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"content": "\u003cp>The skin lesions are the first sign that something is wrong. Then limbs fall off and the body disintegrates, collapsing in on itself as it liquefies. In the end, what was once a sea star is only a puddle on the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2013, sea star wasting disease has killed so many starfish along the \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Coast\u003c/a> that scientists say it’s the largest disease epidemic ever observed in wild marine animals. Where there used to be dozens of stars, scuba divers now report seeing none.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the epidemic itself is a naturally occurring (if particularly devastating) phenomenon, newly published research suggests that climate change may have exacerbated the disease’s deadliness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we think is that the warm water anomalies made these starfish more susceptible to the disease that was already out there,” says Joe Gaydos, the science director at the University of California, Davis’ SeaDoc Society and one author of a \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> out Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and co-authors analyzed data collected by scuba divers and found that divers were less likely to see living sea stars when the water temperatures were abnormally high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To think that warmer water temperature itself can cause animals to get disease quicker, or make them more susceptible, it’s kind of a like a one-two punch,” Gaydos says. “It’s a little nerve-wracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dying sunflower star afflicted with sea star wasting disease. \u003ccite>(Ed Gullekson/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, sea surface temperatures have been \u003ca href=\"https://cpo.noaa.gov/warmingworld/sea_surface_temperature.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">steadily rising\u003c/a> as the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study did not examine why warmer water might make sea stars more susceptible to disease. The authors hypothesize that the animals’ relatively simple immune systems might be weaker when sea stars get hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the same scuba diver survey data also confirm a previous finding: that the mass die-off of sea stars is triggering a cascade of other ecosystem changes. The sea urchins that starfish usually eat are proliferating with abandon. Whole rocks that were once covered in sea stars are now covered in urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urchins eat kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see these big urchin barrens where the urchins have gone through and eaten all the kelp,” Gaydos says. Kelp forests, like tree forests, are a place lots of different species to live and feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have higher biodiversity when we have more kelp. So it’s setting off a cascade,” he adds. “If you looked on land, it would almost be akin to clear-cutting a forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether sea star populations will recover en mass in the coming years. Research published last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/27/7069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suggested\u003c/a> that some sea stars might be capable of surviving the disease, offering hope that the animals will bounce back over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The skin lesions are the first sign that something is wrong. Then limbs fall off and the body disintegrates, collapsing in on itself as it liquefies. In the end, what was once a sea star is only a puddle on the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2013, sea star wasting disease has killed so many starfish along the \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Coast\u003c/a> that scientists say it’s the largest disease epidemic ever observed in wild marine animals. Where there used to be dozens of stars, scuba divers now report seeing none.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the epidemic itself is a naturally occurring (if particularly devastating) phenomenon, newly published research suggests that climate change may have exacerbated the disease’s deadliness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we think is that the warm water anomalies made these starfish more susceptible to the disease that was already out there,” says Joe Gaydos, the science director at the University of California, Davis’ SeaDoc Society and one author of a \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> out Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and co-authors analyzed data collected by scuba divers and found that divers were less likely to see living sea stars when the water temperatures were abnormally high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To think that warmer water temperature itself can cause animals to get disease quicker, or make them more susceptible, it’s kind of a like a one-two punch,” Gaydos says. “It’s a little nerve-wracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dying sunflower star afflicted with sea star wasting disease. \u003ccite>(Ed Gullekson/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, sea surface temperatures have been \u003ca href=\"https://cpo.noaa.gov/warmingworld/sea_surface_temperature.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">steadily rising\u003c/a> as the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study did not examine why warmer water might make sea stars more susceptible to disease. The authors hypothesize that the animals’ relatively simple immune systems might be weaker when sea stars get hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the same scuba diver survey data also confirm a previous finding: that the mass die-off of sea stars is triggering a cascade of other ecosystem changes. The sea urchins that starfish usually eat are proliferating with abandon. Whole rocks that were once covered in sea stars are now covered in urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urchins eat kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see these big urchin barrens where the urchins have gone through and eaten all the kelp,” Gaydos says. Kelp forests, like tree forests, are a place lots of different species to live and feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have higher biodiversity when we have more kelp. So it’s setting off a cascade,” he adds. “If you looked on land, it would almost be akin to clear-cutting a forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether sea star populations will recover en mass in the coming years. Research published last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/27/7069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suggested\u003c/a> that some sea stars might be capable of surviving the disease, offering hope that the animals will bounce back over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California’s Big Climate Plans Could Be in Hands of PG&E Bankruptcy Judge",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bankruptcy lawyers began hashing out the future of PG&E in court this week, but the battle over billions of dollars in renewable energy power is already well underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind companies, concerned that PG&E will be paying them less or even nothing in the future, have launched a preemptive strike, asking federal regulators to step in to protect their deals with PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E is one of the largest buyers of renewable energy in the country, driven by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the ambitious climate change goals\u003c/a> California has adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the state passed a law requiring utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from sources like solar and wind. Last year\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the state put utilities on the hook for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 percent clean energy\u003c/a> by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made them our essential clean energy partners,” says Ralph Cavanagh, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “A federal bankruptcy judge has the ability to disrupt that in many ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In bankruptcy proceedings, the judge takes stock of all the debts a company has and then determines how its limited funds are paid out. One possibility is either reducing or rejecting some of the almost 300 renewable energy contracts on PG&E’s books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Suddenly those are at risk,” says Cavanagh. “That’s causing consternation across the renewable energy sector, understandably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of PG&E’s solar contracts date back more than a decade, when the technology was relatively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The contracts that PG&E signed were some of the richest and highest price contracts we’ve seen for clean energy to date in the U.S.,” says Ethan Zindler, an analyst with Bloomberg New Energy Finance. “The price of renewables has dropped really dramatically since when they signed these contracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its bankruptcy filing, PG&E claims some of the credit for helping renewable energy come of age, saying its contracts “contributed to significant price reductions for renewable energy resources currently available in the market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E is still paying out those contracts, which can last 15 to 20 years. The bankruptcy judge could potentially seek to change their terms or prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could undermine confidence in California as a clean energy market going forward,” says Zindler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, several renewable energy projects have seen their credit ratings downgraded because of their contracts with PG&E, including NextEra Energy’s Genesis Solar Energy Project, located in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earning’s call last week, NextEra sought to reassure investors its PG&E contracts wouldn’t impact its bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if all of that cash is trapped, we expect to be able to meet our financial expectations,” said NextEra CFO John Ketchum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the company went on the offense, too. It asked federal regulators at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, we are not going to sit on our heels,” said Ketchum. “We’re going to pursue all avenues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC oversees power contracts across state lines, and on Friday it asserted it has a role to play, writing, “this Commission and the bankruptcy courts have concurrent jurisdiction to review and address the disposition of wholesale power contracts sought to be rejected through bankruptcy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E responded by asking the bankruptcy court to declare its exclusive jurisdiction, to prevent “irreparable harm” to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to be the jurisdictional fight,” says Catharine Sandoval, law professor at Santa Clara University and a former state energy regulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other utility cases, “this has been a tussle that’s been playing out in bankruptcy courts all over the nation,” she says. Some bankruptcy courts have decided to leave power contracts alone, while others have amended them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandoval expects to see California also enter the jurisdictional battle in order to protect its renewable energy goals. Achieving them would be unlikely without the full participation of the state’s biggest utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might argue: ‘Wait, judge, we have adopted in California a number of laws regarding environmental protection. And the bankruptcy law gives you no authority to displace that,’” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If PG&E’s last bankruptcy is any guide, a judge may decide to preserve the environmental programs. In 2001, PG&E’s energy efficiency spending was left untouched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not automatic,” cautions Cavanagh. “With a limited amount of money available to pay claims, nothing is certain, and that’s one of the reasons you want to stay out of bankruptcy proceedings. Everyone loses.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bankruptcy lawyers began hashing out the future of PG&E in court this week, but the battle over billions of dollars in renewable energy power is already well underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind companies, concerned that PG&E will be paying them less or even nothing in the future, have launched a preemptive strike, asking federal regulators to step in to protect their deals with PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E is one of the largest buyers of renewable energy in the country, driven by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the ambitious climate change goals\u003c/a> California has adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the state passed a law requiring utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from sources like solar and wind. Last year\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the state put utilities on the hook for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 percent clean energy\u003c/a> by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made them our essential clean energy partners,” says Ralph Cavanagh, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “A federal bankruptcy judge has the ability to disrupt that in many ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In bankruptcy proceedings, the judge takes stock of all the debts a company has and then determines how its limited funds are paid out. One possibility is either reducing or rejecting some of the almost 300 renewable energy contracts on PG&E’s books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Suddenly those are at risk,” says Cavanagh. “That’s causing consternation across the renewable energy sector, understandably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of PG&E’s solar contracts date back more than a decade, when the technology was relatively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The contracts that PG&E signed were some of the richest and highest price contracts we’ve seen for clean energy to date in the U.S.,” says Ethan Zindler, an analyst with Bloomberg New Energy Finance. “The price of renewables has dropped really dramatically since when they signed these contracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its bankruptcy filing, PG&E claims some of the credit for helping renewable energy come of age, saying its contracts “contributed to significant price reductions for renewable energy resources currently available in the market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E is still paying out those contracts, which can last 15 to 20 years. The bankruptcy judge could potentially seek to change their terms or prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could undermine confidence in California as a clean energy market going forward,” says Zindler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, several renewable energy projects have seen their credit ratings downgraded because of their contracts with PG&E, including NextEra Energy’s Genesis Solar Energy Project, located in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earning’s call last week, NextEra sought to reassure investors its PG&E contracts wouldn’t impact its bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if all of that cash is trapped, we expect to be able to meet our financial expectations,” said NextEra CFO John Ketchum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the company went on the offense, too. It asked federal regulators at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, we are not going to sit on our heels,” said Ketchum. “We’re going to pursue all avenues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC oversees power contracts across state lines, and on Friday it asserted it has a role to play, writing, “this Commission and the bankruptcy courts have concurrent jurisdiction to review and address the disposition of wholesale power contracts sought to be rejected through bankruptcy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E responded by asking the bankruptcy court to declare its exclusive jurisdiction, to prevent “irreparable harm” to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to be the jurisdictional fight,” says Catharine Sandoval, law professor at Santa Clara University and a former state energy regulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other utility cases, “this has been a tussle that’s been playing out in bankruptcy courts all over the nation,” she says. Some bankruptcy courts have decided to leave power contracts alone, while others have amended them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandoval expects to see California also enter the jurisdictional battle in order to protect its renewable energy goals. Achieving them would be unlikely without the full participation of the state’s biggest utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might argue: ‘Wait, judge, we have adopted in California a number of laws regarding environmental protection. And the bankruptcy law gives you no authority to displace that,’” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If PG&E’s last bankruptcy is any guide, a judge may decide to preserve the environmental programs. In 2001, PG&E’s energy efficiency spending was left untouched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not automatic,” cautions Cavanagh. “With a limited amount of money available to pay claims, nothing is certain, and that’s one of the reasons you want to stay out of bankruptcy proceedings. Everyone loses.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why We Can't Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack",
"headTitle": "Why We Can’t Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s not just skiers who have been whipsawed this season between fear of another dry winter and delight over the epic January snowfall in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also paying close attention: water wonks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\">water supply\u003c/a>. What determines just how much water is derived from that snow is called the “snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this week, water stored in accumulated Sierra snows was running just about average for late January, and amounted to about 60 percent of the average on April 1, when the snowpack is typically at its peak for the year. “Average” is good news compared to where things stood less than a month ago, when the snowpack was only about two-thirds of the early-January average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can really make up a lot of ground if we just have a couple of kind of heavy-hitting storms,” says Ben Hatchett, a snow watcher at the Desert Research Institute in Nevada. “And we sure did, and the people rejoiced — both at the ski resorts and hopefully at the water management and other agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What’s the Snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term snowpack refers to the amount of snow on the ground at a given time. When scientists measure snowpack, they’re typically concerned with the Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content). The Snow Water Equivalent is how much water, measured as depth in inches\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s water supply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thus, the Snow Water Equivalent, or SWE, takes into account a particular snow’s density, and it can vary widely: Colorado’s powder may be luxurious for skiers, but because it’s less dense it contains less water. Meanwhile, the snow that skiers call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sierra%20cement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra cement\u003c/a>” is much denser and thus full of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources and other organizations monitor the snowpack by conducting monthly \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow surveys\u003c/a>, which help inform projections of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=WSI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this video, KQED Science Editor Craig Miller ventures into the Sierra with veteran state surveyor \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Gerhke\u003c/a>, to see how traditional manual snow surveys are taken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xojdkhJwZxY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing: It’s Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Merced hydrology professor Rogers Bales has been studying the Sierra Nevada snowpack for roughly three decades. He says the importance of the snowpack comes down to its functioning as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of California’s precipitation comes during the cold, wet season when the crops and forests don’t need as much water,” Bales explains. He notes that farmers use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. “[They] need a lot of water in the summer, when there’s very little or no precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the snow comes in. Its natural ability to store water is why the Sierra snowpack is often referred to as California’s “frozen reservoir.” As spring sets in, the snowpack begins to melt. Water that’s not absorbed into the ground, called“runoff,” trickles into mountain streams, which feed rivers and eventually aqueducts and reservoirs, where it can be stored for use throughout the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So timing is everything when it comes to the melting of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the runoff to be as late as possible, as close to when we need it as possible,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, that runoff begins in April, and in wet years, it can continue to flow through August, according to Bales. But in years with less precipitation, and therefore less accumulation of snow, the runoff can wind down as early as May. That leaves farmers with less reserves for those dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern, Bales says, is runoff that comes too early, triggered by warmer temperatures and rains over the mountains during winter months. Runoff occurring before April has the potential to cause flooding downstream. In February 2017, storms caused the equivalent of a full season’s runoff in the Feather River watershed to pour into Oroville Reservoir, in Butte County. Ultimately, attempts to release huge volumes of water through Oroville Dam caused both the main and emergency spillways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/oroville-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapse\u003c/a>, forcing evacuation orders for 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937431\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and after the snowstorms: satellite images of Sequoia on Jan. 4, 2019 and Jan 23, 2019, after the Sierra Nevada was pummeled with snow. \u003ccite>(Couresty \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\">Planet\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future: Warming Temperatures Mean a Smaller Snowpack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming climate is already shrinking California’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, temperatures in the mountains are rising, leading to more “rain-on-snow” events, when warming temperatures cause it to rain where there’s already snow on the ground. That accelerates the melt, which produces runoff that’s out of sync with California’s seasonal water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accepted rule of thumb, according to Bales, is that for every two degrees Celsius (3.6 F) of increased surface temperature, the snowline will rise 1,000 feet in elevation, which makes for a kind of double-whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting rain instead of snow,” says Bales, “and [the snow is] melting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just speculation, according to Alan Rhoades, a climate modeler with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He says that climate change has already begun to impact the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had roughly about a one-degree Celsius [1.3 F] increase over the last 50 years in the Western United States in terms of surface temperature.” Rhoades says. “And so the timing [of runoff] has been shifting earlier and earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted by Rhoades and colleagues published in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> predicts that more than three-quarters of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada could be gone by the close of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate modeling scenarios\u003c/a> that I’ve seen predict about a 30 to 60 percent decline by mid-century in average snowpack in winter months,” Rhoades says. “By the end of the century that\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ramps up\u003c/a> to about 70 to 80 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-768x373.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1020x496.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1180x573.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-960x466.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-240x117.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-375x182.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-520x253.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate models predict drastic reductions of snowpack in the Western U.S. by the end of the Century. Image from 4th National Climate Assessment. \u003ccite>(Hari Krishnan and Michael Wehner/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But, Rhoades says, this forecast is not set in stone. His projections are based on a “high-emissions scenario” that contributes to surface warming. In other words, it assumes minimal progress in reducing warming emissions like carbon dioxide and methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside, if the world succeeds in making drastic cuts in climate emissions, the picture needn’t be so grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 2018-19 Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half California’s annual precipitation typically falls within three months, from December through February. After an eerily dry November — the first storms didn’t roll in until nearly Thanksgiving — the January storms have more than made up for lost time, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river storm\u003c/a> dropping several feet of snow on the Sierra and pushing the statewide snowpack to above normal: 103 percent of average, as measured on Jan. 17, versus just 67 percent on Jan. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next snow survey is scheduled for Feb. 1. Despite the good season to date, water wonks and worriers will be keeping a close tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "If Californians seem obsessed with the volume of snow in the Sierra, there's a good reason.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not just skiers who have been whipsawed this season between fear of another dry winter and delight over the epic January snowfall in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also paying close attention: water wonks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\">water supply\u003c/a>. What determines just how much water is derived from that snow is called the “snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this week, water stored in accumulated Sierra snows was running just about average for late January, and amounted to about 60 percent of the average on April 1, when the snowpack is typically at its peak for the year. “Average” is good news compared to where things stood less than a month ago, when the snowpack was only about two-thirds of the early-January average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can really make up a lot of ground if we just have a couple of kind of heavy-hitting storms,” says Ben Hatchett, a snow watcher at the Desert Research Institute in Nevada. “And we sure did, and the people rejoiced — both at the ski resorts and hopefully at the water management and other agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What’s the Snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term snowpack refers to the amount of snow on the ground at a given time. When scientists measure snowpack, they’re typically concerned with the Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content). The Snow Water Equivalent is how much water, measured as depth in inches\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s water supply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thus, the Snow Water Equivalent, or SWE, takes into account a particular snow’s density, and it can vary widely: Colorado’s powder may be luxurious for skiers, but because it’s less dense it contains less water. Meanwhile, the snow that skiers call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sierra%20cement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra cement\u003c/a>” is much denser and thus full of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources and other organizations monitor the snowpack by conducting monthly \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow surveys\u003c/a>, which help inform projections of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=WSI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this video, KQED Science Editor Craig Miller ventures into the Sierra with veteran state surveyor \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Gerhke\u003c/a>, to see how traditional manual snow surveys are taken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing: It’s Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Merced hydrology professor Rogers Bales has been studying the Sierra Nevada snowpack for roughly three decades. He says the importance of the snowpack comes down to its functioning as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of California’s precipitation comes during the cold, wet season when the crops and forests don’t need as much water,” Bales explains. He notes that farmers use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. “[They] need a lot of water in the summer, when there’s very little or no precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the snow comes in. Its natural ability to store water is why the Sierra snowpack is often referred to as California’s “frozen reservoir.” As spring sets in, the snowpack begins to melt. Water that’s not absorbed into the ground, called“runoff,” trickles into mountain streams, which feed rivers and eventually aqueducts and reservoirs, where it can be stored for use throughout the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So timing is everything when it comes to the melting of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the runoff to be as late as possible, as close to when we need it as possible,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, that runoff begins in April, and in wet years, it can continue to flow through August, according to Bales. But in years with less precipitation, and therefore less accumulation of snow, the runoff can wind down as early as May. That leaves farmers with less reserves for those dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern, Bales says, is runoff that comes too early, triggered by warmer temperatures and rains over the mountains during winter months. Runoff occurring before April has the potential to cause flooding downstream. In February 2017, storms caused the equivalent of a full season’s runoff in the Feather River watershed to pour into Oroville Reservoir, in Butte County. Ultimately, attempts to release huge volumes of water through Oroville Dam caused both the main and emergency spillways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/oroville-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapse\u003c/a>, forcing evacuation orders for 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937431\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and after the snowstorms: satellite images of Sequoia on Jan. 4, 2019 and Jan 23, 2019, after the Sierra Nevada was pummeled with snow. \u003ccite>(Couresty \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\">Planet\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future: Warming Temperatures Mean a Smaller Snowpack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming climate is already shrinking California’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, temperatures in the mountains are rising, leading to more “rain-on-snow” events, when warming temperatures cause it to rain where there’s already snow on the ground. That accelerates the melt, which produces runoff that’s out of sync with California’s seasonal water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accepted rule of thumb, according to Bales, is that for every two degrees Celsius (3.6 F) of increased surface temperature, the snowline will rise 1,000 feet in elevation, which makes for a kind of double-whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting rain instead of snow,” says Bales, “and [the snow is] melting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just speculation, according to Alan Rhoades, a climate modeler with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He says that climate change has already begun to impact the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had roughly about a one-degree Celsius [1.3 F] increase over the last 50 years in the Western United States in terms of surface temperature.” Rhoades says. “And so the timing [of runoff] has been shifting earlier and earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted by Rhoades and colleagues published in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> predicts that more than three-quarters of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada could be gone by the close of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate modeling scenarios\u003c/a> that I’ve seen predict about a 30 to 60 percent decline by mid-century in average snowpack in winter months,” Rhoades says. “By the end of the century that\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ramps up\u003c/a> to about 70 to 80 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-768x373.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1020x496.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1180x573.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-960x466.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-240x117.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-375x182.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-520x253.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate models predict drastic reductions of snowpack in the Western U.S. by the end of the Century. Image from 4th National Climate Assessment. \u003ccite>(Hari Krishnan and Michael Wehner/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But, Rhoades says, this forecast is not set in stone. His projections are based on a “high-emissions scenario” that contributes to surface warming. In other words, it assumes minimal progress in reducing warming emissions like carbon dioxide and methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside, if the world succeeds in making drastic cuts in climate emissions, the picture needn’t be so grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 2018-19 Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half California’s annual precipitation typically falls within three months, from December through February. After an eerily dry November — the first storms didn’t roll in until nearly Thanksgiving — the January storms have more than made up for lost time, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river storm\u003c/a> dropping several feet of snow on the Sierra and pushing the statewide snowpack to above normal: 103 percent of average, as measured on Jan. 17, versus just 67 percent on Jan. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next snow survey is scheduled for Feb. 1. Despite the good season to date, water wonks and worriers will be keeping a close tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Former California Gov. Jerry Brown called out politicians for “sleepwalking” on increasing nuclear and climate change threats Thursday during his first public \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6K5JDw2grFc\">appearance\u003c/a> as executive chairman of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The group updated its Doomsday Clock in Washington D.C. — a metaphorical countdown to midnight, when human-inflicted catastrophe may strike — leaving it frozen at two minutes to midnight, the same time announced in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6K5JDw2grFc]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The only other time the clock has been this close to midnight was in 1953, when the U.S. and the Soviet Union were embroiled in a nuclear arms race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Brown made clear that even though the clock hasn’t inched any closer to midnight, there’s no cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">“We’re reaching an irreversible state,” said the former governor, “but we’re headed in the wrong direction, both in our hostility to other nations regarding the nuclear danger, and also climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The time is set by experts in science, technology and policy who examine the globe’s risk for cyberattacks, nuclear war and climate change-induced disaster. A rise in carbon dioxide emissions, construction of new fossil fuel power plants, depletion of sea ice and the decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement were some of the climate issues cited for the 11:58 time stamp. The current administration’s mistrust of science was also factored in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The panel acknowledged one positive: the halting of nuclear and missile tests in North Korea, though it didn’t tip the scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">“We’re playing Russian roulette with humanity,” Brown said of nuclear proliferation threat, “and the danger, and the probability is mounting that there will be some kind of nuclear incident that will kill millions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">And, he added, “…anybody who wants to run for president better deal with climate change because it’s a huge problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Former California Gov. Jerry Brown called out politicians for “sleepwalking” on increasing nuclear and climate change threats Thursday during his first public \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6K5JDw2grFc\">appearance\u003c/a> as executive chairman of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The group updated its Doomsday Clock in Washington D.C. — a metaphorical countdown to midnight, when human-inflicted catastrophe may strike — leaving it frozen at two minutes to midnight, the same time announced in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/6K5JDw2grFc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/6K5JDw2grFc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The only other time the clock has been this close to midnight was in 1953, when the U.S. and the Soviet Union were embroiled in a nuclear arms race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Brown made clear that even though the clock hasn’t inched any closer to midnight, there’s no cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">“We’re reaching an irreversible state,” said the former governor, “but we’re headed in the wrong direction, both in our hostility to other nations regarding the nuclear danger, and also climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The time is set by experts in science, technology and policy who examine the globe’s risk for cyberattacks, nuclear war and climate change-induced disaster. A rise in carbon dioxide emissions, construction of new fossil fuel power plants, depletion of sea ice and the decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement were some of the climate issues cited for the 11:58 time stamp. The current administration’s mistrust of science was also factored in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The panel acknowledged one positive: the halting of nuclear and missile tests in North Korea, though it didn’t tip the scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">“We’re playing Russian roulette with humanity,” Brown said of nuclear proliferation threat, “and the danger, and the probability is mounting that there will be some kind of nuclear incident that will kill millions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">And, he added, “…anybody who wants to run for president better deal with climate change because it’s a huge problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The round of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936853/here-comes-the-big-bay-area-storm-dangerous-blizzard-conditions-in-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">storms\u003c/a> that soaked California in recent weeks has brought a huge influx of water to the state. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/01/23/california-rainfall-reservoir-level-sierra-snow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new analysis\u003c/a> by The Mercury News, California reservoirs are now holding an additional 580 billion gallons compared to the start of the year. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/weather/article/Sierra-snow-pack-size-percent-of-average-2019-13552288.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snowpack\u003c/a> also got a big boost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report utilized data from 47 key reservoirs monitored by the \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state\u003c/a>. Mercury News reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor Paul Rogers reported the story, which was published Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers spoke with KQED Science Editor Danielle Venton about the analysis and what it means for the state’s water supply. Here are excerpts from that conversation edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>580 billion gallons sounds like a lot of water. Is there a way to put that into context?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water we’re talking about is enough for the needs of 9 million California residents for a year.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does this influx signal for the state’s water supply in 2019?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is really good news for California’s summer water outlook. The amount of water that we had stored in these reservoirs was below the historical average until the January storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had kind of a lackluster November and December. Now with all this rain and snow, the the reservoir levels are brought up to normal [for this time of year].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also had a huge impact on the Sierra snowpack, which went from 69 percent of normal on New Year’s Day to 114 percent of normal today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s three wettest months are December through February. Given it’s still January, how important are the current totals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the misery of the five-year drought we had recently, just getting anywhere near normal is cause for celebration for a lot of water managers and water agencies around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Danielle Venton and Peter Arcuni contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The round of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936853/here-comes-the-big-bay-area-storm-dangerous-blizzard-conditions-in-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">storms\u003c/a> that soaked California in recent weeks has brought a huge influx of water to the state. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/01/23/california-rainfall-reservoir-level-sierra-snow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new analysis\u003c/a> by The Mercury News, California reservoirs are now holding an additional 580 billion gallons compared to the start of the year. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/weather/article/Sierra-snow-pack-size-percent-of-average-2019-13552288.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snowpack\u003c/a> also got a big boost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report utilized data from 47 key reservoirs monitored by the \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state\u003c/a>. Mercury News reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor Paul Rogers reported the story, which was published Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers spoke with KQED Science Editor Danielle Venton about the analysis and what it means for the state’s water supply. Here are excerpts from that conversation edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>580 billion gallons sounds like a lot of water. Is there a way to put that into context?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water we’re talking about is enough for the needs of 9 million California residents for a year.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does this influx signal for the state’s water supply in 2019?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is really good news for California’s summer water outlook. The amount of water that we had stored in these reservoirs was below the historical average until the January storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had kind of a lackluster November and December. Now with all this rain and snow, the the reservoir levels are brought up to normal [for this time of year].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also had a huge impact on the Sierra snowpack, which went from 69 percent of normal on New Year’s Day to 114 percent of normal today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s three wettest months are December through February. Given it’s still January, how important are the current totals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the misery of the five-year drought we had recently, just getting anywhere near normal is cause for celebration for a lot of water managers and water agencies around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Danielle Venton and Peter Arcuni contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Big, important scientific breakthroughs are built of small, incremental experiments. And the partial government shutdown is already interfering with some of that research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists often depend on the government for grant funding, expertise and — in some cases — even regulatory approval. With the shutdown, some researchers are missing those key elements of scientific collaboration. Here’s how some scientists say the shutdown is affecting their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://plantandmicrobiology.berkeley.edu/profile/tuesday-b-simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Tuesday Simmons\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a graduate student in microbiology at the University of California, Berkeley, \u003c/strong>writes, “I’m a grad student at Berkeley, but my PI [principal investigator] works for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/topics/research-and-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USDA\u003c/a> (like several PIs in my department). While the grad students continue to work, it is difficult for us without our advisers here.” She says this affects her in two primary ways. “I am trying to complete a manuscript with my adviser and I need to meet with him to discuss figures and text edits,” Simmons says. And she says she is “trying to plan a new experiment where I’m adding synthetic microbial communities to sorghum plants, and I need to iron out the details with him before starting the experiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.’\u003ccite>Christopher Horvat, Brown University climate scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Simmons points out that it’s hard to hit the pause button on plant research. “The plants continue to grow and need care (such as water and maintained growth chambers). During this time, many plants are dying, time points for experiments aren’t being collected, and plants are maturing without people to collect their seeds. This can set experiments back weeks, months or, in some cases, up to a year. Honestly, the labs with grad students are the lucky ones, because we’re allowed in to take care of plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leiferlab.princeton.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Leifer\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a physicist at Princeton, \u003c/strong>says, “I’m a newer assistant professor and I’ve been trying hard to land my first federal grant, which is crucial for funding my research into how the neurons in a worm’s brain generate its behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mid-December, he was on the cusp of hearing whether he was about to receive a grant from the NSF. He says they were going to let him know in the new year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then the shutdown happened and so for the past three weeks I have been anxiously waiting to hear if my research will get funded,” Leifer says. “It is my understanding that NSF employees are barred from even checking their email and are not allowed to discuss any NSF related business. So I will just wait. But not knowing impedes my ability to plan or to hire people, or even knowing whether I should be trying to recruit additional grad students. Admittedly, this is minor in the scheme of things, but I think it illustrates just how pervasive the negative consequences of the shutdown are for science, and it will only get worse with time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.mlml.calstate.edu_people_research-2Dfaculty_alison-2Dstimpert_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=0HyUrpwWxG39kWTmHtRQSIB3Ec6VYBySAWPG0Tjp0iw&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Alison Stimpert\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a marine biologist with California State University, \u003c/strong>writes, “Even though I am continuing to work, many of my collaborators (\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.usgs.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=i2HFJF-bNWuTGhsal1os8PCvyq0dAHgqsfwdClL8FTk&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USGS\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.noaa.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=jK8CaRolj7riqEo7-hd-CVop8JZ1kCPjGUcJ4v-4s9s&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a>) are furloughed and projects we are working on together cannot move forward.” She says that means “project planning meetings are being delayed, as well as permit applications for upcoming work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stimpert studies bioacoustics — “acoustic behavior and effects of noise on marine species,” she explains — in waters off of California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Alaska and Antarctica. She says that in some cases, the shutdown means she may have to reorganize some travel or wait to start a phase of research until collaborators can work. In other areas, it might have more serious implications: “We might miss an opportunity to deploy an instrument, which makes us miss collecting an entire season of data.” And Stimpert says that if she or her collaborators have future federal funding delays, it could mean that “I can’t purchase an instrument that I need, but might (and I am not alone in this) mean my other funding runs out and I can no longer fund my position, making me lose my benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chrv.at/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Christopher Horvat\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a climate scientist at Brown University, \u003c/strong>tells NPR, “I’m a postdoc, and while I am in a lucky position to have a reasonably-paying fellowship, the loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.” His funding comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration via a contractor, and NOAA is closed during the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Already, the high relative cost of travel for research my means I must float significant amounts of money relative to my salary on credit cards,” he says. “With the shutdown, reimbursements for research and travel expenditures are not being paid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horvat researches the Arctic climate system –“aspects of its sea ice, ocean and ecology emerging as a result of the last century of rapid change, like massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms or rapid sea ice breakup events. I also do kayak-based field research in the high Arctic where we use drones to map changes to the sea ice in Arctic waterways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his employer has provided two options: “(1) be furloughed, or (2) have subsequent pay periods at half our typical rates, with the hope that at the conclusion of the shutdown we will get back pay accounting for the drop in pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a contractor, in the case of a furlough I would not be paid for the time I did not work and so I would likely go on unemployment. I do not know how long option (2) will last, but I assume it is for at least the next few weeks before a forced furlough happens. While earning half rates seems like the best option, unemployment would pay a similar wage and have more certainty, while prolonging my appointment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Big, important scientific breakthroughs are built of small, incremental experiments. And the partial government shutdown is already interfering with some of that research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists often depend on the government for grant funding, expertise and — in some cases — even regulatory approval. With the shutdown, some researchers are missing those key elements of scientific collaboration. Here’s how some scientists say the shutdown is affecting their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://plantandmicrobiology.berkeley.edu/profile/tuesday-b-simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Tuesday Simmons\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a graduate student in microbiology at the University of California, Berkeley, \u003c/strong>writes, “I’m a grad student at Berkeley, but my PI [principal investigator] works for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/topics/research-and-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USDA\u003c/a> (like several PIs in my department). While the grad students continue to work, it is difficult for us without our advisers here.” She says this affects her in two primary ways. “I am trying to complete a manuscript with my adviser and I need to meet with him to discuss figures and text edits,” Simmons says. And she says she is “trying to plan a new experiment where I’m adding synthetic microbial communities to sorghum plants, and I need to iron out the details with him before starting the experiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.’\u003ccite>Christopher Horvat, Brown University climate scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Simmons points out that it’s hard to hit the pause button on plant research. “The plants continue to grow and need care (such as water and maintained growth chambers). During this time, many plants are dying, time points for experiments aren’t being collected, and plants are maturing without people to collect their seeds. This can set experiments back weeks, months or, in some cases, up to a year. Honestly, the labs with grad students are the lucky ones, because we’re allowed in to take care of plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leiferlab.princeton.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Leifer\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a physicist at Princeton, \u003c/strong>says, “I’m a newer assistant professor and I’ve been trying hard to land my first federal grant, which is crucial for funding my research into how the neurons in a worm’s brain generate its behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mid-December, he was on the cusp of hearing whether he was about to receive a grant from the NSF. He says they were going to let him know in the new year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then the shutdown happened and so for the past three weeks I have been anxiously waiting to hear if my research will get funded,” Leifer says. “It is my understanding that NSF employees are barred from even checking their email and are not allowed to discuss any NSF related business. So I will just wait. But not knowing impedes my ability to plan or to hire people, or even knowing whether I should be trying to recruit additional grad students. Admittedly, this is minor in the scheme of things, but I think it illustrates just how pervasive the negative consequences of the shutdown are for science, and it will only get worse with time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.mlml.calstate.edu_people_research-2Dfaculty_alison-2Dstimpert_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=0HyUrpwWxG39kWTmHtRQSIB3Ec6VYBySAWPG0Tjp0iw&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Alison Stimpert\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a marine biologist with California State University, \u003c/strong>writes, “Even though I am continuing to work, many of my collaborators (\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.usgs.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=i2HFJF-bNWuTGhsal1os8PCvyq0dAHgqsfwdClL8FTk&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USGS\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.noaa.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=jK8CaRolj7riqEo7-hd-CVop8JZ1kCPjGUcJ4v-4s9s&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a>) are furloughed and projects we are working on together cannot move forward.” She says that means “project planning meetings are being delayed, as well as permit applications for upcoming work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stimpert studies bioacoustics — “acoustic behavior and effects of noise on marine species,” she explains — in waters off of California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Alaska and Antarctica. She says that in some cases, the shutdown means she may have to reorganize some travel or wait to start a phase of research until collaborators can work. In other areas, it might have more serious implications: “We might miss an opportunity to deploy an instrument, which makes us miss collecting an entire season of data.” And Stimpert says that if she or her collaborators have future federal funding delays, it could mean that “I can’t purchase an instrument that I need, but might (and I am not alone in this) mean my other funding runs out and I can no longer fund my position, making me lose my benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chrv.at/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Christopher Horvat\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a climate scientist at Brown University, \u003c/strong>tells NPR, “I’m a postdoc, and while I am in a lucky position to have a reasonably-paying fellowship, the loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.” His funding comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration via a contractor, and NOAA is closed during the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Already, the high relative cost of travel for research my means I must float significant amounts of money relative to my salary on credit cards,” he says. “With the shutdown, reimbursements for research and travel expenditures are not being paid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horvat researches the Arctic climate system –“aspects of its sea ice, ocean and ecology emerging as a result of the last century of rapid change, like massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms or rapid sea ice breakup events. I also do kayak-based field research in the high Arctic where we use drones to map changes to the sea ice in Arctic waterways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his employer has provided two options: “(1) be furloughed, or (2) have subsequent pay periods at half our typical rates, with the hope that at the conclusion of the shutdown we will get back pay accounting for the drop in pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a contractor, in the case of a furlough I would not be paid for the time I did not work and so I would likely go on unemployment. I do not know how long option (2) will last, but I assume it is for at least the next few weeks before a forced furlough happens. While earning half rates seems like the best option, unemployment would pay a similar wage and have more certainty, while prolonging my appointment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Indomitable Snowman Talks Snowpack Tech in a Changing Climate",
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"content": "\u003cp>Frank Gehrke says that back in Missouri, where he was raised, snow was “something to be plowed.” He would soon take a very different view.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a> was a game-changer, says Frank Gehrke, California’s former chief snow surveyor.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In December, Gehrke retired as chief snow surveyor for the California Department of Water Resources. He spent much of his 31 years with the department on skis and snowshoes, in remote corners of the Sierra Nevada, \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measuring the “frozen reservoir”\u003c/a> that ultimately provides about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was also the guy flanking Gov. Jerry Brown in late March of 2015, when there was no snow to measure and Brown announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/28837/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sweeping drought measures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after his retirement, I met Gehrke near his home on the American River, for some reflections. The following is an edited transcript.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s it like not being involved in the snow surveys after all this time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little bittersweet. But by the same token it’s a relief not to have those worries about what could go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was it like to see the monthly surveys become a media event?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first came to work for the department in 1987, there would be an occasional call from the media about when we were doing the survey. And then as things evolved in that first five-year drought, I realized that when the media brought their own snowshoes they were serious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: 1958 snow survey\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surveyors using a Mt. Rose snow gauge to measure water content in 1958. Manual surveys are still done the same way. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It seems like the technology has really changed since you started in 1987.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well it has, and the real game-changer is what’s known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>A Disappointing Start\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KJ_snow_survey_0463_01_03_19.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first manual snow survey of the winter, conducted on Jan. 3, showed water content of the Sierra snowpack at just 67 percent of the long-term average, but that still beats last year at this time, when it was 31 percent of normal. Keep in mind the snowpack water content can change dramatically as the winter months progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>These are guys from NASA basically flying over the mountains in a plane, using light beams to measure the snow?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. We started that. And that truly has been the huge change in all of the history of snow surveys. Being able to look at this basin-wide snow-water equivalent truly is phenomenal. And because we now can very accurately determine the snow in a basin, then we can start to look at some of the other factors that go into runoff prediction and examine those with the idea that the snow is now a known quantity. We’re not guessing or trying to estimate. We know how much snow is up there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How important are these precision measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, they’re hugely important, especially as things are changing. Predictions are for less snow, more rain, so being able to accurately determine where the snow is and how much there is makes a big difference in terms of your modeling for those short-term flood events, and also for more long-term water-supply forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s also very important, for example down in the Tuolumne River watershed, where our highest ground-based measurement is at about 10,000 feet. Fully a third of the watershed is above that measurement point. So if you get into a spring situation where the snow has basically melted up to 10,000 feet, you’re flying blind — or you were prior to the Airborne Snow Observatory. And the ability to look at that, especially that late-spring runoff, can be extremely important for determining reservoir levels and managing that reservoir capacity for the benefit of both flood control as well as water supply and hydroelectric and a number of other benefits that you can more accurately monitor the reservoir and make intelligent decisions about releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/J9tn1/5/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n \u003cstrong>You’ve been doing this over the past 30 years. What changes have you seen in the snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually not very much. We talk about the seasonal or inter-annual variability.[How California whipsaws between wet and dry years]. And those swings can mask perhaps a longer-term signal that’s in there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/factpub/sect_4a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow-course\u003c/a> record, people look at it and they tweak it and some people see a signal, others don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Editor’s note: Recent scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923700/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studies have projected\u003c/a> that the Sierra snowpack could shrink by nearly 80 percent by 2100, and timing of the runoff could change dramatically.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you worry at all about California’s water future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even now, there is a lot of water in California. But it doesn’t come with the timing and the location of where we as a civilization really want it. That’s where I think technology can do a great deal. We probably aren’t going to be moving more water than we are right now; it’s unlikely we’ll be building any giant new pipelines or something. But what we’ll be able to do is identify where the water is, when it occurs, and improve that accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in 2019, we don’t know what water the rest of the year is going to bring. And if we could improve that, even a little bit, it would go a long way toward being able to manage what we have right now in terms of physical infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How do they do the manual snow surveys? Find out in this video from 2010, when I trailed Gehrke out to Tamarack Flat in El Dorado County.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xojdkhJwZxY&w=560&h=315]\u003cstrong>Speaking of technology, when does skiing up into a pass and shoving aluminum tubes into the snow to weigh the water content become obsolete?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can see the number of surveys being reduced. But I think, at least for the foreseeable future, they’re still what we use to verify everything else. Even though we have very advanced models, you still need that ground truth to ensure that something hasn’t gone haywire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Frank Gehrke says that back in Missouri, where he was raised, snow was “something to be plowed.” He would soon take a very different view.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a> was a game-changer, says Frank Gehrke, California’s former chief snow surveyor.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In December, Gehrke retired as chief snow surveyor for the California Department of Water Resources. He spent much of his 31 years with the department on skis and snowshoes, in remote corners of the Sierra Nevada, \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measuring the “frozen reservoir”\u003c/a> that ultimately provides about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was also the guy flanking Gov. Jerry Brown in late March of 2015, when there was no snow to measure and Brown announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/28837/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sweeping drought measures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after his retirement, I met Gehrke near his home on the American River, for some reflections. The following is an edited transcript.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s it like not being involved in the snow surveys after all this time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little bittersweet. But by the same token it’s a relief not to have those worries about what could go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was it like to see the monthly surveys become a media event?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first came to work for the department in 1987, there would be an occasional call from the media about when we were doing the survey. And then as things evolved in that first five-year drought, I realized that when the media brought their own snowshoes they were serious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: 1958 snow survey\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surveyors using a Mt. Rose snow gauge to measure water content in 1958. Manual surveys are still done the same way. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It seems like the technology has really changed since you started in 1987.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well it has, and the real game-changer is what’s known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>A Disappointing Start\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KJ_snow_survey_0463_01_03_19.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first manual snow survey of the winter, conducted on Jan. 3, showed water content of the Sierra snowpack at just 67 percent of the long-term average, but that still beats last year at this time, when it was 31 percent of normal. Keep in mind the snowpack water content can change dramatically as the winter months progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>These are guys from NASA basically flying over the mountains in a plane, using light beams to measure the snow?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. We started that. And that truly has been the huge change in all of the history of snow surveys. Being able to look at this basin-wide snow-water equivalent truly is phenomenal. And because we now can very accurately determine the snow in a basin, then we can start to look at some of the other factors that go into runoff prediction and examine those with the idea that the snow is now a known quantity. We’re not guessing or trying to estimate. We know how much snow is up there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How important are these precision measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, they’re hugely important, especially as things are changing. Predictions are for less snow, more rain, so being able to accurately determine where the snow is and how much there is makes a big difference in terms of your modeling for those short-term flood events, and also for more long-term water-supply forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s also very important, for example down in the Tuolumne River watershed, where our highest ground-based measurement is at about 10,000 feet. Fully a third of the watershed is above that measurement point. So if you get into a spring situation where the snow has basically melted up to 10,000 feet, you’re flying blind — or you were prior to the Airborne Snow Observatory. And the ability to look at that, especially that late-spring runoff, can be extremely important for determining reservoir levels and managing that reservoir capacity for the benefit of both flood control as well as water supply and hydroelectric and a number of other benefits that you can more accurately monitor the reservoir and make intelligent decisions about releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/J9tn1/5/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n \u003cstrong>You’ve been doing this over the past 30 years. What changes have you seen in the snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually not very much. We talk about the seasonal or inter-annual variability.[How California whipsaws between wet and dry years]. And those swings can mask perhaps a longer-term signal that’s in there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/factpub/sect_4a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow-course\u003c/a> record, people look at it and they tweak it and some people see a signal, others don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Editor’s note: Recent scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923700/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studies have projected\u003c/a> that the Sierra snowpack could shrink by nearly 80 percent by 2100, and timing of the runoff could change dramatically.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you worry at all about California’s water future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even now, there is a lot of water in California. But it doesn’t come with the timing and the location of where we as a civilization really want it. That’s where I think technology can do a great deal. We probably aren’t going to be moving more water than we are right now; it’s unlikely we’ll be building any giant new pipelines or something. But what we’ll be able to do is identify where the water is, when it occurs, and improve that accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in 2019, we don’t know what water the rest of the year is going to bring. And if we could improve that, even a little bit, it would go a long way toward being able to manage what we have right now in terms of physical infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How do they do the manual snow surveys? Find out in this video from 2010, when I trailed Gehrke out to Tamarack Flat in El Dorado County.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speaking of technology, when does skiing up into a pass and shoving aluminum tubes into the snow to weigh the water content become obsolete?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can see the number of surveys being reduced. But I think, at least for the foreseeable future, they’re still what we use to verify everything else. Even though we have very advanced models, you still need that ground truth to ensure that something hasn’t gone haywire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Five Big Things Governor Brown Did on Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Five Big Things Governor Brown Did on Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In 1977, the 39-year-old governor of California led a puzzled press corps to a blustery stretch of coastline near Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I heard that you were going to come out here and talk to the whales,” one reporter said to him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I came out here to see,” said Gov. Jerry Brown. “The idea of the project is to put hydrophones in the water and pick up the sounds that the whales make as they go through their migration south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Governor Jerry Brown, on climate change\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whale calls could be heard in the background, played by the “Gray Whale Listening Station,” an experimental project by the California-based art and architecture collective known as the Ant Farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was his first tour as governor, and Brown talked about environmentalism long before it was mainstream, promoting the nascent technologies of solar and wind power. At the time, critics thought his ideas were on the fringe. That approach earned him the nickname “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/weekinreview/07mckinley.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governor Moonbeam\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than 40 years later, Brown is leaving office again, having passed some of the most ambitious climate change policies in the country. Under his watch, renewable energy has boomed and carbon emissions have declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some say Brown didn’t go far enough, leaving California with the toughest climate challenges to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sees it both ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say California has taken more intelligent action on climate change than any state or province in the Western Hemisphere,” he said in an interview with KQED in the weeks before leaving office. “We’ve pushed way beyond what other states can even imagine. And we have to go even further and I agree with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are few elected officials in the country who talk about climate change more than Brown, who calls it “a threat to organized human existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown thinks about this day and night,” says Ken Alex, Brown’s climate policy advisor for the past eight years. “I don’t think that’s an exaggeration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex recalls an out-of-office message he put on his email a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 710px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936292\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"710\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg 710w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the dry 2016 winter, Governor Brown meets with snow surveyor Frank Gehrke. \u003ccite>(Kelly M. Grow / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My response said, ‘I’m unplugging, no email, no nothing,’ and he wrote back and he said ‘Why? This is the time to be engaged. What are you doing?’” Alex remembers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as Brown’s tenure ends, here are his biggest climate accomplishments (and what his critics had to say about them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Putting California on Path to Be Carbon Neutral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years ago, Brown set an ambitious target for cutting greenhouse gas emissions in the state. He ordered a 40 percent reduction below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in September, he upped the ante, signing another order that would \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/9.10.18-Executive-Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make the state carbon neutral\u003c/a> by 2045, then achieving negative emissions after that. It means California wouldn’t be creating a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931644/jerry-brown-has-directed-california-to-go-carbon-neutral-by-2045-is-that-even-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aspirational\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/9/11/17844896/california-jerry-brown-carbon-neutral-2045-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stunning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will that actually look like? No one really knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an executive order, the policy is more like a rough guideline. New laws or rules from state agencies would be needed for it to actually go into effect, usually after lengthy scoping processes. And a new governor could simply undo the order (though Governor-Elect Gavin Newsom has been largely supportive of Brown’s climate policies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, being carbon neutral wouldn’t require California to end all carbon emissions in the state. The state could offset any remaining emissions by finding ways to pull carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes storage in natural ecosystems by building up the soil or by capturing it from manmade sources and putting it deep underground, a technology that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/485125/despite-millions-in-investment-carbon-capture-flops-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California has struggled to get off the ground\u003c/a>, despite millions of dollars of investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Getting Rid of Gas-Guzzlers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Car-loving Californians are potentially the state’s biggest hurdle to reaching its climate goals. Transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”IyxUwR7H2e9ndLJx4mY1zaZhTHlp0MtT”]“The real challenge is the consumption of oil, which has gone up,” Brown said in September. “Under my administration, gone up 4 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Brown set a goal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/01/26/governor-brown-takes-action-to-increase-zero-emission-vehicles-fund-new-climate-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">put 5 million plug-in and electric cars\u003c/a> on the roads by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931169/governor-browns-biggest-climate-foe-isnt-trump-its-car-loving-californians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no small feat\u003c/a>, considering there are now only 500,000 on the roads in California. The state has been handing out rebates, carpool-lane privileges and other incentives to try to entice drivers to switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some environmental groups thought Brown should tackle the problem at the source by banning oil production. California is the fourth-largest oil producer in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to make real progress on climate change in the next decade, we have to decrease the use of oil and gas,” said Adam Scow of the advocacy group Food and Water Watch. “Governor Brown has been a major disappointment on the issue of fracking and oil drilling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown shrugged off the “leave it in the ground” critics by pointing out that oil production is already declining in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re moving in the same direction as the critics,” he said. “They’d just like it to go a little faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Extending California’s Flagship Climate Program: Cap and Trade\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the future of one of California’s core climate policies was cloudy. The state’s cap-and-trade program faced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a life-or-death vote\u003c/a> in the state legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few climate policies have been as controversial in the state as cap and trade. Critics blame it for everything from a rise in gas prices to providing funding for the much maligned high-speed rail project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the system, power plants and industrial and manufacturing facilities either must cut their emissions or buy carbon credits from someone else who has cut their emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it was only mandated through 2020, Brown and others wanted to see it extended to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not here about some cockamamie legacy people talk about,” Brown said to legislators during the debate. “This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you. It’s for you and it’s damn real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But saving cap and trade would require winning over a tough audience for Brown: Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He knew that he needed to have Republican support to be able to make that happen,” said Assemblymember Chad Mayes, then the Republican Leader in the Assembly. “Not just from a technical perspective, but also for the sake of credibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 645px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936290\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"645\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg 645w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Brown and international leaders sign a climate accord in 2015. \u003ccite>(Joe McHugh, California Highway Patrol)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayes says he and other Republicans had seats in Brown’s office, where details and compromises were hammered out. Some of those compromises even won over the oil industry, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/statement-on-californias-cap-and-trade-legislation-by-catherine-reheis-boyd-president-western-states-petroleum-association/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped its opposition\u003c/a> to extending cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somehow, compromise has become a dirty word amongst the activists on both the right and the left,” Mayes said. “I think Governor Brown has understood that, on the big issues, you need to have bipartisan support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Brown and his executive team helped win eight GOP votes. Those legislators \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-cap-trade-climate-change-california-legislature-political-landscape-20170719-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">faced political backlash\u003c/a> from other Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups thought Brown’s compromises had gone too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He essentially gave away opportunities to get more local pollution reductions from oil refineries–reductions that can protect public health–in exchange for the industry’s support for the cap-and-trade extension,” said Kathryn Phillips, director of Sierra Club California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Showdown with the Trump Administration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left-leaning California has tangled with Republican presidents before, but Brown hasn’t minced words about President Trump or climate deniers, whom he deemed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/355510/governor-brown-takes-climate-message-to-world-stage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">troglodytes\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle came to a head when the Trump Administration sought to revoke California’s long-standing power to set its own clean air rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It dates back to when the Clean Air Act was signed in 1970. California was given special permission, known as a “waiver,” to put stricter limits on pollution coming from tailpipes because the state was facing a severe smog problem at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, that meant automakers had two sets of standards to meet when making cars: the federal fuel economy rules and then California’s tailpipe emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve other states and Washington D.C. have also signed onto California’s rules. Then, under the Obama Administration, California and the federal government agreed on one uniform set of rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration sought to undo that, announcing its own proposal for fuel economy rules, freezing them for cars and trucks from 2021-26 instead of gradually allowing them to get tougher every year. The administration also announced it would seek to revoke California’s waiver, something that had never been tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cannot be taken lightly,” Gov. Brown said in response. “I take this as an existential threat to America, to California and the world, and I’m going to fight it with everything I can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already has one lawsuit pending against the rules, which likely won’t be the end of its legal defense. In October, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the state filed public comments\u003c/a> against the proposed rules, saying they would “worsen air quality for the most vulnerable, waste billions of gallons of gasoline, forfeit our best chance to fight climate change …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Leading an International Climate Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Vatican in 2017, Brown opened a climate change speech as only he could: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was just one of many stops he made on a worldwide climate change tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even under Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, who helped pass the state’s first major climate law, AB 32, California has seen itself as a leader on the international stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brown created a new partnerships. In 2015, he banded together with leaders from states, provinces and cities around the world to announce new commitments to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The partnership was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.under2coalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU,\u003c/a>” with the goal to keep global average temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius, which scientists say could avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, 220 governments have signed on, though the agreement to cut emissions is not binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown traveled to China, to international climate negotiations in Paris, and even to the Vatican, quoting from scripture along the way: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It culminated in September, when international leaders \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931186/live-blog-bringing-you-the-global-climate-action-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gathered in San Francisco for a climate summit\u003c/a>. Brown announced California would launch its “own damn satellite” to track carbon emissions globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown was received almost as a head of state,” Alex says. “The reception everywhere he went was incredibly warm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His movement became higher-profile after the Trump administration announced it would pull the U.S. out of the Paris climate treaty. Brown told international leaders that California would fill the leadership void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in his retirement, Brown says he’ll continue to work on climate issues, to “try to wake people up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise, he’ll be tending to olive trees on his Northern California ranch.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1977, the 39-year-old governor of California led a puzzled press corps to a blustery stretch of coastline near Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I heard that you were going to come out here and talk to the whales,” one reporter said to him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I came out here to see,” said Gov. Jerry Brown. “The idea of the project is to put hydrophones in the water and pick up the sounds that the whales make as they go through their migration south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Governor Jerry Brown, on climate change\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whale calls could be heard in the background, played by the “Gray Whale Listening Station,” an experimental project by the California-based art and architecture collective known as the Ant Farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was his first tour as governor, and Brown talked about environmentalism long before it was mainstream, promoting the nascent technologies of solar and wind power. At the time, critics thought his ideas were on the fringe. That approach earned him the nickname “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/weekinreview/07mckinley.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governor Moonbeam\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than 40 years later, Brown is leaving office again, having passed some of the most ambitious climate change policies in the country. Under his watch, renewable energy has boomed and carbon emissions have declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some say Brown didn’t go far enough, leaving California with the toughest climate challenges to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sees it both ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say California has taken more intelligent action on climate change than any state or province in the Western Hemisphere,” he said in an interview with KQED in the weeks before leaving office. “We’ve pushed way beyond what other states can even imagine. And we have to go even further and I agree with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are few elected officials in the country who talk about climate change more than Brown, who calls it “a threat to organized human existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown thinks about this day and night,” says Ken Alex, Brown’s climate policy advisor for the past eight years. “I don’t think that’s an exaggeration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex recalls an out-of-office message he put on his email a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 710px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936292\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"710\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg 710w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the dry 2016 winter, Governor Brown meets with snow surveyor Frank Gehrke. \u003ccite>(Kelly M. Grow / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My response said, ‘I’m unplugging, no email, no nothing,’ and he wrote back and he said ‘Why? This is the time to be engaged. What are you doing?’” Alex remembers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as Brown’s tenure ends, here are his biggest climate accomplishments (and what his critics had to say about them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Putting California on Path to Be Carbon Neutral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years ago, Brown set an ambitious target for cutting greenhouse gas emissions in the state. He ordered a 40 percent reduction below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in September, he upped the ante, signing another order that would \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/9.10.18-Executive-Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make the state carbon neutral\u003c/a> by 2045, then achieving negative emissions after that. It means California wouldn’t be creating a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931644/jerry-brown-has-directed-california-to-go-carbon-neutral-by-2045-is-that-even-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aspirational\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/9/11/17844896/california-jerry-brown-carbon-neutral-2045-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stunning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will that actually look like? No one really knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an executive order, the policy is more like a rough guideline. New laws or rules from state agencies would be needed for it to actually go into effect, usually after lengthy scoping processes. And a new governor could simply undo the order (though Governor-Elect Gavin Newsom has been largely supportive of Brown’s climate policies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, being carbon neutral wouldn’t require California to end all carbon emissions in the state. The state could offset any remaining emissions by finding ways to pull carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes storage in natural ecosystems by building up the soil or by capturing it from manmade sources and putting it deep underground, a technology that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/485125/despite-millions-in-investment-carbon-capture-flops-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California has struggled to get off the ground\u003c/a>, despite millions of dollars of investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Getting Rid of Gas-Guzzlers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Car-loving Californians are potentially the state’s biggest hurdle to reaching its climate goals. Transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The real challenge is the consumption of oil, which has gone up,” Brown said in September. “Under my administration, gone up 4 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Brown set a goal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/01/26/governor-brown-takes-action-to-increase-zero-emission-vehicles-fund-new-climate-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">put 5 million plug-in and electric cars\u003c/a> on the roads by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931169/governor-browns-biggest-climate-foe-isnt-trump-its-car-loving-californians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no small feat\u003c/a>, considering there are now only 500,000 on the roads in California. The state has been handing out rebates, carpool-lane privileges and other incentives to try to entice drivers to switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some environmental groups thought Brown should tackle the problem at the source by banning oil production. California is the fourth-largest oil producer in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to make real progress on climate change in the next decade, we have to decrease the use of oil and gas,” said Adam Scow of the advocacy group Food and Water Watch. “Governor Brown has been a major disappointment on the issue of fracking and oil drilling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown shrugged off the “leave it in the ground” critics by pointing out that oil production is already declining in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re moving in the same direction as the critics,” he said. “They’d just like it to go a little faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Extending California’s Flagship Climate Program: Cap and Trade\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the future of one of California’s core climate policies was cloudy. The state’s cap-and-trade program faced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a life-or-death vote\u003c/a> in the state legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few climate policies have been as controversial in the state as cap and trade. Critics blame it for everything from a rise in gas prices to providing funding for the much maligned high-speed rail project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the system, power plants and industrial and manufacturing facilities either must cut their emissions or buy carbon credits from someone else who has cut their emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it was only mandated through 2020, Brown and others wanted to see it extended to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not here about some cockamamie legacy people talk about,” Brown said to legislators during the debate. “This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you. It’s for you and it’s damn real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But saving cap and trade would require winning over a tough audience for Brown: Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He knew that he needed to have Republican support to be able to make that happen,” said Assemblymember Chad Mayes, then the Republican Leader in the Assembly. “Not just from a technical perspective, but also for the sake of credibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 645px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936290\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"645\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg 645w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Brown and international leaders sign a climate accord in 2015. \u003ccite>(Joe McHugh, California Highway Patrol)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayes says he and other Republicans had seats in Brown’s office, where details and compromises were hammered out. Some of those compromises even won over the oil industry, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/statement-on-californias-cap-and-trade-legislation-by-catherine-reheis-boyd-president-western-states-petroleum-association/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped its opposition\u003c/a> to extending cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somehow, compromise has become a dirty word amongst the activists on both the right and the left,” Mayes said. “I think Governor Brown has understood that, on the big issues, you need to have bipartisan support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Brown and his executive team helped win eight GOP votes. Those legislators \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-cap-trade-climate-change-california-legislature-political-landscape-20170719-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">faced political backlash\u003c/a> from other Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups thought Brown’s compromises had gone too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He essentially gave away opportunities to get more local pollution reductions from oil refineries–reductions that can protect public health–in exchange for the industry’s support for the cap-and-trade extension,” said Kathryn Phillips, director of Sierra Club California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Showdown with the Trump Administration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left-leaning California has tangled with Republican presidents before, but Brown hasn’t minced words about President Trump or climate deniers, whom he deemed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/355510/governor-brown-takes-climate-message-to-world-stage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">troglodytes\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle came to a head when the Trump Administration sought to revoke California’s long-standing power to set its own clean air rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It dates back to when the Clean Air Act was signed in 1970. California was given special permission, known as a “waiver,” to put stricter limits on pollution coming from tailpipes because the state was facing a severe smog problem at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, that meant automakers had two sets of standards to meet when making cars: the federal fuel economy rules and then California’s tailpipe emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve other states and Washington D.C. have also signed onto California’s rules. Then, under the Obama Administration, California and the federal government agreed on one uniform set of rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration sought to undo that, announcing its own proposal for fuel economy rules, freezing them for cars and trucks from 2021-26 instead of gradually allowing them to get tougher every year. The administration also announced it would seek to revoke California’s waiver, something that had never been tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cannot be taken lightly,” Gov. Brown said in response. “I take this as an existential threat to America, to California and the world, and I’m going to fight it with everything I can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already has one lawsuit pending against the rules, which likely won’t be the end of its legal defense. In October, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the state filed public comments\u003c/a> against the proposed rules, saying they would “worsen air quality for the most vulnerable, waste billions of gallons of gasoline, forfeit our best chance to fight climate change …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Leading an International Climate Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Vatican in 2017, Brown opened a climate change speech as only he could: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was just one of many stops he made on a worldwide climate change tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even under Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, who helped pass the state’s first major climate law, AB 32, California has seen itself as a leader on the international stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brown created a new partnerships. In 2015, he banded together with leaders from states, provinces and cities around the world to announce new commitments to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The partnership was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.under2coalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU,\u003c/a>” with the goal to keep global average temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius, which scientists say could avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, 220 governments have signed on, though the agreement to cut emissions is not binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown traveled to China, to international climate negotiations in Paris, and even to the Vatican, quoting from scripture along the way: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It culminated in September, when international leaders \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931186/live-blog-bringing-you-the-global-climate-action-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gathered in San Francisco for a climate summit\u003c/a>. Brown announced California would launch its “own damn satellite” to track carbon emissions globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown was received almost as a head of state,” Alex says. “The reception everywhere he went was incredibly warm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His movement became higher-profile after the Trump administration announced it would pull the U.S. out of the Paris climate treaty. Brown told international leaders that California would fill the leadership void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in his retirement, Brown says he’ll continue to work on climate issues, to “try to wake people up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Most Important New California Environmental and Health Laws of 2019",
"headTitle": "The Most Important New California Environmental and Health Laws of 2019 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The California Legislature in 2018 cranked out \u003ca href=\"http://www.counties.org/csac-bulletin-article/governor-brown-takes-final-action-2018-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,016 pieces of legislation\u003c/a> that Gov. Brown \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GovPressOffice/status/1046601496702332928/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed\u003c/a> into law. Number of bills \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11624605/revealing-rejections-jerry-browns-vetoes-are-a-window-into-his-mind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vetoed\u003c/a>? 201. (For those keeping track, note that Brown rejected bills at a \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Governors%20Vetoes%202017_Senate%20Office%20of%20Research.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much higher clip\u003c/a> his second time around as governor.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the most important environmental and health changes coming in 2019:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 100\u003c/a>: The long road to 100 percent clean energy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, in many ways,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915384/can-california-really-go-100-percent-renewable-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the defining environmental law of the year\u003c/a>: a groundbreaking mandate for generating 100 percent of the state’s electricity from solar, wind and other non-fossil sources by 2045. Now comes the hard part: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">actually doing it\u003c/a>. Legislators have already passed a rash of environmental legislation to begin meeting these goals, including an increase in incentives for solar panels, more \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">restrictions\u003c/a> on hydrofluorocarbons, and an\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> extension of the state’s cap-and-trade system\u003c/a> to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, et al: Wildfire mitigation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, Brown signed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11694129/gov-brown-signs-major-wildfire-reforms-utility-protections-into-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">package of bills\u003c/a> in response to the massive wildfires of the last few years. The main bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, requires utilities to implement fire prevention plans and upgrade equipment. It also creates incentives for landowners to reduce excess fuel and remove dead trees, and sets aside $1 billion for forest management over the next five years. Controversially, the negotiated deal \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11689138/last-minute-deal-allows-utilities-to-pass-along-costs-of-2017-fires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allows PG&E\u003c/a> to pass on to consumers some of the cost it may incur if it’s found liable for the 2017 fires. The two- dozen or so fire prevention bills Brown signed include rules making it easier for private landowners to conduct controlled burns, rules requiring garage door openers to have backup batteries in case of electrical outages, and a clarification that insurers \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/lazarus/la-fi-lazarus-mudslides-homeowners-insurance-20180130-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">must cover\u003c/a> losses due to landslides and mudslides if those calamities resulted mainly from a separate, insured catastrophe like fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1775\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>and \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 834\u003c/a>: No offshore drilling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691228/brown-signs-bills-to-make-new-offshore-drilling-in-california-more-difficult\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two bills\u003c/a> to stem offshore drilling, in response to the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919605/offshore-drilling-showdown-in-sacramento-thursday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">push\u003c/a> to open nearly the entire U.S. coastline to offshore oil leasing in federal waters. The companion bills prevent any new leases for construction of oil or gas infrastructure like pipelines or piers in state waters or tidal lands as of Jan. 1, which would ostensibly prevent any oil from coming ashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1274\u003c/a>: Smog check exemption \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, cars six \u003ca href=\"https://www.autoblog.com/2016/04/15/determine-car-model-year-vin/\">model-years\u003c/a> old or newer could forego a smog-check. The new law extends that exemption to cars eight years old or newer. During the last two of those eight years, the smog abatement fee will jump to $25 from $20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 544\u003c/a>: HOV stickers for zero-emission cars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This law \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915616/ca-legislature-clean-cars-can-keep-carpool-lane-access\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extends\u003c/a> the program that allows \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">zero-emission cars\u003c/a> to drive in carpool lanes. Here are the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued before Jan. 1, 2017 expire on Jan. 1, 2019.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued to new cars after Jan. 1, 2019 are valid for three full years and then until Jan. 1 of their fourth year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drivers issued stickers in 2017 and 2018 will be able to apply for a new sticker in 2019 that is valid until Jan. 1, 2022.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In addition, drivers that receive the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Vehicle Rebate\u003c/a>, which can be several thousand dollars, won’t be eligible for HOV lane stickers unless their gross annual income falls below $150,000 for a single tax filer, $204,000 for a head of household and $300,000 for joint filers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/eligible-carpool-sticker-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list of vehicles\u003c/a>, going back to 1997, that are eligible for carpool stickers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a>: More efficient water use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These laws don’t go into effect in 2019, but their passage in 2018 was an important part of Gov. Brown’s push to make water conservation “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1235760/california-drought-six-years-in-how-will-the-state-keep-saving-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a way of life\u003c/a>.” SB 606 and AB 1668 collectively require the state to establish new efficiency standards for water use by 2022 and mandate that local agencies devise drought and water-shortage plans. The bills also set indoor residential use at 55 gallons per person per day, incrementally reducing that number after Jan. 1, 2025. Basically, this year, you might want to start getting used to using less water and more water- efficient appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1884\u003c/a>: No more plastic straws … unless you really want one\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a tough year for plastic straws. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927896/san-francisco-to-consider-outlawing-plastic-straws-stirrers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco banned them, \u003c/a> Starbucks announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927062/starbucks-goodbye-plastic-straws\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phaseout\u003c/a>, and California passed a law removing them from full-service restaurants starting Jan. 1. However, dining establishments can still give you a plastic straw if you ask for one. (This is similar to the new rule that restaurants are not supposed to serve water unless you ask for it.) Businesses that don’t comply will get two warnings and then can be fined $25 per day, up to $300 annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1192\u003c/a>: No soda or juice with kid meals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants will now have to remove soda and juice from kids’ menus. The default options starting in 2019 will be water with no added sweetners or milk or a dairy-free milk substitute. If kids or their parents want juice or soda, they’ll have to ask. (If you want to go full gadfly, ask for a plastic straw with that soda.) After a warning, restaurant violators can be fined $250, or $500 for a repeat offense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1976\u003c/a>: Breastfeeding at work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already requires employers to provide a reasonable amount of time to breastfeed and a place for lactation that isn’t a toilet stall. AB 1976 now requires that area be outside the bathroom itself. Temporary locations are acceptable, as long as they’re private. Another bill, which would have legislated more specific requirements, was vetoed by Gov. Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 179\u003c/a>: Nonbinary gender option on official forms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436110/california-third-gender-nonbinary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender Recognition Act \u003c/a>was passed in 2017, allowing Caifornians to change the gender on their birth certificates to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/335790/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonbinary\u003c/a>” instead of male or female. Now the rest of the law goes into effect. Starting Jan. 1, individuals can choose the nonbinary gender designation on \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/dl/gender_id\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">driver’s licenses or state IDs\u003c/a>. People wanting to change their gender on those forms will also no longer have to provide a doctor’s authorization. The law, of course, does not apply to federal forms, such as passports, or documents issued by other states. (For more on the law, check out the Transgender Law Center \u003ca href=\"https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact sheet\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1448\u003c/a>: Informing patients about physician misconduct\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a number of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/stateofhealth/209413/nationwide-doctors-who-sexually-abuse-their-patients-continue-to-practice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">instances\u003c/a> in which doctors were allowed to continue practicing following sexual assault or misconduct, a movement ensued to arm the public with information about which physicians have been found culpable. Previously, patients could search an online database to see if their doctors were on probation, but that put the onus on the public. SB 1448 requires doctors to actively inform their patients if they’ve been disciplined by the regulatory board for the following: sexual misconduct involving a patient, drug abuse, criminal convictions involving harm to a patient, and inappropriate prescribing that resulted in patient harm. In July, the list of medical professionals required to proactively inform the public will expand to include surgeons, osteopaths, naturopathic doctors, chiropractors, podiatrists and acupuncturists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Also of interest …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We note: A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> requiring vegan meals to be offered in prisons and hospitals; \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one\u003c/a> phasing out drift gill-net fishing, which unintentionally snares marine mammals; and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a> that phases out certain flame retardants by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "From an ambitious clean-energy goal to officially recognizing a third gender, California continued to break new legislative ground last year. ",
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"description": "From an ambitious clean-energy goal to officially recognizing a third gender, California continued to break new legislative ground last year. ",
"title": "The Most Important New California Environmental and Health Laws of 2019 | KQED",
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"headline": "The Most Important New California Environmental and Health Laws of 2019",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Legislature in 2018 cranked out \u003ca href=\"http://www.counties.org/csac-bulletin-article/governor-brown-takes-final-action-2018-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,016 pieces of legislation\u003c/a> that Gov. Brown \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GovPressOffice/status/1046601496702332928/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed\u003c/a> into law. Number of bills \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11624605/revealing-rejections-jerry-browns-vetoes-are-a-window-into-his-mind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vetoed\u003c/a>? 201. (For those keeping track, note that Brown rejected bills at a \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Governors%20Vetoes%202017_Senate%20Office%20of%20Research.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much higher clip\u003c/a> his second time around as governor.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the most important environmental and health changes coming in 2019:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 100\u003c/a>: The long road to 100 percent clean energy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, in many ways,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915384/can-california-really-go-100-percent-renewable-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the defining environmental law of the year\u003c/a>: a groundbreaking mandate for generating 100 percent of the state’s electricity from solar, wind and other non-fossil sources by 2045. Now comes the hard part: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">actually doing it\u003c/a>. Legislators have already passed a rash of environmental legislation to begin meeting these goals, including an increase in incentives for solar panels, more \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">restrictions\u003c/a> on hydrofluorocarbons, and an\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> extension of the state’s cap-and-trade system\u003c/a> to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, et al: Wildfire mitigation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, Brown signed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11694129/gov-brown-signs-major-wildfire-reforms-utility-protections-into-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">package of bills\u003c/a> in response to the massive wildfires of the last few years. The main bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, requires utilities to implement fire prevention plans and upgrade equipment. It also creates incentives for landowners to reduce excess fuel and remove dead trees, and sets aside $1 billion for forest management over the next five years. Controversially, the negotiated deal \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11689138/last-minute-deal-allows-utilities-to-pass-along-costs-of-2017-fires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allows PG&E\u003c/a> to pass on to consumers some of the cost it may incur if it’s found liable for the 2017 fires. The two- dozen or so fire prevention bills Brown signed include rules making it easier for private landowners to conduct controlled burns, rules requiring garage door openers to have backup batteries in case of electrical outages, and a clarification that insurers \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/lazarus/la-fi-lazarus-mudslides-homeowners-insurance-20180130-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">must cover\u003c/a> losses due to landslides and mudslides if those calamities resulted mainly from a separate, insured catastrophe like fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1775\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>and \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 834\u003c/a>: No offshore drilling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691228/brown-signs-bills-to-make-new-offshore-drilling-in-california-more-difficult\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two bills\u003c/a> to stem offshore drilling, in response to the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919605/offshore-drilling-showdown-in-sacramento-thursday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">push\u003c/a> to open nearly the entire U.S. coastline to offshore oil leasing in federal waters. The companion bills prevent any new leases for construction of oil or gas infrastructure like pipelines or piers in state waters or tidal lands as of Jan. 1, which would ostensibly prevent any oil from coming ashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1274\u003c/a>: Smog check exemption \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, cars six \u003ca href=\"https://www.autoblog.com/2016/04/15/determine-car-model-year-vin/\">model-years\u003c/a> old or newer could forego a smog-check. The new law extends that exemption to cars eight years old or newer. During the last two of those eight years, the smog abatement fee will jump to $25 from $20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 544\u003c/a>: HOV stickers for zero-emission cars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This law \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915616/ca-legislature-clean-cars-can-keep-carpool-lane-access\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extends\u003c/a> the program that allows \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">zero-emission cars\u003c/a> to drive in carpool lanes. Here are the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued before Jan. 1, 2017 expire on Jan. 1, 2019.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued to new cars after Jan. 1, 2019 are valid for three full years and then until Jan. 1 of their fourth year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drivers issued stickers in 2017 and 2018 will be able to apply for a new sticker in 2019 that is valid until Jan. 1, 2022.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In addition, drivers that receive the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Vehicle Rebate\u003c/a>, which can be several thousand dollars, won’t be eligible for HOV lane stickers unless their gross annual income falls below $150,000 for a single tax filer, $204,000 for a head of household and $300,000 for joint filers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/eligible-carpool-sticker-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list of vehicles\u003c/a>, going back to 1997, that are eligible for carpool stickers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a>: More efficient water use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These laws don’t go into effect in 2019, but their passage in 2018 was an important part of Gov. Brown’s push to make water conservation “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1235760/california-drought-six-years-in-how-will-the-state-keep-saving-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a way of life\u003c/a>.” SB 606 and AB 1668 collectively require the state to establish new efficiency standards for water use by 2022 and mandate that local agencies devise drought and water-shortage plans. The bills also set indoor residential use at 55 gallons per person per day, incrementally reducing that number after Jan. 1, 2025. Basically, this year, you might want to start getting used to using less water and more water- efficient appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1884\u003c/a>: No more plastic straws … unless you really want one\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a tough year for plastic straws. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927896/san-francisco-to-consider-outlawing-plastic-straws-stirrers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco banned them, \u003c/a> Starbucks announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927062/starbucks-goodbye-plastic-straws\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phaseout\u003c/a>, and California passed a law removing them from full-service restaurants starting Jan. 1. However, dining establishments can still give you a plastic straw if you ask for one. (This is similar to the new rule that restaurants are not supposed to serve water unless you ask for it.) Businesses that don’t comply will get two warnings and then can be fined $25 per day, up to $300 annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1192\u003c/a>: No soda or juice with kid meals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants will now have to remove soda and juice from kids’ menus. The default options starting in 2019 will be water with no added sweetners or milk or a dairy-free milk substitute. If kids or their parents want juice or soda, they’ll have to ask. (If you want to go full gadfly, ask for a plastic straw with that soda.) After a warning, restaurant violators can be fined $250, or $500 for a repeat offense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1976\u003c/a>: Breastfeeding at work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already requires employers to provide a reasonable amount of time to breastfeed and a place for lactation that isn’t a toilet stall. AB 1976 now requires that area be outside the bathroom itself. Temporary locations are acceptable, as long as they’re private. Another bill, which would have legislated more specific requirements, was vetoed by Gov. Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 179\u003c/a>: Nonbinary gender option on official forms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436110/california-third-gender-nonbinary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender Recognition Act \u003c/a>was passed in 2017, allowing Caifornians to change the gender on their birth certificates to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/335790/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonbinary\u003c/a>” instead of male or female. Now the rest of the law goes into effect. Starting Jan. 1, individuals can choose the nonbinary gender designation on \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/dl/gender_id\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">driver’s licenses or state IDs\u003c/a>. People wanting to change their gender on those forms will also no longer have to provide a doctor’s authorization. The law, of course, does not apply to federal forms, such as passports, or documents issued by other states. (For more on the law, check out the Transgender Law Center \u003ca href=\"https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact sheet\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1448\u003c/a>: Informing patients about physician misconduct\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a number of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/stateofhealth/209413/nationwide-doctors-who-sexually-abuse-their-patients-continue-to-practice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">instances\u003c/a> in which doctors were allowed to continue practicing following sexual assault or misconduct, a movement ensued to arm the public with information about which physicians have been found culpable. Previously, patients could search an online database to see if their doctors were on probation, but that put the onus on the public. SB 1448 requires doctors to actively inform their patients if they’ve been disciplined by the regulatory board for the following: sexual misconduct involving a patient, drug abuse, criminal convictions involving harm to a patient, and inappropriate prescribing that resulted in patient harm. In July, the list of medical professionals required to proactively inform the public will expand to include surgeons, osteopaths, naturopathic doctors, chiropractors, podiatrists and acupuncturists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Also of interest …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We note: A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> requiring vegan meals to be offered in prisons and hospitals; \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one\u003c/a> phasing out drift gill-net fishing, which unintentionally snares marine mammals; and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a> that phases out certain flame retardants by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The record-breaking, El Niño-driven \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-data-show-2016-warmest-year-on-record-globally\">global temperatures of 2016\u003c/a> have given climate change deniers a new trope. Why, they ask, hasn’t it since got even hotter?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Global warming didn’t stop in 1998. Don’t be fooled by claims that it stopped in 2016 either.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In response to a recent U.S. government report on the \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\">impact of climate change\u003c/a>, a spokesperson for the science-denying American Enterprise Institute think-tank \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/existentialfish/status/1066711193170124800?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1066711193170124800&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatecrocks.com%2F\">claimed that\u003c/a> “we just had […] the biggest drop in global temperatures that we have had since the 1980s, the biggest in the last 100 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These claims are blatantly false: the past two years were two of the three hottest on record, and the drop in temperature from 2016 to 2018 was less than, say, the drop from 1998 (a previous record hot year) to 2000. But, more importantly, these claims use the same kind of misdirection as was used a few years ago about a supposed “pause” in warming lasting from roughly 1998 to 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the alleged pause was cited by many people skeptical about the science of climate change as a reason not to act to reduce greenhouse pollution. U.S. senator and former presidential candidate Ted Cruz frequently argued that this lack of warming \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/03/07/ted-cruzs-favorite-argument-about-climate-change-just-got-weaker/?utm_term=.ee3785519397\">undermined dire predictions\u003c/a> by scientists about where we’re heading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, drawing conclusions on short-term trends is ill-advised because what matters to climate change is the decade-to-decade increase in temperatures rather than fluctuations in warming rate over a few years. Indeed, if short periods were suitable for drawing strong conclusions, climate scientists should perhaps now be talking about a “surge” in global warming since 2011, as shown in this figure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/251492/original/file-20181219-45408-dnodgo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/251492/original/file-20181219-45408-dnodgo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\u003cspan class=\"caption\">Global temperature observations compared to climate models. Climate-disrupting volcanoes are shown at the bottom, and the purported hiatus period is shaded. 2018 values based on year to date (YTD).\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003cspan class=\"source\">NASA; Berkeley Earth; various climate models.\u003c/span>, \u003cspan class=\"license\">Author provided\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “pause” or “hiatus” in warming of the early 21st century is not just a talking point of think-tanks with radical political agendas. It also features in the scientific literature, including in the most recent report of the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/ipcc-1-5-report-heres-what-the-climate-science-says-104592\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a> and more than 200 peer-reviewed articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research we recently published in \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf342\">Environmental Research Letters\u003c/a> addresses two questions about the putative “pause”: first, is there compelling evidence in the temperature data alone of something unusual happening at the start of the 21st century? \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf372\">Second\u003c/a>, did the rise in temperature lag behind projections by climate models?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases the answer is “no,” but the reasons are interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reconstructing a historical temperature record from instruments designed for other purposes, such as weather forecasting, is not always easy. Several problems have affected temperature estimates for the period since 2000. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exposed-the-myth-of-the-global-warming-pause-8945607.html\">first of these\u003c/a> was the fact that uneven geographical distribution of weather stations can influence the apparent rate of warming. Other factors include \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150604162501.htm\">changes in the instruments\u003c/a> used to measure \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/04/global-warming-hiatus-disproved-again/\">ocean temperatures\u003c/a>. Most of these factors were known at the time and reported in the scientific literature, but because the magnitudes of the effects were unknown, users of temperature data (from science journalists to IPCC authors) were in a bind when interpreting their results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more subtle problem arises when we ask whether a fluctuation in the rate of warming is a new phenomena, rather than the kind of variation we expect due to natural fluctuations of the climate system. Different statistical tests are needed to determine whether a phenomena is interesting depending on how the data are chosen. In a nutshell, if you select data based on them being unusual in the first place, then any statistical tests that seemingly confirm their unusual nature give the wrong answer. (The statistical issue here is similar to the fascinating but counterintuitive “\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24045598\">Monty Hall problem\u003c/a>”, which has caught out many mathematicians).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the statistical test is applied correctly, the apparent slowdown in warming is no more significant than other fluctuations in the rate of warming over the past 40 years. In other words, there is no compelling evidence that the supposed “pause” period is different from other previous periods. Neither is the deviation between the observations and climate model projections larger than would be expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not to say that such “wiggles” in the temperature record are uninteresting – several of our team are involved in further studies of these fluctuations, and the study of the “pause” has yielded interesting new insights into the climate system – for example, the role of changes in the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014GL059233\">Atlantic\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2310\">Pacific\u003c/a> oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lessons here for the media, for the public, and for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists, there are two lessons: first, when you get to know a dataset by using it repeatedly in your work, make sure you also still remember the limitations you read about when first downloading it. Second, remember that your statistical choices are always part of a cascade of decisions, and at least occasionally those decisions must be revisited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the public and the media, the lesson is to check claims about the data. In particular, when claims are made based on \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2017/06/truth-global-warming-pause/\">short periods or specific datasets\u003c/a>, they are \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378016300577?via%3Dihub\">often designed to mislead\u003c/a>. If someone claims the world hasn’t warmed since 1998 or 2016, ask them why those specific years – why not 1997 or 2014? Why have such short limits at all? And also check how reliable similar claims have been in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique of misinformation is nicely described in a quote attributed to climate researcher \u003ca href=\"http://rabett.blogspot.com/2018/06/tobis-rule.html\">Michael Tobis\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a large data set speaks convincingly against you, find a smaller and noisier one that you can huffily cite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming didn’t stop in 1998. Don’t be fooled by claims that it stopped in 2016 either. There is only one thing that will stop global warming: cuts to greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. -->\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;padding: 0 !important\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/108524/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines -->\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/kevin-cowtan-615880\">Kevin Cowtan is a \u003c/a>professor of chemistry at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-york-1344\">University of York\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephan-lewandowsky-685\">Stephan Lewandowsky is \u003c/a>the chair of cognitive psychology at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-bristol-1211\">University of Bristol.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is republished from \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/global-warming-hiatus-is-the-climate-change-myth-that-refuses-to-die-108524\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The record-breaking, El Niño-driven \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-data-show-2016-warmest-year-on-record-globally\">global temperatures of 2016\u003c/a> have given climate change deniers a new trope. Why, they ask, hasn’t it since got even hotter?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Global warming didn’t stop in 1998. Don’t be fooled by claims that it stopped in 2016 either.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In response to a recent U.S. government report on the \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\">impact of climate change\u003c/a>, a spokesperson for the science-denying American Enterprise Institute think-tank \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/existentialfish/status/1066711193170124800?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1066711193170124800&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatecrocks.com%2F\">claimed that\u003c/a> “we just had […] the biggest drop in global temperatures that we have had since the 1980s, the biggest in the last 100 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These claims are blatantly false: the past two years were two of the three hottest on record, and the drop in temperature from 2016 to 2018 was less than, say, the drop from 1998 (a previous record hot year) to 2000. But, more importantly, these claims use the same kind of misdirection as was used a few years ago about a supposed “pause” in warming lasting from roughly 1998 to 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the alleged pause was cited by many people skeptical about the science of climate change as a reason not to act to reduce greenhouse pollution. U.S. senator and former presidential candidate Ted Cruz frequently argued that this lack of warming \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/03/07/ted-cruzs-favorite-argument-about-climate-change-just-got-weaker/?utm_term=.ee3785519397\">undermined dire predictions\u003c/a> by scientists about where we’re heading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, drawing conclusions on short-term trends is ill-advised because what matters to climate change is the decade-to-decade increase in temperatures rather than fluctuations in warming rate over a few years. Indeed, if short periods were suitable for drawing strong conclusions, climate scientists should perhaps now be talking about a “surge” in global warming since 2011, as shown in this figure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/251492/original/file-20181219-45408-dnodgo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/251492/original/file-20181219-45408-dnodgo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\u003cspan class=\"caption\">Global temperature observations compared to climate models. Climate-disrupting volcanoes are shown at the bottom, and the purported hiatus period is shaded. 2018 values based on year to date (YTD).\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003cspan class=\"source\">NASA; Berkeley Earth; various climate models.\u003c/span>, \u003cspan class=\"license\">Author provided\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “pause” or “hiatus” in warming of the early 21st century is not just a talking point of think-tanks with radical political agendas. It also features in the scientific literature, including in the most recent report of the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/ipcc-1-5-report-heres-what-the-climate-science-says-104592\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a> and more than 200 peer-reviewed articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research we recently published in \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf342\">Environmental Research Letters\u003c/a> addresses two questions about the putative “pause”: first, is there compelling evidence in the temperature data alone of something unusual happening at the start of the 21st century? \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf372\">Second\u003c/a>, did the rise in temperature lag behind projections by climate models?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases the answer is “no,” but the reasons are interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reconstructing a historical temperature record from instruments designed for other purposes, such as weather forecasting, is not always easy. Several problems have affected temperature estimates for the period since 2000. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exposed-the-myth-of-the-global-warming-pause-8945607.html\">first of these\u003c/a> was the fact that uneven geographical distribution of weather stations can influence the apparent rate of warming. Other factors include \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150604162501.htm\">changes in the instruments\u003c/a> used to measure \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/04/global-warming-hiatus-disproved-again/\">ocean temperatures\u003c/a>. Most of these factors were known at the time and reported in the scientific literature, but because the magnitudes of the effects were unknown, users of temperature data (from science journalists to IPCC authors) were in a bind when interpreting their results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more subtle problem arises when we ask whether a fluctuation in the rate of warming is a new phenomena, rather than the kind of variation we expect due to natural fluctuations of the climate system. Different statistical tests are needed to determine whether a phenomena is interesting depending on how the data are chosen. In a nutshell, if you select data based on them being unusual in the first place, then any statistical tests that seemingly confirm their unusual nature give the wrong answer. (The statistical issue here is similar to the fascinating but counterintuitive “\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24045598\">Monty Hall problem\u003c/a>”, which has caught out many mathematicians).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the statistical test is applied correctly, the apparent slowdown in warming is no more significant than other fluctuations in the rate of warming over the past 40 years. In other words, there is no compelling evidence that the supposed “pause” period is different from other previous periods. Neither is the deviation between the observations and climate model projections larger than would be expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not to say that such “wiggles” in the temperature record are uninteresting – several of our team are involved in further studies of these fluctuations, and the study of the “pause” has yielded interesting new insights into the climate system – for example, the role of changes in the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014GL059233\">Atlantic\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2310\">Pacific\u003c/a> oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lessons here for the media, for the public, and for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists, there are two lessons: first, when you get to know a dataset by using it repeatedly in your work, make sure you also still remember the limitations you read about when first downloading it. Second, remember that your statistical choices are always part of a cascade of decisions, and at least occasionally those decisions must be revisited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the public and the media, the lesson is to check claims about the data. In particular, when claims are made based on \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2017/06/truth-global-warming-pause/\">short periods or specific datasets\u003c/a>, they are \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378016300577?via%3Dihub\">often designed to mislead\u003c/a>. If someone claims the world hasn’t warmed since 1998 or 2016, ask them why those specific years – why not 1997 or 2014? Why have such short limits at all? And also check how reliable similar claims have been in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique of misinformation is nicely described in a quote attributed to climate researcher \u003ca href=\"http://rabett.blogspot.com/2018/06/tobis-rule.html\">Michael Tobis\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a large data set speaks convincingly against you, find a smaller and noisier one that you can huffily cite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming didn’t stop in 1998. Don’t be fooled by claims that it stopped in 2016 either. There is only one thing that will stop global warming: cuts to greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. -->\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;padding: 0 !important\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/108524/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines -->\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/kevin-cowtan-615880\">Kevin Cowtan is a \u003c/a>professor of chemistry at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-york-1344\">University of York\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephan-lewandowsky-685\">Stephan Lewandowsky is \u003c/a>the chair of cognitive psychology at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-bristol-1211\">University of Bristol.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is republished from \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/global-warming-hiatus-is-the-climate-change-myth-that-refuses-to-die-108524\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Steven Falk still remembers the moment he first laid eyes on Lafayette, California, even though it was 28 years ago. He was driving there to interview for a job as an assistant to the city manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?’\u003ccite>Steven Falk, former Lafayette city manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I saw this amazing landscape of emerald-green hills and native oak woodland, with neighborhoods sitting in and among these verdant valleys,” he says. “I loved it from the very first minute I got here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 25,000 people of \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/\">Lafayette\u003c/a> live close to nature, yet they can step onto a commuter train and be in downtown San Francisco in half an hour. “It seemed like I had reached some kind of paradise,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median home in Lafayette is worth over a million dollars. The people are educated and environmentally aware. They voted three-to-one for Hillary Clinton in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last 22 years, Steven Falk has been their city manager, more or less the CEO of local government, responsible for everything from police to potholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2005, he read Elizabeth Kolbert’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/the-climate-of-man-i\">three-part series\u003c/a> of articles in the New Yorker about global warming. “They scared the daylights out of me,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started noticing evidence of climate change himself. For instance, he remembers sliding down glaciers in the Sierra Nevada mountains as a nine-year-old kid, backpacking with his dad. “When I became a parent, I took my own kids to the mountains, and we did the same trip. And the glaciers are gone!” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more he learned, the more it kept him up at night. “The analogy I’ve used is, the house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a city manager, there are, in fact, some things you can do. But they may be controversial. Steven Falk ended up in the middle of a battle over what gets built on some land right near the heart of his city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk takes me to a big parking lot, covering about five acres of land, right beside the Bay Area Rapid Transit station. This is where commuters take the trains to Oakland and San Francisco. This area is also close to shopping. One way to fight global warming: Build lots of housing right here, where people can live without driving cars and burning gasoline. Plus, multistory apartment buildings or condos generally take a lot less energy to heat and cool than single-family suburban homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just makes all the sense in the world that this parcel should have a multifamily housing development on it,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But development is a really sensitive topic in Lafayette. There’s a whole citizens’ group called \u003ca href=\"http://savelafayette.org/\">Save Lafayette \u003c/a>that’s been fighting against plans for more high-density housing. As a Lafayette resident named Martin Stryker told the city council at a meeting in June, “People have chosen to live in Lafayette for the quality of life, \u003cem>away\u003c/em> from the city. … I encourage city leaders and staff to sharpen your vision and to be stronger in protecting the interests of our citizens despite the pressures from the state and outside interests like developers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has actually approved hundreds of new housing units in the central downtown area in recent years. Falk is proud of that. But he wanted to move faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions came to a head this past summer over a new California law that lets BART go ahead and build housing on land that it owns near its stations, like that parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk liked the idea. Lafayette’s city council members, though, considered it a power grab by the state. They asked Falk to go to the state capitol and take a public stand against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I drove to Sacramento, not feeling good about it,” Falk recalls. “I went into the Senate hearing room. I saw this line of speakers, and realized that I had to get up and speak against the bill. And that …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk’s voice breaks. After a long pause, he goes on. “And that was the moment I knew I had to resign.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his resignation \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=5499\">letter\u003c/a> to the city council, Falk wrote that “it has become increasingly difficult for me to support, advocate for, or implement policies that would thwart transit density. My conscience won’t allow it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city made the letter public. Don Tatzin, who served on the Lafayette city council for 33 years and just stepped down as the city’s mayor, expressed some sympathy for Falk’s views. “I think it’s good to hear voices that say cities need to become denser. Over time, that becomes accepted,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local communities, he says, need to be in control of that process. “Having a regional or state government impose that, on something that citizens consider of importance, runs the risk of significant backlash, and I’m not sure it’s wise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday was Steven Falk’s last day on the job. At his final city council meeting, Tatzin and others gave speeches celebrating his accomplishments. No one mentioned climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+One+City+Manager%2C+Climate+Becomes+A+Matter+Of+Conscience&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Steven Falk still remembers the moment he first laid eyes on Lafayette, California, even though it was 28 years ago. He was driving there to interview for a job as an assistant to the city manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?’\u003ccite>Steven Falk, former Lafayette city manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I saw this amazing landscape of emerald-green hills and native oak woodland, with neighborhoods sitting in and among these verdant valleys,” he says. “I loved it from the very first minute I got here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 25,000 people of \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/\">Lafayette\u003c/a> live close to nature, yet they can step onto a commuter train and be in downtown San Francisco in half an hour. “It seemed like I had reached some kind of paradise,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median home in Lafayette is worth over a million dollars. The people are educated and environmentally aware. They voted three-to-one for Hillary Clinton in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last 22 years, Steven Falk has been their city manager, more or less the CEO of local government, responsible for everything from police to potholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2005, he read Elizabeth Kolbert’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/the-climate-of-man-i\">three-part series\u003c/a> of articles in the New Yorker about global warming. “They scared the daylights out of me,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started noticing evidence of climate change himself. For instance, he remembers sliding down glaciers in the Sierra Nevada mountains as a nine-year-old kid, backpacking with his dad. “When I became a parent, I took my own kids to the mountains, and we did the same trip. And the glaciers are gone!” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more he learned, the more it kept him up at night. “The analogy I’ve used is, the house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a city manager, there are, in fact, some things you can do. But they may be controversial. Steven Falk ended up in the middle of a battle over what gets built on some land right near the heart of his city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk takes me to a big parking lot, covering about five acres of land, right beside the Bay Area Rapid Transit station. This is where commuters take the trains to Oakland and San Francisco. This area is also close to shopping. One way to fight global warming: Build lots of housing right here, where people can live without driving cars and burning gasoline. Plus, multistory apartment buildings or condos generally take a lot less energy to heat and cool than single-family suburban homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just makes all the sense in the world that this parcel should have a multifamily housing development on it,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But development is a really sensitive topic in Lafayette. There’s a whole citizens’ group called \u003ca href=\"http://savelafayette.org/\">Save Lafayette \u003c/a>that’s been fighting against plans for more high-density housing. As a Lafayette resident named Martin Stryker told the city council at a meeting in June, “People have chosen to live in Lafayette for the quality of life, \u003cem>away\u003c/em> from the city. … I encourage city leaders and staff to sharpen your vision and to be stronger in protecting the interests of our citizens despite the pressures from the state and outside interests like developers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has actually approved hundreds of new housing units in the central downtown area in recent years. Falk is proud of that. But he wanted to move faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions came to a head this past summer over a new California law that lets BART go ahead and build housing on land that it owns near its stations, like that parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk liked the idea. Lafayette’s city council members, though, considered it a power grab by the state. They asked Falk to go to the state capitol and take a public stand against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I drove to Sacramento, not feeling good about it,” Falk recalls. “I went into the Senate hearing room. I saw this line of speakers, and realized that I had to get up and speak against the bill. And that …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk’s voice breaks. After a long pause, he goes on. “And that was the moment I knew I had to resign.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his resignation \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=5499\">letter\u003c/a> to the city council, Falk wrote that “it has become increasingly difficult for me to support, advocate for, or implement policies that would thwart transit density. My conscience won’t allow it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city made the letter public. Don Tatzin, who served on the Lafayette city council for 33 years and just stepped down as the city’s mayor, expressed some sympathy for Falk’s views. “I think it’s good to hear voices that say cities need to become denser. Over time, that becomes accepted,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local communities, he says, need to be in control of that process. “Having a regional or state government impose that, on something that citizens consider of importance, runs the risk of significant backlash, and I’m not sure it’s wise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday was Steven Falk’s last day on the job. At his final city council meeting, Tatzin and others gave speeches celebrating his accomplishments. No one mentioned climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+One+City+Manager%2C+Climate+Becomes+A+Matter+Of+Conscience&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Nations Agree on Rules to Put Paris Climate Agreement Into Action",
"headTitle": "Nations Agree on Rules to Put Paris Climate Agreement Into Action | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Nearly 200 countries have agreed on a set of rules to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, a crucial step in implementing the landmark 2015 Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules describe in detail how countries will track their emissions and communicate with each other about their progress in the coming years and decades. But it stops short of committing them to the more ambitious emissions reductions necessary to slow climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meeting in the heart of Poland’s coal country unfolded in the shadow of a stark scientific reality about the threat posed by rising temperatures and in the midst of global political upheaval. In the months leading up to the meeting, a series of reports from the world’s scientists showed that \u003ca href=\"https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2018\">global emissions\u003c/a> are not just continuing to rise, but that nations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932445/un-report-issues-life-or-death-warning-for-planetary-survival\">not on track\u003c/a> to limit the rise of global temperatures enough to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NYpCPHuYQVQR9vqG0MFTtBNMKkGF3Rp2″]On the political front, President Trump says he intends to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/27194/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from\">withdraw the U.S.\u003c/a> from the Paris agreement and has engaged China in a trade war; Brazil’s new president-elect has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/29/671899163/brazil-pulls-its-offer-to-host-major-u-n-climate-summit\">signaled\u003c/a> he may no longer support the agreement; and leaders in Europe are struggling with domestic challenges, including the recent “Yellow Vest” protests in France over fuel taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that context, some observers were cautiously optimistic about the outcome of this week’s U.N. climate talks in the city of Katowice. “Particularly given the broader geopolitical context, this is a pretty solid outcome,” said Elliot Diringer, the executive vice president of the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. “It delivers what we need to get the Paris Agreement off the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leader of the meeting, Polish official Michal Kurtyka, noted in his final speech to delegates that it was difficult to get nearly 200 countries to agree on specific rules. Even one step forward is an achievement, he explained, and “you have made a thousand little steps forward. You can be proud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most fundamental parts of the so-called rule book negotiated at the talks is a section on transparency, which governs what information governments must disclose to each other about their greenhouse gas emissions. Not all countries agreed going into the talks about how much information they should be required to share about their progress — and as a result, the inner workings of their economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final rules set a timeline for countries to update each other, and includes highly technical guidelines for what types of information they must provide, such as sources of emissions and explanations of their internal analyses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”m4WPA33WLrQleqovdPWX14MuHmLypjwS”]”The most significant part is the transparency guidelines, which put the meat on the bones of that section of the Paris agreement,” says Sue Biniaz, the former top climate lawyer for the U.S. State Department and one of the negotiators who worked on the Paris agreement. “It’s way more extensive than one might have imagined even a few weeks ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the talks also left many issues unresolved, including whether countries will commit to transitioning even more quickly to clean energy sources, and how much richer countries will help poorer countries pay for that transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>United Nations Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa, reading a statement on behalf of the U.N. Secretary-General, spoke bluntly about the need for countries to move more quickly to curb greenhouse gas emissions. “From now on, my top five priorities will be ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.N is hosting a special follow-up climate meeting next September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the most vulnerable nations in the world, including islands, left the meeting in Poland frustrated. In its final statement after the rules had been agreed to, the Malaysian government noted that Western Europe and North America have been industrialized far longer than many parts of Asia, and have profited while contributing enormously to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Malaysian delegation called for more money to flow from countries like the U.S. — the world’s largest economy and the second largest polluter — to help pay for damage caused by climate change, saying, “We owe this to the poor and vulnerable who are paying sometimes with their lives in our part of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Nations agreed on rules to track the promises they made to reduce emissions, but did not set new emissions reduction goals necessary to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nearly 200 countries have agreed on a set of rules to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, a crucial step in implementing the landmark 2015 Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules describe in detail how countries will track their emissions and communicate with each other about their progress in the coming years and decades. But it stops short of committing them to the more ambitious emissions reductions necessary to slow climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meeting in the heart of Poland’s coal country unfolded in the shadow of a stark scientific reality about the threat posed by rising temperatures and in the midst of global political upheaval. In the months leading up to the meeting, a series of reports from the world’s scientists showed that \u003ca href=\"https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2018\">global emissions\u003c/a> are not just continuing to rise, but that nations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932445/un-report-issues-life-or-death-warning-for-planetary-survival\">not on track\u003c/a> to limit the rise of global temperatures enough to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>On the political front, President Trump says he intends to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/27194/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from\">withdraw the U.S.\u003c/a> from the Paris agreement and has engaged China in a trade war; Brazil’s new president-elect has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/29/671899163/brazil-pulls-its-offer-to-host-major-u-n-climate-summit\">signaled\u003c/a> he may no longer support the agreement; and leaders in Europe are struggling with domestic challenges, including the recent “Yellow Vest” protests in France over fuel taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that context, some observers were cautiously optimistic about the outcome of this week’s U.N. climate talks in the city of Katowice. “Particularly given the broader geopolitical context, this is a pretty solid outcome,” said Elliot Diringer, the executive vice president of the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. “It delivers what we need to get the Paris Agreement off the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leader of the meeting, Polish official Michal Kurtyka, noted in his final speech to delegates that it was difficult to get nearly 200 countries to agree on specific rules. Even one step forward is an achievement, he explained, and “you have made a thousand little steps forward. You can be proud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most fundamental parts of the so-called rule book negotiated at the talks is a section on transparency, which governs what information governments must disclose to each other about their greenhouse gas emissions. Not all countries agreed going into the talks about how much information they should be required to share about their progress — and as a result, the inner workings of their economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final rules set a timeline for countries to update each other, and includes highly technical guidelines for what types of information they must provide, such as sources of emissions and explanations of their internal analyses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”The most significant part is the transparency guidelines, which put the meat on the bones of that section of the Paris agreement,” says Sue Biniaz, the former top climate lawyer for the U.S. State Department and one of the negotiators who worked on the Paris agreement. “It’s way more extensive than one might have imagined even a few weeks ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the talks also left many issues unresolved, including whether countries will commit to transitioning even more quickly to clean energy sources, and how much richer countries will help poorer countries pay for that transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>United Nations Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa, reading a statement on behalf of the U.N. Secretary-General, spoke bluntly about the need for countries to move more quickly to curb greenhouse gas emissions. “From now on, my top five priorities will be ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.N is hosting a special follow-up climate meeting next September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the most vulnerable nations in the world, including islands, left the meeting in Poland frustrated. In its final statement after the rules had been agreed to, the Malaysian government noted that Western Europe and North America have been industrialized far longer than many parts of Asia, and have profited while contributing enormously to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Malaysian delegation called for more money to flow from countries like the U.S. — the world’s largest economy and the second largest polluter — to help pay for damage caused by climate change, saying, “We owe this to the poor and vulnerable who are paying sometimes with their lives in our part of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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