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"content": "\u003cp>The last five years have been the hottest on record in California, and state officials say climate change is raising heat-related health and safety concerns for hundreds of thousands of workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"710\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-1020x710.jpg\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-1200x835.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-1920x1336.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-1180x821.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-960x668.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-375x261.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934110/rising-heat-is-making-workers-sick\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/heat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More from KQED’s series on the increasing danger of extreme heat\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California was the first in the nation to set heat safety limits outdoors, and now workplace regulators have a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new proposal\u003c/a> to keep employees safe indoors as well. These rules would also be the first of their kind in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science reporter Molly Peterson has been investigating climate-driven heat in homes and on the job around California. Her investigation into the heat experienced by 16 workers in workplaces around the state found that they spent nearly half their time on average in heat above the state’s currently proposed heat standard, resulting in fainting spells, heat sickness, unexpected doctors’ visits and lost wages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, Peterson breaks down what the state is considering and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s affected by hot workplaces?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t just about canneries in the Central Valley and roasting-hot warehouse in San Bernardino. This is about restaurants in the South Bay and factories in the East Bay, and any office building where there’s no air conditioning and the sun gets brutal behind big windows. That could mean a lot of workplaces in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might be more obvious to think about workers outdoors, but in recent years there’s been a national movement to recognize the problem of people getting sick and even dying from heat indoors. So all eyes are on how California will deal with the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the state’s workplace regulators (Cal/OSHA, in the Department of Industrial Regulation) considering?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/Draft-revisions-Jan-29-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest version\u003c/a> of the proposed rule says that when the heat index is measured at 87 — heat index is temperature modified by humidity — employers must have a plan in place to protect workers. The rule says the best way to protect workers is to cool the workplace itself, and beyond that, to offer workers a break in a cooler location. If those options aren’t feasible, companies may supply their workers with protective gear like water-cooled garments or cooling vests to guard against the heat if it’s going to persist for a long time. Employers also have to measure and keep records about the temperatures indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state had earlier proposed a higher heat index of 90 as the trigger point for mandatory heat safety protection. Advocacy groups used scientific studies and other evidence, as well as data collected by KQED, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/Comments-Oct-24-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argue\u003c/a> that workers would still be at risk for injury at that heat level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also know from recorded incidences of heat illness, from OSHA records and studies of those, that people really start to become vulnerable to heat illness at a heat index of around 85 degrees,” says Tim Shadix, attorney for Oakland-based Worksafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How has KQED investigated excessive heat at indoor workplaces?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We gave out sensors to measure the heat index to 16 workers in the most impacted industries, including garment factories, indoor car washes, a cannery, and, yes, warehouses in the Inland Empire. On average, the workers we talked to spent more than half their time in heat above the state’s currently proposed heat standard; if the rule is adopted, employers would have to take steps to protect every one of them. We’re talking about hourly wage employees without great health care. Worker advocates told us they were surprised at how much of the day workers spent in high heat, even in the morning or late at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA finished taking public comments last Friday about its latest draft. The next step is to complete an economic impact analysis and figure out how much it will cost to implement the rule. Eventually, there will be a hearing and a vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The last five years have been the hottest on record in California, and state officials say climate change is raising heat-related health and safety concerns for hundreds of thousands of workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"710\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-1020x710.jpg\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-1200x835.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-1920x1336.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-1180x821.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-960x668.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-375x261.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934110/rising-heat-is-making-workers-sick\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/heat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More from KQED’s series on the increasing danger of extreme heat\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California was the first in the nation to set heat safety limits outdoors, and now workplace regulators have a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new proposal\u003c/a> to keep employees safe indoors as well. These rules would also be the first of their kind in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science reporter Molly Peterson has been investigating climate-driven heat in homes and on the job around California. Her investigation into the heat experienced by 16 workers in workplaces around the state found that they spent nearly half their time on average in heat above the state’s currently proposed heat standard, resulting in fainting spells, heat sickness, unexpected doctors’ visits and lost wages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, Peterson breaks down what the state is considering and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s affected by hot workplaces?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t just about canneries in the Central Valley and roasting-hot warehouse in San Bernardino. This is about restaurants in the South Bay and factories in the East Bay, and any office building where there’s no air conditioning and the sun gets brutal behind big windows. That could mean a lot of workplaces in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might be more obvious to think about workers outdoors, but in recent years there’s been a national movement to recognize the problem of people getting sick and even dying from heat indoors. So all eyes are on how California will deal with the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the state’s workplace regulators (Cal/OSHA, in the Department of Industrial Regulation) considering?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/Draft-revisions-Jan-29-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest version\u003c/a> of the proposed rule says that when the heat index is measured at 87 — heat index is temperature modified by humidity — employers must have a plan in place to protect workers. The rule says the best way to protect workers is to cool the workplace itself, and beyond that, to offer workers a break in a cooler location. If those options aren’t feasible, companies may supply their workers with protective gear like water-cooled garments or cooling vests to guard against the heat if it’s going to persist for a long time. Employers also have to measure and keep records about the temperatures indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state had earlier proposed a higher heat index of 90 as the trigger point for mandatory heat safety protection. Advocacy groups used scientific studies and other evidence, as well as data collected by KQED, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/Comments-Oct-24-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argue\u003c/a> that workers would still be at risk for injury at that heat level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also know from recorded incidences of heat illness, from OSHA records and studies of those, that people really start to become vulnerable to heat illness at a heat index of around 85 degrees,” says Tim Shadix, attorney for Oakland-based Worksafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How has KQED investigated excessive heat at indoor workplaces?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We gave out sensors to measure the heat index to 16 workers in the most impacted industries, including garment factories, indoor car washes, a cannery, and, yes, warehouses in the Inland Empire. On average, the workers we talked to spent more than half their time in heat above the state’s currently proposed heat standard; if the rule is adopted, employers would have to take steps to protect every one of them. We’re talking about hourly wage employees without great health care. Worker advocates told us they were surprised at how much of the day workers spent in high heat, even in the morning or late at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA finished taking public comments last Friday about its latest draft. The next step is to complete an economic impact analysis and figure out how much it will cost to implement the rule. Eventually, there will be a hearing and a vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration has ended negotiations with California over fuel-efficiency regulations, and that’s no surprise, given recent events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Wheeler, acting administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency, appeared in San Francisco at the Bloomberg Mobility Conference in January. As KQED and other outlets reported at the time, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relationship\u003c/a> between California and the EPA was already well and truly frosty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We thought it would be useful to look more closely at what Wheeler says on issues central to California. In a rare interview, he spoke to \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate One\u003c/a>’s \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/people/greg-dalton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greg Dalton\u003c/a> in San Francisco, and KQED reporter Molly Peterson has annotated the following excerpts from the interview. The excerpts were chosen for their relevance to Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>On Power Plants\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greg Dalton:\u003c/strong> During your Senate confirmation testimony, you said that climate change is not the greatest risk facing humanity, but it’s somewhere around an eight or nine on a scale of 10. So what is the Trump Administration doing to address that eight or nine challenge for humanity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Andrew Wheeler: \u003c/strong>Sure, we’re moving forward with our ACE proposal, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/proposal-affordable-clean-energy-ace-rule\">Affordable Clean Energy [Rule]\u003c/a>, which will reduce CO2 from the electric power segment. We’re also moving forth our \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927865/trump-epa-ready-to-throw-down-gauntlet-on-calif-auto-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CAFE standard\u003c/a>, which will also reduce CO2. On the ACE proposal, it’s projected to get 33 to 34 percent reduction in CO2 from the electric power sector over the life of the regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton: \u003c/strong>Though, I think a \u003ca href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aafe25\">Harvard study\u003c/a> that questioned whether that will really reduce CO2 compared to the Obama Clean Power Plan, which I think that’s trying to replace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler: \u003c/strong>Well, you got to remember the Obama \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/interactive/clean_power_plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> never took effect. It was stayed by the Supreme Court because, in my opinion, it went outside the Clean Air Act. It’s really hard to compare apples and oranges when you have a regulation that was never implemented outside the jurisdiction of the agency and the outside of the authority of the Clean Air Act versus a proposed regulation that follows the law, follows the Supreme Court precedents, and will reduce CO2.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">Wheeler’s right about one thing: It’s hard to compare the Obama-era Clean Power Plan and the Affordable Clean Energy Rule, but not for the reasons he cites. The two plans are based on dramatically different assumptions, both about how fast carbon emissions are already dropping, and how low they’ll be in the future.Wheeler’s pledge that ACE will reduce carbon in the electric power sector by “33 to 34 percent” comes from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-08/documents/utilities_ria_proposed_ace_2018-08.pdf\">EPA’s analysis of its rule\u003c/a>. But reading the fine print in that analysis, it’s clear that almost all of those emissions will go away whether or not the ACE rule takes effect: less than 1 percent of emissions reductions will come directly from the Trump-era rule.\n\u003cp>And EPA’s own analysis offers evidence the ACE rule won’t be as effective as the Clean Power Plan. I scratched out a tons-to-tons comparison of the projected emissions and promised reductions in each proposal from data tables in the analysis, and it comes out like this: By 2030, emissions under the Affordable Clean Energy Rule may be 5 to 6 percent higher than under the Clean Power Plan. On top of that, loopholes in the ACE rule could increase carbon emissions in 19 states and the District of Columbia, \u003ca href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aafe25\">according to researchers at Resources for the Future and Harvard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch3>On How Far EPA’s Authority Goes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton:\u003c/strong> Coal production — coal capacity — in the United States is down about a third from 2010. Banks, insurance companies, hedge funds are all moving away from coal, as you well know. Do you really think that that easing regulations on coal will help bring back an industry that’s in decline for lots of reasons?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler: \u003c/strong>I think the important thing here is that we’re not tipping the scales. The Obama Administration tipped the scales away from coal. It’s not the job of the EPA — the authority of the EPA — to pick winners and losers between the different fuel sources. That would be either Department of Energy or FERC [Federal Energy Regulatory Commission], or even more likely, the state PUCs [Public Utility Commissions]. Our job is to set the regulations that govern the industry, and that’s what we’re doing, and we believe we have a responsible regulation that will reduce CO2 in the electrical power segment, following both the Clean Air Act and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oyez.org/cases/2006/05-1120\">Massachusetts vs. EPA decision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">As Wheeler himself points out, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/interactive/clean_power_plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, the regulatory scheme that presented the greatest existential threat to coal-fired power plants, never took effect. What really tipped the scales against coal was the market itself: \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=38172\">more than half\u003c/a> of mines that were open a decade ago have closed, and the Energy Information Authority \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37817\">reports\u003c/a> that U.S. coal consumption was the lowest last year in 39 years.Wheeler says it’s not the job of the EPA to pick winners and losers among fuel sources. That’s not entirely accurate. It \u003cu>is\u003c/u> the job of the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases. In 2014, an opinion by Justice Antonin Scalia in the case \u003ca href=\"https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/politics/supreme-court-decision-limiting-epa-regulation-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions/1117/\">Utility Air Regulatory Group vs. EPA\u003c/a> found that greenhouse gas emissions don’t automatically trigger federal regulation. But the court also decided that the EPA could limit greenhouse gas as a “pollutant subject to regulation” for big power plants that were already regulated for other pollutants.\n\u003cp>So, in effect, regulation can tip the scale toward cleaner fuel sources, because it’s meant to limit pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch3>On Clean Car Standards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton: \u003c/strong>[W]e’re here talking at a Bloomberg Conference on Mobility — a lot of talk about the California waiver, clean car standards. California and the federal government are kind of at a deadlock there. How’s that gonna play out? \u003cem>[Editor’s Note: This interview happened before the break in talks.]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler:\u003c/strong> Well, hopefully we can end up with something as a regulation that California likes and can agree with, but, you know, California’s only looking at it as one policy issue and that is energy efficiency. The Trump Administration, the federal government, we’re looking at more than just one policy issue, including highway safety, lives saved. Our proposal will save 1,000 lives per year as opposed — over and above the Obama proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton: \u003c/strong>Is that because of bigger cars? What’s the basis for that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler:\u003c/strong> It’s older cars. Right now, people are keeping their cars longer because the high price of cars. The average lifespan for a car on the on the road, the average age of a car on the road, today is 12 years. It used to be eight years. People are holding onto their cars longer. When you buy a new car, you buy a more energy-efficient car, you buy a safer car, and what we’re trying to do with our CAFE proposal is bring down the cost of a new car, which would bring us down [by] around $2,300 per car on average. That will incentivize more people to buy newer, safer, more energy-efficient cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">This is a little confusing. Wheeler is relying on a major public analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/ld-cafe-co2-nhtsa-2127-al76-epa-pria-180823.pdf\">released\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/ld-cafe-co2-nhtsa-2127-al76-epa-pria-180823.pdf\">jointly\u003c/a> by the EPA and the National Transportation Safety Highway Authority that \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-09/documents/caaac_presentation_on_safe_nprm_sept_26_2018_final.pdf\">essentially\u003c/a> argues that it saves lives for fuel-efficient cars to come onto the market more slowly than the current standards require.The Trump Administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/ld-cafe-co2-nhtsa-2127-al76-epa-pria-180823.pdf\">analysis\u003c/a> found that EPA’s CAFE proposal would reduce expected road fatalities by 1,000 a year, if it takes effect, because it assumes that people driving energy-efficient cars would drive far more often, raising their risk for fatal accidents. For this and other reasons, scholars \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/02/climate/trump-fuel-economy.html\">on whose work the EPA relies \u003c/a> disagree, \u003ca href=\"http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/economist-on-the-flaws-large-and-small-in-trumps-fuel-economy-rollback/\">saying\u003c/a> that this analysis is “botching the equation” and “flies in the face of economic logic.”\n\u003cp>In fact, an internal EPA staff presentation sent to the Office of Management and Budget \u003ca href=\"http://www.4cleanair.org/sites/default/files/Documents/EPA_Staff_Memo_to_NHTSA_on_Draft_NPRM-61818.pdf\">concluded\u003c/a> that the agency’s proposal would actually increase road fatalities by 17 a year. EPA director of standards William Charmley wrote that the “proposed standards are detrimental to safety, rather than beneficial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the cost question. EPA does conclude that its CAFE standards would make cars, on average, $2,340 cheaper, which also helps justify its record-breaking auto sales projections. But economists and consumer advocates say \u003ca href=\"https://consumerfed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/on-the-road-to-2025-cafe-standards.pdf\">the\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://consumerfed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/on-the-road-to-2025-cafe-standards.pdf\">cost\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://consumerfed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/on-the-road-to-2025-cafe-standards.pdf\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://consumerfed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/on-the-road-to-2025-cafe-standards.pdf\">fuel\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://energyathaas.wordpress.com/2018/09/08/rebounds-role-in-trumps-fuel-economy-rollback/\">depreciation\u003c/a> of the cheaper cars would offset that initial benefit, a point that Greg Dalton makes in his follow up question, below:\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton:\u003c/strong> The cars that get better gas mileage cost less to operate over the lifetime of that car. People who have more fuel-efficient cars spend less on gas, so isn’t that also saving Americans money, if they have more efficient cars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler: \u003c/strong>If they actually buy the newer cars. As we’ve seen over the last 10 years, people aren’t buying the newer cars. Part of that is the Obama Administration looked at some faulty — we believe — looked at some faulty consumer profiling information as far as what people want to buy, what people are purchasing today. And right now electric cars make up about two percent of the sales. In order to completely comply with the Obama CAFE standards by 2025, you’d have to jumpstart the electric cars up to 30 percent. We just don’t – you know, the data we’ve seen about what the American public wants to buy, what they’re interested in buying, doesn’t match that.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">Wheeler’s interpretation of consumer behavior isn’t the only or dominant one. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931169/governor-browns-biggest-climate-foe-isnt-trump-its-car-loving-californians\">Check out Lauren Sommer’s story\u003c/a> for a wide-ranging understanding of the obstacles to getting consumers to drive an electric vehicle home. She found that interest in electric cars is growing, but knowledge of them isn’t. And a key reason why is the absence of national advertising.(Let us know what you think! See reporter email below.)\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton:\u003c/strong> [Auto manufacturers] also have said that they don’t want to roll back the auto-emission standards. Ford has come out and said that. Other auto companies have said, “We want certainty. It’s not good for industry, for the federal government and California to fight it out in court,” and they don’t know who’s gonna win. So what about the voice of industry here, who’s saying, “Hey, we want some clarity,” which is what they always want?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler:\u003c/strong> Well, industry came to us the beginning of this administration and said that they can’t meet the Obama standards going forward. And you know, right now, they’re not. If you look at the 2016 data, they paid $77,000,000 in penalties because they did not meet the 2016 Obama CAFE standard, and that amount is supposed to increase dramatically over the next 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">The source of Wheeler’s penalty number isn’t clear. For the years between 2010 and 2014, auto makers \u003ca href=\"https://one.nhtsa.gov/cafe_pic/CAFE_PIC_Fines_LIVE.html\">paid about $100 million\u003c/a> in CAFE penalties. Fiat Chrysler \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-07/fiat-chrysler-pays-77-million-for-missing-fuel-economy-target\">has paid\u003c/a> $77 million for the model year 2016 alone, after penalties rose to match inflation, but was the only automaker to fall short in 2016.Wheeler is mischaracterizing the industry’s perspective. Manufacturers may have asked for some regulatory relief in private, but in public they’re singing a different tune.“We support increasing clean car standards through 2025 and are not asking for a rollback,” \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/cityoftomorrow/a-measure-of-progress-bc34ad2b0ed\">wrote Bill Ford\u003c/a> about his company’s position, almost a year ago. Honda \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/30/climate/epa-auto-pollution-pruitt.html\">says\u003c/a> they’re not asking for a rollback. Mitch Bainwol, CEO for the industry’s lobbying umbrella, the Auto Alliance, \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180928033730/https:/docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF18/20180508/108270/HHRG-115-IF18-Wstate-BainwolM-20180508.pdf\">told Congress\u003c/a> that meeting CAFE standards was challenging — but he didn’t say they can’t do it.\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch3>On a Carbon Tax\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton:\u003c/strong> There’s legislation in Congress now. Pricing carbon pollution is now on the table again; it hasn’t been that way in about ten years or so. There’s something called the Carbon Dividend Plan that was co-authored by James Baker, George Shultz and supported by one of your predecessors, Christine Todd Whitman; as well as Rob Walton, the scion of the of the Walmart family; Ben Bernanke; also corporations: ExxonMobil, Shell, BP, Excellon, AT&T. This is the corporate and political establishment. What do you think of that plan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler: …\u003c/strong>A carbon tax is one of the most regressive taxes you can put on the American public because lower income people, people on a fixed income, end up paying more of a percentage of their income. Well first of all, they paid more of a percentage of their income for energy today than people in upper brackets, so it really does hurt lower income people, people on a fixed budget. And it’s not just – I know they’re talking about paying dividends back to people, so they have a rebate for their gasoline, or a rebate for their home heating and air conditioning, but what about the dividends to make up for the increased price on goods from the small businesses, from the restaurants they go to? From the local McDonald’s, where they’re paying more for their electricity? So it’s a regressive form of taxation. It may be economically one of the easier ways of addressing CO2, but it’s really harmful to low-income people.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">Supporters of carbon taxes argue that this way of framing a discussion around the costs of climate change is misleading. An argument for a carbon tax is that we already pay one, through negative externalities, like the concentration of asthma-inducing smog, and increased vulnerabilities to heat. Those costs of climate change already affect the health and economic well-being of poor people disproportionately. A carbon tax would more accurately reflect the economic, social and health costs to these emissions.Economic studies show a carbon tax could be regressive, and to address that, economists propose methods to prevent pain in low- and middle-income tax brackets. Lump-sum rebates, targeted rebates, or cuts to existing regressive taxes could blunt the regressive effect, and acknowledge the costs that some Americans already pay more than others.\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch3>On Forest Management and Fire in California\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton:\u003c/strong>And what is the way — if you say climate change is an eight or a nine, I heard you talk about the clean energy plan — what are the other ways to tackle climate change? Because we’re seeing storms, fires and deaths in California. Storms are more severe, Houston, et cetera. It’s getting very expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler:\u003c/strong>It is a global problem. It needs to be addressed globally…But also equally important is looking at adaptation, and making sure that when a natural disaster strikes, we rebuild to sustain a larger storm surge…As far as the California fires, and this is a topic that I got into in my confirmation, I believe the unofficial name is the Little Hoover Institute here in California, that drafted a report based upon the fires, and they blame the forest management practices of the last hundred years more than climate change. I think it’s important not to lose sight of that aspect because we really do need to have better forest management in order to stop the wild, destructive fires that we’ve seen in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">This is a mischaracterization of the Little Hoover Commission report, whose authors \u003ca href=\"https://lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\">wrote last May\u003c/a> that “[p]oor management policies that interrupted the natural and historical cycle of fire, combined now with a changing climate, have left forests vulnerable to disease, insects, catastrophic fire and drought.”According to the Congressional Research Service, the federal government owns about 46% of California’s total land, much of it forested. Federal and state forest managers and fire authorities have emphasized that they’re working together to shift away from managing only by suppressing fires. Public officials also have reiterated in the last year that climate change compounds the urgency of the problem.\n\u003cp>All of that work comes as President Trump has \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1026587142989008897?lang=en\">blamed\u003c/a> California for \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061554334276747264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1061554334276747264&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2018%2F11%2Fdonald-trumps-latest-california-wildfires-twitter-do-over-first-responders-very-brave-1202500249%2F\">“poor”\u003c/a>” forest management, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061168803218948096?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1061168803218948096&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F11%2F11%2Fpolitics%2Fcalifornia-wildfires-trump-tweets%2Findex.html\">threatening\u003c/a> on Twitter to \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1083022011574747137?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fbriannasacks%2Ftrump-california-disaster-aid-order-no-record\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take away\u003c/a> federal money. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/briannasacks/trump-california-disaster-aid-order-no-record\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent Buzzfeed report\u003c/a>, FEMA says the President never did issue that order.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/people/greg-dalton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greg Dalton\u003c/a> is the host and founder of Climate One, a \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/watch-and-listen/podcasts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">podcast\u003c/a> and radio show on \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500005/npr-news-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR Now\u003c/a> that engages high-level leaders from business, policy, advocacy and academic circles in a conversation about building a sustainable economy and stabilizing the Earth’s climate. Climate One is recorded with a live audience at \u003ca href=\"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Commonwealth Club\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Do you have thoughts about the story? \u003ca href=\"mailto:mpeterson@kqed.org\">Email Molly Peterson\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "EPA Acting Administrator Andrew Wheeler spoke in San Francisco recently on fires, cars, and energy. We checked his claims ... it's complicated.",
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"description": "EPA Acting Administrator Andrew Wheeler spoke in San Francisco recently on fires, cars, and energy. We checked his claims ... it's complicated.",
"title": "Here's Trump's EPA Pick Talking Climate Change. And Yes, We Fact-Checked Him | KQED",
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"headline": "Here's Trump's EPA Pick Talking Climate Change. And Yes, We Fact-Checked Him",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration has ended negotiations with California over fuel-efficiency regulations, and that’s no surprise, given recent events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Wheeler, acting administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency, appeared in San Francisco at the Bloomberg Mobility Conference in January. As KQED and other outlets reported at the time, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relationship\u003c/a> between California and the EPA was already well and truly frosty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We thought it would be useful to look more closely at what Wheeler says on issues central to California. In a rare interview, he spoke to \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate One\u003c/a>’s \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/people/greg-dalton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greg Dalton\u003c/a> in San Francisco, and KQED reporter Molly Peterson has annotated the following excerpts from the interview. The excerpts were chosen for their relevance to Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>On Power Plants\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greg Dalton:\u003c/strong> During your Senate confirmation testimony, you said that climate change is not the greatest risk facing humanity, but it’s somewhere around an eight or nine on a scale of 10. So what is the Trump Administration doing to address that eight or nine challenge for humanity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Andrew Wheeler: \u003c/strong>Sure, we’re moving forward with our ACE proposal, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/proposal-affordable-clean-energy-ace-rule\">Affordable Clean Energy [Rule]\u003c/a>, which will reduce CO2 from the electric power segment. We’re also moving forth our \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927865/trump-epa-ready-to-throw-down-gauntlet-on-calif-auto-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CAFE standard\u003c/a>, which will also reduce CO2. On the ACE proposal, it’s projected to get 33 to 34 percent reduction in CO2 from the electric power sector over the life of the regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton: \u003c/strong>Though, I think a \u003ca href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aafe25\">Harvard study\u003c/a> that questioned whether that will really reduce CO2 compared to the Obama Clean Power Plan, which I think that’s trying to replace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler: \u003c/strong>Well, you got to remember the Obama \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/interactive/clean_power_plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> never took effect. It was stayed by the Supreme Court because, in my opinion, it went outside the Clean Air Act. It’s really hard to compare apples and oranges when you have a regulation that was never implemented outside the jurisdiction of the agency and the outside of the authority of the Clean Air Act versus a proposed regulation that follows the law, follows the Supreme Court precedents, and will reduce CO2.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">Wheeler’s right about one thing: It’s hard to compare the Obama-era Clean Power Plan and the Affordable Clean Energy Rule, but not for the reasons he cites. The two plans are based on dramatically different assumptions, both about how fast carbon emissions are already dropping, and how low they’ll be in the future.Wheeler’s pledge that ACE will reduce carbon in the electric power sector by “33 to 34 percent” comes from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-08/documents/utilities_ria_proposed_ace_2018-08.pdf\">EPA’s analysis of its rule\u003c/a>. But reading the fine print in that analysis, it’s clear that almost all of those emissions will go away whether or not the ACE rule takes effect: less than 1 percent of emissions reductions will come directly from the Trump-era rule.\n\u003cp>And EPA’s own analysis offers evidence the ACE rule won’t be as effective as the Clean Power Plan. I scratched out a tons-to-tons comparison of the projected emissions and promised reductions in each proposal from data tables in the analysis, and it comes out like this: By 2030, emissions under the Affordable Clean Energy Rule may be 5 to 6 percent higher than under the Clean Power Plan. On top of that, loopholes in the ACE rule could increase carbon emissions in 19 states and the District of Columbia, \u003ca href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aafe25\">according to researchers at Resources for the Future and Harvard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch3>On How Far EPA’s Authority Goes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton:\u003c/strong> Coal production — coal capacity — in the United States is down about a third from 2010. Banks, insurance companies, hedge funds are all moving away from coal, as you well know. Do you really think that that easing regulations on coal will help bring back an industry that’s in decline for lots of reasons?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler: \u003c/strong>I think the important thing here is that we’re not tipping the scales. The Obama Administration tipped the scales away from coal. It’s not the job of the EPA — the authority of the EPA — to pick winners and losers between the different fuel sources. That would be either Department of Energy or FERC [Federal Energy Regulatory Commission], or even more likely, the state PUCs [Public Utility Commissions]. Our job is to set the regulations that govern the industry, and that’s what we’re doing, and we believe we have a responsible regulation that will reduce CO2 in the electrical power segment, following both the Clean Air Act and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oyez.org/cases/2006/05-1120\">Massachusetts vs. EPA decision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">As Wheeler himself points out, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/interactive/clean_power_plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, the regulatory scheme that presented the greatest existential threat to coal-fired power plants, never took effect. What really tipped the scales against coal was the market itself: \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=38172\">more than half\u003c/a> of mines that were open a decade ago have closed, and the Energy Information Authority \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37817\">reports\u003c/a> that U.S. coal consumption was the lowest last year in 39 years.Wheeler says it’s not the job of the EPA to pick winners and losers among fuel sources. That’s not entirely accurate. It \u003cu>is\u003c/u> the job of the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases. In 2014, an opinion by Justice Antonin Scalia in the case \u003ca href=\"https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/politics/supreme-court-decision-limiting-epa-regulation-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions/1117/\">Utility Air Regulatory Group vs. EPA\u003c/a> found that greenhouse gas emissions don’t automatically trigger federal regulation. But the court also decided that the EPA could limit greenhouse gas as a “pollutant subject to regulation” for big power plants that were already regulated for other pollutants.\n\u003cp>So, in effect, regulation can tip the scale toward cleaner fuel sources, because it’s meant to limit pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch3>On Clean Car Standards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton: \u003c/strong>[W]e’re here talking at a Bloomberg Conference on Mobility — a lot of talk about the California waiver, clean car standards. California and the federal government are kind of at a deadlock there. How’s that gonna play out? \u003cem>[Editor’s Note: This interview happened before the break in talks.]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler:\u003c/strong> Well, hopefully we can end up with something as a regulation that California likes and can agree with, but, you know, California’s only looking at it as one policy issue and that is energy efficiency. The Trump Administration, the federal government, we’re looking at more than just one policy issue, including highway safety, lives saved. Our proposal will save 1,000 lives per year as opposed — over and above the Obama proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton: \u003c/strong>Is that because of bigger cars? What’s the basis for that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler:\u003c/strong> It’s older cars. Right now, people are keeping their cars longer because the high price of cars. The average lifespan for a car on the on the road, the average age of a car on the road, today is 12 years. It used to be eight years. People are holding onto their cars longer. When you buy a new car, you buy a more energy-efficient car, you buy a safer car, and what we’re trying to do with our CAFE proposal is bring down the cost of a new car, which would bring us down [by] around $2,300 per car on average. That will incentivize more people to buy newer, safer, more energy-efficient cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">This is a little confusing. Wheeler is relying on a major public analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/ld-cafe-co2-nhtsa-2127-al76-epa-pria-180823.pdf\">released\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/ld-cafe-co2-nhtsa-2127-al76-epa-pria-180823.pdf\">jointly\u003c/a> by the EPA and the National Transportation Safety Highway Authority that \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-09/documents/caaac_presentation_on_safe_nprm_sept_26_2018_final.pdf\">essentially\u003c/a> argues that it saves lives for fuel-efficient cars to come onto the market more slowly than the current standards require.The Trump Administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/ld-cafe-co2-nhtsa-2127-al76-epa-pria-180823.pdf\">analysis\u003c/a> found that EPA’s CAFE proposal would reduce expected road fatalities by 1,000 a year, if it takes effect, because it assumes that people driving energy-efficient cars would drive far more often, raising their risk for fatal accidents. For this and other reasons, scholars \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/02/climate/trump-fuel-economy.html\">on whose work the EPA relies \u003c/a> disagree, \u003ca href=\"http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/economist-on-the-flaws-large-and-small-in-trumps-fuel-economy-rollback/\">saying\u003c/a> that this analysis is “botching the equation” and “flies in the face of economic logic.”\n\u003cp>In fact, an internal EPA staff presentation sent to the Office of Management and Budget \u003ca href=\"http://www.4cleanair.org/sites/default/files/Documents/EPA_Staff_Memo_to_NHTSA_on_Draft_NPRM-61818.pdf\">concluded\u003c/a> that the agency’s proposal would actually increase road fatalities by 17 a year. EPA director of standards William Charmley wrote that the “proposed standards are detrimental to safety, rather than beneficial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the cost question. EPA does conclude that its CAFE standards would make cars, on average, $2,340 cheaper, which also helps justify its record-breaking auto sales projections. But economists and consumer advocates say \u003ca href=\"https://consumerfed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/on-the-road-to-2025-cafe-standards.pdf\">the\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://consumerfed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/on-the-road-to-2025-cafe-standards.pdf\">cost\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://consumerfed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/on-the-road-to-2025-cafe-standards.pdf\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://consumerfed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/on-the-road-to-2025-cafe-standards.pdf\">fuel\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://energyathaas.wordpress.com/2018/09/08/rebounds-role-in-trumps-fuel-economy-rollback/\">depreciation\u003c/a> of the cheaper cars would offset that initial benefit, a point that Greg Dalton makes in his follow up question, below:\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton:\u003c/strong> The cars that get better gas mileage cost less to operate over the lifetime of that car. People who have more fuel-efficient cars spend less on gas, so isn’t that also saving Americans money, if they have more efficient cars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler: \u003c/strong>If they actually buy the newer cars. As we’ve seen over the last 10 years, people aren’t buying the newer cars. Part of that is the Obama Administration looked at some faulty — we believe — looked at some faulty consumer profiling information as far as what people want to buy, what people are purchasing today. And right now electric cars make up about two percent of the sales. In order to completely comply with the Obama CAFE standards by 2025, you’d have to jumpstart the electric cars up to 30 percent. We just don’t – you know, the data we’ve seen about what the American public wants to buy, what they’re interested in buying, doesn’t match that.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">Wheeler’s interpretation of consumer behavior isn’t the only or dominant one. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931169/governor-browns-biggest-climate-foe-isnt-trump-its-car-loving-californians\">Check out Lauren Sommer’s story\u003c/a> for a wide-ranging understanding of the obstacles to getting consumers to drive an electric vehicle home. She found that interest in electric cars is growing, but knowledge of them isn’t. And a key reason why is the absence of national advertising.(Let us know what you think! See reporter email below.)\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton:\u003c/strong> [Auto manufacturers] also have said that they don’t want to roll back the auto-emission standards. Ford has come out and said that. Other auto companies have said, “We want certainty. It’s not good for industry, for the federal government and California to fight it out in court,” and they don’t know who’s gonna win. So what about the voice of industry here, who’s saying, “Hey, we want some clarity,” which is what they always want?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler:\u003c/strong> Well, industry came to us the beginning of this administration and said that they can’t meet the Obama standards going forward. And you know, right now, they’re not. If you look at the 2016 data, they paid $77,000,000 in penalties because they did not meet the 2016 Obama CAFE standard, and that amount is supposed to increase dramatically over the next 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">The source of Wheeler’s penalty number isn’t clear. For the years between 2010 and 2014, auto makers \u003ca href=\"https://one.nhtsa.gov/cafe_pic/CAFE_PIC_Fines_LIVE.html\">paid about $100 million\u003c/a> in CAFE penalties. Fiat Chrysler \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-07/fiat-chrysler-pays-77-million-for-missing-fuel-economy-target\">has paid\u003c/a> $77 million for the model year 2016 alone, after penalties rose to match inflation, but was the only automaker to fall short in 2016.Wheeler is mischaracterizing the industry’s perspective. Manufacturers may have asked for some regulatory relief in private, but in public they’re singing a different tune.“We support increasing clean car standards through 2025 and are not asking for a rollback,” \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/cityoftomorrow/a-measure-of-progress-bc34ad2b0ed\">wrote Bill Ford\u003c/a> about his company’s position, almost a year ago. Honda \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/30/climate/epa-auto-pollution-pruitt.html\">says\u003c/a> they’re not asking for a rollback. Mitch Bainwol, CEO for the industry’s lobbying umbrella, the Auto Alliance, \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180928033730/https:/docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF18/20180508/108270/HHRG-115-IF18-Wstate-BainwolM-20180508.pdf\">told Congress\u003c/a> that meeting CAFE standards was challenging — but he didn’t say they can’t do it.\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch3>On a Carbon Tax\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton:\u003c/strong> There’s legislation in Congress now. Pricing carbon pollution is now on the table again; it hasn’t been that way in about ten years or so. There’s something called the Carbon Dividend Plan that was co-authored by James Baker, George Shultz and supported by one of your predecessors, Christine Todd Whitman; as well as Rob Walton, the scion of the of the Walmart family; Ben Bernanke; also corporations: ExxonMobil, Shell, BP, Excellon, AT&T. This is the corporate and political establishment. What do you think of that plan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler: …\u003c/strong>A carbon tax is one of the most regressive taxes you can put on the American public because lower income people, people on a fixed income, end up paying more of a percentage of their income. Well first of all, they paid more of a percentage of their income for energy today than people in upper brackets, so it really does hurt lower income people, people on a fixed budget. And it’s not just – I know they’re talking about paying dividends back to people, so they have a rebate for their gasoline, or a rebate for their home heating and air conditioning, but what about the dividends to make up for the increased price on goods from the small businesses, from the restaurants they go to? From the local McDonald’s, where they’re paying more for their electricity? So it’s a regressive form of taxation. It may be economically one of the easier ways of addressing CO2, but it’s really harmful to low-income people.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">Supporters of carbon taxes argue that this way of framing a discussion around the costs of climate change is misleading. An argument for a carbon tax is that we already pay one, through negative externalities, like the concentration of asthma-inducing smog, and increased vulnerabilities to heat. Those costs of climate change already affect the health and economic well-being of poor people disproportionately. A carbon tax would more accurately reflect the economic, social and health costs to these emissions.Economic studies show a carbon tax could be regressive, and to address that, economists propose methods to prevent pain in low- and middle-income tax brackets. Lump-sum rebates, targeted rebates, or cuts to existing regressive taxes could blunt the regressive effect, and acknowledge the costs that some Americans already pay more than others.\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch3>On Forest Management and Fire in California\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dalton:\u003c/strong>And what is the way — if you say climate change is an eight or a nine, I heard you talk about the clean energy plan — what are the other ways to tackle climate change? Because we’re seeing storms, fires and deaths in California. Storms are more severe, Houston, et cetera. It’s getting very expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wheeler:\u003c/strong>It is a global problem. It needs to be addressed globally…But also equally important is looking at adaptation, and making sure that when a natural disaster strikes, we rebuild to sustain a larger storm surge…As far as the California fires, and this is a topic that I got into in my confirmation, I believe the unofficial name is the Little Hoover Institute here in California, that drafted a report based upon the fires, and they blame the forest management practices of the last hundred years more than climate change. I think it’s important not to lose sight of that aspect because we really do need to have better forest management in order to stop the wild, destructive fires that we’ve seen in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">This is a mischaracterization of the Little Hoover Commission report, whose authors \u003ca href=\"https://lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\">wrote last May\u003c/a> that “[p]oor management policies that interrupted the natural and historical cycle of fire, combined now with a changing climate, have left forests vulnerable to disease, insects, catastrophic fire and drought.”According to the Congressional Research Service, the federal government owns about 46% of California’s total land, much of it forested. Federal and state forest managers and fire authorities have emphasized that they’re working together to shift away from managing only by suppressing fires. Public officials also have reiterated in the last year that climate change compounds the urgency of the problem.\n\u003cp>All of that work comes as President Trump has \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1026587142989008897?lang=en\">blamed\u003c/a> California for \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061554334276747264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1061554334276747264&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2018%2F11%2Fdonald-trumps-latest-california-wildfires-twitter-do-over-first-responders-very-brave-1202500249%2F\">“poor”\u003c/a>” forest management, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061168803218948096?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1061168803218948096&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F11%2F11%2Fpolitics%2Fcalifornia-wildfires-trump-tweets%2Findex.html\">threatening\u003c/a> on Twitter to \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1083022011574747137?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fbriannasacks%2Ftrump-california-disaster-aid-order-no-record\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take away\u003c/a> federal money. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/briannasacks/trump-california-disaster-aid-order-no-record\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent Buzzfeed report\u003c/a>, FEMA says the President never did issue that order.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/people/greg-dalton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greg Dalton\u003c/a> is the host and founder of Climate One, a \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/watch-and-listen/podcasts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">podcast\u003c/a> and radio show on \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500005/npr-news-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR Now\u003c/a> that engages high-level leaders from business, policy, advocacy and academic circles in a conversation about building a sustainable economy and stabilizing the Earth’s climate. Climate One is recorded with a live audience at \u003ca href=\"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Commonwealth Club\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Do you have thoughts about the story? \u003ca href=\"mailto:mpeterson@kqed.org\">Email Molly Peterson\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A rolling conveyor belt of storms this winter has left the Sierra Nevada blanketed in a thick layer of snow. The year started modestly, with the snowpack measuring around 70 percent of average on the first of the year. A robust January and February has brought the snowpack up to around 145 percent of normal for this time of year. April 1 typically marks the peak of Sierra snowpack accumulation and the start of the spring runoff. Move the sliders below to view the terrain before and after snowstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Sierra Nevada Mountains\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 8, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=229ac4ec-34bd-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>South Lake Tahoe Flyover Simulation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=931d8b8c-34bd-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Lake Tahoe\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=0ada4a8e-34be-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Mammoth Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7037f5ca-34be-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Kings Canyon National Park\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=c319d0f6-34be-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wallace Broecker, a climate scientist who brought the term “global warming” into the public and scientific lexicon, died on Monday. He was 87.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker, a professor in the department of earth and environmental science at Columbia, was among the early scientists who raised alarms about the drastic changes in the planet’s climate that humans could bring about over a relatively short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 1975 \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/189/4201/460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>“Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?” predicted the current rise in global temperatures as a result of increased carbon dioxide levels — and popularized the term “global warming” to describe the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientist was also known for recognizing the global “\u003ca href=\"https://press.princeton.edu/titles/9162.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conveyor belt\u003c/a>,” a system of deep-ocean currents that circulate water between the continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Solomon, director of Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, where Broecker worked, called his late colleague a force for scientific innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is difficult to imagine … a Columbia University without [Broecker’s] intellectual vision, his gift for distilling the important from the merely interesting, and his sustained passion for his science, his colleagues, and his planet,” Solomon wrote in an email to colleagues that he shared with NPR. “One of the last of the giants of our field no longer walks among us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker’s work focused on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean’s role in climate change\u003c/a> and the behavior of the climate throughout the planet’s history, as \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/17/science/scientist-at-work-wallace-s-broecker-iconoclastic-guru-of-the-climate-debate.html?smid=tw-share\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in 1998\u003c/a>. As early as the ’70s, Broecker spoke openly about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">need to restrict fossil fuels\u003c/a> and the disruptive effects that just a few degrees of warming could have on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate system is an angry beast and we are poking it with sticks,” he told the \u003cem>Times\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He accumulated a long list of honors and awards, including a National Medal of Science, the Balzan Prize, the BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award and honorary doctorates from Harvard, Cambridge and Oxford, among other universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory\u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/cdf38be8fc6d49cc8cd1baa4d0a919ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told The Associated Press\u003c/a> that Broecker died in a New York hospital and that he had been ailing in recent months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker was born in Chicago in 1931 and grew up in Oak Park, according to AP. He received his bachelor’s and master’s from Columbia University, as well as his doctorate in geology, which he earned in 1958. He joined the university’s faculty the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a testament to his impact on the field, Broecker came to be known by his peers as the “grandfather of climate science” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/summer12/features4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dean of climate scientists\u003c/a>.” But to his many friends, he was just “Wally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wallace Broecker, a climate scientist who brought the term “global warming” into the public and scientific lexicon, died on Monday. He was 87.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker, a professor in the department of earth and environmental science at Columbia, was among the early scientists who raised alarms about the drastic changes in the planet’s climate that humans could bring about over a relatively short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 1975 \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/189/4201/460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>“Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?” predicted the current rise in global temperatures as a result of increased carbon dioxide levels — and popularized the term “global warming” to describe the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientist was also known for recognizing the global “\u003ca href=\"https://press.princeton.edu/titles/9162.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conveyor belt\u003c/a>,” a system of deep-ocean currents that circulate water between the continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Solomon, director of Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, where Broecker worked, called his late colleague a force for scientific innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is difficult to imagine … a Columbia University without [Broecker’s] intellectual vision, his gift for distilling the important from the merely interesting, and his sustained passion for his science, his colleagues, and his planet,” Solomon wrote in an email to colleagues that he shared with NPR. “One of the last of the giants of our field no longer walks among us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker’s work focused on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean’s role in climate change\u003c/a> and the behavior of the climate throughout the planet’s history, as \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/17/science/scientist-at-work-wallace-s-broecker-iconoclastic-guru-of-the-climate-debate.html?smid=tw-share\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in 1998\u003c/a>. As early as the ’70s, Broecker spoke openly about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">need to restrict fossil fuels\u003c/a> and the disruptive effects that just a few degrees of warming could have on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate system is an angry beast and we are poking it with sticks,” he told the \u003cem>Times\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He accumulated a long list of honors and awards, including a National Medal of Science, the Balzan Prize, the BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award and honorary doctorates from Harvard, Cambridge and Oxford, among other universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory\u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/cdf38be8fc6d49cc8cd1baa4d0a919ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told The Associated Press\u003c/a> that Broecker died in a New York hospital and that he had been ailing in recent months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker was born in Chicago in 1931 and grew up in Oak Park, according to AP. He received his bachelor’s and master’s from Columbia University, as well as his doctorate in geology, which he earned in 1958. He joined the university’s faculty the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a testament to his impact on the field, Broecker came to be known by his peers as the “grandfather of climate science” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/summer12/features4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dean of climate scientists\u003c/a>.” But to his many friends, he was just “Wally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought's Over But the Dead Tree Toll in California Keeps Rising",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal officials report that 18 million more trees have died in California since the fall of 2017 – and that’s a bit of a relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s better news than \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=3457736fb0dd45f98d41ab4030ebf048\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the previous few years\u003c/a>,” says Randy Moore, regional forester at the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetter weather has slowly improved conditions for thirsty pines, firs and other conifers in the last two years. A previous mortality survey in 2017 found \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918327/california-drought-kills-27-million-more-trees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">27 million dead trees\u003c/a>. Before that, in 2016, federal scientists counted 62 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have evidence [at sites with] between 80 and 100 percent of ponderosa pines and mixed conifer — where every tree in there had died,” Moore says. “We’re starting to see a decline in that now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the latest aerial surveys boost the state’s tree-body count to at least 147 million, a staggering total since 2010, when a five-year drought set in, worsening infestations of bark beetles, and driven by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bark beetles gained “a real big advantage” over weakened trees when the drought began nine years ago, according to Moore. “The bugs were beginning to eat at a higher level than they normally would, because with a change in climate, it’s warmer at a higher elevation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as precipitation remained below average, pulling out of drought has allowed forests to regain some leverage against hungry beetles. “When there’s moisture in the ground, the trees can make enough sap to squeeze the bugs out,” Moore says. “The trees are better able to defend itself against these kinds of bugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Cal Fire director Thom Porter called 2018’s slower rate of mortality for trees “encouraging.” But, he added, continuing deaths “are an indication that the forests of California are still under significant stress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst-hit forests are found along the west side of the central and southern Sierra Nevada range, though surveys show dead and dying trees across the state, especially at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees in poor health amplify fire risks, a concern after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/12/674612113/rethinking-the-past-in-the-aftermath-of-california-s-deadly-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest wildfires\u003c/a> in California’s history. Even where fire is scarce, sickened trees can fall across roads and power lines unexpectedly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Established last May, a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CATreeTaskForce?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Eembeddedtimeline%7Ctwterm%5Eprofile%3ACATreeTaskForce&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fire.ca.gov%2Ftreetaskforce%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forest Management Task Force\u003c/a> comprised of more than two dozen federal, state, and local agencies has cleared trees and other forest debris along roads, near power lines, and around 165 communities in the wildland-urban interface, according to Moore. In the longer term, he says government land managers have committed to management strategies that thin forests, including by using \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed burns\u003c/a> across the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between the federal government and the state, we’ve decided that we need to treat a million acres in California a year, that’s what we’re working toward,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing biomass and fire fuels in a forest is complex and expensive work, much of it funded by the State of California. In his first budget, Governor Gavin Newsom proposed spending $305 million on forest management, including $200 million from a 5-year, $1 billion program approved by lawmakers to support fire prevention efforts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal officials report that 18 million more trees have died in California since the fall of 2017 – and that’s a bit of a relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s better news than \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=3457736fb0dd45f98d41ab4030ebf048\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the previous few years\u003c/a>,” says Randy Moore, regional forester at the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetter weather has slowly improved conditions for thirsty pines, firs and other conifers in the last two years. A previous mortality survey in 2017 found \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918327/california-drought-kills-27-million-more-trees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">27 million dead trees\u003c/a>. Before that, in 2016, federal scientists counted 62 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have evidence [at sites with] between 80 and 100 percent of ponderosa pines and mixed conifer — where every tree in there had died,” Moore says. “We’re starting to see a decline in that now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the latest aerial surveys boost the state’s tree-body count to at least 147 million, a staggering total since 2010, when a five-year drought set in, worsening infestations of bark beetles, and driven by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bark beetles gained “a real big advantage” over weakened trees when the drought began nine years ago, according to Moore. “The bugs were beginning to eat at a higher level than they normally would, because with a change in climate, it’s warmer at a higher elevation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as precipitation remained below average, pulling out of drought has allowed forests to regain some leverage against hungry beetles. “When there’s moisture in the ground, the trees can make enough sap to squeeze the bugs out,” Moore says. “The trees are better able to defend itself against these kinds of bugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Cal Fire director Thom Porter called 2018’s slower rate of mortality for trees “encouraging.” But, he added, continuing deaths “are an indication that the forests of California are still under significant stress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst-hit forests are found along the west side of the central and southern Sierra Nevada range, though surveys show dead and dying trees across the state, especially at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees in poor health amplify fire risks, a concern after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/12/674612113/rethinking-the-past-in-the-aftermath-of-california-s-deadly-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest wildfires\u003c/a> in California’s history. Even where fire is scarce, sickened trees can fall across roads and power lines unexpectedly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Established last May, a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CATreeTaskForce?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Eembeddedtimeline%7Ctwterm%5Eprofile%3ACATreeTaskForce&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fire.ca.gov%2Ftreetaskforce%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forest Management Task Force\u003c/a> comprised of more than two dozen federal, state, and local agencies has cleared trees and other forest debris along roads, near power lines, and around 165 communities in the wildland-urban interface, according to Moore. In the longer term, he says government land managers have committed to management strategies that thin forests, including by using \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed burns\u003c/a> across the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between the federal government and the state, we’ve decided that we need to treat a million acres in California a year, that’s what we’re working toward,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing biomass and fire fuels in a forest is complex and expensive work, much of it funded by the State of California. In his first budget, Governor Gavin Newsom proposed spending $305 million on forest management, including $200 million from a 5-year, $1 billion program approved by lawmakers to support fire prevention efforts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The storms known as “atmospheric rivers” are make-or-break events for California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Category-5 atmospheric river storms, designated as ‘primarily hazardous,’ come along every three to five years, says Marty Ralph of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They can also be serious troublemakers, causing flooding and mudslides if they linger too long over the state. The recent National Climate Assessment included ARs as a type of extreme storm for the first time, and cites them as a specific risk associated with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there hasn’t been a convenient way to classify these events according to their ferocity — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of atmospheric scientists have come up with a scale similar to those used for hurricanes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/oun/efscale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tornadoes\u003c/a>, and earthquakes. The new scale, proposed Tuesday in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, is similar to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one used for hurricanes\u003c/a>: storms are classified as category 1 through 5, according to how much water they’re packing and how long they’re likely to stick around, wringing out that moisture as precipitation over land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> are the most impactful storms for the West,” says Marty Ralph, who led the effort to develop the scale at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in San Diego. “In fact, something like 90 percent of the flood damages in the western U.S. come from atmospheric river-type storms. And we need to distinguish the hazardous ones from the beneficial ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how the new scale stacks up, with examples provided by Scripps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 1 (Weak):\u003c/strong> Primarily beneficial. For example, a Feb. 23, 2017 AR hit California, lasted 24 hours at the coast, and produced modest rainfall.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 2 (Moderate):\u003c/strong> Mostly beneficial, but also somewhat hazardous. An atmospheric river on Nov. 19-20, 2016 hit Northern California, lasted 42 hours at the coast, and produced several inches of rain that helped replenish low reservoirs after a drought.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 3 (Strong):\u003c/strong> Balance of beneficial and hazardous. An atmospheric river on Oct. 14-15, 2016 lasted 36 hours at the coast, produced 5-10 inches of rain that helped refill reservoirs after a drought, but also caused some rivers to rise to just below flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 4 (Extreme):\u003c/strong> Mostly hazardous, but also beneficial. For example, an atmospheric river on Jan. 8-9, 2017 that persisted for 36 hours produced up to 14 inches of rain in the Sierra Nevada and caused at least a dozen rivers to reach flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 5 (Exceptional):\u003c/strong> Primarily hazardous. For example, a Dec. 29, 1996 to Jan. 2, 1997 atmospheric river lasted over 100 hours at the Central California coast. The associated heavy precipitation and runoff caused more than $1 billion in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale takes into account the amount of water vapor in the air and the strength of low-altitude winds. Storms are downgraded if they’re fast-moving and less likely to “stall,” dumping huge volumes of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says that going by his new scale, Category-5 ARs come through every three to five years. The last one was during the drenching winter of 2017. It probably tipped the scale of runoff conditions that led to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11690563/new-cost-for-oroville-dam-spillway-disaster-1-1-billion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic spillway collapse\u003c/a> at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about official adoption of the AR scale, Ralph, who spent 21 years at the National Weather Service, says the concept is a murky one. He says some of his co-authors are government forecasters who say they’ll start using the scale, and a program is in the works to train broadcast meteorologists on it. But when — or whether — it will penetrate the popular lexicon to the extent that scales for hurricanes and tornadoes have is anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The storms known as 'atmospheric rivers' can be highly beneficial to California's water supply. They can also be deadly. A new scale helps sort them out -- but will it catch on?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The storms known as “atmospheric rivers” are make-or-break events for California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Category-5 atmospheric river storms, designated as ‘primarily hazardous,’ come along every three to five years, says Marty Ralph of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They can also be serious troublemakers, causing flooding and mudslides if they linger too long over the state. The recent National Climate Assessment included ARs as a type of extreme storm for the first time, and cites them as a specific risk associated with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there hasn’t been a convenient way to classify these events according to their ferocity — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of atmospheric scientists have come up with a scale similar to those used for hurricanes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/oun/efscale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tornadoes\u003c/a>, and earthquakes. The new scale, proposed Tuesday in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, is similar to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one used for hurricanes\u003c/a>: storms are classified as category 1 through 5, according to how much water they’re packing and how long they’re likely to stick around, wringing out that moisture as precipitation over land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> are the most impactful storms for the West,” says Marty Ralph, who led the effort to develop the scale at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in San Diego. “In fact, something like 90 percent of the flood damages in the western U.S. come from atmospheric river-type storms. And we need to distinguish the hazardous ones from the beneficial ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how the new scale stacks up, with examples provided by Scripps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 1 (Weak):\u003c/strong> Primarily beneficial. For example, a Feb. 23, 2017 AR hit California, lasted 24 hours at the coast, and produced modest rainfall.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 2 (Moderate):\u003c/strong> Mostly beneficial, but also somewhat hazardous. An atmospheric river on Nov. 19-20, 2016 hit Northern California, lasted 42 hours at the coast, and produced several inches of rain that helped replenish low reservoirs after a drought.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 3 (Strong):\u003c/strong> Balance of beneficial and hazardous. An atmospheric river on Oct. 14-15, 2016 lasted 36 hours at the coast, produced 5-10 inches of rain that helped refill reservoirs after a drought, but also caused some rivers to rise to just below flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 4 (Extreme):\u003c/strong> Mostly hazardous, but also beneficial. For example, an atmospheric river on Jan. 8-9, 2017 that persisted for 36 hours produced up to 14 inches of rain in the Sierra Nevada and caused at least a dozen rivers to reach flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 5 (Exceptional):\u003c/strong> Primarily hazardous. For example, a Dec. 29, 1996 to Jan. 2, 1997 atmospheric river lasted over 100 hours at the Central California coast. The associated heavy precipitation and runoff caused more than $1 billion in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale takes into account the amount of water vapor in the air and the strength of low-altitude winds. Storms are downgraded if they’re fast-moving and less likely to “stall,” dumping huge volumes of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says that going by his new scale, Category-5 ARs come through every three to five years. The last one was during the drenching winter of 2017. It probably tipped the scale of runoff conditions that led to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11690563/new-cost-for-oroville-dam-spillway-disaster-1-1-billion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic spillway collapse\u003c/a> at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about official adoption of the AR scale, Ralph, who spent 21 years at the National Weather Service, says the concept is a murky one. He says some of his co-authors are government forecasters who say they’ll start using the scale, and a program is in the works to train broadcast meteorologists on it. But when — or whether — it will penetrate the popular lexicon to the extent that scales for hurricanes and tornadoes have is anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Scientist Sees Even Conservatives Now Worried Over Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Over the weekend, the Midwest and eastern U.S. were finally released from the grip of an icy air mass known as the “Polar Vortex.” Tens of millions of Americans experienced life-threatening cold that set record lows across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump, not for the first time, seized on the obvious optics to minimize the threat of global warming.”In the beautiful Midwest, windchill temperatures are reaching minus 60 degrees, the coldest ever recorded,” he \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1090074254010404864?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1090074254010404864&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fscience%2F1937521%2F1937521-revision-v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted\u003c/a>. “What the hell is going on with Global Waming? Please come back fast, we need you!”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I’m getting calls from organizations that I never would have heard from 10 years ago: farmers and producers, ranchers, land managers, oil and gas companies, water managers, they’re calling me in and they’re saying, “We know there’s something going on. We want to have a conversation.”\u003ccite>Katherine Hayhoe,Texas Tech University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Trump wasn’t alone, at least in terms of ignoring the science behind the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-polar-vortex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Polar Vortex \u003c/a>during the three days the phenomenon was the talk of the nation. A guy on The Weather Channel shattered a frozen cup of coffee using a banana; reporters from major networks stood outdoors bundled up like characters from South Park, spewing statistics and explanations of wind chill. But as to the whys and hows of what was happening, there wasn’t much. NBC News did post a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/video/how-the-polar-vortex-is-linked-to-climate-change-1435590211872\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">helpful video explainer\u003c/a>, but some TV news organizations, in particular, really \u003ca href=\"https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a26111552/fox-and-friends-polar-vortex-climate-change-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">did not distinguish themselves\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lost in the TV coverage was the fact that there’s good evidence warming in the Arctic is what’s disrupting the circular winds that normally keep the vortex at the pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://katharinehayhoe.com/wp2016/biography/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/a> is a climate modeler at Texas Tech University. She was in San Francisco recently to receive the Commonwealth Club’s annual \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/events/eighth-annual-stephen-h-schneider-award-outstanding-climate-science-communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schneider Award\u003c/a> for climate science communications. I asked her — it was before the polar vortex hit — about this apparent disconnect in the media and elsewhere. Here’s part of our conversation, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here you are being given this award for climate science communications, but don’t you feel sometimes like \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@chhavikumar/takeaways-from-the-story-of-sisyphus-and-the-rock-81721c6e499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sisyphus\u003c/a> rolling a rock up a really steep hill?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, I absolutely do. I feel that way pretty much all the time \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KHayhoe/status/1090610360044974082/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1090610360044974082&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fscience%2F1937521%2F1937521-autosave-v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on social media.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937594\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937594\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Katharine Hayhoe\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg 1500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-160x137.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-800x686.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-768x658.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-1020x874.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-1200x1029.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hayhoe says advances in attributional science could help make the connection between extreme weather events and climate change. \u003ccite>(Chris Soldt/Boston College/MTS Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ironically, one of the most important lessons I’ve learned is that when we’re talking about climate, science is one of the least important things to bring up, because most of the smoke screens that people throw up sound sciencey. They say, but it’s cold, or it’s just a natural cycle, or the world’s been warmer before. But within 30 seconds or within a couple of tweets on Twitter, the conversation will take a 90-degree turn into, “I don’t want the government destroying the economy. They’re going to set my thermostat. What about China?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So really, it’s all about solution aversion. We’ve been told that these solutions pose an imminent threat to our well-being, our way of life, our identity and our ideology. And at the same time, we also believe that the impacts pose a very distant threat. That’s why it’s so interesting that the \u003ca href=\"http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/climate-change-in-the-american-mind-december-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest poll\u003c/a> from the Yale Program on Climate Communication that came out recently, and they found the highest levels ever of people in the United States who are concerned about a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But do you see this on the ground? You’re in Texas, for example. Did Hurricane Harvey create a mass conversion of conservative Texans to acceptance of climate science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t like using the word conversion because it reinforces the myth that people have gone to a great extent to promote that caring about climate change is a religion, that you’re worshiping the earth. Then for the 85 percent of people in the U.S. who already have a religion that they like, you’re automatically setting up a conflict between their core beliefs and the idea that climate is changing due to human activities. So what I like to do is assume that most people actually have the values that they need to care; they just haven’t connected the dots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you rephrase the question, “Are people connecting the dots now?”, my answer to that is yes. Now, in very conservative Texas a lot of people aren’t willing to go so far as to say it’s humans yet. But over 70 percent in Texas are willing to say, “Something is different. Climate is changing.” So today, I’m getting calls from organizations that I never would have heard from 10 years ago: farmers and producers, ranchers, land managers, oil and gas companies, water managers, they’re calling me in and they’re saying, “We know there’s something going on. We want to have a conversation,” and I think that’s actually a very positive thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924974/its-not-about-the-facts-the-irrational-fight-over-climate-change-explained-in-one-cartoon\">The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It sounds like you think we’re nearing some kind of inflection point, where more people will start connecting those dots. Why is that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think part of that is the fact that the chickens are coming home to roost. We, today, can point to specific ways that climate change is affecting us in the places we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I served as a lead author for the \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, and this is a really important document because it brings climate change down to the local level where we live. In that assessment, there were examples from across the entire country of ways that real people are already being affected today. Small towns along the East Coast where the risk of sunny-day flooding has increased by a factor of 30 already. And of course, the wildfires here in the western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, we’ve gotten to the point where — not quite in real time, but we’re getting there — you can actually calculate how much stronger an event was because of climate change. You can calculate how much more probable it was. We’re starting to be able to connect the dots, and many broadcast meteorologists are starting to be given the tools that they need, because, frankly, you need tools to be able to make these connections. We’re starting to be able to tell you how much worse it is because of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Texas Tech climate modeler Katharine Hayhoe says people can now see 'the chickens coming home to roost' when it comes to climate change and extreme weather events.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the weekend, the Midwest and eastern U.S. were finally released from the grip of an icy air mass known as the “Polar Vortex.” Tens of millions of Americans experienced life-threatening cold that set record lows across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump, not for the first time, seized on the obvious optics to minimize the threat of global warming.”In the beautiful Midwest, windchill temperatures are reaching minus 60 degrees, the coldest ever recorded,” he \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1090074254010404864?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1090074254010404864&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fscience%2F1937521%2F1937521-revision-v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted\u003c/a>. “What the hell is going on with Global Waming? Please come back fast, we need you!”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I’m getting calls from organizations that I never would have heard from 10 years ago: farmers and producers, ranchers, land managers, oil and gas companies, water managers, they’re calling me in and they’re saying, “We know there’s something going on. We want to have a conversation.”\u003ccite>Katherine Hayhoe,Texas Tech University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Trump wasn’t alone, at least in terms of ignoring the science behind the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-polar-vortex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Polar Vortex \u003c/a>during the three days the phenomenon was the talk of the nation. A guy on The Weather Channel shattered a frozen cup of coffee using a banana; reporters from major networks stood outdoors bundled up like characters from South Park, spewing statistics and explanations of wind chill. But as to the whys and hows of what was happening, there wasn’t much. NBC News did post a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/video/how-the-polar-vortex-is-linked-to-climate-change-1435590211872\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">helpful video explainer\u003c/a>, but some TV news organizations, in particular, really \u003ca href=\"https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a26111552/fox-and-friends-polar-vortex-climate-change-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">did not distinguish themselves\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lost in the TV coverage was the fact that there’s good evidence warming in the Arctic is what’s disrupting the circular winds that normally keep the vortex at the pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://katharinehayhoe.com/wp2016/biography/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/a> is a climate modeler at Texas Tech University. She was in San Francisco recently to receive the Commonwealth Club’s annual \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/events/eighth-annual-stephen-h-schneider-award-outstanding-climate-science-communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schneider Award\u003c/a> for climate science communications. I asked her — it was before the polar vortex hit — about this apparent disconnect in the media and elsewhere. Here’s part of our conversation, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here you are being given this award for climate science communications, but don’t you feel sometimes like \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@chhavikumar/takeaways-from-the-story-of-sisyphus-and-the-rock-81721c6e499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sisyphus\u003c/a> rolling a rock up a really steep hill?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, I absolutely do. I feel that way pretty much all the time \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KHayhoe/status/1090610360044974082/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1090610360044974082&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fscience%2F1937521%2F1937521-autosave-v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on social media.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937594\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937594\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Katharine Hayhoe\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg 1500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-160x137.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-800x686.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-768x658.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-1020x874.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-1200x1029.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hayhoe says advances in attributional science could help make the connection between extreme weather events and climate change. \u003ccite>(Chris Soldt/Boston College/MTS Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ironically, one of the most important lessons I’ve learned is that when we’re talking about climate, science is one of the least important things to bring up, because most of the smoke screens that people throw up sound sciencey. They say, but it’s cold, or it’s just a natural cycle, or the world’s been warmer before. But within 30 seconds or within a couple of tweets on Twitter, the conversation will take a 90-degree turn into, “I don’t want the government destroying the economy. They’re going to set my thermostat. What about China?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So really, it’s all about solution aversion. We’ve been told that these solutions pose an imminent threat to our well-being, our way of life, our identity and our ideology. And at the same time, we also believe that the impacts pose a very distant threat. That’s why it’s so interesting that the \u003ca href=\"http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/climate-change-in-the-american-mind-december-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest poll\u003c/a> from the Yale Program on Climate Communication that came out recently, and they found the highest levels ever of people in the United States who are concerned about a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But do you see this on the ground? You’re in Texas, for example. Did Hurricane Harvey create a mass conversion of conservative Texans to acceptance of climate science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t like using the word conversion because it reinforces the myth that people have gone to a great extent to promote that caring about climate change is a religion, that you’re worshiping the earth. Then for the 85 percent of people in the U.S. who already have a religion that they like, you’re automatically setting up a conflict between their core beliefs and the idea that climate is changing due to human activities. So what I like to do is assume that most people actually have the values that they need to care; they just haven’t connected the dots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you rephrase the question, “Are people connecting the dots now?”, my answer to that is yes. Now, in very conservative Texas a lot of people aren’t willing to go so far as to say it’s humans yet. But over 70 percent in Texas are willing to say, “Something is different. Climate is changing.” So today, I’m getting calls from organizations that I never would have heard from 10 years ago: farmers and producers, ranchers, land managers, oil and gas companies, water managers, they’re calling me in and they’re saying, “We know there’s something going on. We want to have a conversation,” and I think that’s actually a very positive thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924974/its-not-about-the-facts-the-irrational-fight-over-climate-change-explained-in-one-cartoon\">The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It sounds like you think we’re nearing some kind of inflection point, where more people will start connecting those dots. Why is that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think part of that is the fact that the chickens are coming home to roost. We, today, can point to specific ways that climate change is affecting us in the places we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I served as a lead author for the \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, and this is a really important document because it brings climate change down to the local level where we live. In that assessment, there were examples from across the entire country of ways that real people are already being affected today. Small towns along the East Coast where the risk of sunny-day flooding has increased by a factor of 30 already. And of course, the wildfires here in the western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, we’ve gotten to the point where — not quite in real time, but we’re getting there — you can actually calculate how much stronger an event was because of climate change. You can calculate how much more probable it was. We’re starting to be able to connect the dots, and many broadcast meteorologists are starting to be given the tools that they need, because, frankly, you need tools to be able to make these connections. We’re starting to be able to tell you how much worse it is because of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Changing Winds Could Shift Southern California Fire Season",
"headTitle": "Changing Winds Could Shift Southern California Fire Season | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In popular culture, Southern California’s Santa Ana winds have been portrayed as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_winds_in_popular_culture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">harbingers\u003c/a> of chaos, strange behavior and most notably, fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re changing, with potential big implications for the SoCal fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future.’\u003ccite>Alexander Gershunov, Scripps Institution\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These intense, dry gusts, sometimes referred to as “devil winds,” can lead to coastal heat waves, downed trees and the spread of the region’s most destructive wildfires. Santa Ana wind conditions played a role in the massive \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/05/us/ventura-county-fire-california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> that broke out in December 2017, scorching more than 280,000 acres across Ventura and Santa Barbara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Anas also contribute to Southern California’s characteristic sunshine and year-round warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080261\">new study\u003c/a> out this week suggests that rising temperatures as a result of climate change could have a big impact on the timing of Santa Ana wind season, compressing more of it into December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diminishing Winds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study, published this week in Geophysical Research Letters, project that Santa Ana wind frequency could drop \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/climate-change-may-suppress-santa-ana-winds-particularly-fall?hash=GKVME8bwLdEz_8vul3N4bH3gz7MROXNUxH6VRrk2Tm8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that, in general, Santa Ana winds are likely to diminish with warming,” says Alexander Gershunov, a researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego and the study’s co-author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s forecast was drawn from eight global climate models adjusted to detect more localized weather characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The predicted decrease in Santa Ana wind activity is expected to be most pronounced in the “shoulder” seasons, with big declines in October and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really it’s that Santa Ana winds are expected to diminish in the fall and spring,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peak wind activity will likely occur in December, which is typical historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the paper, Gershunov and co-author Janin Guzman‐Morales suggest that changes in the timing of Santa Ana winds could alter Southern California’s wildfire outlook. But just how this will affect fire season is “much more nuanced,” according to Gershunov.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Santa Ana winds do drive the most catastrophic wildfires in Southern California,” Gershunov says. “But they’re not the only ingredient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, don’t expect the shorter windy season to mean less wildfire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dry fuel” from vegetation is another key factor in the spread of wildfires. According to Gershunov, trends for rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns mean that the prevalence of fire’s natural fuel could persist into winter, when the winds are at their most frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of California’s fire season typically peaks in the fall months. But the Thomas Fire was exacerbated by a warm, dry fall combined with a series of Santa Ana wind events starting in December 2017. Gershunov says the likelihood of similar fire conditions could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t say anything with any confidence at this point, whether the fire season will intensify or decrease on average in the future,” he says. “But this later fire season does suggest that future fires may burn longer, because as the wildfire season shifts to December, which is the peak of Santa Ana wind activity, we’re more likely to get back-to-back Santa Ana winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So events like the Thomas Fire, which burned for three weeks fanned by a couple of back-to-back Santa Ana wind events, will be more likely in the future than they were in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mimi Hughes largely agrees. She researches climate at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Hughes has modeled how climate affects the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0300-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Ana winds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cold Air and Hot Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winds are powered by the sharp pressure difference or “gradient” between the Great Basin — a vast interior region spanning parts of Nevada, Utah and Oregon — and the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the Santa Ana winds feel hot, that pressure gradient depends on the presence of high-density cold air masses over the Great Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These [winds] actually happen when it’s cold in the desert interior, which is kind of counterintuitive,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less cold air in the desert, then that actually means that you get fewer of these pressure gradients that can set up the conditions that are ripe for Santa Ana winds,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hughes, the Scripps study implies “an increased likelihood of fire later in the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And like Gershunov, she says that to understand the bigger picture of what this spells for Southern California wildfires, other factors must be taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, she says the dry and wet extremes in the region are projected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you had a very, very dry winter, and then compound that with the fact that the Santa Ana season is a bit later,” Hughes explains, “Then you could really see this being potential for devastatingly large fires.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In popular culture, Southern California’s Santa Ana winds have been portrayed as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_winds_in_popular_culture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">harbingers\u003c/a> of chaos, strange behavior and most notably, fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re changing, with potential big implications for the SoCal fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future.’\u003ccite>Alexander Gershunov, Scripps Institution\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These intense, dry gusts, sometimes referred to as “devil winds,” can lead to coastal heat waves, downed trees and the spread of the region’s most destructive wildfires. Santa Ana wind conditions played a role in the massive \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/05/us/ventura-county-fire-california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> that broke out in December 2017, scorching more than 280,000 acres across Ventura and Santa Barbara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Anas also contribute to Southern California’s characteristic sunshine and year-round warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080261\">new study\u003c/a> out this week suggests that rising temperatures as a result of climate change could have a big impact on the timing of Santa Ana wind season, compressing more of it into December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diminishing Winds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study, published this week in Geophysical Research Letters, project that Santa Ana wind frequency could drop \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/climate-change-may-suppress-santa-ana-winds-particularly-fall?hash=GKVME8bwLdEz_8vul3N4bH3gz7MROXNUxH6VRrk2Tm8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that, in general, Santa Ana winds are likely to diminish with warming,” says Alexander Gershunov, a researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego and the study’s co-author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s forecast was drawn from eight global climate models adjusted to detect more localized weather characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The predicted decrease in Santa Ana wind activity is expected to be most pronounced in the “shoulder” seasons, with big declines in October and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really it’s that Santa Ana winds are expected to diminish in the fall and spring,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peak wind activity will likely occur in December, which is typical historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the paper, Gershunov and co-author Janin Guzman‐Morales suggest that changes in the timing of Santa Ana winds could alter Southern California’s wildfire outlook. But just how this will affect fire season is “much more nuanced,” according to Gershunov.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Santa Ana winds do drive the most catastrophic wildfires in Southern California,” Gershunov says. “But they’re not the only ingredient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, don’t expect the shorter windy season to mean less wildfire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dry fuel” from vegetation is another key factor in the spread of wildfires. According to Gershunov, trends for rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns mean that the prevalence of fire’s natural fuel could persist into winter, when the winds are at their most frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of California’s fire season typically peaks in the fall months. But the Thomas Fire was exacerbated by a warm, dry fall combined with a series of Santa Ana wind events starting in December 2017. Gershunov says the likelihood of similar fire conditions could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t say anything with any confidence at this point, whether the fire season will intensify or decrease on average in the future,” he says. “But this later fire season does suggest that future fires may burn longer, because as the wildfire season shifts to December, which is the peak of Santa Ana wind activity, we’re more likely to get back-to-back Santa Ana winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So events like the Thomas Fire, which burned for three weeks fanned by a couple of back-to-back Santa Ana wind events, will be more likely in the future than they were in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mimi Hughes largely agrees. She researches climate at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Hughes has modeled how climate affects the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0300-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Ana winds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cold Air and Hot Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winds are powered by the sharp pressure difference or “gradient” between the Great Basin — a vast interior region spanning parts of Nevada, Utah and Oregon — and the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the Santa Ana winds feel hot, that pressure gradient depends on the presence of high-density cold air masses over the Great Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These [winds] actually happen when it’s cold in the desert interior, which is kind of counterintuitive,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less cold air in the desert, then that actually means that you get fewer of these pressure gradients that can set up the conditions that are ripe for Santa Ana winds,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hughes, the Scripps study implies “an increased likelihood of fire later in the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And like Gershunov, she says that to understand the bigger picture of what this spells for Southern California wildfires, other factors must be taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, she says the dry and wet extremes in the region are projected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you had a very, very dry winter, and then compound that with the fact that the Santa Ana season is a bit later,” Hughes explains, “Then you could really see this being potential for devastatingly large fires.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Historic Sea Star Die-Off Tied To Global Warming",
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"content": "\u003cp>The skin lesions are the first sign that something is wrong. Then limbs fall off and the body disintegrates, collapsing in on itself as it liquefies. In the end, what was once a sea star is only a puddle on the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2013, sea star wasting disease has killed so many starfish along the \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Coast\u003c/a> that scientists say it’s the largest disease epidemic ever observed in wild marine animals. Where there used to be dozens of stars, scuba divers now report seeing none.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the epidemic itself is a naturally occurring (if particularly devastating) phenomenon, newly published research suggests that climate change may have exacerbated the disease’s deadliness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we think is that the warm water anomalies made these starfish more susceptible to the disease that was already out there,” says Joe Gaydos, the science director at the University of California, Davis’ SeaDoc Society and one author of a \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> out Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and co-authors analyzed data collected by scuba divers and found that divers were less likely to see living sea stars when the water temperatures were abnormally high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To think that warmer water temperature itself can cause animals to get disease quicker, or make them more susceptible, it’s kind of a like a one-two punch,” Gaydos says. “It’s a little nerve-wracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dying sunflower star afflicted with sea star wasting disease. \u003ccite>(Ed Gullekson/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, sea surface temperatures have been \u003ca href=\"https://cpo.noaa.gov/warmingworld/sea_surface_temperature.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">steadily rising\u003c/a> as the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study did not examine why warmer water might make sea stars more susceptible to disease. The authors hypothesize that the animals’ relatively simple immune systems might be weaker when sea stars get hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the same scuba diver survey data also confirm a previous finding: that the mass die-off of sea stars is triggering a cascade of other ecosystem changes. The sea urchins that starfish usually eat are proliferating with abandon. Whole rocks that were once covered in sea stars are now covered in urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urchins eat kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see these big urchin barrens where the urchins have gone through and eaten all the kelp,” Gaydos says. Kelp forests, like tree forests, are a place lots of different species to live and feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have higher biodiversity when we have more kelp. So it’s setting off a cascade,” he adds. “If you looked on land, it would almost be akin to clear-cutting a forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether sea star populations will recover en mass in the coming years. Research published last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/27/7069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suggested\u003c/a> that some sea stars might be capable of surviving the disease, offering hope that the animals will bounce back over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The skin lesions are the first sign that something is wrong. Then limbs fall off and the body disintegrates, collapsing in on itself as it liquefies. In the end, what was once a sea star is only a puddle on the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2013, sea star wasting disease has killed so many starfish along the \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Coast\u003c/a> that scientists say it’s the largest disease epidemic ever observed in wild marine animals. Where there used to be dozens of stars, scuba divers now report seeing none.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the epidemic itself is a naturally occurring (if particularly devastating) phenomenon, newly published research suggests that climate change may have exacerbated the disease’s deadliness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we think is that the warm water anomalies made these starfish more susceptible to the disease that was already out there,” says Joe Gaydos, the science director at the University of California, Davis’ SeaDoc Society and one author of a \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> out Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and co-authors analyzed data collected by scuba divers and found that divers were less likely to see living sea stars when the water temperatures were abnormally high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To think that warmer water temperature itself can cause animals to get disease quicker, or make them more susceptible, it’s kind of a like a one-two punch,” Gaydos says. “It’s a little nerve-wracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dying sunflower star afflicted with sea star wasting disease. \u003ccite>(Ed Gullekson/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, sea surface temperatures have been \u003ca href=\"https://cpo.noaa.gov/warmingworld/sea_surface_temperature.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">steadily rising\u003c/a> as the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study did not examine why warmer water might make sea stars more susceptible to disease. The authors hypothesize that the animals’ relatively simple immune systems might be weaker when sea stars get hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the same scuba diver survey data also confirm a previous finding: that the mass die-off of sea stars is triggering a cascade of other ecosystem changes. The sea urchins that starfish usually eat are proliferating with abandon. Whole rocks that were once covered in sea stars are now covered in urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urchins eat kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see these big urchin barrens where the urchins have gone through and eaten all the kelp,” Gaydos says. Kelp forests, like tree forests, are a place lots of different species to live and feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have higher biodiversity when we have more kelp. So it’s setting off a cascade,” he adds. “If you looked on land, it would almost be akin to clear-cutting a forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether sea star populations will recover en mass in the coming years. Research published last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/27/7069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suggested\u003c/a> that some sea stars might be capable of surviving the disease, offering hope that the animals will bounce back over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California’s Big Climate Plans Could Be in Hands of PG&E Bankruptcy Judge",
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"headTitle": "California’s Big Climate Plans Could Be in Hands of PG&E Bankruptcy Judge | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bankruptcy lawyers began hashing out the future of PG&E in court this week, but the battle over billions of dollars in renewable energy power is already well underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind companies, concerned that PG&E will be paying them less or even nothing in the future, have launched a preemptive strike, asking federal regulators to step in to protect their deals with PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E is one of the largest buyers of renewable energy in the country, driven by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the ambitious climate change goals\u003c/a> California has adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the state passed a law requiring utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from sources like solar and wind. Last year\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the state put utilities on the hook for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 percent clean energy\u003c/a> by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made them our essential clean energy partners,” says Ralph Cavanagh, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “A federal bankruptcy judge has the ability to disrupt that in many ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In bankruptcy proceedings, the judge takes stock of all the debts a company has and then determines how its limited funds are paid out. One possibility is either reducing or rejecting some of the almost 300 renewable energy contracts on PG&E’s books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Suddenly those are at risk,” says Cavanagh. “That’s causing consternation across the renewable energy sector, understandably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of PG&E’s solar contracts date back more than a decade, when the technology was relatively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The contracts that PG&E signed were some of the richest and highest price contracts we’ve seen for clean energy to date in the U.S.,” says Ethan Zindler, an analyst with Bloomberg New Energy Finance. “The price of renewables has dropped really dramatically since when they signed these contracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its bankruptcy filing, PG&E claims some of the credit for helping renewable energy come of age, saying its contracts “contributed to significant price reductions for renewable energy resources currently available in the market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E is still paying out those contracts, which can last 15 to 20 years. The bankruptcy judge could potentially seek to change their terms or prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could undermine confidence in California as a clean energy market going forward,” says Zindler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, several renewable energy projects have seen their credit ratings downgraded because of their contracts with PG&E, including NextEra Energy’s Genesis Solar Energy Project, located in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earning’s call last week, NextEra sought to reassure investors its PG&E contracts wouldn’t impact its bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if all of that cash is trapped, we expect to be able to meet our financial expectations,” said NextEra CFO John Ketchum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the company went on the offense, too. It asked federal regulators at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, we are not going to sit on our heels,” said Ketchum. “We’re going to pursue all avenues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC oversees power contracts across state lines, and on Friday it asserted it has a role to play, writing, “this Commission and the bankruptcy courts have concurrent jurisdiction to review and address the disposition of wholesale power contracts sought to be rejected through bankruptcy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E responded by asking the bankruptcy court to declare its exclusive jurisdiction, to prevent “irreparable harm” to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to be the jurisdictional fight,” says Catharine Sandoval, law professor at Santa Clara University and a former state energy regulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other utility cases, “this has been a tussle that’s been playing out in bankruptcy courts all over the nation,” she says. Some bankruptcy courts have decided to leave power contracts alone, while others have amended them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandoval expects to see California also enter the jurisdictional battle in order to protect its renewable energy goals. Achieving them would be unlikely without the full participation of the state’s biggest utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might argue: ‘Wait, judge, we have adopted in California a number of laws regarding environmental protection. And the bankruptcy law gives you no authority to displace that,’” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If PG&E’s last bankruptcy is any guide, a judge may decide to preserve the environmental programs. In 2001, PG&E’s energy efficiency spending was left untouched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not automatic,” cautions Cavanagh. “With a limited amount of money available to pay claims, nothing is certain, and that’s one of the reasons you want to stay out of bankruptcy proceedings. Everyone loses.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bankruptcy lawyers began hashing out the future of PG&E in court this week, but the battle over billions of dollars in renewable energy power is already well underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind companies, concerned that PG&E will be paying them less or even nothing in the future, have launched a preemptive strike, asking federal regulators to step in to protect their deals with PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E is one of the largest buyers of renewable energy in the country, driven by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the ambitious climate change goals\u003c/a> California has adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the state passed a law requiring utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from sources like solar and wind. Last year\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the state put utilities on the hook for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 percent clean energy\u003c/a> by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made them our essential clean energy partners,” says Ralph Cavanagh, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “A federal bankruptcy judge has the ability to disrupt that in many ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In bankruptcy proceedings, the judge takes stock of all the debts a company has and then determines how its limited funds are paid out. One possibility is either reducing or rejecting some of the almost 300 renewable energy contracts on PG&E’s books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Suddenly those are at risk,” says Cavanagh. “That’s causing consternation across the renewable energy sector, understandably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of PG&E’s solar contracts date back more than a decade, when the technology was relatively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The contracts that PG&E signed were some of the richest and highest price contracts we’ve seen for clean energy to date in the U.S.,” says Ethan Zindler, an analyst with Bloomberg New Energy Finance. “The price of renewables has dropped really dramatically since when they signed these contracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its bankruptcy filing, PG&E claims some of the credit for helping renewable energy come of age, saying its contracts “contributed to significant price reductions for renewable energy resources currently available in the market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E is still paying out those contracts, which can last 15 to 20 years. The bankruptcy judge could potentially seek to change their terms or prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could undermine confidence in California as a clean energy market going forward,” says Zindler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, several renewable energy projects have seen their credit ratings downgraded because of their contracts with PG&E, including NextEra Energy’s Genesis Solar Energy Project, located in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earning’s call last week, NextEra sought to reassure investors its PG&E contracts wouldn’t impact its bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if all of that cash is trapped, we expect to be able to meet our financial expectations,” said NextEra CFO John Ketchum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the company went on the offense, too. It asked federal regulators at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, we are not going to sit on our heels,” said Ketchum. “We’re going to pursue all avenues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC oversees power contracts across state lines, and on Friday it asserted it has a role to play, writing, “this Commission and the bankruptcy courts have concurrent jurisdiction to review and address the disposition of wholesale power contracts sought to be rejected through bankruptcy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E responded by asking the bankruptcy court to declare its exclusive jurisdiction, to prevent “irreparable harm” to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to be the jurisdictional fight,” says Catharine Sandoval, law professor at Santa Clara University and a former state energy regulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other utility cases, “this has been a tussle that’s been playing out in bankruptcy courts all over the nation,” she says. Some bankruptcy courts have decided to leave power contracts alone, while others have amended them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandoval expects to see California also enter the jurisdictional battle in order to protect its renewable energy goals. Achieving them would be unlikely without the full participation of the state’s biggest utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might argue: ‘Wait, judge, we have adopted in California a number of laws regarding environmental protection. And the bankruptcy law gives you no authority to displace that,’” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If PG&E’s last bankruptcy is any guide, a judge may decide to preserve the environmental programs. In 2001, PG&E’s energy efficiency spending was left untouched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not automatic,” cautions Cavanagh. “With a limited amount of money available to pay claims, nothing is certain, and that’s one of the reasons you want to stay out of bankruptcy proceedings. Everyone loses.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why We Can't Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack",
"headTitle": "Why We Can’t Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s not just skiers who have been whipsawed this season between fear of another dry winter and delight over the epic January snowfall in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also paying close attention: water wonks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\">water supply\u003c/a>. What determines just how much water is derived from that snow is called the “snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this week, water stored in accumulated Sierra snows was running just about average for late January, and amounted to about 60 percent of the average on April 1, when the snowpack is typically at its peak for the year. “Average” is good news compared to where things stood less than a month ago, when the snowpack was only about two-thirds of the early-January average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can really make up a lot of ground if we just have a couple of kind of heavy-hitting storms,” says Ben Hatchett, a snow watcher at the Desert Research Institute in Nevada. “And we sure did, and the people rejoiced — both at the ski resorts and hopefully at the water management and other agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What’s the Snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term snowpack refers to the amount of snow on the ground at a given time. When scientists measure snowpack, they’re typically concerned with the Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content). The Snow Water Equivalent is how much water, measured as depth in inches\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s water supply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thus, the Snow Water Equivalent, or SWE, takes into account a particular snow’s density, and it can vary widely: Colorado’s powder may be luxurious for skiers, but because it’s less dense it contains less water. Meanwhile, the snow that skiers call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sierra%20cement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra cement\u003c/a>” is much denser and thus full of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources and other organizations monitor the snowpack by conducting monthly \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow surveys\u003c/a>, which help inform projections of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=WSI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this video, KQED Science Editor Craig Miller ventures into the Sierra with veteran state surveyor \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Gerhke\u003c/a>, to see how traditional manual snow surveys are taken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xojdkhJwZxY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing: It’s Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Merced hydrology professor Rogers Bales has been studying the Sierra Nevada snowpack for roughly three decades. He says the importance of the snowpack comes down to its functioning as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of California’s precipitation comes during the cold, wet season when the crops and forests don’t need as much water,” Bales explains. He notes that farmers use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. “[They] need a lot of water in the summer, when there’s very little or no precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the snow comes in. Its natural ability to store water is why the Sierra snowpack is often referred to as California’s “frozen reservoir.” As spring sets in, the snowpack begins to melt. Water that’s not absorbed into the ground, called“runoff,” trickles into mountain streams, which feed rivers and eventually aqueducts and reservoirs, where it can be stored for use throughout the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So timing is everything when it comes to the melting of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the runoff to be as late as possible, as close to when we need it as possible,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, that runoff begins in April, and in wet years, it can continue to flow through August, according to Bales. But in years with less precipitation, and therefore less accumulation of snow, the runoff can wind down as early as May. That leaves farmers with less reserves for those dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern, Bales says, is runoff that comes too early, triggered by warmer temperatures and rains over the mountains during winter months. Runoff occurring before April has the potential to cause flooding downstream. In February 2017, storms caused the equivalent of a full season’s runoff in the Feather River watershed to pour into Oroville Reservoir, in Butte County. Ultimately, attempts to release huge volumes of water through Oroville Dam caused both the main and emergency spillways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/oroville-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapse\u003c/a>, forcing evacuation orders for 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937431\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and after the snowstorms: satellite images of Sequoia on Jan. 4, 2019 and Jan 23, 2019, after the Sierra Nevada was pummeled with snow. \u003ccite>(Couresty \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\">Planet\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future: Warming Temperatures Mean a Smaller Snowpack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming climate is already shrinking California’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, temperatures in the mountains are rising, leading to more “rain-on-snow” events, when warming temperatures cause it to rain where there’s already snow on the ground. That accelerates the melt, which produces runoff that’s out of sync with California’s seasonal water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accepted rule of thumb, according to Bales, is that for every two degrees Celsius (3.6 F) of increased surface temperature, the snowline will rise 1,000 feet in elevation, which makes for a kind of double-whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting rain instead of snow,” says Bales, “and [the snow is] melting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just speculation, according to Alan Rhoades, a climate modeler with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He says that climate change has already begun to impact the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had roughly about a one-degree Celsius [1.3 F] increase over the last 50 years in the Western United States in terms of surface temperature.” Rhoades says. “And so the timing [of runoff] has been shifting earlier and earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted by Rhoades and colleagues published in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> predicts that more than three-quarters of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada could be gone by the close of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate modeling scenarios\u003c/a> that I’ve seen predict about a 30 to 60 percent decline by mid-century in average snowpack in winter months,” Rhoades says. “By the end of the century that\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ramps up\u003c/a> to about 70 to 80 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-768x373.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1020x496.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1180x573.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-960x466.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-240x117.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-375x182.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-520x253.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate models predict drastic reductions of snowpack in the Western U.S. by the end of the Century. Image from 4th National Climate Assessment. \u003ccite>(Hari Krishnan and Michael Wehner/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But, Rhoades says, this forecast is not set in stone. His projections are based on a “high-emissions scenario” that contributes to surface warming. In other words, it assumes minimal progress in reducing warming emissions like carbon dioxide and methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside, if the world succeeds in making drastic cuts in climate emissions, the picture needn’t be so grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 2018-19 Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half California’s annual precipitation typically falls within three months, from December through February. After an eerily dry November — the first storms didn’t roll in until nearly Thanksgiving — the January storms have more than made up for lost time, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river storm\u003c/a> dropping several feet of snow on the Sierra and pushing the statewide snowpack to above normal: 103 percent of average, as measured on Jan. 17, versus just 67 percent on Jan. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next snow survey is scheduled for Feb. 1. Despite the good season to date, water wonks and worriers will be keeping a close tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "If Californians seem obsessed with the volume of snow in the Sierra, there's a good reason.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not just skiers who have been whipsawed this season between fear of another dry winter and delight over the epic January snowfall in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also paying close attention: water wonks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\">water supply\u003c/a>. What determines just how much water is derived from that snow is called the “snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this week, water stored in accumulated Sierra snows was running just about average for late January, and amounted to about 60 percent of the average on April 1, when the snowpack is typically at its peak for the year. “Average” is good news compared to where things stood less than a month ago, when the snowpack was only about two-thirds of the early-January average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can really make up a lot of ground if we just have a couple of kind of heavy-hitting storms,” says Ben Hatchett, a snow watcher at the Desert Research Institute in Nevada. “And we sure did, and the people rejoiced — both at the ski resorts and hopefully at the water management and other agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What’s the Snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term snowpack refers to the amount of snow on the ground at a given time. When scientists measure snowpack, they’re typically concerned with the Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content). The Snow Water Equivalent is how much water, measured as depth in inches\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s water supply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thus, the Snow Water Equivalent, or SWE, takes into account a particular snow’s density, and it can vary widely: Colorado’s powder may be luxurious for skiers, but because it’s less dense it contains less water. Meanwhile, the snow that skiers call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sierra%20cement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra cement\u003c/a>” is much denser and thus full of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources and other organizations monitor the snowpack by conducting monthly \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow surveys\u003c/a>, which help inform projections of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=WSI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this video, KQED Science Editor Craig Miller ventures into the Sierra with veteran state surveyor \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Gerhke\u003c/a>, to see how traditional manual snow surveys are taken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing: It’s Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Merced hydrology professor Rogers Bales has been studying the Sierra Nevada snowpack for roughly three decades. He says the importance of the snowpack comes down to its functioning as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of California’s precipitation comes during the cold, wet season when the crops and forests don’t need as much water,” Bales explains. He notes that farmers use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. “[They] need a lot of water in the summer, when there’s very little or no precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the snow comes in. Its natural ability to store water is why the Sierra snowpack is often referred to as California’s “frozen reservoir.” As spring sets in, the snowpack begins to melt. Water that’s not absorbed into the ground, called“runoff,” trickles into mountain streams, which feed rivers and eventually aqueducts and reservoirs, where it can be stored for use throughout the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So timing is everything when it comes to the melting of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the runoff to be as late as possible, as close to when we need it as possible,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, that runoff begins in April, and in wet years, it can continue to flow through August, according to Bales. But in years with less precipitation, and therefore less accumulation of snow, the runoff can wind down as early as May. That leaves farmers with less reserves for those dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern, Bales says, is runoff that comes too early, triggered by warmer temperatures and rains over the mountains during winter months. Runoff occurring before April has the potential to cause flooding downstream. In February 2017, storms caused the equivalent of a full season’s runoff in the Feather River watershed to pour into Oroville Reservoir, in Butte County. Ultimately, attempts to release huge volumes of water through Oroville Dam caused both the main and emergency spillways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/oroville-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapse\u003c/a>, forcing evacuation orders for 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937431\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and after the snowstorms: satellite images of Sequoia on Jan. 4, 2019 and Jan 23, 2019, after the Sierra Nevada was pummeled with snow. \u003ccite>(Couresty \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\">Planet\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future: Warming Temperatures Mean a Smaller Snowpack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming climate is already shrinking California’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, temperatures in the mountains are rising, leading to more “rain-on-snow” events, when warming temperatures cause it to rain where there’s already snow on the ground. That accelerates the melt, which produces runoff that’s out of sync with California’s seasonal water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accepted rule of thumb, according to Bales, is that for every two degrees Celsius (3.6 F) of increased surface temperature, the snowline will rise 1,000 feet in elevation, which makes for a kind of double-whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting rain instead of snow,” says Bales, “and [the snow is] melting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just speculation, according to Alan Rhoades, a climate modeler with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He says that climate change has already begun to impact the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had roughly about a one-degree Celsius [1.3 F] increase over the last 50 years in the Western United States in terms of surface temperature.” Rhoades says. “And so the timing [of runoff] has been shifting earlier and earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted by Rhoades and colleagues published in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> predicts that more than three-quarters of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada could be gone by the close of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate modeling scenarios\u003c/a> that I’ve seen predict about a 30 to 60 percent decline by mid-century in average snowpack in winter months,” Rhoades says. “By the end of the century that\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ramps up\u003c/a> to about 70 to 80 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-768x373.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1020x496.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1180x573.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-960x466.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-240x117.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-375x182.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-520x253.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate models predict drastic reductions of snowpack in the Western U.S. by the end of the Century. Image from 4th National Climate Assessment. \u003ccite>(Hari Krishnan and Michael Wehner/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But, Rhoades says, this forecast is not set in stone. His projections are based on a “high-emissions scenario” that contributes to surface warming. In other words, it assumes minimal progress in reducing warming emissions like carbon dioxide and methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside, if the world succeeds in making drastic cuts in climate emissions, the picture needn’t be so grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 2018-19 Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half California’s annual precipitation typically falls within three months, from December through February. After an eerily dry November — the first storms didn’t roll in until nearly Thanksgiving — the January storms have more than made up for lost time, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river storm\u003c/a> dropping several feet of snow on the Sierra and pushing the statewide snowpack to above normal: 103 percent of average, as measured on Jan. 17, versus just 67 percent on Jan. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next snow survey is scheduled for Feb. 1. Despite the good season to date, water wonks and worriers will be keeping a close tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Former California Gov. Jerry Brown called out politicians for “sleepwalking” on increasing nuclear and climate change threats Thursday during his first public \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6K5JDw2grFc\">appearance\u003c/a> as executive chairman of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The group updated its Doomsday Clock in Washington D.C. — a metaphorical countdown to midnight, when human-inflicted catastrophe may strike — leaving it frozen at two minutes to midnight, the same time announced in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6K5JDw2grFc]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The only other time the clock has been this close to midnight was in 1953, when the U.S. and the Soviet Union were embroiled in a nuclear arms race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Brown made clear that even though the clock hasn’t inched any closer to midnight, there’s no cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">“We’re reaching an irreversible state,” said the former governor, “but we’re headed in the wrong direction, both in our hostility to other nations regarding the nuclear danger, and also climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The time is set by experts in science, technology and policy who examine the globe’s risk for cyberattacks, nuclear war and climate change-induced disaster. A rise in carbon dioxide emissions, construction of new fossil fuel power plants, depletion of sea ice and the decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement were some of the climate issues cited for the 11:58 time stamp. The current administration’s mistrust of science was also factored in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The panel acknowledged one positive: the halting of nuclear and missile tests in North Korea, though it didn’t tip the scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">“We’re playing Russian roulette with humanity,” Brown said of nuclear proliferation threat, “and the danger, and the probability is mounting that there will be some kind of nuclear incident that will kill millions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">And, he added, “…anybody who wants to run for president better deal with climate change because it’s a huge problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Former California Gov. Jerry Brown called out politicians for “sleepwalking” on increasing nuclear and climate change threats Thursday during his first public \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6K5JDw2grFc\">appearance\u003c/a> as executive chairman of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The group updated its Doomsday Clock in Washington D.C. — a metaphorical countdown to midnight, when human-inflicted catastrophe may strike — leaving it frozen at two minutes to midnight, the same time announced in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/6K5JDw2grFc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/6K5JDw2grFc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The only other time the clock has been this close to midnight was in 1953, when the U.S. and the Soviet Union were embroiled in a nuclear arms race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Brown made clear that even though the clock hasn’t inched any closer to midnight, there’s no cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"jerrybrown": {
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"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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