical proposal has flown somewhat under the radar, and its prospects for passage are unclear.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Public Utilities Commission has already weighed in on the idea of community grids and other ad hoc arrangements. It warns in a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/2018SummerLoadsandResourcesAssessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft report\u003c/a>\u003c/u> that they could leave consumers vulnerable to fly-by-night operators, stranded without power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with CALmatters, commission President Michael Picker invoked the price spikes and blackouts that rolled across California during the energy crisis of 2000 after deregulation of the energy market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the last deregulation, we had a plan, however flawed,” Picker said. “Now, we are deregulating electric markets through dozens of different decisions and legislative actions, but we do not have a plan. If we are not careful, we can drift into another crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the other ideas that will be on lawmakers’ agenda when they return from recess next month is one that failed last year and has a second chance now: Sen. Kevin de León’s \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a>\u003c/u> that California use 100 percent clean power within the next 27 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles Democrat maintains that the state is on track to meet this accelerated goal. But his legislation is opposed by such powerful interests as the California Chamber of Commerce and the state’s three largest utilities. Legislative politics, which stymied the bill’s passage in the last session, appear to be at work again, making its prospects somewhat murky.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Cap-and-Trade is Working — For Other States",
"headTitle": "California Cap-and-Trade is Working — For Other States | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A new report indicates California’s much-heralded carbon trading program may actually be harming the neighborhoods it was designed to protect.[contextly_sidebar id=”dZbVEycaPgbvv7CngoBKbDY4u37PHPmT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#abstract0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> first study examining\u003c/a> social disparities in California’s cap-and-trade program, researchers found that 52 percent of companies regulated by the program saw an increase in annual average greenhouse gas emissions — and those companies are largely situated in disadvantaged communities, historically hit hardest by environmental pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The communities that live on the fence line near these industries saw hope in the [cap-and-trade program] that emissions might be reduced,” \u003ca href=\"https://erg.berkeley.edu/people/lara-cushing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lara Cushing\u003c/a>, the study’s lead author, said in a\u003ca href=\"https://news.sfsu.edu/news-story/state-cap-and-trade-program-not-benefitting-disadvantaged-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> statement.\u003c/a> “But so far, we haven’t seen the kind of environmental equity benefits people were hoping for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study,\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#sec016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published \u003c/a>in PLOS Medicine, looked at the first three years of the program, first launched in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California boasts the world’s fourth-largest carbon-trading program, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924376/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was developed to help\u003c/a> the the state meet its ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program caps the total amount of emissions in the state but companies can increase their emissions by purchasing pollution “allowances” from companies that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while the program succeeded in lowering overall emissions statewide, the study found that specific industries actually produced more emissions since the program was launched.[contextly_sidebar id=”8GJCspiuAEItIZ7do3Fzrj2xvceDy8Z0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement plants saw the highest increase in emissions, or 75 percent, followed by electricity generators, and the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increased emissions fell on neighborhoods with higher proportions of people of color and low-income residents, according the recent study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, the carbon trade program was partly intended to mitigate the disproportionate impact of air pollution in these communities. California law requires 25 percent of the program’s revenue to be invested in environmental measures that benefit vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cushing and other researchers found that most of the program’s revenue stream is actually flowing out of the state, due to the way the program is designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the program, companies can offset their emissions by purchasing credits through forestry or agriculture projects, including those in other states. Rather than investing in local green projects, the study found that 75 percent of those credits — which are part of a regulatory scheme paid for by California taxpayers — went towards projects outside of California.[contextly_sidebar id=”jn0YFwHSViZgJTxNV1CeqIhaEHkoUyDt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good climate policy is good for environmental justice,” said Cushing. “What we’ve seen from our study is that so far, California’s cap-and-trade program hasn’t really delivered on that potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Cushing says that California should be praised for its ambitious climate goals. She points to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/grants/urban-greening/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban greening program\u003c/a> that funds forests and greenways in vulnerable communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional measures may be needed, according to Cushing, to ensure that California’s cap-and-trade program lives up to its potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Placing geographic restrictions on trading and limiting the amount of pollution ‘offset’ credits that companies can use to comply with the program could help incentivize local emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new report indicates California’s much-heralded carbon trading program may actually be harming the neighborhoods it was designed to protect.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#abstract0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> first study examining\u003c/a> social disparities in California’s cap-and-trade program, researchers found that 52 percent of companies regulated by the program saw an increase in annual average greenhouse gas emissions — and those companies are largely situated in disadvantaged communities, historically hit hardest by environmental pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The communities that live on the fence line near these industries saw hope in the [cap-and-trade program] that emissions might be reduced,” \u003ca href=\"https://erg.berkeley.edu/people/lara-cushing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lara Cushing\u003c/a>, the study’s lead author, said in a\u003ca href=\"https://news.sfsu.edu/news-story/state-cap-and-trade-program-not-benefitting-disadvantaged-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> statement.\u003c/a> “But so far, we haven’t seen the kind of environmental equity benefits people were hoping for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study,\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604#sec016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published \u003c/a>in PLOS Medicine, looked at the first three years of the program, first launched in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California boasts the world’s fourth-largest carbon-trading program, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924376/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was developed to help\u003c/a> the the state meet its ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program caps the total amount of emissions in the state but companies can increase their emissions by purchasing pollution “allowances” from companies that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while the program succeeded in lowering overall emissions statewide, the study found that specific industries actually produced more emissions since the program was launched.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement plants saw the highest increase in emissions, or 75 percent, followed by electricity generators, and the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increased emissions fell on neighborhoods with higher proportions of people of color and low-income residents, according the recent study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, the carbon trade program was partly intended to mitigate the disproportionate impact of air pollution in these communities. California law requires 25 percent of the program’s revenue to be invested in environmental measures that benefit vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cushing and other researchers found that most of the program’s revenue stream is actually flowing out of the state, due to the way the program is designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the program, companies can offset their emissions by purchasing credits through forestry or agriculture projects, including those in other states. Rather than investing in local green projects, the study found that 75 percent of those credits — which are part of a regulatory scheme paid for by California taxpayers — went towards projects outside of California.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good climate policy is good for environmental justice,” said Cushing. “What we’ve seen from our study is that so far, California’s cap-and-trade program hasn’t really delivered on that potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Cushing says that California should be praised for its ambitious climate goals. She points to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/grants/urban-greening/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban greening program\u003c/a> that funds forests and greenways in vulnerable communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional measures may be needed, according to Cushing, to ensure that California’s cap-and-trade program lives up to its potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Placing geographic restrictions on trading and limiting the amount of pollution ‘offset’ credits that companies can use to comply with the program could help incentivize local emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "PG&E Customers to Foot the Bill for Wine Country Fire Costs, Under Revised Bill",
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"content": "\u003cp>Pacific Gas & Electric wants its customers to pay for the costs of the October 2017 wildfires that tore through northern California, destroying more than 8,000 buildings and killing 44 people. Under legislation now at the state capitol, PG&E customers would be charged an involuntary fee to help the utility company pay off settlements stemming from pending wildfire lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Why is it fair for someone in Santa Cruz to pay for what happened in Santa Rosa?’\u003ccite>John Franzman, Fountaingrove\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The legislation comes just weeks after \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/newsreleases/2018/2017_WildfireSiege_Cause.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Fire investigators\u003c/a> concluded that PG&E power lines and poles were responsible for 12 of the October wildfires, prompting hundreds of lawsuits against the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB33\">AB33 \u003c/a>would allow PG&E to use state-issued bonds to pay for property damage, personal injury and fire-fighting costs resulting from multiple blazes last October. PG&E customers would pay off the bonds in the form of a “non-bypassable” charge on their bills. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/PG-E-customers-would-pay-some-Wine-Country-fire-13058808.php?src=hp_totn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From the Chronicle\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>‘That means even customers who generate most of their own electricity with a rooftop solar array or who buy their electricity from a community choice program such as CleanPowerSF would still pay the charge.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gs5eWJ4qUrNUB2HZuWbRg5SpPM0S9DGk”]PG&E could be liable for billions of dollars in damages in wildfires that destroyed 8,880 buildings and killed 45 people. The company \u003ca href=\"http://abc7news.com/pg-e-expects-to-pay-%2425b-for-costs-related-to-north-bay-fires/3631775/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told shareholders in June\u003c/a> that it has set aside 2.5 billion dollars in expected liability. But that could be a fraction of the total cost. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB33\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB33\u003c/a> explains that the burden on PG&E would be too great:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>‘…the magnitude of potential damage claims undermines Pacific Gas and Electric Company’s ability to invest in the infrastructure necessary to meet the state’s aggressive wildfire mitigation and clean energy plans \u003ci>\u003c/i>and has the potential to create an unsustainable hardship for customers if passed on in the form of higher rates through the typical ratemaking processes.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>John Franzman, who lost his Fountaingrove home in the fires, blasted the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I read the legislation and scratched my head,” Franzman said. “Why is it fair for someone in Santa Cruz to pay for what happened in Santa Rosa? That means my 90-year-old father who lives 150 miles away is paying for this. I’m paying for my own recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Hd72jPIEp7KnzF9jIST6NjlJZICSaOkQ”]\u003cbr>\nErin Brockovich, an environmental activist and attorney, is suing PG&E on behalf of Bay Area residents who lost their homes in the fires. She attacked the bill on Monday and accused PG&E of shielding itself from wildfire lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“This company is a ginormous monopoly that has the privilege of working in this state,” she said Monday. “Yet you take no accountability and no responsibility for your actions that harm people and kill people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, first introduced in 2016, was originally aimed at promoting electric cars. It was gutted and amended last week, however, to address PG&E’s liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential liability from the 2017 northern California wildfires requires immediate legislative action,” the bill reads. “The number of persons affected by the wildfires, and the extent of their losses, highlight the need for timely and equitable resolution of their claims.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A PG&E spokesperson called the bill a “common sense” approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The measure does not absolve PG&E from responsibility,” said spokeswoman Lynsey Paulo. “Instead, it takes a balanced, common-sense approach that will protect electric customers, the communities PG&E serves and our state’s clean energy future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The October wildfires in Northern California wound up being the largest group of wildfires in recorded state history. The damage resulted in about $10 billion in insurance claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Facing billions of dollars in potential liability, PG&E is asking lawmakers for a change in the law. Victims have slammed the current proposal as a “bailout.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Pacific Gas & Electric wants its customers to pay for the costs of the October 2017 wildfires that tore through northern California, destroying more than 8,000 buildings and killing 44 people. Under legislation now at the state capitol, PG&E customers would be charged an involuntary fee to help the utility company pay off settlements stemming from pending wildfire lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Why is it fair for someone in Santa Cruz to pay for what happened in Santa Rosa?’\u003ccite>John Franzman, Fountaingrove\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The legislation comes just weeks after \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/newsreleases/2018/2017_WildfireSiege_Cause.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Fire investigators\u003c/a> concluded that PG&E power lines and poles were responsible for 12 of the October wildfires, prompting hundreds of lawsuits against the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB33\">AB33 \u003c/a>would allow PG&E to use state-issued bonds to pay for property damage, personal injury and fire-fighting costs resulting from multiple blazes last October. PG&E customers would pay off the bonds in the form of a “non-bypassable” charge on their bills. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/PG-E-customers-would-pay-some-Wine-Country-fire-13058808.php?src=hp_totn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From the Chronicle\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>‘That means even customers who generate most of their own electricity with a rooftop solar array or who buy their electricity from a community choice program such as CleanPowerSF would still pay the charge.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>PG&E could be liable for billions of dollars in damages in wildfires that destroyed 8,880 buildings and killed 45 people. The company \u003ca href=\"http://abc7news.com/pg-e-expects-to-pay-%2425b-for-costs-related-to-north-bay-fires/3631775/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told shareholders in June\u003c/a> that it has set aside 2.5 billion dollars in expected liability. But that could be a fraction of the total cost. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB33\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB33\u003c/a> explains that the burden on PG&E would be too great:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>‘…the magnitude of potential damage claims undermines Pacific Gas and Electric Company’s ability to invest in the infrastructure necessary to meet the state’s aggressive wildfire mitigation and clean energy plans \u003ci>\u003c/i>and has the potential to create an unsustainable hardship for customers if passed on in the form of higher rates through the typical ratemaking processes.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>John Franzman, who lost his Fountaingrove home in the fires, blasted the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I read the legislation and scratched my head,” Franzman said. “Why is it fair for someone in Santa Cruz to pay for what happened in Santa Rosa? That means my 90-year-old father who lives 150 miles away is paying for this. I’m paying for my own recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nErin Brockovich, an environmental activist and attorney, is suing PG&E on behalf of Bay Area residents who lost their homes in the fires. She attacked the bill on Monday and accused PG&E of shielding itself from wildfire lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“This company is a ginormous monopoly that has the privilege of working in this state,” she said Monday. “Yet you take no accountability and no responsibility for your actions that harm people and kill people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, first introduced in 2016, was originally aimed at promoting electric cars. It was gutted and amended last week, however, to address PG&E’s liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential liability from the 2017 northern California wildfires requires immediate legislative action,” the bill reads. “The number of persons affected by the wildfires, and the extent of their losses, highlight the need for timely and equitable resolution of their claims.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A PG&E spokesperson called the bill a “common sense” approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The measure does not absolve PG&E from responsibility,” said spokeswoman Lynsey Paulo. “Instead, it takes a balanced, common-sense approach that will protect electric customers, the communities PG&E serves and our state’s clean energy future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The October wildfires in Northern California wound up being the largest group of wildfires in recorded state history. The damage resulted in about $10 billion in insurance claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover",
"headTitle": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Among the California rivers, \u003c/span>the Yuba is one of the most dramatic. Draining the Sierra Nevada just north of Lake Tahoe, it is steep and flashy – one of the most flood-prone rivers in the state.[contextly_sidebar id=”5W6DMWRFLlQdVnTSwRb7AsRbiAPhj5RN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yuba River floods have killed people – notably in 1955, 1986 and 1997 – and climate change is making such floods more likely. As the atmosphere warms, more winter precipitation falls as rain rather than snow. This boosts the amount of runoff coursing downhill in any given storm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/span>\u003c/a> has been working for years to strengthen levees along the river to handle additional runoff, together with the cities of Marysville and Yuba City downstream. Now the water agency plans something more ambitious: a major modification of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River, its primary water storage reservoir, to handle bigger and wetter storms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It plans to build a \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/new/ss-design/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">second spillway\u003c/a>\u003c/span> at the dam to boost its water-release capacity, at an estimated cost of $160 million. The larger spillway will allow dam operators to release water sooner and faster to prepare for approaching storms.[contextly_sidebar id=”hb3pfTlPCWoT3gwTBUnvLuxoHxdF2wnt”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">State and federal agencies have undertaken such complex projects, notably at nearby Folsom Dam on the American River, a billion-dollar project recently completed by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers. But the New Bullards Bar project is a rare example of a local water agency undertaking costly dam modifications in response to changing hydrology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you can evacuate water faster from the reservoir when there’s channel capacity, then you have more space in the reservoir for those peak flows,” said Curt Aikens, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency. “Definitely, this will help to the extent climate change produces bigger storm events and bigger peak flows.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 680px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133332 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709140936/6513098583_d0d1bbb0bd_b2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"625\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curt Aikens, center, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency, stands at the base of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River during a tour in December 2011. He’s flanked by Col. Mike Wehr and Col. Bill Leady of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Photo by Michael J. Nevins, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A new spillway would boost the reservoir’s flood-control capacity when warm, wet storms are predicted. Also, the additional operating flexibility it offers could boost water storage at certain times of year, a major benefit to the agency’s agricultural water customers and hydroelectric power generation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">New Bullards Bar Dam, completed in 1970, is one of the most spectacular impoundments in the state. A graceful concrete-arch dam, it soars 645ft high over the North Yuba River, providing a storage capacity of about 1 million acre-feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The existing spillway at the dam has a relatively small release capacity of 19,000 cubic feet per second. Also, it is relatively high on the dam’s face – just 16ft below the typical full-reservoir water surface elevation. This means it can’t release water until the reservoir is nearly full, which limits options when responding to an approaching storm.[contextly_sidebar id=”U3zattDGIuNzrM3ORAOBp4mFJ3wUh65Q”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“With the current spillway, we can’t make big releases because we’re just waiting to fill up the reservoir to the point where you can release lots of water. That’s the point of this new spillway,” Aikens said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The project involves tunneling through the mountainside on the dam’s right abutment. The tunnel would be 38ft wide and 28ft high, with operable gates and a concrete chute directing water into the Yuba River below the dam.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1002px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133327 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709135001/NBB-YCWA-Plan1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1002\" height=\"556\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Yuba County Water Agency proposes to build a new, larger spillway at New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River. The new spillway would involve tunneling through the mountainside next to the existing spillway. (Photo credit: Image courtesy Yuba County Water Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It will have a release capacity of 45,000 cubic feet per second – more than double the existing spillway. And it will be 31.5ft lower than the existing spillway gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, when a big storm is forecast, dam operators can release water a lot sooner to free up empty space in the reservoir. This means the potential impact of downstream flooding is reduced, because the peak flow can be spread out over a longer period of time. Aikens said the new spillway could reduce the flood peak on the Yuba River downstream at Marysville as much as 2ft, significantly reducing stress on the city’s levees.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The agency also looked at raising the dam 10ft as an alternative. But that was rejected because it would cost a lot more, cause more environmental impacts and would not improve operational flexibility. The new spillway’s estimated cost of $160 million is about 46 percent less than raising the dam.[contextly_sidebar id=”YkK7kjn0na5tyJzaMLxW5AZV7pgprb4e”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://yubariver.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">South Yuba River Citizens League\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an environmental group that has fought for decades to improve flows and habitat in the river, supports the concept of a new spillway, said Rachel Hutchinson, the group’s river science director.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">She said the project is especially welcome after the disaster at Oroville Dam in 2017. Both spillways at Oroville, operated by the California Department of Water Resources, were severely damaged during heavy storm runoff, forcing thousands of downstream residents to evacuate amid fears the dam itself might collapse.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That disaster also churned up gobs of sediment and debris that clogged the riverbed and the Feather River salmon hatchery.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think having a little more safety surrounding our dams would help to protect the resources that we have in the river, instead of allowing them to be another victim in a potential dam crisis,” Hutchinson said. “The human population and safety of the dams, of course, is paramount. But when a dam fails, the environment also loses.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A larger spillway would also provide a new kind of drought protection.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Normal operations require dam operators to keep lots of empty space in reservoirs during winter to be ready for floodwaters. The greater release capacity of a new spillway could allow the agency to keep the reservoir full more often, providing an important hedge against dry winters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Recent storm patterns in California, for instance, have produced wet conditions in December sufficient to fill many reservoirs. But operators were required to release water to be sure there was room for floodwaters later in winter. But then January and February turned out dry, leaving reservoirs only partially filled by the time winter ended.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To take advantage of this winter flexibility, Yuba County Water Agency also plans to adopt a new strategy called forecast-informed reservoir operations. This would change flood-control rules at the dam, allowing the reservoir to be kept nearly full in winter if weather forecasts indicate no storms are approaching.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If forecasts show a storm is targeting the Yuba watershed, the agency could still create enough flood-control capacity by dumping water quickly with the new, larger spillway.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Being able to manage the flood pool at New Bullards Bar is going to be more complicated in the future,” Hutchinson said. “With more of our precipitation falling as rain rather than snow, it’s going to fill more early and they’re going to want to hold onto that water. This should give them more flexibility with how they store water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Aikens said the agency plans to develop the new operating rules while the second spillway is under construction, so both are completed at the same time. Construction is expected to start in 2022, with completion three years later.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/07/09/nasas-dawn-goes-in-for-a-closer-look-at-the-birth-of-the-solar-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/10/on-the-yuba-river-climate-change-means-its-time-for-a-dam-makeover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Climate change brings new flood risks and new challenges for water storage managers. In California, one local water agency is taking on the big task of modifying its primary storage reservoir to be ready for these changes.",
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"description": "Climate change brings new flood risks and new challenges for water storage managers. In California, one local water agency is taking on the big task of modifying its primary storage reservoir to be ready for these changes.",
"title": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover | KQED",
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"headline": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Among the California rivers, \u003c/span>the Yuba is one of the most dramatic. Draining the Sierra Nevada just north of Lake Tahoe, it is steep and flashy – one of the most flood-prone rivers in the state.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yuba River floods have killed people – notably in 1955, 1986 and 1997 – and climate change is making such floods more likely. As the atmosphere warms, more winter precipitation falls as rain rather than snow. This boosts the amount of runoff coursing downhill in any given storm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/span>\u003c/a> has been working for years to strengthen levees along the river to handle additional runoff, together with the cities of Marysville and Yuba City downstream. Now the water agency plans something more ambitious: a major modification of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River, its primary water storage reservoir, to handle bigger and wetter storms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It plans to build a \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/new/ss-design/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">second spillway\u003c/a>\u003c/span> at the dam to boost its water-release capacity, at an estimated cost of $160 million. The larger spillway will allow dam operators to release water sooner and faster to prepare for approaching storms.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">State and federal agencies have undertaken such complex projects, notably at nearby Folsom Dam on the American River, a billion-dollar project recently completed by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers. But the New Bullards Bar project is a rare example of a local water agency undertaking costly dam modifications in response to changing hydrology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you can evacuate water faster from the reservoir when there’s channel capacity, then you have more space in the reservoir for those peak flows,” said Curt Aikens, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency. “Definitely, this will help to the extent climate change produces bigger storm events and bigger peak flows.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 680px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133332 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709140936/6513098583_d0d1bbb0bd_b2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"625\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curt Aikens, center, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency, stands at the base of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River during a tour in December 2011. He’s flanked by Col. Mike Wehr and Col. Bill Leady of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Photo by Michael J. Nevins, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A new spillway would boost the reservoir’s flood-control capacity when warm, wet storms are predicted. Also, the additional operating flexibility it offers could boost water storage at certain times of year, a major benefit to the agency’s agricultural water customers and hydroelectric power generation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">New Bullards Bar Dam, completed in 1970, is one of the most spectacular impoundments in the state. A graceful concrete-arch dam, it soars 645ft high over the North Yuba River, providing a storage capacity of about 1 million acre-feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The existing spillway at the dam has a relatively small release capacity of 19,000 cubic feet per second. Also, it is relatively high on the dam’s face – just 16ft below the typical full-reservoir water surface elevation. This means it can’t release water until the reservoir is nearly full, which limits options when responding to an approaching storm.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“With the current spillway, we can’t make big releases because we’re just waiting to fill up the reservoir to the point where you can release lots of water. That’s the point of this new spillway,” Aikens said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The project involves tunneling through the mountainside on the dam’s right abutment. The tunnel would be 38ft wide and 28ft high, with operable gates and a concrete chute directing water into the Yuba River below the dam.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1002px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133327 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709135001/NBB-YCWA-Plan1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1002\" height=\"556\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Yuba County Water Agency proposes to build a new, larger spillway at New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River. The new spillway would involve tunneling through the mountainside next to the existing spillway. (Photo credit: Image courtesy Yuba County Water Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It will have a release capacity of 45,000 cubic feet per second – more than double the existing spillway. And it will be 31.5ft lower than the existing spillway gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, when a big storm is forecast, dam operators can release water a lot sooner to free up empty space in the reservoir. This means the potential impact of downstream flooding is reduced, because the peak flow can be spread out over a longer period of time. Aikens said the new spillway could reduce the flood peak on the Yuba River downstream at Marysville as much as 2ft, significantly reducing stress on the city’s levees.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The agency also looked at raising the dam 10ft as an alternative. But that was rejected because it would cost a lot more, cause more environmental impacts and would not improve operational flexibility. The new spillway’s estimated cost of $160 million is about 46 percent less than raising the dam.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://yubariver.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">South Yuba River Citizens League\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an environmental group that has fought for decades to improve flows and habitat in the river, supports the concept of a new spillway, said Rachel Hutchinson, the group’s river science director.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">She said the project is especially welcome after the disaster at Oroville Dam in 2017. Both spillways at Oroville, operated by the California Department of Water Resources, were severely damaged during heavy storm runoff, forcing thousands of downstream residents to evacuate amid fears the dam itself might collapse.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That disaster also churned up gobs of sediment and debris that clogged the riverbed and the Feather River salmon hatchery.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think having a little more safety surrounding our dams would help to protect the resources that we have in the river, instead of allowing them to be another victim in a potential dam crisis,” Hutchinson said. “The human population and safety of the dams, of course, is paramount. But when a dam fails, the environment also loses.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A larger spillway would also provide a new kind of drought protection.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Normal operations require dam operators to keep lots of empty space in reservoirs during winter to be ready for floodwaters. The greater release capacity of a new spillway could allow the agency to keep the reservoir full more often, providing an important hedge against dry winters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Recent storm patterns in California, for instance, have produced wet conditions in December sufficient to fill many reservoirs. But operators were required to release water to be sure there was room for floodwaters later in winter. But then January and February turned out dry, leaving reservoirs only partially filled by the time winter ended.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To take advantage of this winter flexibility, Yuba County Water Agency also plans to adopt a new strategy called forecast-informed reservoir operations. This would change flood-control rules at the dam, allowing the reservoir to be kept nearly full in winter if weather forecasts indicate no storms are approaching.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If forecasts show a storm is targeting the Yuba watershed, the agency could still create enough flood-control capacity by dumping water quickly with the new, larger spillway.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Being able to manage the flood pool at New Bullards Bar is going to be more complicated in the future,” Hutchinson said. “With more of our precipitation falling as rain rather than snow, it’s going to fill more early and they’re going to want to hold onto that water. This should give them more flexibility with how they store water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Aikens said the agency plans to develop the new operating rules while the second spillway is under construction, so both are completed at the same time. Construction is expected to start in 2022, with completion three years later.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/07/09/nasas-dawn-goes-in-for-a-closer-look-at-the-birth-of-the-solar-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/10/on-the-yuba-river-climate-change-means-its-time-for-a-dam-makeover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should",
"headTitle": "Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Over the past week, multiple large wildfires have broken out across California from San Diego County to the Oregon border, releasing tons of carbon dioxide into the air. As the vegetation grows back, the system should reabsorb carbon from the atmosphere, serving as carbon sinks — but that depends on how well those grasses and trees respond to a changing climate in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study from researchers at UC Davis finds that grasslands are likely to be more resilient carbon sinks than forests as the climate changes. Grasses store more of their carbon underground, leading to fewer carbon losses from fire or drought. Currently, forests store much greater amounts of carbon than grasslands. California redwoods, for example, absorb more carbon per acre than any other system in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a whole, California’s forests are faring poorly in the face of increasingly severe drought, fire, and beetle kill. The Forest Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/tree_mortality/california/index.shtml\">has estimated \u003c/a>that 129 million trees have died in California since 2010. Most of the carbon that these trees stored is above ground and will be released when the trees burn or decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Pawlok Dass, a postdoctoral researcher at Davis, who focuses on the global carbon cycle and climate change impacts on ecosystems, wondered whether the focus on forests in climate mitigation plans might be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized that a lot of money is being invested in the forests which are being impacted quite a bit by these wildfires,” he says, “which are literally burning the forests and causing all the money invested to go up in smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dass notes, grasslands were getting very little attention, even though grasslands are an important native ecosystem in California — especially in the southern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forests and Grasses Under Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used a forest simulation model to test how well forests and grasslands in California would fare in four different climate scenarios: 1) an optimistic scenario where emissions stop, 2) a “business-as-usual,” where emissions continue at the present rate, 3) cyclical drought, and 4) “megadrought” that persists for the next century. In all four scenarios, grasslands generally did better than forests. Grasslands expanded in the Sierra Nevada and southern parts of the state and contracted in the north. On the other hand, forest area shrank under most of the climate scenarios, only expanding in the most optimistic scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model does not account for any kind of direct human activity, such as logging or fire suppression. It also lumps plants into broad categories: a coast redwood tree counts the same as a lodgepole pine tree, even though a redwood can easily re-sprout after a fire, whereas a pine cannot. Similarly, non-native grasses are treated the same as native grasses, though non-native grasslands are pervasive in California and \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044001/meta\">research suggests\u003c/a> non-native grasses store less carbon than native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Dass concedes that the simulation is an oversimplification, he says it’s a way to do experiments that would be impossible or unethical to do on a large scale in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model predicts that in the absence of human intervention, California’s vegetation will lose more carbon than it can absorb under all but the most optimistic climate mitigation scenario. In order to compare the relative effects on grasses and trees, the researchers ran two experiments. First, how would carbon storage change if there were only grasses in California? They found that California remained a carbon sink in the long term. But when they asked the opposite question—what if there were only forests?—carbon storage quickly declined, because the forests couldn’t cope with fire and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most ambitious climate mitigation scenario, forests remain the largest carbon sinks in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dass is not optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not see any sign of any mitigation,” he notes. “The current US administration has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement and a lot of other nations don’t seem to be giving much importance to climate change mitigation, so the probability of humanity doing something to prevent climate change seems to be less and less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A National Treasure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors are quick to emphasize that we should still protect forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests of California are a national treasure,” says Dass. “It would absolutely make no sense to remove forests or not to conserve forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the researchers acknowledge that their study does not account for forest management activities, such as forest thinning and prescribed burning, which can increase the resilience of forests in the face of climate change. Governor Jerry Brown’s final \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">budget plan\u003c/a> includes $210 million for forest improvement and wildfire prevention projects, supporting the California Forest Carbon Plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/10/governor-brown-issues-executive-order-to-protect-communities-from-wildfire-climate-impacts/\">announced in May\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix,”\u003c/a> passed by Congress as part of a federal spending package in March, which changes the way fire suppression is funded, is also designed to support forest resilience projects in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927106\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927106\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2013 Rim Fire burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, much of it at high severity. The forests may store less carbon in a warmer future. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, forest treatments need to be applied strategically and consistently; \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/110057\">some researchers argue \u003c/a>that forest treatments are unlikely to increase carbon stocks on a large scale. If you do a controlled burn on an area that never sees a wildfire come through, the net effect is carbon loss. Depending on forests and forest management activities for carbon storage can be risky. Based on the new study, grasslands are more reliable carbon sinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you invest Y amount of dollars in a grassland, the initial return will be definitely less than the investment of the forest, but the probability of that amount of dollars being lost in a wildfire is much less, compared to the amount invested in the forest,” says Dass. “It’s a low gain, long term investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rethinking the Strategy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors argue that grassland conservation should be more seriously considered as carbon sinks for the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">Cap-and-Trade offset program\u003c/a>, which is regulated by the California Air Resources Board. Under the program, businesses can offset up to 8 percent of their carbon emissions by supporting approved carbon mitigation projects. Approved projects cover a wide range of activities but their carbon storage capacity must be verifiable over the long term. Many of the approved projects focus on forest conservation and management. And forest offset projects must already account for their own riskiness, says Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board. There’s a buffer built in for wildfire or other unintended disturbances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, grasslands are not on the list of acceptable project types. Dass and the authors of the new study thinks that it’s time to add grasslands to the portfolio. Dass notes that “grasslands are more stable than forests, but they are by no means immune to the effects of climate change.” The authors cite the \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a> as an example, which promotes carbon sequestration in rangeland, agricultural, and forest soils by encouraging practices like adding compost to grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clegern says the Air Resources Board is aware of these projects, but that they have not proven their case as a viable alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to see some more research,” says Clegern.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "New research suggests that policymakers have been missing a major opportunity to soak up carbon and slow down climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the past week, multiple large wildfires have broken out across California from San Diego County to the Oregon border, releasing tons of carbon dioxide into the air. As the vegetation grows back, the system should reabsorb carbon from the atmosphere, serving as carbon sinks — but that depends on how well those grasses and trees respond to a changing climate in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study from researchers at UC Davis finds that grasslands are likely to be more resilient carbon sinks than forests as the climate changes. Grasses store more of their carbon underground, leading to fewer carbon losses from fire or drought. Currently, forests store much greater amounts of carbon than grasslands. California redwoods, for example, absorb more carbon per acre than any other system in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a whole, California’s forests are faring poorly in the face of increasingly severe drought, fire, and beetle kill. The Forest Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/tree_mortality/california/index.shtml\">has estimated \u003c/a>that 129 million trees have died in California since 2010. Most of the carbon that these trees stored is above ground and will be released when the trees burn or decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Pawlok Dass, a postdoctoral researcher at Davis, who focuses on the global carbon cycle and climate change impacts on ecosystems, wondered whether the focus on forests in climate mitigation plans might be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized that a lot of money is being invested in the forests which are being impacted quite a bit by these wildfires,” he says, “which are literally burning the forests and causing all the money invested to go up in smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dass notes, grasslands were getting very little attention, even though grasslands are an important native ecosystem in California — especially in the southern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forests and Grasses Under Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used a forest simulation model to test how well forests and grasslands in California would fare in four different climate scenarios: 1) an optimistic scenario where emissions stop, 2) a “business-as-usual,” where emissions continue at the present rate, 3) cyclical drought, and 4) “megadrought” that persists for the next century. In all four scenarios, grasslands generally did better than forests. Grasslands expanded in the Sierra Nevada and southern parts of the state and contracted in the north. On the other hand, forest area shrank under most of the climate scenarios, only expanding in the most optimistic scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model does not account for any kind of direct human activity, such as logging or fire suppression. It also lumps plants into broad categories: a coast redwood tree counts the same as a lodgepole pine tree, even though a redwood can easily re-sprout after a fire, whereas a pine cannot. Similarly, non-native grasses are treated the same as native grasses, though non-native grasslands are pervasive in California and \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044001/meta\">research suggests\u003c/a> non-native grasses store less carbon than native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Dass concedes that the simulation is an oversimplification, he says it’s a way to do experiments that would be impossible or unethical to do on a large scale in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model predicts that in the absence of human intervention, California’s vegetation will lose more carbon than it can absorb under all but the most optimistic climate mitigation scenario. In order to compare the relative effects on grasses and trees, the researchers ran two experiments. First, how would carbon storage change if there were only grasses in California? They found that California remained a carbon sink in the long term. But when they asked the opposite question—what if there were only forests?—carbon storage quickly declined, because the forests couldn’t cope with fire and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most ambitious climate mitigation scenario, forests remain the largest carbon sinks in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dass is not optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not see any sign of any mitigation,” he notes. “The current US administration has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement and a lot of other nations don’t seem to be giving much importance to climate change mitigation, so the probability of humanity doing something to prevent climate change seems to be less and less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A National Treasure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors are quick to emphasize that we should still protect forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests of California are a national treasure,” says Dass. “It would absolutely make no sense to remove forests or not to conserve forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the researchers acknowledge that their study does not account for forest management activities, such as forest thinning and prescribed burning, which can increase the resilience of forests in the face of climate change. Governor Jerry Brown’s final \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">budget plan\u003c/a> includes $210 million for forest improvement and wildfire prevention projects, supporting the California Forest Carbon Plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/10/governor-brown-issues-executive-order-to-protect-communities-from-wildfire-climate-impacts/\">announced in May\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix,”\u003c/a> passed by Congress as part of a federal spending package in March, which changes the way fire suppression is funded, is also designed to support forest resilience projects in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927106\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927106\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2013 Rim Fire burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, much of it at high severity. The forests may store less carbon in a warmer future. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, forest treatments need to be applied strategically and consistently; \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/110057\">some researchers argue \u003c/a>that forest treatments are unlikely to increase carbon stocks on a large scale. If you do a controlled burn on an area that never sees a wildfire come through, the net effect is carbon loss. Depending on forests and forest management activities for carbon storage can be risky. Based on the new study, grasslands are more reliable carbon sinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you invest Y amount of dollars in a grassland, the initial return will be definitely less than the investment of the forest, but the probability of that amount of dollars being lost in a wildfire is much less, compared to the amount invested in the forest,” says Dass. “It’s a low gain, long term investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rethinking the Strategy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors argue that grassland conservation should be more seriously considered as carbon sinks for the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">Cap-and-Trade offset program\u003c/a>, which is regulated by the California Air Resources Board. Under the program, businesses can offset up to 8 percent of their carbon emissions by supporting approved carbon mitigation projects. Approved projects cover a wide range of activities but their carbon storage capacity must be verifiable over the long term. Many of the approved projects focus on forest conservation and management. And forest offset projects must already account for their own riskiness, says Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board. There’s a buffer built in for wildfire or other unintended disturbances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, grasslands are not on the list of acceptable project types. Dass and the authors of the new study thinks that it’s time to add grasslands to the portfolio. Dass notes that “grasslands are more stable than forests, but they are by no means immune to the effects of climate change.” The authors cite the \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a> as an example, which promotes carbon sequestration in rangeland, agricultural, and forest soils by encouraging practices like adding compost to grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clegern says the Air Resources Board is aware of these projects, but that they have not proven their case as a viable alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to see some more research,” says Clegern.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Appeals Court Backs $10B Volkswagen Emissions Cheating Deal",
"headTitle": "Appeals Court Backs $10B Volkswagen Emissions Cheating Deal | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A U.S. appeals court on Monday approved a $10 billion settlement between Volkswagen and car owners caught up in the company’s emissions cheating scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal delivered “tangible, substantial benefits” and the federal judge who approved it did more than enough to ensure it was fair, a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled unanimously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German automaker agreed to spend up to $10 billion compensating owners of roughly 475,000 Volkswagens and Audi vehicles with 2-liter diesel engines — the bulk of the vehicles caught up in the scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Volkswagen acknowledged that the cars were programmed to cheat on emissions tests. Under the terms of the deal, the automaker agreed to either buy back the cars or fix them and to pay each owner thousands of dollars in additional compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge Charles Breyer in San Francisco approved that deal in 2016 as part of a $15 billion settlement that also included $2.7 billion for unspecified environmental mitigation and an additional $2 billion to promote zero-emissions vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 9th Circuit ruling Monday considered several objections, including returning to Volkswagen any of the $10 billion that is not paid out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 percent of affected vehicles have already been removed from the road or modified, Elizabeth Cabraser, lead attorney for Volkswagen owners and leaseholders, said in a statement Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased with the court’s decision, which acknowledges the widespread support this historic settlement has received from affected Volkswagen owners and lessees and the substantial benefits available to class members,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen has acknowledged that more than 550,000 vehicles in the U.S. were programmed to turn on emissions controls during government lab tests and turn them off while on the road. Investigators found that the cars emitted more than 40 times the legal limit of nitrogen oxide, which can cause respiratory problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_90071 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_90071\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_90071\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Volkswagen acknowledged that the cars were programmed to cheat on emissions tests. Under the terms of the deal, the automaker agreed to either buy back the cars or fix them. ",
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"title": "Appeals Court Backs $10B Volkswagen Emissions Cheating Deal | KQED",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
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