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"title": "New Groundwater Woes, and Regulations, in California Wine Country",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s premier wine-growing region has been targeted for more regulation under the state’s new groundwater law, likely resulting in new fees and limits on water extraction for the industry.[contextly_sidebar id=”QCtg8D0oY6v717Kb1yLmaLFgU2WftK8q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/All-News-Articles/DWR-Releases-Draft-Prioritization-of-Groundwater-Basins-Under-SGMA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">declared in May\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that 14 groundwater basins across the state are at risk of overdraft, and thus should be reprioritized under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Four of these are in Napa and Sonoma county wine-growing valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aquifers in question are the Sonoma Lowlands subbasin in Napa and Solano counties, the Alexander Valley basin and Healdsburg area subbasin in Sonoma County and the Wilson Grove Highlands basin in Sonoma and Marin Counties. Each is a vital source of irrigation water for grape growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department proposes to change these basins from “low” to “medium” priority under the law after reviewing new data on the severity of overdraft and land use in each region. Previously, their low ranking meant these basins got a pass from complying with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> If finalized in November, medium priority will require each basin to form a groundwater sustainability agency within two years, and complete a sustainability plan within five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other groundwater basins in Napa and Sonoma counties are already subject to these requirements. The new additions mean virtually all of California’s top wine region now confronts costly groundwater regulations for the first time. Grape growing is the primary consumer of groundwater in each basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_132941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 835px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132941 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180628105438/WineBasinsDWR1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"835\" height=\"668\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The state of California proposes to change the wine-country groundwater basins shown in orange to “medium” priority, meaning they will be required to comply with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. The basins shown in gray on the map are already subject to law. (Image courtesy California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Nobody likes to be regulated, particularly when we are already doing our best to economize the use of irrigation water,” said Tito Sasaki, a board member of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://sonomafb.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> and a farmer who grows champagne grapes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Trevor Joseph, a supervising engineering geologist with the state Department of Water Resources, said the water demands of wine growing were definitely a factor in raising the priority status of the Napa and Sonoma basins.[contextly_sidebar id=”nBlM2zhmBJCqj0p7PYGD92dVqTY4HuKL”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“We had more recent and refined estimates of groundwater use in these areas,” Joseph said. “There is some relevance here to the wine-growing areas. These ones in particular are heavily dependent on groundwater to meet their water demands.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The new groundwater sustainability plans require each basin to reverse groundwater overdraft. This could result in new water conservation rules imposed on farmers. The basins could also be required to develop plans to recharge aquifers, which could mean buying surface water or recycled water. Groundwater users in each basin will probably be required to pay fees to support all these efforts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In Sonoma County, three groundwater basins were already ranked as “high” priority under the SGMA requirements. The \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Water Agency\u003c/a> has been working under contract with groundwater users in those basins to organize new sustainability agencies and begin drafting sustainability plans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Jay Jasperse, director of groundwater management for the county water agency, said doubling the number of groundwater basins subject to the law in Sonoma County will add significant workload and cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The expenses are numerous. At its core, the process involves creating a new government agency to regulate groundwater. The costs include selecting and seating a board, organizing meetings, complying with the state’s open-meetings law, hiring a part-time attorney and administrator for each basin, and developing all the usual policies and procedures required of any government agency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In addition, consultants must be hired to study the hydrology of the basin and, in many cases, to conduct a rate study to figure out how much each groundwater user should pay into the program. Other tasks are likely to include installing new groundwater monitoring devices on private wells throughout each basin and possibly even drilling new monitoring wells.[contextly_sidebar id=”ttRy99VzGqSEd7HSAjhbwTYNGuXIL4ST”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Jasperse said Sonoma County has budgeted $2.7 million to fund the startup process for each of the three groundwater agencies it is already working on. Each of the three new basins will require a similar investment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“You’re talking about over $8 million or so in costs, on top of what we’re already hit with,” he said. “So that is something we’re very concerned about. How do you pay for these extra costs? We’re already struggling with that with our first three basins.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The county obtained a $1 million state grant for each of the first three basins. Jasperse hopes the same will be possible for the additional three.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">He suspects the change in priority is a result of connections between groundwater and surface water. The Healdsburg groundwater basin, for instance, is connected to surface flow in the Russian River. The Dry Creek basin is connected to Dry Creek.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The Sonoma County Water Agency manages surface flow in both of those streams via its control of upstream reservoirs. This gives it a direct role in the fate of groundwater in those basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Having surface water flows, and how those are managed – that’s very critical to the health of the groundwater aquifer,” Jasperse said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Two big questions loom over the future of groundwater in these wine-producing basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">First, what is the right path to sustainability? Is it through water conservation efforts, groundwater recharge, or some combination? Sasaki prefers to focus on recharge, he said, because wine growers have already done a lot to reduce groundwater pumping, including widespread conversion to drip irrigation.[contextly_sidebar id=”YW6NMSOpKDgyA2b0mIHl2qSwGkM4Ta81″]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">But that requires finding water to use for recharge, which won’t be easy in this already water-scarce region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Second, who should pay for groundwater management? Besides startup costs, there will be additional costs in perpetuity to monitor groundwater, prepare status reports, fund conservation efforts and plan aquifer recharge programs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Sasaki said the entire population benefits from sustainable aquifers and their connection to surface-water flows. Therefore, he said, the growers who extract most of the groundwater should not be solely responsible for groundwater management costs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">He acknowledges this is not a popular position, especially since most cities in the region depend on surface water, not groundwater.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“I’m more of the opinion that the groundwater issues are part of the entire water resources optimization challenge,” Sasaki said. “Therefore, the costs should be borne by everybody in the entire region – in this case, the entire county. But many people don’t agree with that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/02/new-groundwater-woes-and-regulations-in-california-wine-country\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "New Groundwater Woes, and Regulations, in California Wine Country | KQED",
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"headline": "New Groundwater Woes, and Regulations, in California Wine Country",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s premier wine-growing region has been targeted for more regulation under the state’s new groundwater law, likely resulting in new fees and limits on water extraction for the industry.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/All-News-Articles/DWR-Releases-Draft-Prioritization-of-Groundwater-Basins-Under-SGMA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">declared in May\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that 14 groundwater basins across the state are at risk of overdraft, and thus should be reprioritized under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Four of these are in Napa and Sonoma county wine-growing valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aquifers in question are the Sonoma Lowlands subbasin in Napa and Solano counties, the Alexander Valley basin and Healdsburg area subbasin in Sonoma County and the Wilson Grove Highlands basin in Sonoma and Marin Counties. Each is a vital source of irrigation water for grape growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department proposes to change these basins from “low” to “medium” priority under the law after reviewing new data on the severity of overdraft and land use in each region. Previously, their low ranking meant these basins got a pass from complying with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> If finalized in November, medium priority will require each basin to form a groundwater sustainability agency within two years, and complete a sustainability plan within five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other groundwater basins in Napa and Sonoma counties are already subject to these requirements. The new additions mean virtually all of California’s top wine region now confronts costly groundwater regulations for the first time. Grape growing is the primary consumer of groundwater in each basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_132941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 835px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132941 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180628105438/WineBasinsDWR1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"835\" height=\"668\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The state of California proposes to change the wine-country groundwater basins shown in orange to “medium” priority, meaning they will be required to comply with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. The basins shown in gray on the map are already subject to law. (Image courtesy California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Nobody likes to be regulated, particularly when we are already doing our best to economize the use of irrigation water,” said Tito Sasaki, a board member of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://sonomafb.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> and a farmer who grows champagne grapes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Trevor Joseph, a supervising engineering geologist with the state Department of Water Resources, said the water demands of wine growing were definitely a factor in raising the priority status of the Napa and Sonoma basins.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“We had more recent and refined estimates of groundwater use in these areas,” Joseph said. “There is some relevance here to the wine-growing areas. These ones in particular are heavily dependent on groundwater to meet their water demands.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The new groundwater sustainability plans require each basin to reverse groundwater overdraft. This could result in new water conservation rules imposed on farmers. The basins could also be required to develop plans to recharge aquifers, which could mean buying surface water or recycled water. Groundwater users in each basin will probably be required to pay fees to support all these efforts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In Sonoma County, three groundwater basins were already ranked as “high” priority under the SGMA requirements. The \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Water Agency\u003c/a> has been working under contract with groundwater users in those basins to organize new sustainability agencies and begin drafting sustainability plans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Jay Jasperse, director of groundwater management for the county water agency, said doubling the number of groundwater basins subject to the law in Sonoma County will add significant workload and cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The expenses are numerous. At its core, the process involves creating a new government agency to regulate groundwater. The costs include selecting and seating a board, organizing meetings, complying with the state’s open-meetings law, hiring a part-time attorney and administrator for each basin, and developing all the usual policies and procedures required of any government agency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In addition, consultants must be hired to study the hydrology of the basin and, in many cases, to conduct a rate study to figure out how much each groundwater user should pay into the program. Other tasks are likely to include installing new groundwater monitoring devices on private wells throughout each basin and possibly even drilling new monitoring wells.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Jasperse said Sonoma County has budgeted $2.7 million to fund the startup process for each of the three groundwater agencies it is already working on. Each of the three new basins will require a similar investment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“You’re talking about over $8 million or so in costs, on top of what we’re already hit with,” he said. “So that is something we’re very concerned about. How do you pay for these extra costs? We’re already struggling with that with our first three basins.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The county obtained a $1 million state grant for each of the first three basins. Jasperse hopes the same will be possible for the additional three.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">He suspects the change in priority is a result of connections between groundwater and surface water. The Healdsburg groundwater basin, for instance, is connected to surface flow in the Russian River. The Dry Creek basin is connected to Dry Creek.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The Sonoma County Water Agency manages surface flow in both of those streams via its control of upstream reservoirs. This gives it a direct role in the fate of groundwater in those basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Having surface water flows, and how those are managed – that’s very critical to the health of the groundwater aquifer,” Jasperse said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Two big questions loom over the future of groundwater in these wine-producing basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">First, what is the right path to sustainability? Is it through water conservation efforts, groundwater recharge, or some combination? Sasaki prefers to focus on recharge, he said, because wine growers have already done a lot to reduce groundwater pumping, including widespread conversion to drip irrigation.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">But that requires finding water to use for recharge, which won’t be easy in this already water-scarce region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Second, who should pay for groundwater management? Besides startup costs, there will be additional costs in perpetuity to monitor groundwater, prepare status reports, fund conservation efforts and plan aquifer recharge programs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Sasaki said the entire population benefits from sustainable aquifers and their connection to surface-water flows. Therefore, he said, the growers who extract most of the groundwater should not be solely responsible for groundwater management costs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">He acknowledges this is not a popular position, especially since most cities in the region depend on surface water, not groundwater.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“I’m more of the opinion that the groundwater issues are part of the entire water resources optimization challenge,” Sasaki said. “Therefore, the costs should be borne by everybody in the entire region – in this case, the entire county. But many people don’t agree with that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/02/new-groundwater-woes-and-regulations-in-california-wine-country\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Many Common Sunscreens May Harm Coral. Here's What To Use Instead",
"headTitle": "Many Common Sunscreens May Harm Coral. Here’s What To Use Instead | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Hawaii Gov. David Ige is expected this week to sign the world’s first ban on the sale of sunscreens containing the chemicals oxybenzone and octinoxate. The state is banning the products because of concerns they may be harming one of the state’s biggest attractions — coral reefs.[contextly_sidebar id=”WAG7luu6pYq4m7yzLiWBNC57CSUpRh93″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it doesn’t kick in until 2021, the move is already prompting pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because up to 70 percent of sunscreens on the U.S. market contain oxybenzone, according to the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, which represents sunscreen-makers. Up to 8 percent contain octinoxate, which often shows up on labels as octyl methoxycinnamate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re taking away a product, or products … that have been shown over the course of time to be safe and effective” against skin cancer and sun damage, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.chpa.org/JaySirois.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Sirois\u003c/a>, director of regulatory affairs for the Consumer Healthcare Products Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, both chemicals have had the Food and Drug Administration’s OK for decades, but in recent years, some environmental research has suggested octinoxate can contribute to coral bleaching and that oxybenzone exposure leads to the death of baby coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies by \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/craig-downs-8b53aa9/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Craig Downs\u003c/a>, a biologist who runs the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.haereticus-lab.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haereticus Environmental Lab\u003c/a>, and his colleagues inspired Hawaii lawmakers to propose the ban to protect the reefs. They point to Downs’ \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7?shared_access_token=lRAXkGu1XApz6jHGNg_CNPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5VYCT4UGN4uI8dnS0bV8Myv9mGCAftDf32vi0At8e_HNV_0wDMrNSDE8HCVaz3KpLtw0WYOKvHY93rYFXVgoJs2A_m3_qp9PKL61Zo3QOX4_J4-SWyNXIbE1k8OohKL4Q=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 study published\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\u003c/em>.[contextly_sidebar id=”ekcGjXp70GxOImUnE9vsrYWDuPa5ZHvj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the chemical acts as an endocrine disruptor to juvenile coral. “When they come across oxybenzone, they just encase themselves in their own skeleton, effectively killing them,” he says. They sink to the bottom of the ocean and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is convinced by the research so far. Downs primarily observed the coral in a lab, and in the ocean, there are many more factors that contribute to coral death, like pollution and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global warming\u003c/a>, as Sirois points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxybenzone pollution can come from other sources, such as wastewater discharge from ships. But sunscreen from beachgoers is a major contributor to pollution in concentrated areas, Downs argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sunscreen pollution doesn’t kill all the world’s coral reefs, it threatens coral reefs that are most important to people,” Downs says, like those close to shore where tourists like to snorkel. And if there are fewer attractions like beautiful and healthy coral reefs, the tourists are less likely to visit, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other tourist destinations are considering similar bans to protect their reefs, says Downs. The Caribbean island of Bonnaire has \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/62598-bonaire-island-bans-sunscreen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already begun\u003c/a> to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beverly Hills dermatologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.chippsdermatology.com/meet-dr-chipps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lisa Chipps\u003c/a> is worried that Hawaii’s ban is premature and will confuse consumers who have been told to use sunscreen daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the cumulative ultraviolet damage that our skin receives every single day damages the cells and predisposes us to skin cancer as well as to all the signs of aging,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that there are already thousands of sunscreen products that do not contain oyxbenzone or octinoxate, with more working their way onto the market.[contextly_sidebar id=”3hAfaedZA28LbzsDFgYZFMSJQCDf7jy5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., there are two basic types of active ingredients in sunscreens: chemical blockers that work with skin to protect against harmful sun rays, and minerals like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that reflect the rays away from skin. The first category contains some of the chemicals of concern to coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried about the potential impact of your sunscreen routine on sea life, look for mineral sunscreens that don’t easily rinse off in the water, suggests Downs. Another choice is to wear swim clothes with sun-blocking fabric, though you should still apply sunscreen to any exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chipps reiterates that it’s vital to wear sunscreen. She says the rate of skin cancers detected is going up, despite greater awareness and usage of sunscreens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important things to look for in a sunscreen, she says, is that it protects against both UVA and UVB rays (typically labeled “broad spectrum”) and that it has an SPF of at least 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to which brands or formulas work best? It’s really a personal preference, says Chipps. “Pick a sunscreen that you like, that you feel good about, that you don’t have qualms about, and that makes you happy,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, you’ll be more likely to use it regularly and reapply often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget the best advice for avoiding sun damage — cover up with hats and long sleeves, and avoid going out during the hottest part of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are concerned about the possible harms to sea life, be aware that oxybenzone is found not only in sunscreens, but also many other consumer products including cosmetics. The Hawaii sunscreen ban applies only to on-island sales of over-the-counter sunscreens. Cosmetics and prescription sunscreens containing these chemicals are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii welcomes about 9 million tourists a year. “Obviously we’re not going to have the beach police writing tickets” for sunscreen violations, says state \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/memberpage.aspx?member=gabbard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sen. Mike Gabbard\u003c/a>, who introduced \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billnumber=2571&billtype=SB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the bill\u003c/a> the governor will sign in the state Senate earlier this year. But he is hopeful that people who visit will think more about the kinds of sunscreen they are using and Hawaii’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s tourism industry — its airlines and tour guides — are on board. They are already handing out samples of sunscreens that do not contain the banned ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Many+Common+Sunscreens+May+Harm+Coral.+Here%27s+What+To+Use+Instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hawaii Gov. David Ige is expected this week to sign the world’s first ban on the sale of sunscreens containing the chemicals oxybenzone and octinoxate. The state is banning the products because of concerns they may be harming one of the state’s biggest attractions — coral reefs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it doesn’t kick in until 2021, the move is already prompting pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because up to 70 percent of sunscreens on the U.S. market contain oxybenzone, according to the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, which represents sunscreen-makers. Up to 8 percent contain octinoxate, which often shows up on labels as octyl methoxycinnamate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re taking away a product, or products … that have been shown over the course of time to be safe and effective” against skin cancer and sun damage, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.chpa.org/JaySirois.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Sirois\u003c/a>, director of regulatory affairs for the Consumer Healthcare Products Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, both chemicals have had the Food and Drug Administration’s OK for decades, but in recent years, some environmental research has suggested octinoxate can contribute to coral bleaching and that oxybenzone exposure leads to the death of baby coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies by \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/craig-downs-8b53aa9/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Craig Downs\u003c/a>, a biologist who runs the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.haereticus-lab.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haereticus Environmental Lab\u003c/a>, and his colleagues inspired Hawaii lawmakers to propose the ban to protect the reefs. They point to Downs’ \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7?shared_access_token=lRAXkGu1XApz6jHGNg_CNPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5VYCT4UGN4uI8dnS0bV8Myv9mGCAftDf32vi0At8e_HNV_0wDMrNSDE8HCVaz3KpLtw0WYOKvHY93rYFXVgoJs2A_m3_qp9PKL61Zo3QOX4_J4-SWyNXIbE1k8OohKL4Q=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 study published\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the chemical acts as an endocrine disruptor to juvenile coral. “When they come across oxybenzone, they just encase themselves in their own skeleton, effectively killing them,” he says. They sink to the bottom of the ocean and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is convinced by the research so far. Downs primarily observed the coral in a lab, and in the ocean, there are many more factors that contribute to coral death, like pollution and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global warming\u003c/a>, as Sirois points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxybenzone pollution can come from other sources, such as wastewater discharge from ships. But sunscreen from beachgoers is a major contributor to pollution in concentrated areas, Downs argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sunscreen pollution doesn’t kill all the world’s coral reefs, it threatens coral reefs that are most important to people,” Downs says, like those close to shore where tourists like to snorkel. And if there are fewer attractions like beautiful and healthy coral reefs, the tourists are less likely to visit, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other tourist destinations are considering similar bans to protect their reefs, says Downs. The Caribbean island of Bonnaire has \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/62598-bonaire-island-bans-sunscreen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already begun\u003c/a> to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beverly Hills dermatologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.chippsdermatology.com/meet-dr-chipps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lisa Chipps\u003c/a> is worried that Hawaii’s ban is premature and will confuse consumers who have been told to use sunscreen daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the cumulative ultraviolet damage that our skin receives every single day damages the cells and predisposes us to skin cancer as well as to all the signs of aging,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that there are already thousands of sunscreen products that do not contain oyxbenzone or octinoxate, with more working their way onto the market.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., there are two basic types of active ingredients in sunscreens: chemical blockers that work with skin to protect against harmful sun rays, and minerals like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that reflect the rays away from skin. The first category contains some of the chemicals of concern to coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried about the potential impact of your sunscreen routine on sea life, look for mineral sunscreens that don’t easily rinse off in the water, suggests Downs. Another choice is to wear swim clothes with sun-blocking fabric, though you should still apply sunscreen to any exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chipps reiterates that it’s vital to wear sunscreen. She says the rate of skin cancers detected is going up, despite greater awareness and usage of sunscreens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important things to look for in a sunscreen, she says, is that it protects against both UVA and UVB rays (typically labeled “broad spectrum”) and that it has an SPF of at least 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to which brands or formulas work best? It’s really a personal preference, says Chipps. “Pick a sunscreen that you like, that you feel good about, that you don’t have qualms about, and that makes you happy,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, you’ll be more likely to use it regularly and reapply often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget the best advice for avoiding sun damage — cover up with hats and long sleeves, and avoid going out during the hottest part of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are concerned about the possible harms to sea life, be aware that oxybenzone is found not only in sunscreens, but also many other consumer products including cosmetics. The Hawaii sunscreen ban applies only to on-island sales of over-the-counter sunscreens. Cosmetics and prescription sunscreens containing these chemicals are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii welcomes about 9 million tourists a year. “Obviously we’re not going to have the beach police writing tickets” for sunscreen violations, says state \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/memberpage.aspx?member=gabbard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sen. Mike Gabbard\u003c/a>, who introduced \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billnumber=2571&billtype=SB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the bill\u003c/a> the governor will sign in the state Senate earlier this year. But he is hopeful that people who visit will think more about the kinds of sunscreen they are using and Hawaii’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s tourism industry — its airlines and tour guides — are on board. They are already handing out samples of sunscreens that do not contain the banned ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Many+Common+Sunscreens+May+Harm+Coral.+Here%27s+What+To+Use+Instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California is close to awarding $2.7 billion to new water storage projects. Jay Lund of U.C. Davis and Rachel Zwillinger of Defenders of Wildlife explain the process and how it will impact the state.[contextly_sidebar id=”sbjHNXP9NqQOKj4xf1c84t9su6SJ2Tap”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this episode of Deeply Talks, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tara Lohan\u003c/a>, managing editor of Water Deeply, talks with \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/lund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Lund\u003c/a>, a professor of civil and environmental engineering and director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis, and \u003ca href=\"https://defenders.org/staff/rachel-zwillinger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rachel Zwillinger\u003c/a>, water policy adviser for Defenders of Wildlife, about how water storage projects in California are being funded, which projects are receiving state money and what kinds of water projects the state really needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/463726206″ params=”color=#ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&show_teaser=true&visual=true” width=”100%” height=”300″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, almost three years before the end of California’s drought, state voters approved a water bond, Proposition 1, which set aside $2.7 billion to fund the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/02/12/can-new-california-water-storage-projects-win-state-funding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">public benefits\u003c/a> of water storage projects. Since last year, the California Water Commission (CWC) has been reviewing \u003ca href=\"https://cwc.ca.gov/Pages/WSIP.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">project applications\u003c/a> to decide how much of this funding each project will get, if any. Decisions will be announced in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this process unique, says Zwillinger, is the focus on public benefit. Anyone who submitted a proposal for Proposition 1 funding for new storage projects had to quantify the public benefits – such as ecosystem improvements, water quality improvement or flood risk reduction – their project would provide. That number then determines how much funding the project could receive.[contextly_sidebar id=”1EqlMxQMfkM1ikg1h1OZNNbd2UjgmObE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has never been a process like this,” says Zwillinger, “where applicants are actually having to come forward with proposals and prove what public benefits they are able to provide, with some pretty rigorous analysis from the various agencies that are weighing in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rigor shows. Twelve projects were originally submitted for funding, and after analysis by the CWC four projects were deemed “ineligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Assessing public benefits is a really difficult thing to do,” says Lund. “On the whole, I think that [the CWC] has done quite well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it could be “quite a few years” before funded projects actually get built, says Lund. Whatever money is allocated to a project will only be a fraction of what it actually needs. Before even starting construction, teams will need to secure the rest of the money from other sources and obtain permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting permits for water projects, particularly surface-water projects like dams, is complex, notes Zwillinger. So complex that a project will often change substantially as it goes through the permitting process, so that some benefits it promises going in may not be realized when it comes out the other side. And that’s a problem.[contextly_sidebar id=”BkttGz40rTBNLueHwydLVB1qQKgYXgjn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The regulations for this process envision that the funding allocations can be reduced if, after permitting, the public benefits are no longer as significant as initially proposed,” says Zwillinger. “There are going to be some interesting and difficult conversations at the commission about how those initial funding allocations have to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Zwillinger and Lund say that after this process is over, they would like to see the state shift its focus away from water storage and toward other important water issues. According to Lund, California already has more storage projects than any other Western state. Other water projects can have public benefits, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We probably need to devote a bit more time on … water quality, some of the watershed management aspects, water conservation, water trading, things like that,” says Lund. “And particularly in things like wetland enhancements and floodplain enhancements for the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/28/deeply-talks-new-water-storage-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is close to awarding $2.7 billion to new water storage projects. Jay Lund of U.C. Davis and Rachel Zwillinger of Defenders of Wildlife explain the process and how it will impact the state.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this episode of Deeply Talks, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tara Lohan\u003c/a>, managing editor of Water Deeply, talks with \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/lund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Lund\u003c/a>, a professor of civil and environmental engineering and director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis, and \u003ca href=\"https://defenders.org/staff/rachel-zwillinger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rachel Zwillinger\u003c/a>, water policy adviser for Defenders of Wildlife, about how water storage projects in California are being funded, which projects are receiving state money and what kinds of water projects the state really needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”300″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/463726206″&visual=true&”color=#ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&show_teaser=true&visual=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/463726206″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, almost three years before the end of California’s drought, state voters approved a water bond, Proposition 1, which set aside $2.7 billion to fund the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/02/12/can-new-california-water-storage-projects-win-state-funding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">public benefits\u003c/a> of water storage projects. Since last year, the California Water Commission (CWC) has been reviewing \u003ca href=\"https://cwc.ca.gov/Pages/WSIP.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">project applications\u003c/a> to decide how much of this funding each project will get, if any. Decisions will be announced in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this process unique, says Zwillinger, is the focus on public benefit. Anyone who submitted a proposal for Proposition 1 funding for new storage projects had to quantify the public benefits – such as ecosystem improvements, water quality improvement or flood risk reduction – their project would provide. That number then determines how much funding the project could receive.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has never been a process like this,” says Zwillinger, “where applicants are actually having to come forward with proposals and prove what public benefits they are able to provide, with some pretty rigorous analysis from the various agencies that are weighing in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rigor shows. Twelve projects were originally submitted for funding, and after analysis by the CWC four projects were deemed “ineligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Assessing public benefits is a really difficult thing to do,” says Lund. “On the whole, I think that [the CWC] has done quite well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it could be “quite a few years” before funded projects actually get built, says Lund. Whatever money is allocated to a project will only be a fraction of what it actually needs. Before even starting construction, teams will need to secure the rest of the money from other sources and obtain permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting permits for water projects, particularly surface-water projects like dams, is complex, notes Zwillinger. So complex that a project will often change substantially as it goes through the permitting process, so that some benefits it promises going in may not be realized when it comes out the other side. And that’s a problem.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The regulations for this process envision that the funding allocations can be reduced if, after permitting, the public benefits are no longer as significant as initially proposed,” says Zwillinger. “There are going to be some interesting and difficult conversations at the commission about how those initial funding allocations have to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Zwillinger and Lund say that after this process is over, they would like to see the state shift its focus away from water storage and toward other important water issues. According to Lund, California already has more storage projects than any other Western state. Other water projects can have public benefits, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We probably need to devote a bit more time on … water quality, some of the watershed management aspects, water conservation, water trading, things like that,” says Lund. “And particularly in things like wetland enhancements and floodplain enhancements for the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/28/deeply-talks-new-water-storage-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the Bay Area gears up for triple digit temperatures this weekend, officials are warning conditions are already ripe for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service has issued a red-flag fire weather warning for parts of the North Bay this weekend due to a dangerous combination of gusty winds, high temperatures, and low humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Residents should avoid activities that may trigger a fire, including lawn work, driving on grass, tossing cigarettes, campfires, or fireworks.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The warning extends from 11 p.m. Friday to 11 p.m. Saturday, and covers regions of higher elevation in Napa County and far eastern Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast winds \u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ507&warncounty=CAC055&firewxzone=CAZ507&local_place1=4%20Miles%20W%20Lake%20Berryessa%20CA&product1=Red+Flag+Warning&lat=38.5818&lon=-122.319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will strengthen overnight\u003c/a> Friday followed by warmer and drier conditions on Saturday, according to the service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1yFb10tX5BPvSXtBWgOF1eZDVGE8&w=640&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winds of 15 miles per hour to 30 mph are expected, with gusts up to 40 mph. Daytime humidity is expected to drop to the 10 to 20 percent range, recovering poorly at night to less than 30 percent. Those numbers will drop to the single digits in the driest locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dry and windy conditions mean any fires that develop will likely spread rapidly. Forecasters are asking residents to avoid activities that may trigger a fire, including lawn work, driving on grass, tossing cigarettes, campfires, or fireworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">A red flag warning has been issued and will go in effect tomorrow night. Here’s a look at what kind of wind speeds and humidity values we are expecting for a few select locations in Napa county. RHs will likely drop into the upper single digits for the driest areas. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/cawx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#cawx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/HLPO1V9KVh\">pic.twitter.com/HLPO1V9KVh\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Bay Area (@NWSBayArea) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1012411050904424449?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 28, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The service also issued a moderate risk warning for heat related illnesses for the East and North Bay, with inland temperatures on Friday soaring close to 100 degrees. Saturday will experience even warmer weather, up to 105 degrees. [contextly_sidebar id=”JGhTD5aSnNzwbBskZn8Ghe08maPk1aBe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a dozen wind-driven wildfires broke out last weekend throughout rural regions in Northern California, forcing thousands of people to leave their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest blaze, the Pawnee Fire in Lake County, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2080\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scorched 13,700 acres\u003c/a> and destroyed 12 homes since it began on Saturday. The blaze is 56 percent contained as of Friday morning, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to this weekend’s fire weather warning, Sonoma County officials have issued \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofSonoma/status/1012407098066391040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evacuation guidelines\u003c/a>. [contextly_sidebar id=”T97eN26KdnMyVBJf9Smf5sCxXRmzzpKS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For important\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofSonoma/status/1012407098066391040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> updates on this weekend’s\u003c/a> weather warning, follow the Bay Area’s National Weather Service on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Dry and warm weather coupled with wind gusts will increase the risk of wildfire spreading in elevated regions of Napa Valley and far eastern Sonoma County.",
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"headline": "It's Going to Get Hot. Fire Weather Warning in Effect This Weekend for North Bay",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the Bay Area gears up for triple digit temperatures this weekend, officials are warning conditions are already ripe for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service has issued a red-flag fire weather warning for parts of the North Bay this weekend due to a dangerous combination of gusty winds, high temperatures, and low humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Residents should avoid activities that may trigger a fire, including lawn work, driving on grass, tossing cigarettes, campfires, or fireworks.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The warning extends from 11 p.m. Friday to 11 p.m. Saturday, and covers regions of higher elevation in Napa County and far eastern Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast winds \u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ507&warncounty=CAC055&firewxzone=CAZ507&local_place1=4%20Miles%20W%20Lake%20Berryessa%20CA&product1=Red+Flag+Warning&lat=38.5818&lon=-122.319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will strengthen overnight\u003c/a> Friday followed by warmer and drier conditions on Saturday, according to the service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1yFb10tX5BPvSXtBWgOF1eZDVGE8&w=640&h=480'\n title='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1yFb10tX5BPvSXtBWgOF1eZDVGE8&w=640&h=480'\n width='640'\n height='480'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winds of 15 miles per hour to 30 mph are expected, with gusts up to 40 mph. Daytime humidity is expected to drop to the 10 to 20 percent range, recovering poorly at night to less than 30 percent. Those numbers will drop to the single digits in the driest locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dry and windy conditions mean any fires that develop will likely spread rapidly. Forecasters are asking residents to avoid activities that may trigger a fire, including lawn work, driving on grass, tossing cigarettes, campfires, or fireworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">A red flag warning has been issued and will go in effect tomorrow night. Here’s a look at what kind of wind speeds and humidity values we are expecting for a few select locations in Napa county. RHs will likely drop into the upper single digits for the driest areas. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/cawx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#cawx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/HLPO1V9KVh\">pic.twitter.com/HLPO1V9KVh\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Bay Area (@NWSBayArea) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1012411050904424449?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 28, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The service also issued a moderate risk warning for heat related illnesses for the East and North Bay, with inland temperatures on Friday soaring close to 100 degrees. Saturday will experience even warmer weather, up to 105 degrees. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a dozen wind-driven wildfires broke out last weekend throughout rural regions in Northern California, forcing thousands of people to leave their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest blaze, the Pawnee Fire in Lake County, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2080\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scorched 13,700 acres\u003c/a> and destroyed 12 homes since it began on Saturday. The blaze is 56 percent contained as of Friday morning, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to this weekend’s fire weather warning, Sonoma County officials have issued \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofSonoma/status/1012407098066391040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evacuation guidelines\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For important\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofSonoma/status/1012407098066391040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> updates on this weekend’s\u003c/a> weather warning, follow the Bay Area’s National Weather Service on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wineries Hedge Against Climate Change, Move to Cool Climates",
"headTitle": "Wineries Hedge Against Climate Change, Move to Cool Climates | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When an Oregon valley famed for its wine heats up under the afternoon sun, Pacific Ocean winds rush through a dip in the mountains, cooling the grapes in Jeff Havlin’s vineyards.[contextly_sidebar id=”eDF19SUjJuhjysuWkUd4ApPgsg2OI3DN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Van Duzer Corridor, the lowest point in Oregon’s Coast Range, has become a go-to place for wineries and vineyards hedging their bets against climate change. Winemakers and vineyard owners in a 95-square-mile (246-square-kilometer) section of the corridor have applied to become the newest American Viticultural Area, with the wind its predominant feature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>“When the temperature drops, you need a jacket in August,” said Havlin, who on a recent afternoon was driving a utility vehicle through his vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From South Africa’s drought-stricken vineyards, to France’s noble chateaus, to sunny vineyards in Australia and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/0b070f5c6faf48e5b1c4344f6a4d2c30/AP-PHOTOS:-Global-warming-makes-its-mark-on-wine-country\">California\u003c/a> , growers and winemakers say they are seeing the effects of climate change as temperatures rise, with swings in weather patterns becoming more severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they are taking action — moving to cooler zones, planting varieties that do better in the heat, and shading their grapes with more leaf canopy.[contextly_sidebar id=”dqf50nk29WrJPRSA8hetpNs2QKtJTZGX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As areas once ideal for certain grapes become less viable, causing earlier harvests and diminished wine quality as grapes ripen faster, once-iffy sites like the Van Duzer (pronounced van DOO-zer) Corridor are coming into their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern California’s Petaluma Gap, which like the Van Duzer Corridor sucks in ocean breezes, was designated one of America’s newest viticultural areas in December. Receiving an American Viticulture Area designation allows winemakers to emphasize the unique characteristics of their wine, determined by climate, geography, soil and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though we have those heat waves just like Napa and Sonoma, we still have the cool breeze in the afternoon and the cooler temperatures at night and the fog in the morning,” said Ria D’Aversa, director of ranch operations at McEvoy Ranch, a Petaluma Gap vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area’s slogan: “From wind to wine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California winemaker Ehren Jordan said: “People would have looked at you like you had three heads if, 30 years ago, you told someone you were going to grow wine grapes there.”[contextly_sidebar id=”fB82I3TXnu1LEY0gYKDk4iXeLqD6pTHs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His Failla winery, based in the Napa Valley, recently bought 80 acres (32 hectares) in the Van Duzer Corridor and opened a winery nearby. The corridor now has a half-dozen wineries and at least 17 commercial vineyards, with more on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grapevines can tolerate heat and drought, and dry farming is traditionally practiced in parts of Europe. But the past four years have been the planet’s hottest on record, and more warming is expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even minor weather variations that occur vintage to vintage can change the grapes’ sugar, acid and tannin content, affecting the wine’s taste and characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Familia Torres, a major wine producer based in Spain with wineries in California and Chile, bought land 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) high in the Pyrenees foothills as an investment in cooler climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Average temperatures at the company’s vineyards have risen 1 degree Celsius (1.8 Fahrenheit) over 40 years, with the result that harvests are now about 10 days earlier than 20 years ago, company president Miguel A. Torres said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Torres called climate change a “very serious worldwide problem” for winemakers and said that, beyond changing viticulture practices, they should also try to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe drought in South Africa’s Western Cape caused a 15 percent drop in the grape harvest, officials announced in May, saying wine prices will likely go up as a consequence. A predicted long-term drying trend has serious implications for South Africa’s wine industry, said Wanda Augustyn of VinPro, which represents the nation’s wine producers and stakeholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the longer term, producers will have to look at quality, drought-resistant vines which produce more flavor, acidity and intensity, but have lower water needs,” Augustyn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers are starting to set up in Brittany, France’s northwesternmost region, which previously was undesirable because of Atlantic wind, rain and lack of sunshine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, vineyards are even planted as far north as Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Jones, one of the world’s authorities on climate change and wines, will be there this summer as a keynote speaker at the VitiNord wine conference, which will examine cooler-climate wine production. Sixteen cool climate regions warmed by 2.52 degrees Fahrenheit (1.4 Celsius) from the late 1800s through 2015, Jones noted at an earlier conference.[contextly_sidebar id=”ga8hfJ4BuOIbfV7KMYcZPfv6YuOqW0DE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If things keep going the way they’re going, then we have some real challenges,” Jones said. “If you’re growing grapes in a given environment today with what we have going on out there, you should be trying other varieties in small numbers to see how they perform.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the warming trend is pushing some hotter wine regions out of optimum temperature range, it has made places like Oregon more suitable, particularly for pinot noir, a finicky, thin-skinned grape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the pinot noir pioneers arrived in Oregon from California in the 1960s, they had to contend with shorter growing seasons, more frost, winter freezes and more rain during harvest time, Jones said. They adjusted their farming techniques, and the climate became milder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, “we’re in the sweet spot,” Jones said in his office in Linfield College in McMinnville, Oregon, where he is director of wine education and a professor of environmental studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eventually, if the trend continues, that perfect intersection between the weather and the grape clones being used today will fade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willamette Valley Vineyards, just south of Salem, Oregon, is already preparing for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winery began growing grapes in the cooler Eola-Amity Hills, northwest of Salem, in 2007. It is also grafting different root stocks onto vines to produce pinot noir and chardonnay clones that perform better in longer, hotter growing seasons and that go deeper into the soil, making them more drought-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you plant, you won’t get your first crop for four years, and your first wines in six years. And you won’t know if it’s a really great site for maybe 20 years,” said winery director Christine Collier Clair. “So when planting, you shouldn’t be thinking about what’s good for me now. You need to look pretty far out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, customers enjoyed glasses of wine on a deck with a view of vineyards budding in the spring sunshine, the forested mountains of the Coast Range beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our goal to keep this winery going for centuries to come,” Clair said. “We’ve been on this property for 37 years, and we want to be a winery that has sustained, just like some of the French chateaus have been there since the 1600s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP journalists Christopher Torchia in Johannesburg and Haven Daley in Petaluma, California, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When an Oregon valley famed for its wine heats up under the afternoon sun, Pacific Ocean winds rush through a dip in the mountains, cooling the grapes in Jeff Havlin’s vineyards.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Van Duzer Corridor, the lowest point in Oregon’s Coast Range, has become a go-to place for wineries and vineyards hedging their bets against climate change. Winemakers and vineyard owners in a 95-square-mile (246-square-kilometer) section of the corridor have applied to become the newest American Viticultural Area, with the wind its predominant feature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>“When the temperature drops, you need a jacket in August,” said Havlin, who on a recent afternoon was driving a utility vehicle through his vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From South Africa’s drought-stricken vineyards, to France’s noble chateaus, to sunny vineyards in Australia and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/0b070f5c6faf48e5b1c4344f6a4d2c30/AP-PHOTOS:-Global-warming-makes-its-mark-on-wine-country\">California\u003c/a> , growers and winemakers say they are seeing the effects of climate change as temperatures rise, with swings in weather patterns becoming more severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they are taking action — moving to cooler zones, planting varieties that do better in the heat, and shading their grapes with more leaf canopy.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As areas once ideal for certain grapes become less viable, causing earlier harvests and diminished wine quality as grapes ripen faster, once-iffy sites like the Van Duzer (pronounced van DOO-zer) Corridor are coming into their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern California’s Petaluma Gap, which like the Van Duzer Corridor sucks in ocean breezes, was designated one of America’s newest viticultural areas in December. Receiving an American Viticulture Area designation allows winemakers to emphasize the unique characteristics of their wine, determined by climate, geography, soil and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though we have those heat waves just like Napa and Sonoma, we still have the cool breeze in the afternoon and the cooler temperatures at night and the fog in the morning,” said Ria D’Aversa, director of ranch operations at McEvoy Ranch, a Petaluma Gap vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area’s slogan: “From wind to wine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California winemaker Ehren Jordan said: “People would have looked at you like you had three heads if, 30 years ago, you told someone you were going to grow wine grapes there.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His Failla winery, based in the Napa Valley, recently bought 80 acres (32 hectares) in the Van Duzer Corridor and opened a winery nearby. The corridor now has a half-dozen wineries and at least 17 commercial vineyards, with more on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grapevines can tolerate heat and drought, and dry farming is traditionally practiced in parts of Europe. But the past four years have been the planet’s hottest on record, and more warming is expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even minor weather variations that occur vintage to vintage can change the grapes’ sugar, acid and tannin content, affecting the wine’s taste and characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Familia Torres, a major wine producer based in Spain with wineries in California and Chile, bought land 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) high in the Pyrenees foothills as an investment in cooler climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Average temperatures at the company’s vineyards have risen 1 degree Celsius (1.8 Fahrenheit) over 40 years, with the result that harvests are now about 10 days earlier than 20 years ago, company president Miguel A. Torres said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Torres called climate change a “very serious worldwide problem” for winemakers and said that, beyond changing viticulture practices, they should also try to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe drought in South Africa’s Western Cape caused a 15 percent drop in the grape harvest, officials announced in May, saying wine prices will likely go up as a consequence. A predicted long-term drying trend has serious implications for South Africa’s wine industry, said Wanda Augustyn of VinPro, which represents the nation’s wine producers and stakeholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the longer term, producers will have to look at quality, drought-resistant vines which produce more flavor, acidity and intensity, but have lower water needs,” Augustyn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers are starting to set up in Brittany, France’s northwesternmost region, which previously was undesirable because of Atlantic wind, rain and lack of sunshine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, vineyards are even planted as far north as Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Jones, one of the world’s authorities on climate change and wines, will be there this summer as a keynote speaker at the VitiNord wine conference, which will examine cooler-climate wine production. Sixteen cool climate regions warmed by 2.52 degrees Fahrenheit (1.4 Celsius) from the late 1800s through 2015, Jones noted at an earlier conference.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If things keep going the way they’re going, then we have some real challenges,” Jones said. “If you’re growing grapes in a given environment today with what we have going on out there, you should be trying other varieties in small numbers to see how they perform.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the warming trend is pushing some hotter wine regions out of optimum temperature range, it has made places like Oregon more suitable, particularly for pinot noir, a finicky, thin-skinned grape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the pinot noir pioneers arrived in Oregon from California in the 1960s, they had to contend with shorter growing seasons, more frost, winter freezes and more rain during harvest time, Jones said. They adjusted their farming techniques, and the climate became milder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, “we’re in the sweet spot,” Jones said in his office in Linfield College in McMinnville, Oregon, where he is director of wine education and a professor of environmental studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eventually, if the trend continues, that perfect intersection between the weather and the grape clones being used today will fade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willamette Valley Vineyards, just south of Salem, Oregon, is already preparing for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winery began growing grapes in the cooler Eola-Amity Hills, northwest of Salem, in 2007. It is also grafting different root stocks onto vines to produce pinot noir and chardonnay clones that perform better in longer, hotter growing seasons and that go deeper into the soil, making them more drought-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you plant, you won’t get your first crop for four years, and your first wines in six years. And you won’t know if it’s a really great site for maybe 20 years,” said winery director Christine Collier Clair. “So when planting, you shouldn’t be thinking about what’s good for me now. You need to look pretty far out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, customers enjoyed glasses of wine on a deck with a view of vineyards budding in the spring sunshine, the forested mountains of the Coast Range beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our goal to keep this winery going for centuries to come,” Clair said. “We’ve been on this property for 37 years, and we want to be a winery that has sustained, just like some of the French chateaus have been there since the 1600s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP journalists Christopher Torchia in Johannesburg and Haven Daley in Petaluma, California, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Nature Does Flood Control Better Than Concrete: One Idea in South San Francisco",
"headTitle": "Nature Does Flood Control Better Than Concrete: One Idea in South San Francisco | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>ities along San Francisco Bay have traditionally defended themselves against the menacing ocean with walls, levees, and pumps. But as seas rise, structures that keep water away may not be able to defend against an uncertain future. So urban and landscape designers are looking for alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need to slow down water. It’s the first principle.’\u003ccite>Richard Mullane, Hassell\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Near Colma Creek, in South San Francisco, new ideas imagine embracing the bay, allowing water to move onto land, and allowing people to move on to water. If sea level rise reveals the vulnerabilities in our traditional relationship with water, it’s also opening the door to a new kind of thinking about the permeable relationships between water, land, and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Creek Controlled by Concrete\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>olma Creek trickles to life among ferns and green grass in the saddle of San Bruno Mountain, and rolls through industrial flatlands to San Francisco Bay. The mountain’s foothills once tumbled almost directly into the waters of the bay, but decades of landfill and urban development have pushed the mountain and the shoreline apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, creek waters flow in a concrete channel past boxy warehouses and industrial parks. I hop a short chain link fence with Ariel Cherbowsky-Corkidi, program director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainwatch.org/\">San Bruno MountainWatch\u003c/a>. We crouch in the nook of a low bridge on a windy evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Colma Creek had a really, really big salt marsh at its mouth that spread a pretty good ways inland,” Cherbowsky-Corkidi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not anymore. We can smell tidewater, salty and fresh; so can shorebirds standing on dry patches of the creekbed. But the creek itself is locked in gray, 20 feet below us. A for-hire LimeBike rusts morosely in the shallow ripples. Cherbowsky-Corkidi says people have separated themselves from this creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“We want to not be in contact with it, you know,” he says, “putting it behind fences and no trespassing signs. We’re kind of breaking that positive connection between people and water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve the problems of sea level rise in South City, experts say that positive connection must be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can create walls that protect against hundred-year storms, yeah,” says Richard Mullane, a landscape architect with the international firm Hassell. “But then for 99 years and 50 weeks, do we really want to be three or four meters away from the shoreline? We don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Use Land to Control Water\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s part of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Resilient by Design competition, Mullane’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/hassell/\">Hassell Plus team\u003c/a> set up a temporary office in a former bank in South San Francisco. Inside, Mullane grew native plants — the kind that would thrive along a rebuilt shoreline — and shared ideas for reconnecting the downtown core to the waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in April, the Casillas family wandered in: Brisa, her husband Danny, and their one-year-old son Cruz. As they study a massive wall map, 30-feet by 20-feet, Mullane shows them where the bay will rise, and Brisa realizes their home and their jobs will be awash in blue within a few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926614\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2358px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2358\" height=\"2909\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg 2358w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-160x197.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-800x987.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1020x1258.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-973x1200.jpg 973w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1920x2369.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1180x1456.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-960x1184.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-240x296.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-375x463.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-520x642.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2358px) 100vw, 2358px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brisa and Danny Casillas, and their son Cruz, live in flood-prone San Mateo County but never thought about rising seas before. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What can we do?” says Brisa Casillas. “We live here and we have two other daughters, too. It is a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Casillas says he didn’trealize flooding had anything to do with rising seas. “I guess I never thought about it like that,” he says. But he does remember one incident of high water, fifteen years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was flooded down going to the freeway so I couldn’t get to school in San Mateo,” he says. “Yeah, I remember it was a nightmare, just cars all lined up on the street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane tells Casillas that those high waters were a warning. More often now, extreme rainstorms and big tides will collide and fill the channelized Colma Creek, spilling floodwaters into the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/south-san-francisco/\">a proposa\u003c/a>l the Hassel Plus team \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu-bSPOJxtI\">presented\u003c/a> publicly in May, they argue the solution is less concrete and more green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to slow down water,” Mullane says.” “It’s the first principle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would slow the water down is a wide, soft creek bottom that can absorb wave energy. Plus plenty of trees and native plants to sop up excess water. Then Mullane suggests expanding parkland surrounding the creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we slow down that water,” he says, “we need to have space for it whilst we wait for rising tides to reduce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That space could look like a soccer field: grassy, flat, perhaps with sloping sides to contain the water. If you build a park in lowlands, it’s okay if it floods. That shows people how to share land with water, Mullane says. “We have to plan for extreme events and we have to plan for daily life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926618\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926618\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Resilient South City invited people to mark places on the aerial map that they love or want to see changed, or that had flooded in the past. \u003ccite>(Hassell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Redeveloping open space into a soccer field would not only expand recreational opportunities at the shoreline, but also diversify them. The narrow concrete Bay Trail is useful for walking or riding a bike, both solitary, small-group activities. Soccer, the Australian Mullane points out, is a pastime that attracts crowds, and is popular with a diverse population. What that means is that one Hassell Plus-proposed soccer field could both re-engineer water flow and re-engineer the way people see the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane and the Hassell Plus team’s proposal for Colma Creek isn’t much more than an idea yet. The Resilient by Design Competition seeded conversations and ideas in 9 communities around the bay, but won’t fund entire projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace the Bay With Softer Landscapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he argument that rebuilding a soft landscape can help the region cope with sea level rise has already found favor with Bay Area voters. Two years ago, across 9 counties, 69% of them approved \u003ca href=\"https://www.yesonaaforthebay.com/about\">Measure AA\u003c/a>, a 20-year effort to bring marshes back.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It was a pristine bay. Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste.’\u003ccite>Dave Pine,\u003cbr>\nSan Mateo County\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“[Tidelands and marshes] are remarkable things both for the ecosystem and for flood protection,” says Pine, who also chairs the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority. The authority eventually will hand out $500 million for potential projects, raised from Measure AA’s $12 annual parcel tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first round of funding twenty-two sites applied for support; the restoration authority \u003ca href=\"http://sfbayrestore.org/\">will jump-start\u003c/a> just nine of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine says this serves to underline the urgency of preparing for higher water. “If we don’t get it started, many of the opportunities will be lost because of the rising Bay,” he says. “There’s a big gap between the need and the funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adaptations to rising seas that focus on green or natural infrastructure may cost less than walls, pumps and levees, which demand mechanical maintenance and more frequent upgrades. But even regional projects can cost tens of millions of dollars, and need approval from multiple local, state and federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, around Colma Creek, “It’s one of the few creeks in the county where we actually have a revenue stream to make some changes,” Pine says. San Mateo County created a flood control zone there in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926622\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South City flooding at Grand Avenue and Airport Boulevard in December 2014. \u003ccite>(Resilient South City)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Colma Creek isn’t unique in its historic separation of land and water. Neither is the starved shoreline of South San Francisco. Eighty percent of historic marshes around the bay are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area is one small corner of a San Francisco Bay that people have dramatically transformed over time. “It was a pristine bay,” says San Mateo County Supervisor Dave Pine. “Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste and thought about carving the top of San Bruno Mountain off and putting it into the bay and we had dumps up and down the San Mateo County Bayshore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through its widening, through the eras of meatpacking plants, and dumps, and industrial sites, land along the shoreline has reflected South San Francisco’s relationship to water, even just by distance from it. Now local leaders and designers say that sea level rise is making closeness to water inevitable: they’re suggesting we learn to embrace the water we once pushed away.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>ities along San Francisco Bay have traditionally defended themselves against the menacing ocean with walls, levees, and pumps. But as seas rise, structures that keep water away may not be able to defend against an uncertain future. So urban and landscape designers are looking for alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need to slow down water. It’s the first principle.’\u003ccite>Richard Mullane, Hassell\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Near Colma Creek, in South San Francisco, new ideas imagine embracing the bay, allowing water to move onto land, and allowing people to move on to water. If sea level rise reveals the vulnerabilities in our traditional relationship with water, it’s also opening the door to a new kind of thinking about the permeable relationships between water, land, and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Creek Controlled by Concrete\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>olma Creek trickles to life among ferns and green grass in the saddle of San Bruno Mountain, and rolls through industrial flatlands to San Francisco Bay. The mountain’s foothills once tumbled almost directly into the waters of the bay, but decades of landfill and urban development have pushed the mountain and the shoreline apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, creek waters flow in a concrete channel past boxy warehouses and industrial parks. I hop a short chain link fence with Ariel Cherbowsky-Corkidi, program director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainwatch.org/\">San Bruno MountainWatch\u003c/a>. We crouch in the nook of a low bridge on a windy evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Colma Creek had a really, really big salt marsh at its mouth that spread a pretty good ways inland,” Cherbowsky-Corkidi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not anymore. We can smell tidewater, salty and fresh; so can shorebirds standing on dry patches of the creekbed. But the creek itself is locked in gray, 20 feet below us. A for-hire LimeBike rusts morosely in the shallow ripples. Cherbowsky-Corkidi says people have separated themselves from this creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We want to not be in contact with it, you know,” he says, “putting it behind fences and no trespassing signs. We’re kind of breaking that positive connection between people and water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve the problems of sea level rise in South City, experts say that positive connection must be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can create walls that protect against hundred-year storms, yeah,” says Richard Mullane, a landscape architect with the international firm Hassell. “But then for 99 years and 50 weeks, do we really want to be three or four meters away from the shoreline? We don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Use Land to Control Water\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s part of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Resilient by Design competition, Mullane’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/hassell/\">Hassell Plus team\u003c/a> set up a temporary office in a former bank in South San Francisco. Inside, Mullane grew native plants — the kind that would thrive along a rebuilt shoreline — and shared ideas for reconnecting the downtown core to the waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in April, the Casillas family wandered in: Brisa, her husband Danny, and their one-year-old son Cruz. As they study a massive wall map, 30-feet by 20-feet, Mullane shows them where the bay will rise, and Brisa realizes their home and their jobs will be awash in blue within a few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926614\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2358px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2358\" height=\"2909\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg 2358w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-160x197.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-800x987.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1020x1258.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-973x1200.jpg 973w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1920x2369.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1180x1456.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-960x1184.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-240x296.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-375x463.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-520x642.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2358px) 100vw, 2358px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brisa and Danny Casillas, and their son Cruz, live in flood-prone San Mateo County but never thought about rising seas before. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What can we do?” says Brisa Casillas. “We live here and we have two other daughters, too. It is a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Casillas says he didn’trealize flooding had anything to do with rising seas. “I guess I never thought about it like that,” he says. But he does remember one incident of high water, fifteen years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was flooded down going to the freeway so I couldn’t get to school in San Mateo,” he says. “Yeah, I remember it was a nightmare, just cars all lined up on the street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane tells Casillas that those high waters were a warning. More often now, extreme rainstorms and big tides will collide and fill the channelized Colma Creek, spilling floodwaters into the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/south-san-francisco/\">a proposa\u003c/a>l the Hassel Plus team \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu-bSPOJxtI\">presented\u003c/a> publicly in May, they argue the solution is less concrete and more green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to slow down water,” Mullane says.” “It’s the first principle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would slow the water down is a wide, soft creek bottom that can absorb wave energy. Plus plenty of trees and native plants to sop up excess water. Then Mullane suggests expanding parkland surrounding the creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we slow down that water,” he says, “we need to have space for it whilst we wait for rising tides to reduce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That space could look like a soccer field: grassy, flat, perhaps with sloping sides to contain the water. If you build a park in lowlands, it’s okay if it floods. That shows people how to share land with water, Mullane says. “We have to plan for extreme events and we have to plan for daily life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926618\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926618\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Resilient South City invited people to mark places on the aerial map that they love or want to see changed, or that had flooded in the past. \u003ccite>(Hassell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Redeveloping open space into a soccer field would not only expand recreational opportunities at the shoreline, but also diversify them. The narrow concrete Bay Trail is useful for walking or riding a bike, both solitary, small-group activities. Soccer, the Australian Mullane points out, is a pastime that attracts crowds, and is popular with a diverse population. What that means is that one Hassell Plus-proposed soccer field could both re-engineer water flow and re-engineer the way people see the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane and the Hassell Plus team’s proposal for Colma Creek isn’t much more than an idea yet. The Resilient by Design Competition seeded conversations and ideas in 9 communities around the bay, but won’t fund entire projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace the Bay With Softer Landscapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he argument that rebuilding a soft landscape can help the region cope with sea level rise has already found favor with Bay Area voters. Two years ago, across 9 counties, 69% of them approved \u003ca href=\"https://www.yesonaaforthebay.com/about\">Measure AA\u003c/a>, a 20-year effort to bring marshes back.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It was a pristine bay. Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste.’\u003ccite>Dave Pine,\u003cbr>\nSan Mateo County\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“[Tidelands and marshes] are remarkable things both for the ecosystem and for flood protection,” says Pine, who also chairs the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority. The authority eventually will hand out $500 million for potential projects, raised from Measure AA’s $12 annual parcel tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first round of funding twenty-two sites applied for support; the restoration authority \u003ca href=\"http://sfbayrestore.org/\">will jump-start\u003c/a> just nine of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine says this serves to underline the urgency of preparing for higher water. “If we don’t get it started, many of the opportunities will be lost because of the rising Bay,” he says. “There’s a big gap between the need and the funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adaptations to rising seas that focus on green or natural infrastructure may cost less than walls, pumps and levees, which demand mechanical maintenance and more frequent upgrades. But even regional projects can cost tens of millions of dollars, and need approval from multiple local, state and federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, around Colma Creek, “It’s one of the few creeks in the county where we actually have a revenue stream to make some changes,” Pine says. San Mateo County created a flood control zone there in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926622\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South City flooding at Grand Avenue and Airport Boulevard in December 2014. \u003ccite>(Resilient South City)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Colma Creek isn’t unique in its historic separation of land and water. Neither is the starved shoreline of South San Francisco. Eighty percent of historic marshes around the bay are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area is one small corner of a San Francisco Bay that people have dramatically transformed over time. “It was a pristine bay,” says San Mateo County Supervisor Dave Pine. “Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste and thought about carving the top of San Bruno Mountain off and putting it into the bay and we had dumps up and down the San Mateo County Bayshore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through its widening, through the eras of meatpacking plants, and dumps, and industrial sites, land along the shoreline has reflected South San Francisco’s relationship to water, even just by distance from it. Now local leaders and designers say that sea level rise is making closeness to water inevitable: they’re suggesting we learn to embrace the water we once pushed away.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Bay Area will soon welcome the nation’s first energy efficient ferry, powered by hydrogen fuel cells, a green technology that its inventor hopes will revolutionize the global maritime industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”kvJIZpqgH2ivlFvoS4Q39uAqwkkditb1″]Alameda startup\u003ca href=\"https://ggzeromarine.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine\u003c/a> announced on Monday that it had won a $3 million grant from the California Air Resources Board to help develop the “Water-Go-Round” passenger ferry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prototype is the brainchild of Joseph Pratt, an engineer who has researched hydrogen fuel cell technology for 20 years. The catalyst for the Water-Go-Round was a study he led during his work at Sandia National Labs, where he helped develop fuel cell technology for use in cars, among other applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted in 2015 and 2016, looked at the feasibility of developing a high-speed ferry powered only by hydrogen fuel cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a real stretch from what had been previously done,” he said in an email, “as we were both challenging the limits of the technology as well as exploring the feasibility in a much greater depth than ever before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity came knocking last year, when the California Air Resources Board announced it was accepting proposals for a zero-emissions ferry.[contextly_sidebar id=”J9x5WX8Cg0tHxuLAEpEmKAfJa8PdynAP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I heard of the grant,” Pratt wrote, “I knew it was the perfect opportunity to both prove the system works in the short term, while creating Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine in the process to enable long-term commercial adoption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maritime industry remains heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Pratt’s research has found that hydrogen fuel cells can power a wide range of vessels, from small fishing boats to the largest container ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The technology has the potential to completely eliminate emissions nearly everywhere we use combustion engines today,” he said, “including the entire maritime fleet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a global scale, shipping accounted for 2.8 percent of greenhouse gas emissions from 2007-2012, according to a study from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Maritime Organization. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to being energy-efficient, the technology developed by Pratt requires little maintenance compared to combustion engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel cells are fundamentally different than combustion engines in that they have very few moving parts, while an engine has hundreds, ” he noted, “and they convert fuel directly to electricity without any mixing or burning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, for passengers, the ships make for a smooth, less smelly ride. The company is about halfway through the design phase and will begin construction of the ferry at an Alameda plant in late summer or early fall. Ultimately, Pratt says he wants to expand his work to include all kinds of diesel-powered ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal here is simple,” Pratt wrote. “Eliminate air pollution to improve our health and get our world’s climate back on track.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bay Area will soon welcome the nation’s first energy efficient ferry, powered by hydrogen fuel cells, a green technology that its inventor hopes will revolutionize the global maritime industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Alameda startup\u003ca href=\"https://ggzeromarine.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine\u003c/a> announced on Monday that it had won a $3 million grant from the California Air Resources Board to help develop the “Water-Go-Round” passenger ferry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prototype is the brainchild of Joseph Pratt, an engineer who has researched hydrogen fuel cell technology for 20 years. The catalyst for the Water-Go-Round was a study he led during his work at Sandia National Labs, where he helped develop fuel cell technology for use in cars, among other applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted in 2015 and 2016, looked at the feasibility of developing a high-speed ferry powered only by hydrogen fuel cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a real stretch from what had been previously done,” he said in an email, “as we were both challenging the limits of the technology as well as exploring the feasibility in a much greater depth than ever before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity came knocking last year, when the California Air Resources Board announced it was accepting proposals for a zero-emissions ferry.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I heard of the grant,” Pratt wrote, “I knew it was the perfect opportunity to both prove the system works in the short term, while creating Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine in the process to enable long-term commercial adoption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maritime industry remains heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Pratt’s research has found that hydrogen fuel cells can power a wide range of vessels, from small fishing boats to the largest container ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The technology has the potential to completely eliminate emissions nearly everywhere we use combustion engines today,” he said, “including the entire maritime fleet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a global scale, shipping accounted for 2.8 percent of greenhouse gas emissions from 2007-2012, according to a study from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Maritime Organization. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to being energy-efficient, the technology developed by Pratt requires little maintenance compared to combustion engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel cells are fundamentally different than combustion engines in that they have very few moving parts, while an engine has hundreds, ” he noted, “and they convert fuel directly to electricity without any mixing or burning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, for passengers, the ships make for a smooth, less smelly ride. The company is about halfway through the design phase and will begin construction of the ferry at an Alameda plant in late summer or early fall. Ultimately, Pratt says he wants to expand his work to include all kinds of diesel-powered ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal here is simple,” Pratt wrote. “Eliminate air pollution to improve our health and get our world’s climate back on track.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup this evening \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4559782-2018-06-25-20-5b283-5d-20Order-20Granting-20MTD.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dismissed the climate change case\u003c/a> filed by the cities of San Francisco and Oakland against five oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case.’\u003ccite>U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The scope of the plaintiffs’ theory is breathtaking,” Alsup wrote in his ruling. “…anyone who supplied fossil fuels with knowledge of the problem would be liable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alsup said further that the science of climate change is not at issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All parties agree that fossil fuels have led to global warming and ocean rise and will continue to do so,” he wrote, “and that eventually the navigable waters of the United States will intrude upon Oakland and San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, because the causes and dangers of global warming are worldwide, Alsup wrote, the remedy for the issue properly belongs in the legislative branch, not in the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I have only had a minute to skim Judge Alsup’s decision dismissing Oakland/SF climate nuisance cases, but this is the key graf, seems to me — a global problem, says the judge, requires a global solution, and that’s beyond the courts’ power to provide \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/cOydRUmFvi\">pic.twitter.com/cOydRUmFvi\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Mike Burger (@ProfBurger) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ProfBurger/status/1011439044407037952?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 26, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case,” Alsup wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit aimed to hold Chevron, BP, Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips responsible for the costs of adapting to sea level rise and other climate change burdens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”iawIDPrdZoKlRnHrr02OG7EZwn9BhrjS”]”Tackling the difficult international policy issues of climate change requires honest and constructive discussion,” said R. Hewitt Pate, Chevron vice-president and general counsel, in a statement. “Using lawsuits to vilify the men and woman who provide the energy we all need is neither honest nor constructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city attorneys in Oakland and San Francisco said in separate statements that they’re disappointed and are reviewing the ruling and considering their options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These defendants must be held accountable for misleading the American people about the catastrophic risks to human beings and all forms of life on this planet caused by fossil fuel-driven global warming and sea level rise,” said Oakland City Attorney Barbara Parker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the San Francisco city attorney’s office said they’re pleased the court recognized that the science of global warming is not in dispute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our litigation forced a public court proceeding on climate science, and now these companies can no longer deny it is real and valid,” said press secretary John Coté. “Our belief remains that these companies are liable for the harm they’ve caused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits in Washington and New York make federal claims similar to the arguments in the Oakland and San Francisco case, and their fates are now in doubt. Claims under different legal theories brought by other California cities continue to move through state and federal courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup this evening \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4559782-2018-06-25-20-5b283-5d-20Order-20Granting-20MTD.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dismissed the climate change case\u003c/a> filed by the cities of San Francisco and Oakland against five oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case.’\u003ccite>U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The scope of the plaintiffs’ theory is breathtaking,” Alsup wrote in his ruling. “…anyone who supplied fossil fuels with knowledge of the problem would be liable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alsup said further that the science of climate change is not at issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All parties agree that fossil fuels have led to global warming and ocean rise and will continue to do so,” he wrote, “and that eventually the navigable waters of the United States will intrude upon Oakland and San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, because the causes and dangers of global warming are worldwide, Alsup wrote, the remedy for the issue properly belongs in the legislative branch, not in the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I have only had a minute to skim Judge Alsup’s decision dismissing Oakland/SF climate nuisance cases, but this is the key graf, seems to me — a global problem, says the judge, requires a global solution, and that’s beyond the courts’ power to provide \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/cOydRUmFvi\">pic.twitter.com/cOydRUmFvi\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Mike Burger (@ProfBurger) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ProfBurger/status/1011439044407037952?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 26, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case,” Alsup wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit aimed to hold Chevron, BP, Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips responsible for the costs of adapting to sea level rise and other climate change burdens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”Tackling the difficult international policy issues of climate change requires honest and constructive discussion,” said R. Hewitt Pate, Chevron vice-president and general counsel, in a statement. “Using lawsuits to vilify the men and woman who provide the energy we all need is neither honest nor constructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city attorneys in Oakland and San Francisco said in separate statements that they’re disappointed and are reviewing the ruling and considering their options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These defendants must be held accountable for misleading the American people about the catastrophic risks to human beings and all forms of life on this planet caused by fossil fuel-driven global warming and sea level rise,” said Oakland City Attorney Barbara Parker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the San Francisco city attorney’s office said they’re pleased the court recognized that the science of global warming is not in dispute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our litigation forced a public court proceeding on climate science, and now these companies can no longer deny it is real and valid,” said press secretary John Coté. “Our belief remains that these companies are liable for the harm they’ve caused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits in Washington and New York make federal claims similar to the arguments in the Oakland and San Francisco case, and their fates are now in doubt. Claims under different legal theories brought by other California cities continue to move through state and federal courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Era of Climate Refugees: Millions Lack Recognition or Legal Protections",
"headTitle": "The Era of Climate Refugees: Millions Lack Recognition or Legal Protections | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>This month, diplomats from around the world met in New York and Geneva to hash out a pair of new global agreements that aim to lay out new guidelines for how countries should deal with \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an unprecedented surge\u003c/a> in the number of displaced people, which has now reached 65.6 million worldwide.[contextly_sidebar id=”x8vQeWj5IftQurJWmJZ0kbnNWfMHPz0i”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s one emerging category that seems to be getting short shrift in the conversation: so-called “climate refugees,” who currently lack any formal definition, recognition or protection under international law even as the scope of their predicament becomes more clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2008, an average of \u003ca href=\"http://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 million people\u003c/a> have been displaced by catastrophic weather disasters each year. As climate change worsens storms and droughts, climate scientists and migration experts expect that number to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, climate impacts that unravel over time, like desert expansion and sea level rise, are also forcing people from their homes: A \u003ca href=\"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Bank report\u003c/a> in March projects that within three of the most vulnerable regions — sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America — 143 million people could be displaced by these impacts by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate/on-the-front-line-of-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bangladesh\u003c/a>, hundreds of thousands of people are routinely uprooted by coastal flooding, many making a treacherous journey to the slums of the capital, Dhaka. In West Africa, the almost total disappearance of Lake Chad because of desertification has empowered terrorists and forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.globaldtm.info/lake-chad-basin-crisis-monthly-dashboard-1-april-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than four million people\u003c/a> into camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a problem in the United States as well. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/puerto-rico-crisis/2-300-puerto-rican-families-displaced-hurricane-maria-are-about-n880356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated 2,300 Puerto Rican families\u003c/a> displaced by Hurricane Maria are still looking for permanent housing, while government officials have spent years working to preemptively relocate more than a dozen small coastal communities in \u003ca href=\"https://thinkprogress.org/newtok-alaska-gets-relocation-funding-35b4434242a6/\">Alaska\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/louisiana-climate-refugees-plan-roadblock_us_5ab402ade4b008c9e5f55c1b\">Louisiana\u003c/a> that are disappearing into the rising sea.[contextly_sidebar id=”D4QCdbxZQ91rfuAbMyMHMW5HkskZEoC6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A December study by Columbia University climate researchers in the peer-reviewed journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6370/1610\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected\u003c/a> that if global temperatures continue their upward march, applications for asylum to the European Union could increase 28 percent to nearly 450,000 per year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, there’s no international agreement on who should qualify as a climate refugee — much less a plan to manage the growing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people fall through the cracks,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/people/erol-yayboke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erol Yayboke\u003c/a>, a development expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies who helped author a May\u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/analysis/confronting-global-forced-migration-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> on forced migration. “It’s hard for countries to come to a consensus on something like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difficulty took shape during the second and third weeks of June in the latest round of negotiations on the \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/intergovernmental-negotiations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact for Migration\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/formal-consultations-on-the-global-compact-on-refugees.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact on Refugees\u003c/a>, which are due to be adopted at the U.N. General Assembly this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the compacts were first proposed in 2016, there was some hope among migration researchers and advocates that they could provide a platform for new international policies on climate refugees, which had gained prominence since the 2015 Paris climate talks. But that hope was quashed in March, when Louise Arbour, the U.N. official leading the migration compact — which, of the two agreements, was considered the more likely venue for strong climate language — \u003ca href=\"https://www.devex.com/news/global-compact-for-migration-not-the-answer-for-climate-refugees-un-representative-92373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the European Union\u003c/a> that the document would not grant “specific legal international protection to climate-induced migrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both compacts do make some reference to the climate. The \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180528_draft_rev_2_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest draft of the migration compact\u003c/a> calls on U.N. members to “better map, understand, predict and address migration movements, including those resulting from sudden- and slow-onset natural disasters, environmental degradation, the adverse effects of climate change” and “cooperate to identify, develop and strengthen solutions, including planned relocation and visa options” for climate migrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/5b1579427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugee compact\u003c/a> stops much shorter, only mentioning climate as one of many factors that “may interact with the drivers of refugee movements.”[contextly_sidebar id=”O3EfVhrV8r5HT4P1mtehPYL7SpXnb3Fe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the compacts should encourage countries to create new legal processes to document and manage climate migrants “so people can move before the water is literally lapping at their feet,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sais-jhu.edu/users/nhall20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Hall\u003c/a>, a migration expert at Johns Hopkins University. As an example, she cited a plan in New Zealand to \u003ca href=\"https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-creates-special-refugee-visa-for-pacific-islanders-affected-by-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer up to 100 special climate visas\u003c/a> to Pacific Islanders — although that process is still in development and isn’t likely to open for several years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the language in the compacts is too vague to spur much progress, she says, and in any case neither compact will be legally binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to be up front that the global compacts are not going to transform the landscape for climate migrants,” Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate refugees pose a number of unique challenges for international policymakers compared to those displaced by persecution, the traditional driver recognized by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/1951-refugee-convention.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1951 UN Refugee Convention\u003c/a>. While some people, like the Puerto Ricans displaced by Maria, are affected by a specific disaster, many others are forced to move because of slow-onset changes like sea level rise and desertification, which can make it hard to identify them as climate refugees. Researchers are still working to understand how climate change interacts with the panoply of other factors, including national security and local economic trends, that might prompt a family to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the majority of today’s climate refugees are displaced within the borders of their own country, whereas the new compacts focus exclusively on cross-border movement. And for Pacific island nations that face a truly existential threat from sea level rise, there’s no legal precedent to guide how they might relocate to new territory in another country — if they \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/no-retreat-climate-change-and-voluntary-immobility-pacific-islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even want to move\u003c/a>. Even a comparatively simpler effort — \u003ca href=\"http:/isledejeancharles.la.gov/phase-1-resettlement-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to relocate a community of fewer than 100 people in Louisiana\u003c/a> whose island home, Isle de Jean Charles, has lost 98 percent of its land to sea level rise since the 1950s, to a new town 40 miles inland — has taken several years and cost $50 million and still faces setbacks, including complaints from the predominantly Native American residents that the state government didn’t adequately involve them in the planning process.[contextly_sidebar id=”00I9yE15Q12hdFS6dQtjFHE8BfPMVmHE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is there are tens of millions of these people, and we don’t agree on what we can do about them,” Yayboke says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the wave of nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiment that has swept across Europe and the U.S. in recent years has made it a challenge for the U.N. to even get governments to follow existing refugee protocol, let alone expand it to cover an entirely new class of refugee, Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get any progressive international policy, much less hard law, is almost impossible in today’s climate,” she says. “We’re not going to get any kind of binding convention on displaced people due to climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. pulled out of the migration compact in December, \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/363014-us-pulls-out-of-global-compact-on-migration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citing concerns\u003c/a> that it could impede the Trump administration’s immigration agenda. While that means the final agreement will be missing any commitment from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/top-25-destinations-international-migrants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world’s number-one migrant destination\u003c/a>, it does remove a potential roadblock to including climate-specific language, given Trump’s disbelief in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, the global compacts aren’t the end of the issue. A different U.N. task force that was established in the Paris climate agreement is set to deliver a new set of recommendations on climate refugees around the same time the compacts are adopted. They will likely focus on measures individual countries can take to prevent climate refugees from being displaced in the first place, says \u003ca href=\"https://sidw.org/mariam-traore-chazalnoel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariam Traore Chazalnoel\u003c/a>, a climate expert at the U.N.’s International Organization for Migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people don’t actually want to migrate,” she says. “They would rather stay where they are. But they need the \u003cem>means\u003c/em> to stay where they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could include programs to train and equip farmers for drought tolerance, she says, raise homes out of flood plains, and other measures aimed at increasing communities’ resilience to climate shocks. Yayboke believes that development agencies need to step up funding for climate adaptation programs, which can help prevent displacement and reduce government spending on recovery from predictable natural disasters later on.[contextly_sidebar id=”lD8t2ypUt2JcYfF677KFvdPB7yFAlEBd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are spending so much money on this stuff, but we’re being totally reactive,” he says. “There are proactive things we can do that we’re just not doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few places are more illustrative of that problem than Bangladesh. According to the CSIS report, up to 70 percent of the five million people living in Dhaka’s slums were displaced from their original home by environmental disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation and scope of this problem is entirely new, and of biblical proportions,” says Steve Trent, executive director of the Environmental Justice Foundation, which released its own \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/reports/climate-displacement-in-bangladesh\">report\u003c/a> on Bangladesh in 2017. “It demands an entirely new legal convention. The global compacts are a start, but it’s clear that they’re not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.timmcdonnell.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Tim McDonnell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist covering the environment, conflict and related issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Follow him on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/timmcdonnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Twitter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/timothy.m.mcdonnell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Instagram\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Refugees+The+World+Barely+Pays+Attention+To&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This month, diplomats from around the world met in New York and Geneva to hash out a pair of new global agreements that aim to lay out new guidelines for how countries should deal with \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an unprecedented surge\u003c/a> in the number of displaced people, which has now reached 65.6 million worldwide.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s one emerging category that seems to be getting short shrift in the conversation: so-called “climate refugees,” who currently lack any formal definition, recognition or protection under international law even as the scope of their predicament becomes more clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2008, an average of \u003ca href=\"http://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 million people\u003c/a> have been displaced by catastrophic weather disasters each year. As climate change worsens storms and droughts, climate scientists and migration experts expect that number to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, climate impacts that unravel over time, like desert expansion and sea level rise, are also forcing people from their homes: A \u003ca href=\"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Bank report\u003c/a> in March projects that within three of the most vulnerable regions — sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America — 143 million people could be displaced by these impacts by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate/on-the-front-line-of-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bangladesh\u003c/a>, hundreds of thousands of people are routinely uprooted by coastal flooding, many making a treacherous journey to the slums of the capital, Dhaka. In West Africa, the almost total disappearance of Lake Chad because of desertification has empowered terrorists and forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.globaldtm.info/lake-chad-basin-crisis-monthly-dashboard-1-april-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than four million people\u003c/a> into camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a problem in the United States as well. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/puerto-rico-crisis/2-300-puerto-rican-families-displaced-hurricane-maria-are-about-n880356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated 2,300 Puerto Rican families\u003c/a> displaced by Hurricane Maria are still looking for permanent housing, while government officials have spent years working to preemptively relocate more than a dozen small coastal communities in \u003ca href=\"https://thinkprogress.org/newtok-alaska-gets-relocation-funding-35b4434242a6/\">Alaska\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/louisiana-climate-refugees-plan-roadblock_us_5ab402ade4b008c9e5f55c1b\">Louisiana\u003c/a> that are disappearing into the rising sea.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A December study by Columbia University climate researchers in the peer-reviewed journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6370/1610\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected\u003c/a> that if global temperatures continue their upward march, applications for asylum to the European Union could increase 28 percent to nearly 450,000 per year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, there’s no international agreement on who should qualify as a climate refugee — much less a plan to manage the growing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people fall through the cracks,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/people/erol-yayboke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erol Yayboke\u003c/a>, a development expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies who helped author a May\u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/analysis/confronting-global-forced-migration-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> on forced migration. “It’s hard for countries to come to a consensus on something like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difficulty took shape during the second and third weeks of June in the latest round of negotiations on the \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/intergovernmental-negotiations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact for Migration\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/formal-consultations-on-the-global-compact-on-refugees.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact on Refugees\u003c/a>, which are due to be adopted at the U.N. General Assembly this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the compacts were first proposed in 2016, there was some hope among migration researchers and advocates that they could provide a platform for new international policies on climate refugees, which had gained prominence since the 2015 Paris climate talks. But that hope was quashed in March, when Louise Arbour, the U.N. official leading the migration compact — which, of the two agreements, was considered the more likely venue for strong climate language — \u003ca href=\"https://www.devex.com/news/global-compact-for-migration-not-the-answer-for-climate-refugees-un-representative-92373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the European Union\u003c/a> that the document would not grant “specific legal international protection to climate-induced migrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both compacts do make some reference to the climate. The \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180528_draft_rev_2_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest draft of the migration compact\u003c/a> calls on U.N. members to “better map, understand, predict and address migration movements, including those resulting from sudden- and slow-onset natural disasters, environmental degradation, the adverse effects of climate change” and “cooperate to identify, develop and strengthen solutions, including planned relocation and visa options” for climate migrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/5b1579427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugee compact\u003c/a> stops much shorter, only mentioning climate as one of many factors that “may interact with the drivers of refugee movements.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the compacts should encourage countries to create new legal processes to document and manage climate migrants “so people can move before the water is literally lapping at their feet,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sais-jhu.edu/users/nhall20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Hall\u003c/a>, a migration expert at Johns Hopkins University. As an example, she cited a plan in New Zealand to \u003ca href=\"https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-creates-special-refugee-visa-for-pacific-islanders-affected-by-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer up to 100 special climate visas\u003c/a> to Pacific Islanders — although that process is still in development and isn’t likely to open for several years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the language in the compacts is too vague to spur much progress, she says, and in any case neither compact will be legally binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to be up front that the global compacts are not going to transform the landscape for climate migrants,” Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate refugees pose a number of unique challenges for international policymakers compared to those displaced by persecution, the traditional driver recognized by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/1951-refugee-convention.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1951 UN Refugee Convention\u003c/a>. While some people, like the Puerto Ricans displaced by Maria, are affected by a specific disaster, many others are forced to move because of slow-onset changes like sea level rise and desertification, which can make it hard to identify them as climate refugees. Researchers are still working to understand how climate change interacts with the panoply of other factors, including national security and local economic trends, that might prompt a family to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the majority of today’s climate refugees are displaced within the borders of their own country, whereas the new compacts focus exclusively on cross-border movement. And for Pacific island nations that face a truly existential threat from sea level rise, there’s no legal precedent to guide how they might relocate to new territory in another country — if they \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/no-retreat-climate-change-and-voluntary-immobility-pacific-islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even want to move\u003c/a>. Even a comparatively simpler effort — \u003ca href=\"http:/isledejeancharles.la.gov/phase-1-resettlement-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to relocate a community of fewer than 100 people in Louisiana\u003c/a> whose island home, Isle de Jean Charles, has lost 98 percent of its land to sea level rise since the 1950s, to a new town 40 miles inland — has taken several years and cost $50 million and still faces setbacks, including complaints from the predominantly Native American residents that the state government didn’t adequately involve them in the planning process.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is there are tens of millions of these people, and we don’t agree on what we can do about them,” Yayboke says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the wave of nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiment that has swept across Europe and the U.S. in recent years has made it a challenge for the U.N. to even get governments to follow existing refugee protocol, let alone expand it to cover an entirely new class of refugee, Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get any progressive international policy, much less hard law, is almost impossible in today’s climate,” she says. “We’re not going to get any kind of binding convention on displaced people due to climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. pulled out of the migration compact in December, \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/363014-us-pulls-out-of-global-compact-on-migration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citing concerns\u003c/a> that it could impede the Trump administration’s immigration agenda. While that means the final agreement will be missing any commitment from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/top-25-destinations-international-migrants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world’s number-one migrant destination\u003c/a>, it does remove a potential roadblock to including climate-specific language, given Trump’s disbelief in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, the global compacts aren’t the end of the issue. A different U.N. task force that was established in the Paris climate agreement is set to deliver a new set of recommendations on climate refugees around the same time the compacts are adopted. They will likely focus on measures individual countries can take to prevent climate refugees from being displaced in the first place, says \u003ca href=\"https://sidw.org/mariam-traore-chazalnoel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariam Traore Chazalnoel\u003c/a>, a climate expert at the U.N.’s International Organization for Migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people don’t actually want to migrate,” she says. “They would rather stay where they are. But they need the \u003cem>means\u003c/em> to stay where they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could include programs to train and equip farmers for drought tolerance, she says, raise homes out of flood plains, and other measures aimed at increasing communities’ resilience to climate shocks. Yayboke believes that development agencies need to step up funding for climate adaptation programs, which can help prevent displacement and reduce government spending on recovery from predictable natural disasters later on.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are spending so much money on this stuff, but we’re being totally reactive,” he says. “There are proactive things we can do that we’re just not doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few places are more illustrative of that problem than Bangladesh. According to the CSIS report, up to 70 percent of the five million people living in Dhaka’s slums were displaced from their original home by environmental disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation and scope of this problem is entirely new, and of biblical proportions,” says Steve Trent, executive director of the Environmental Justice Foundation, which released its own \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/reports/climate-displacement-in-bangladesh\">report\u003c/a> on Bangladesh in 2017. “It demands an entirely new legal convention. The global compacts are a start, but it’s clear that they’re not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.timmcdonnell.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Tim McDonnell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist covering the environment, conflict and related issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Follow him on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/timmcdonnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Twitter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/timothy.m.mcdonnell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Instagram\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Refugees+The+World+Barely+Pays+Attention+To&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oil And Gas Industry Emits 60 Percent More Methane Than EPA Reports: Study",
"headTitle": "Oil And Gas Industry Emits 60 Percent More Methane Than EPA Reports: Study | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The nation’s oil and gas industry is emitting nearly 60 percent more methane than the official estimates of the Environmental Protection Agency, according to a\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study.\u003c/a> [contextly_sidebar id=”nZE8jEmsyCd7NTLNCds83wkJJsMXkhKt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, represent the “best estimate to date” of the environmental impact of the U.S. oil and gas industry, according to co-author Jeff Peischl, a scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory, in Boulder, Colorado. The study was led by researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, with support from 19 co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane, the main ingredient in natural gas, is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas over a 20-year period. It is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas and oil. Study authors attribute the majority of these emissions to leaks, equipment malfunctions and operator errors. Researchers estimate the leak rate to be 2.3 percent, versus the current EPA estimate of 1.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although the percentages seem small, the volume represents enough natural gas to fuel 10 million homes — lost gas worth an estimated $2 billion,” the EDF said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement that accompanied \u003c/a>the study.[contextly_sidebar id=”MPVsKnBjZurL3IhMGvXX5Gu6hV9YrO0N”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the oil and gas sector emits 13 million metric tons of methane per year, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the environmental impact of methane leaks in 2015 was roughly the same as carbon dioxide emissions from all U.S. coal plants operating that year. The problem spotlights a key challenge for an industry operating in an increasingly competitive, low-carbon economy. From\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21062018/methane-leaks-oil-gas-climate-change-risks-natural-gas-slcp-global-warming-pollution-science-edf-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The study…presents some of the most compelling evidence to date that switching to gas from dirtier fuels like coal might not be as effective a climate strategy as its proponents suggest unless the gas industry improves how it controls leaks.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For the report’s underlying data, researchers turned to more than half a decade of studies on methane emissions conducted by more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/Experts_Roster_Methane_Studies_6.14.18.pdf\">140 researchers from 40 institutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is by far the most comprehensive body of research of its kind,” co-author Steven Hamburg, the EDF’s chief scientist, said in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. “Reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector is the fastest, most cost-effective way we have to slow the rate of warming today, even as the larger transition to lower-carbon energy continues.”[contextly_sidebar id=”aX2zRp0OxjaSTMajTYlRE9wQe03gqdFZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Energy Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/commentary-the-environmental-case-for-natural-gas.html\">estimates\u003c/a> the oil and gas sector can slash its methane emissions by 75 percent, with up to two-thirds of those cuts happening at zero net cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is taking issue with the study’s reliance on older data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No new measurements were made for this study,” Richard Meyer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aga.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gas Association’s \u003c/a>managing director of energy analysis, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/21/emissions-greenhouse-gas-methane-higher-than-epa-thinks/722391002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told USA Today. \u003c/a>“Rather, the authors rely on previous scientific studies and a statistical method that produces higher emissions than previously estimated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']The study come as the Trump administration\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920211/u-s-district-court-rejects-trump-administration-attack-on-blm-waste-prevention-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> attempts\u003c/a> to undo Obama-era regulations meant to limit harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EDF hopes to help governments and companies track their methane emissions by\u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/climate/how-methanesat-is-different\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> launching MethaneSAT\u003c/a>, a satellite that can measure and map human-caused methane emissions. The satellite is scheduled to launch in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The nation’s oil and gas industry is emitting nearly 60 percent more methane than the official estimates of the Environmental Protection Agency, according to a\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, represent the “best estimate to date” of the environmental impact of the U.S. oil and gas industry, according to co-author Jeff Peischl, a scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory, in Boulder, Colorado. The study was led by researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, with support from 19 co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane, the main ingredient in natural gas, is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas over a 20-year period. It is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas and oil. Study authors attribute the majority of these emissions to leaks, equipment malfunctions and operator errors. Researchers estimate the leak rate to be 2.3 percent, versus the current EPA estimate of 1.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although the percentages seem small, the volume represents enough natural gas to fuel 10 million homes — lost gas worth an estimated $2 billion,” the EDF said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement that accompanied \u003c/a>the study.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the oil and gas sector emits 13 million metric tons of methane per year, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the environmental impact of methane leaks in 2015 was roughly the same as carbon dioxide emissions from all U.S. coal plants operating that year. The problem spotlights a key challenge for an industry operating in an increasingly competitive, low-carbon economy. From\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21062018/methane-leaks-oil-gas-climate-change-risks-natural-gas-slcp-global-warming-pollution-science-edf-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The study…presents some of the most compelling evidence to date that switching to gas from dirtier fuels like coal might not be as effective a climate strategy as its proponents suggest unless the gas industry improves how it controls leaks.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For the report’s underlying data, researchers turned to more than half a decade of studies on methane emissions conducted by more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/Experts_Roster_Methane_Studies_6.14.18.pdf\">140 researchers from 40 institutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is by far the most comprehensive body of research of its kind,” co-author Steven Hamburg, the EDF’s chief scientist, said in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. “Reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector is the fastest, most cost-effective way we have to slow the rate of warming today, even as the larger transition to lower-carbon energy continues.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Energy Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/commentary-the-environmental-case-for-natural-gas.html\">estimates\u003c/a> the oil and gas sector can slash its methane emissions by 75 percent, with up to two-thirds of those cuts happening at zero net cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is taking issue with the study’s reliance on older data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No new measurements were made for this study,” Richard Meyer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aga.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gas Association’s \u003c/a>managing director of energy analysis, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/21/emissions-greenhouse-gas-methane-higher-than-epa-thinks/722391002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told USA Today. \u003c/a>“Rather, the authors rely on previous scientific studies and a statistical method that produces higher emissions than previously estimated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The study come as the Trump administration\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920211/u-s-district-court-rejects-trump-administration-attack-on-blm-waste-prevention-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> attempts\u003c/a> to undo Obama-era regulations meant to limit harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EDF hopes to help governments and companies track their methane emissions by\u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/climate/how-methanesat-is-different\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> launching MethaneSAT\u003c/a>, a satellite that can measure and map human-caused methane emissions. The satellite is scheduled to launch in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Next week, a new instrument designed to measure plant stress will be plugged into the International Space Station. Once operating, the device will deliver unprecedented data about drought conditions and water conservation all over the planet.[contextly_sidebar id=”K8o6PU3tirF0q1wfrHLPADTFTO0RCpqS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device was designed and built by scientists at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. It’s scheduled for launch on June 29 aboard a SpaceX rocket as part of a resupply mission for the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the instrument will measure the temperature of plants on Earth from the space station platform orbiting 254 miles overhead. It will provide imagery sharper than any existing satellite offers – and more often, thanks to the space station’s unique orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s science lead for the project, refers to it as “space botany.” From the temperature data, scientists will be able to answer all kinds of questions that could help Earthlings use water more wisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, if plants are too hot, it means they are experiencing water stress. This could serve as an early warning of drought conditions. The data the device collects could also help farmers decide between different lettuce varieties, for example, to choose one that best handles water scarcity. The data could even gauge the success of urban water conservation measures, such as measuring effectiveness of landscaping choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Fisher to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> measure plant temperature from space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher: It measures reflectance in the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are related to heat. You know those handheld instruments that show you heat maps, like a thermometer? It’s like that except a lot more powerful and from the vantage point of space.[contextly_sidebar id=”D69q52GlVltVGKsUlj9ilhG8AyH29r71″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: And how do you get information about water use from that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’re measuring the temperature of plants on the surface of the Earth, then we convert to water use. So as plants cycle water through their leaves, the water cools them down just like sweating cools us. And if there’s not enough water, then they will heat up because they’re not cycling that water to cool them down. So we can measure that temperature and convert that to water stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the space station’s orbit help this project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Most satellites we’re used to are either polar orbiters or geostationary. But the space station has a different type of orbit called a precessing orbit. It doesn’t circle over the poles, but it can see from about 60 degrees north to 60 degrees south. Then it will come over the same spot on Earth every three to five days, depending on latitude. So, at higher latitudes, where its turning around in its orbit, it’s going to be seeing those spots quite a lot. But around the tropics, it will be passing at its normal cadence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space station will pass over us at different times every day. That’s really useful for our science because some plants will shut down in the afternoon if there’s water or heat stress, and other plants won’t. But we don’t know where that’s happening globally because we haven’t been able to get it from our polar orbiters. And our geostationary orbiters, which do measure the same area every time are quite coarse because of their orbit.[contextly_sidebar id=”KPRP4XhyJHaq18txHbqZJn1sngApBiaE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS is able to sample that diurnal cycle with a very fine spatial resolution of about 70 meters. That’s basically the size of a large backyard – about 230 feet on a side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How can this information be used to improve water efficiency on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Farmers want to water as much as their plants will use. They don’t want to water less, unless they are doing some sort of stress irrigation. In general, you want to basically optimize your irrigation and not any more, because that’s a waste of money. So farmers really want to know how much water to irrigate. \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> will tell how much water plants are needing and how much is actually being irrigated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then for water managers, similarly, they want to know how much water different areas are using. So our U.S.Department of Agriculture partners are going to be investigating science questions related to drip irrigation versus sprinklers, timing of irrigation, timing of sowing a crop, different types of seed varieties and the like. There are a lot of interesting questions related to water use in just the agricultural arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2591px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132301 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180615002413/Ecostress1NASA1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2591\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ECOSTRESS instrument is inspected after its arrival by truck at Johnson Space Center in Florida in April. (Photo Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/KSC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How often will \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> be able to take measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: The overpass time is every three to five days for a single point on Earth. But we’re always basically measuring and we’re always sending data back to Earth and processing the data. We’ll make big deliveries to the public data archive center in regular increments, every six months or so. The mission itself is a scientific mission. The applications really want near real-time, and we’re producing that and there can be extensions to the mission to enable that. But the prime focus of the mission is for the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even if it’s not near real-time, it can still help farmers. The farmer might be planting a few different varieties of lettuce and won’t know how much water each variety is using. A retrospective analysis will tell a farmer how much water each variety uses for the next season.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How unique will this data be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’ve been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://yceo.yale.edu/what-modis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">MODIS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at 1 kilometer resolution. That’s really good at temporal resolution, but not that great for spatial resolution. We’ve also been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://landsat.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Landsat\u003c/span>\u003c/a> data at about the same spatial resolution as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS.\u003c/span> But then Landsat passes over us every 16 days, and if there’s a cloud in the way then it’s 32 days.[contextly_sidebar id=”Cz4O1dWXzhJmx7SoN1acF46U98Dg8VBu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are similar instruments on high towers in different forested areas across the globe, including one in Ione, California, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. They are part of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dataset_lister.pl?p=9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Fluxnet\u003c/span>\u003c/a> network. But the Fluxnet data are limited to plants within a radius of about a mile. It would takes millions of Fluxnets to see the whole picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS kind of hits that sweet spot in terms of really good spatial resolution and really good temporal resolution. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS \u003c/span>instrument is really accurate and our retrieval algorithms to process the data are very mature and good as well. We get the best of all worlds in ECOSTRESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/19/new-tool-will-help-save-water-by-measuring-plant-health-from-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new “space botany” instrument to be mounted on the International Space Station will offer the best data yet on plant stress, helping to track water demand on farms, cities and natural habitats.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Next week, a new instrument designed to measure plant stress will be plugged into the International Space Station. Once operating, the device will deliver unprecedented data about drought conditions and water conservation all over the planet.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device was designed and built by scientists at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. It’s scheduled for launch on June 29 aboard a SpaceX rocket as part of a resupply mission for the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the instrument will measure the temperature of plants on Earth from the space station platform orbiting 254 miles overhead. It will provide imagery sharper than any existing satellite offers – and more often, thanks to the space station’s unique orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s science lead for the project, refers to it as “space botany.” From the temperature data, scientists will be able to answer all kinds of questions that could help Earthlings use water more wisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, if plants are too hot, it means they are experiencing water stress. This could serve as an early warning of drought conditions. The data the device collects could also help farmers decide between different lettuce varieties, for example, to choose one that best handles water scarcity. The data could even gauge the success of urban water conservation measures, such as measuring effectiveness of landscaping choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Fisher to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> measure plant temperature from space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher: It measures reflectance in the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are related to heat. You know those handheld instruments that show you heat maps, like a thermometer? It’s like that except a lot more powerful and from the vantage point of space.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: And how do you get information about water use from that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’re measuring the temperature of plants on the surface of the Earth, then we convert to water use. So as plants cycle water through their leaves, the water cools them down just like sweating cools us. And if there’s not enough water, then they will heat up because they’re not cycling that water to cool them down. So we can measure that temperature and convert that to water stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the space station’s orbit help this project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Most satellites we’re used to are either polar orbiters or geostationary. But the space station has a different type of orbit called a precessing orbit. It doesn’t circle over the poles, but it can see from about 60 degrees north to 60 degrees south. Then it will come over the same spot on Earth every three to five days, depending on latitude. So, at higher latitudes, where its turning around in its orbit, it’s going to be seeing those spots quite a lot. But around the tropics, it will be passing at its normal cadence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space station will pass over us at different times every day. That’s really useful for our science because some plants will shut down in the afternoon if there’s water or heat stress, and other plants won’t. But we don’t know where that’s happening globally because we haven’t been able to get it from our polar orbiters. And our geostationary orbiters, which do measure the same area every time are quite coarse because of their orbit.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS is able to sample that diurnal cycle with a very fine spatial resolution of about 70 meters. That’s basically the size of a large backyard – about 230 feet on a side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How can this information be used to improve water efficiency on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Farmers want to water as much as their plants will use. They don’t want to water less, unless they are doing some sort of stress irrigation. In general, you want to basically optimize your irrigation and not any more, because that’s a waste of money. So farmers really want to know how much water to irrigate. \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> will tell how much water plants are needing and how much is actually being irrigated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then for water managers, similarly, they want to know how much water different areas are using. So our U.S.Department of Agriculture partners are going to be investigating science questions related to drip irrigation versus sprinklers, timing of irrigation, timing of sowing a crop, different types of seed varieties and the like. There are a lot of interesting questions related to water use in just the agricultural arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2591px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132301 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180615002413/Ecostress1NASA1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2591\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ECOSTRESS instrument is inspected after its arrival by truck at Johnson Space Center in Florida in April. (Photo Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/KSC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How often will \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> be able to take measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: The overpass time is every three to five days for a single point on Earth. But we’re always basically measuring and we’re always sending data back to Earth and processing the data. We’ll make big deliveries to the public data archive center in regular increments, every six months or so. The mission itself is a scientific mission. The applications really want near real-time, and we’re producing that and there can be extensions to the mission to enable that. But the prime focus of the mission is for the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even if it’s not near real-time, it can still help farmers. The farmer might be planting a few different varieties of lettuce and won’t know how much water each variety is using. A retrospective analysis will tell a farmer how much water each variety uses for the next season.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How unique will this data be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’ve been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://yceo.yale.edu/what-modis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">MODIS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at 1 kilometer resolution. That’s really good at temporal resolution, but not that great for spatial resolution. We’ve also been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://landsat.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Landsat\u003c/span>\u003c/a> data at about the same spatial resolution as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS.\u003c/span> But then Landsat passes over us every 16 days, and if there’s a cloud in the way then it’s 32 days.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are similar instruments on high towers in different forested areas across the globe, including one in Ione, California, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. They are part of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dataset_lister.pl?p=9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Fluxnet\u003c/span>\u003c/a> network. But the Fluxnet data are limited to plants within a radius of about a mile. It would takes millions of Fluxnets to see the whole picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS kind of hits that sweet spot in terms of really good spatial resolution and really good temporal resolution. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS \u003c/span>instrument is really accurate and our retrieval algorithms to process the data are very mature and good as well. We get the best of all worlds in ECOSTRESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Limits Daily Personal Water Use to 55 Gallons – Kind Of",
"headTitle": "California Limits Daily Personal Water Use to 55 Gallons – Kind Of | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California has always been America’s leader on environmental policy, and water is no exception. So it was hardly surprising when the state made headlines across the nation in early June with a new policy on residential water use: Californians will be limited to 55 gallons per person per day for their indoor water needs.[contextly_sidebar id=”4LIGCSZt3yBkPhP2SQCUqODKQ2LzbkBs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule is apparently the first of its kind in the nation. But lost in the excitement is the fact that water agencies have no way to measure how much water their customers use indoors. Homes have only one water meter, and it provides no information about where water is used or for what purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, it turns out, the 55-gallon limit is not a limit at all. It is merely an aspirational target meant to motivate customers to conserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The statewide indoor water use standard is not enforceable on individual water users,” said Dave Bolland, director of state regulatory relations at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acwa.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>. “There is no provision [in the law] that requires individual households to meet a specific water use target.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/31/governor-brown-signs-legislation-establishing-statewide-water-efficiency-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pair of new laws\u003c/a> that enacted the 55-gallon target, Assembly Bill 1668 and Senate Bill 606, set it as a goal that water utilities must meet by averaging across all their customers. Water agencies must create a “water budget,” aggregated across their entire service area, that includes indoor water consumption, water applied for landscape irrigation, commercial and industrial use and water lost due to system leakage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overarching goal is to create a culture of permanent water conservation, and to sustain the progress made by emergency measures during California’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even in the new aggregated water budgets, utilities have no way to know for sure how much total water is being used indoors by their customers. They’ll be guessing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And water agencies are not required to ensure indoor water use hits the 55-gallon target, even as a system-wide average. Utilities only face a threat of fines by the state if they fail to live within their total water budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180620080323/846443671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2032\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel Garza, a water conservation technician with the East Bay Municipal Utility District, inspects a sprinkler system during a water conservation audit in Walnut Creek, California, in 2015. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It will be up to the local urban water suppliers to determine how to meet these aggregate water budgets,” Bolland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if the 55-gallon limit is not really a limit, and nobody even knows if it’s being met, what good is it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups supported the 55-gallon target as a public education tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the reason the number is important is because it does provide a barometer against which to measure water usage,” said Sara Aminzadeh, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://cacoastkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Coastkeeper Alliance\u003c/a>. “There’s a public awareness benefit. But I still would say the legislation is somewhat of a missed opportunity to make some deeper water conservation and efficiency gains.”[contextly_sidebar id=”vcGILrPzwoiA8mYpItstPFrvxkXsjhuk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason, she said, is that 55 gallons is probably too generous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During California’s recent five-year drought, a number of cities reduced total residential water consumption well below 55 gallons per person per day. And that included landscape irrigation. Examples include San Francisco and Santa Cruz. Granted, these are coastal cities with mild climates, well-established water conservation campaigns and receptive citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But per person indoor water use, by itself, probably doesn’t vary much across the state. Everyone needs more or less the same amount of water for bathing, cooking and cleaning. This is especially true with the broad adoption of water-efficient appliances and fixtures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does vary a lot is outdoor water use, because it depends on individual landscaping choices and local microclimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that [55 gallons] is a standard that 90 percent of water suppliers are likely already meeting,” Aminzadeh said. “I don’t want to diminish the benefit of this legislation. It’s great to see permanent water conservation legislation. But at the same time, I’m looking at a climate emergency around water scarcity issues, and really asking: Did we go far enough, and could we go further?”[contextly_sidebar id=”kIKyNbo8lCGrAw9uTQzhVUC5hHkzSFuE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new legislation does require the target to be ratcheted downward, to 52.5 gallons in 2025, then 50 gallons in 2030. It also requires the state’s Department of Water Resources and Water Resources Control Board to analyze progress on indoor water conservation, and report back to the legislature in 2021 with any recommendations to shrink the standard. So, if progress indicates the target should be lower, there’s a process to make it happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another issue overlooked in the excitement about the 55-gallon target is the fact that water budgets create a new record-keeping headache for water utilities. This is one reason the Association of California Water Agencies and a number of individual water utilities opposed the legislation. They support continued conservation progress, Bolland said, but they don’t want the state telling them how to conserve water, because every region has unique conservation priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sdcwa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego County Water Authority\u003c/a>, which opposed the legislation, one priority is economic growth. Dana Friehauf, the utility’s water resources manager, said her agency was concerned draconian conservation rules handed down by the state could discourage commercial and industrial businesses from locating in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the aggregated water budgets, rather than a strict indoor or commercial requirement, give water agencies the flexibility they need to comply. But it still won’t be easy, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to make sure whatever this objective is, it doesn’t harm the continued economic growth within our region,” she said. “It’s up to the water agency to decide how they want to achieve the savings. They could decide they want to achieve all the savings outdoors. It just depends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/20/california-limits-daily-personal-water-use-to-55-gallons-kind-of\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state’s new per capita limit on indoor water use is groundbreaking, but there is no practical way to enforce it. Rather, it is intended to inspire more conservation and guide larger efforts by water utilities.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has always been America’s leader on environmental policy, and water is no exception. So it was hardly surprising when the state made headlines across the nation in early June with a new policy on residential water use: Californians will be limited to 55 gallons per person per day for their indoor water needs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule is apparently the first of its kind in the nation. But lost in the excitement is the fact that water agencies have no way to measure how much water their customers use indoors. Homes have only one water meter, and it provides no information about where water is used or for what purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, it turns out, the 55-gallon limit is not a limit at all. It is merely an aspirational target meant to motivate customers to conserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The statewide indoor water use standard is not enforceable on individual water users,” said Dave Bolland, director of state regulatory relations at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acwa.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>. “There is no provision [in the law] that requires individual households to meet a specific water use target.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/31/governor-brown-signs-legislation-establishing-statewide-water-efficiency-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pair of new laws\u003c/a> that enacted the 55-gallon target, Assembly Bill 1668 and Senate Bill 606, set it as a goal that water utilities must meet by averaging across all their customers. Water agencies must create a “water budget,” aggregated across their entire service area, that includes indoor water consumption, water applied for landscape irrigation, commercial and industrial use and water lost due to system leakage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overarching goal is to create a culture of permanent water conservation, and to sustain the progress made by emergency measures during California’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even in the new aggregated water budgets, utilities have no way to know for sure how much total water is being used indoors by their customers. They’ll be guessing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And water agencies are not required to ensure indoor water use hits the 55-gallon target, even as a system-wide average. Utilities only face a threat of fines by the state if they fail to live within their total water budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180620080323/846443671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2032\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel Garza, a water conservation technician with the East Bay Municipal Utility District, inspects a sprinkler system during a water conservation audit in Walnut Creek, California, in 2015. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It will be up to the local urban water suppliers to determine how to meet these aggregate water budgets,” Bolland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if the 55-gallon limit is not really a limit, and nobody even knows if it’s being met, what good is it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups supported the 55-gallon target as a public education tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the reason the number is important is because it does provide a barometer against which to measure water usage,” said Sara Aminzadeh, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://cacoastkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Coastkeeper Alliance\u003c/a>. “There’s a public awareness benefit. But I still would say the legislation is somewhat of a missed opportunity to make some deeper water conservation and efficiency gains.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason, she said, is that 55 gallons is probably too generous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During California’s recent five-year drought, a number of cities reduced total residential water consumption well below 55 gallons per person per day. And that included landscape irrigation. Examples include San Francisco and Santa Cruz. Granted, these are coastal cities with mild climates, well-established water conservation campaigns and receptive citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But per person indoor water use, by itself, probably doesn’t vary much across the state. Everyone needs more or less the same amount of water for bathing, cooking and cleaning. This is especially true with the broad adoption of water-efficient appliances and fixtures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does vary a lot is outdoor water use, because it depends on individual landscaping choices and local microclimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that [55 gallons] is a standard that 90 percent of water suppliers are likely already meeting,” Aminzadeh said. “I don’t want to diminish the benefit of this legislation. It’s great to see permanent water conservation legislation. But at the same time, I’m looking at a climate emergency around water scarcity issues, and really asking: Did we go far enough, and could we go further?”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new legislation does require the target to be ratcheted downward, to 52.5 gallons in 2025, then 50 gallons in 2030. It also requires the state’s Department of Water Resources and Water Resources Control Board to analyze progress on indoor water conservation, and report back to the legislature in 2021 with any recommendations to shrink the standard. So, if progress indicates the target should be lower, there’s a process to make it happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another issue overlooked in the excitement about the 55-gallon target is the fact that water budgets create a new record-keeping headache for water utilities. This is one reason the Association of California Water Agencies and a number of individual water utilities opposed the legislation. They support continued conservation progress, Bolland said, but they don’t want the state telling them how to conserve water, because every region has unique conservation priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sdcwa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego County Water Authority\u003c/a>, which opposed the legislation, one priority is economic growth. Dana Friehauf, the utility’s water resources manager, said her agency was concerned draconian conservation rules handed down by the state could discourage commercial and industrial businesses from locating in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the aggregated water budgets, rather than a strict indoor or commercial requirement, give water agencies the flexibility they need to comply. But it still won’t be easy, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to make sure whatever this objective is, it doesn’t harm the continued economic growth within our region,” she said. “It’s up to the water agency to decide how they want to achieve the savings. They could decide they want to achieve all the savings outdoors. It just depends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
}
}
