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"content": "\u003cp>Few places will feel the blight of climate change as hard as the Arctic. Our upper pole is warming faster than any other region on Earth, a trend that may be tied to erratic weather patterns across the northern hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are two takeaways from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/arctic-report-card-tracks-region-s-environmental-changes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018 Arctic Report Card\u003c/a>, which was released Tuesday at the American Geophysical Union conference in Washington, D.C. The 13th year of this peer-reviewed report card features 14 essays by 81 scientists from 12 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, the report card includes a warning about red tide and harmful algal blooms, which are expanding due to a lack of ice and warming ocean temperatures. Toxins from these micro-organisms are threatening marine wildlife and coastal fisheries, imperilling communities that depend on these species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year will also enter the record books as the second warmest for the Arctic since 1900, said Emily Osborne of the NOAA Arctic Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only warmer year occured in 2016,” Obsorne said, adding that Arctic air temperatures for the past five years have exceeded all records since the beginning of the 20th century. “The Arctic is experiencing the most unprecedented transition in history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are three things you need to know about the Arctic Report Card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Red tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear about harmful algal blooms, the mind typically wanders to Florida, where thick scums of blue-green algae and clouds of red tide have floated in the state’s warm waters for more than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to a warming Arctic Ocean, at least five families of these harmful micro-organisms are now present in other northern waters, like the Chukchi and Bering seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of the Arctic ocean has experienced clear long- term trends of warming,” said Karen E. Frey, a geographer and biogeochemist at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Microscopic creatures are thriving in these waters. Near St. Lawrence Island, for instance, west of the Alaska mainland, aquatic biomass in 2018 increased between 275 and 500 percent relative to the average over the last 14 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms produce a range of toxins, which can poison other plankton, fish, shellfish, birds and humans. One study of stranded marine mammals — like whales and seals — found the algal toxin domoic acid in all species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting microplastics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This explosion in tiny creatures has been paralleled by the rapid rise of microplastics in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Basin contains more microplastic than all other ocean basins in the world, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117349400\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in June and cited in the report card, with the highest concentrations stuck in the Beaufort Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These microplastics have made multiple intrusions into the food web, being found in everything from polar cod and seafloor-hugging invertebrates to Arctic birds. The plastic waste has also been found buried in sea ice, which scientists are using to study its abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major sources of these microplastics remain unclear. They could be floating to the Arctic from other oceans, but some contribution is due to waste like fishing nets and other gear from shipping activities, which have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2244\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased substantially\u003c/a> since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Despite growing food sources overall, caribou and wild reindeer are dying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the Arctic continues to gradually grow. Vegetation has expanded overall in the Arctic for the last 36 years, according to the new report card. As shrubs and grasses expand, some species of birds and mammals are thriving. Caribou and wild reindeer, both herbivores, are not part of this lucky class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arctic caribou in North America and Greenland and reindeer in Russia and Norway have declined 56 percent over the last two decades, with their populations dropping from 4.7 million to 2.1 million. Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased drought and longer spans of hotter weather are causing outbreaks of infectious bacteria and parasites, said Howard Epstein, an ecologist at the University of Virginia. The caribou and reindeer populations are also declining due to a boon in predators and because extreme weather events are occasionally triggering droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XntO9a-NpeM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wacky weather and the eviction of older ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic pattern most pertinent to our daily lives, here in North America, revolves around warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm air temperatures, which are increasing at twice the rate of the remaining world, continue to disrupt the polar jet stream, making it sluggish and unusually wavy. A surge of warm Arctic weather in 2017 coincided with severe winter storms in the eastern United States at the beginning of 2018 and a cold snap in Europe in March. Osborne said the jury is still out on the strength of the connection between Arctic warming and wacky weather in the mid-latitudes, but at the moment, the correlation is solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This atmospheric warming also drove declines in Arctic snow cover and caused melting of the Greenland ice sheet. But the biggest loser, in terms of frozen water, is Arctic sea ice. Older packs of Arctic sea ice, which used to be impervious to the annual melting cycle, are thinner and covering less area than they have in the past. The oldest ice has declined by 95 percent in the last 33 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During two weeks in February, which is typically the height of ice growth, the Bering Sea lost a piece of ice the size of Idaho,” said Donald Perovich, a sea ice geophysicist at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. March witnessed the second lowest sea ice extent in 39 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perovich said this loss is being felt hardest by coastal communities, which used to be buffered by the sea ice. The loss is also exposing communities to massive storm surge and disappearing shorelines. It is also depriving coastal residents of a safe route for hunting and travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2018, the effects of persistent Arctic warming continue to mount … pushing the Arctic into unchartered territory,” Obsorne added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Red tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear about harmful algal blooms, the mind typically wanders to Florida, where thick scums of blue-green algae and clouds of red tide have floated in the state’s warm waters for more than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to a warming Arctic Ocean, at least five families of these harmful micro-organisms are now present in other northern waters, like the Chukchi and Bering seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of the Arctic ocean has experienced clear long- term trends of warming,” said Karen E. Frey, a geographer and biogeochemist at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Microscopic creatures are thriving in these waters. Near St. Lawrence Island, for instance, west of the Alaska mainland, aquatic biomass in 2018 increased between 275 and 500 percent relative to the average over the last 14 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms produce a range of toxins, which can poison other plankton, fish, shellfish, birds and humans. One study of stranded marine mammals — like whales and seals — found the algal toxin domoic acid in all species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting microplastics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This explosion in tiny creatures has been paralleled by the rapid rise of microplastics in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Basin contains more microplastic than all other ocean basins in the world, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117349400\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in June and cited in the report card, with the highest concentrations stuck in the Beaufort Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These microplastics have made multiple intrusions into the food web, being found in everything from polar cod and seafloor-hugging invertebrates to Arctic birds. The plastic waste has also been found buried in sea ice, which scientists are using to study its abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major sources of these microplastics remain unclear. They could be floating to the Arctic from other oceans, but some contribution is due to waste like fishing nets and other gear from shipping activities, which have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2244\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased substantially\u003c/a> since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Despite growing food sources overall, caribou and wild reindeer are dying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the Arctic continues to gradually grow. Vegetation has expanded overall in the Arctic for the last 36 years, according to the new report card. As shrubs and grasses expand, some species of birds and mammals are thriving. Caribou and wild reindeer, both herbivores, are not part of this lucky class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arctic caribou in North America and Greenland and reindeer in Russia and Norway have declined 56 percent over the last two decades, with their populations dropping from 4.7 million to 2.1 million. Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased drought and longer spans of hotter weather are causing outbreaks of infectious bacteria and parasites, said Howard Epstein, an ecologist at the University of Virginia. The caribou and reindeer populations are also declining due to a boon in predators and because extreme weather events are occasionally triggering droughts.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XntO9a-NpeM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XntO9a-NpeM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wacky weather and the eviction of older ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic pattern most pertinent to our daily lives, here in North America, revolves around warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm air temperatures, which are increasing at twice the rate of the remaining world, continue to disrupt the polar jet stream, making it sluggish and unusually wavy. 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March witnessed the second lowest sea ice extent in 39 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perovich said this loss is being felt hardest by coastal communities, which used to be buffered by the sea ice. The loss is also exposing communities to massive storm surge and disappearing shorelines. It is also depriving coastal residents of a safe route for hunting and travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2018, the effects of persistent Arctic warming continue to mount … pushing the Arctic into unchartered territory,” Obsorne added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Sweltering in Nursing Home, 95-Year-Old Succumbs to Heat, as Climate Endangers Most Vulnerable | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the Camp Fire swallowed Paradise, as many as 175 elderly patients in skilled nursing facilities lay in its path. Nimble care workers saved them from the flames, wrangling private cars and pleading with ambulance companies to speed safe evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Extraordinary, heroic efforts protected patients in Paradise. But climate change – which intensifies wildfires and strengthens heat waves and hurricanes – now flings ever-worsening natural disasters at nursing homes in California and across the country. And in some of these cases, managers and staff are failing their patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017 alone, disasters such as Hurricane Harvey in Texas and the Tubbs Fire in Northern California offered a glimpse of this growing risk, said Deborah Pacyna, director of public affairs for the California Association of Health Facilities, a trade association that represents nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a wake-up call, definitely,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Gulf Coast, excessive heat sickened hundreds of nursing home patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes. In Texas, a group of citizens calling themselves the “Cajun Navy” \u003ca href=\"https://www.gq.com/story/cajun-navy-and-the-future-of-vigilante-disaster-relief\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke into\u003c/a> a nursing home to rescue patients when waters had risen a foot indoors; local police handcuffed one facility manager who refused to permit residents to leave. In Hollywood Hills, Florida, a medical examiner ruled 12 deaths as homicides after a hurricane knocked out power, leaving patients to swelter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent wildfires\u003c/a> are a high-profile example of just how threatening climate-related catastrophes can be for some of these most vulnerable people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935474\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-768x504.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1200x787.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1920x1259.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1180x774.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-960x629.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-375x246.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-520x341.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign is posted on the Paradise Skilled Nursing Center as it is consumed by flames from the Camp Fire on November 8, 2018. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But another deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, heat killed two nursing home patients and sent six more to the hospital in Burlingame. Bill Lockyer, who was then the state Attorney General, \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-lockyer-announces-enforcement-action-against-largest-provider\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigated\u003c/a> the first-ever Justice Department prosecution of a national nursing home chain. Temperatures for the sick and dying patients rose, on average, above 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home. It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.’\u003ccite>Pat McGinnis,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2006, in Stockton, Woodland and Fremont, nursing home patients died when air conditioning failed \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/07/24/heat-shatters-records-blackouts-possible/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during a massive heat wave\u003c/a>. Local police evacuated some facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932903/extreme-heat-killed-14-people-in-the-bay-area-last-year-10-takeaways-from-our-investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> found that last year, extreme heat caused the deaths of at least 14 elderly people, including one 95-year-old woman at St. Francis Convalescent Pavilion, a skilled nursing facility in San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That patient, Loraine Christiansen, died from heat shock – and her story suggests that nursing home patients are at serious risk from health care facilities still adapting to climate-driven disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of an Extreme Heat Death\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span> little before 10 p.m. on Saturday, Sept. 2, 2017, a San Mateo County emergency dispatcher picked up a call from a nurse at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just found a patient alert but nonverbally responsive,” the nurse said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperature had peaked at 101 degrees that day. It was still 85 when the nurse reported that the patient had turned pale, and had a temperature of 103.1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christiansen had just been moved to hospice care at St. Francis Pavilion. A widow and former secretary for a Methodist church, Christiansen had hypertension, diabetes and chronic renal disease – all conditions that worsen in heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio /> program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"St. Francis Pavilion 911 Call\" src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/12/911Call.wav\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/RS7512_fire.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paramedics arrived at St. Francis Pavilion 13 minutes after the 911 call, according to transcripts from San Mateo County public safety communications obtained by KQED. By the time Christiansen arrived in the emergency department at Kaiser Permanente’s South San Francisco Medical Center, her temperature was 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the coroner’s report, emergency department doctors then simply sought to relieve her pain. Christiansen’s death certificate lists the cause as heat-related shock. In a report filed with the county, relied on by the coroner in determining the cause of death, one of the paramedics who had attended to Christiansen estimated the temperature in St. Francis Pavilion at 98 to 100 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not supposed to happen in homes licensed to provide care to fragile patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935497\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-768x438.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-240x137.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-375x214.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-520x296.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg 867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Mateo County Coroner’s Report for Loraine Christiansen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California law and federal regulations \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/42/483.10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require\u003c/a> skilled nursing facilities licensed after 1990 to keep temperatures between 71 and 81 degrees. In older facilities, such as St. Francis Pavilion, the temperature simply has to be “comfortable and safe.” Violating these standards carries penalties up to $25,000 or more if the California Department of Public Health determines that the conditions led directly to a patient’s death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion’s administrator, Timothy Caslmon, did not respond to calls and emails between September and November. Calls to the main number for Generations Health, the facility’s Orange County-based management company, were directed back to St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health officially learned about one death at St. Francis Pavilion, possibly Christiansen’s (the individual is not named) \u003ca href=\"http://hfcis.cdph.ca.gov/LongTermCare/details/Complaint.aspx?fac=220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through a complaint\u003c/a> related to heat. In a 2018 document stating the agency’s results in the case, CDPH said it was “\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=LP4Q11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unable to substantiate\u003c/a>” any federal or state code violations stemming from the death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio /> program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Firefighter Radio Call\" src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/12/ShortenedRadioTrafficCommandCall.wav\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/RS7512_fire.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>This radio call between firefighters has been edited for brevity and clarity. Photo: Andrew Burton/Getty Images\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Popsicles, but No Fans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he night Loraine Christiansen died, overnight temperatures hovered in the 80s, and St. Francis Pavilion has no air conditioning to offer relief indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after paramedics rushed her to the hospital, a fire truck stayed behind, working out a plan to cool the facility. Firefighters had one industrial-sized fan called a blower, used at major fires to repel smoke and gas. But one wasn’t enough. It would take at least three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On emergency communication channels, Daly City Fire Captain Joel Abelson, on Fire Truck 95, asked Engine 91 for assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>Firefighter Calls for Additional Fans\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/strong>‘Yeah, 91, if you could stop by Station 95 and pick up the electric fan that’s in our back bay, we’re going to need both electric fans.\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>91, copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>Truck’s requesting a second fan from the back bay or off Engine 95, and then report to 99 Escuela with it, give it a blow out.’\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On that busy night, Daly City’s only ladder truck, and two out of five of the city’s fire engines, labored for hours at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person who was inside the facility and who spoke on condition of anonymity described firefighters moving through the 239-bed facility, using fans to blow hot air from one part of the facility to another, and eventually outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report for the North County Fire Authority obtained by KQED, Abelson wrote that St. Francis was “uncomfortably hot.” He reported that fire crews “attempted to ventilate the building to cool rooms,” and that workers needed to add fans, because “cooling in the building was insufficient.” And he wrote that emergency responders told the facility’s staff “to check patients frequently for signs of heat-related issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the weekend, San Mateo County Adult Protective Services visited St. Francis Pavilion, watching as staffers handed out popsicles and ice. Care workers told a government employee without authority to speak to the media that they tried to buy fans, but nearby stores were sold out. Instead, the staff gathered residents who were mobile into the coolest room they could find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935493\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935493\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg\" alt=\"Report from North County Fire Authority about the response to a 911 call from St. Francis Pavilion on September 2, 2017.\" width=\"800\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-160x77.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-768x370.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-240x115.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-375x180.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-520x250.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg 927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Report from North County Fire Authority about conditions found at St. Francis Pavilion, in response to a 911 call from a facility nurse, on September 2, 2017.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>KQED twice requested an interview with CDPH. The department offered a general statement, but refused to comment on reports of excessive heat at St. Francis. The department wouldn’t say whether or not it is investigating any other heat-related violations from that 2017 Labor Day weekend. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Details about ongoing investigations are confidential until the investigation is complete, and findings are issued to the facility,” said CDPH in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Failure to Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">S\u003c/span>ince the 2017 Labor Day heat wave, new regulations have taken effect in California that require St. Francis Pavilion and other facilities like it to be ready for emergencies, whether evacuating or sheltering in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=GIPK21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">records\u003c/a>, in December 2017 an inspection concluded that St. Francis Pavilion lacked an effective emergency preparedness plan, and had neither policy nor procedures in place to protect people sheltering in place during a disaster. The facility’s administrator said during that inspection that “he was not aware of this requirement of the emergency preparedness plan.” St. Francis \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=GIPK21~220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated\u003c/a> its plan by January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion isn’t alone. NPR’s Jordan Rau \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/09/19/552042095/many-nursing-homes-arent-prepared-for-even-basic-emergencies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> last year that more than half of California’s nursing facilities have been cited for failing to train workers what to do in an emergency or for failing to have a plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ePXxNJbOu87Zut5NhteuQAOUJIHmS6wS”]That includes skilled nursing facilities in Paradise, surveyed earlier this year by CDPH. In February, investigators \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=BNEU21~230000031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 136-bed Cypress Meadows hadn’t done all of its required emergency preparedness work, including a drill. And CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=M90R21~230000173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 99-bed Pine View Center hadn’t done a risk assessment for disasters or drills for emergencies, and that its manual alarm boxes and sprinklers weren’t correctly maintained. All of the problems were corrected within weeks, well before the Camp Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Association of Health Facilities \u003ca href=\"https://www.cahfdisasterprep.com/hva\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has offered support\u003c/a> to nursing facilities, with model emergency plans, training modules, and an app to promote emergency response. The trade group sometimes lobbies against new legal mandates, but its disaster response manager, Jason Belden, said he believes new regulations have encouraged better preparation – including in Butte County last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, “I’m actually hopeful about how our industry can respond in a disaster in California,” Belden said. “The providers, from an emergency manager’s standpoint – there’s not much in there we would suggest cutting out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Nation’s Failure to Regulate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>oraine Christiansen’s death in a Daly City nursing facility comes after years of warnings about heat-related illness in California, and after poor planning in other states endangered hundreds of patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories of those vulnerable Gulf Coast patients prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Sheltering%20in%20Danger%20Report%20(2%20Nov%202018).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an investigative report\u003c/a> from the Democratic staff for the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. Released this year, the report concluded that better emergency planning is crucial and that heat rules in particular should be re-evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is considering \u003ca href=\"http://theconsumervoice.org/news/detail/latest/cms-proposes-rollback-of-emergency-preparedness-rules-seeks-comments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weakening\u003c/a> the requirement that facilities update emergency response plans annually; the proposal from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services would require updates only every other year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every licensed care facility in California is required to plan for emergencies. And climate change raises real questions about how ready our healthcare system is for more frequent hazards, said Linda Rudolph, \u003ca href=\"http://www.phi.org/people/?name=linda-rudolph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who directs\u003c/a> the Center for Climate Change and Health at the Public Health Institute, a nonprofit group in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take a look at our planning, and our local and state laws and regulations,” Rudolph said, “to make sure that every school, every skilled nursing facility, every nursing home, and every hospital have plans in place that are based on what we know is in the forecast for these extreme and prolonged heat events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have that now, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat McGinnis, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.canhr.org/about/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/a>, agrees that developing a solid emergency response plan is ever more crucial now: Fast-moving fires don’t leave much room for error. Nor do intensifying storms or excessive heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home,” she said. “It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"description": "Climate-related disasters are threatening nursing home patients in a health care system still unprepared for fires, flood and extreme heat.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the Camp Fire swallowed Paradise, as many as 175 elderly patients in skilled nursing facilities lay in its path. Nimble care workers saved them from the flames, wrangling private cars and pleading with ambulance companies to speed safe evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Extraordinary, heroic efforts protected patients in Paradise. But climate change – which intensifies wildfires and strengthens heat waves and hurricanes – now flings ever-worsening natural disasters at nursing homes in California and across the country. And in some of these cases, managers and staff are failing their patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017 alone, disasters such as Hurricane Harvey in Texas and the Tubbs Fire in Northern California offered a glimpse of this growing risk, said Deborah Pacyna, director of public affairs for the California Association of Health Facilities, a trade association that represents nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a wake-up call, definitely,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Gulf Coast, excessive heat sickened hundreds of nursing home patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes. In Texas, a group of citizens calling themselves the “Cajun Navy” \u003ca href=\"https://www.gq.com/story/cajun-navy-and-the-future-of-vigilante-disaster-relief\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke into\u003c/a> a nursing home to rescue patients when waters had risen a foot indoors; local police handcuffed one facility manager who refused to permit residents to leave. In Hollywood Hills, Florida, a medical examiner ruled 12 deaths as homicides after a hurricane knocked out power, leaving patients to swelter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent wildfires\u003c/a> are a high-profile example of just how threatening climate-related catastrophes can be for some of these most vulnerable people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935474\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-768x504.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1200x787.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1920x1259.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1180x774.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-960x629.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-375x246.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-520x341.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign is posted on the Paradise Skilled Nursing Center as it is consumed by flames from the Camp Fire on November 8, 2018. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But another deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, heat killed two nursing home patients and sent six more to the hospital in Burlingame. Bill Lockyer, who was then the state Attorney General, \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-lockyer-announces-enforcement-action-against-largest-provider\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigated\u003c/a> the first-ever Justice Department prosecution of a national nursing home chain. Temperatures for the sick and dying patients rose, on average, above 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home. It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.’\u003ccite>Pat McGinnis,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2006, in Stockton, Woodland and Fremont, nursing home patients died when air conditioning failed \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/07/24/heat-shatters-records-blackouts-possible/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during a massive heat wave\u003c/a>. Local police evacuated some facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932903/extreme-heat-killed-14-people-in-the-bay-area-last-year-10-takeaways-from-our-investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> found that last year, extreme heat caused the deaths of at least 14 elderly people, including one 95-year-old woman at St. Francis Convalescent Pavilion, a skilled nursing facility in San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That patient, Loraine Christiansen, died from heat shock – and her story suggests that nursing home patients are at serious risk from health care facilities still adapting to climate-driven disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of an Extreme Heat Death\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span> little before 10 p.m. on Saturday, Sept. 2, 2017, a San Mateo County emergency dispatcher picked up a call from a nurse at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just found a patient alert but nonverbally responsive,” the nurse said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperature had peaked at 101 degrees that day. It was still 85 when the nurse reported that the patient had turned pale, and had a temperature of 103.1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christiansen had just been moved to hospice care at St. Francis Pavilion. A widow and former secretary for a Methodist church, Christiansen had hypertension, diabetes and chronic renal disease – all conditions that worsen in heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paramedics arrived at St. Francis Pavilion 13 minutes after the 911 call, according to transcripts from San Mateo County public safety communications obtained by KQED. By the time Christiansen arrived in the emergency department at Kaiser Permanente’s South San Francisco Medical Center, her temperature was 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the coroner’s report, emergency department doctors then simply sought to relieve her pain. Christiansen’s death certificate lists the cause as heat-related shock. In a report filed with the county, relied on by the coroner in determining the cause of death, one of the paramedics who had attended to Christiansen estimated the temperature in St. Francis Pavilion at 98 to 100 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not supposed to happen in homes licensed to provide care to fragile patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935497\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-768x438.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-240x137.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-375x214.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-520x296.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg 867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Mateo County Coroner’s Report for Loraine Christiansen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California law and federal regulations \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/42/483.10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require\u003c/a> skilled nursing facilities licensed after 1990 to keep temperatures between 71 and 81 degrees. In older facilities, such as St. Francis Pavilion, the temperature simply has to be “comfortable and safe.” Violating these standards carries penalties up to $25,000 or more if the California Department of Public Health determines that the conditions led directly to a patient’s death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion’s administrator, Timothy Caslmon, did not respond to calls and emails between September and November. Calls to the main number for Generations Health, the facility’s Orange County-based management company, were directed back to St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health officially learned about one death at St. Francis Pavilion, possibly Christiansen’s (the individual is not named) \u003ca href=\"http://hfcis.cdph.ca.gov/LongTermCare/details/Complaint.aspx?fac=220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through a complaint\u003c/a> related to heat. In a 2018 document stating the agency’s results in the case, CDPH said it was “\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=LP4Q11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unable to substantiate\u003c/a>” any federal or state code violations stemming from the death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>This radio call between firefighters has been edited for brevity and clarity. Photo: Andrew Burton/Getty Images\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Popsicles, but No Fans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he night Loraine Christiansen died, overnight temperatures hovered in the 80s, and St. Francis Pavilion has no air conditioning to offer relief indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after paramedics rushed her to the hospital, a fire truck stayed behind, working out a plan to cool the facility. Firefighters had one industrial-sized fan called a blower, used at major fires to repel smoke and gas. But one wasn’t enough. It would take at least three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On emergency communication channels, Daly City Fire Captain Joel Abelson, on Fire Truck 95, asked Engine 91 for assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>Firefighter Calls for Additional Fans\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/strong>‘Yeah, 91, if you could stop by Station 95 and pick up the electric fan that’s in our back bay, we’re going to need both electric fans.\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>91, copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>Truck’s requesting a second fan from the back bay or off Engine 95, and then report to 99 Escuela with it, give it a blow out.’\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On that busy night, Daly City’s only ladder truck, and two out of five of the city’s fire engines, labored for hours at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person who was inside the facility and who spoke on condition of anonymity described firefighters moving through the 239-bed facility, using fans to blow hot air from one part of the facility to another, and eventually outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report for the North County Fire Authority obtained by KQED, Abelson wrote that St. Francis was “uncomfortably hot.” He reported that fire crews “attempted to ventilate the building to cool rooms,” and that workers needed to add fans, because “cooling in the building was insufficient.” And he wrote that emergency responders told the facility’s staff “to check patients frequently for signs of heat-related issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the weekend, San Mateo County Adult Protective Services visited St. Francis Pavilion, watching as staffers handed out popsicles and ice. Care workers told a government employee without authority to speak to the media that they tried to buy fans, but nearby stores were sold out. Instead, the staff gathered residents who were mobile into the coolest room they could find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935493\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935493\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg\" alt=\"Report from North County Fire Authority about the response to a 911 call from St. Francis Pavilion on September 2, 2017.\" width=\"800\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-160x77.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-768x370.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-240x115.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-375x180.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-520x250.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg 927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Report from North County Fire Authority about conditions found at St. Francis Pavilion, in response to a 911 call from a facility nurse, on September 2, 2017.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>KQED twice requested an interview with CDPH. The department offered a general statement, but refused to comment on reports of excessive heat at St. Francis. The department wouldn’t say whether or not it is investigating any other heat-related violations from that 2017 Labor Day weekend. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Details about ongoing investigations are confidential until the investigation is complete, and findings are issued to the facility,” said CDPH in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Failure to Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">S\u003c/span>ince the 2017 Labor Day heat wave, new regulations have taken effect in California that require St. Francis Pavilion and other facilities like it to be ready for emergencies, whether evacuating or sheltering in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=GIPK21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">records\u003c/a>, in December 2017 an inspection concluded that St. Francis Pavilion lacked an effective emergency preparedness plan, and had neither policy nor procedures in place to protect people sheltering in place during a disaster. The facility’s administrator said during that inspection that “he was not aware of this requirement of the emergency preparedness plan.” St. Francis \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=GIPK21~220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated\u003c/a> its plan by January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion isn’t alone. NPR’s Jordan Rau \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/09/19/552042095/many-nursing-homes-arent-prepared-for-even-basic-emergencies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> last year that more than half of California’s nursing facilities have been cited for failing to train workers what to do in an emergency or for failing to have a plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>That includes skilled nursing facilities in Paradise, surveyed earlier this year by CDPH. In February, investigators \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=BNEU21~230000031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 136-bed Cypress Meadows hadn’t done all of its required emergency preparedness work, including a drill. And CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=M90R21~230000173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 99-bed Pine View Center hadn’t done a risk assessment for disasters or drills for emergencies, and that its manual alarm boxes and sprinklers weren’t correctly maintained. All of the problems were corrected within weeks, well before the Camp Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Association of Health Facilities \u003ca href=\"https://www.cahfdisasterprep.com/hva\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has offered support\u003c/a> to nursing facilities, with model emergency plans, training modules, and an app to promote emergency response. The trade group sometimes lobbies against new legal mandates, but its disaster response manager, Jason Belden, said he believes new regulations have encouraged better preparation – including in Butte County last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, “I’m actually hopeful about how our industry can respond in a disaster in California,” Belden said. “The providers, from an emergency manager’s standpoint – there’s not much in there we would suggest cutting out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Nation’s Failure to Regulate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>oraine Christiansen’s death in a Daly City nursing facility comes after years of warnings about heat-related illness in California, and after poor planning in other states endangered hundreds of patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories of those vulnerable Gulf Coast patients prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Sheltering%20in%20Danger%20Report%20(2%20Nov%202018).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an investigative report\u003c/a> from the Democratic staff for the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. Released this year, the report concluded that better emergency planning is crucial and that heat rules in particular should be re-evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is considering \u003ca href=\"http://theconsumervoice.org/news/detail/latest/cms-proposes-rollback-of-emergency-preparedness-rules-seeks-comments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weakening\u003c/a> the requirement that facilities update emergency response plans annually; the proposal from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services would require updates only every other year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every licensed care facility in California is required to plan for emergencies. And climate change raises real questions about how ready our healthcare system is for more frequent hazards, said Linda Rudolph, \u003ca href=\"http://www.phi.org/people/?name=linda-rudolph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who directs\u003c/a> the Center for Climate Change and Health at the Public Health Institute, a nonprofit group in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take a look at our planning, and our local and state laws and regulations,” Rudolph said, “to make sure that every school, every skilled nursing facility, every nursing home, and every hospital have plans in place that are based on what we know is in the forecast for these extreme and prolonged heat events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have that now, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat McGinnis, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.canhr.org/about/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/a>, agrees that developing a solid emergency response plan is ever more crucial now: Fast-moving fires don’t leave much room for error. Nor do intensifying storms or excessive heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home,” she said. “It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Crab Season Faces Delays as Fishermen Sue Oil Industry Over Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>After more than a three-week delay, commercial crab fishermen will begin dropping their nets this Saturday in coastal waters from Bodega Head north to the Sonoma-Mendocino county line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region was slated to open Nov. 15 but was postponed due to unsafe levels of toxic \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/pages/fdbprograms/foodsafetyprogram/domoicacid.aspx\">domoic acid\u003c/a> found in crabs. Points south of the Sonoma County coastline opened on schedule last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial crabbing further north remains closed until at least Dec. 15; dangerous levels of the neurotoxin in crabs \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/CDPH%20Document%20Library/FDB/FoodSafetyProgram/DomoicAcid/Crab%20Domoic%20Results%20July%201%202018%20to%20Nov%2030%202018.pdf\">continue to be a problem\u003c/a> in waters off Trinidad and Crescent City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid issues have plagued California’s Dungeness crab industry in recent years. Every season dating back to the catastrophic 2015-16 season has dealt with closures to at least some portion of the fishery, with resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5203765-181/jerry-brown-seeks-disaster-declaration\">economic fallout\u003c/a> for commercial crab fishermen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of fishermen now seeks damages from the oil industry for contributing to the cause of these toxic acid spikes. Domoic acid buildup is a byproduct of harmful \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceansciencetrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/HABs-and-CA-Fisheries-FAQ-8.5.16.pdf\">algal blooms\u003c/a> created by warmer ocean temperatures, which can be exacerbated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/climate-change-is-making-algal-blooms-worse-1.21884\">climate change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You used to be able to depend on the opening of crab season like clockwork.’\u003ccite>Larry Collins, crab boat owner\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last month, attorneys representing the \u003ca href=\"https://pcffa.org/\">Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations\u003c/a> filed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sheredling.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/2018-11-14-Crab-Complaint-1.pdf\">lawsuit\u003c/a> against a long list of oil companies, including Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell and BP. The suit claims that the fossil fuel industry knowingly produces “greenhouse gas pollution that warms the planet, changes our climate, and disrupts the oceans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noah Oppenheim, executive director of the PCFFA, says that Dungeness crab fishermen have lost tens of millions in revenue as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are going to be dealing with the impacts of climate change for a very long time in California commercial fisheries,” Oppenheim said. “And we need to hold the organizations and companies that caused this problem to account.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Comey, a spokesman for Chevron, says the action is without merit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The suit seeks to penalize the production of reliable, affordable energy, which has for decades been not only lawful, but actively encouraged by governments,” Comey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Comey, Chevron is committed to finding “real solutions” for climate change, and this type of litigation is “counterproductive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry Collins is a crab boat owner based out of Fisherman’s Wharf in San Francisco. Collins, a 30-year veteran of commercial fishing, started crabbing after witnessing the decline of salmon in California’s waters. He’s now seeing his livelihood threatened once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You used to be able to depend on the opening of crab season like clockwork,” Collins says. “It sure doesn’t feel that way anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collins, who serves as president of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, says many of the younger, less-established fisherman he’s met haven’t been able sustain the fallout of the last three seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Collins is happy the 2018 season is opening without too many delays, he says there’s still a lot of uncertainty surrounding the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really hard to know what to do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people concerned about getting sick from eating Dungeness crab, Noah Oppenheim stresses that it is safe to consume the crab you find in fish markets and grocery stores, provided it’s sourced from California or Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You should get your crab wherever you can find it,” he said. “If it’s on the market, it’s safe.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After more than a three-week delay, commercial crab fishermen will begin dropping their nets this Saturday in coastal waters from Bodega Head north to the Sonoma-Mendocino county line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region was slated to open Nov. 15 but was postponed due to unsafe levels of toxic \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/pages/fdbprograms/foodsafetyprogram/domoicacid.aspx\">domoic acid\u003c/a> found in crabs. Points south of the Sonoma County coastline opened on schedule last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial crabbing further north remains closed until at least Dec. 15; dangerous levels of the neurotoxin in crabs \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/CDPH%20Document%20Library/FDB/FoodSafetyProgram/DomoicAcid/Crab%20Domoic%20Results%20July%201%202018%20to%20Nov%2030%202018.pdf\">continue to be a problem\u003c/a> in waters off Trinidad and Crescent City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid issues have plagued California’s Dungeness crab industry in recent years. Every season dating back to the catastrophic 2015-16 season has dealt with closures to at least some portion of the fishery, with resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5203765-181/jerry-brown-seeks-disaster-declaration\">economic fallout\u003c/a> for commercial crab fishermen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of fishermen now seeks damages from the oil industry for contributing to the cause of these toxic acid spikes. Domoic acid buildup is a byproduct of harmful \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceansciencetrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/HABs-and-CA-Fisheries-FAQ-8.5.16.pdf\">algal blooms\u003c/a> created by warmer ocean temperatures, which can be exacerbated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/climate-change-is-making-algal-blooms-worse-1.21884\">climate change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You used to be able to depend on the opening of crab season like clockwork.’\u003ccite>Larry Collins, crab boat owner\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last month, attorneys representing the \u003ca href=\"https://pcffa.org/\">Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations\u003c/a> filed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sheredling.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/2018-11-14-Crab-Complaint-1.pdf\">lawsuit\u003c/a> against a long list of oil companies, including Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell and BP. The suit claims that the fossil fuel industry knowingly produces “greenhouse gas pollution that warms the planet, changes our climate, and disrupts the oceans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noah Oppenheim, executive director of the PCFFA, says that Dungeness crab fishermen have lost tens of millions in revenue as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are going to be dealing with the impacts of climate change for a very long time in California commercial fisheries,” Oppenheim said. “And we need to hold the organizations and companies that caused this problem to account.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Comey, a spokesman for Chevron, says the action is without merit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The suit seeks to penalize the production of reliable, affordable energy, which has for decades been not only lawful, but actively encouraged by governments,” Comey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Comey, Chevron is committed to finding “real solutions” for climate change, and this type of litigation is “counterproductive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry Collins is a crab boat owner based out of Fisherman’s Wharf in San Francisco. Collins, a 30-year veteran of commercial fishing, started crabbing after witnessing the decline of salmon in California’s waters. He’s now seeing his livelihood threatened once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You used to be able to depend on the opening of crab season like clockwork,” Collins says. “It sure doesn’t feel that way anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collins, who serves as president of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, says many of the younger, less-established fisherman he’s met haven’t been able sustain the fallout of the last three seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Collins is happy the 2018 season is opening without too many delays, he says there’s still a lot of uncertainty surrounding the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really hard to know what to do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people concerned about getting sick from eating Dungeness crab, Noah Oppenheim stresses that it is safe to consume the crab you find in fish markets and grocery stores, provided it’s sourced from California or Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You should get your crab wherever you can find it,” he said. “If it’s on the market, it’s safe.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Will Require Solar Panels on New Homes Starting in 2020",
"headTitle": "California Will Require Solar Panels on New Homes Starting in 2020 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Solar panels will be a required feature on new houses in California, after the state’s Building Standards Commission gave final approval to a housing rule that’s the first of its kind in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Set to take effect in 2020, the new standard includes an exemption for houses that are often shaded from the sun. It also includes incentives for people to add a high-capacity battery to their home’s electrical system, to store the sun’s energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These provisions really are historic and will be a beacon of light for the rest of the country,” said commissioner Kent Sasaki, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/12/06/california-officially-adopts-solar-requirement-for-new-homes-built-in-2020-or-later/\">The Mercury News\u003c/a>. “[It’s] the beginning of substantial improvement in how we produce energy and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule marks a new phase in California’s environmental policies, which have often set trends and established standards nationwide. The state has set the goal of drawing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646373423/california-sets-goal-of-100-percent-renewable-electric-power-by-2045\">100 percent of its electricity\u003c/a> from renewable energy sources and sharply reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar panels rule was initially endorsed as part of the state’s Green Building Standards Code by the California Energy Commission back in May. In a public hearing on Wednesday, the Building Standards Commission heard opinions on the change before approving it — the final step in adding the requirement to the state’s building code. The vote was unanimous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Single-family homes and multi-family buildings that are up to three stories high must conform to the new solar power standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New homes that are built under these standards are expected to use 53 percent less energy than our last standards” from 2016, said Drew Bohan, executive director of the energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state predicts that mandatory solar panel installations and other new improvements will add nearly $10,000 in the upfront cost of a home — a cost that officials say will balance out over time, due to lower electricity bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A homeowner will save $19,000 over the course of a 30-year mortgage, Bohan said at Wednesday’s meeting of the building commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 2020, California homebuyers will have the option of either paying for solar panels outright, leasing them, or entering a power purchase agreement with developers. Another option is for communities to “pool resources instead of installing solar on individual homes,” Bohan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With extreme weather events becoming more frequent, there is even greater need for homes that are efficient, reliable and resilient,” Bohan said, adding that the standards will result in buildings that “will continue to keep costs down, better withstand the impacts of climate change, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at Wednesday’s session mentioned the recent devastating wildfire in Butte County several times — as the type of case where solar panels and batteries could help people who face extended power outages from natural disasters, as well as an example of when state building and energy officials would need to help speed up wholesale rebuilding efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new rule has given solar panels a boost after the state’s installers \u003ca href=\"https://www.woodmac.com/research/products/power-and-renewables/us-solar-market-insight/\">saw a slump in 2017\u003c/a>, it is also been criticized for adding to home prices in a market that is already expensive. But to an extent, Wednesday’s meeting was largely a formality, focusing on whether the energy panel’s process for creating the rule was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite worries that the solar power mandate could have an immediate impact not only on home buyers but on real estate developers and agents, the new rule has been largely supported by industry groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the energy commission’s May hearing where public comments and trade groups were also heard from, “the majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards,” as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923652/in-a-first-california-set-to-require-solar-panels-on-all-new-homes\">member station KQED reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California hopes to achieve its carbon-neutral energy status within 30 years; in September, the California Energy Commission said the state is currently at 32 percent of achieving that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 40 years, Bohan said, the state’s energy policies have saved residents billions of dollars and helped California rein in per capita energy consumption more effectively than the rest of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Solar panels will be a required feature on new houses in California, after the state’s Building Standards Commission gave final approval to a housing rule that’s the first of its kind in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Set to take effect in 2020, the new standard includes an exemption for houses that are often shaded from the sun. It also includes incentives for people to add a high-capacity battery to their home’s electrical system, to store the sun’s energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These provisions really are historic and will be a beacon of light for the rest of the country,” said commissioner Kent Sasaki, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/12/06/california-officially-adopts-solar-requirement-for-new-homes-built-in-2020-or-later/\">The Mercury News\u003c/a>. “[It’s] the beginning of substantial improvement in how we produce energy and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule marks a new phase in California’s environmental policies, which have often set trends and established standards nationwide. The state has set the goal of drawing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646373423/california-sets-goal-of-100-percent-renewable-electric-power-by-2045\">100 percent of its electricity\u003c/a> from renewable energy sources and sharply reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar panels rule was initially endorsed as part of the state’s Green Building Standards Code by the California Energy Commission back in May. In a public hearing on Wednesday, the Building Standards Commission heard opinions on the change before approving it — the final step in adding the requirement to the state’s building code. The vote was unanimous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Single-family homes and multi-family buildings that are up to three stories high must conform to the new solar power standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New homes that are built under these standards are expected to use 53 percent less energy than our last standards” from 2016, said Drew Bohan, executive director of the energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state predicts that mandatory solar panel installations and other new improvements will add nearly $10,000 in the upfront cost of a home — a cost that officials say will balance out over time, due to lower electricity bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A homeowner will save $19,000 over the course of a 30-year mortgage, Bohan said at Wednesday’s meeting of the building commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 2020, California homebuyers will have the option of either paying for solar panels outright, leasing them, or entering a power purchase agreement with developers. Another option is for communities to “pool resources instead of installing solar on individual homes,” Bohan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With extreme weather events becoming more frequent, there is even greater need for homes that are efficient, reliable and resilient,” Bohan said, adding that the standards will result in buildings that “will continue to keep costs down, better withstand the impacts of climate change, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at Wednesday’s session mentioned the recent devastating wildfire in Butte County several times — as the type of case where solar panels and batteries could help people who face extended power outages from natural disasters, as well as an example of when state building and energy officials would need to help speed up wholesale rebuilding efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new rule has given solar panels a boost after the state’s installers \u003ca href=\"https://www.woodmac.com/research/products/power-and-renewables/us-solar-market-insight/\">saw a slump in 2017\u003c/a>, it is also been criticized for adding to home prices in a market that is already expensive. But to an extent, Wednesday’s meeting was largely a formality, focusing on whether the energy panel’s process for creating the rule was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite worries that the solar power mandate could have an immediate impact not only on home buyers but on real estate developers and agents, the new rule has been largely supported by industry groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the energy commission’s May hearing where public comments and trade groups were also heard from, “the majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards,” as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923652/in-a-first-california-set-to-require-solar-panels-on-all-new-homes\">member station KQED reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California hopes to achieve its carbon-neutral energy status within 30 years; in September, the California Energy Commission said the state is currently at 32 percent of achieving that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 40 years, Bohan said, the state’s energy policies have saved residents billions of dollars and helped California rein in per capita energy consumption more effectively than the rest of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>REDDING, Calif. (AP) — A rare fire tornado that raged during this summer’s deadly Carr Fire in Northern California was created by a combination of scorching weather, erratic winds and an ice-topped cloud that towered miles into the atmosphere, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The churning funnel of smoke and flame killed a firefighter as it exploded in what already was a vast and devastating wildfire in July on the edge of Redding, about 250 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire claimed eight lives and destroyed more than 1,000 homes before it was contained on Aug. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study in the Geophysical Research Letters journal used satellite and radar data to suggest how a monstrous “firenado” the size of three football fields developed on July 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It said the firenado was formed in much the same way as a regular tornado, which differs from the “fire whirls” that are formed only by heat from a wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935377\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935377\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-800x551.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-800x551.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-768x529.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1020x702.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1200x826.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1920x1322.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1180x812.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-960x661.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-240x165.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-375x258.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-520x358.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters try to control the Carr Fire as it continues to spread near Redding, California on July 31, 2018. \u003ccite>(MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The only other documented case of such a “firenado” was during the 2003 Canberra fires in Australia, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key factor was the development of a cloud generated by the fire itself that was ice-topped and grew quickly, doubling in length in just 15 minutes. It reached as high as 39,000 feet, according to the study, which was published on Nov. 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of that pyrocumulonimbus cloud “helped stretch the underlying column of air, concentrating the rotation near the surface” and causing tornado-strength winds that reached 143 mph, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paints a clear picture of the sequence of events leading to the vortex development and intensification,” said Neil Lareau of the University of Nevada, Reno, who co-authored the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors included record high temperatures, low humidity and a “near-surface cyclonic wind shear zone,” according to the study. A wind shear occurs when the wind speed or direction suddenly changes, so that the wind actually is blowing in two opposite directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind shear near the ground set up the spin that developed the fire tornado plume, Lareau said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These observations may help forecasters and scientists identify – and potentially warn – for future destructive fire-generated vortices,” according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau is an assistant professor in the Physics Department of the College of Science. The article was co-authored by Nicholas Nausler of the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, Oklahoma and John Abatzoglou from the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>REDDING, Calif. (AP) — A rare fire tornado that raged during this summer’s deadly Carr Fire in Northern California was created by a combination of scorching weather, erratic winds and an ice-topped cloud that towered miles into the atmosphere, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The churning funnel of smoke and flame killed a firefighter as it exploded in what already was a vast and devastating wildfire in July on the edge of Redding, about 250 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire claimed eight lives and destroyed more than 1,000 homes before it was contained on Aug. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study in the Geophysical Research Letters journal used satellite and radar data to suggest how a monstrous “firenado” the size of three football fields developed on July 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It said the firenado was formed in much the same way as a regular tornado, which differs from the “fire whirls” that are formed only by heat from a wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935377\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935377\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-800x551.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-800x551.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-768x529.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1020x702.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1200x826.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1920x1322.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1180x812.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-960x661.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-240x165.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-375x258.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-520x358.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters try to control the Carr Fire as it continues to spread near Redding, California on July 31, 2018. \u003ccite>(MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The only other documented case of such a “firenado” was during the 2003 Canberra fires in Australia, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key factor was the development of a cloud generated by the fire itself that was ice-topped and grew quickly, doubling in length in just 15 minutes. It reached as high as 39,000 feet, according to the study, which was published on Nov. 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of that pyrocumulonimbus cloud “helped stretch the underlying column of air, concentrating the rotation near the surface” and causing tornado-strength winds that reached 143 mph, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paints a clear picture of the sequence of events leading to the vortex development and intensification,” said Neil Lareau of the University of Nevada, Reno, who co-authored the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors included record high temperatures, low humidity and a “near-surface cyclonic wind shear zone,” according to the study. A wind shear occurs when the wind speed or direction suddenly changes, so that the wind actually is blowing in two opposite directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind shear near the ground set up the spin that developed the fire tornado plume, Lareau said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These observations may help forecasters and scientists identify – and potentially warn – for future destructive fire-generated vortices,” according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau is an assistant professor in the Physics Department of the College of Science. The article was co-authored by Nicholas Nausler of the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, Oklahoma and John Abatzoglou from the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California may be ahead of the game in curbing climate emissions, but the world as a whole is falling behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several years of leveling off, global emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide are on track for their largest jump in seven years, discouraging scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World carbon dioxide emissions are estimated to have risen 2.7 percent from 2017 to 2018, according to three studies released Wednesday from the Global Carbon Project , an international scientific collaboration of academics, governments and industry that tracks greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement cast a pall over multinational climate talks happening this week in Poland. As negotiators hammer out details to put the 2015 Paris climate accord into effect, the latest emissions estimate puts some of the landmark agreement’s goals nearly out of reach, scientists said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is terrible news,” said Andrew Jones, co-director of Climate Interactive, which models greenhouse gas emissions and temperatures but was not part of the research. “Every year that we delay serious climate action, the Paris goals become difficult to meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formally, the broad goal set in Paris was to halt warming since pre-industrial times at 2 degrees Celsius. But more recently, scientists have advised that tightening the screws to 1.5 C would better safeguard humanity against the worst climate impacts, such as extreme weather events and rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GCP studies concluded that this year the world would spew 40.9 billion tons of carbon dioxide, up from 39.8 billion tons last year. The margin of error is about one percentage point on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Global Carbon Project uses government and industry reports to come up with final emission figures for 2017 and projections for 2018 based on the four biggest polluters: China, the United States, India and the European Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S., which had been steadily decreasing its carbon pollution, showed a significant rise in emissions — up 2.5 percent — for the first time since 2013. China, the globe’s biggest carbon emitter, saw its largest increase since 2011: 4.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, thanks to aggressive regulation and incentives, is running several years ahead of schedule toward its 2020 goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels. But California only accounts for about 1 percent of worldwide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study lead author Corinne Le Quere, a climate change researcher at the University of East Anglia in England, said the increase is a surprising “reality check” after a few years of smaller emission increases. But she also doesn’t think the world will return to the even larger increases seen from 2003 to 2008. She believes unusual factors are at play this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the U.S., it was a combination of a hot summer and cold winter that required more electricity use for heating and cooling. For China, it was an economic stimulus that pushed coal-powered manufacturing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Reilly, co-director of MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, said the results aren’t too surprising because fossil fuels still account for 81 percent of the world’s energy use. The burning of coal, oil and gas release carbon dioxide, which warms the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Reilly, who wasn’t part of the study, praised it as impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global Carbon Project chairman Rob Jackson, a Stanford University climate scientist, said he was discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China increased its emissions to 11.4 billion tons, while the U.S. jumped to a shade under 6 billion tons. The European Union spewed 3.9 billion tons and India soared to 2.9 billion tons. Overall, the world is spewing about 1,300 tons (1,175 metric tons) of carbon dioxide into the air every second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning of coal — the biggest carbon emitter — is rising. And while countries are using more renewable fuels and trying to reduce carbon from electricity production, emissions from cars and planes are steadily increasing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global carbon dioxide emissions have increased 55 percent in the last 20 years, the calculations show. At the same time, Earth has warmed on average about two-thirds of a degree (0.38 degrees Celsius), according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California may be ahead of the game in curbing climate emissions, but the world as a whole is falling behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several years of leveling off, global emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide are on track for their largest jump in seven years, discouraging scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World carbon dioxide emissions are estimated to have risen 2.7 percent from 2017 to 2018, according to three studies released Wednesday from the Global Carbon Project , an international scientific collaboration of academics, governments and industry that tracks greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement cast a pall over multinational climate talks happening this week in Poland. As negotiators hammer out details to put the 2015 Paris climate accord into effect, the latest emissions estimate puts some of the landmark agreement’s goals nearly out of reach, scientists said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is terrible news,” said Andrew Jones, co-director of Climate Interactive, which models greenhouse gas emissions and temperatures but was not part of the research. “Every year that we delay serious climate action, the Paris goals become difficult to meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formally, the broad goal set in Paris was to halt warming since pre-industrial times at 2 degrees Celsius. But more recently, scientists have advised that tightening the screws to 1.5 C would better safeguard humanity against the worst climate impacts, such as extreme weather events and rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GCP studies concluded that this year the world would spew 40.9 billion tons of carbon dioxide, up from 39.8 billion tons last year. The margin of error is about one percentage point on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Global Carbon Project uses government and industry reports to come up with final emission figures for 2017 and projections for 2018 based on the four biggest polluters: China, the United States, India and the European Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S., which had been steadily decreasing its carbon pollution, showed a significant rise in emissions — up 2.5 percent — for the first time since 2013. China, the globe’s biggest carbon emitter, saw its largest increase since 2011: 4.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, thanks to aggressive regulation and incentives, is running several years ahead of schedule toward its 2020 goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels. But California only accounts for about 1 percent of worldwide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study lead author Corinne Le Quere, a climate change researcher at the University of East Anglia in England, said the increase is a surprising “reality check” after a few years of smaller emission increases. But she also doesn’t think the world will return to the even larger increases seen from 2003 to 2008. She believes unusual factors are at play this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the U.S., it was a combination of a hot summer and cold winter that required more electricity use for heating and cooling. For China, it was an economic stimulus that pushed coal-powered manufacturing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Reilly, co-director of MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, said the results aren’t too surprising because fossil fuels still account for 81 percent of the world’s energy use. The burning of coal, oil and gas release carbon dioxide, which warms the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Reilly, who wasn’t part of the study, praised it as impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global Carbon Project chairman Rob Jackson, a Stanford University climate scientist, said he was discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China increased its emissions to 11.4 billion tons, while the U.S. jumped to a shade under 6 billion tons. The European Union spewed 3.9 billion tons and India soared to 2.9 billion tons. Overall, the world is spewing about 1,300 tons (1,175 metric tons) of carbon dioxide into the air every second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning of coal — the biggest carbon emitter — is rising. And while countries are using more renewable fuels and trying to reduce carbon from electricity production, emissions from cars and planes are steadily increasing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global carbon dioxide emissions have increased 55 percent in the last 20 years, the calculations show. At the same time, Earth has warmed on average about two-thirds of a degree (0.38 degrees Celsius), according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Originally published Nov. 9, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Rising temperatures are risking the health of hundreds of thousands of Californians who do strenuous work indoors.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>We used sensors to measure how hot it gets for 16 people on the job in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles. The results showed that conditions were often dangerous.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Workers don’t report heat illness to employers or seek medical care out of fear of not getting scheduled or losing their jobs altogether.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">J\u003c/span>ose Rodriguez strides to his car near the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor complex at the end of his shift. Over the last 26 years unloading goods for companies like Amazon and Sears, the money’s gotten a little better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some days the only good thing about his job is leaving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This air here feels fresh,” Rodriguez says, in Spanish. He leans on his car, a 1986 Crown Victoria, nearly dapper in blue slacks, a Minnesota Twins hat and a safety vest. “The difficult thing is inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">‘They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him.’\u003ccite>D’Wayne Wilson, describing a company response to a worker passing out from the heat\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, who is 68, spends most of his day inside a 40-foot-long metal can, a newly arrived shipping container at the logistics company California Cartage. For $16 an hour, he pulls merchandise out onto wooden pallets, rearranging consumer goods like table saws and radios before they continue their journey to retailers nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside that metal can, when Rodriguez is wet with sweat, it literally sizzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1934253\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">Excessive heat is already a health risk for millions of Californians at work, and it’s only getting worse. Over the last 30 years, warming nights and longer heat waves have become more frequent in the state. Four of the last five years were the hottest on record; 2018 could soon make it five out of six. This July and August, in Southern California, several daily and overnight temperature records toppled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day this summer, the temperature hit 98 degrees at the coast. As Rodriguez worked inside containers, a sensor measuring temperature and humidity found that the heat index – what it felt like to his body – was 115 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s that hot, he can’t think straight; he loses track of how many boxes he’s moved, and he has to start counting over. Sometimes he gets chills, and his knees give out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The deal is that you don’t mind those things,” he said. And it could be worse. At least he doesn’t vomit, like some of his coworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/11/PetersonWorkerHeatpt2.mp3\" title=\"Listen to Part 2\" program=\"Science\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sensors Show Extreme Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, KQED investigated heat-related health hazards in workplaces where temperatures indoors can be dangerous. We gave sensors measuring temperature and humidity to 16 workers in seven workplaces, mostly in the Inland Empire and Los Angeles area, and some in Woodland, near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”elidGrUCrYQcS8MWjiZpj5cgpbspUT33″]The most vulnerable workers labor in industrial kitchens and laundries, and in the types of workplaces where we placed sensors: warehouses and port terminals, car washes and garment factories, a cannery and an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s workplace safety authority, Cal/OSHA, is in the process of setting an unprecedented standard to guard against illness and death resulting from indoor heat stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the state’s current \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/Draft-revisions-Oct-16-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a>, employers must step up efforts to cut heat-related health risks in several circumstances, including when conditions rise above a heat index of 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using our sensor data, we calculated the heat index each worker felt during short periods in July, August and September. The workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/D6HJc/13/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Sets Threshold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the job, a worker’s core temperature rises when he exerts himself and when his environment is warm. Heat exhaustion – including nausea, headaches, confusion and muscle cramps – results when a person can’t cool off. When a body loses the ability to control core temperature, the more dangerous condition of heat stroke can send someone to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2011, that’s what happened to Domingo Blancas, over the course of several hundred-degree August days. Heat illness is generally underreported. But Blancas told his employer, saw a doctor and was hospitalized, which, along with a complaint, prompted a Cal/OSHA investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employers have a general duty under state and federal law to protect workers against illness and injury on the job. The Blancas case established for the first time that in California, this duty includes heat, indoors as well as outdoors. Blancas’ employers — a warehouse and a staffing agency — each paid an $18,000 penalty for failing to minimize heat risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Domingo Blancas case, I think was a turning point,” said Tim Shadix, a lawyer with the Oakland-based nonprofit Worksafe. “Because of the lawsuit around the case, it galvanized people to push for change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934294\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1934294\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/heatsensors-e1542168406700.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The heat sensors KQED placed in workplaces where it gets extremely hot indoors. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California was the first state in the country to set a threshold at which employers must protect workers outdoors. In 2016, state law added a similar requirement for employees indoors, requiring Cal/OSHA to send language to the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board by January 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will probably be one of the most comprehensive safety standards to protect workers against heat,” said UCSF’s Dr. Robert Harrison, who formerly sat on the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trade groups representing employers assert that the standard isn’t necessary, and criticize Cal/OSHA’s approach in crafting a rule that apply to every company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Chamber of Commerce, backed by management groups, is leading the opposition to the new standard, and objected to the law that enacted the requirement in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marti Fisher, a policy advocate for the group, while not commenting directly on the most recent draft proposal, says the state’s approach is overbroad, and its rule is potentially difficult for small employers to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they insist on having a one-size-fits-all, it has to fit all,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA’s draft standard includes what’s called a “hierarchy of controls,” actions employers must take to reduce heat or a worker’s exposure to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top priority in the state’s standard is to prevent heat, through ventilation and air conditioning. If that’s not feasible, employers can alter workers’ shifts to times when it’s cooler, or add breaks when it’s hot. Only if those measures don’t work can employers offer cooling vests and other personal protective gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher says she worries that this regime will force many businesses to incur big building costs and cooling bills. “We can’t just put air conditioning everywhere,” she said. “There are creative options that employers can figure out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Just as wind chill can make a temperature feel colder to the body, humidity can make a temperature feel hotter. In this National Weather Service chart, you can see how humidity makes heat harder for the body to handle.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1934140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-768x449.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-375x219.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-520x304.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘They Just Set Him to the Side and Put a Piece of Cardboard on Him’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At California Cartage, near the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, D’Wayne Wilson, 25, drives a forklift and moves goods between containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once, he got sick from the heat, just after he started with the company. Last spring, he saw a co-worker go down: One moment, the guy was fine; the next, he was on the floor, unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says supervisors didn’t seem to know what to do. “They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him. They didn’t call the ambulance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, NFI, which acquired Cal Cartage after the incident occurred, didn’t address it directly, but said: “Our current practice is to allow heat breaks for anyone who requests one and inquire whether they feel they need medical attention. To date, no one has requested medical attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even where workers are represented by a union, rising heat is aggravating tensions around workplace conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, 54-year-old Marta Lopez worked on a canning line at Pacific Coast Producers in Woodland, a job she’s done every year since 2002. The sensor she carried measured a heat index above 90 degrees 51 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food hygiene rules prohibit water bottles on the line. But, Lopez says, the water coolers are on a different level, and because workers feel pressure to keep the line moving, they have to keep running up and down stairs. That makes them vulnerable to heat illness. “It’s a vicious circle that does not stop, because the heat is very strong,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mona Shulman, general counsel for Pacific Coast Producers, says that water shouldn’t be more than 30 feet from the canning line, and that no worker should have to run for a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having heard that, we will be reviewing that before we start processing again, next summer, for sure,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teamsters Local 601, which represents about 6,500 workers at agricultural processing jobs including those at the Woodland cannery, has filed a heat-related grievance, says Ashley Alvarado, the local’s president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCP says no workers in Woodland reported heat illness this year. Shulman adds the company has recognized rising heat as a health hazard since 2006, when a major heat wave killed hundreds in California, many in the landlocked Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarado is skeptical. She says to ensure worker safety, a specific heat standard is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That company is going to do what they need to do when there is a law that requires them to do it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/fWGxg/11/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cardboard Fans and Damp Cloth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Inland Empire, warehouse workers are primarily Latino, low-paid, often temporary, and unlikely to have health care through their employer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For workers who told us they fear retaliation from their employers, we’re using pseudonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hugo,” who is 32, moves boxes in a warehouse for a logistics company in the Inland Empire. He says he knows that rest breaks and drinking water can prevent heat illness, but he’s under pressure to make quota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t make the quota, they’ll give you a warning,” he said. After four warnings, he says, workers have lost their jobs. “When people have two or three warnings they know they’re close to being fired. They get more stressed and don’t take care of their health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Heat illness is preventable on the job with sufficient water, rest, and shade. Since 2011, Cal/OSHA’s campaign, \u003ca href=\"https://www.99calor.org/espanol/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 Calor\u003c/a>, has communicated about outdoor worker heat risk in English, Spanish, Mixteco, Hmong and Punjabi. The state also works with \u003ca href=\"http://losh.ucla.edu/training-and-education/health-safety-leaders-specialist/health-safety/training/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCLA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lohp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, whose labor and occupational health programs offer training on heat illness prevention for small businesses and workers’ groups.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Warehouse workers also say they’re worried about their health because they know the climate is warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s been getting hotter, year by year,” said “Brandon,” who is 50. “It’s affecting us, maybe not you because you’re in the offices, but us warehouse workers are being affected by that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandon drives a forklift in a warehouse. Lately, he says, he has felt heat symptoms twice a week. He doesn’t have health insurance, and he has only been to see a doctor once, because he pays $25 a visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rebecca,” 40 and a married mother of two, experienced extreme heat more than any other worker we tracked. In July and August, her heat index on the job was higher than 90 degrees over 82 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, at a distribution center owned by fast-fashion retailer Charlotte Russe in San Bernardino County, she unpacked the clothes from boxes, hung them, and moved metal rods laden with merchandise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca said workers are “caged inside racks of clothes, so there is zero air getting to us.” To cool down, she and her co-workers tried using cardboard to fan each other, buying small battery-powered fans, and wrapping their heads and necks in damp cloth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She got severely sick from the heat this summer, causing her to nearly faint on a day we were tracking the heat in her workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That night, the index in the loft of the distribution center was 94 degrees, even after 10 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt that my stomach needed to throw up; then I noticed that my hands were starting to shake,” Rebecca said. Her supervisor offered her a break but no medical care. She drove herself to a clinic, where a doctor told her she was dehydrated but wouldn’t provide documentation that conditions on the job contributed to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlotte Russe did not return email and phonecall requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Rebecca left work. she received no sick pay and was kept off the schedule for two days afterward. That week, after paying the doctor, she ending up losing money. Since then, she has found another job. But she still gets headaches when it’s hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that managers have the right to say what conditions are,” she said. “They’re afraid they might not find another opportunity elsewhere. But I think they need to do more to protect the people who are giving their time, their energy and their health to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "KQED placed heat sensors on employees engaged in manual labor in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles to find out how hot it gets in their workplaces. The answer: dangerously so. \r\n",
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"description": "KQED placed heat sensors on employees engaged in manual labor in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles to find out how hot it gets in their workplaces. The answer: dangerously so. \r\n",
"title": "Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors | KQED",
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"headline": "Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Originally published Nov. 9, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Rising temperatures are risking the health of hundreds of thousands of Californians who do strenuous work indoors.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>We used sensors to measure how hot it gets for 16 people on the job in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles. The results showed that conditions were often dangerous.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Workers don’t report heat illness to employers or seek medical care out of fear of not getting scheduled or losing their jobs altogether.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">J\u003c/span>ose Rodriguez strides to his car near the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor complex at the end of his shift. Over the last 26 years unloading goods for companies like Amazon and Sears, the money’s gotten a little better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some days the only good thing about his job is leaving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This air here feels fresh,” Rodriguez says, in Spanish. He leans on his car, a 1986 Crown Victoria, nearly dapper in blue slacks, a Minnesota Twins hat and a safety vest. “The difficult thing is inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">‘They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him.’\u003ccite>D’Wayne Wilson, describing a company response to a worker passing out from the heat\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, who is 68, spends most of his day inside a 40-foot-long metal can, a newly arrived shipping container at the logistics company California Cartage. For $16 an hour, he pulls merchandise out onto wooden pallets, rearranging consumer goods like table saws and radios before they continue their journey to retailers nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside that metal can, when Rodriguez is wet with sweat, it literally sizzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1934253\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">Excessive heat is already a health risk for millions of Californians at work, and it’s only getting worse. Over the last 30 years, warming nights and longer heat waves have become more frequent in the state. Four of the last five years were the hottest on record; 2018 could soon make it five out of six. This July and August, in Southern California, several daily and overnight temperature records toppled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day this summer, the temperature hit 98 degrees at the coast. As Rodriguez worked inside containers, a sensor measuring temperature and humidity found that the heat index – what it felt like to his body – was 115 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s that hot, he can’t think straight; he loses track of how many boxes he’s moved, and he has to start counting over. Sometimes he gets chills, and his knees give out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The deal is that you don’t mind those things,” he said. And it could be worse. At least he doesn’t vomit, like some of his coworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sensors Show Extreme Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, KQED investigated heat-related health hazards in workplaces where temperatures indoors can be dangerous. We gave sensors measuring temperature and humidity to 16 workers in seven workplaces, mostly in the Inland Empire and Los Angeles area, and some in Woodland, near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The most vulnerable workers labor in industrial kitchens and laundries, and in the types of workplaces where we placed sensors: warehouses and port terminals, car washes and garment factories, a cannery and an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s workplace safety authority, Cal/OSHA, is in the process of setting an unprecedented standard to guard against illness and death resulting from indoor heat stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the state’s current \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/Draft-revisions-Oct-16-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a>, employers must step up efforts to cut heat-related health risks in several circumstances, including when conditions rise above a heat index of 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using our sensor data, we calculated the heat index each worker felt during short periods in July, August and September. The workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/D6HJc/13/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Sets Threshold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the job, a worker’s core temperature rises when he exerts himself and when his environment is warm. Heat exhaustion – including nausea, headaches, confusion and muscle cramps – results when a person can’t cool off. When a body loses the ability to control core temperature, the more dangerous condition of heat stroke can send someone to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2011, that’s what happened to Domingo Blancas, over the course of several hundred-degree August days. Heat illness is generally underreported. But Blancas told his employer, saw a doctor and was hospitalized, which, along with a complaint, prompted a Cal/OSHA investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employers have a general duty under state and federal law to protect workers against illness and injury on the job. The Blancas case established for the first time that in California, this duty includes heat, indoors as well as outdoors. Blancas’ employers — a warehouse and a staffing agency — each paid an $18,000 penalty for failing to minimize heat risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Domingo Blancas case, I think was a turning point,” said Tim Shadix, a lawyer with the Oakland-based nonprofit Worksafe. “Because of the lawsuit around the case, it galvanized people to push for change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934294\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1934294\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/heatsensors-e1542168406700.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The heat sensors KQED placed in workplaces where it gets extremely hot indoors. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California was the first state in the country to set a threshold at which employers must protect workers outdoors. In 2016, state law added a similar requirement for employees indoors, requiring Cal/OSHA to send language to the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board by January 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will probably be one of the most comprehensive safety standards to protect workers against heat,” said UCSF’s Dr. Robert Harrison, who formerly sat on the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trade groups representing employers assert that the standard isn’t necessary, and criticize Cal/OSHA’s approach in crafting a rule that apply to every company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Chamber of Commerce, backed by management groups, is leading the opposition to the new standard, and objected to the law that enacted the requirement in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marti Fisher, a policy advocate for the group, while not commenting directly on the most recent draft proposal, says the state’s approach is overbroad, and its rule is potentially difficult for small employers to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they insist on having a one-size-fits-all, it has to fit all,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA’s draft standard includes what’s called a “hierarchy of controls,” actions employers must take to reduce heat or a worker’s exposure to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top priority in the state’s standard is to prevent heat, through ventilation and air conditioning. If that’s not feasible, employers can alter workers’ shifts to times when it’s cooler, or add breaks when it’s hot. Only if those measures don’t work can employers offer cooling vests and other personal protective gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher says she worries that this regime will force many businesses to incur big building costs and cooling bills. “We can’t just put air conditioning everywhere,” she said. “There are creative options that employers can figure out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Just as wind chill can make a temperature feel colder to the body, humidity can make a temperature feel hotter. In this National Weather Service chart, you can see how humidity makes heat harder for the body to handle.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1934140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-768x449.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-375x219.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-520x304.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘They Just Set Him to the Side and Put a Piece of Cardboard on Him’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At California Cartage, near the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, D’Wayne Wilson, 25, drives a forklift and moves goods between containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once, he got sick from the heat, just after he started with the company. Last spring, he saw a co-worker go down: One moment, the guy was fine; the next, he was on the floor, unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says supervisors didn’t seem to know what to do. “They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him. They didn’t call the ambulance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, NFI, which acquired Cal Cartage after the incident occurred, didn’t address it directly, but said: “Our current practice is to allow heat breaks for anyone who requests one and inquire whether they feel they need medical attention. To date, no one has requested medical attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even where workers are represented by a union, rising heat is aggravating tensions around workplace conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, 54-year-old Marta Lopez worked on a canning line at Pacific Coast Producers in Woodland, a job she’s done every year since 2002. The sensor she carried measured a heat index above 90 degrees 51 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food hygiene rules prohibit water bottles on the line. But, Lopez says, the water coolers are on a different level, and because workers feel pressure to keep the line moving, they have to keep running up and down stairs. That makes them vulnerable to heat illness. “It’s a vicious circle that does not stop, because the heat is very strong,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mona Shulman, general counsel for Pacific Coast Producers, says that water shouldn’t be more than 30 feet from the canning line, and that no worker should have to run for a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having heard that, we will be reviewing that before we start processing again, next summer, for sure,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teamsters Local 601, which represents about 6,500 workers at agricultural processing jobs including those at the Woodland cannery, has filed a heat-related grievance, says Ashley Alvarado, the local’s president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCP says no workers in Woodland reported heat illness this year. Shulman adds the company has recognized rising heat as a health hazard since 2006, when a major heat wave killed hundreds in California, many in the landlocked Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarado is skeptical. She says to ensure worker safety, a specific heat standard is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That company is going to do what they need to do when there is a law that requires them to do it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/fWGxg/11/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cardboard Fans and Damp Cloth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Inland Empire, warehouse workers are primarily Latino, low-paid, often temporary, and unlikely to have health care through their employer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For workers who told us they fear retaliation from their employers, we’re using pseudonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hugo,” who is 32, moves boxes in a warehouse for a logistics company in the Inland Empire. He says he knows that rest breaks and drinking water can prevent heat illness, but he’s under pressure to make quota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t make the quota, they’ll give you a warning,” he said. After four warnings, he says, workers have lost their jobs. “When people have two or three warnings they know they’re close to being fired. They get more stressed and don’t take care of their health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Heat illness is preventable on the job with sufficient water, rest, and shade. Since 2011, Cal/OSHA’s campaign, \u003ca href=\"https://www.99calor.org/espanol/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 Calor\u003c/a>, has communicated about outdoor worker heat risk in English, Spanish, Mixteco, Hmong and Punjabi. The state also works with \u003ca href=\"http://losh.ucla.edu/training-and-education/health-safety-leaders-specialist/health-safety/training/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCLA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lohp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, whose labor and occupational health programs offer training on heat illness prevention for small businesses and workers’ groups.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Warehouse workers also say they’re worried about their health because they know the climate is warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s been getting hotter, year by year,” said “Brandon,” who is 50. “It’s affecting us, maybe not you because you’re in the offices, but us warehouse workers are being affected by that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandon drives a forklift in a warehouse. Lately, he says, he has felt heat symptoms twice a week. He doesn’t have health insurance, and he has only been to see a doctor once, because he pays $25 a visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rebecca,” 40 and a married mother of two, experienced extreme heat more than any other worker we tracked. In July and August, her heat index on the job was higher than 90 degrees over 82 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, at a distribution center owned by fast-fashion retailer Charlotte Russe in San Bernardino County, she unpacked the clothes from boxes, hung them, and moved metal rods laden with merchandise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca said workers are “caged inside racks of clothes, so there is zero air getting to us.” To cool down, she and her co-workers tried using cardboard to fan each other, buying small battery-powered fans, and wrapping their heads and necks in damp cloth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She got severely sick from the heat this summer, causing her to nearly faint on a day we were tracking the heat in her workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That night, the index in the loft of the distribution center was 94 degrees, even after 10 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt that my stomach needed to throw up; then I noticed that my hands were starting to shake,” Rebecca said. Her supervisor offered her a break but no medical care. She drove herself to a clinic, where a doctor told her she was dehydrated but wouldn’t provide documentation that conditions on the job contributed to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlotte Russe did not return email and phonecall requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Rebecca left work. she received no sick pay and was kept off the schedule for two days afterward. That week, after paying the doctor, she ending up losing money. Since then, she has found another job. But she still gets headaches when it’s hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that managers have the right to say what conditions are,” she said. “They’re afraid they might not find another opportunity elsewhere. But I think they need to do more to protect the people who are giving their time, their energy and their health to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Warning: Climate Change in California Could Be Hazardous to Your Health",
"headTitle": "Warning: Climate Change in California Could Be Hazardous to Your Health | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> released this week outlines, in great detail, the potential health and economic costs to California from climate change — everything from premature deaths due to heatstroke to anticipated spikes in West Nile virus, Valley fever, and even kidney stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was commissioned by state Sen. Ricardo Lara, who will soon be giving up his senate seat after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">being elected\u003c/a> insurance commissioner earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time we have a California report that combines the latest research on our health and the ‘new normal’ of extreme wildfire and climate-caused events,” Lara wrote to KQED in an email. (Gov. Jerry Brown recently amended his own climate vocabulary, calling global warming impacts “the new \u003cem>abnormal\u003c/em>.”) The senator was in Washington D.C. presenting to the World Bank on the report and on his bill to limit hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, which are potent greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”vn6VCB9SjRIBblKPRR18mDEt6roBFBjm”]The report contains no new research; it’s a review of existing literature, an attempt to outline both the current state of climate change in California and the expected health effects on the state’s population in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the warnings: the Central Valley may experience heat-health events that last two weeks longer, while the northern Sierra region can expect four to 10 times more heat-health events than currently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is consensus among experts that by 2100, California will see maximum average temperatures increase by 5.6 to 8.8 degrees Fahrenheit above 1960–2005 temperatures,” says the report — depending on whether emissions continue rising or decrease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does that mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>By 2050, as many as 6,700 to 11,300 premature deaths are expected due to rising temperatures, which can exacerbate existing conditions like heat disease or asthma.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Poor air quality will increase the incidence of respiratory illnesses.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The intensity and frequency of storms will increase death and injury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Higher temperatures will also lead to the growth of disease-carrying mosquitos and ticks, as well as food-borne pathogens.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“What this report shows is that we need to be discussing how to address the lingering effects on public health, our air and our food,” said Lara. Here are some of the details laid out. You can also read \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the full 80-page report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increases in temperatures have dramatic impacts on the health of the community. In the state’s nine most populous counties, from 1999 to 2003, rising temperatures increased the risk of hospitalization for heatstroke by 342 percent, for dehydration by 10.8 percent and for renal failure by 7.4 percent. There was also a 1.7 percent increase in mortality across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During heat waves those numbers can be higher. Studies tracking the 2006 heat wave found a 9 percent increase in mortality per 10-degree increase in temperature in the affected counties. That caused about 600 heat-related deaths over the two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High temperatures are also associated with pre-term birth. From 1999 to 2006, a 10-degree rise in temperature increased the risk of pre-term birth by 8.6 percent across 16 California counties, though that risk was higher for younger mothers and highest for African-American mothers (14.9 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that kidney stones are also more prevalent in hotter climates, because minerals build up under dehydration conditions. Projecting existing rates of kidney stones in nearby hot climates onto anticipated temperatures increases in California predicts that the state will see a 10.7 percent increase in risk of kidney stones by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air Quality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is also known to affect air quality as concentration of ground-level ozone is stoked by heat and methane emissions, while fine particulate matter in the air (typically known as PM2.5) is a product of wildfire smoke, which is expected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Jpmw1DpnGs905iMXpwAAljHeFkY04p4r”]Air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley already contributes to 460 premature deaths each year and approximately 3,230 cases of acute bronchitis in children — with projections for those numbers rising as air pollution worsens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate models project “large” wildfires are expected to increase in number by 21 percent by 2034, and with wildfire smoke comes a well-documented higher rate of hospitalizations and respiratory illnesses. During the 2015 wildfire season statewide, for example, there was a 171 percent increase in the risk of a pulmonary embolism during the heavy smoke periods. And during the 2003 fall fire in Southern California, acute bronchitis hospital admissions increased on average by 67 percent. Even after the fires, admission rates for acute bronchitis and pneumonia still went up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley fever is also on the rise as the soil dries out and people are more apt to breathe in the fungus that leads to the illness. Valley fever includes coughing, fever, chest pains and, in the worst conditions, can result in meningitis. Valley fever rose 34 percent from 2016 to 2017, with the heavy majority of the cases in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Weather\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts, floods and fires all have immediate health consequences. And there are documented increases in mental health issues, like PTSD, depression and suicidal thoughts. Disaster recovery is also known to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706264/study-people-of-color-and-low-income-residents-most-vulnerable-to-wildfire-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hit vulnerable populations harder\u003c/a>, especially those without insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8hBZ41YlWfjH8B4Rjxb7MBQPe3hQX0Sf”]But extreme weather events also have indirect health consequences. For example, in 1993 after several years of drought, a heavy rainfall in Tulare County led to an increase in Valley fever, because of the growth of fungus. The number of cases there spiked from an average of 450 annually to 1,208 cases that first year and over 4,000 cases the two following years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flooding and heavy rains also lead to contamination of water supplies, which has been shown to lead to an increase in gastrointestinal illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changing climate also affects how communities are exposed to infectious diseases and can increase the number of rodents or insects carrying pathogens — a trend that’s already already being seen. In 2007, there were 75 cases of Lyme disease reported statewide, while in 2016 there were 141 in just 33 counties. While climate was unlikely to be the sole driver of that increase, warming temperatures are expected to double the reproductive capacity of ticks, which carry Lyme disease, and peak tick activity is much longer in drier and warmer climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”GgX27KIsYVEVf36btfb9LA0yENVzkGu9″]Higher temperatures and drought also increase the number of mosquitoes and the transmission rates for West Nile virus. The recent drought led to the highest number of cases of West Nile virus in California, with 379 in 2013 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural and urban run-off in extreme flooding and heavy rainfall leads to an increase in bacterial contamination, and warming of surface water causes new bacterial and viral pathogens to emerge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, scientific evidence has unequivocally shown that climate change is a reality,” concludes the report. “While opportunities to entirely prevent the effects of climate change have already passed, there is still a role for strong leadership in the public and private sectors to reduce the levels of projected damage and hardship…By building communities that are resilient to a changing environment, the most extreme effects of climate change may be minimized.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> released this week outlines, in great detail, the potential health and economic costs to California from climate change — everything from premature deaths due to heatstroke to anticipated spikes in West Nile virus, Valley fever, and even kidney stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was commissioned by state Sen. Ricardo Lara, who will soon be giving up his senate seat after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">being elected\u003c/a> insurance commissioner earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time we have a California report that combines the latest research on our health and the ‘new normal’ of extreme wildfire and climate-caused events,” Lara wrote to KQED in an email. (Gov. Jerry Brown recently amended his own climate vocabulary, calling global warming impacts “the new \u003cem>abnormal\u003c/em>.”) The senator was in Washington D.C. presenting to the World Bank on the report and on his bill to limit hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, which are potent greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The report contains no new research; it’s a review of existing literature, an attempt to outline both the current state of climate change in California and the expected health effects on the state’s population in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the warnings: the Central Valley may experience heat-health events that last two weeks longer, while the northern Sierra region can expect four to 10 times more heat-health events than currently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is consensus among experts that by 2100, California will see maximum average temperatures increase by 5.6 to 8.8 degrees Fahrenheit above 1960–2005 temperatures,” says the report — depending on whether emissions continue rising or decrease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does that mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>By 2050, as many as 6,700 to 11,300 premature deaths are expected due to rising temperatures, which can exacerbate existing conditions like heat disease or asthma.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Poor air quality will increase the incidence of respiratory illnesses.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The intensity and frequency of storms will increase death and injury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Higher temperatures will also lead to the growth of disease-carrying mosquitos and ticks, as well as food-borne pathogens.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“What this report shows is that we need to be discussing how to address the lingering effects on public health, our air and our food,” said Lara. Here are some of the details laid out. You can also read \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the full 80-page report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increases in temperatures have dramatic impacts on the health of the community. In the state’s nine most populous counties, from 1999 to 2003, rising temperatures increased the risk of hospitalization for heatstroke by 342 percent, for dehydration by 10.8 percent and for renal failure by 7.4 percent. There was also a 1.7 percent increase in mortality across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During heat waves those numbers can be higher. Studies tracking the 2006 heat wave found a 9 percent increase in mortality per 10-degree increase in temperature in the affected counties. That caused about 600 heat-related deaths over the two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High temperatures are also associated with pre-term birth. From 1999 to 2006, a 10-degree rise in temperature increased the risk of pre-term birth by 8.6 percent across 16 California counties, though that risk was higher for younger mothers and highest for African-American mothers (14.9 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that kidney stones are also more prevalent in hotter climates, because minerals build up under dehydration conditions. Projecting existing rates of kidney stones in nearby hot climates onto anticipated temperatures increases in California predicts that the state will see a 10.7 percent increase in risk of kidney stones by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air Quality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is also known to affect air quality as concentration of ground-level ozone is stoked by heat and methane emissions, while fine particulate matter in the air (typically known as PM2.5) is a product of wildfire smoke, which is expected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley already contributes to 460 premature deaths each year and approximately 3,230 cases of acute bronchitis in children — with projections for those numbers rising as air pollution worsens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate models project “large” wildfires are expected to increase in number by 21 percent by 2034, and with wildfire smoke comes a well-documented higher rate of hospitalizations and respiratory illnesses. During the 2015 wildfire season statewide, for example, there was a 171 percent increase in the risk of a pulmonary embolism during the heavy smoke periods. And during the 2003 fall fire in Southern California, acute bronchitis hospital admissions increased on average by 67 percent. Even after the fires, admission rates for acute bronchitis and pneumonia still went up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley fever is also on the rise as the soil dries out and people are more apt to breathe in the fungus that leads to the illness. Valley fever includes coughing, fever, chest pains and, in the worst conditions, can result in meningitis. Valley fever rose 34 percent from 2016 to 2017, with the heavy majority of the cases in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Weather\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts, floods and fires all have immediate health consequences. And there are documented increases in mental health issues, like PTSD, depression and suicidal thoughts. Disaster recovery is also known to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706264/study-people-of-color-and-low-income-residents-most-vulnerable-to-wildfire-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hit vulnerable populations harder\u003c/a>, especially those without insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But extreme weather events also have indirect health consequences. For example, in 1993 after several years of drought, a heavy rainfall in Tulare County led to an increase in Valley fever, because of the growth of fungus. The number of cases there spiked from an average of 450 annually to 1,208 cases that first year and over 4,000 cases the two following years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flooding and heavy rains also lead to contamination of water supplies, which has been shown to lead to an increase in gastrointestinal illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changing climate also affects how communities are exposed to infectious diseases and can increase the number of rodents or insects carrying pathogens — a trend that’s already already being seen. In 2007, there were 75 cases of Lyme disease reported statewide, while in 2016 there were 141 in just 33 counties. While climate was unlikely to be the sole driver of that increase, warming temperatures are expected to double the reproductive capacity of ticks, which carry Lyme disease, and peak tick activity is much longer in drier and warmer climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Higher temperatures and drought also increase the number of mosquitoes and the transmission rates for West Nile virus. The recent drought led to the highest number of cases of West Nile virus in California, with 379 in 2013 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural and urban run-off in extreme flooding and heavy rainfall leads to an increase in bacterial contamination, and warming of surface water causes new bacterial and viral pathogens to emerge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, scientific evidence has unequivocally shown that climate change is a reality,” concludes the report. “While opportunities to entirely prevent the effects of climate change have already passed, there is still a role for strong leadership in the public and private sectors to reduce the levels of projected damage and hardship…By building communities that are resilient to a changing environment, the most extreme effects of climate change may be minimized.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Two New Studies Affirm Things Are Getting Hotter Across Regions and Seasons",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau3487\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released on Wednesday says hot and dry conditions are increasingly going to hit multiple regions at the same time — shrinking crop yields, destabilizing food prices and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/11/27/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laying the groundwork for large wildfires\u003c/a> like we’ve seen in California in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes on the heels of \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/extreme-heat-increasing-both-summer-and-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another study\u003c/a> earlier this week from the American Geophysical Union which measured the rise in extreme heat events in both summer and winter. The AGU study was one of the first to also look at relative extreme temperatures — “hot” days in winter, cold days in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8JMusayD4ShnLIZNCUDAIIPNFPKHrn2y”]The news, across the board, isn’t great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study examined historical data to quantify the odds that different regions experience hot and dry conditions in the same year. The authors calculated that before 1980 there was just a 5 percent likelihood that two separate regions would be dry and have extreme temperatures in the same year. Since then, the odds have risen to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters because in the past if one region was hot and dry, resulting in low crop yields, the agricultural surplus in another region might compensate. Increasingly, that’s no longer the case. For example, the odds that both China and India — two of the world’s largest agricultural producers — have low precipitation and extremely warm temperatures in the same year has increased from 5 percent to 15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The global marketplace provides a hedge against localized extremes,” noted Noah Diffenbaugh, a Stanford climate scientist and co-author of the study, “and we’re already seeing an erosion of that climate buffer as extremes have increased in response to global warming,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TsjrIDHEp4FADnyAbpod5wkpWGZyF75A”]“When these extremes occur simultaneously, it exacerbates the adverse impacts beyond what any of them would have caused separately,” said Ali Sarhadi, the study’s lead author and a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also analyzed climate projections for future scenarios. Since the late 19th century, the global temperature has increased 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. Moving forward, the study’s authors found, in many regions the odds increase to 75 percent that average temperatures will rise well beyond the normal range experienced this last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just going to get hotter in the summer, though. It’s going to get warmer in the winter too — which also has lasting implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018JD029150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> released this week, from the American Geophysical Union, found both relative and absolute “extreme heat” events have increased across the U.S. and Canada since 1980, while both relative and absolute extreme cold events decreased. In other words, we’ve seen a rise in both overall extremes, like the absolute hottest days in summer, but also extremes for the normal range of that time of year, like unseasonably warm days in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”raaLWEhxCsVCnB6sFwUvZyRhRMQu8Rfv”]Relative extremes are changing faster than absolute extremes. And relative extremes can pose a higher ecological risk because the out-of-season weather impact species and plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relative temperature anomalies can trigger what are called phenological mismatches, where a mismatch in the temperature and the season can cause trees to bloom too early and birds and insects to migrate before there is appropriate food,” said Scott Sheridan, professor in geography at Kent State University and lead author of the AGU study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the unusually warm month of March in 2012, across the eastern and midwestern U.S., caused vegetation to bloom prematurely and then die off in subsequent frost, leading to large agricultural losses (2012 remains the hottest year on record in the continental U.S.). Mid-winter thaws and early-season heat can also have health impacts on vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat events have increased across 79 percent of the U.S. and Canada, with the trend greatest in the southern U.S. and northern Quebec. Relative extreme heat events have increased at a greater rate, averaging .22 more days per decade, with some parts of the southern U.S. showing an increase of up to one day per decade of relative extreme heat. At the same time, extreme cold events have decreased at higher rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”rAZ2tFsSbR97GGfg5yu5iG9EVkxX7Oqx”]All of this comes in the wake of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934809/federal-report-climate-change-already-hurting-u-s-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a federal report\u003c/a> released last week that outlined the ways climate change is already affecting Americans’ economic and physical health. The message from the various studies’ authors? Planners and policymakers at all levels need to start preparing for the new future — and can still take steps to decrease these impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study modeled what would happen if the 200 nations in the U.N. Paris agreement achieved their emission reductions targets. The authors found that would dramatically reduce the likelihood of compounding hot, dry conditions in multiple regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are still options for mitigating these changes,” said Sarhadi.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau3487\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released on Wednesday says hot and dry conditions are increasingly going to hit multiple regions at the same time — shrinking crop yields, destabilizing food prices and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/11/27/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laying the groundwork for large wildfires\u003c/a> like we’ve seen in California in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes on the heels of \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/extreme-heat-increasing-both-summer-and-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another study\u003c/a> earlier this week from the American Geophysical Union which measured the rise in extreme heat events in both summer and winter. The AGU study was one of the first to also look at relative extreme temperatures — “hot” days in winter, cold days in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The news, across the board, isn’t great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study examined historical data to quantify the odds that different regions experience hot and dry conditions in the same year. The authors calculated that before 1980 there was just a 5 percent likelihood that two separate regions would be dry and have extreme temperatures in the same year. Since then, the odds have risen to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters because in the past if one region was hot and dry, resulting in low crop yields, the agricultural surplus in another region might compensate. Increasingly, that’s no longer the case. For example, the odds that both China and India — two of the world’s largest agricultural producers — have low precipitation and extremely warm temperatures in the same year has increased from 5 percent to 15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The global marketplace provides a hedge against localized extremes,” noted Noah Diffenbaugh, a Stanford climate scientist and co-author of the study, “and we’re already seeing an erosion of that climate buffer as extremes have increased in response to global warming,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“When these extremes occur simultaneously, it exacerbates the adverse impacts beyond what any of them would have caused separately,” said Ali Sarhadi, the study’s lead author and a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also analyzed climate projections for future scenarios. Since the late 19th century, the global temperature has increased 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. Moving forward, the study’s authors found, in many regions the odds increase to 75 percent that average temperatures will rise well beyond the normal range experienced this last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just going to get hotter in the summer, though. It’s going to get warmer in the winter too — which also has lasting implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018JD029150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> released this week, from the American Geophysical Union, found both relative and absolute “extreme heat” events have increased across the U.S. and Canada since 1980, while both relative and absolute extreme cold events decreased. In other words, we’ve seen a rise in both overall extremes, like the absolute hottest days in summer, but also extremes for the normal range of that time of year, like unseasonably warm days in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Relative extremes are changing faster than absolute extremes. And relative extremes can pose a higher ecological risk because the out-of-season weather impact species and plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relative temperature anomalies can trigger what are called phenological mismatches, where a mismatch in the temperature and the season can cause trees to bloom too early and birds and insects to migrate before there is appropriate food,” said Scott Sheridan, professor in geography at Kent State University and lead author of the AGU study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the unusually warm month of March in 2012, across the eastern and midwestern U.S., caused vegetation to bloom prematurely and then die off in subsequent frost, leading to large agricultural losses (2012 remains the hottest year on record in the continental U.S.). Mid-winter thaws and early-season heat can also have health impacts on vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat events have increased across 79 percent of the U.S. and Canada, with the trend greatest in the southern U.S. and northern Quebec. Relative extreme heat events have increased at a greater rate, averaging .22 more days per decade, with some parts of the southern U.S. showing an increase of up to one day per decade of relative extreme heat. At the same time, extreme cold events have decreased at higher rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>All of this comes in the wake of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934809/federal-report-climate-change-already-hurting-u-s-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a federal report\u003c/a> released last week that outlined the ways climate change is already affecting Americans’ economic and physical health. The message from the various studies’ authors? Planners and policymakers at all levels need to start preparing for the new future — and can still take steps to decrease these impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study modeled what would happen if the 200 nations in the U.N. Paris agreement achieved their emission reductions targets. The authors found that would dramatically reduce the likelihood of compounding hot, dry conditions in multiple regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are still options for mitigating these changes,” said Sarhadi.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The New Abnormal: Climate Effects on the Fire Season Are Just Beginning",
"headTitle": "The New Abnormal: Climate Effects on the Fire Season Are Just Beginning | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke was back in Butte County this week, after blaming California’s horrific fire season on \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-california-fires-zinke-paradise-forest-trump-20181119-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“radical environmentalists,”\u003c/a> a stance he appeared to soften in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/26/opinions/wildfire-prevention-goes-hand-in-hand-with-creating-jobs-zinke/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent editorial\u003c/a> for CNN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his search for causes and solutions, Zinke does concede the “warm temperatures,” though he’s still reticent to utter the words “climate change” as a contributing factor. On a return visit to the ongoing Camp Fire recovery Monday, Zinke said he’d rather spend federal dollars on thinning forests and improving parks than on repeatedly rebuilding fire-ravaged towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year was California’s most destructive fire season — until this year. The Golden State is in the midst of what Daniel Swain, a climate scientist with UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research, calls “a multi-year fire siege.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s hard to point to climate change as the distinct cause of any individual fire, Swain calls it a “threat multiplier,” which means climate change has lead to conditions that make extreme fires more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s science editor Craig Miller and Swain joined \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101868240/how-climate-change-helped-create-californias-fire-siege\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> recently to talk about the impact of climate change on wildfires and what we can expect in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The New Abnormal\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the wake of Butte County’s Camp Fire, the most devastating on record in California, Gov. Jerry Brown decided to revise a common phrase he’s used before, that this is the “new normal.” Instead, “We’re in a new abnormal,” he said. “This new abnormal will continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller noted that this actually channels an ongoing conversation happening at KQED about using the phrase, “the new normal.” That phrase, he said, “misses the point.” There is no normal when it comes to climate change, or rather we don’t know what the normal is when we try to plan. It’s not just a steady move toward hotter and drier, but rather wild swings in all directions, creating more intense and changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ask the Right Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Are these fires definitely a result of climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain says that’s not the right question. Generally, it never makes sense to attribute a single cause to complex natural events. “It’s a really hard thing to do from a scientific perspective,” he said. Multiple factors lead to a particular fire at a specific time and location. The broader question is: are wildfire disasters of this magnitude significantly more likely due to the fact that the climate is changing? “The answer to that is definitely yes,” said Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This risk-based approach makes more sense for how we frame these issues and how we plan for disasters — by asking what is the likelihood of increasing dangerous conditions? And that likelihood is absolutely going up, according to Swain and most other scientists who have studied the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Longer Fire Season, Shorter Rainy Season\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although autumn precipitation in California tends not to be a large portion of the overall amount of rain in a given year, it has an out-sized influence on fire season, said Swain. Early-season rain, at the end of a hot, dry summer, is “really consequential from a wildfire and an ecological perspective,” he said. Even just one or two inches moistens the soil column and lets the dry vegetation recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rain usually marks the end of fire season and this year, almost up to Thanksgiving, as the Camp and Woolsey Fires were raging north and south, that fire-season ending rain had yet to fall anywhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really, really late,” said Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is an emerging trend toward drier autumns throughout the state, which Swain expects to continue. He expects, in the future, to see a further contraction of the rainy season, not necessarily less rain overall, but longer dry conditions into fall and dry conditions beginning earlier in the spring, essentially “burning the candle at both ends,” as he put it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason autumn precipitation is important is because offshore winds peak late in autumn (not just the legendary Santa Ana winds of Southern California, but all up and down the state). If the rainy season comes later and later, with months of drying time, peak fire season could shift to later in the year, when these strong winds occur. Both the Camp Fire and the Woolsey Fire were driven by strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California’s Getting Warmer and Drier\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As the climate warms, it has a profound effect on how much moisture is in the vegetation. There’s something called the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapour-pressure_deficit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vapor pressure deficit\u003c/a>, which is the propensity of warmer atmospheres to suck water out of living plants. This increases exponentially even as temperatures go up in linear fashion. That means even a few degrees increase in the temperature can make the vegetation much drier and more susceptible to fire, particularly if the dry vegetation coincides with a longer warmer fire season and the strong late-autumn winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these factors combine to increase the chances of dangerous fire conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is There Hope?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The California’s recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateassessment.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourth Climate Change Assessment\u003c/a> projected that, if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, the state could see large fires increase by half and the total acreage burned increase by about 77%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re already starting to see this play out right in front of us,” said Miller. Swain took that pessimistic prediction a step further, noting the current fire situation is merely a hint of what’s to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re only just beginning this trend towards longer fire seasons, more severe fire seasons, hotter summers, wilder precipitation whiplash,” said Swain, the last a reference to seasons that whipsaw from wet to dry, or vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also a large number of people who have moved into areas that are at risk. Across the U.S., said Miller, there are 100 million people living in what’s known as the wildland-urban-interface — areas just like Paradise that exist on the edges of rural forests and remote wildland. This means there are more people than ever before in harm’s way, setting the stage for more catastrophic fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news, said Miller, is there are some technologies that could help in the future: remote stationary sensors that can observe conditions, drones that can monitor potential danger and pinpoint where we’re likely to have outbreaks, even nontoxic gels that can be applied to vegetation in advance of a fire to act as a retardant.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke was back in Butte County this week, after blaming California’s horrific fire season on \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-california-fires-zinke-paradise-forest-trump-20181119-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“radical environmentalists,”\u003c/a> a stance he appeared to soften in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/26/opinions/wildfire-prevention-goes-hand-in-hand-with-creating-jobs-zinke/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent editorial\u003c/a> for CNN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his search for causes and solutions, Zinke does concede the “warm temperatures,” though he’s still reticent to utter the words “climate change” as a contributing factor. On a return visit to the ongoing Camp Fire recovery Monday, Zinke said he’d rather spend federal dollars on thinning forests and improving parks than on repeatedly rebuilding fire-ravaged towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year was California’s most destructive fire season — until this year. The Golden State is in the midst of what Daniel Swain, a climate scientist with UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research, calls “a multi-year fire siege.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s hard to point to climate change as the distinct cause of any individual fire, Swain calls it a “threat multiplier,” which means climate change has lead to conditions that make extreme fires more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s science editor Craig Miller and Swain joined \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101868240/how-climate-change-helped-create-californias-fire-siege\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> recently to talk about the impact of climate change on wildfires and what we can expect in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The New Abnormal\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the wake of Butte County’s Camp Fire, the most devastating on record in California, Gov. Jerry Brown decided to revise a common phrase he’s used before, that this is the “new normal.” Instead, “We’re in a new abnormal,” he said. “This new abnormal will continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller noted that this actually channels an ongoing conversation happening at KQED about using the phrase, “the new normal.” That phrase, he said, “misses the point.” There is no normal when it comes to climate change, or rather we don’t know what the normal is when we try to plan. It’s not just a steady move toward hotter and drier, but rather wild swings in all directions, creating more intense and changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ask the Right Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Are these fires definitely a result of climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain says that’s not the right question. Generally, it never makes sense to attribute a single cause to complex natural events. “It’s a really hard thing to do from a scientific perspective,” he said. Multiple factors lead to a particular fire at a specific time and location. The broader question is: are wildfire disasters of this magnitude significantly more likely due to the fact that the climate is changing? “The answer to that is definitely yes,” said Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This risk-based approach makes more sense for how we frame these issues and how we plan for disasters — by asking what is the likelihood of increasing dangerous conditions? And that likelihood is absolutely going up, according to Swain and most other scientists who have studied the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Longer Fire Season, Shorter Rainy Season\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although autumn precipitation in California tends not to be a large portion of the overall amount of rain in a given year, it has an out-sized influence on fire season, said Swain. Early-season rain, at the end of a hot, dry summer, is “really consequential from a wildfire and an ecological perspective,” he said. Even just one or two inches moistens the soil column and lets the dry vegetation recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rain usually marks the end of fire season and this year, almost up to Thanksgiving, as the Camp and Woolsey Fires were raging north and south, that fire-season ending rain had yet to fall anywhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really, really late,” said Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is an emerging trend toward drier autumns throughout the state, which Swain expects to continue. He expects, in the future, to see a further contraction of the rainy season, not necessarily less rain overall, but longer dry conditions into fall and dry conditions beginning earlier in the spring, essentially “burning the candle at both ends,” as he put it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason autumn precipitation is important is because offshore winds peak late in autumn (not just the legendary Santa Ana winds of Southern California, but all up and down the state). If the rainy season comes later and later, with months of drying time, peak fire season could shift to later in the year, when these strong winds occur. Both the Camp Fire and the Woolsey Fire were driven by strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California’s Getting Warmer and Drier\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As the climate warms, it has a profound effect on how much moisture is in the vegetation. There’s something called the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapour-pressure_deficit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vapor pressure deficit\u003c/a>, which is the propensity of warmer atmospheres to suck water out of living plants. This increases exponentially even as temperatures go up in linear fashion. That means even a few degrees increase in the temperature can make the vegetation much drier and more susceptible to fire, particularly if the dry vegetation coincides with a longer warmer fire season and the strong late-autumn winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these factors combine to increase the chances of dangerous fire conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is There Hope?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The California’s recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateassessment.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourth Climate Change Assessment\u003c/a> projected that, if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, the state could see large fires increase by half and the total acreage burned increase by about 77%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re already starting to see this play out right in front of us,” said Miller. Swain took that pessimistic prediction a step further, noting the current fire situation is merely a hint of what’s to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re only just beginning this trend towards longer fire seasons, more severe fire seasons, hotter summers, wilder precipitation whiplash,” said Swain, the last a reference to seasons that whipsaw from wet to dry, or vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also a large number of people who have moved into areas that are at risk. Across the U.S., said Miller, there are 100 million people living in what’s known as the wildland-urban-interface — areas just like Paradise that exist on the edges of rural forests and remote wildland. This means there are more people than ever before in harm’s way, setting the stage for more catastrophic fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news, said Miller, is there are some technologies that could help in the future: remote stationary sensors that can observe conditions, drones that can monitor potential danger and pinpoint where we’re likely to have outbreaks, even nontoxic gels that can be applied to vegetation in advance of a fire to act as a retardant.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate change is already causing more frequent and severe weather across the U.S., and the country is poised to suffer massive damage to infrastructure, ecosystems, health and the economy if global warming is allowed to continue, according to \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\">the most comprehensive federal climate report to date\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fourth National Climate Assessment is the culmination of years of research and analysis by hundreds of top climate scientists in the country. The massive report details the many ways in which global climate change is already affecting American communities, from hurricanes to wildfires to floods to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is already affecting every part of the United States, almost every sector of the United States, be it agriculture or forestry or energy, tourism,” says George Mason University professor Andrew Light, who is one of the report’s editors. “It’s going to hurt cities, it’s going to hurt people in the countryside, and, as the world continues to warm, things are going to get worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/265895292191248385\">Trump\u003c/a>, numerous Cabinet members and some members of Congress have \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/post/we-spoke-new-ag-secretary-sonny-perdue-heres-what-he-said-climate-change-and-immigration\">questioned whether\u003c/a> climate change is caused by humans or whether it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/ben-carson-believe-candidate-stands-10-issues\">happening at all\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there’s a hoax. I do think there’s probably a difference. But I don’t know that it’s man-made,” the president said on CBS’ \u003cem>60 Minutes\u003c/em> in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an August interview about deadly wildfires in California, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told television station KCRA Sacramento: “This has nothing to do with climate change. This has to do with active forest management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report, mandated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/content/whats-new-nca4\">Congress\u003c/a> and published by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, is the latest and most detailed confirmation that humans are driving climate change and that Americans are already adapting to and suffering from its effects. Climate change is “an immediate threat, not a far-off possibility,” it says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/12/666951838/megafires-more-frequent-because-of-climate-change-and-forest-management\">large wildfires\u003c/a> are getting more frequent because of climate change. The report notes that the area burned in wildfires nationwide each year has increased over the past 20 years, and “although projections vary by state and ecoregion, on average, the annual area burned by lightning-ignited wildfire is expected to increase by at least 30 percent by 2060.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/wildfires-acres-20181119/child.html?mode=childlink&utm_source=nprnews&utm_medium=app&utm_campaign=storyredirect\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Don’t see the graphic above? Click here.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California and other Western states have made headlines for deadly fires, the report says the southeastern U.S. is also projected to suffer more wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many regions are also experiencing more extreme rain — and ensuing floods — including the Midwest, Northeast, Southeast and Southern Great Plains, which includes Texas and Oklahoma. The most extreme example is Hurricane Harvey, which dumped \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/25/580689546/harvey-the-most-significant-tropical-cyclone-rainfall-event-in-u-s-history\">60 inches of rain\u003c/a> on parts of southeast Texas in 2017 and flooded an enormous region from Houston up to the Louisiana border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the authors make clear that more extreme rainfall and flooding is widespread, going beyond major hurricanes. In the Midwest, runoff from heavy rains have depleted some cropland of nutrients. In the Northeast, towns are dealing with catastrophic flooding from summer thunderstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the whole U.S., the amount of precipitation overall may be less, but it’s delivered in these very intense precipitation events,” explains Brenda Ekwurzel, an author of the report and senior climate scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists. “That’s how you get a lot of flash flooding, especially after a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Southwest, climate change is driving a particularly devious phenomenon: climate change is contributing to drought and flooding in the same place. Drought takes hold for months. When rain does fall, it’s increasingly likely to come as an extreme rainstorm, which causes flash flooding and landslides. Scientists predict that dynamic will only get worse as climate change progresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report’s authors also focus multiple chapters on the health effects of climate change. In a section on air pollution, they write:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Unless counteracting efforts to improve air quality are implemented, climate change will worsen existing air pollution levels. This worsened air pollution would increase the incidence of adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health effects, including premature death.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And as the climate warms, disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes and ticks are also expected to expand their territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors warn that those who are most economically and physically vulnerable will continue to be most severely impacted by climate change, whether it’s air pollution, disease, floods or fire disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate adaptation is already taking place at the local, state and regional level, the report says. It gives examples including water conservation, forest management, infrastructure updates and agricultural advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real leading edge of action in the United States, now, to deal with climate change is at the non-federal level,” says Light, who also serves as a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute think tank. “It’s states, it’s cities, it’s businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But far more involvement is needed on all levels to change human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Successful adaptation has been hindered by the assumption that climate conditions are and will be similar to those in the past,” the authors write, arguing that acknowledging climate change, adapting to its effects and working to limit global warming, while expensive, will save money and lives in the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those findings are in stark contrast to policies put forward by the Trump administration, which include announcing that the U.S. intends to withdraw from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">2015 Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>, which set international targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new report does not make policy recommendations, it is designed to be a scientific resource for leaders at all levels of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting a cost on inaction,” explains Ekwurzel, referring to future global inaction to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the effects of climate change. “There’s some really heavy duty news in here. I mean, we’re talking billions of dollars as the cost of inaction each year. I think a lot of people in the U.S. will be surprised by that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change+Is+Already+Hurting+U.S.+Communities%2C+Federal+Report+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate change is already causing more frequent and severe weather across the U.S., and the country is poised to suffer massive damage to infrastructure, ecosystems, health and the economy if global warming is allowed to continue, according to \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\">the most comprehensive federal climate report to date\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fourth National Climate Assessment is the culmination of years of research and analysis by hundreds of top climate scientists in the country. The massive report details the many ways in which global climate change is already affecting American communities, from hurricanes to wildfires to floods to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is already affecting every part of the United States, almost every sector of the United States, be it agriculture or forestry or energy, tourism,” says George Mason University professor Andrew Light, who is one of the report’s editors. “It’s going to hurt cities, it’s going to hurt people in the countryside, and, as the world continues to warm, things are going to get worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/265895292191248385\">Trump\u003c/a>, numerous Cabinet members and some members of Congress have \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/post/we-spoke-new-ag-secretary-sonny-perdue-heres-what-he-said-climate-change-and-immigration\">questioned whether\u003c/a> climate change is caused by humans or whether it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/ben-carson-believe-candidate-stands-10-issues\">happening at all\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there’s a hoax. I do think there’s probably a difference. But I don’t know that it’s man-made,” the president said on CBS’ \u003cem>60 Minutes\u003c/em> in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an August interview about deadly wildfires in California, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told television station KCRA Sacramento: “This has nothing to do with climate change. This has to do with active forest management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report, mandated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/content/whats-new-nca4\">Congress\u003c/a> and published by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, is the latest and most detailed confirmation that humans are driving climate change and that Americans are already adapting to and suffering from its effects. Climate change is “an immediate threat, not a far-off possibility,” it says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/12/666951838/megafires-more-frequent-because-of-climate-change-and-forest-management\">large wildfires\u003c/a> are getting more frequent because of climate change. The report notes that the area burned in wildfires nationwide each year has increased over the past 20 years, and “although projections vary by state and ecoregion, on average, the annual area burned by lightning-ignited wildfire is expected to increase by at least 30 percent by 2060.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/wildfires-acres-20181119/child.html?mode=childlink&utm_source=nprnews&utm_medium=app&utm_campaign=storyredirect\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Don’t see the graphic above? Click here.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California and other Western states have made headlines for deadly fires, the report says the southeastern U.S. is also projected to suffer more wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many regions are also experiencing more extreme rain — and ensuing floods — including the Midwest, Northeast, Southeast and Southern Great Plains, which includes Texas and Oklahoma. The most extreme example is Hurricane Harvey, which dumped \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/25/580689546/harvey-the-most-significant-tropical-cyclone-rainfall-event-in-u-s-history\">60 inches of rain\u003c/a> on parts of southeast Texas in 2017 and flooded an enormous region from Houston up to the Louisiana border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the authors make clear that more extreme rainfall and flooding is widespread, going beyond major hurricanes. In the Midwest, runoff from heavy rains have depleted some cropland of nutrients. In the Northeast, towns are dealing with catastrophic flooding from summer thunderstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the whole U.S., the amount of precipitation overall may be less, but it’s delivered in these very intense precipitation events,” explains Brenda Ekwurzel, an author of the report and senior climate scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists. “That’s how you get a lot of flash flooding, especially after a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Southwest, climate change is driving a particularly devious phenomenon: climate change is contributing to drought and flooding in the same place. Drought takes hold for months. When rain does fall, it’s increasingly likely to come as an extreme rainstorm, which causes flash flooding and landslides. Scientists predict that dynamic will only get worse as climate change progresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report’s authors also focus multiple chapters on the health effects of climate change. In a section on air pollution, they write:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Unless counteracting efforts to improve air quality are implemented, climate change will worsen existing air pollution levels. This worsened air pollution would increase the incidence of adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health effects, including premature death.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And as the climate warms, disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes and ticks are also expected to expand their territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors warn that those who are most economically and physically vulnerable will continue to be most severely impacted by climate change, whether it’s air pollution, disease, floods or fire disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate adaptation is already taking place at the local, state and regional level, the report says. It gives examples including water conservation, forest management, infrastructure updates and agricultural advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real leading edge of action in the United States, now, to deal with climate change is at the non-federal level,” says Light, who also serves as a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute think tank. “It’s states, it’s cities, it’s businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But far more involvement is needed on all levels to change human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Successful adaptation has been hindered by the assumption that climate conditions are and will be similar to those in the past,” the authors write, arguing that acknowledging climate change, adapting to its effects and working to limit global warming, while expensive, will save money and lives in the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those findings are in stark contrast to policies put forward by the Trump administration, which include announcing that the U.S. intends to withdraw from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">2015 Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>, which set international targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new report does not make policy recommendations, it is designed to be a scientific resource for leaders at all levels of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting a cost on inaction,” explains Ekwurzel, referring to future global inaction to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the effects of climate change. “There’s some really heavy duty news in here. I mean, we’re talking billions of dollars as the cost of inaction each year. I think a lot of people in the U.S. will be surprised by that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change+Is+Already+Hurting+U.S.+Communities%2C+Federal+Report+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
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