window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"science_1934744": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1934744",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1934744",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1934155,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"height": 787
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-800x534.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 534
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/rain-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1542831728,
"modified": 1548371088,
"caption": "Recent storms have brought in around 580 billion gallons of water to California reservoirs.",
"description": "flooded cobblestone sidewalk with puddles of water and raindrops",
"title": "raindrops rippling background",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1936731": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1936731",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1936731",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1936730,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-520x292.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 292
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-960x540.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547.jpg",
"width": 1917,
"height": 1078
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-1200x675.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/whaletagging_wide-00809a38e25f7e2a7caecbcdd5c30b7bda0a6547-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1547495157,
"modified": 1547500664,
"caption": "The partial government shutdown, now in its fourth week, has led to roadblocks and delays for federally-funded research.",
"description": "The partial government shutdown had led to roadblocks and delays for federally-funded research.",
"title": "Marine biologist Ari Friedlaender tags whales as part of his research on humpback whales in the Antarctic.",
"credit": "Alison Stimpert/NMFS PERMIT 808-1735",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1936332": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1936332",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1936332",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1936327,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-520x293.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 293
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-960x540.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1080
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-1200x675.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-1920x1080.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1080
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-1920x1080.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1080
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KQEDScience_FG-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1546625921,
"modified": 1546626353,
"caption": "Frank Gehrke spent 31 years measuring the Sierra snowpack. He retired in December at 71.",
"description": "Frank Gehrke spent 31 years measuring the Sierra snowpack. He retired in December at 71.",
"title": "KQEDScience_FG",
"credit": "Calif. Dept. of Water Resources",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1936280": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1936280",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1936280",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1936279,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-520x305.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 305
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-160x94.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 94
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-960x564.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 564
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-375x220.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 220
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary.jpg",
"width": 1328,
"height": 780
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-1020x599.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 599
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-1180x693.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 693
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-1200x705.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 705
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-800x470.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 470
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-1180x693.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 693
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-768x451.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 451
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/9-14-summit-plenary-240x141.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 141
}
},
"publishDate": 1546471390,
"modified": 1546471547,
"caption": "Governor Jerry Brown speaking at the global summit in San Francisco in September. ",
"description": null,
"title": "9-14 summit plenary",
"credit": "John Larimore, Governor’s Office of Emergency Services",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1936170": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1936170",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1936170",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1936016,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-e1545959198435.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/windfarm-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1545958984,
"modified": 1545960026,
"caption": "One of the largest wind wind farms in the U.S., near Palm Springs, in 2016. California now begins on the long road to complying with a new law mandating that 100 percent of the state's electricity come from solar, wind and other emissions-free sources by 2045.",
"description": null,
"title": "TOPSHOT-US-ENVIRONMENT-ENERGY-WIND",
"credit": "David McNew/AFP/Getty",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1936126": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1936126",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1936126",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1935977,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-520x348.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 348
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-1000x576.jpg",
"width": 1000,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-960x642.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 642
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-375x251.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 251
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier.jpg",
"width": 1000,
"height": 669
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-800x535.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 535
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-768x514.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 514
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/glacier-240x161.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 161
}
},
"publishDate": 1545442809,
"modified": 1545442853,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "glacier",
"credit": "Photo by Matty Symons/Shutterstock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1935966": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1935966",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1935966",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1935965,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-e1545241144469.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1440
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/img_8053-ec7e7cb031ed82def942206208b00075668b30b0-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1545241039,
"modified": 1545241133,
"caption": "Steven Falk, former city manager of Lafayette, Calif., outside the city's Bay Area Rapid Transit station.",
"description": null,
"title": "Steven Falk, former city manager of Lafayette, Calif., outside the city's Bay Area Rapid Transit station.",
"credit": "Dan Charles/NPR",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1935923": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1935923",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1935923",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1935922,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-520x356.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 356
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-160x110.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 110
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-960x658.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 658
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-375x257.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 257
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42.jpg",
"width": 3489,
"height": 2391
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-1020x699.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 699
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-1180x809.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 809
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-1200x822.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 822
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-800x548.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 548
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-1920x1316.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1316
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-1180x809.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 809
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-1920x1316.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1316
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-768x526.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 526
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/ap_18349781789868_custom-72dd637d63d881e2c1e8b2e83fc90e6c2f823a42-240x164.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 164
}
},
"publishDate": 1545153529,
"modified": 1545154106,
"caption": "Michal Kurtyka, the Polish official who led U.N. climate change negotiations in Katowice, Poland. On Dec. 15., nearly 200 countries agreed to a set of rules that will implement the landmark Paris agreement.",
"description": "Michal Kurtyka, the Polish official who led U.N. climate change negotiations in Katowice, Poland. On Dec. 15., nearly 200 countries agreed to a set of rules that will implement the landmark Paris agreement.",
"title": "Michal Kurtyka, the Polish official who led U.N. climate change negotiations in Katowice, Poland. On Dec. 15., nearly 200 countries agreed to a set of rules that will implement the landmark Paris agreement.",
"credit": "Czarek Sokolowski/AP",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1935661": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1935661",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1935661",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1935657,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-520x319.png",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 319
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-1038x576.png",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-160x98.png",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 98
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-960x589.png",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 589
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-672x372.png",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-375x230.png",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 230
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736.png",
"width": 1200,
"height": 736
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-1020x626.png",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 626
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-1180x724.png",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 724
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-1200x736.png",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 736
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-50x50.png",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-96x96.png",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-800x491.png",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 491
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-64x64.png",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-32x32.png",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-1180x724.png",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 724
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-150x150.png",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-768x471.png",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 471
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-128x128.png",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736-240x147.png",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 147
}
},
"publishDate": 1544554031,
"modified": 1544554098,
"caption": "The 2018 Arctic Report Card found the Arctic region had the second-lowest overall sea-ice coverage on record. The map shows the age of sea ice in the Arctic ice pack in March 1985 (left) and March 2018 (right). Ice that is less than a year old is darkest blue. Ice that has survived at least four full years is white.",
"description": null,
"title": "GRAPHIC-Sea-ice-2018_Arctic-report-card-NOAA-1200x736",
"credit": "NOAA Climate.gov/Mark Tschudi./University of Colorado/CCAR",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1934680": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1934680",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1934680",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1934679,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-520x292.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 292
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-960x539.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 539
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560.jpg",
"width": 3928,
"height": 2206
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-1020x573.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 573
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-1180x663.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 663
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-1200x674.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 674
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-800x449.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 449
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-1920x1078.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1078
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-1180x663.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 663
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-1920x1078.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1078
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-768x431.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 431
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1061906560-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1542753724,
"modified": 1544379263,
"caption": "The Camp Fire consumed entire neighborhoods in Paradise, California. A massive federal report says climate change is contributing to larger wildfires as well as other deadly extreme weather.",
"description": "The Camp Fire consumed entire neighborhoods in Paradise, California. At the Cypress Meadows Post-Acute nursing home, staff had just a couple of hours to find for 91 residents, before the flames would arrive to consume the building. \n",
"title": "US-FIRE-environment-CALIFORNIA-WEATHER",
"credit": "JOSH EDELSON/AFP/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_725334": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_725334",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "725334",
"found": true
},
"parent": 725330,
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/crabs_climate-central-400x225.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 225
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/crabs_climate-central-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/crabs_climate-central.jpg",
"width": 720,
"height": 405
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/crabs_climate-central-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/crabs_climate-central-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/crabs_climate-central-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/crabs_climate-central-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/crabs_climate-central-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/crabs_climate-central-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1464188565,
"modified": 1544143799,
"caption": "The commercial Dungeness crab season for the Sonoma Coast opens this Saturday, December 8, 2018 after more than three weeks of delays.\n",
"description": null,
"title": "crabs_climate central",
"credit": "California Department of Fish and Wildlife/Flickr",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1923689": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1923689",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1923689",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1923652,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-520x325.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 325
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-160x100.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 100
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-375x234.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 234
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 500
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-800x500.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 500
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-768x480.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 480
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/Solar-Panel-240x150.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
}
},
"publishDate": 1525828244,
"modified": 1544125490,
"caption": "Almost all new homes in California will be required to come equipped with solar panels starting in 2020. The state's Building Standards Commission gave final approval for the mandate -- the first of its kind in the nation -- on Wednesday, Dec. 5, 2018.",
"description": null,
"title": "Solar Panel",
"credit": "Dennis Schroeder/Department of Energy",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"byline_science_1936730": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1936730",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1936730",
"name": "Geoff Brumfiel\u003c/br>NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1935977": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1935977",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1935977",
"name": "Kevin Cowtan and Stephan Lewandowsky\u003cbr />The Conversation",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1935965": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1935965",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1935965",
"name": "Dan Charles\u003cbr />NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1935922": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1935922",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1935922",
"name": "Rebecca Hersher\u003cbr>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/15/677109487/nations-agree-on-rules-to-put-paris-climate-agreement-into-action\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1935657": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1935657",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1935657",
"name": "Nsikan Akpan\u003cbr />PBS NewsHour",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1935381": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1935381",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1935381",
"name": "Bill Chappell\u003cbr />NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"cmiller": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "221",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "221",
"found": true
},
"name": "Craig Miller",
"firstName": "Craig",
"lastName": "Miller",
"slug": "cmiller",
"email": "craig@voxterra.net",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [
"science"
],
"title": "Editor Emeritus, Science",
"bio": "Craig is a former KQED Science editor, specializing in weather, climate, water & energy issues, with a little seismology thrown in just to shake things up. Prior to that, he launched and led the station's award-winning multimedia project, Climate Watch. Craig is also an accomplished writer/producer of television documentaries, with a focus on natural resource issues.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "voxterra",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Craig Miller | KQED",
"description": "Editor Emeritus, Science",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/cmiller"
},
"laurensommer": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "239",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "239",
"found": true
},
"name": "Lauren Sommer",
"firstName": "Lauren",
"lastName": "Sommer",
"slug": "laurensommer",
"email": "lsommer@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": "Lauren is a radio reporter formerly covering environment, water, and energy for KQED Science. As part of her day job, she has scaled Sierra Nevada peaks, run from charging elephant seals, and desperately tried to get her sea legs - all in pursuit of good radio. Her work has appeared on Marketplace, Living on Earth, Science Friday and NPR's Morning Edition and All Things Considered. You can find her on Twitter at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesommer\">@lesommer\u003c/a>.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor",
"manage_content_types",
"manage_taxonomies"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Lauren Sommer | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/laurensommer"
},
"kdomara": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "1459",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "1459",
"found": true
},
"name": "Kelly O'Mara",
"firstName": "Kelly",
"lastName": "O'Mara",
"slug": "kdomara",
"email": "komara@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [
"news"
],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": "Kelly O'Mara is a writer and reporter in the San Francisco Bay Area. She writes about food, health, sports, travel, business and California news. Her work has appeared on KQED, online for Outside Magazine, epsnW, VICE and in Competitor Magazine, among others. Follow Kelly on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kellydomara\">@kellydomara\u003c/a>.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/768fec7412028b72f13bdd0f5f9d8186?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "arts",
"roles": []
},
{
"site": "news",
"roles": []
},
{
"site": "bayareabites",
"roles": []
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": []
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": []
},
{
"site": "checkplease",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "food",
"roles": []
},
{
"site": "forum",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "liveblog",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Kelly O'Mara | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/768fec7412028b72f13bdd0f5f9d8186?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/768fec7412028b72f13bdd0f5f9d8186?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/kdomara"
},
"kqedscience": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "6387",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "6387",
"found": true
},
"name": "KQED Science",
"firstName": "KQED",
"lastName": "Science",
"slug": "kqedscience",
"email": "kqedscience@gmail.com",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": null,
"bio": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond by the flagship Northern California PBS and NPR affiliate.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"contributor"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "food",
"roles": [
"contributor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "KQED Science | KQED",
"description": null,
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/kqedscience"
},
"mpeterson": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11223",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11223",
"found": true
},
"name": "Molly Peterson",
"firstName": "Molly",
"lastName": "Peterson",
"slug": "mpeterson",
"email": "mpeterson@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": null,
"bio": "Molly Peterson reports for KQED science and news on climate change, catastrophe and risk. Previously she was environment correspondent at Southern California Public Radio. Her work has also appeared at The New York Times, The Guardian, on NPR, at High Country News, on Code Switch, and other national outlets. She has been honored with awards from Public Radio News Directors Incorporated, Investigative Reporters and Editors, the Society for Professional Journalists, the Los Angeles Press Club, and RTNDA Edward R. Murrow awards, among others.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "Mollydacious",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/radiomolly/",
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Molly Peterson | KQED",
"description": null,
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/mpeterson"
},
"parcuni": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11368",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11368",
"found": true
},
"name": "Peter Arcuni",
"firstName": "Peter",
"lastName": "Arcuni",
"slug": "parcuni",
"email": "parcuni@KQED.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [
"science"
],
"title": "Reporter",
"bio": "Peter reports radio and online stories for \u003cem>KQED Science\u003c/em>. His work has also appeared on the \u003cem>The California Report\u003c/em> morning show and \u003cem>KQED News\u003c/em>. His production credits include \u003cem>The California Report, The California Report Magazine\u003c/em> and KQED's local news podcast \u003cem>The Bay\u003c/em>. Other credits include NPR's \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>, WNYC's \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em>, WBUR's \u003cem>Here & Now\u003c/em>, WIRED and SFGate. Peter graduated from Brown University and earned a master's degree in journalism from Stanford. He's covered everything from homelessness to wildfires, health, the environment, arts and Thanksgiving in San Quentin prison. In other lives, he played rock n roll music and studied neuroscience. You can email him at: parcuni@kqed.org",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "peterarcuni",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Peter Arcuni | KQED",
"description": "Reporter",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/parcuni"
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"science_category_climate": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_31",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "31",
"score": 11.062157
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 33,
"slug": "climate",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "Climate",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "science",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial",
"currentPage": 63
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/science?category=climate",
"seeMore": false,
"paginated": true,
"page": 63
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"science_1937133": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1937133",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937133",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1548373402000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1548373402,
"format": "standard",
"title": "580 Billion Gallons. That's How Much Water Was Added to Reservoirs by Recent Storms",
"headTitle": "580 Billion Gallons. That’s How Much Water Was Added to Reservoirs by Recent Storms | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The round of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936853/here-comes-the-big-bay-area-storm-dangerous-blizzard-conditions-in-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">storms\u003c/a> that soaked California in recent weeks has brought a huge influx of water to the state. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/01/23/california-rainfall-reservoir-level-sierra-snow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new analysis\u003c/a> by The Mercury News, California reservoirs are now holding an additional 580 billion gallons compared to the start of the year. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/weather/article/Sierra-snow-pack-size-percent-of-average-2019-13552288.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snowpack\u003c/a> also got a big boost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report utilized data from 47 key reservoirs monitored by the \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state\u003c/a>. Mercury News reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor Paul Rogers reported the story, which was published Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers spoke with KQED Science Editor Danielle Venton about the analysis and what it means for the state’s water supply. Here are excerpts from that conversation edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>580 billion gallons sounds like a lot of water. Is there a way to put that into context?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water we’re talking about is enough for the needs of 9 million California residents for a year.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does this influx signal for the state’s water supply in 2019?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is really good news for California’s summer water outlook. The amount of water that we had stored in these reservoirs was below the historical average until the January storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had kind of a lackluster November and December. Now with all this rain and snow, the the reservoir levels are brought up to normal [for this time of year].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also had a huge impact on the Sierra snowpack, which went from 69 percent of normal on New Year’s Day to 114 percent of normal today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s three wettest months are December through February. Given it’s still January, how important are the current totals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the misery of the five-year drought we had recently, just getting anywhere near normal is cause for celebration for a lot of water managers and water agencies around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Danielle Venton and Peter Arcuni contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 333,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 14
},
"modified": 1704927183,
"excerpt": "The round of storms that soaked California in recent weeks has brought a huge influx of water to the state, according to a new analysis by The Mercury News.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The round of storms that soaked California in recent weeks has brought a huge influx of water to the state, according to a new analysis by The Mercury News.",
"title": "580 Billion Gallons. That's How Much Water Was Added to Reservoirs by Recent Storms | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "580 Billion Gallons. That's How Much Water Was Added to Reservoirs by Recent Storms",
"datePublished": "2019-01-24T15:43:22-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:53:03-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "580-billion-gallons-thats-how-much-water-recent-storms-added-to-california-reservoirs",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Science",
"path": "/science/1937133/580-billion-gallons-thats-how-much-water-recent-storms-added-to-california-reservoirs",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The round of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936853/here-comes-the-big-bay-area-storm-dangerous-blizzard-conditions-in-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">storms\u003c/a> that soaked California in recent weeks has brought a huge influx of water to the state. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/01/23/california-rainfall-reservoir-level-sierra-snow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new analysis\u003c/a> by The Mercury News, California reservoirs are now holding an additional 580 billion gallons compared to the start of the year. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/weather/article/Sierra-snow-pack-size-percent-of-average-2019-13552288.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snowpack\u003c/a> also got a big boost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report utilized data from 47 key reservoirs monitored by the \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state\u003c/a>. Mercury News reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor Paul Rogers reported the story, which was published Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers spoke with KQED Science Editor Danielle Venton about the analysis and what it means for the state’s water supply. Here are excerpts from that conversation edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>580 billion gallons sounds like a lot of water. Is there a way to put that into context?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water we’re talking about is enough for the needs of 9 million California residents for a year.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does this influx signal for the state’s water supply in 2019?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is really good news for California’s summer water outlook. The amount of water that we had stored in these reservoirs was below the historical average until the January storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had kind of a lackluster November and December. Now with all this rain and snow, the the reservoir levels are brought up to normal [for this time of year].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also had a huge impact on the Sierra snowpack, which went from 69 percent of normal on New Year’s Day to 114 percent of normal today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s three wettest months are December through February. Given it’s still January, how important are the current totals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the misery of the five-year drought we had recently, just getting anywhere near normal is cause for celebration for a lot of water managers and water agencies around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Danielle Venton and Peter Arcuni contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1937133/580-billion-gallons-thats-how-much-water-recent-storms-added-to-california-reservoirs",
"authors": [
"6387"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_3841",
"science_3180",
"science_572",
"science_3370",
"science_3834",
"science_1213",
"science_1127",
"science_2878",
"science_365"
],
"featImg": "science_1934744",
"label": "source_science_1937133"
},
"science_1936730": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1936730",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1936730",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1547502045000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1547502045,
"format": "standard",
"title": "As Government Shutdown Drags On, Science Sputters",
"headTitle": "As Government Shutdown Drags On, Science Sputters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Big, important scientific breakthroughs are built of small, incremental experiments. And the partial government shutdown is already interfering with some of that research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists often depend on the government for grant funding, expertise and — in some cases — even regulatory approval. With the shutdown, some researchers are missing those key elements of scientific collaboration. Here’s how some scientists say the shutdown is affecting their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://plantandmicrobiology.berkeley.edu/profile/tuesday-b-simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Tuesday Simmons\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a graduate student in microbiology at the University of California, Berkeley, \u003c/strong>writes, “I’m a grad student at Berkeley, but my PI [principal investigator] works for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/topics/research-and-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USDA\u003c/a> (like several PIs in my department). While the grad students continue to work, it is difficult for us without our advisers here.” She says this affects her in two primary ways. “I am trying to complete a manuscript with my adviser and I need to meet with him to discuss figures and text edits,” Simmons says. And she says she is “trying to plan a new experiment where I’m adding synthetic microbial communities to sorghum plants, and I need to iron out the details with him before starting the experiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.’\u003ccite>Christopher Horvat, Brown University climate scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Simmons points out that it’s hard to hit the pause button on plant research. “The plants continue to grow and need care (such as water and maintained growth chambers). During this time, many plants are dying, time points for experiments aren’t being collected, and plants are maturing without people to collect their seeds. This can set experiments back weeks, months or, in some cases, up to a year. Honestly, the labs with grad students are the lucky ones, because we’re allowed in to take care of plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leiferlab.princeton.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Leifer\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a physicist at Princeton, \u003c/strong>says, “I’m a newer assistant professor and I’ve been trying hard to land my first federal grant, which is crucial for funding my research into how the neurons in a worm’s brain generate its behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mid-December, he was on the cusp of hearing whether he was about to receive a grant from the NSF. He says they were going to let him know in the new year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then the shutdown happened and so for the past three weeks I have been anxiously waiting to hear if my research will get funded,” Leifer says. “It is my understanding that NSF employees are barred from even checking their email and are not allowed to discuss any NSF related business. So I will just wait. But not knowing impedes my ability to plan or to hire people, or even knowing whether I should be trying to recruit additional grad students. Admittedly, this is minor in the scheme of things, but I think it illustrates just how pervasive the negative consequences of the shutdown are for science, and it will only get worse with time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.mlml.calstate.edu_people_research-2Dfaculty_alison-2Dstimpert_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=0HyUrpwWxG39kWTmHtRQSIB3Ec6VYBySAWPG0Tjp0iw&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Alison Stimpert\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a marine biologist with California State University, \u003c/strong>writes, “Even though I am continuing to work, many of my collaborators (\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.usgs.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=i2HFJF-bNWuTGhsal1os8PCvyq0dAHgqsfwdClL8FTk&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USGS\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.noaa.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=jK8CaRolj7riqEo7-hd-CVop8JZ1kCPjGUcJ4v-4s9s&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a>) are furloughed and projects we are working on together cannot move forward.” She says that means “project planning meetings are being delayed, as well as permit applications for upcoming work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stimpert studies bioacoustics — “acoustic behavior and effects of noise on marine species,” she explains — in waters off of California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Alaska and Antarctica. She says that in some cases, the shutdown means she may have to reorganize some travel or wait to start a phase of research until collaborators can work. In other areas, it might have more serious implications: “We might miss an opportunity to deploy an instrument, which makes us miss collecting an entire season of data.” And Stimpert says that if she or her collaborators have future federal funding delays, it could mean that “I can’t purchase an instrument that I need, but might (and I am not alone in this) mean my other funding runs out and I can no longer fund my position, making me lose my benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chrv.at/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Christopher Horvat\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a climate scientist at Brown University, \u003c/strong>tells NPR, “I’m a postdoc, and while I am in a lucky position to have a reasonably-paying fellowship, the loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.” His funding comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration via a contractor, and NOAA is closed during the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Already, the high relative cost of travel for research my means I must float significant amounts of money relative to my salary on credit cards,” he says. “With the shutdown, reimbursements for research and travel expenditures are not being paid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horvat researches the Arctic climate system –“aspects of its sea ice, ocean and ecology emerging as a result of the last century of rapid change, like massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms or rapid sea ice breakup events. I also do kayak-based field research in the high Arctic where we use drones to map changes to the sea ice in Arctic waterways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his employer has provided two options: “(1) be furloughed, or (2) have subsequent pay periods at half our typical rates, with the hope that at the conclusion of the shutdown we will get back pay accounting for the drop in pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a contractor, in the case of a furlough I would not be paid for the time I did not work and so I would likely go on unemployment. I do not know how long option (2) will last, but I assume it is for at least the next few weeks before a forced furlough happens. While earning half rates seems like the best option, unemployment would pay a similar wage and have more certainty, while prolonging my appointment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1022,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 16
},
"modified": 1704927202,
"excerpt": "Government, academic and industry researchers often depend on each others' work and funding. The partial shutdown is getting in the way of some of that collaboration and research.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Government, academic and industry researchers often depend on each others' work and funding. The partial shutdown is getting in the way of some of that collaboration and research.",
"title": "As Government Shutdown Drags On, Science Sputters | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "As Government Shutdown Drags On, Science Sputters",
"datePublished": "2019-01-14T13:40:45-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:53:22-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "as-government-shutdown-drags-on-science-sputters",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=683716451&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Geoff Brumfiel\u003c/br>NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Thu, 10 Jan 2019 13:51:34 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Thu, 10 Jan 2019 18:27:47 -0500",
"sticky": false,
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2019/01/10/683716451/with-key-government-agencies-shut-down-science-sputters?ft=nprml&f=683716451",
"nprImageAgency": "Alison Stimpert/NMFS PERMIT 808-1735",
"source": "NPR",
"nprStoryId": "683716451",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Thu, 10 Jan 2019 18:27:00 -0500",
"path": "/science/1936730/as-government-shutdown-drags-on-science-sputters",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Big, important scientific breakthroughs are built of small, incremental experiments. And the partial government shutdown is already interfering with some of that research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists often depend on the government for grant funding, expertise and — in some cases — even regulatory approval. With the shutdown, some researchers are missing those key elements of scientific collaboration. Here’s how some scientists say the shutdown is affecting their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://plantandmicrobiology.berkeley.edu/profile/tuesday-b-simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Tuesday Simmons\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a graduate student in microbiology at the University of California, Berkeley, \u003c/strong>writes, “I’m a grad student at Berkeley, but my PI [principal investigator] works for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/topics/research-and-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USDA\u003c/a> (like several PIs in my department). While the grad students continue to work, it is difficult for us without our advisers here.” She says this affects her in two primary ways. “I am trying to complete a manuscript with my adviser and I need to meet with him to discuss figures and text edits,” Simmons says. And she says she is “trying to plan a new experiment where I’m adding synthetic microbial communities to sorghum plants, and I need to iron out the details with him before starting the experiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.’\u003ccite>Christopher Horvat, Brown University climate scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Simmons points out that it’s hard to hit the pause button on plant research. “The plants continue to grow and need care (such as water and maintained growth chambers). During this time, many plants are dying, time points for experiments aren’t being collected, and plants are maturing without people to collect their seeds. This can set experiments back weeks, months or, in some cases, up to a year. Honestly, the labs with grad students are the lucky ones, because we’re allowed in to take care of plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leiferlab.princeton.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Leifer\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a physicist at Princeton, \u003c/strong>says, “I’m a newer assistant professor and I’ve been trying hard to land my first federal grant, which is crucial for funding my research into how the neurons in a worm’s brain generate its behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mid-December, he was on the cusp of hearing whether he was about to receive a grant from the NSF. He says they were going to let him know in the new year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then the shutdown happened and so for the past three weeks I have been anxiously waiting to hear if my research will get funded,” Leifer says. “It is my understanding that NSF employees are barred from even checking their email and are not allowed to discuss any NSF related business. So I will just wait. But not knowing impedes my ability to plan or to hire people, or even knowing whether I should be trying to recruit additional grad students. Admittedly, this is minor in the scheme of things, but I think it illustrates just how pervasive the negative consequences of the shutdown are for science, and it will only get worse with time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.mlml.calstate.edu_people_research-2Dfaculty_alison-2Dstimpert_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=0HyUrpwWxG39kWTmHtRQSIB3Ec6VYBySAWPG0Tjp0iw&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Alison Stimpert\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a marine biologist with California State University, \u003c/strong>writes, “Even though I am continuing to work, many of my collaborators (\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.usgs.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=i2HFJF-bNWuTGhsal1os8PCvyq0dAHgqsfwdClL8FTk&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USGS\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.noaa.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=jK8CaRolj7riqEo7-hd-CVop8JZ1kCPjGUcJ4v-4s9s&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a>) are furloughed and projects we are working on together cannot move forward.” She says that means “project planning meetings are being delayed, as well as permit applications for upcoming work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stimpert studies bioacoustics — “acoustic behavior and effects of noise on marine species,” she explains — in waters off of California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Alaska and Antarctica. She says that in some cases, the shutdown means she may have to reorganize some travel or wait to start a phase of research until collaborators can work. In other areas, it might have more serious implications: “We might miss an opportunity to deploy an instrument, which makes us miss collecting an entire season of data.” And Stimpert says that if she or her collaborators have future federal funding delays, it could mean that “I can’t purchase an instrument that I need, but might (and I am not alone in this) mean my other funding runs out and I can no longer fund my position, making me lose my benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chrv.at/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Christopher Horvat\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a climate scientist at Brown University, \u003c/strong>tells NPR, “I’m a postdoc, and while I am in a lucky position to have a reasonably-paying fellowship, the loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.” His funding comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration via a contractor, and NOAA is closed during the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Already, the high relative cost of travel for research my means I must float significant amounts of money relative to my salary on credit cards,” he says. “With the shutdown, reimbursements for research and travel expenditures are not being paid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horvat researches the Arctic climate system –“aspects of its sea ice, ocean and ecology emerging as a result of the last century of rapid change, like massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms or rapid sea ice breakup events. I also do kayak-based field research in the high Arctic where we use drones to map changes to the sea ice in Arctic waterways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his employer has provided two options: “(1) be furloughed, or (2) have subsequent pay periods at half our typical rates, with the hope that at the conclusion of the shutdown we will get back pay accounting for the drop in pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a contractor, in the case of a furlough I would not be paid for the time I did not work and so I would likely go on unemployment. I do not know how long option (2) will last, but I assume it is for at least the next few weeks before a forced furlough happens. While earning half rates seems like the best option, unemployment would pay a similar wage and have more certainty, while prolonging my appointment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1936730/as-government-shutdown-drags-on-science-sputters",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1936730"
],
"categories": [
"science_2874",
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_16",
"science_40",
"science_2873"
],
"tags": [
"science_182",
"science_192",
"science_3838"
],
"featImg": "science_1936731",
"label": "source_science_1936730"
},
"science_1936327": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1936327",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1936327",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1546848077000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1546848077,
"format": "audio",
"title": "California's Indomitable Snowman Talks Snowpack Tech in a Changing Climate",
"headTitle": "California’s Indomitable Snowman Talks Snowpack Tech in a Changing Climate | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Frank Gehrke says that back in Missouri, where he was raised, snow was “something to be plowed.” He would soon take a very different view.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a> was a game-changer, says Frank Gehrke, California’s former chief snow surveyor.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In December, Gehrke retired as chief snow surveyor for the California Department of Water Resources. He spent much of his 31 years with the department on skis and snowshoes, in remote corners of the Sierra Nevada, \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measuring the “frozen reservoir”\u003c/a> that ultimately provides about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was also the guy flanking Gov. Jerry Brown in late March of 2015, when there was no snow to measure and Brown announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/28837/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sweeping drought measures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after his retirement, I met Gehrke near his home on the American River, for some reflections. The following is an edited transcript.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s it like not being involved in the snow surveys after all this time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little bittersweet. But by the same token it’s a relief not to have those worries about what could go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was it like to see the monthly surveys become a media event?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first came to work for the department in 1987, there would be an occasional call from the media about when we were doing the survey. And then as things evolved in that first five-year drought, I realized that when the media brought their own snowshoes they were serious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: 1958 snow survey\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surveyors using a Mt. Rose snow gauge to measure water content in 1958. Manual surveys are still done the same way. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It seems like the technology has really changed since you started in 1987.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well it has, and the real game-changer is what’s known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>A Disappointing Start\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KJ_snow_survey_0463_01_03_19.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first manual snow survey of the winter, conducted on Jan. 3, showed water content of the Sierra snowpack at just 67 percent of the long-term average, but that still beats last year at this time, when it was 31 percent of normal. Keep in mind the snowpack water content can change dramatically as the winter months progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>These are guys from NASA basically flying over the mountains in a plane, using light beams to measure the snow?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. We started that. And that truly has been the huge change in all of the history of snow surveys. Being able to look at this basin-wide snow-water equivalent truly is phenomenal. And because we now can very accurately determine the snow in a basin, then we can start to look at some of the other factors that go into runoff prediction and examine those with the idea that the snow is now a known quantity. We’re not guessing or trying to estimate. We know how much snow is up there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How important are these precision measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, they’re hugely important, especially as things are changing. Predictions are for less snow, more rain, so being able to accurately determine where the snow is and how much there is makes a big difference in terms of your modeling for those short-term flood events, and also for more long-term water-supply forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s also very important, for example down in the Tuolumne River watershed, where our highest ground-based measurement is at about 10,000 feet. Fully a third of the watershed is above that measurement point. So if you get into a spring situation where the snow has basically melted up to 10,000 feet, you’re flying blind — or you were prior to the Airborne Snow Observatory. And the ability to look at that, especially that late-spring runoff, can be extremely important for determining reservoir levels and managing that reservoir capacity for the benefit of both flood control as well as water supply and hydroelectric and a number of other benefits that you can more accurately monitor the reservoir and make intelligent decisions about releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/J9tn1/5/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n \u003cstrong>You’ve been doing this over the past 30 years. What changes have you seen in the snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually not very much. We talk about the seasonal or inter-annual variability.[How California whipsaws between wet and dry years]. And those swings can mask perhaps a longer-term signal that’s in there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/factpub/sect_4a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow-course\u003c/a> record, people look at it and they tweak it and some people see a signal, others don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Editor’s note: Recent scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923700/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studies have projected\u003c/a> that the Sierra snowpack could shrink by nearly 80 percent by 2100, and timing of the runoff could change dramatically.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you worry at all about California’s water future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even now, there is a lot of water in California. But it doesn’t come with the timing and the location of where we as a civilization really want it. That’s where I think technology can do a great deal. We probably aren’t going to be moving more water than we are right now; it’s unlikely we’ll be building any giant new pipelines or something. But what we’ll be able to do is identify where the water is, when it occurs, and improve that accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in 2019, we don’t know what water the rest of the year is going to bring. And if we could improve that, even a little bit, it would go a long way toward being able to manage what we have right now in terms of physical infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How do they do the manual snow surveys? Find out in this video from 2010, when I trailed Gehrke out to Tamarack Flat in El Dorado County.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xojdkhJwZxY&w=560&h=315]\u003cstrong>Speaking of technology, when does skiing up into a pass and shoving aluminum tubes into the snow to weigh the water content become obsolete?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can see the number of surveys being reduced. But I think, at least for the foreseeable future, they’re still what we use to verify everything else. Even though we have very advanced models, you still need that ground truth to ensure that something hasn’t gone haywire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": true,
"hasChartOrMap": true,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1070,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [
"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/J9tn1/5/"
],
"paragraphCount": 27
},
"modified": 1704927222,
"excerpt": "Frank Gehrke wasn't the only one to plod into mountain meadows to measure the snowpack, but over 31 years he became the face and voice of California's monthly snow surveys.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Frank Gehrke wasn't the only one to plod into mountain meadows to measure the snowpack, but over 31 years he became the face and voice of California's monthly snow surveys.",
"title": "California's Indomitable Snowman Talks Snowpack Tech in a Changing Climate | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "California's Indomitable Snowman Talks Snowpack Tech in a Changing Climate",
"datePublished": "2019-01-07T00:01:17-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:53:42-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/01/MillerGehrkeRetire.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 284,
"source": "Water",
"path": "/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water",
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Frank Gehrke says that back in Missouri, where he was raised, snow was “something to be plowed.” He would soon take a very different view.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a> was a game-changer, says Frank Gehrke, California’s former chief snow surveyor.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In December, Gehrke retired as chief snow surveyor for the California Department of Water Resources. He spent much of his 31 years with the department on skis and snowshoes, in remote corners of the Sierra Nevada, \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measuring the “frozen reservoir”\u003c/a> that ultimately provides about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was also the guy flanking Gov. Jerry Brown in late March of 2015, when there was no snow to measure and Brown announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/28837/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sweeping drought measures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after his retirement, I met Gehrke near his home on the American River, for some reflections. The following is an edited transcript.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s it like not being involved in the snow surveys after all this time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little bittersweet. But by the same token it’s a relief not to have those worries about what could go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was it like to see the monthly surveys become a media event?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first came to work for the department in 1987, there would be an occasional call from the media about when we were doing the survey. And then as things evolved in that first five-year drought, I realized that when the media brought their own snowshoes they were serious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: 1958 snow survey\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surveyors using a Mt. Rose snow gauge to measure water content in 1958. Manual surveys are still done the same way. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It seems like the technology has really changed since you started in 1987.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well it has, and the real game-changer is what’s known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>A Disappointing Start\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KJ_snow_survey_0463_01_03_19.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first manual snow survey of the winter, conducted on Jan. 3, showed water content of the Sierra snowpack at just 67 percent of the long-term average, but that still beats last year at this time, when it was 31 percent of normal. Keep in mind the snowpack water content can change dramatically as the winter months progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>These are guys from NASA basically flying over the mountains in a plane, using light beams to measure the snow?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. We started that. And that truly has been the huge change in all of the history of snow surveys. Being able to look at this basin-wide snow-water equivalent truly is phenomenal. And because we now can very accurately determine the snow in a basin, then we can start to look at some of the other factors that go into runoff prediction and examine those with the idea that the snow is now a known quantity. We’re not guessing or trying to estimate. We know how much snow is up there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How important are these precision measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, they’re hugely important, especially as things are changing. Predictions are for less snow, more rain, so being able to accurately determine where the snow is and how much there is makes a big difference in terms of your modeling for those short-term flood events, and also for more long-term water-supply forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s also very important, for example down in the Tuolumne River watershed, where our highest ground-based measurement is at about 10,000 feet. Fully a third of the watershed is above that measurement point. So if you get into a spring situation where the snow has basically melted up to 10,000 feet, you’re flying blind — or you were prior to the Airborne Snow Observatory. And the ability to look at that, especially that late-spring runoff, can be extremely important for determining reservoir levels and managing that reservoir capacity for the benefit of both flood control as well as water supply and hydroelectric and a number of other benefits that you can more accurately monitor the reservoir and make intelligent decisions about releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/J9tn1/5/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n \u003cstrong>You’ve been doing this over the past 30 years. What changes have you seen in the snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually not very much. We talk about the seasonal or inter-annual variability.[How California whipsaws between wet and dry years]. And those swings can mask perhaps a longer-term signal that’s in there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/factpub/sect_4a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow-course\u003c/a> record, people look at it and they tweak it and some people see a signal, others don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Editor’s note: Recent scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923700/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studies have projected\u003c/a> that the Sierra snowpack could shrink by nearly 80 percent by 2100, and timing of the runoff could change dramatically.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you worry at all about California’s water future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even now, there is a lot of water in California. But it doesn’t come with the timing and the location of where we as a civilization really want it. That’s where I think technology can do a great deal. We probably aren’t going to be moving more water than we are right now; it’s unlikely we’ll be building any giant new pipelines or something. But what we’ll be able to do is identify where the water is, when it occurs, and improve that accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in 2019, we don’t know what water the rest of the year is going to bring. And if we could improve that, even a little bit, it would go a long way toward being able to manage what we have right now in terms of physical infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How do they do the manual snow surveys? Find out in this video from 2010, when I trailed Gehrke out to Tamarack Flat in El Dorado County.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speaking of technology, when does skiing up into a pass and shoving aluminum tubes into the snow to weigh the water content become obsolete?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can see the number of surveys being reduced. But I think, at least for the foreseeable future, they’re still what we use to verify everything else. Even though we have very advanced models, you still need that ground truth to ensure that something hasn’t gone haywire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water",
"authors": [
"221"
],
"series": [
"science_1151"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_40",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_3370",
"science_3833",
"science_109",
"science_1462",
"science_1243",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_1936332",
"label": "source_science_1936327"
},
"science_1936279": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1936279",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1936279",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1546502517000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1546502517,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Five Big Things Governor Brown Did on Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Five Big Things Governor Brown Did on Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In 1977, the 39-year-old governor of California led a puzzled press corps to a blustery stretch of coastline near Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I heard that you were going to come out here and talk to the whales,” one reporter said to him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I came out here to see,” said Gov. Jerry Brown. “The idea of the project is to put hydrophones in the water and pick up the sounds that the whales make as they go through their migration south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Governor Jerry Brown, on climate change\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whale calls could be heard in the background, played by the “Gray Whale Listening Station,” an experimental project by the California-based art and architecture collective known as the Ant Farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was his first tour as governor, and Brown talked about environmentalism long before it was mainstream, promoting the nascent technologies of solar and wind power. At the time, critics thought his ideas were on the fringe. That approach earned him the nickname “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/weekinreview/07mckinley.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governor Moonbeam\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than 40 years later, Brown is leaving office again, having passed some of the most ambitious climate change policies in the country. Under his watch, renewable energy has boomed and carbon emissions have declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some say Brown didn’t go far enough, leaving California with the toughest climate challenges to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sees it both ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say California has taken more intelligent action on climate change than any state or province in the Western Hemisphere,” he said in an interview with KQED in the weeks before leaving office. “We’ve pushed way beyond what other states can even imagine. And we have to go even further and I agree with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are few elected officials in the country who talk about climate change more than Brown, who calls it “a threat to organized human existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown thinks about this day and night,” says Ken Alex, Brown’s climate policy advisor for the past eight years. “I don’t think that’s an exaggeration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex recalls an out-of-office message he put on his email a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 710px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936292\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"710\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg 710w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the dry 2016 winter, Governor Brown meets with snow surveyor Frank Gehrke. \u003ccite>(Kelly M. Grow / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My response said, ‘I’m unplugging, no email, no nothing,’ and he wrote back and he said ‘Why? This is the time to be engaged. What are you doing?’” Alex remembers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as Brown’s tenure ends, here are his biggest climate accomplishments (and what his critics had to say about them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Putting California on Path to Be Carbon Neutral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years ago, Brown set an ambitious target for cutting greenhouse gas emissions in the state. He ordered a 40 percent reduction below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in September, he upped the ante, signing another order that would \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/9.10.18-Executive-Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make the state carbon neutral\u003c/a> by 2045, then achieving negative emissions after that. It means California wouldn’t be creating a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931644/jerry-brown-has-directed-california-to-go-carbon-neutral-by-2045-is-that-even-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aspirational\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/9/11/17844896/california-jerry-brown-carbon-neutral-2045-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stunning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will that actually look like? No one really knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an executive order, the policy is more like a rough guideline. New laws or rules from state agencies would be needed for it to actually go into effect, usually after lengthy scoping processes. And a new governor could simply undo the order (though Governor-Elect Gavin Newsom has been largely supportive of Brown’s climate policies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, being carbon neutral wouldn’t require California to end all carbon emissions in the state. The state could offset any remaining emissions by finding ways to pull carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes storage in natural ecosystems by building up the soil or by capturing it from manmade sources and putting it deep underground, a technology that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/485125/despite-millions-in-investment-carbon-capture-flops-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California has struggled to get off the ground\u003c/a>, despite millions of dollars of investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Getting Rid of Gas-Guzzlers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Car-loving Californians are potentially the state’s biggest hurdle to reaching its climate goals. Transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”IyxUwR7H2e9ndLJx4mY1zaZhTHlp0MtT”]“The real challenge is the consumption of oil, which has gone up,” Brown said in September. “Under my administration, gone up 4 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Brown set a goal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/01/26/governor-brown-takes-action-to-increase-zero-emission-vehicles-fund-new-climate-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">put 5 million plug-in and electric cars\u003c/a> on the roads by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931169/governor-browns-biggest-climate-foe-isnt-trump-its-car-loving-californians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no small feat\u003c/a>, considering there are now only 500,000 on the roads in California. The state has been handing out rebates, carpool-lane privileges and other incentives to try to entice drivers to switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some environmental groups thought Brown should tackle the problem at the source by banning oil production. California is the fourth-largest oil producer in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to make real progress on climate change in the next decade, we have to decrease the use of oil and gas,” said Adam Scow of the advocacy group Food and Water Watch. “Governor Brown has been a major disappointment on the issue of fracking and oil drilling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown shrugged off the “leave it in the ground” critics by pointing out that oil production is already declining in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re moving in the same direction as the critics,” he said. “They’d just like it to go a little faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Extending California’s Flagship Climate Program: Cap and Trade\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the future of one of California’s core climate policies was cloudy. The state’s cap-and-trade program faced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a life-or-death vote\u003c/a> in the state legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few climate policies have been as controversial in the state as cap and trade. Critics blame it for everything from a rise in gas prices to providing funding for the much maligned high-speed rail project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the system, power plants and industrial and manufacturing facilities either must cut their emissions or buy carbon credits from someone else who has cut their emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it was only mandated through 2020, Brown and others wanted to see it extended to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not here about some cockamamie legacy people talk about,” Brown said to legislators during the debate. “This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you. It’s for you and it’s damn real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But saving cap and trade would require winning over a tough audience for Brown: Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He knew that he needed to have Republican support to be able to make that happen,” said Assemblymember Chad Mayes, then the Republican Leader in the Assembly. “Not just from a technical perspective, but also for the sake of credibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 645px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936290\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"645\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg 645w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Brown and international leaders sign a climate accord in 2015. \u003ccite>(Joe McHugh, California Highway Patrol)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayes says he and other Republicans had seats in Brown’s office, where details and compromises were hammered out. Some of those compromises even won over the oil industry, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/statement-on-californias-cap-and-trade-legislation-by-catherine-reheis-boyd-president-western-states-petroleum-association/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped its opposition\u003c/a> to extending cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somehow, compromise has become a dirty word amongst the activists on both the right and the left,” Mayes said. “I think Governor Brown has understood that, on the big issues, you need to have bipartisan support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Brown and his executive team helped win eight GOP votes. Those legislators \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-cap-trade-climate-change-california-legislature-political-landscape-20170719-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">faced political backlash\u003c/a> from other Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups thought Brown’s compromises had gone too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He essentially gave away opportunities to get more local pollution reductions from oil refineries–reductions that can protect public health–in exchange for the industry’s support for the cap-and-trade extension,” said Kathryn Phillips, director of Sierra Club California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Showdown with the Trump Administration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left-leaning California has tangled with Republican presidents before, but Brown hasn’t minced words about President Trump or climate deniers, whom he deemed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/355510/governor-brown-takes-climate-message-to-world-stage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">troglodytes\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle came to a head when the Trump Administration sought to revoke California’s long-standing power to set its own clean air rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It dates back to when the Clean Air Act was signed in 1970. California was given special permission, known as a “waiver,” to put stricter limits on pollution coming from tailpipes because the state was facing a severe smog problem at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, that meant automakers had two sets of standards to meet when making cars: the federal fuel economy rules and then California’s tailpipe emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve other states and Washington D.C. have also signed onto California’s rules. Then, under the Obama Administration, California and the federal government agreed on one uniform set of rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration sought to undo that, announcing its own proposal for fuel economy rules, freezing them for cars and trucks from 2021-26 instead of gradually allowing them to get tougher every year. The administration also announced it would seek to revoke California’s waiver, something that had never been tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cannot be taken lightly,” Gov. Brown said in response. “I take this as an existential threat to America, to California and the world, and I’m going to fight it with everything I can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already has one lawsuit pending against the rules, which likely won’t be the end of its legal defense. In October, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the state filed public comments\u003c/a> against the proposed rules, saying they would “worsen air quality for the most vulnerable, waste billions of gallons of gasoline, forfeit our best chance to fight climate change …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Leading an International Climate Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Vatican in 2017, Brown opened a climate change speech as only he could: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was just one of many stops he made on a worldwide climate change tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even under Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, who helped pass the state’s first major climate law, AB 32, California has seen itself as a leader on the international stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brown created a new partnerships. In 2015, he banded together with leaders from states, provinces and cities around the world to announce new commitments to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The partnership was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.under2coalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU,\u003c/a>” with the goal to keep global average temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius, which scientists say could avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, 220 governments have signed on, though the agreement to cut emissions is not binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown traveled to China, to international climate negotiations in Paris, and even to the Vatican, quoting from scripture along the way: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It culminated in September, when international leaders \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931186/live-blog-bringing-you-the-global-climate-action-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gathered in San Francisco for a climate summit\u003c/a>. Brown announced California would launch its “own damn satellite” to track carbon emissions globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown was received almost as a head of state,” Alex says. “The reception everywhere he went was incredibly warm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His movement became higher-profile after the Trump administration announced it would pull the U.S. out of the Paris climate treaty. Brown told international leaders that California would fill the leadership void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in his retirement, Brown says he’ll continue to work on climate issues, to “try to wake people up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise, he’ll be tending to olive trees on his Northern California ranch.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 2014,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 68
},
"modified": 1704927226,
"excerpt": "Governor Brown passed ground-breaking climate policies and hit some major pitfalls during his tenure.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Governor Brown passed ground-breaking climate policies and hit some major pitfalls during his tenure.",
"title": "Five Big Things Governor Brown Did on Climate Change | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Five Big Things Governor Brown Did on Climate Change",
"datePublished": "2019-01-03T00:01:57-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:53:46-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "five-big-things-governor-brown-did-on-climate-change",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1936279/five-big-things-governor-brown-did-on-climate-change",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1977, the 39-year-old governor of California led a puzzled press corps to a blustery stretch of coastline near Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I heard that you were going to come out here and talk to the whales,” one reporter said to him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I came out here to see,” said Gov. Jerry Brown. “The idea of the project is to put hydrophones in the water and pick up the sounds that the whales make as they go through their migration south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Governor Jerry Brown, on climate change\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whale calls could be heard in the background, played by the “Gray Whale Listening Station,” an experimental project by the California-based art and architecture collective known as the Ant Farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was his first tour as governor, and Brown talked about environmentalism long before it was mainstream, promoting the nascent technologies of solar and wind power. At the time, critics thought his ideas were on the fringe. That approach earned him the nickname “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/weekinreview/07mckinley.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governor Moonbeam\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than 40 years later, Brown is leaving office again, having passed some of the most ambitious climate change policies in the country. Under his watch, renewable energy has boomed and carbon emissions have declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some say Brown didn’t go far enough, leaving California with the toughest climate challenges to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sees it both ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say California has taken more intelligent action on climate change than any state or province in the Western Hemisphere,” he said in an interview with KQED in the weeks before leaving office. “We’ve pushed way beyond what other states can even imagine. And we have to go even further and I agree with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are few elected officials in the country who talk about climate change more than Brown, who calls it “a threat to organized human existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown thinks about this day and night,” says Ken Alex, Brown’s climate policy advisor for the past eight years. “I don’t think that’s an exaggeration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex recalls an out-of-office message he put on his email a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 710px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936292\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"710\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg 710w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the dry 2016 winter, Governor Brown meets with snow surveyor Frank Gehrke. \u003ccite>(Kelly M. Grow / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My response said, ‘I’m unplugging, no email, no nothing,’ and he wrote back and he said ‘Why? This is the time to be engaged. What are you doing?’” Alex remembers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as Brown’s tenure ends, here are his biggest climate accomplishments (and what his critics had to say about them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Putting California on Path to Be Carbon Neutral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years ago, Brown set an ambitious target for cutting greenhouse gas emissions in the state. He ordered a 40 percent reduction below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in September, he upped the ante, signing another order that would \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/9.10.18-Executive-Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make the state carbon neutral\u003c/a> by 2045, then achieving negative emissions after that. It means California wouldn’t be creating a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931644/jerry-brown-has-directed-california-to-go-carbon-neutral-by-2045-is-that-even-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aspirational\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/9/11/17844896/california-jerry-brown-carbon-neutral-2045-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stunning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will that actually look like? No one really knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an executive order, the policy is more like a rough guideline. New laws or rules from state agencies would be needed for it to actually go into effect, usually after lengthy scoping processes. And a new governor could simply undo the order (though Governor-Elect Gavin Newsom has been largely supportive of Brown’s climate policies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, being carbon neutral wouldn’t require California to end all carbon emissions in the state. The state could offset any remaining emissions by finding ways to pull carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes storage in natural ecosystems by building up the soil or by capturing it from manmade sources and putting it deep underground, a technology that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/485125/despite-millions-in-investment-carbon-capture-flops-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California has struggled to get off the ground\u003c/a>, despite millions of dollars of investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Getting Rid of Gas-Guzzlers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Car-loving Californians are potentially the state’s biggest hurdle to reaching its climate goals. Transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The real challenge is the consumption of oil, which has gone up,” Brown said in September. “Under my administration, gone up 4 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Brown set a goal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/01/26/governor-brown-takes-action-to-increase-zero-emission-vehicles-fund-new-climate-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">put 5 million plug-in and electric cars\u003c/a> on the roads by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931169/governor-browns-biggest-climate-foe-isnt-trump-its-car-loving-californians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no small feat\u003c/a>, considering there are now only 500,000 on the roads in California. The state has been handing out rebates, carpool-lane privileges and other incentives to try to entice drivers to switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some environmental groups thought Brown should tackle the problem at the source by banning oil production. California is the fourth-largest oil producer in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to make real progress on climate change in the next decade, we have to decrease the use of oil and gas,” said Adam Scow of the advocacy group Food and Water Watch. “Governor Brown has been a major disappointment on the issue of fracking and oil drilling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown shrugged off the “leave it in the ground” critics by pointing out that oil production is already declining in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re moving in the same direction as the critics,” he said. “They’d just like it to go a little faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Extending California’s Flagship Climate Program: Cap and Trade\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the future of one of California’s core climate policies was cloudy. The state’s cap-and-trade program faced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a life-or-death vote\u003c/a> in the state legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few climate policies have been as controversial in the state as cap and trade. Critics blame it for everything from a rise in gas prices to providing funding for the much maligned high-speed rail project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the system, power plants and industrial and manufacturing facilities either must cut their emissions or buy carbon credits from someone else who has cut their emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it was only mandated through 2020, Brown and others wanted to see it extended to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not here about some cockamamie legacy people talk about,” Brown said to legislators during the debate. “This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you. It’s for you and it’s damn real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But saving cap and trade would require winning over a tough audience for Brown: Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He knew that he needed to have Republican support to be able to make that happen,” said Assemblymember Chad Mayes, then the Republican Leader in the Assembly. “Not just from a technical perspective, but also for the sake of credibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 645px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936290\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"645\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg 645w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Brown and international leaders sign a climate accord in 2015. \u003ccite>(Joe McHugh, California Highway Patrol)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayes says he and other Republicans had seats in Brown’s office, where details and compromises were hammered out. Some of those compromises even won over the oil industry, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/statement-on-californias-cap-and-trade-legislation-by-catherine-reheis-boyd-president-western-states-petroleum-association/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped its opposition\u003c/a> to extending cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somehow, compromise has become a dirty word amongst the activists on both the right and the left,” Mayes said. “I think Governor Brown has understood that, on the big issues, you need to have bipartisan support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Brown and his executive team helped win eight GOP votes. Those legislators \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-cap-trade-climate-change-california-legislature-political-landscape-20170719-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">faced political backlash\u003c/a> from other Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups thought Brown’s compromises had gone too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He essentially gave away opportunities to get more local pollution reductions from oil refineries–reductions that can protect public health–in exchange for the industry’s support for the cap-and-trade extension,” said Kathryn Phillips, director of Sierra Club California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Showdown with the Trump Administration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left-leaning California has tangled with Republican presidents before, but Brown hasn’t minced words about President Trump or climate deniers, whom he deemed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/355510/governor-brown-takes-climate-message-to-world-stage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">troglodytes\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle came to a head when the Trump Administration sought to revoke California’s long-standing power to set its own clean air rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It dates back to when the Clean Air Act was signed in 1970. California was given special permission, known as a “waiver,” to put stricter limits on pollution coming from tailpipes because the state was facing a severe smog problem at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, that meant automakers had two sets of standards to meet when making cars: the federal fuel economy rules and then California’s tailpipe emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve other states and Washington D.C. have also signed onto California’s rules. Then, under the Obama Administration, California and the federal government agreed on one uniform set of rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration sought to undo that, announcing its own proposal for fuel economy rules, freezing them for cars and trucks from 2021-26 instead of gradually allowing them to get tougher every year. The administration also announced it would seek to revoke California’s waiver, something that had never been tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cannot be taken lightly,” Gov. Brown said in response. “I take this as an existential threat to America, to California and the world, and I’m going to fight it with everything I can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already has one lawsuit pending against the rules, which likely won’t be the end of its legal defense. In October, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the state filed public comments\u003c/a> against the proposed rules, saying they would “worsen air quality for the most vulnerable, waste billions of gallons of gasoline, forfeit our best chance to fight climate change …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Leading an International Climate Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Vatican in 2017, Brown opened a climate change speech as only he could: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was just one of many stops he made on a worldwide climate change tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even under Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, who helped pass the state’s first major climate law, AB 32, California has seen itself as a leader on the international stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brown created a new partnerships. In 2015, he banded together with leaders from states, provinces and cities around the world to announce new commitments to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The partnership was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.under2coalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU,\u003c/a>” with the goal to keep global average temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius, which scientists say could avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, 220 governments have signed on, though the agreement to cut emissions is not binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown traveled to China, to international climate negotiations in Paris, and even to the Vatican, quoting from scripture along the way: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It culminated in September, when international leaders \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931186/live-blog-bringing-you-the-global-climate-action-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gathered in San Francisco for a climate summit\u003c/a>. Brown announced California would launch its “own damn satellite” to track carbon emissions globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown was received almost as a head of state,” Alex says. “The reception everywhere he went was incredibly warm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His movement became higher-profile after the Trump administration announced it would pull the U.S. out of the Paris climate treaty. Brown told international leaders that California would fill the leadership void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in his retirement, Brown says he’ll continue to work on climate issues, to “try to wake people up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise, he’ll be tending to olive trees on his Northern California ranch.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1936279/five-big-things-governor-brown-did-on-climate-change",
"authors": [
"239"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_182",
"science_3370",
"science_3833",
"science_3832",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_1936280",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1936016": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1936016",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1936016",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1546416084000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1546416084,
"format": "standard",
"title": "The Most Important New California Environmental and Health Laws of 2019",
"headTitle": "The Most Important New California Environmental and Health Laws of 2019 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The California Legislature in 2018 cranked out \u003ca href=\"http://www.counties.org/csac-bulletin-article/governor-brown-takes-final-action-2018-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,016 pieces of legislation\u003c/a> that Gov. Brown \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GovPressOffice/status/1046601496702332928/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed\u003c/a> into law. Number of bills \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11624605/revealing-rejections-jerry-browns-vetoes-are-a-window-into-his-mind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vetoed\u003c/a>? 201. (For those keeping track, note that Brown rejected bills at a \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Governors%20Vetoes%202017_Senate%20Office%20of%20Research.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much higher clip\u003c/a> his second time around as governor.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the most important environmental and health changes coming in 2019:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 100\u003c/a>: The long road to 100 percent clean energy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, in many ways,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915384/can-california-really-go-100-percent-renewable-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the defining environmental law of the year\u003c/a>: a groundbreaking mandate for generating 100 percent of the state’s electricity from solar, wind and other non-fossil sources by 2045. Now comes the hard part: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">actually doing it\u003c/a>. Legislators have already passed a rash of environmental legislation to begin meeting these goals, including an increase in incentives for solar panels, more \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">restrictions\u003c/a> on hydrofluorocarbons, and an\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> extension of the state’s cap-and-trade system\u003c/a> to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, et al: Wildfire mitigation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, Brown signed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11694129/gov-brown-signs-major-wildfire-reforms-utility-protections-into-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">package of bills\u003c/a> in response to the massive wildfires of the last few years. The main bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, requires utilities to implement fire prevention plans and upgrade equipment. It also creates incentives for landowners to reduce excess fuel and remove dead trees, and sets aside $1 billion for forest management over the next five years. Controversially, the negotiated deal \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11689138/last-minute-deal-allows-utilities-to-pass-along-costs-of-2017-fires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allows PG&E\u003c/a> to pass on to consumers some of the cost it may incur if it’s found liable for the 2017 fires. The two- dozen or so fire prevention bills Brown signed include rules making it easier for private landowners to conduct controlled burns, rules requiring garage door openers to have backup batteries in case of electrical outages, and a clarification that insurers \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/lazarus/la-fi-lazarus-mudslides-homeowners-insurance-20180130-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">must cover\u003c/a> losses due to landslides and mudslides if those calamities resulted mainly from a separate, insured catastrophe like fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1775\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>and \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 834\u003c/a>: No offshore drilling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691228/brown-signs-bills-to-make-new-offshore-drilling-in-california-more-difficult\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two bills\u003c/a> to stem offshore drilling, in response to the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919605/offshore-drilling-showdown-in-sacramento-thursday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">push\u003c/a> to open nearly the entire U.S. coastline to offshore oil leasing in federal waters. The companion bills prevent any new leases for construction of oil or gas infrastructure like pipelines or piers in state waters or tidal lands as of Jan. 1, which would ostensibly prevent any oil from coming ashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1274\u003c/a>: Smog check exemption \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, cars six \u003ca href=\"https://www.autoblog.com/2016/04/15/determine-car-model-year-vin/\">model-years\u003c/a> old or newer could forego a smog-check. The new law extends that exemption to cars eight years old or newer. During the last two of those eight years, the smog abatement fee will jump to $25 from $20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 544\u003c/a>: HOV stickers for zero-emission cars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This law \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915616/ca-legislature-clean-cars-can-keep-carpool-lane-access\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extends\u003c/a> the program that allows \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">zero-emission cars\u003c/a> to drive in carpool lanes. Here are the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued before Jan. 1, 2017 expire on Jan. 1, 2019.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued to new cars after Jan. 1, 2019 are valid for three full years and then until Jan. 1 of their fourth year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drivers issued stickers in 2017 and 2018 will be able to apply for a new sticker in 2019 that is valid until Jan. 1, 2022.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In addition, drivers that receive the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Vehicle Rebate\u003c/a>, which can be several thousand dollars, won’t be eligible for HOV lane stickers unless their gross annual income falls below $150,000 for a single tax filer, $204,000 for a head of household and $300,000 for joint filers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/eligible-carpool-sticker-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list of vehicles\u003c/a>, going back to 1997, that are eligible for carpool stickers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a>: More efficient water use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These laws don’t go into effect in 2019, but their passage in 2018 was an important part of Gov. Brown’s push to make water conservation “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1235760/california-drought-six-years-in-how-will-the-state-keep-saving-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a way of life\u003c/a>.” SB 606 and AB 1668 collectively require the state to establish new efficiency standards for water use by 2022 and mandate that local agencies devise drought and water-shortage plans. The bills also set indoor residential use at 55 gallons per person per day, incrementally reducing that number after Jan. 1, 2025. Basically, this year, you might want to start getting used to using less water and more water- efficient appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1884\u003c/a>: No more plastic straws … unless you really want one\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a tough year for plastic straws. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927896/san-francisco-to-consider-outlawing-plastic-straws-stirrers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco banned them, \u003c/a> Starbucks announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927062/starbucks-goodbye-plastic-straws\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phaseout\u003c/a>, and California passed a law removing them from full-service restaurants starting Jan. 1. However, dining establishments can still give you a plastic straw if you ask for one. (This is similar to the new rule that restaurants are not supposed to serve water unless you ask for it.) Businesses that don’t comply will get two warnings and then can be fined $25 per day, up to $300 annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1192\u003c/a>: No soda or juice with kid meals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants will now have to remove soda and juice from kids’ menus. The default options starting in 2019 will be water with no added sweetners or milk or a dairy-free milk substitute. If kids or their parents want juice or soda, they’ll have to ask. (If you want to go full gadfly, ask for a plastic straw with that soda.) After a warning, restaurant violators can be fined $250, or $500 for a repeat offense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1976\u003c/a>: Breastfeeding at work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already requires employers to provide a reasonable amount of time to breastfeed and a place for lactation that isn’t a toilet stall. AB 1976 now requires that area be outside the bathroom itself. Temporary locations are acceptable, as long as they’re private. Another bill, which would have legislated more specific requirements, was vetoed by Gov. Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 179\u003c/a>: Nonbinary gender option on official forms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436110/california-third-gender-nonbinary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender Recognition Act \u003c/a>was passed in 2017, allowing Caifornians to change the gender on their birth certificates to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/335790/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonbinary\u003c/a>” instead of male or female. Now the rest of the law goes into effect. Starting Jan. 1, individuals can choose the nonbinary gender designation on \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/dl/gender_id\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">driver’s licenses or state IDs\u003c/a>. People wanting to change their gender on those forms will also no longer have to provide a doctor’s authorization. The law, of course, does not apply to federal forms, such as passports, or documents issued by other states. (For more on the law, check out the Transgender Law Center \u003ca href=\"https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact sheet\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1448\u003c/a>: Informing patients about physician misconduct\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a number of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/stateofhealth/209413/nationwide-doctors-who-sexually-abuse-their-patients-continue-to-practice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">instances\u003c/a> in which doctors were allowed to continue practicing following sexual assault or misconduct, a movement ensued to arm the public with information about which physicians have been found culpable. Previously, patients could search an online database to see if their doctors were on probation, but that put the onus on the public. SB 1448 requires doctors to actively inform their patients if they’ve been disciplined by the regulatory board for the following: sexual misconduct involving a patient, drug abuse, criminal convictions involving harm to a patient, and inappropriate prescribing that resulted in patient harm. In July, the list of medical professionals required to proactively inform the public will expand to include surgeons, osteopaths, naturopathic doctors, chiropractors, podiatrists and acupuncturists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Also of interest …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We note: A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> requiring vegan meals to be offered in prisons and hospitals; \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one\u003c/a> phasing out drift gill-net fishing, which unintentionally snares marine mammals; and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a> that phases out certain flame retardants by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1288,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 31
},
"modified": 1704927227,
"excerpt": "From an ambitious clean-energy goal to officially recognizing a third gender, California continued to break new legislative ground last year. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "From an ambitious clean-energy goal to officially recognizing a third gender, California continued to break new legislative ground last year. ",
"title": "The Most Important New California Environmental and Health Laws of 2019 | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "The Most Important New California Environmental and Health Laws of 2019",
"datePublished": "2019-01-02T00:01:24-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:53:47-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "the-most-important-new-california-environmental-and-health-laws-of-2019",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Politics",
"path": "/science/1936016/the-most-important-new-california-environmental-and-health-laws-of-2019",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Legislature in 2018 cranked out \u003ca href=\"http://www.counties.org/csac-bulletin-article/governor-brown-takes-final-action-2018-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,016 pieces of legislation\u003c/a> that Gov. Brown \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GovPressOffice/status/1046601496702332928/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed\u003c/a> into law. Number of bills \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11624605/revealing-rejections-jerry-browns-vetoes-are-a-window-into-his-mind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vetoed\u003c/a>? 201. (For those keeping track, note that Brown rejected bills at a \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Governors%20Vetoes%202017_Senate%20Office%20of%20Research.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much higher clip\u003c/a> his second time around as governor.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the most important environmental and health changes coming in 2019:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 100\u003c/a>: The long road to 100 percent clean energy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, in many ways,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915384/can-california-really-go-100-percent-renewable-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the defining environmental law of the year\u003c/a>: a groundbreaking mandate for generating 100 percent of the state’s electricity from solar, wind and other non-fossil sources by 2045. Now comes the hard part: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">actually doing it\u003c/a>. Legislators have already passed a rash of environmental legislation to begin meeting these goals, including an increase in incentives for solar panels, more \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">restrictions\u003c/a> on hydrofluorocarbons, and an\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> extension of the state’s cap-and-trade system\u003c/a> to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, et al: Wildfire mitigation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, Brown signed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11694129/gov-brown-signs-major-wildfire-reforms-utility-protections-into-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">package of bills\u003c/a> in response to the massive wildfires of the last few years. The main bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, requires utilities to implement fire prevention plans and upgrade equipment. It also creates incentives for landowners to reduce excess fuel and remove dead trees, and sets aside $1 billion for forest management over the next five years. Controversially, the negotiated deal \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11689138/last-minute-deal-allows-utilities-to-pass-along-costs-of-2017-fires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allows PG&E\u003c/a> to pass on to consumers some of the cost it may incur if it’s found liable for the 2017 fires. The two- dozen or so fire prevention bills Brown signed include rules making it easier for private landowners to conduct controlled burns, rules requiring garage door openers to have backup batteries in case of electrical outages, and a clarification that insurers \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/lazarus/la-fi-lazarus-mudslides-homeowners-insurance-20180130-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">must cover\u003c/a> losses due to landslides and mudslides if those calamities resulted mainly from a separate, insured catastrophe like fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1775\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>and \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 834\u003c/a>: No offshore drilling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691228/brown-signs-bills-to-make-new-offshore-drilling-in-california-more-difficult\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two bills\u003c/a> to stem offshore drilling, in response to the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919605/offshore-drilling-showdown-in-sacramento-thursday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">push\u003c/a> to open nearly the entire U.S. coastline to offshore oil leasing in federal waters. The companion bills prevent any new leases for construction of oil or gas infrastructure like pipelines or piers in state waters or tidal lands as of Jan. 1, which would ostensibly prevent any oil from coming ashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1274\u003c/a>: Smog check exemption \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, cars six \u003ca href=\"https://www.autoblog.com/2016/04/15/determine-car-model-year-vin/\">model-years\u003c/a> old or newer could forego a smog-check. The new law extends that exemption to cars eight years old or newer. During the last two of those eight years, the smog abatement fee will jump to $25 from $20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 544\u003c/a>: HOV stickers for zero-emission cars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This law \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915616/ca-legislature-clean-cars-can-keep-carpool-lane-access\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extends\u003c/a> the program that allows \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">zero-emission cars\u003c/a> to drive in carpool lanes. Here are the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued before Jan. 1, 2017 expire on Jan. 1, 2019.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued to new cars after Jan. 1, 2019 are valid for three full years and then until Jan. 1 of their fourth year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drivers issued stickers in 2017 and 2018 will be able to apply for a new sticker in 2019 that is valid until Jan. 1, 2022.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In addition, drivers that receive the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Vehicle Rebate\u003c/a>, which can be several thousand dollars, won’t be eligible for HOV lane stickers unless their gross annual income falls below $150,000 for a single tax filer, $204,000 for a head of household and $300,000 for joint filers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/eligible-carpool-sticker-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list of vehicles\u003c/a>, going back to 1997, that are eligible for carpool stickers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a>: More efficient water use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These laws don’t go into effect in 2019, but their passage in 2018 was an important part of Gov. Brown’s push to make water conservation “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1235760/california-drought-six-years-in-how-will-the-state-keep-saving-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a way of life\u003c/a>.” SB 606 and AB 1668 collectively require the state to establish new efficiency standards for water use by 2022 and mandate that local agencies devise drought and water-shortage plans. The bills also set indoor residential use at 55 gallons per person per day, incrementally reducing that number after Jan. 1, 2025. Basically, this year, you might want to start getting used to using less water and more water- efficient appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1884\u003c/a>: No more plastic straws … unless you really want one\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a tough year for plastic straws. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927896/san-francisco-to-consider-outlawing-plastic-straws-stirrers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco banned them, \u003c/a> Starbucks announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927062/starbucks-goodbye-plastic-straws\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phaseout\u003c/a>, and California passed a law removing them from full-service restaurants starting Jan. 1. However, dining establishments can still give you a plastic straw if you ask for one. (This is similar to the new rule that restaurants are not supposed to serve water unless you ask for it.) Businesses that don’t comply will get two warnings and then can be fined $25 per day, up to $300 annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1192\u003c/a>: No soda or juice with kid meals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants will now have to remove soda and juice from kids’ menus. The default options starting in 2019 will be water with no added sweetners or milk or a dairy-free milk substitute. If kids or their parents want juice or soda, they’ll have to ask. (If you want to go full gadfly, ask for a plastic straw with that soda.) After a warning, restaurant violators can be fined $250, or $500 for a repeat offense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1976\u003c/a>: Breastfeeding at work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already requires employers to provide a reasonable amount of time to breastfeed and a place for lactation that isn’t a toilet stall. AB 1976 now requires that area be outside the bathroom itself. Temporary locations are acceptable, as long as they’re private. Another bill, which would have legislated more specific requirements, was vetoed by Gov. Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 179\u003c/a>: Nonbinary gender option on official forms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436110/california-third-gender-nonbinary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender Recognition Act \u003c/a>was passed in 2017, allowing Caifornians to change the gender on their birth certificates to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/335790/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonbinary\u003c/a>” instead of male or female. Now the rest of the law goes into effect. Starting Jan. 1, individuals can choose the nonbinary gender designation on \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/dl/gender_id\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">driver’s licenses or state IDs\u003c/a>. People wanting to change their gender on those forms will also no longer have to provide a doctor’s authorization. The law, of course, does not apply to federal forms, such as passports, or documents issued by other states. (For more on the law, check out the Transgender Law Center \u003ca href=\"https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact sheet\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1448\u003c/a>: Informing patients about physician misconduct\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a number of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/stateofhealth/209413/nationwide-doctors-who-sexually-abuse-their-patients-continue-to-practice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">instances\u003c/a> in which doctors were allowed to continue practicing following sexual assault or misconduct, a movement ensued to arm the public with information about which physicians have been found culpable. Previously, patients could search an online database to see if their doctors were on probation, but that put the onus on the public. SB 1448 requires doctors to actively inform their patients if they’ve been disciplined by the regulatory board for the following: sexual misconduct involving a patient, drug abuse, criminal convictions involving harm to a patient, and inappropriate prescribing that resulted in patient harm. In July, the list of medical professionals required to proactively inform the public will expand to include surgeons, osteopaths, naturopathic doctors, chiropractors, podiatrists and acupuncturists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Also of interest …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We note: A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> requiring vegan meals to be offered in prisons and hospitals; \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one\u003c/a> phasing out drift gill-net fishing, which unintentionally snares marine mammals; and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a> that phases out certain flame retardants by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1936016/the-most-important-new-california-environmental-and-health-laws-of-2019",
"authors": [
"1459"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_39",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3370",
"science_101",
"science_140",
"science_113"
],
"featImg": "science_1936170",
"label": "source_science_1936016"
},
"science_1935977": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1935977",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1935977",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1545832840000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1545832840,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Commentary: Debunking 'Climate Change Hiatus' of 2000s",
"headTitle": "Commentary: Debunking ‘Climate Change Hiatus’ of 2000s | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The record-breaking, El Niño-driven \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-data-show-2016-warmest-year-on-record-globally\">global temperatures of 2016\u003c/a> have given climate change deniers a new trope. Why, they ask, hasn’t it since got even hotter?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Global warming didn’t stop in 1998. Don’t be fooled by claims that it stopped in 2016 either.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In response to a recent U.S. government report on the \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\">impact of climate change\u003c/a>, a spokesperson for the science-denying American Enterprise Institute think-tank \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/existentialfish/status/1066711193170124800?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1066711193170124800&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatecrocks.com%2F\">claimed that\u003c/a> “we just had […] the biggest drop in global temperatures that we have had since the 1980s, the biggest in the last 100 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These claims are blatantly false: the past two years were two of the three hottest on record, and the drop in temperature from 2016 to 2018 was less than, say, the drop from 1998 (a previous record hot year) to 2000. But, more importantly, these claims use the same kind of misdirection as was used a few years ago about a supposed “pause” in warming lasting from roughly 1998 to 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the alleged pause was cited by many people skeptical about the science of climate change as a reason not to act to reduce greenhouse pollution. U.S. senator and former presidential candidate Ted Cruz frequently argued that this lack of warming \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/03/07/ted-cruzs-favorite-argument-about-climate-change-just-got-weaker/?utm_term=.ee3785519397\">undermined dire predictions\u003c/a> by scientists about where we’re heading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, drawing conclusions on short-term trends is ill-advised because what matters to climate change is the decade-to-decade increase in temperatures rather than fluctuations in warming rate over a few years. Indeed, if short periods were suitable for drawing strong conclusions, climate scientists should perhaps now be talking about a “surge” in global warming since 2011, as shown in this figure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/251492/original/file-20181219-45408-dnodgo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/251492/original/file-20181219-45408-dnodgo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\u003cspan class=\"caption\">Global temperature observations compared to climate models. Climate-disrupting volcanoes are shown at the bottom, and the purported hiatus period is shaded. 2018 values based on year to date (YTD).\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003cspan class=\"source\">NASA; Berkeley Earth; various climate models.\u003c/span>, \u003cspan class=\"license\">Author provided\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “pause” or “hiatus” in warming of the early 21st century is not just a talking point of think-tanks with radical political agendas. It also features in the scientific literature, including in the most recent report of the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/ipcc-1-5-report-heres-what-the-climate-science-says-104592\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a> and more than 200 peer-reviewed articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research we recently published in \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf342\">Environmental Research Letters\u003c/a> addresses two questions about the putative “pause”: first, is there compelling evidence in the temperature data alone of something unusual happening at the start of the 21st century? \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf372\">Second\u003c/a>, did the rise in temperature lag behind projections by climate models?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases the answer is “no,” but the reasons are interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reconstructing a historical temperature record from instruments designed for other purposes, such as weather forecasting, is not always easy. Several problems have affected temperature estimates for the period since 2000. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exposed-the-myth-of-the-global-warming-pause-8945607.html\">first of these\u003c/a> was the fact that uneven geographical distribution of weather stations can influence the apparent rate of warming. Other factors include \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150604162501.htm\">changes in the instruments\u003c/a> used to measure \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/04/global-warming-hiatus-disproved-again/\">ocean temperatures\u003c/a>. Most of these factors were known at the time and reported in the scientific literature, but because the magnitudes of the effects were unknown, users of temperature data (from science journalists to IPCC authors) were in a bind when interpreting their results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more subtle problem arises when we ask whether a fluctuation in the rate of warming is a new phenomena, rather than the kind of variation we expect due to natural fluctuations of the climate system. Different statistical tests are needed to determine whether a phenomena is interesting depending on how the data are chosen. In a nutshell, if you select data based on them being unusual in the first place, then any statistical tests that seemingly confirm their unusual nature give the wrong answer. (The statistical issue here is similar to the fascinating but counterintuitive “\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24045598\">Monty Hall problem\u003c/a>”, which has caught out many mathematicians).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the statistical test is applied correctly, the apparent slowdown in warming is no more significant than other fluctuations in the rate of warming over the past 40 years. In other words, there is no compelling evidence that the supposed “pause” period is different from other previous periods. Neither is the deviation between the observations and climate model projections larger than would be expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not to say that such “wiggles” in the temperature record are uninteresting – several of our team are involved in further studies of these fluctuations, and the study of the “pause” has yielded interesting new insights into the climate system – for example, the role of changes in the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014GL059233\">Atlantic\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2310\">Pacific\u003c/a> oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lessons here for the media, for the public, and for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists, there are two lessons: first, when you get to know a dataset by using it repeatedly in your work, make sure you also still remember the limitations you read about when first downloading it. Second, remember that your statistical choices are always part of a cascade of decisions, and at least occasionally those decisions must be revisited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the public and the media, the lesson is to check claims about the data. In particular, when claims are made based on \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2017/06/truth-global-warming-pause/\">short periods or specific datasets\u003c/a>, they are \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378016300577?via%3Dihub\">often designed to mislead\u003c/a>. If someone claims the world hasn’t warmed since 1998 or 2016, ask them why those specific years – why not 1997 or 2014? Why have such short limits at all? And also check how reliable similar claims have been in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique of misinformation is nicely described in a quote attributed to climate researcher \u003ca href=\"http://rabett.blogspot.com/2018/06/tobis-rule.html\">Michael Tobis\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a large data set speaks convincingly against you, find a smaller and noisier one that you can huffily cite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming didn’t stop in 1998. Don’t be fooled by claims that it stopped in 2016 either. There is only one thing that will stop global warming: cuts to greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. -->\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;padding: 0 !important\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/108524/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines -->\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/kevin-cowtan-615880\">Kevin Cowtan is a \u003c/a>professor of chemistry at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-york-1344\">University of York\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephan-lewandowsky-685\">Stephan Lewandowsky is \u003c/a>the chair of cognitive psychology at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-bristol-1211\">University of Bristol.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is republished from \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/global-warming-hiatus-is-the-climate-change-myth-that-refuses-to-die-108524\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1067,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 22
},
"modified": 1704927231,
"excerpt": "Researchers address whether there is compelling evidence for the oft-cited claim of a climate change 'hiatus' during the early years of the 21st century. Their analysis: No.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Researchers address whether there is compelling evidence for the oft-cited claim of a climate change 'hiatus' during the early years of the 21st century. Their analysis: No.",
"title": "Commentary: Debunking 'Climate Change Hiatus' of 2000s | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Commentary: Debunking 'Climate Change Hiatus' of 2000s",
"datePublished": "2018-12-26T06:00:40-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:53:51-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "scientists-debunk-climate-change-hiatus-in-2000s",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Kevin Cowtan and Stephan Lewandowsky\u003cbr />The Conversation",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1935977/scientists-debunk-climate-change-hiatus-in-2000s",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The record-breaking, El Niño-driven \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-data-show-2016-warmest-year-on-record-globally\">global temperatures of 2016\u003c/a> have given climate change deniers a new trope. Why, they ask, hasn’t it since got even hotter?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Global warming didn’t stop in 1998. Don’t be fooled by claims that it stopped in 2016 either.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In response to a recent U.S. government report on the \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\">impact of climate change\u003c/a>, a spokesperson for the science-denying American Enterprise Institute think-tank \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/existentialfish/status/1066711193170124800?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1066711193170124800&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatecrocks.com%2F\">claimed that\u003c/a> “we just had […] the biggest drop in global temperatures that we have had since the 1980s, the biggest in the last 100 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These claims are blatantly false: the past two years were two of the three hottest on record, and the drop in temperature from 2016 to 2018 was less than, say, the drop from 1998 (a previous record hot year) to 2000. But, more importantly, these claims use the same kind of misdirection as was used a few years ago about a supposed “pause” in warming lasting from roughly 1998 to 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the alleged pause was cited by many people skeptical about the science of climate change as a reason not to act to reduce greenhouse pollution. U.S. senator and former presidential candidate Ted Cruz frequently argued that this lack of warming \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/03/07/ted-cruzs-favorite-argument-about-climate-change-just-got-weaker/?utm_term=.ee3785519397\">undermined dire predictions\u003c/a> by scientists about where we’re heading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, drawing conclusions on short-term trends is ill-advised because what matters to climate change is the decade-to-decade increase in temperatures rather than fluctuations in warming rate over a few years. Indeed, if short periods were suitable for drawing strong conclusions, climate scientists should perhaps now be talking about a “surge” in global warming since 2011, as shown in this figure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/251492/original/file-20181219-45408-dnodgo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/251492/original/file-20181219-45408-dnodgo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\u003cspan class=\"caption\">Global temperature observations compared to climate models. Climate-disrupting volcanoes are shown at the bottom, and the purported hiatus period is shaded. 2018 values based on year to date (YTD).\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003cspan class=\"source\">NASA; Berkeley Earth; various climate models.\u003c/span>, \u003cspan class=\"license\">Author provided\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “pause” or “hiatus” in warming of the early 21st century is not just a talking point of think-tanks with radical political agendas. It also features in the scientific literature, including in the most recent report of the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/ipcc-1-5-report-heres-what-the-climate-science-says-104592\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a> and more than 200 peer-reviewed articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research we recently published in \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf342\">Environmental Research Letters\u003c/a> addresses two questions about the putative “pause”: first, is there compelling evidence in the temperature data alone of something unusual happening at the start of the 21st century? \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf372\">Second\u003c/a>, did the rise in temperature lag behind projections by climate models?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases the answer is “no,” but the reasons are interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reconstructing a historical temperature record from instruments designed for other purposes, such as weather forecasting, is not always easy. Several problems have affected temperature estimates for the period since 2000. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exposed-the-myth-of-the-global-warming-pause-8945607.html\">first of these\u003c/a> was the fact that uneven geographical distribution of weather stations can influence the apparent rate of warming. Other factors include \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150604162501.htm\">changes in the instruments\u003c/a> used to measure \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/04/global-warming-hiatus-disproved-again/\">ocean temperatures\u003c/a>. Most of these factors were known at the time and reported in the scientific literature, but because the magnitudes of the effects were unknown, users of temperature data (from science journalists to IPCC authors) were in a bind when interpreting their results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more subtle problem arises when we ask whether a fluctuation in the rate of warming is a new phenomena, rather than the kind of variation we expect due to natural fluctuations of the climate system. Different statistical tests are needed to determine whether a phenomena is interesting depending on how the data are chosen. In a nutshell, if you select data based on them being unusual in the first place, then any statistical tests that seemingly confirm their unusual nature give the wrong answer. (The statistical issue here is similar to the fascinating but counterintuitive “\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24045598\">Monty Hall problem\u003c/a>”, which has caught out many mathematicians).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the statistical test is applied correctly, the apparent slowdown in warming is no more significant than other fluctuations in the rate of warming over the past 40 years. In other words, there is no compelling evidence that the supposed “pause” period is different from other previous periods. Neither is the deviation between the observations and climate model projections larger than would be expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not to say that such “wiggles” in the temperature record are uninteresting – several of our team are involved in further studies of these fluctuations, and the study of the “pause” has yielded interesting new insights into the climate system – for example, the role of changes in the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014GL059233\">Atlantic\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2310\">Pacific\u003c/a> oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lessons here for the media, for the public, and for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists, there are two lessons: first, when you get to know a dataset by using it repeatedly in your work, make sure you also still remember the limitations you read about when first downloading it. Second, remember that your statistical choices are always part of a cascade of decisions, and at least occasionally those decisions must be revisited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the public and the media, the lesson is to check claims about the data. In particular, when claims are made based on \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2017/06/truth-global-warming-pause/\">short periods or specific datasets\u003c/a>, they are \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378016300577?via%3Dihub\">often designed to mislead\u003c/a>. If someone claims the world hasn’t warmed since 1998 or 2016, ask them why those specific years – why not 1997 or 2014? Why have such short limits at all? And also check how reliable similar claims have been in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique of misinformation is nicely described in a quote attributed to climate researcher \u003ca href=\"http://rabett.blogspot.com/2018/06/tobis-rule.html\">Michael Tobis\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a large data set speaks convincingly against you, find a smaller and noisier one that you can huffily cite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming didn’t stop in 1998. Don’t be fooled by claims that it stopped in 2016 either. There is only one thing that will stop global warming: cuts to greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. -->\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;padding: 0 !important\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/108524/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines -->\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/kevin-cowtan-615880\">Kevin Cowtan is a \u003c/a>professor of chemistry at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-york-1344\">University of York\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephan-lewandowsky-685\">Stephan Lewandowsky is \u003c/a>the chair of cognitive psychology at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-bristol-1211\">University of Bristol.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is republished from \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/global-warming-hiatus-is-the-climate-change-myth-that-refuses-to-die-108524\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1935977/scientists-debunk-climate-change-hiatus-in-2000s",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1935977"
],
"categories": [
"science_31"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_3838"
],
"featImg": "science_1936126",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1935965": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1935965",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1935965",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1545249025000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1545249025,
"format": "standard",
"title": "In Lafayette, a Political Resignation Over Climate Change and Development",
"headTitle": "In Lafayette, a Political Resignation Over Climate Change and Development | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Steven Falk still remembers the moment he first laid eyes on Lafayette, California, even though it was 28 years ago. He was driving there to interview for a job as an assistant to the city manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?’\u003ccite>Steven Falk, former Lafayette city manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I saw this amazing landscape of emerald-green hills and native oak woodland, with neighborhoods sitting in and among these verdant valleys,” he says. “I loved it from the very first minute I got here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 25,000 people of \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/\">Lafayette\u003c/a> live close to nature, yet they can step onto a commuter train and be in downtown San Francisco in half an hour. “It seemed like I had reached some kind of paradise,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median home in Lafayette is worth over a million dollars. The people are educated and environmentally aware. They voted three-to-one for Hillary Clinton in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last 22 years, Steven Falk has been their city manager, more or less the CEO of local government, responsible for everything from police to potholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2005, he read Elizabeth Kolbert’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/the-climate-of-man-i\">three-part series\u003c/a> of articles in the New Yorker about global warming. “They scared the daylights out of me,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started noticing evidence of climate change himself. For instance, he remembers sliding down glaciers in the Sierra Nevada mountains as a nine-year-old kid, backpacking with his dad. “When I became a parent, I took my own kids to the mountains, and we did the same trip. And the glaciers are gone!” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more he learned, the more it kept him up at night. “The analogy I’ve used is, the house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a city manager, there are, in fact, some things you can do. But they may be controversial. Steven Falk ended up in the middle of a battle over what gets built on some land right near the heart of his city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk takes me to a big parking lot, covering about five acres of land, right beside the Bay Area Rapid Transit station. This is where commuters take the trains to Oakland and San Francisco. This area is also close to shopping. One way to fight global warming: Build lots of housing right here, where people can live without driving cars and burning gasoline. Plus, multistory apartment buildings or condos generally take a lot less energy to heat and cool than single-family suburban homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just makes all the sense in the world that this parcel should have a multifamily housing development on it,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But development is a really sensitive topic in Lafayette. There’s a whole citizens’ group called \u003ca href=\"http://savelafayette.org/\">Save Lafayette \u003c/a>that’s been fighting against plans for more high-density housing. As a Lafayette resident named Martin Stryker told the city council at a meeting in June, “People have chosen to live in Lafayette for the quality of life, \u003cem>away\u003c/em> from the city. … I encourage city leaders and staff to sharpen your vision and to be stronger in protecting the interests of our citizens despite the pressures from the state and outside interests like developers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has actually approved hundreds of new housing units in the central downtown area in recent years. Falk is proud of that. But he wanted to move faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions came to a head this past summer over a new California law that lets BART go ahead and build housing on land that it owns near its stations, like that parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk liked the idea. Lafayette’s city council members, though, considered it a power grab by the state. They asked Falk to go to the state capitol and take a public stand against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I drove to Sacramento, not feeling good about it,” Falk recalls. “I went into the Senate hearing room. I saw this line of speakers, and realized that I had to get up and speak against the bill. And that …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk’s voice breaks. After a long pause, he goes on. “And that was the moment I knew I had to resign.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his resignation \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=5499\">letter\u003c/a> to the city council, Falk wrote that “it has become increasingly difficult for me to support, advocate for, or implement policies that would thwart transit density. My conscience won’t allow it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city made the letter public. Don Tatzin, who served on the Lafayette city council for 33 years and just stepped down as the city’s mayor, expressed some sympathy for Falk’s views. “I think it’s good to hear voices that say cities need to become denser. Over time, that becomes accepted,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local communities, he says, need to be in control of that process. “Having a regional or state government impose that, on something that citizens consider of importance, runs the risk of significant backlash, and I’m not sure it’s wise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday was Steven Falk’s last day on the job. At his final city council meeting, Tatzin and others gave speeches celebrating his accomplishments. No one mentioned climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+One+City+Manager%2C+Climate+Becomes+A+Matter+Of+Conscience&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 945,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 23
},
"modified": 1704927240,
"excerpt": "City Manager Steven Falk of resigned because he said he cannot carry out policies that fail to address the urgent threat of a changing climate.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "City Manager Steven Falk of resigned because he said he cannot carry out policies that fail to address the urgent threat of a changing climate.",
"title": "In Lafayette, a Political Resignation Over Climate Change and Development | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "In Lafayette, a Political Resignation Over Climate Change and Development",
"datePublished": "2018-12-19T11:50:25-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:54:00-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "in-lafayette-a-political-resignation-over-climate-change-and-development",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=677769617&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprStoryDate": "Wed, 19 Dec 2018 05:02:00 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Wed, 19 Dec 2018 08:33:41 -0500",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2018/12/19/677769617/for-one-city-manager-climate-becomes-a-matter-of-conscience?ft=nprml&f=677769617",
"nprAudio": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/12/20181219_me_for_one_city_manager_climate_becomes_a_matter_of_conscience.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=238&p=3&story=677769617&ft=nprml&f=677769617",
"nprImageAgency": "NPR",
"nprAudioM3u": "http://api.npr.org/m3u/1678089611-690481.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=238&p=3&story=677769617&ft=nprml&f=677769617",
"nprStoryId": "677769617",
"nprByline": "Dan Charles\u003cbr />NPR",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 239,
"nprImageCredit": "Dan Charles",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Wed, 19 Dec 2018 11:26:00 -0500",
"path": "/science/1935965/in-lafayette-a-political-resignation-over-climate-change-and-development",
"audioUrl": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/12/20181219_me_for_one_city_manager_climate_becomes_a_matter_of_conscience.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1025&d=238&p=3&story=677769617&ft=nprml&f=677769617",
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Steven Falk still remembers the moment he first laid eyes on Lafayette, California, even though it was 28 years ago. He was driving there to interview for a job as an assistant to the city manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?’\u003ccite>Steven Falk, former Lafayette city manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I saw this amazing landscape of emerald-green hills and native oak woodland, with neighborhoods sitting in and among these verdant valleys,” he says. “I loved it from the very first minute I got here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 25,000 people of \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/\">Lafayette\u003c/a> live close to nature, yet they can step onto a commuter train and be in downtown San Francisco in half an hour. “It seemed like I had reached some kind of paradise,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median home in Lafayette is worth over a million dollars. The people are educated and environmentally aware. They voted three-to-one for Hillary Clinton in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last 22 years, Steven Falk has been their city manager, more or less the CEO of local government, responsible for everything from police to potholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2005, he read Elizabeth Kolbert’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/the-climate-of-man-i\">three-part series\u003c/a> of articles in the New Yorker about global warming. “They scared the daylights out of me,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started noticing evidence of climate change himself. For instance, he remembers sliding down glaciers in the Sierra Nevada mountains as a nine-year-old kid, backpacking with his dad. “When I became a parent, I took my own kids to the mountains, and we did the same trip. And the glaciers are gone!” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more he learned, the more it kept him up at night. “The analogy I’ve used is, the house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a city manager, there are, in fact, some things you can do. But they may be controversial. Steven Falk ended up in the middle of a battle over what gets built on some land right near the heart of his city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk takes me to a big parking lot, covering about five acres of land, right beside the Bay Area Rapid Transit station. This is where commuters take the trains to Oakland and San Francisco. This area is also close to shopping. One way to fight global warming: Build lots of housing right here, where people can live without driving cars and burning gasoline. Plus, multistory apartment buildings or condos generally take a lot less energy to heat and cool than single-family suburban homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just makes all the sense in the world that this parcel should have a multifamily housing development on it,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But development is a really sensitive topic in Lafayette. There’s a whole citizens’ group called \u003ca href=\"http://savelafayette.org/\">Save Lafayette \u003c/a>that’s been fighting against plans for more high-density housing. As a Lafayette resident named Martin Stryker told the city council at a meeting in June, “People have chosen to live in Lafayette for the quality of life, \u003cem>away\u003c/em> from the city. … I encourage city leaders and staff to sharpen your vision and to be stronger in protecting the interests of our citizens despite the pressures from the state and outside interests like developers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has actually approved hundreds of new housing units in the central downtown area in recent years. Falk is proud of that. But he wanted to move faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions came to a head this past summer over a new California law that lets BART go ahead and build housing on land that it owns near its stations, like that parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk liked the idea. Lafayette’s city council members, though, considered it a power grab by the state. They asked Falk to go to the state capitol and take a public stand against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I drove to Sacramento, not feeling good about it,” Falk recalls. “I went into the Senate hearing room. I saw this line of speakers, and realized that I had to get up and speak against the bill. And that …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk’s voice breaks. After a long pause, he goes on. “And that was the moment I knew I had to resign.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his resignation \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=5499\">letter\u003c/a> to the city council, Falk wrote that “it has become increasingly difficult for me to support, advocate for, or implement policies that would thwart transit density. My conscience won’t allow it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city made the letter public. Don Tatzin, who served on the Lafayette city council for 33 years and just stepped down as the city’s mayor, expressed some sympathy for Falk’s views. “I think it’s good to hear voices that say cities need to become denser. Over time, that becomes accepted,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local communities, he says, need to be in control of that process. “Having a regional or state government impose that, on something that citizens consider of importance, runs the risk of significant backlash, and I’m not sure it’s wise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday was Steven Falk’s last day on the job. At his final city council meeting, Tatzin and others gave speeches celebrating his accomplishments. No one mentioned climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+One+City+Manager%2C+Climate+Becomes+A+Matter+Of+Conscience&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1935965/in-lafayette-a-political-resignation-over-climate-change-and-development",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1935965"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_3370",
"science_3838"
],
"featImg": "science_1935966",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1935922": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1935922",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1935922",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1545154326000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1545154326,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Nations Agree on Rules to Put Paris Climate Agreement Into Action",
"headTitle": "Nations Agree on Rules to Put Paris Climate Agreement Into Action | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Nearly 200 countries have agreed on a set of rules to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, a crucial step in implementing the landmark 2015 Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules describe in detail how countries will track their emissions and communicate with each other about their progress in the coming years and decades. But it stops short of committing them to the more ambitious emissions reductions necessary to slow climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meeting in the heart of Poland’s coal country unfolded in the shadow of a stark scientific reality about the threat posed by rising temperatures and in the midst of global political upheaval. In the months leading up to the meeting, a series of reports from the world’s scientists showed that \u003ca href=\"https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2018\">global emissions\u003c/a> are not just continuing to rise, but that nations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932445/un-report-issues-life-or-death-warning-for-planetary-survival\">not on track\u003c/a> to limit the rise of global temperatures enough to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NYpCPHuYQVQR9vqG0MFTtBNMKkGF3Rp2″]On the political front, President Trump says he intends to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/27194/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from\">withdraw the U.S.\u003c/a> from the Paris agreement and has engaged China in a trade war; Brazil’s new president-elect has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/29/671899163/brazil-pulls-its-offer-to-host-major-u-n-climate-summit\">signaled\u003c/a> he may no longer support the agreement; and leaders in Europe are struggling with domestic challenges, including the recent “Yellow Vest” protests in France over fuel taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that context, some observers were cautiously optimistic about the outcome of this week’s U.N. climate talks in the city of Katowice. “Particularly given the broader geopolitical context, this is a pretty solid outcome,” said Elliot Diringer, the executive vice president of the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. “It delivers what we need to get the Paris Agreement off the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leader of the meeting, Polish official Michal Kurtyka, noted in his final speech to delegates that it was difficult to get nearly 200 countries to agree on specific rules. Even one step forward is an achievement, he explained, and “you have made a thousand little steps forward. You can be proud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most fundamental parts of the so-called rule book negotiated at the talks is a section on transparency, which governs what information governments must disclose to each other about their greenhouse gas emissions. Not all countries agreed going into the talks about how much information they should be required to share about their progress — and as a result, the inner workings of their economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final rules set a timeline for countries to update each other, and includes highly technical guidelines for what types of information they must provide, such as sources of emissions and explanations of their internal analyses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”m4WPA33WLrQleqovdPWX14MuHmLypjwS”]”The most significant part is the transparency guidelines, which put the meat on the bones of that section of the Paris agreement,” says Sue Biniaz, the former top climate lawyer for the U.S. State Department and one of the negotiators who worked on the Paris agreement. “It’s way more extensive than one might have imagined even a few weeks ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the talks also left many issues unresolved, including whether countries will commit to transitioning even more quickly to clean energy sources, and how much richer countries will help poorer countries pay for that transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>United Nations Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa, reading a statement on behalf of the U.N. Secretary-General, spoke bluntly about the need for countries to move more quickly to curb greenhouse gas emissions. “From now on, my top five priorities will be ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.N is hosting a special follow-up climate meeting next September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the most vulnerable nations in the world, including islands, left the meeting in Poland frustrated. In its final statement after the rules had been agreed to, the Malaysian government noted that Western Europe and North America have been industrialized far longer than many parts of Asia, and have profited while contributing enormously to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Malaysian delegation called for more money to flow from countries like the U.S. — the world’s largest economy and the second largest polluter — to help pay for damage caused by climate change, saying, “We owe this to the poor and vulnerable who are paying sometimes with their lives in our part of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 750,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 17
},
"modified": 1704927245,
"excerpt": "Nations agreed on rules to track the promises they made to reduce emissions, but did not set new emissions reduction goals necessary to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Nations agreed on rules to track the promises they made to reduce emissions, but did not set new emissions reduction goals necessary to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.",
"title": "Nations Agree on Rules to Put Paris Climate Agreement Into Action | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Nations Agree on Rules to Put Paris Climate Agreement Into Action",
"datePublished": "2018-12-18T09:32:06-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:54:05-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "nations-agree-on-rules-to-put-paris-climate-agreement-into-action",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=677109487&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprStoryDate": "Sat, 15 Dec 2018 20:24:31 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Sat, 15 Dec 2018 20:24:49 -0500",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2018/12/15/677109487/nations-agree-on-rules-to-put-paris-climate-agreement-into-action?ft=nprml&f=677109487",
"nprImageAgency": "AP",
"source": "NPR",
"nprStoryId": "677109487",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.npr.org/2018/12/15/677109487/nations-agree-on-rules-to-put-paris-climate-agreement-into-action",
"nprByline": "Rebecca Hersher\u003cbr>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/15/677109487/nations-agree-on-rules-to-put-paris-climate-agreement-into-action\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
"sticky": false,
"nprImageCredit": "Czarek Sokolowski",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Sat, 15 Dec 2018 20:24:00 -0500",
"path": "/science/1935922/nations-agree-on-rules-to-put-paris-climate-agreement-into-action",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nearly 200 countries have agreed on a set of rules to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, a crucial step in implementing the landmark 2015 Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules describe in detail how countries will track their emissions and communicate with each other about their progress in the coming years and decades. But it stops short of committing them to the more ambitious emissions reductions necessary to slow climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meeting in the heart of Poland’s coal country unfolded in the shadow of a stark scientific reality about the threat posed by rising temperatures and in the midst of global political upheaval. In the months leading up to the meeting, a series of reports from the world’s scientists showed that \u003ca href=\"https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2018\">global emissions\u003c/a> are not just continuing to rise, but that nations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932445/un-report-issues-life-or-death-warning-for-planetary-survival\">not on track\u003c/a> to limit the rise of global temperatures enough to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>On the political front, President Trump says he intends to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/27194/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from\">withdraw the U.S.\u003c/a> from the Paris agreement and has engaged China in a trade war; Brazil’s new president-elect has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/29/671899163/brazil-pulls-its-offer-to-host-major-u-n-climate-summit\">signaled\u003c/a> he may no longer support the agreement; and leaders in Europe are struggling with domestic challenges, including the recent “Yellow Vest” protests in France over fuel taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that context, some observers were cautiously optimistic about the outcome of this week’s U.N. climate talks in the city of Katowice. “Particularly given the broader geopolitical context, this is a pretty solid outcome,” said Elliot Diringer, the executive vice president of the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. “It delivers what we need to get the Paris Agreement off the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leader of the meeting, Polish official Michal Kurtyka, noted in his final speech to delegates that it was difficult to get nearly 200 countries to agree on specific rules. Even one step forward is an achievement, he explained, and “you have made a thousand little steps forward. You can be proud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most fundamental parts of the so-called rule book negotiated at the talks is a section on transparency, which governs what information governments must disclose to each other about their greenhouse gas emissions. Not all countries agreed going into the talks about how much information they should be required to share about their progress — and as a result, the inner workings of their economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final rules set a timeline for countries to update each other, and includes highly technical guidelines for what types of information they must provide, such as sources of emissions and explanations of their internal analyses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”The most significant part is the transparency guidelines, which put the meat on the bones of that section of the Paris agreement,” says Sue Biniaz, the former top climate lawyer for the U.S. State Department and one of the negotiators who worked on the Paris agreement. “It’s way more extensive than one might have imagined even a few weeks ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the talks also left many issues unresolved, including whether countries will commit to transitioning even more quickly to clean energy sources, and how much richer countries will help poorer countries pay for that transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>United Nations Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa, reading a statement on behalf of the U.N. Secretary-General, spoke bluntly about the need for countries to move more quickly to curb greenhouse gas emissions. “From now on, my top five priorities will be ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.N is hosting a special follow-up climate meeting next September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the most vulnerable nations in the world, including islands, left the meeting in Poland frustrated. In its final statement after the rules had been agreed to, the Malaysian government noted that Western Europe and North America have been industrialized far longer than many parts of Asia, and have profited while contributing enormously to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Malaysian delegation called for more money to flow from countries like the U.S. — the world’s largest economy and the second largest polluter — to help pay for damage caused by climate change, saying, “We owe this to the poor and vulnerable who are paying sometimes with their lives in our part of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1935922/nations-agree-on-rules-to-put-paris-climate-agreement-into-action",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1935922"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_2164",
"science_3838",
"science_3794"
],
"featImg": "science_1935923",
"label": "source_science_1935922"
},
"science_1935657": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1935657",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1935657",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1544555693000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1544555693,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Arctic Report Card Shows 'Most Unprecedented Transition in History'",
"headTitle": "Arctic Report Card Shows ‘Most Unprecedented Transition in History’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Few places will feel the blight of climate change as hard as the Arctic. Our upper pole is warming faster than any other region on Earth, a trend that may be tied to erratic weather patterns across the northern hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are two takeaways from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/arctic-report-card-tracks-region-s-environmental-changes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018 Arctic Report Card\u003c/a>, which was released Tuesday at the American Geophysical Union conference in Washington, D.C. The 13th year of this peer-reviewed report card features 14 essays by 81 scientists from 12 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, the report card includes a warning about red tide and harmful algal blooms, which are expanding due to a lack of ice and warming ocean temperatures. Toxins from these micro-organisms are threatening marine wildlife and coastal fisheries, imperilling communities that depend on these species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year will also enter the record books as the second warmest for the Arctic since 1900, said Emily Osborne of the NOAA Arctic Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only warmer year occured in 2016,” Obsorne said, adding that Arctic air temperatures for the past five years have exceeded all records since the beginning of the 20th century. “The Arctic is experiencing the most unprecedented transition in history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are three things you need to know about the Arctic Report Card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Red tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear about harmful algal blooms, the mind typically wanders to Florida, where thick scums of blue-green algae and clouds of red tide have floated in the state’s warm waters for more than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to a warming Arctic Ocean, at least five families of these harmful micro-organisms are now present in other northern waters, like the Chukchi and Bering seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of the Arctic ocean has experienced clear long- term trends of warming,” said Karen E. Frey, a geographer and biogeochemist at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Microscopic creatures are thriving in these waters. Near St. Lawrence Island, for instance, west of the Alaska mainland, aquatic biomass in 2018 increased between 275 and 500 percent relative to the average over the last 14 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms produce a range of toxins, which can poison other plankton, fish, shellfish, birds and humans. One study of stranded marine mammals — like whales and seals — found the algal toxin domoic acid in all species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting microplastics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This explosion in tiny creatures has been paralleled by the rapid rise of microplastics in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Basin contains more microplastic than all other ocean basins in the world, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117349400\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in June and cited in the report card, with the highest concentrations stuck in the Beaufort Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These microplastics have made multiple intrusions into the food web, being found in everything from polar cod and seafloor-hugging invertebrates to Arctic birds. The plastic waste has also been found buried in sea ice, which scientists are using to study its abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major sources of these microplastics remain unclear. They could be floating to the Arctic from other oceans, but some contribution is due to waste like fishing nets and other gear from shipping activities, which have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2244\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased substantially\u003c/a> since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Despite growing food sources overall, caribou and wild reindeer are dying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the Arctic continues to gradually grow. Vegetation has expanded overall in the Arctic for the last 36 years, according to the new report card. As shrubs and grasses expand, some species of birds and mammals are thriving. Caribou and wild reindeer, both herbivores, are not part of this lucky class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arctic caribou in North America and Greenland and reindeer in Russia and Norway have declined 56 percent over the last two decades, with their populations dropping from 4.7 million to 2.1 million. Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased drought and longer spans of hotter weather are causing outbreaks of infectious bacteria and parasites, said Howard Epstein, an ecologist at the University of Virginia. The caribou and reindeer populations are also declining due to a boon in predators and because extreme weather events are occasionally triggering droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XntO9a-NpeM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wacky weather and the eviction of older ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic pattern most pertinent to our daily lives, here in North America, revolves around warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm air temperatures, which are increasing at twice the rate of the remaining world, continue to disrupt the polar jet stream, making it sluggish and unusually wavy. A surge of warm Arctic weather in 2017 coincided with severe winter storms in the eastern United States at the beginning of 2018 and a cold snap in Europe in March. Osborne said the jury is still out on the strength of the connection between Arctic warming and wacky weather in the mid-latitudes, but at the moment, the correlation is solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This atmospheric warming also drove declines in Arctic snow cover and caused melting of the Greenland ice sheet. But the biggest loser, in terms of frozen water, is Arctic sea ice. Older packs of Arctic sea ice, which used to be impervious to the annual melting cycle, are thinner and covering less area than they have in the past. The oldest ice has declined by 95 percent in the last 33 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During two weeks in February, which is typically the height of ice growth, the Bering Sea lost a piece of ice the size of Idaho,” said Donald Perovich, a sea ice geophysicist at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. March witnessed the second lowest sea ice extent in 39 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perovich said this loss is being felt hardest by coastal communities, which used to be buffered by the sea ice. The loss is also exposing communities to massive storm surge and disappearing shorelines. It is also depriving coastal residents of a safe route for hunting and travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2018, the effects of persistent Arctic warming continue to mount … pushing the Arctic into unchartered territory,” Obsorne added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": true,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 994,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 28
},
"modified": 1704927254,
"excerpt": "2018 will enter the record books as the second warmest for the Arctic since 1900.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "2018 will enter the record books as the second warmest for the Arctic since 1900.",
"title": "Arctic Report Card Shows 'Most Unprecedented Transition in History' | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Arctic Report Card Shows 'Most Unprecedented Transition in History'",
"datePublished": "2018-12-11T11:14:53-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:54:14-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "arctic-report-card-shows-most-unprecedented-transition-in-history",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Nsikan Akpan\u003cbr />PBS NewsHour",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate",
"path": "/science/1935657/arctic-report-card-shows-most-unprecedented-transition-in-history",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Few places will feel the blight of climate change as hard as the Arctic. Our upper pole is warming faster than any other region on Earth, a trend that may be tied to erratic weather patterns across the northern hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are two takeaways from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/arctic-report-card-tracks-region-s-environmental-changes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018 Arctic Report Card\u003c/a>, which was released Tuesday at the American Geophysical Union conference in Washington, D.C. The 13th year of this peer-reviewed report card features 14 essays by 81 scientists from 12 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, the report card includes a warning about red tide and harmful algal blooms, which are expanding due to a lack of ice and warming ocean temperatures. Toxins from these micro-organisms are threatening marine wildlife and coastal fisheries, imperilling communities that depend on these species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year will also enter the record books as the second warmest for the Arctic since 1900, said Emily Osborne of the NOAA Arctic Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only warmer year occured in 2016,” Obsorne said, adding that Arctic air temperatures for the past five years have exceeded all records since the beginning of the 20th century. “The Arctic is experiencing the most unprecedented transition in history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are three things you need to know about the Arctic Report Card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Red tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear about harmful algal blooms, the mind typically wanders to Florida, where thick scums of blue-green algae and clouds of red tide have floated in the state’s warm waters for more than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to a warming Arctic Ocean, at least five families of these harmful micro-organisms are now present in other northern waters, like the Chukchi and Bering seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of the Arctic ocean has experienced clear long- term trends of warming,” said Karen E. Frey, a geographer and biogeochemist at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Microscopic creatures are thriving in these waters. Near St. Lawrence Island, for instance, west of the Alaska mainland, aquatic biomass in 2018 increased between 275 and 500 percent relative to the average over the last 14 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms produce a range of toxins, which can poison other plankton, fish, shellfish, birds and humans. One study of stranded marine mammals — like whales and seals — found the algal toxin domoic acid in all species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting microplastics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This explosion in tiny creatures has been paralleled by the rapid rise of microplastics in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Basin contains more microplastic than all other ocean basins in the world, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117349400\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in June and cited in the report card, with the highest concentrations stuck in the Beaufort Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These microplastics have made multiple intrusions into the food web, being found in everything from polar cod and seafloor-hugging invertebrates to Arctic birds. The plastic waste has also been found buried in sea ice, which scientists are using to study its abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major sources of these microplastics remain unclear. They could be floating to the Arctic from other oceans, but some contribution is due to waste like fishing nets and other gear from shipping activities, which have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2244\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased substantially\u003c/a> since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Despite growing food sources overall, caribou and wild reindeer are dying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the Arctic continues to gradually grow. Vegetation has expanded overall in the Arctic for the last 36 years, according to the new report card. As shrubs and grasses expand, some species of birds and mammals are thriving. Caribou and wild reindeer, both herbivores, are not part of this lucky class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arctic caribou in North America and Greenland and reindeer in Russia and Norway have declined 56 percent over the last two decades, with their populations dropping from 4.7 million to 2.1 million. Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased drought and longer spans of hotter weather are causing outbreaks of infectious bacteria and parasites, said Howard Epstein, an ecologist at the University of Virginia. The caribou and reindeer populations are also declining due to a boon in predators and because extreme weather events are occasionally triggering droughts.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XntO9a-NpeM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XntO9a-NpeM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wacky weather and the eviction of older ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic pattern most pertinent to our daily lives, here in North America, revolves around warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm air temperatures, which are increasing at twice the rate of the remaining world, continue to disrupt the polar jet stream, making it sluggish and unusually wavy. A surge of warm Arctic weather in 2017 coincided with severe winter storms in the eastern United States at the beginning of 2018 and a cold snap in Europe in March. Osborne said the jury is still out on the strength of the connection between Arctic warming and wacky weather in the mid-latitudes, but at the moment, the correlation is solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This atmospheric warming also drove declines in Arctic snow cover and caused melting of the Greenland ice sheet. But the biggest loser, in terms of frozen water, is Arctic sea ice. Older packs of Arctic sea ice, which used to be impervious to the annual melting cycle, are thinner and covering less area than they have in the past. The oldest ice has declined by 95 percent in the last 33 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During two weeks in February, which is typically the height of ice growth, the Bering Sea lost a piece of ice the size of Idaho,” said Donald Perovich, a sea ice geophysicist at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. March witnessed the second lowest sea ice extent in 39 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perovich said this loss is being felt hardest by coastal communities, which used to be buffered by the sea ice. The loss is also exposing communities to massive storm surge and disappearing shorelines. It is also depriving coastal residents of a safe route for hunting and travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2018, the effects of persistent Arctic warming continue to mount … pushing the Arctic into unchartered territory,” Obsorne added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1935657/arctic-report-card-shows-most-unprecedented-transition-in-history",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1935657"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_194"
],
"featImg": "science_1935661",
"label": "source_science_1935657"
},
"science_1934679": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1934679",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1934679",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1544378491000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1544378491,
"format": "image",
"title": "Sweltering in Nursing Home, 95-Year-Old Succumbs to Heat, as Climate Endangers Most Vulnerable",
"headTitle": "Sweltering in Nursing Home, 95-Year-Old Succumbs to Heat, as Climate Endangers Most Vulnerable | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the Camp Fire swallowed Paradise, as many as 175 elderly patients in skilled nursing facilities lay in its path. Nimble care workers saved them from the flames, wrangling private cars and pleading with ambulance companies to speed safe evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Extraordinary, heroic efforts protected patients in Paradise. But climate change – which intensifies wildfires and strengthens heat waves and hurricanes – now flings ever-worsening natural disasters at nursing homes in California and across the country. And in some of these cases, managers and staff are failing their patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017 alone, disasters such as Hurricane Harvey in Texas and the Tubbs Fire in Northern California offered a glimpse of this growing risk, said Deborah Pacyna, director of public affairs for the California Association of Health Facilities, a trade association that represents nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a wake-up call, definitely,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Gulf Coast, excessive heat sickened hundreds of nursing home patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes. In Texas, a group of citizens calling themselves the “Cajun Navy” \u003ca href=\"https://www.gq.com/story/cajun-navy-and-the-future-of-vigilante-disaster-relief\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke into\u003c/a> a nursing home to rescue patients when waters had risen a foot indoors; local police handcuffed one facility manager who refused to permit residents to leave. In Hollywood Hills, Florida, a medical examiner ruled 12 deaths as homicides after a hurricane knocked out power, leaving patients to swelter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent wildfires\u003c/a> are a high-profile example of just how threatening climate-related catastrophes can be for some of these most vulnerable people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935474\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-768x504.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1200x787.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1920x1259.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1180x774.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-960x629.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-375x246.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-520x341.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign is posted on the Paradise Skilled Nursing Center as it is consumed by flames from the Camp Fire on November 8, 2018. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But another deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, heat killed two nursing home patients and sent six more to the hospital in Burlingame. Bill Lockyer, who was then the state Attorney General, \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-lockyer-announces-enforcement-action-against-largest-provider\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigated\u003c/a> the first-ever Justice Department prosecution of a national nursing home chain. Temperatures for the sick and dying patients rose, on average, above 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home. It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.’\u003ccite>Pat McGinnis,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2006, in Stockton, Woodland and Fremont, nursing home patients died when air conditioning failed \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/07/24/heat-shatters-records-blackouts-possible/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during a massive heat wave\u003c/a>. Local police evacuated some facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932903/extreme-heat-killed-14-people-in-the-bay-area-last-year-10-takeaways-from-our-investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> found that last year, extreme heat caused the deaths of at least 14 elderly people, including one 95-year-old woman at St. Francis Convalescent Pavilion, a skilled nursing facility in San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That patient, Loraine Christiansen, died from heat shock – and her story suggests that nursing home patients are at serious risk from health care facilities still adapting to climate-driven disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of an Extreme Heat Death\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span> little before 10 p.m. on Saturday, Sept. 2, 2017, a San Mateo County emergency dispatcher picked up a call from a nurse at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just found a patient alert but nonverbally responsive,” the nurse said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperature had peaked at 101 degrees that day. It was still 85 when the nurse reported that the patient had turned pale, and had a temperature of 103.1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christiansen had just been moved to hospice care at St. Francis Pavilion. A widow and former secretary for a Methodist church, Christiansen had hypertension, diabetes and chronic renal disease – all conditions that worsen in heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio /> program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"St. Francis Pavilion 911 Call\" src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/12/911Call.wav\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/RS7512_fire.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paramedics arrived at St. Francis Pavilion 13 minutes after the 911 call, according to transcripts from San Mateo County public safety communications obtained by KQED. By the time Christiansen arrived in the emergency department at Kaiser Permanente’s South San Francisco Medical Center, her temperature was 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the coroner’s report, emergency department doctors then simply sought to relieve her pain. Christiansen’s death certificate lists the cause as heat-related shock. In a report filed with the county, relied on by the coroner in determining the cause of death, one of the paramedics who had attended to Christiansen estimated the temperature in St. Francis Pavilion at 98 to 100 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not supposed to happen in homes licensed to provide care to fragile patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935497\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-768x438.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-240x137.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-375x214.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-520x296.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg 867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Mateo County Coroner’s Report for Loraine Christiansen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California law and federal regulations \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/42/483.10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require\u003c/a> skilled nursing facilities licensed after 1990 to keep temperatures between 71 and 81 degrees. In older facilities, such as St. Francis Pavilion, the temperature simply has to be “comfortable and safe.” Violating these standards carries penalties up to $25,000 or more if the California Department of Public Health determines that the conditions led directly to a patient’s death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion’s administrator, Timothy Caslmon, did not respond to calls and emails between September and November. Calls to the main number for Generations Health, the facility’s Orange County-based management company, were directed back to St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health officially learned about one death at St. Francis Pavilion, possibly Christiansen’s (the individual is not named) \u003ca href=\"http://hfcis.cdph.ca.gov/LongTermCare/details/Complaint.aspx?fac=220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through a complaint\u003c/a> related to heat. In a 2018 document stating the agency’s results in the case, CDPH said it was “\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=LP4Q11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unable to substantiate\u003c/a>” any federal or state code violations stemming from the death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio /> program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Firefighter Radio Call\" src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/12/ShortenedRadioTrafficCommandCall.wav\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/RS7512_fire.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>This radio call between firefighters has been edited for brevity and clarity. Photo: Andrew Burton/Getty Images\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Popsicles, but No Fans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he night Loraine Christiansen died, overnight temperatures hovered in the 80s, and St. Francis Pavilion has no air conditioning to offer relief indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after paramedics rushed her to the hospital, a fire truck stayed behind, working out a plan to cool the facility. Firefighters had one industrial-sized fan called a blower, used at major fires to repel smoke and gas. But one wasn’t enough. It would take at least three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On emergency communication channels, Daly City Fire Captain Joel Abelson, on Fire Truck 95, asked Engine 91 for assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>Firefighter Calls for Additional Fans\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/strong>‘Yeah, 91, if you could stop by Station 95 and pick up the electric fan that’s in our back bay, we’re going to need both electric fans.\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>91, copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>Truck’s requesting a second fan from the back bay or off Engine 95, and then report to 99 Escuela with it, give it a blow out.’\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On that busy night, Daly City’s only ladder truck, and two out of five of the city’s fire engines, labored for hours at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person who was inside the facility and who spoke on condition of anonymity described firefighters moving through the 239-bed facility, using fans to blow hot air from one part of the facility to another, and eventually outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report for the North County Fire Authority obtained by KQED, Abelson wrote that St. Francis was “uncomfortably hot.” He reported that fire crews “attempted to ventilate the building to cool rooms,” and that workers needed to add fans, because “cooling in the building was insufficient.” And he wrote that emergency responders told the facility’s staff “to check patients frequently for signs of heat-related issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the weekend, San Mateo County Adult Protective Services visited St. Francis Pavilion, watching as staffers handed out popsicles and ice. Care workers told a government employee without authority to speak to the media that they tried to buy fans, but nearby stores were sold out. Instead, the staff gathered residents who were mobile into the coolest room they could find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935493\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935493\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg\" alt=\"Report from North County Fire Authority about the response to a 911 call from St. Francis Pavilion on September 2, 2017.\" width=\"800\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-160x77.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-768x370.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-240x115.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-375x180.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-520x250.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg 927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Report from North County Fire Authority about conditions found at St. Francis Pavilion, in response to a 911 call from a facility nurse, on September 2, 2017.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>KQED twice requested an interview with CDPH. The department offered a general statement, but refused to comment on reports of excessive heat at St. Francis. The department wouldn’t say whether or not it is investigating any other heat-related violations from that 2017 Labor Day weekend. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Details about ongoing investigations are confidential until the investigation is complete, and findings are issued to the facility,” said CDPH in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Failure to Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">S\u003c/span>ince the 2017 Labor Day heat wave, new regulations have taken effect in California that require St. Francis Pavilion and other facilities like it to be ready for emergencies, whether evacuating or sheltering in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=GIPK21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">records\u003c/a>, in December 2017 an inspection concluded that St. Francis Pavilion lacked an effective emergency preparedness plan, and had neither policy nor procedures in place to protect people sheltering in place during a disaster. The facility’s administrator said during that inspection that “he was not aware of this requirement of the emergency preparedness plan.” St. Francis \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=GIPK21~220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated\u003c/a> its plan by January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion isn’t alone. NPR’s Jordan Rau \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/09/19/552042095/many-nursing-homes-arent-prepared-for-even-basic-emergencies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> last year that more than half of California’s nursing facilities have been cited for failing to train workers what to do in an emergency or for failing to have a plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ePXxNJbOu87Zut5NhteuQAOUJIHmS6wS”]That includes skilled nursing facilities in Paradise, surveyed earlier this year by CDPH. In February, investigators \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=BNEU21~230000031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 136-bed Cypress Meadows hadn’t done all of its required emergency preparedness work, including a drill. And CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=M90R21~230000173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 99-bed Pine View Center hadn’t done a risk assessment for disasters or drills for emergencies, and that its manual alarm boxes and sprinklers weren’t correctly maintained. All of the problems were corrected within weeks, well before the Camp Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Association of Health Facilities \u003ca href=\"https://www.cahfdisasterprep.com/hva\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has offered support\u003c/a> to nursing facilities, with model emergency plans, training modules, and an app to promote emergency response. The trade group sometimes lobbies against new legal mandates, but its disaster response manager, Jason Belden, said he believes new regulations have encouraged better preparation – including in Butte County last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, “I’m actually hopeful about how our industry can respond in a disaster in California,” Belden said. “The providers, from an emergency manager’s standpoint – there’s not much in there we would suggest cutting out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Nation’s Failure to Regulate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>oraine Christiansen’s death in a Daly City nursing facility comes after years of warnings about heat-related illness in California, and after poor planning in other states endangered hundreds of patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories of those vulnerable Gulf Coast patients prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Sheltering%20in%20Danger%20Report%20(2%20Nov%202018).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an investigative report\u003c/a> from the Democratic staff for the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. Released this year, the report concluded that better emergency planning is crucial and that heat rules in particular should be re-evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is considering \u003ca href=\"http://theconsumervoice.org/news/detail/latest/cms-proposes-rollback-of-emergency-preparedness-rules-seeks-comments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weakening\u003c/a> the requirement that facilities update emergency response plans annually; the proposal from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services would require updates only every other year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every licensed care facility in California is required to plan for emergencies. And climate change raises real questions about how ready our healthcare system is for more frequent hazards, said Linda Rudolph, \u003ca href=\"http://www.phi.org/people/?name=linda-rudolph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who directs\u003c/a> the Center for Climate Change and Health at the Public Health Institute, a nonprofit group in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take a look at our planning, and our local and state laws and regulations,” Rudolph said, “to make sure that every school, every skilled nursing facility, every nursing home, and every hospital have plans in place that are based on what we know is in the forecast for these extreme and prolonged heat events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have that now, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat McGinnis, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.canhr.org/about/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/a>, agrees that developing a solid emergency response plan is ever more crucial now: Fast-moving fires don’t leave much room for error. Nor do intensifying storms or excessive heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home,” she said. “It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": true,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 2169,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 56
},
"modified": 1704927257,
"excerpt": "Climate-related disasters are threatening nursing home patients in a health care system still unprepared for fires, flood and extreme heat.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Climate-related disasters are threatening nursing home patients in a health care system still unprepared for fires, flood and extreme heat.",
"title": "Sweltering in Nursing Home, 95-Year-Old Succumbs to Heat, as Climate Endangers Most Vulnerable | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Sweltering in Nursing Home, 95-Year-Old Succumbs to Heat, as Climate Endangers Most Vulnerable",
"datePublished": "2018-12-09T10:01:31-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:54:17-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "sweltering-in-nursing-home-95-year-old-succumbs-to-heat-as-climate-endangers-most-vulnerable",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1934679/sweltering-in-nursing-home-95-year-old-succumbs-to-heat-as-climate-endangers-most-vulnerable",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the Camp Fire swallowed Paradise, as many as 175 elderly patients in skilled nursing facilities lay in its path. Nimble care workers saved them from the flames, wrangling private cars and pleading with ambulance companies to speed safe evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Extraordinary, heroic efforts protected patients in Paradise. But climate change – which intensifies wildfires and strengthens heat waves and hurricanes – now flings ever-worsening natural disasters at nursing homes in California and across the country. And in some of these cases, managers and staff are failing their patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017 alone, disasters such as Hurricane Harvey in Texas and the Tubbs Fire in Northern California offered a glimpse of this growing risk, said Deborah Pacyna, director of public affairs for the California Association of Health Facilities, a trade association that represents nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a wake-up call, definitely,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Gulf Coast, excessive heat sickened hundreds of nursing home patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes. In Texas, a group of citizens calling themselves the “Cajun Navy” \u003ca href=\"https://www.gq.com/story/cajun-navy-and-the-future-of-vigilante-disaster-relief\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke into\u003c/a> a nursing home to rescue patients when waters had risen a foot indoors; local police handcuffed one facility manager who refused to permit residents to leave. In Hollywood Hills, Florida, a medical examiner ruled 12 deaths as homicides after a hurricane knocked out power, leaving patients to swelter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent wildfires\u003c/a> are a high-profile example of just how threatening climate-related catastrophes can be for some of these most vulnerable people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935474\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-768x504.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1200x787.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1920x1259.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1180x774.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-960x629.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-375x246.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-520x341.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign is posted on the Paradise Skilled Nursing Center as it is consumed by flames from the Camp Fire on November 8, 2018. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But another deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, heat killed two nursing home patients and sent six more to the hospital in Burlingame. Bill Lockyer, who was then the state Attorney General, \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-lockyer-announces-enforcement-action-against-largest-provider\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigated\u003c/a> the first-ever Justice Department prosecution of a national nursing home chain. Temperatures for the sick and dying patients rose, on average, above 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home. It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.’\u003ccite>Pat McGinnis,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2006, in Stockton, Woodland and Fremont, nursing home patients died when air conditioning failed \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/07/24/heat-shatters-records-blackouts-possible/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during a massive heat wave\u003c/a>. Local police evacuated some facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932903/extreme-heat-killed-14-people-in-the-bay-area-last-year-10-takeaways-from-our-investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> found that last year, extreme heat caused the deaths of at least 14 elderly people, including one 95-year-old woman at St. Francis Convalescent Pavilion, a skilled nursing facility in San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That patient, Loraine Christiansen, died from heat shock – and her story suggests that nursing home patients are at serious risk from health care facilities still adapting to climate-driven disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of an Extreme Heat Death\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span> little before 10 p.m. on Saturday, Sept. 2, 2017, a San Mateo County emergency dispatcher picked up a call from a nurse at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just found a patient alert but nonverbally responsive,” the nurse said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperature had peaked at 101 degrees that day. It was still 85 when the nurse reported that the patient had turned pale, and had a temperature of 103.1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christiansen had just been moved to hospice care at St. Francis Pavilion. A widow and former secretary for a Methodist church, Christiansen had hypertension, diabetes and chronic renal disease – all conditions that worsen in heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "audio",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"program": "KQED Science",
"title": "St. Francis Pavilion 911 Call",
"src": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/12/911Call.wav",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/RS7512_fire.jpg",
"label": "/>"
},
"numeric": [
"/>"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paramedics arrived at St. Francis Pavilion 13 minutes after the 911 call, according to transcripts from San Mateo County public safety communications obtained by KQED. By the time Christiansen arrived in the emergency department at Kaiser Permanente’s South San Francisco Medical Center, her temperature was 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the coroner’s report, emergency department doctors then simply sought to relieve her pain. Christiansen’s death certificate lists the cause as heat-related shock. In a report filed with the county, relied on by the coroner in determining the cause of death, one of the paramedics who had attended to Christiansen estimated the temperature in St. Francis Pavilion at 98 to 100 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not supposed to happen in homes licensed to provide care to fragile patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935497\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-768x438.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-240x137.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-375x214.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-520x296.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg 867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Mateo County Coroner’s Report for Loraine Christiansen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California law and federal regulations \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/42/483.10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require\u003c/a> skilled nursing facilities licensed after 1990 to keep temperatures between 71 and 81 degrees. In older facilities, such as St. Francis Pavilion, the temperature simply has to be “comfortable and safe.” Violating these standards carries penalties up to $25,000 or more if the California Department of Public Health determines that the conditions led directly to a patient’s death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion’s administrator, Timothy Caslmon, did not respond to calls and emails between September and November. Calls to the main number for Generations Health, the facility’s Orange County-based management company, were directed back to St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health officially learned about one death at St. Francis Pavilion, possibly Christiansen’s (the individual is not named) \u003ca href=\"http://hfcis.cdph.ca.gov/LongTermCare/details/Complaint.aspx?fac=220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through a complaint\u003c/a> related to heat. In a 2018 document stating the agency’s results in the case, CDPH said it was “\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=LP4Q11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unable to substantiate\u003c/a>” any federal or state code violations stemming from the death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "audio",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"program": "KQED Science",
"title": "Firefighter Radio Call",
"src": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/12/ShortenedRadioTrafficCommandCall.wav",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/RS7512_fire.jpg",
"label": "/>"
},
"numeric": [
"/>"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>This radio call between firefighters has been edited for brevity and clarity. Photo: Andrew Burton/Getty Images\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Popsicles, but No Fans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he night Loraine Christiansen died, overnight temperatures hovered in the 80s, and St. Francis Pavilion has no air conditioning to offer relief indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after paramedics rushed her to the hospital, a fire truck stayed behind, working out a plan to cool the facility. Firefighters had one industrial-sized fan called a blower, used at major fires to repel smoke and gas. But one wasn’t enough. It would take at least three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On emergency communication channels, Daly City Fire Captain Joel Abelson, on Fire Truck 95, asked Engine 91 for assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>Firefighter Calls for Additional Fans\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/strong>‘Yeah, 91, if you could stop by Station 95 and pick up the electric fan that’s in our back bay, we’re going to need both electric fans.\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>91, copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>Truck’s requesting a second fan from the back bay or off Engine 95, and then report to 99 Escuela with it, give it a blow out.’\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On that busy night, Daly City’s only ladder truck, and two out of five of the city’s fire engines, labored for hours at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person who was inside the facility and who spoke on condition of anonymity described firefighters moving through the 239-bed facility, using fans to blow hot air from one part of the facility to another, and eventually outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report for the North County Fire Authority obtained by KQED, Abelson wrote that St. Francis was “uncomfortably hot.” He reported that fire crews “attempted to ventilate the building to cool rooms,” and that workers needed to add fans, because “cooling in the building was insufficient.” And he wrote that emergency responders told the facility’s staff “to check patients frequently for signs of heat-related issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the weekend, San Mateo County Adult Protective Services visited St. Francis Pavilion, watching as staffers handed out popsicles and ice. Care workers told a government employee without authority to speak to the media that they tried to buy fans, but nearby stores were sold out. Instead, the staff gathered residents who were mobile into the coolest room they could find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935493\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935493\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg\" alt=\"Report from North County Fire Authority about the response to a 911 call from St. Francis Pavilion on September 2, 2017.\" width=\"800\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-160x77.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-768x370.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-240x115.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-375x180.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-520x250.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg 927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Report from North County Fire Authority about conditions found at St. Francis Pavilion, in response to a 911 call from a facility nurse, on September 2, 2017.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>KQED twice requested an interview with CDPH. The department offered a general statement, but refused to comment on reports of excessive heat at St. Francis. The department wouldn’t say whether or not it is investigating any other heat-related violations from that 2017 Labor Day weekend. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Details about ongoing investigations are confidential until the investigation is complete, and findings are issued to the facility,” said CDPH in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Failure to Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">S\u003c/span>ince the 2017 Labor Day heat wave, new regulations have taken effect in California that require St. Francis Pavilion and other facilities like it to be ready for emergencies, whether evacuating or sheltering in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=GIPK21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">records\u003c/a>, in December 2017 an inspection concluded that St. Francis Pavilion lacked an effective emergency preparedness plan, and had neither policy nor procedures in place to protect people sheltering in place during a disaster. The facility’s administrator said during that inspection that “he was not aware of this requirement of the emergency preparedness plan.” St. Francis \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=GIPK21~220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated\u003c/a> its plan by January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion isn’t alone. NPR’s Jordan Rau \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/09/19/552042095/many-nursing-homes-arent-prepared-for-even-basic-emergencies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> last year that more than half of California’s nursing facilities have been cited for failing to train workers what to do in an emergency or for failing to have a plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>That includes skilled nursing facilities in Paradise, surveyed earlier this year by CDPH. In February, investigators \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=BNEU21~230000031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 136-bed Cypress Meadows hadn’t done all of its required emergency preparedness work, including a drill. And CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=M90R21~230000173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 99-bed Pine View Center hadn’t done a risk assessment for disasters or drills for emergencies, and that its manual alarm boxes and sprinklers weren’t correctly maintained. All of the problems were corrected within weeks, well before the Camp Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Association of Health Facilities \u003ca href=\"https://www.cahfdisasterprep.com/hva\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has offered support\u003c/a> to nursing facilities, with model emergency plans, training modules, and an app to promote emergency response. The trade group sometimes lobbies against new legal mandates, but its disaster response manager, Jason Belden, said he believes new regulations have encouraged better preparation – including in Butte County last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, “I’m actually hopeful about how our industry can respond in a disaster in California,” Belden said. “The providers, from an emergency manager’s standpoint – there’s not much in there we would suggest cutting out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Nation’s Failure to Regulate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>oraine Christiansen’s death in a Daly City nursing facility comes after years of warnings about heat-related illness in California, and after poor planning in other states endangered hundreds of patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories of those vulnerable Gulf Coast patients prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Sheltering%20in%20Danger%20Report%20(2%20Nov%202018).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an investigative report\u003c/a> from the Democratic staff for the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. Released this year, the report concluded that better emergency planning is crucial and that heat rules in particular should be re-evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is considering \u003ca href=\"http://theconsumervoice.org/news/detail/latest/cms-proposes-rollback-of-emergency-preparedness-rules-seeks-comments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weakening\u003c/a> the requirement that facilities update emergency response plans annually; the proposal from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services would require updates only every other year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every licensed care facility in California is required to plan for emergencies. And climate change raises real questions about how ready our healthcare system is for more frequent hazards, said Linda Rudolph, \u003ca href=\"http://www.phi.org/people/?name=linda-rudolph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who directs\u003c/a> the Center for Climate Change and Health at the Public Health Institute, a nonprofit group in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take a look at our planning, and our local and state laws and regulations,” Rudolph said, “to make sure that every school, every skilled nursing facility, every nursing home, and every hospital have plans in place that are based on what we know is in the forecast for these extreme and prolonged heat events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have that now, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat McGinnis, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.canhr.org/about/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/a>, agrees that developing a solid emergency response plan is ever more crucial now: Fast-moving fires don’t leave much room for error. Nor do intensifying storms or excessive heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home,” she said. “It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1934679/sweltering-in-nursing-home-95-year-old-succumbs-to-heat-as-climate-endangers-most-vulnerable",
"authors": [
"11223"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_39",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_2184",
"science_113"
],
"featImg": "science_1934680",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1935395": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1935395",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1935395",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1544199642000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1544199642,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Crab Season Faces Delays as Fishermen Sue Oil Industry Over Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Crab Season Faces Delays as Fishermen Sue Oil Industry Over Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After more than a three-week delay, commercial crab fishermen will begin dropping their nets this Saturday in coastal waters from Bodega Head north to the Sonoma-Mendocino county line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region was slated to open Nov. 15 but was postponed due to unsafe levels of toxic \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/pages/fdbprograms/foodsafetyprogram/domoicacid.aspx\">domoic acid\u003c/a> found in crabs. Points south of the Sonoma County coastline opened on schedule last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial crabbing further north remains closed until at least Dec. 15; dangerous levels of the neurotoxin in crabs \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/CDPH%20Document%20Library/FDB/FoodSafetyProgram/DomoicAcid/Crab%20Domoic%20Results%20July%201%202018%20to%20Nov%2030%202018.pdf\">continue to be a problem\u003c/a> in waters off Trinidad and Crescent City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid issues have plagued California’s Dungeness crab industry in recent years. Every season dating back to the catastrophic 2015-16 season has dealt with closures to at least some portion of the fishery, with resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5203765-181/jerry-brown-seeks-disaster-declaration\">economic fallout\u003c/a> for commercial crab fishermen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of fishermen now seeks damages from the oil industry for contributing to the cause of these toxic acid spikes. Domoic acid buildup is a byproduct of harmful \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceansciencetrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/HABs-and-CA-Fisheries-FAQ-8.5.16.pdf\">algal blooms\u003c/a> created by warmer ocean temperatures, which can be exacerbated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/climate-change-is-making-algal-blooms-worse-1.21884\">climate change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You used to be able to depend on the opening of crab season like clockwork.’\u003ccite>Larry Collins, crab boat owner\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last month, attorneys representing the \u003ca href=\"https://pcffa.org/\">Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations\u003c/a> filed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sheredling.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/2018-11-14-Crab-Complaint-1.pdf\">lawsuit\u003c/a> against a long list of oil companies, including Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell and BP. The suit claims that the fossil fuel industry knowingly produces “greenhouse gas pollution that warms the planet, changes our climate, and disrupts the oceans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noah Oppenheim, executive director of the PCFFA, says that Dungeness crab fishermen have lost tens of millions in revenue as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are going to be dealing with the impacts of climate change for a very long time in California commercial fisheries,” Oppenheim said. “And we need to hold the organizations and companies that caused this problem to account.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Comey, a spokesman for Chevron, says the action is without merit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The suit seeks to penalize the production of reliable, affordable energy, which has for decades been not only lawful, but actively encouraged by governments,” Comey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Comey, Chevron is committed to finding “real solutions” for climate change, and this type of litigation is “counterproductive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry Collins is a crab boat owner based out of Fisherman’s Wharf in San Francisco. Collins, a 30-year veteran of commercial fishing, started crabbing after witnessing the decline of salmon in California’s waters. He’s now seeing his livelihood threatened once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You used to be able to depend on the opening of crab season like clockwork,” Collins says. “It sure doesn’t feel that way anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collins, who serves as president of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, says many of the younger, less-established fisherman he’s met haven’t been able sustain the fallout of the last three seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Collins is happy the 2018 season is opening without too many delays, he says there’s still a lot of uncertainty surrounding the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really hard to know what to do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people concerned about getting sick from eating Dungeness crab, Noah Oppenheim stresses that it is safe to consume the crab you find in fish markets and grocery stores, provided it’s sourced from California or Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You should get your crab wherever you can find it,” he said. “If it’s on the market, it’s safe.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 611,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 20
},
"modified": 1704927261,
"excerpt": "California’s Dungeness crab season continues its slow open this weekend amid more delays and a lawsuit filed against the oil industry over climate change.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "California’s Dungeness crab season continues its slow open this weekend amid more delays and a lawsuit filed against the oil industry over climate change.",
"title": "Crab Season Faces Delays as Fishermen Sue Oil Industry Over Climate Change | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Crab Season Faces Delays as Fishermen Sue Oil Industry Over Climate Change",
"datePublished": "2018-12-07T08:20:42-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:54:21-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "crab-season-faces-delays-as-fishermen-sue-oil-industry-over-climate-change",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate",
"path": "/science/1935395/crab-season-faces-delays-as-fishermen-sue-oil-industry-over-climate-change",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After more than a three-week delay, commercial crab fishermen will begin dropping their nets this Saturday in coastal waters from Bodega Head north to the Sonoma-Mendocino county line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region was slated to open Nov. 15 but was postponed due to unsafe levels of toxic \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/pages/fdbprograms/foodsafetyprogram/domoicacid.aspx\">domoic acid\u003c/a> found in crabs. Points south of the Sonoma County coastline opened on schedule last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial crabbing further north remains closed until at least Dec. 15; dangerous levels of the neurotoxin in crabs \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/CDPH%20Document%20Library/FDB/FoodSafetyProgram/DomoicAcid/Crab%20Domoic%20Results%20July%201%202018%20to%20Nov%2030%202018.pdf\">continue to be a problem\u003c/a> in waters off Trinidad and Crescent City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid issues have plagued California’s Dungeness crab industry in recent years. Every season dating back to the catastrophic 2015-16 season has dealt with closures to at least some portion of the fishery, with resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5203765-181/jerry-brown-seeks-disaster-declaration\">economic fallout\u003c/a> for commercial crab fishermen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of fishermen now seeks damages from the oil industry for contributing to the cause of these toxic acid spikes. Domoic acid buildup is a byproduct of harmful \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceansciencetrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/HABs-and-CA-Fisheries-FAQ-8.5.16.pdf\">algal blooms\u003c/a> created by warmer ocean temperatures, which can be exacerbated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/climate-change-is-making-algal-blooms-worse-1.21884\">climate change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You used to be able to depend on the opening of crab season like clockwork.’\u003ccite>Larry Collins, crab boat owner\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last month, attorneys representing the \u003ca href=\"https://pcffa.org/\">Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations\u003c/a> filed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sheredling.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/2018-11-14-Crab-Complaint-1.pdf\">lawsuit\u003c/a> against a long list of oil companies, including Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell and BP. The suit claims that the fossil fuel industry knowingly produces “greenhouse gas pollution that warms the planet, changes our climate, and disrupts the oceans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noah Oppenheim, executive director of the PCFFA, says that Dungeness crab fishermen have lost tens of millions in revenue as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are going to be dealing with the impacts of climate change for a very long time in California commercial fisheries,” Oppenheim said. “And we need to hold the organizations and companies that caused this problem to account.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Comey, a spokesman for Chevron, says the action is without merit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The suit seeks to penalize the production of reliable, affordable energy, which has for decades been not only lawful, but actively encouraged by governments,” Comey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Comey, Chevron is committed to finding “real solutions” for climate change, and this type of litigation is “counterproductive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry Collins is a crab boat owner based out of Fisherman’s Wharf in San Francisco. Collins, a 30-year veteran of commercial fishing, started crabbing after witnessing the decline of salmon in California’s waters. He’s now seeing his livelihood threatened once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You used to be able to depend on the opening of crab season like clockwork,” Collins says. “It sure doesn’t feel that way anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collins, who serves as president of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, says many of the younger, less-established fisherman he’s met haven’t been able sustain the fallout of the last three seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Collins is happy the 2018 season is opening without too many delays, he says there’s still a lot of uncertainty surrounding the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really hard to know what to do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people concerned about getting sick from eating Dungeness crab, Noah Oppenheim stresses that it is safe to consume the crab you find in fish markets and grocery stores, provided it’s sourced from California or Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You should get your crab wherever you can find it,” he said. “If it’s on the market, it’s safe.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1935395/crab-season-faces-delays-as-fishermen-sue-oil-industry-over-climate-change",
"authors": [
"11368"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_2873"
],
"tags": [
"science_182",
"science_192",
"science_941",
"science_324",
"science_309"
],
"featImg": "science_725334",
"label": "source_science_1935395"
},
"science_1935381": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1935381",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1935381",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1544125715000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1544125715,
"format": "standard",
"title": "California Will Require Solar Panels on New Homes Starting in 2020",
"headTitle": "California Will Require Solar Panels on New Homes Starting in 2020 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Solar panels will be a required feature on new houses in California, after the state’s Building Standards Commission gave final approval to a housing rule that’s the first of its kind in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Set to take effect in 2020, the new standard includes an exemption for houses that are often shaded from the sun. It also includes incentives for people to add a high-capacity battery to their home’s electrical system, to store the sun’s energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These provisions really are historic and will be a beacon of light for the rest of the country,” said commissioner Kent Sasaki, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/12/06/california-officially-adopts-solar-requirement-for-new-homes-built-in-2020-or-later/\">The Mercury News\u003c/a>. “[It’s] the beginning of substantial improvement in how we produce energy and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule marks a new phase in California’s environmental policies, which have often set trends and established standards nationwide. The state has set the goal of drawing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646373423/california-sets-goal-of-100-percent-renewable-electric-power-by-2045\">100 percent of its electricity\u003c/a> from renewable energy sources and sharply reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar panels rule was initially endorsed as part of the state’s Green Building Standards Code by the California Energy Commission back in May. In a public hearing on Wednesday, the Building Standards Commission heard opinions on the change before approving it — the final step in adding the requirement to the state’s building code. The vote was unanimous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Single-family homes and multi-family buildings that are up to three stories high must conform to the new solar power standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New homes that are built under these standards are expected to use 53 percent less energy than our last standards” from 2016, said Drew Bohan, executive director of the energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state predicts that mandatory solar panel installations and other new improvements will add nearly $10,000 in the upfront cost of a home — a cost that officials say will balance out over time, due to lower electricity bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A homeowner will save $19,000 over the course of a 30-year mortgage, Bohan said at Wednesday’s meeting of the building commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 2020, California homebuyers will have the option of either paying for solar panels outright, leasing them, or entering a power purchase agreement with developers. Another option is for communities to “pool resources instead of installing solar on individual homes,” Bohan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With extreme weather events becoming more frequent, there is even greater need for homes that are efficient, reliable and resilient,” Bohan said, adding that the standards will result in buildings that “will continue to keep costs down, better withstand the impacts of climate change, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at Wednesday’s session mentioned the recent devastating wildfire in Butte County several times — as the type of case where solar panels and batteries could help people who face extended power outages from natural disasters, as well as an example of when state building and energy officials would need to help speed up wholesale rebuilding efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new rule has given solar panels a boost after the state’s installers \u003ca href=\"https://www.woodmac.com/research/products/power-and-renewables/us-solar-market-insight/\">saw a slump in 2017\u003c/a>, it is also been criticized for adding to home prices in a market that is already expensive. But to an extent, Wednesday’s meeting was largely a formality, focusing on whether the energy panel’s process for creating the rule was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite worries that the solar power mandate could have an immediate impact not only on home buyers but on real estate developers and agents, the new rule has been largely supported by industry groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the energy commission’s May hearing where public comments and trade groups were also heard from, “the majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards,” as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923652/in-a-first-california-set-to-require-solar-panels-on-all-new-homes\">member station KQED reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California hopes to achieve its carbon-neutral energy status within 30 years; in September, the California Energy Commission said the state is currently at 32 percent of achieving that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 40 years, Bohan said, the state’s energy policies have saved residents billions of dollars and helped California rein in per capita energy consumption more effectively than the rest of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 738,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 19
},
"modified": 1704927262,
"excerpt": "Single and small multi-family homes must include solar panels starting in 2020. Recent extreme weather events such as wildfires and drought make the need clear, a state official says.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Single and small multi-family homes must include solar panels starting in 2020. Recent extreme weather events such as wildfires and drought make the need clear, a state official says.",
"title": "California Will Require Solar Panels on New Homes Starting in 2020 | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "California Will Require Solar Panels on New Homes Starting in 2020",
"datePublished": "2018-12-06T11:48:35-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T14:54:22-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "california-will-now-require-solar-panels-on-new-homes-starting-in-2020",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=674075032&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Bill Chappell\u003cbr />NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Thu, 06 Dec 2018 09:58:35 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Thu, 06 Dec 2018 12:48:36 -0500",
"sticky": false,
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674075032/california-gives-final-ok-to-requiring-solar-panels-on-new-houses?ft=nprml&f=674075032",
"nprImageAgency": "AP",
"nprImageCredit": "Rich Pedroncelli",
"source": "Energy",
"nprStoryId": "674075032",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Thu, 06 Dec 2018 12:48:00 -0500",
"path": "/science/1935381/california-will-now-require-solar-panels-on-new-homes-starting-in-2020",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Solar panels will be a required feature on new houses in California, after the state’s Building Standards Commission gave final approval to a housing rule that’s the first of its kind in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Set to take effect in 2020, the new standard includes an exemption for houses that are often shaded from the sun. It also includes incentives for people to add a high-capacity battery to their home’s electrical system, to store the sun’s energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These provisions really are historic and will be a beacon of light for the rest of the country,” said commissioner Kent Sasaki, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/12/06/california-officially-adopts-solar-requirement-for-new-homes-built-in-2020-or-later/\">The Mercury News\u003c/a>. “[It’s] the beginning of substantial improvement in how we produce energy and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule marks a new phase in California’s environmental policies, which have often set trends and established standards nationwide. The state has set the goal of drawing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646373423/california-sets-goal-of-100-percent-renewable-electric-power-by-2045\">100 percent of its electricity\u003c/a> from renewable energy sources and sharply reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar panels rule was initially endorsed as part of the state’s Green Building Standards Code by the California Energy Commission back in May. In a public hearing on Wednesday, the Building Standards Commission heard opinions on the change before approving it — the final step in adding the requirement to the state’s building code. The vote was unanimous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Single-family homes and multi-family buildings that are up to three stories high must conform to the new solar power standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New homes that are built under these standards are expected to use 53 percent less energy than our last standards” from 2016, said Drew Bohan, executive director of the energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state predicts that mandatory solar panel installations and other new improvements will add nearly $10,000 in the upfront cost of a home — a cost that officials say will balance out over time, due to lower electricity bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A homeowner will save $19,000 over the course of a 30-year mortgage, Bohan said at Wednesday’s meeting of the building commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 2020, California homebuyers will have the option of either paying for solar panels outright, leasing them, or entering a power purchase agreement with developers. Another option is for communities to “pool resources instead of installing solar on individual homes,” Bohan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With extreme weather events becoming more frequent, there is even greater need for homes that are efficient, reliable and resilient,” Bohan said, adding that the standards will result in buildings that “will continue to keep costs down, better withstand the impacts of climate change, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at Wednesday’s session mentioned the recent devastating wildfire in Butte County several times — as the type of case where solar panels and batteries could help people who face extended power outages from natural disasters, as well as an example of when state building and energy officials would need to help speed up wholesale rebuilding efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new rule has given solar panels a boost after the state’s installers \u003ca href=\"https://www.woodmac.com/research/products/power-and-renewables/us-solar-market-insight/\">saw a slump in 2017\u003c/a>, it is also been criticized for adding to home prices in a market that is already expensive. But to an extent, Wednesday’s meeting was largely a formality, focusing on whether the energy panel’s process for creating the rule was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite worries that the solar power mandate could have an immediate impact not only on home buyers but on real estate developers and agents, the new rule has been largely supported by industry groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the energy commission’s May hearing where public comments and trade groups were also heard from, “the majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards,” as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923652/in-a-first-california-set-to-require-solar-panels-on-all-new-homes\">member station KQED reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California hopes to achieve its carbon-neutral energy status within 30 years; in September, the California Energy Commission said the state is currently at 32 percent of achieving that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 40 years, Bohan said, the state’s energy policies have saved residents billions of dollars and helped California rein in per capita energy consumption more effectively than the rest of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1935381/california-will-now-require-solar-panels-on-new-homes-starting-in-2020",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1935381"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_134",
"science_192",
"science_309",
"science_138"
],
"featImg": "science_1923689",
"label": "source_science_1935381"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"radioSearchSegmentsReducer": {},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026PresidentialReducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/science?category=climate": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 744,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 1586,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"science_1937133",
"science_1936730",
"science_1936327",
"science_1936279",
"science_1936016",
"science_1935977",
"science_1935965",
"science_1935922",
"science_1935657",
"science_1934679",
"science_1935395",
"science_1935381"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science_category_climate": {
"isLoading": true
},
"science_31": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_31",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "31",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 33,
"slug": "climate",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/climate"
},
"source_science_1937133": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1937133",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Science",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1936730": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1936730",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1936327": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1936327",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Water",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1936016": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1936016",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Politics",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1935922": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1935922",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "NPR",
"link": "https://www.npr.org/2018/12/15/677109487/nations-agree-on-rules-to-put-paris-climate-agreement-into-action",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1935657": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1935657",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1935395": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1935395",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1935381": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1935381",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Energy",
"isLoading": false
},
"science_35": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_35",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "35",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Environment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Environment Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 37,
"slug": "environment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/environment"
},
"science_40": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_40",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "40",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "News Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 42,
"slug": "news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/news"
},
"science_98": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_98",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "98",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Water",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Water Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 102,
"slug": "water",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/water"
},
"science_3841": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3841",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3841",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "2way",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "2way Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3841,
"slug": "2way",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/2way"
},
"science_3180": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3180",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3180",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "California water supply",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "California water supply Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3180,
"slug": "california-water-supply",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/california-water-supply"
},
"science_572": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_572",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "572",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "drought",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "drought Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 578,
"slug": "drought",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/drought"
},
"science_3370": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3370",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3370",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "featured",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "featured Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3370,
"slug": "featured",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/featured"
},
"science_3834": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3834",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3834",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Freelance",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Freelance Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3834,
"slug": "freelance",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/freelance"
},
"science_1213": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1213",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1213",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "rain",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "rain Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1222,
"slug": "rain",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/rain"
},
"science_1127": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1127",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1127",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "snowpack",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "snowpack Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1135,
"slug": "snowpack",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/snowpack"
},
"science_2878": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2878",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2878",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "storms",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "storms Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2878,
"slug": "storms",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/storms"
},
"science_365": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_365",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "365",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "weather",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "weather Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 371,
"slug": "weather",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/weather"
},
"science_2874": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2874",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2874",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Animals",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Animals Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2874,
"slug": "animals",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/animals"
},
"science_16": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_16",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "16",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Import",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Import Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 17,
"slug": "import",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/import"
},
"science_2873": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2873",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2873",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Oceans",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Oceans Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2873,
"slug": "oceans",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/oceans"
},
"science_182": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_182",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "182",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 186,
"slug": "climate-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-2"
},
"science_192": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_192",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "192",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "environment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "environment Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 196,
"slug": "environment-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/environment-2"
},
"science_3838": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3838",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3838",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "ingest",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "ingest Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3838,
"slug": "ingest",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/ingest"
},
"science_1151": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1151",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1151",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Drought Watch",
"description": "\u003cem>What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n[iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"]\r\n\r\n\u003cem>We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the \u003ca href=\"#background\">background\u003c/a> and rounding up \u003ca href=\"#river\">all the stories\u003c/a> we’ve produced.\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Relief at Last\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago.\r\n\r\n[http_redir]",
"taxonomy": "series",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's The Lowdown) [iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"] We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the background and rounding up all the stories we’ve produced. Relief at Last In early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago. [http_redir]",
"title": "Drought Watch Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1160,
"slug": "california-drought-watch",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/series/california-drought-watch"
},
"science_3833": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3833",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3833",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "FeatureRadio",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "FeatureRadio Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3833,
"slug": "featureradio",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/featureradio"
},
"science_109": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_109",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "109",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "sierra nevada",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "sierra nevada Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 113,
"slug": "sierra-nevada",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/sierra-nevada"
},
"science_1462": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1462",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1462",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Sierra snowpack",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Sierra snowpack Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1471,
"slug": "sierra-snowpack",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/sierra-snowpack"
},
"science_1243": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1243",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1243",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "snow survey",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "snow survey Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1252,
"slug": "snow-survey",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/snow-survey"
},
"science_3830": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3830",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3830",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Staff",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Staff Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3830,
"slug": "staff",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/staff"
},
"science_3832": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3832",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3832",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "FeatureText",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "FeatureText Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3832,
"slug": "featuretext",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/featuretext"
},
"science_39": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_39",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "39",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 41,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/health"
},
"science_101": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_101",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "101",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Jerry Brown",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Jerry Brown Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 105,
"slug": "jerry-brown",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/jerry-brown"
},
"science_140": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_140",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "140",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "renewable energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "renewable energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 144,
"slug": "renewable-energy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/renewable-energy"
},
"science_113": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_113",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "113",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "wildfire",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "wildfire Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 117,
"slug": "wildfire",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/wildfire"
},
"science_194": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_194",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "194",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate change",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate change Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 198,
"slug": "climate-change",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-change"
},
"science_2164": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2164",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2164",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "greenhouse gas emissions",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "greenhouse gas emissions Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2175,
"slug": "greenhouse-gas-emissions",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/greenhouse-gas-emissions"
},
"science_3794": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3794",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3794",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "United Nations",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "United Nations Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3794,
"slug": "united-nations",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/united-nations"
},
"science_2184": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2184",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2184",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "heat",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "heat Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2196,
"slug": "heat",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/heat"
},
"science_941": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_941",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "941",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "fisheries",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "fisheries Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 948,
"slug": "fisheries",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/fisheries"
},
"science_324": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_324",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "324",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "oceans",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "oceans Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 330,
"slug": "oceans",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/oceans"
},
"science_309": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_309",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "309",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "science Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 314,
"slug": "science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/science"
},
"science_33": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_33",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "33",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 35,
"slug": "energy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/energy"
},
"science_134": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_134",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "134",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 138,
"slug": "energy-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/energy-2"
},
"science_138": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_138",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "138",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "solar",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "solar Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 142,
"slug": "solar",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/solar"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
}
}
