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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key factor was the development of a cloud generated by the fire itself that was ice-topped and grew quickly, doubling in length in just 15 minutes. It reached as high as 39,000 feet, according to the study, which was published on Nov. 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of that pyrocumulonimbus cloud “helped stretch the underlying column of air, concentrating the rotation near the surface” and causing tornado-strength winds that reached 143 mph, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paints a clear picture of the sequence of events leading to the vortex development and intensification,” said Neil Lareau of the University of Nevada, Reno, who co-authored the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors included record high temperatures, low humidity and a “near-surface cyclonic wind shear zone,” according to the study. A wind shear occurs when the wind speed or direction suddenly changes, so that the wind actually is blowing in two opposite directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind shear near the ground set up the spin that developed the fire tornado plume, Lareau said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These observations may help forecasters and scientists identify – and potentially warn – for future destructive fire-generated vortices,” according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau is an assistant professor in the Physics Department of the College of Science. The article was co-authored by Nicholas Nausler of the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, Oklahoma and John Abatzoglou from the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California may be ahead of the game in curbing climate emissions, but the world as a whole is falling behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several years of leveling off, global emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide are on track for their largest jump in seven years, discouraging scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World carbon dioxide emissions are estimated to have risen 2.7 percent from 2017 to 2018, according to three studies released Wednesday from the Global Carbon Project , an international scientific collaboration of academics, governments and industry that tracks greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement cast a pall over multinational climate talks happening this week in Poland. As negotiators hammer out details to put the 2015 Paris climate accord into effect, the latest emissions estimate puts some of the landmark agreement’s goals nearly out of reach, scientists said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is terrible news,” said Andrew Jones, co-director of Climate Interactive, which models greenhouse gas emissions and temperatures but was not part of the research. “Every year that we delay serious climate action, the Paris goals become difficult to meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formally, the broad goal set in Paris was to halt warming since pre-industrial times at 2 degrees Celsius. But more recently, scientists have advised that tightening the screws to 1.5 C would better safeguard humanity against the worst climate impacts, such as extreme weather events and rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GCP studies concluded that this year the world would spew 40.9 billion tons of carbon dioxide, up from 39.8 billion tons last year. The margin of error is about one percentage point on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Global Carbon Project uses government and industry reports to come up with final emission figures for 2017 and projections for 2018 based on the four biggest polluters: China, the United States, India and the European Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S., which had been steadily decreasing its carbon pollution, showed a significant rise in emissions — up 2.5 percent — for the first time since 2013. China, the globe’s biggest carbon emitter, saw its largest increase since 2011: 4.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, thanks to aggressive regulation and incentives, is running several years ahead of schedule toward its 2020 goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels. But California only accounts for about 1 percent of worldwide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study lead author Corinne Le Quere, a climate change researcher at the University of East Anglia in England, said the increase is a surprising “reality check” after a few years of smaller emission increases. But she also doesn’t think the world will return to the even larger increases seen from 2003 to 2008. She believes unusual factors are at play this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the U.S., it was a combination of a hot summer and cold winter that required more electricity use for heating and cooling. For China, it was an economic stimulus that pushed coal-powered manufacturing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Reilly, co-director of MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, said the results aren’t too surprising because fossil fuels still account for 81 percent of the world’s energy use. The burning of coal, oil and gas release carbon dioxide, which warms the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Reilly, who wasn’t part of the study, praised it as impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global Carbon Project chairman Rob Jackson, a Stanford University climate scientist, said he was discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China increased its emissions to 11.4 billion tons, while the U.S. jumped to a shade under 6 billion tons. The European Union spewed 3.9 billion tons and India soared to 2.9 billion tons. Overall, the world is spewing about 1,300 tons (1,175 metric tons) of carbon dioxide into the air every second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning of coal — the biggest carbon emitter — is rising. And while countries are using more renewable fuels and trying to reduce carbon from electricity production, emissions from cars and planes are steadily increasing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global carbon dioxide emissions have increased 55 percent in the last 20 years, the calculations show. At the same time, Earth has warmed on average about two-thirds of a degree (0.38 degrees Celsius), according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California may be ahead of the game in curbing climate emissions, but the world as a whole is falling behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several years of leveling off, global emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide are on track for their largest jump in seven years, discouraging scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World carbon dioxide emissions are estimated to have risen 2.7 percent from 2017 to 2018, according to three studies released Wednesday from the Global Carbon Project , an international scientific collaboration of academics, governments and industry that tracks greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement cast a pall over multinational climate talks happening this week in Poland. As negotiators hammer out details to put the 2015 Paris climate accord into effect, the latest emissions estimate puts some of the landmark agreement’s goals nearly out of reach, scientists said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is terrible news,” said Andrew Jones, co-director of Climate Interactive, which models greenhouse gas emissions and temperatures but was not part of the research. “Every year that we delay serious climate action, the Paris goals become difficult to meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formally, the broad goal set in Paris was to halt warming since pre-industrial times at 2 degrees Celsius. But more recently, scientists have advised that tightening the screws to 1.5 C would better safeguard humanity against the worst climate impacts, such as extreme weather events and rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GCP studies concluded that this year the world would spew 40.9 billion tons of carbon dioxide, up from 39.8 billion tons last year. The margin of error is about one percentage point on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Global Carbon Project uses government and industry reports to come up with final emission figures for 2017 and projections for 2018 based on the four biggest polluters: China, the United States, India and the European Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S., which had been steadily decreasing its carbon pollution, showed a significant rise in emissions — up 2.5 percent — for the first time since 2013. China, the globe’s biggest carbon emitter, saw its largest increase since 2011: 4.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, thanks to aggressive regulation and incentives, is running several years ahead of schedule toward its 2020 goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels. But California only accounts for about 1 percent of worldwide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study lead author Corinne Le Quere, a climate change researcher at the University of East Anglia in England, said the increase is a surprising “reality check” after a few years of smaller emission increases. But she also doesn’t think the world will return to the even larger increases seen from 2003 to 2008. She believes unusual factors are at play this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the U.S., it was a combination of a hot summer and cold winter that required more electricity use for heating and cooling. For China, it was an economic stimulus that pushed coal-powered manufacturing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Reilly, co-director of MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, said the results aren’t too surprising because fossil fuels still account for 81 percent of the world’s energy use. The burning of coal, oil and gas release carbon dioxide, which warms the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Reilly, who wasn’t part of the study, praised it as impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global Carbon Project chairman Rob Jackson, a Stanford University climate scientist, said he was discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China increased its emissions to 11.4 billion tons, while the U.S. jumped to a shade under 6 billion tons. The European Union spewed 3.9 billion tons and India soared to 2.9 billion tons. Overall, the world is spewing about 1,300 tons (1,175 metric tons) of carbon dioxide into the air every second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning of coal — the biggest carbon emitter — is rising. And while countries are using more renewable fuels and trying to reduce carbon from electricity production, emissions from cars and planes are steadily increasing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global carbon dioxide emissions have increased 55 percent in the last 20 years, the calculations show. At the same time, Earth has warmed on average about two-thirds of a degree (0.38 degrees Celsius), according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors",
"headTitle": "Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Originally published Nov. 9, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Rising temperatures are risking the health of hundreds of thousands of Californians who do strenuous work indoors.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>We used sensors to measure how hot it gets for 16 people on the job in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles. The results showed that conditions were often dangerous.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Workers don’t report heat illness to employers or seek medical care out of fear of not getting scheduled or losing their jobs altogether.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">J\u003c/span>ose Rodriguez strides to his car near the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor complex at the end of his shift. Over the last 26 years unloading goods for companies like Amazon and Sears, the money’s gotten a little better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some days the only good thing about his job is leaving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This air here feels fresh,” Rodriguez says, in Spanish. He leans on his car, a 1986 Crown Victoria, nearly dapper in blue slacks, a Minnesota Twins hat and a safety vest. “The difficult thing is inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">‘They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him.’\u003ccite>D’Wayne Wilson, describing a company response to a worker passing out from the heat\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, who is 68, spends most of his day inside a 40-foot-long metal can, a newly arrived shipping container at the logistics company California Cartage. For $16 an hour, he pulls merchandise out onto wooden pallets, rearranging consumer goods like table saws and radios before they continue their journey to retailers nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside that metal can, when Rodriguez is wet with sweat, it literally sizzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1934253\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">Excessive heat is already a health risk for millions of Californians at work, and it’s only getting worse. Over the last 30 years, warming nights and longer heat waves have become more frequent in the state. Four of the last five years were the hottest on record; 2018 could soon make it five out of six. This July and August, in Southern California, several daily and overnight temperature records toppled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day this summer, the temperature hit 98 degrees at the coast. As Rodriguez worked inside containers, a sensor measuring temperature and humidity found that the heat index – what it felt like to his body – was 115 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s that hot, he can’t think straight; he loses track of how many boxes he’s moved, and he has to start counting over. Sometimes he gets chills, and his knees give out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The deal is that you don’t mind those things,” he said. And it could be worse. At least he doesn’t vomit, like some of his coworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/11/PetersonWorkerHeatpt2.mp3\" title=\"Listen to Part 2\" program=\"Science\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sensors Show Extreme Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, KQED investigated heat-related health hazards in workplaces where temperatures indoors can be dangerous. We gave sensors measuring temperature and humidity to 16 workers in seven workplaces, mostly in the Inland Empire and Los Angeles area, and some in Woodland, near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”elidGrUCrYQcS8MWjiZpj5cgpbspUT33″]The most vulnerable workers labor in industrial kitchens and laundries, and in the types of workplaces where we placed sensors: warehouses and port terminals, car washes and garment factories, a cannery and an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s workplace safety authority, Cal/OSHA, is in the process of setting an unprecedented standard to guard against illness and death resulting from indoor heat stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the state’s current \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/Draft-revisions-Oct-16-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a>, employers must step up efforts to cut heat-related health risks in several circumstances, including when conditions rise above a heat index of 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using our sensor data, we calculated the heat index each worker felt during short periods in July, August and September. The workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/D6HJc/13/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Sets Threshold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the job, a worker’s core temperature rises when he exerts himself and when his environment is warm. Heat exhaustion – including nausea, headaches, confusion and muscle cramps – results when a person can’t cool off. When a body loses the ability to control core temperature, the more dangerous condition of heat stroke can send someone to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2011, that’s what happened to Domingo Blancas, over the course of several hundred-degree August days. Heat illness is generally underreported. But Blancas told his employer, saw a doctor and was hospitalized, which, along with a complaint, prompted a Cal/OSHA investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employers have a general duty under state and federal law to protect workers against illness and injury on the job. The Blancas case established for the first time that in California, this duty includes heat, indoors as well as outdoors. Blancas’ employers — a warehouse and a staffing agency — each paid an $18,000 penalty for failing to minimize heat risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Domingo Blancas case, I think was a turning point,” said Tim Shadix, a lawyer with the Oakland-based nonprofit Worksafe. “Because of the lawsuit around the case, it galvanized people to push for change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934294\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1934294\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/heatsensors-e1542168406700.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The heat sensors KQED placed in workplaces where it gets extremely hot indoors. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California was the first state in the country to set a threshold at which employers must protect workers outdoors. In 2016, state law added a similar requirement for employees indoors, requiring Cal/OSHA to send language to the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board by January 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will probably be one of the most comprehensive safety standards to protect workers against heat,” said UCSF’s Dr. Robert Harrison, who formerly sat on the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trade groups representing employers assert that the standard isn’t necessary, and criticize Cal/OSHA’s approach in crafting a rule that apply to every company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Chamber of Commerce, backed by management groups, is leading the opposition to the new standard, and objected to the law that enacted the requirement in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marti Fisher, a policy advocate for the group, while not commenting directly on the most recent draft proposal, says the state’s approach is overbroad, and its rule is potentially difficult for small employers to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they insist on having a one-size-fits-all, it has to fit all,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA’s draft standard includes what’s called a “hierarchy of controls,” actions employers must take to reduce heat or a worker’s exposure to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top priority in the state’s standard is to prevent heat, through ventilation and air conditioning. If that’s not feasible, employers can alter workers’ shifts to times when it’s cooler, or add breaks when it’s hot. Only if those measures don’t work can employers offer cooling vests and other personal protective gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher says she worries that this regime will force many businesses to incur big building costs and cooling bills. “We can’t just put air conditioning everywhere,” she said. “There are creative options that employers can figure out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Just as wind chill can make a temperature feel colder to the body, humidity can make a temperature feel hotter. In this National Weather Service chart, you can see how humidity makes heat harder for the body to handle.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1934140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-768x449.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-375x219.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-520x304.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘They Just Set Him to the Side and Put a Piece of Cardboard on Him’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At California Cartage, near the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, D’Wayne Wilson, 25, drives a forklift and moves goods between containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once, he got sick from the heat, just after he started with the company. Last spring, he saw a co-worker go down: One moment, the guy was fine; the next, he was on the floor, unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says supervisors didn’t seem to know what to do. “They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him. They didn’t call the ambulance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, NFI, which acquired Cal Cartage after the incident occurred, didn’t address it directly, but said: “Our current practice is to allow heat breaks for anyone who requests one and inquire whether they feel they need medical attention. To date, no one has requested medical attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even where workers are represented by a union, rising heat is aggravating tensions around workplace conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, 54-year-old Marta Lopez worked on a canning line at Pacific Coast Producers in Woodland, a job she’s done every year since 2002. The sensor she carried measured a heat index above 90 degrees 51 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food hygiene rules prohibit water bottles on the line. But, Lopez says, the water coolers are on a different level, and because workers feel pressure to keep the line moving, they have to keep running up and down stairs. That makes them vulnerable to heat illness. “It’s a vicious circle that does not stop, because the heat is very strong,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mona Shulman, general counsel for Pacific Coast Producers, says that water shouldn’t be more than 30 feet from the canning line, and that no worker should have to run for a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having heard that, we will be reviewing that before we start processing again, next summer, for sure,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teamsters Local 601, which represents about 6,500 workers at agricultural processing jobs including those at the Woodland cannery, has filed a heat-related grievance, says Ashley Alvarado, the local’s president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCP says no workers in Woodland reported heat illness this year. Shulman adds the company has recognized rising heat as a health hazard since 2006, when a major heat wave killed hundreds in California, many in the landlocked Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarado is skeptical. She says to ensure worker safety, a specific heat standard is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That company is going to do what they need to do when there is a law that requires them to do it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/fWGxg/11/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cardboard Fans and Damp Cloth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Inland Empire, warehouse workers are primarily Latino, low-paid, often temporary, and unlikely to have health care through their employer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For workers who told us they fear retaliation from their employers, we’re using pseudonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hugo,” who is 32, moves boxes in a warehouse for a logistics company in the Inland Empire. He says he knows that rest breaks and drinking water can prevent heat illness, but he’s under pressure to make quota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t make the quota, they’ll give you a warning,” he said. After four warnings, he says, workers have lost their jobs. “When people have two or three warnings they know they’re close to being fired. They get more stressed and don’t take care of their health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Heat illness is preventable on the job with sufficient water, rest, and shade. Since 2011, Cal/OSHA’s campaign, \u003ca href=\"https://www.99calor.org/espanol/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 Calor\u003c/a>, has communicated about outdoor worker heat risk in English, Spanish, Mixteco, Hmong and Punjabi. The state also works with \u003ca href=\"http://losh.ucla.edu/training-and-education/health-safety-leaders-specialist/health-safety/training/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCLA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lohp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, whose labor and occupational health programs offer training on heat illness prevention for small businesses and workers’ groups.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Warehouse workers also say they’re worried about their health because they know the climate is warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s been getting hotter, year by year,” said “Brandon,” who is 50. “It’s affecting us, maybe not you because you’re in the offices, but us warehouse workers are being affected by that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandon drives a forklift in a warehouse. Lately, he says, he has felt heat symptoms twice a week. He doesn’t have health insurance, and he has only been to see a doctor once, because he pays $25 a visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rebecca,” 40 and a married mother of two, experienced extreme heat more than any other worker we tracked. In July and August, her heat index on the job was higher than 90 degrees over 82 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, at a distribution center owned by fast-fashion retailer Charlotte Russe in San Bernardino County, she unpacked the clothes from boxes, hung them, and moved metal rods laden with merchandise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca said workers are “caged inside racks of clothes, so there is zero air getting to us.” To cool down, she and her co-workers tried using cardboard to fan each other, buying small battery-powered fans, and wrapping their heads and necks in damp cloth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She got severely sick from the heat this summer, causing her to nearly faint on a day we were tracking the heat in her workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That night, the index in the loft of the distribution center was 94 degrees, even after 10 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt that my stomach needed to throw up; then I noticed that my hands were starting to shake,” Rebecca said. Her supervisor offered her a break but no medical care. She drove herself to a clinic, where a doctor told her she was dehydrated but wouldn’t provide documentation that conditions on the job contributed to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlotte Russe did not return email and phonecall requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Rebecca left work. she received no sick pay and was kept off the schedule for two days afterward. That week, after paying the doctor, she ending up losing money. Since then, she has found another job. But she still gets headaches when it’s hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that managers have the right to say what conditions are,” she said. “They’re afraid they might not find another opportunity elsewhere. But I think they need to do more to protect the people who are giving their time, their energy and their health to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "KQED placed heat sensors on employees engaged in manual labor in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles to find out how hot it gets in their workplaces. The answer: dangerously so. \r\n",
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"description": "KQED placed heat sensors on employees engaged in manual labor in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles to find out how hot it gets in their workplaces. The answer: dangerously so. \r\n",
"title": "Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors | KQED",
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"headline": "Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Originally published Nov. 9, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Rising temperatures are risking the health of hundreds of thousands of Californians who do strenuous work indoors.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>We used sensors to measure how hot it gets for 16 people on the job in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles. The results showed that conditions were often dangerous.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Workers don’t report heat illness to employers or seek medical care out of fear of not getting scheduled or losing their jobs altogether.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">J\u003c/span>ose Rodriguez strides to his car near the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor complex at the end of his shift. Over the last 26 years unloading goods for companies like Amazon and Sears, the money’s gotten a little better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some days the only good thing about his job is leaving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This air here feels fresh,” Rodriguez says, in Spanish. He leans on his car, a 1986 Crown Victoria, nearly dapper in blue slacks, a Minnesota Twins hat and a safety vest. “The difficult thing is inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">‘They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him.’\u003ccite>D’Wayne Wilson, describing a company response to a worker passing out from the heat\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, who is 68, spends most of his day inside a 40-foot-long metal can, a newly arrived shipping container at the logistics company California Cartage. For $16 an hour, he pulls merchandise out onto wooden pallets, rearranging consumer goods like table saws and radios before they continue their journey to retailers nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside that metal can, when Rodriguez is wet with sweat, it literally sizzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1934253\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">Excessive heat is already a health risk for millions of Californians at work, and it’s only getting worse. Over the last 30 years, warming nights and longer heat waves have become more frequent in the state. Four of the last five years were the hottest on record; 2018 could soon make it five out of six. This July and August, in Southern California, several daily and overnight temperature records toppled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day this summer, the temperature hit 98 degrees at the coast. As Rodriguez worked inside containers, a sensor measuring temperature and humidity found that the heat index – what it felt like to his body – was 115 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s that hot, he can’t think straight; he loses track of how many boxes he’s moved, and he has to start counting over. Sometimes he gets chills, and his knees give out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The deal is that you don’t mind those things,” he said. And it could be worse. At least he doesn’t vomit, like some of his coworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sensors Show Extreme Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, KQED investigated heat-related health hazards in workplaces where temperatures indoors can be dangerous. We gave sensors measuring temperature and humidity to 16 workers in seven workplaces, mostly in the Inland Empire and Los Angeles area, and some in Woodland, near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The most vulnerable workers labor in industrial kitchens and laundries, and in the types of workplaces where we placed sensors: warehouses and port terminals, car washes and garment factories, a cannery and an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s workplace safety authority, Cal/OSHA, is in the process of setting an unprecedented standard to guard against illness and death resulting from indoor heat stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the state’s current \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/Draft-revisions-Oct-16-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a>, employers must step up efforts to cut heat-related health risks in several circumstances, including when conditions rise above a heat index of 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using our sensor data, we calculated the heat index each worker felt during short periods in July, August and September. The workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/D6HJc/13/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Sets Threshold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the job, a worker’s core temperature rises when he exerts himself and when his environment is warm. Heat exhaustion – including nausea, headaches, confusion and muscle cramps – results when a person can’t cool off. When a body loses the ability to control core temperature, the more dangerous condition of heat stroke can send someone to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2011, that’s what happened to Domingo Blancas, over the course of several hundred-degree August days. Heat illness is generally underreported. But Blancas told his employer, saw a doctor and was hospitalized, which, along with a complaint, prompted a Cal/OSHA investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employers have a general duty under state and federal law to protect workers against illness and injury on the job. The Blancas case established for the first time that in California, this duty includes heat, indoors as well as outdoors. Blancas’ employers — a warehouse and a staffing agency — each paid an $18,000 penalty for failing to minimize heat risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Domingo Blancas case, I think was a turning point,” said Tim Shadix, a lawyer with the Oakland-based nonprofit Worksafe. “Because of the lawsuit around the case, it galvanized people to push for change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934294\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1934294\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/heatsensors-e1542168406700.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The heat sensors KQED placed in workplaces where it gets extremely hot indoors. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California was the first state in the country to set a threshold at which employers must protect workers outdoors. In 2016, state law added a similar requirement for employees indoors, requiring Cal/OSHA to send language to the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board by January 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will probably be one of the most comprehensive safety standards to protect workers against heat,” said UCSF’s Dr. Robert Harrison, who formerly sat on the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trade groups representing employers assert that the standard isn’t necessary, and criticize Cal/OSHA’s approach in crafting a rule that apply to every company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Chamber of Commerce, backed by management groups, is leading the opposition to the new standard, and objected to the law that enacted the requirement in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marti Fisher, a policy advocate for the group, while not commenting directly on the most recent draft proposal, says the state’s approach is overbroad, and its rule is potentially difficult for small employers to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they insist on having a one-size-fits-all, it has to fit all,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA’s draft standard includes what’s called a “hierarchy of controls,” actions employers must take to reduce heat or a worker’s exposure to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top priority in the state’s standard is to prevent heat, through ventilation and air conditioning. If that’s not feasible, employers can alter workers’ shifts to times when it’s cooler, or add breaks when it’s hot. Only if those measures don’t work can employers offer cooling vests and other personal protective gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher says she worries that this regime will force many businesses to incur big building costs and cooling bills. “We can’t just put air conditioning everywhere,” she said. “There are creative options that employers can figure out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Just as wind chill can make a temperature feel colder to the body, humidity can make a temperature feel hotter. In this National Weather Service chart, you can see how humidity makes heat harder for the body to handle.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1934140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-768x449.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-375x219.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-520x304.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘They Just Set Him to the Side and Put a Piece of Cardboard on Him’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At California Cartage, near the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, D’Wayne Wilson, 25, drives a forklift and moves goods between containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once, he got sick from the heat, just after he started with the company. Last spring, he saw a co-worker go down: One moment, the guy was fine; the next, he was on the floor, unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says supervisors didn’t seem to know what to do. “They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him. They didn’t call the ambulance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, NFI, which acquired Cal Cartage after the incident occurred, didn’t address it directly, but said: “Our current practice is to allow heat breaks for anyone who requests one and inquire whether they feel they need medical attention. To date, no one has requested medical attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even where workers are represented by a union, rising heat is aggravating tensions around workplace conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, 54-year-old Marta Lopez worked on a canning line at Pacific Coast Producers in Woodland, a job she’s done every year since 2002. The sensor she carried measured a heat index above 90 degrees 51 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food hygiene rules prohibit water bottles on the line. But, Lopez says, the water coolers are on a different level, and because workers feel pressure to keep the line moving, they have to keep running up and down stairs. That makes them vulnerable to heat illness. “It’s a vicious circle that does not stop, because the heat is very strong,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mona Shulman, general counsel for Pacific Coast Producers, says that water shouldn’t be more than 30 feet from the canning line, and that no worker should have to run for a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having heard that, we will be reviewing that before we start processing again, next summer, for sure,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teamsters Local 601, which represents about 6,500 workers at agricultural processing jobs including those at the Woodland cannery, has filed a heat-related grievance, says Ashley Alvarado, the local’s president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCP says no workers in Woodland reported heat illness this year. Shulman adds the company has recognized rising heat as a health hazard since 2006, when a major heat wave killed hundreds in California, many in the landlocked Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarado is skeptical. She says to ensure worker safety, a specific heat standard is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That company is going to do what they need to do when there is a law that requires them to do it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/fWGxg/11/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cardboard Fans and Damp Cloth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Inland Empire, warehouse workers are primarily Latino, low-paid, often temporary, and unlikely to have health care through their employer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For workers who told us they fear retaliation from their employers, we’re using pseudonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hugo,” who is 32, moves boxes in a warehouse for a logistics company in the Inland Empire. He says he knows that rest breaks and drinking water can prevent heat illness, but he’s under pressure to make quota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t make the quota, they’ll give you a warning,” he said. After four warnings, he says, workers have lost their jobs. “When people have two or three warnings they know they’re close to being fired. They get more stressed and don’t take care of their health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Heat illness is preventable on the job with sufficient water, rest, and shade. Since 2011, Cal/OSHA’s campaign, \u003ca href=\"https://www.99calor.org/espanol/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 Calor\u003c/a>, has communicated about outdoor worker heat risk in English, Spanish, Mixteco, Hmong and Punjabi. The state also works with \u003ca href=\"http://losh.ucla.edu/training-and-education/health-safety-leaders-specialist/health-safety/training/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCLA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lohp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, whose labor and occupational health programs offer training on heat illness prevention for small businesses and workers’ groups.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Warehouse workers also say they’re worried about their health because they know the climate is warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s been getting hotter, year by year,” said “Brandon,” who is 50. “It’s affecting us, maybe not you because you’re in the offices, but us warehouse workers are being affected by that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandon drives a forklift in a warehouse. Lately, he says, he has felt heat symptoms twice a week. He doesn’t have health insurance, and he has only been to see a doctor once, because he pays $25 a visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rebecca,” 40 and a married mother of two, experienced extreme heat more than any other worker we tracked. In July and August, her heat index on the job was higher than 90 degrees over 82 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, at a distribution center owned by fast-fashion retailer Charlotte Russe in San Bernardino County, she unpacked the clothes from boxes, hung them, and moved metal rods laden with merchandise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca said workers are “caged inside racks of clothes, so there is zero air getting to us.” To cool down, she and her co-workers tried using cardboard to fan each other, buying small battery-powered fans, and wrapping their heads and necks in damp cloth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She got severely sick from the heat this summer, causing her to nearly faint on a day we were tracking the heat in her workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That night, the index in the loft of the distribution center was 94 degrees, even after 10 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt that my stomach needed to throw up; then I noticed that my hands were starting to shake,” Rebecca said. Her supervisor offered her a break but no medical care. She drove herself to a clinic, where a doctor told her she was dehydrated but wouldn’t provide documentation that conditions on the job contributed to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlotte Russe did not return email and phonecall requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Rebecca left work. she received no sick pay and was kept off the schedule for two days afterward. That week, after paying the doctor, she ending up losing money. Since then, she has found another job. But she still gets headaches when it’s hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that managers have the right to say what conditions are,” she said. “They’re afraid they might not find another opportunity elsewhere. But I think they need to do more to protect the people who are giving their time, their energy and their health to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> released this week outlines, in great detail, the potential health and economic costs to California from climate change — everything from premature deaths due to heatstroke to anticipated spikes in West Nile virus, Valley fever, and even kidney stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was commissioned by state Sen. Ricardo Lara, who will soon be giving up his senate seat after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">being elected\u003c/a> insurance commissioner earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time we have a California report that combines the latest research on our health and the ‘new normal’ of extreme wildfire and climate-caused events,” Lara wrote to KQED in an email. (Gov. Jerry Brown recently amended his own climate vocabulary, calling global warming impacts “the new \u003cem>abnormal\u003c/em>.”) The senator was in Washington D.C. presenting to the World Bank on the report and on his bill to limit hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, which are potent greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”vn6VCB9SjRIBblKPRR18mDEt6roBFBjm”]The report contains no new research; it’s a review of existing literature, an attempt to outline both the current state of climate change in California and the expected health effects on the state’s population in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the warnings: the Central Valley may experience heat-health events that last two weeks longer, while the northern Sierra region can expect four to 10 times more heat-health events than currently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is consensus among experts that by 2100, California will see maximum average temperatures increase by 5.6 to 8.8 degrees Fahrenheit above 1960–2005 temperatures,” says the report — depending on whether emissions continue rising or decrease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does that mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>By 2050, as many as 6,700 to 11,300 premature deaths are expected due to rising temperatures, which can exacerbate existing conditions like heat disease or asthma.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Poor air quality will increase the incidence of respiratory illnesses.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The intensity and frequency of storms will increase death and injury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Higher temperatures will also lead to the growth of disease-carrying mosquitos and ticks, as well as food-borne pathogens.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“What this report shows is that we need to be discussing how to address the lingering effects on public health, our air and our food,” said Lara. Here are some of the details laid out. You can also read \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the full 80-page report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increases in temperatures have dramatic impacts on the health of the community. In the state’s nine most populous counties, from 1999 to 2003, rising temperatures increased the risk of hospitalization for heatstroke by 342 percent, for dehydration by 10.8 percent and for renal failure by 7.4 percent. There was also a 1.7 percent increase in mortality across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During heat waves those numbers can be higher. Studies tracking the 2006 heat wave found a 9 percent increase in mortality per 10-degree increase in temperature in the affected counties. That caused about 600 heat-related deaths over the two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High temperatures are also associated with pre-term birth. From 1999 to 2006, a 10-degree rise in temperature increased the risk of pre-term birth by 8.6 percent across 16 California counties, though that risk was higher for younger mothers and highest for African-American mothers (14.9 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that kidney stones are also more prevalent in hotter climates, because minerals build up under dehydration conditions. Projecting existing rates of kidney stones in nearby hot climates onto anticipated temperatures increases in California predicts that the state will see a 10.7 percent increase in risk of kidney stones by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air Quality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is also known to affect air quality as concentration of ground-level ozone is stoked by heat and methane emissions, while fine particulate matter in the air (typically known as PM2.5) is a product of wildfire smoke, which is expected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Jpmw1DpnGs905iMXpwAAljHeFkY04p4r”]Air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley already contributes to 460 premature deaths each year and approximately 3,230 cases of acute bronchitis in children — with projections for those numbers rising as air pollution worsens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate models project “large” wildfires are expected to increase in number by 21 percent by 2034, and with wildfire smoke comes a well-documented higher rate of hospitalizations and respiratory illnesses. During the 2015 wildfire season statewide, for example, there was a 171 percent increase in the risk of a pulmonary embolism during the heavy smoke periods. And during the 2003 fall fire in Southern California, acute bronchitis hospital admissions increased on average by 67 percent. Even after the fires, admission rates for acute bronchitis and pneumonia still went up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley fever is also on the rise as the soil dries out and people are more apt to breathe in the fungus that leads to the illness. Valley fever includes coughing, fever, chest pains and, in the worst conditions, can result in meningitis. Valley fever rose 34 percent from 2016 to 2017, with the heavy majority of the cases in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Weather\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts, floods and fires all have immediate health consequences. And there are documented increases in mental health issues, like PTSD, depression and suicidal thoughts. Disaster recovery is also known to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706264/study-people-of-color-and-low-income-residents-most-vulnerable-to-wildfire-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hit vulnerable populations harder\u003c/a>, especially those without insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8hBZ41YlWfjH8B4Rjxb7MBQPe3hQX0Sf”]But extreme weather events also have indirect health consequences. For example, in 1993 after several years of drought, a heavy rainfall in Tulare County led to an increase in Valley fever, because of the growth of fungus. The number of cases there spiked from an average of 450 annually to 1,208 cases that first year and over 4,000 cases the two following years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flooding and heavy rains also lead to contamination of water supplies, which has been shown to lead to an increase in gastrointestinal illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changing climate also affects how communities are exposed to infectious diseases and can increase the number of rodents or insects carrying pathogens — a trend that’s already already being seen. In 2007, there were 75 cases of Lyme disease reported statewide, while in 2016 there were 141 in just 33 counties. While climate was unlikely to be the sole driver of that increase, warming temperatures are expected to double the reproductive capacity of ticks, which carry Lyme disease, and peak tick activity is much longer in drier and warmer climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”GgX27KIsYVEVf36btfb9LA0yENVzkGu9″]Higher temperatures and drought also increase the number of mosquitoes and the transmission rates for West Nile virus. The recent drought led to the highest number of cases of West Nile virus in California, with 379 in 2013 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural and urban run-off in extreme flooding and heavy rainfall leads to an increase in bacterial contamination, and warming of surface water causes new bacterial and viral pathogens to emerge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, scientific evidence has unequivocally shown that climate change is a reality,” concludes the report. “While opportunities to entirely prevent the effects of climate change have already passed, there is still a role for strong leadership in the public and private sectors to reduce the levels of projected damage and hardship…By building communities that are resilient to a changing environment, the most extreme effects of climate change may be minimized.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> released this week outlines, in great detail, the potential health and economic costs to California from climate change — everything from premature deaths due to heatstroke to anticipated spikes in West Nile virus, Valley fever, and even kidney stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was commissioned by state Sen. Ricardo Lara, who will soon be giving up his senate seat after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">being elected\u003c/a> insurance commissioner earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time we have a California report that combines the latest research on our health and the ‘new normal’ of extreme wildfire and climate-caused events,” Lara wrote to KQED in an email. (Gov. Jerry Brown recently amended his own climate vocabulary, calling global warming impacts “the new \u003cem>abnormal\u003c/em>.”) The senator was in Washington D.C. presenting to the World Bank on the report and on his bill to limit hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, which are potent greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The report contains no new research; it’s a review of existing literature, an attempt to outline both the current state of climate change in California and the expected health effects on the state’s population in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the warnings: the Central Valley may experience heat-health events that last two weeks longer, while the northern Sierra region can expect four to 10 times more heat-health events than currently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is consensus among experts that by 2100, California will see maximum average temperatures increase by 5.6 to 8.8 degrees Fahrenheit above 1960–2005 temperatures,” says the report — depending on whether emissions continue rising or decrease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does that mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>By 2050, as many as 6,700 to 11,300 premature deaths are expected due to rising temperatures, which can exacerbate existing conditions like heat disease or asthma.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Poor air quality will increase the incidence of respiratory illnesses.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The intensity and frequency of storms will increase death and injury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Higher temperatures will also lead to the growth of disease-carrying mosquitos and ticks, as well as food-borne pathogens.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“What this report shows is that we need to be discussing how to address the lingering effects on public health, our air and our food,” said Lara. Here are some of the details laid out. You can also read \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the full 80-page report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increases in temperatures have dramatic impacts on the health of the community. In the state’s nine most populous counties, from 1999 to 2003, rising temperatures increased the risk of hospitalization for heatstroke by 342 percent, for dehydration by 10.8 percent and for renal failure by 7.4 percent. There was also a 1.7 percent increase in mortality across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During heat waves those numbers can be higher. Studies tracking the 2006 heat wave found a 9 percent increase in mortality per 10-degree increase in temperature in the affected counties. That caused about 600 heat-related deaths over the two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High temperatures are also associated with pre-term birth. From 1999 to 2006, a 10-degree rise in temperature increased the risk of pre-term birth by 8.6 percent across 16 California counties, though that risk was higher for younger mothers and highest for African-American mothers (14.9 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that kidney stones are also more prevalent in hotter climates, because minerals build up under dehydration conditions. Projecting existing rates of kidney stones in nearby hot climates onto anticipated temperatures increases in California predicts that the state will see a 10.7 percent increase in risk of kidney stones by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air Quality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is also known to affect air quality as concentration of ground-level ozone is stoked by heat and methane emissions, while fine particulate matter in the air (typically known as PM2.5) is a product of wildfire smoke, which is expected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley already contributes to 460 premature deaths each year and approximately 3,230 cases of acute bronchitis in children — with projections for those numbers rising as air pollution worsens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate models project “large” wildfires are expected to increase in number by 21 percent by 2034, and with wildfire smoke comes a well-documented higher rate of hospitalizations and respiratory illnesses. During the 2015 wildfire season statewide, for example, there was a 171 percent increase in the risk of a pulmonary embolism during the heavy smoke periods. And during the 2003 fall fire in Southern California, acute bronchitis hospital admissions increased on average by 67 percent. Even after the fires, admission rates for acute bronchitis and pneumonia still went up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley fever is also on the rise as the soil dries out and people are more apt to breathe in the fungus that leads to the illness. Valley fever includes coughing, fever, chest pains and, in the worst conditions, can result in meningitis. Valley fever rose 34 percent from 2016 to 2017, with the heavy majority of the cases in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Weather\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts, floods and fires all have immediate health consequences. And there are documented increases in mental health issues, like PTSD, depression and suicidal thoughts. Disaster recovery is also known to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706264/study-people-of-color-and-low-income-residents-most-vulnerable-to-wildfire-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hit vulnerable populations harder\u003c/a>, especially those without insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But extreme weather events also have indirect health consequences. For example, in 1993 after several years of drought, a heavy rainfall in Tulare County led to an increase in Valley fever, because of the growth of fungus. The number of cases there spiked from an average of 450 annually to 1,208 cases that first year and over 4,000 cases the two following years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flooding and heavy rains also lead to contamination of water supplies, which has been shown to lead to an increase in gastrointestinal illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changing climate also affects how communities are exposed to infectious diseases and can increase the number of rodents or insects carrying pathogens — a trend that’s already already being seen. In 2007, there were 75 cases of Lyme disease reported statewide, while in 2016 there were 141 in just 33 counties. While climate was unlikely to be the sole driver of that increase, warming temperatures are expected to double the reproductive capacity of ticks, which carry Lyme disease, and peak tick activity is much longer in drier and warmer climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Higher temperatures and drought also increase the number of mosquitoes and the transmission rates for West Nile virus. The recent drought led to the highest number of cases of West Nile virus in California, with 379 in 2013 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural and urban run-off in extreme flooding and heavy rainfall leads to an increase in bacterial contamination, and warming of surface water causes new bacterial and viral pathogens to emerge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, scientific evidence has unequivocally shown that climate change is a reality,” concludes the report. “While opportunities to entirely prevent the effects of climate change have already passed, there is still a role for strong leadership in the public and private sectors to reduce the levels of projected damage and hardship…By building communities that are resilient to a changing environment, the most extreme effects of climate change may be minimized.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Two New Studies Affirm Things Are Getting Hotter Across Regions and Seasons",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau3487\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released on Wednesday says hot and dry conditions are increasingly going to hit multiple regions at the same time — shrinking crop yields, destabilizing food prices and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/11/27/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laying the groundwork for large wildfires\u003c/a> like we’ve seen in California in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes on the heels of \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/extreme-heat-increasing-both-summer-and-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another study\u003c/a> earlier this week from the American Geophysical Union which measured the rise in extreme heat events in both summer and winter. The AGU study was one of the first to also look at relative extreme temperatures — “hot” days in winter, cold days in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8JMusayD4ShnLIZNCUDAIIPNFPKHrn2y”]The news, across the board, isn’t great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study examined historical data to quantify the odds that different regions experience hot and dry conditions in the same year. The authors calculated that before 1980 there was just a 5 percent likelihood that two separate regions would be dry and have extreme temperatures in the same year. Since then, the odds have risen to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters because in the past if one region was hot and dry, resulting in low crop yields, the agricultural surplus in another region might compensate. Increasingly, that’s no longer the case. For example, the odds that both China and India — two of the world’s largest agricultural producers — have low precipitation and extremely warm temperatures in the same year has increased from 5 percent to 15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The global marketplace provides a hedge against localized extremes,” noted Noah Diffenbaugh, a Stanford climate scientist and co-author of the study, “and we’re already seeing an erosion of that climate buffer as extremes have increased in response to global warming,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TsjrIDHEp4FADnyAbpod5wkpWGZyF75A”]“When these extremes occur simultaneously, it exacerbates the adverse impacts beyond what any of them would have caused separately,” said Ali Sarhadi, the study’s lead author and a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also analyzed climate projections for future scenarios. Since the late 19th century, the global temperature has increased 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. Moving forward, the study’s authors found, in many regions the odds increase to 75 percent that average temperatures will rise well beyond the normal range experienced this last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just going to get hotter in the summer, though. It’s going to get warmer in the winter too — which also has lasting implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018JD029150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> released this week, from the American Geophysical Union, found both relative and absolute “extreme heat” events have increased across the U.S. and Canada since 1980, while both relative and absolute extreme cold events decreased. In other words, we’ve seen a rise in both overall extremes, like the absolute hottest days in summer, but also extremes for the normal range of that time of year, like unseasonably warm days in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”raaLWEhxCsVCnB6sFwUvZyRhRMQu8Rfv”]Relative extremes are changing faster than absolute extremes. And relative extremes can pose a higher ecological risk because the out-of-season weather impact species and plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relative temperature anomalies can trigger what are called phenological mismatches, where a mismatch in the temperature and the season can cause trees to bloom too early and birds and insects to migrate before there is appropriate food,” said Scott Sheridan, professor in geography at Kent State University and lead author of the AGU study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the unusually warm month of March in 2012, across the eastern and midwestern U.S., caused vegetation to bloom prematurely and then die off in subsequent frost, leading to large agricultural losses (2012 remains the hottest year on record in the continental U.S.). Mid-winter thaws and early-season heat can also have health impacts on vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat events have increased across 79 percent of the U.S. and Canada, with the trend greatest in the southern U.S. and northern Quebec. Relative extreme heat events have increased at a greater rate, averaging .22 more days per decade, with some parts of the southern U.S. showing an increase of up to one day per decade of relative extreme heat. At the same time, extreme cold events have decreased at higher rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”rAZ2tFsSbR97GGfg5yu5iG9EVkxX7Oqx”]All of this comes in the wake of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934809/federal-report-climate-change-already-hurting-u-s-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a federal report\u003c/a> released last week that outlined the ways climate change is already affecting Americans’ economic and physical health. The message from the various studies’ authors? Planners and policymakers at all levels need to start preparing for the new future — and can still take steps to decrease these impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study modeled what would happen if the 200 nations in the U.N. Paris agreement achieved their emission reductions targets. The authors found that would dramatically reduce the likelihood of compounding hot, dry conditions in multiple regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are still options for mitigating these changes,” said Sarhadi.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau3487\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released on Wednesday says hot and dry conditions are increasingly going to hit multiple regions at the same time — shrinking crop yields, destabilizing food prices and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/11/27/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laying the groundwork for large wildfires\u003c/a> like we’ve seen in California in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes on the heels of \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/extreme-heat-increasing-both-summer-and-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another study\u003c/a> earlier this week from the American Geophysical Union which measured the rise in extreme heat events in both summer and winter. The AGU study was one of the first to also look at relative extreme temperatures — “hot” days in winter, cold days in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The news, across the board, isn’t great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study examined historical data to quantify the odds that different regions experience hot and dry conditions in the same year. The authors calculated that before 1980 there was just a 5 percent likelihood that two separate regions would be dry and have extreme temperatures in the same year. Since then, the odds have risen to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters because in the past if one region was hot and dry, resulting in low crop yields, the agricultural surplus in another region might compensate. Increasingly, that’s no longer the case. For example, the odds that both China and India — two of the world’s largest agricultural producers — have low precipitation and extremely warm temperatures in the same year has increased from 5 percent to 15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The global marketplace provides a hedge against localized extremes,” noted Noah Diffenbaugh, a Stanford climate scientist and co-author of the study, “and we’re already seeing an erosion of that climate buffer as extremes have increased in response to global warming,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“When these extremes occur simultaneously, it exacerbates the adverse impacts beyond what any of them would have caused separately,” said Ali Sarhadi, the study’s lead author and a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also analyzed climate projections for future scenarios. Since the late 19th century, the global temperature has increased 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. Moving forward, the study’s authors found, in many regions the odds increase to 75 percent that average temperatures will rise well beyond the normal range experienced this last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just going to get hotter in the summer, though. It’s going to get warmer in the winter too — which also has lasting implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018JD029150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> released this week, from the American Geophysical Union, found both relative and absolute “extreme heat” events have increased across the U.S. and Canada since 1980, while both relative and absolute extreme cold events decreased. In other words, we’ve seen a rise in both overall extremes, like the absolute hottest days in summer, but also extremes for the normal range of that time of year, like unseasonably warm days in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Relative extremes are changing faster than absolute extremes. And relative extremes can pose a higher ecological risk because the out-of-season weather impact species and plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relative temperature anomalies can trigger what are called phenological mismatches, where a mismatch in the temperature and the season can cause trees to bloom too early and birds and insects to migrate before there is appropriate food,” said Scott Sheridan, professor in geography at Kent State University and lead author of the AGU study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the unusually warm month of March in 2012, across the eastern and midwestern U.S., caused vegetation to bloom prematurely and then die off in subsequent frost, leading to large agricultural losses (2012 remains the hottest year on record in the continental U.S.). Mid-winter thaws and early-season heat can also have health impacts on vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat events have increased across 79 percent of the U.S. and Canada, with the trend greatest in the southern U.S. and northern Quebec. Relative extreme heat events have increased at a greater rate, averaging .22 more days per decade, with some parts of the southern U.S. showing an increase of up to one day per decade of relative extreme heat. At the same time, extreme cold events have decreased at higher rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>All of this comes in the wake of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934809/federal-report-climate-change-already-hurting-u-s-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a federal report\u003c/a> released last week that outlined the ways climate change is already affecting Americans’ economic and physical health. The message from the various studies’ authors? Planners and policymakers at all levels need to start preparing for the new future — and can still take steps to decrease these impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study modeled what would happen if the 200 nations in the U.N. Paris agreement achieved their emission reductions targets. The authors found that would dramatically reduce the likelihood of compounding hot, dry conditions in multiple regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are still options for mitigating these changes,” said Sarhadi.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The New Abnormal: Climate Effects on the Fire Season Are Just Beginning",
"headTitle": "The New Abnormal: Climate Effects on the Fire Season Are Just Beginning | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke was back in Butte County this week, after blaming California’s horrific fire season on \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-california-fires-zinke-paradise-forest-trump-20181119-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“radical environmentalists,”\u003c/a> a stance he appeared to soften in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/26/opinions/wildfire-prevention-goes-hand-in-hand-with-creating-jobs-zinke/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent editorial\u003c/a> for CNN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his search for causes and solutions, Zinke does concede the “warm temperatures,” though he’s still reticent to utter the words “climate change” as a contributing factor. On a return visit to the ongoing Camp Fire recovery Monday, Zinke said he’d rather spend federal dollars on thinning forests and improving parks than on repeatedly rebuilding fire-ravaged towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year was California’s most destructive fire season — until this year. The Golden State is in the midst of what Daniel Swain, a climate scientist with UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research, calls “a multi-year fire siege.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s hard to point to climate change as the distinct cause of any individual fire, Swain calls it a “threat multiplier,” which means climate change has lead to conditions that make extreme fires more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s science editor Craig Miller and Swain joined \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101868240/how-climate-change-helped-create-californias-fire-siege\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> recently to talk about the impact of climate change on wildfires and what we can expect in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The New Abnormal\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the wake of Butte County’s Camp Fire, the most devastating on record in California, Gov. Jerry Brown decided to revise a common phrase he’s used before, that this is the “new normal.” Instead, “We’re in a new abnormal,” he said. “This new abnormal will continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller noted that this actually channels an ongoing conversation happening at KQED about using the phrase, “the new normal.” That phrase, he said, “misses the point.” There is no normal when it comes to climate change, or rather we don’t know what the normal is when we try to plan. It’s not just a steady move toward hotter and drier, but rather wild swings in all directions, creating more intense and changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ask the Right Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Are these fires definitely a result of climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain says that’s not the right question. Generally, it never makes sense to attribute a single cause to complex natural events. “It’s a really hard thing to do from a scientific perspective,” he said. Multiple factors lead to a particular fire at a specific time and location. The broader question is: are wildfire disasters of this magnitude significantly more likely due to the fact that the climate is changing? “The answer to that is definitely yes,” said Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This risk-based approach makes more sense for how we frame these issues and how we plan for disasters — by asking what is the likelihood of increasing dangerous conditions? And that likelihood is absolutely going up, according to Swain and most other scientists who have studied the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Longer Fire Season, Shorter Rainy Season\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although autumn precipitation in California tends not to be a large portion of the overall amount of rain in a given year, it has an out-sized influence on fire season, said Swain. Early-season rain, at the end of a hot, dry summer, is “really consequential from a wildfire and an ecological perspective,” he said. Even just one or two inches moistens the soil column and lets the dry vegetation recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rain usually marks the end of fire season and this year, almost up to Thanksgiving, as the Camp and Woolsey Fires were raging north and south, that fire-season ending rain had yet to fall anywhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really, really late,” said Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is an emerging trend toward drier autumns throughout the state, which Swain expects to continue. He expects, in the future, to see a further contraction of the rainy season, not necessarily less rain overall, but longer dry conditions into fall and dry conditions beginning earlier in the spring, essentially “burning the candle at both ends,” as he put it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason autumn precipitation is important is because offshore winds peak late in autumn (not just the legendary Santa Ana winds of Southern California, but all up and down the state). If the rainy season comes later and later, with months of drying time, peak fire season could shift to later in the year, when these strong winds occur. Both the Camp Fire and the Woolsey Fire were driven by strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California’s Getting Warmer and Drier\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As the climate warms, it has a profound effect on how much moisture is in the vegetation. There’s something called the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapour-pressure_deficit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vapor pressure deficit\u003c/a>, which is the propensity of warmer atmospheres to suck water out of living plants. This increases exponentially even as temperatures go up in linear fashion. That means even a few degrees increase in the temperature can make the vegetation much drier and more susceptible to fire, particularly if the dry vegetation coincides with a longer warmer fire season and the strong late-autumn winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these factors combine to increase the chances of dangerous fire conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is There Hope?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The California’s recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateassessment.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourth Climate Change Assessment\u003c/a> projected that, if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, the state could see large fires increase by half and the total acreage burned increase by about 77%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re already starting to see this play out right in front of us,” said Miller. Swain took that pessimistic prediction a step further, noting the current fire situation is merely a hint of what’s to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re only just beginning this trend towards longer fire seasons, more severe fire seasons, hotter summers, wilder precipitation whiplash,” said Swain, the last a reference to seasons that whipsaw from wet to dry, or vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also a large number of people who have moved into areas that are at risk. Across the U.S., said Miller, there are 100 million people living in what’s known as the wildland-urban-interface — areas just like Paradise that exist on the edges of rural forests and remote wildland. This means there are more people than ever before in harm’s way, setting the stage for more catastrophic fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news, said Miller, is there are some technologies that could help in the future: remote stationary sensors that can observe conditions, drones that can monitor potential danger and pinpoint where we’re likely to have outbreaks, even nontoxic gels that can be applied to vegetation in advance of a fire to act as a retardant.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke was back in Butte County this week, after blaming California’s horrific fire season on \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-california-fires-zinke-paradise-forest-trump-20181119-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“radical environmentalists,”\u003c/a> a stance he appeared to soften in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/26/opinions/wildfire-prevention-goes-hand-in-hand-with-creating-jobs-zinke/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent editorial\u003c/a> for CNN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his search for causes and solutions, Zinke does concede the “warm temperatures,” though he’s still reticent to utter the words “climate change” as a contributing factor. On a return visit to the ongoing Camp Fire recovery Monday, Zinke said he’d rather spend federal dollars on thinning forests and improving parks than on repeatedly rebuilding fire-ravaged towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year was California’s most destructive fire season — until this year. The Golden State is in the midst of what Daniel Swain, a climate scientist with UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research, calls “a multi-year fire siege.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s hard to point to climate change as the distinct cause of any individual fire, Swain calls it a “threat multiplier,” which means climate change has lead to conditions that make extreme fires more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s science editor Craig Miller and Swain joined \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101868240/how-climate-change-helped-create-californias-fire-siege\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> recently to talk about the impact of climate change on wildfires and what we can expect in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The New Abnormal\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the wake of Butte County’s Camp Fire, the most devastating on record in California, Gov. Jerry Brown decided to revise a common phrase he’s used before, that this is the “new normal.” Instead, “We’re in a new abnormal,” he said. “This new abnormal will continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller noted that this actually channels an ongoing conversation happening at KQED about using the phrase, “the new normal.” That phrase, he said, “misses the point.” There is no normal when it comes to climate change, or rather we don’t know what the normal is when we try to plan. It’s not just a steady move toward hotter and drier, but rather wild swings in all directions, creating more intense and changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ask the Right Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Are these fires definitely a result of climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain says that’s not the right question. Generally, it never makes sense to attribute a single cause to complex natural events. “It’s a really hard thing to do from a scientific perspective,” he said. Multiple factors lead to a particular fire at a specific time and location. The broader question is: are wildfire disasters of this magnitude significantly more likely due to the fact that the climate is changing? “The answer to that is definitely yes,” said Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This risk-based approach makes more sense for how we frame these issues and how we plan for disasters — by asking what is the likelihood of increasing dangerous conditions? And that likelihood is absolutely going up, according to Swain and most other scientists who have studied the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Longer Fire Season, Shorter Rainy Season\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although autumn precipitation in California tends not to be a large portion of the overall amount of rain in a given year, it has an out-sized influence on fire season, said Swain. Early-season rain, at the end of a hot, dry summer, is “really consequential from a wildfire and an ecological perspective,” he said. Even just one or two inches moistens the soil column and lets the dry vegetation recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rain usually marks the end of fire season and this year, almost up to Thanksgiving, as the Camp and Woolsey Fires were raging north and south, that fire-season ending rain had yet to fall anywhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really, really late,” said Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is an emerging trend toward drier autumns throughout the state, which Swain expects to continue. He expects, in the future, to see a further contraction of the rainy season, not necessarily less rain overall, but longer dry conditions into fall and dry conditions beginning earlier in the spring, essentially “burning the candle at both ends,” as he put it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason autumn precipitation is important is because offshore winds peak late in autumn (not just the legendary Santa Ana winds of Southern California, but all up and down the state). If the rainy season comes later and later, with months of drying time, peak fire season could shift to later in the year, when these strong winds occur. Both the Camp Fire and the Woolsey Fire were driven by strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California’s Getting Warmer and Drier\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As the climate warms, it has a profound effect on how much moisture is in the vegetation. There’s something called the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapour-pressure_deficit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vapor pressure deficit\u003c/a>, which is the propensity of warmer atmospheres to suck water out of living plants. This increases exponentially even as temperatures go up in linear fashion. That means even a few degrees increase in the temperature can make the vegetation much drier and more susceptible to fire, particularly if the dry vegetation coincides with a longer warmer fire season and the strong late-autumn winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these factors combine to increase the chances of dangerous fire conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is There Hope?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The California’s recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateassessment.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourth Climate Change Assessment\u003c/a> projected that, if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, the state could see large fires increase by half and the total acreage burned increase by about 77%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re already starting to see this play out right in front of us,” said Miller. Swain took that pessimistic prediction a step further, noting the current fire situation is merely a hint of what’s to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re only just beginning this trend towards longer fire seasons, more severe fire seasons, hotter summers, wilder precipitation whiplash,” said Swain, the last a reference to seasons that whipsaw from wet to dry, or vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also a large number of people who have moved into areas that are at risk. Across the U.S., said Miller, there are 100 million people living in what’s known as the wildland-urban-interface — areas just like Paradise that exist on the edges of rural forests and remote wildland. This means there are more people than ever before in harm’s way, setting the stage for more catastrophic fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news, said Miller, is there are some technologies that could help in the future: remote stationary sensors that can observe conditions, drones that can monitor potential danger and pinpoint where we’re likely to have outbreaks, even nontoxic gels that can be applied to vegetation in advance of a fire to act as a retardant.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate change is already causing more frequent and severe weather across the U.S., and the country is poised to suffer massive damage to infrastructure, ecosystems, health and the economy if global warming is allowed to continue, according to \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\">the most comprehensive federal climate report to date\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fourth National Climate Assessment is the culmination of years of research and analysis by hundreds of top climate scientists in the country. The massive report details the many ways in which global climate change is already affecting American communities, from hurricanes to wildfires to floods to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is already affecting every part of the United States, almost every sector of the United States, be it agriculture or forestry or energy, tourism,” says George Mason University professor Andrew Light, who is one of the report’s editors. “It’s going to hurt cities, it’s going to hurt people in the countryside, and, as the world continues to warm, things are going to get worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/265895292191248385\">Trump\u003c/a>, numerous Cabinet members and some members of Congress have \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/post/we-spoke-new-ag-secretary-sonny-perdue-heres-what-he-said-climate-change-and-immigration\">questioned whether\u003c/a> climate change is caused by humans or whether it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/ben-carson-believe-candidate-stands-10-issues\">happening at all\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there’s a hoax. I do think there’s probably a difference. But I don’t know that it’s man-made,” the president said on CBS’ \u003cem>60 Minutes\u003c/em> in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an August interview about deadly wildfires in California, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told television station KCRA Sacramento: “This has nothing to do with climate change. This has to do with active forest management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report, mandated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/content/whats-new-nca4\">Congress\u003c/a> and published by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, is the latest and most detailed confirmation that humans are driving climate change and that Americans are already adapting to and suffering from its effects. Climate change is “an immediate threat, not a far-off possibility,” it says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/12/666951838/megafires-more-frequent-because-of-climate-change-and-forest-management\">large wildfires\u003c/a> are getting more frequent because of climate change. The report notes that the area burned in wildfires nationwide each year has increased over the past 20 years, and “although projections vary by state and ecoregion, on average, the annual area burned by lightning-ignited wildfire is expected to increase by at least 30 percent by 2060.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/wildfires-acres-20181119/child.html?mode=childlink&utm_source=nprnews&utm_medium=app&utm_campaign=storyredirect\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Don’t see the graphic above? Click here.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California and other Western states have made headlines for deadly fires, the report says the southeastern U.S. is also projected to suffer more wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many regions are also experiencing more extreme rain — and ensuing floods — including the Midwest, Northeast, Southeast and Southern Great Plains, which includes Texas and Oklahoma. The most extreme example is Hurricane Harvey, which dumped \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/25/580689546/harvey-the-most-significant-tropical-cyclone-rainfall-event-in-u-s-history\">60 inches of rain\u003c/a> on parts of southeast Texas in 2017 and flooded an enormous region from Houston up to the Louisiana border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the authors make clear that more extreme rainfall and flooding is widespread, going beyond major hurricanes. In the Midwest, runoff from heavy rains have depleted some cropland of nutrients. In the Northeast, towns are dealing with catastrophic flooding from summer thunderstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the whole U.S., the amount of precipitation overall may be less, but it’s delivered in these very intense precipitation events,” explains Brenda Ekwurzel, an author of the report and senior climate scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists. “That’s how you get a lot of flash flooding, especially after a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Southwest, climate change is driving a particularly devious phenomenon: climate change is contributing to drought and flooding in the same place. Drought takes hold for months. When rain does fall, it’s increasingly likely to come as an extreme rainstorm, which causes flash flooding and landslides. Scientists predict that dynamic will only get worse as climate change progresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report’s authors also focus multiple chapters on the health effects of climate change. In a section on air pollution, they write:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Unless counteracting efforts to improve air quality are implemented, climate change will worsen existing air pollution levels. This worsened air pollution would increase the incidence of adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health effects, including premature death.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And as the climate warms, disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes and ticks are also expected to expand their territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors warn that those who are most economically and physically vulnerable will continue to be most severely impacted by climate change, whether it’s air pollution, disease, floods or fire disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate adaptation is already taking place at the local, state and regional level, the report says. It gives examples including water conservation, forest management, infrastructure updates and agricultural advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real leading edge of action in the United States, now, to deal with climate change is at the non-federal level,” says Light, who also serves as a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute think tank. “It’s states, it’s cities, it’s businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But far more involvement is needed on all levels to change human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Successful adaptation has been hindered by the assumption that climate conditions are and will be similar to those in the past,” the authors write, arguing that acknowledging climate change, adapting to its effects and working to limit global warming, while expensive, will save money and lives in the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those findings are in stark contrast to policies put forward by the Trump administration, which include announcing that the U.S. intends to withdraw from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">2015 Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>, which set international targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new report does not make policy recommendations, it is designed to be a scientific resource for leaders at all levels of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting a cost on inaction,” explains Ekwurzel, referring to future global inaction to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the effects of climate change. “There’s some really heavy duty news in here. I mean, we’re talking billions of dollars as the cost of inaction each year. I think a lot of people in the U.S. will be surprised by that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change+Is+Already+Hurting+U.S.+Communities%2C+Federal+Report+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an August interview about deadly wildfires in California, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told television station KCRA Sacramento: “This has nothing to do with climate change. This has to do with active forest management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report, mandated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/content/whats-new-nca4\">Congress\u003c/a> and published by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, is the latest and most detailed confirmation that humans are driving climate change and that Americans are already adapting to and suffering from its effects. Climate change is “an immediate threat, not a far-off possibility,” it says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/12/666951838/megafires-more-frequent-because-of-climate-change-and-forest-management\">large wildfires\u003c/a> are getting more frequent because of climate change. 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The most extreme example is Hurricane Harvey, which dumped \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/25/580689546/harvey-the-most-significant-tropical-cyclone-rainfall-event-in-u-s-history\">60 inches of rain\u003c/a> on parts of southeast Texas in 2017 and flooded an enormous region from Houston up to the Louisiana border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the authors make clear that more extreme rainfall and flooding is widespread, going beyond major hurricanes. In the Midwest, runoff from heavy rains have depleted some cropland of nutrients. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting a cost on inaction,” explains Ekwurzel, referring to future global inaction to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the effects of climate change. “There’s some really heavy duty news in here. I mean, we’re talking billions of dollars as the cost of inaction each year. I think a lot of people in the U.S. will be surprised by that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change+Is+Already+Hurting+U.S.+Communities%2C+Federal+Report+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bay Area residents experiencing some of the worst air quality in the world due to particulate matter from the Camp Fire have found themselves inordinately interested in the concept of smoke: what’s in it, what it does, and, especially, where it’s going to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that last point, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration uses a supercomputer to predict smoke dispersal over the U.S. It’s called the\u003ca href=\"https://rapidrefresh.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Rapid Refresh-Smoke model\u003c/a>, and it’s run out of NOAA’s Global Systems Division in Boulder, Colorado. The forecasts take into account weather data gleaned from radar, airplanes and other sources to predict dispersion patterns over the next 36 hours; new forecasts are issued every six hours. The model is still designated experimental but is due to go operational in 2020, and it’s currently used by the National Weather Service to share information about air quality and visibility risks and to brief local emergency management offices, the Global Systems Division says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create the video above, vertically integrated smoke model fields from NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory were downloaded for November 5–18, 2018 and then composited into a video display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Smoke from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Camp Fire\u003c/a> in Butte County has created \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934155/smoke-from-camp-fire-blankets-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“very unhealthy” and “hazardous” levels of air quality in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, per EPA standards, and it’s not expected to get much better until next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Resources to Check Air Quality\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://tools.airfire.org/monitoring/v4/#!/?category=PM2.5_nowcast¢erlat=42¢erlon=-95&zoom=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service Air Monitoring Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/CityList.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Resource Board Breathewell for Mobile\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data?DataViewFormat=daily&DataView=aqi&ParameterId=316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BAAQMD AQI Stations\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://aqicn.org/city/california/san-francisco/san-francisco-arkansas-street/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Air Quality Index\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map#1/25/-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AirNow\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Air Quality Map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s no wonder, then, that residents around the Bay have been trying to access more information about their air. Most of us have been clicking on the EPA’s air quality website,\u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AirNow,\u003c/a> which allows you to type in your zip code and see the Air Quality Index (AQI) for your area. AirNow hasn’t been able to handle the crush of traffic, and the site has been crashing intermittently since the smoke descended upon the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AirNow website is still experiencing very heavy traffic and may be slow,” the agency said on Facebook and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AIRNow/status/1061781457235075077\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a tweet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a spokesperson from the EPA, 3.2 million visitors hit the website from Nov. 9 to 15, with as many as 21,000 concurrent users. That’s 100 times more simultaneous users than usual, the EPA said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outages have prompted some very angry comments from the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”1GthEx6ZkGk0ffVFzig56hRo2SDzVRWC”]”Your website is broken. We are kind of in a state of emergency right now,” wrote one user \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/airnow/posts/10157280698459769?comment_id=10157282509934769&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on Facebook\u003c/a>. Wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/airnow/posts/10157280698459769?comment_id=10157281121744769&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%2310%22%7D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>: “Please fix it. You are depriving people from accessing crucial info that will affect their health. Hire adequate developers who would run it normally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the factors affecting the site’s performance was that AirNow upgraded to a new interface in September, and the site’s expanded functionality required more server resources. When the site became overloaded this week, AirNow started redirecting users to parts of the old site to spread out the traffic. But some of the new links didn’t work on the old site and some of the old maps wouldn’t load. So AirNow decided to revert fully to the old site, which has made the service more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just AirNow site that’s struggled to meet the demand. \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s website\u003c/a> has been getting 300,000 page views per day, according to a spokesperson, a 6,000 percent increase in traffic. The agency had to increase server and database capacity to handle the load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a>, which is a small private company that creates portable personal air monitors and uses a wi-fi open source network to map the air quality via that equipment, also succumbed to traffic overload Thursday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Kkqn03fC9rIQWVIvaFgWfWSvg2bUAJP6″]”This is much bigger than expected. Through the fires this summer we did not experience this sort of traffic,” said Amanda Hawkins, one of the company’s founders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news: Most of the sites have now upgraded their back-ends to handle the traffic. AirNow, for instance, is back to providing AQIs on a more granular geographical level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other good news: There are other places to get your air quality information, if one site isn’t loading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some options:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>AirNow partnered with the\u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/firenet.gov/wfaqrp-external/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> U.S. Forest Service’s Wildland Fire Air Quality Response Program\u003c/a> to send users to its site when necessary. The U.S. Forest Service increased their service capacity Thursday to take on some of the additional traffic. \u003ca href=\"https://tools.airfire.org/monitoring/v4/#!/?category=PM2.5_nowcast¢erlat=42¢erlon=-95&zoom=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See the U.S. Forest Service’s Air Monitoring site here\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The California Air Resources Board also runs a \u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/CityList.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Breathewell site\u003c/a> designed for mobile users.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BAAQMD.gov\u003c/a> increased its server capacity and provides an air quality map, as well as pure data. The 31 actual air monitors around the Bay Area that feed the AirNow site come from BAAQMD.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The World Air Quality Index is a global project, based in Beijing, that provides AQI information for 1,000 cities around the world. You can view the\u003ca href=\"http://aqicn.org/city/california/san-francisco/san-francisco-arkansas-street/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AQI at the nearest station to you\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map#1/25/-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a> also provides a map made up of data from its own network of personal air monitors. The difference, though, is PurpleAir provides rolling updates—so the AQI is the most recent 80-second average—whereas the AQI on AirNow or BAAQMD is often a 24-hour average with an hourly estimate based on calculations. PurpleAir uses a different type of monitor, a cheaper and more portable laser particle counter, which can read slightly higher than sensors that measure particulate matter by mass concentration.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s map\u003c/a> is updated hourly, based on the open data from AirNow, and includes info about the air quality categories.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>You can also try \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&zipcode=94102&submit=Go\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the AirNow website\u003c/a> again. It appeared to be working more reliably throughout Friday.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr />\n[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Smoke from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Camp Fire\u003c/a> in Butte County has created \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934155/smoke-from-camp-fire-blankets-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“very unhealthy” and “hazardous” levels of air quality in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, per EPA standards, and it’s not expected to get much better until next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Resources to Check Air Quality\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://tools.airfire.org/monitoring/v4/#!/?category=PM2.5_nowcast¢erlat=42¢erlon=-95&zoom=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service Air Monitoring Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/CityList.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Resource Board Breathewell for Mobile\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data?DataViewFormat=daily&DataView=aqi&ParameterId=316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BAAQMD AQI Stations\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://aqicn.org/city/california/san-francisco/san-francisco-arkansas-street/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Air Quality Index\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map#1/25/-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AirNow\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Air Quality Map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s no wonder, then, that residents around the Bay have been trying to access more information about their air. Most of us have been clicking on the EPA’s air quality website,\u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AirNow,\u003c/a> which allows you to type in your zip code and see the Air Quality Index (AQI) for your area. AirNow hasn’t been able to handle the crush of traffic, and the site has been crashing intermittently since the smoke descended upon the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AirNow website is still experiencing very heavy traffic and may be slow,” the agency said on Facebook and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AIRNow/status/1061781457235075077\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a tweet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a spokesperson from the EPA, 3.2 million visitors hit the website from Nov. 9 to 15, with as many as 21,000 concurrent users. That’s 100 times more simultaneous users than usual, the EPA said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outages have prompted some very angry comments from the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”Your website is broken. We are kind of in a state of emergency right now,” wrote one user \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/airnow/posts/10157280698459769?comment_id=10157282509934769&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on Facebook\u003c/a>. Wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/airnow/posts/10157280698459769?comment_id=10157281121744769&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%2310%22%7D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>: “Please fix it. You are depriving people from accessing crucial info that will affect their health. Hire adequate developers who would run it normally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the factors affecting the site’s performance was that AirNow upgraded to a new interface in September, and the site’s expanded functionality required more server resources. When the site became overloaded this week, AirNow started redirecting users to parts of the old site to spread out the traffic. But some of the new links didn’t work on the old site and some of the old maps wouldn’t load. So AirNow decided to revert fully to the old site, which has made the service more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just AirNow site that’s struggled to meet the demand. \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s website\u003c/a> has been getting 300,000 page views per day, according to a spokesperson, a 6,000 percent increase in traffic. The agency had to increase server and database capacity to handle the load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a>, which is a small private company that creates portable personal air monitors and uses a wi-fi open source network to map the air quality via that equipment, also succumbed to traffic overload Thursday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”This is much bigger than expected. Through the fires this summer we did not experience this sort of traffic,” said Amanda Hawkins, one of the company’s founders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news: Most of the sites have now upgraded their back-ends to handle the traffic. AirNow, for instance, is back to providing AQIs on a more granular geographical level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other good news: There are other places to get your air quality information, if one site isn’t loading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some options:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>AirNow partnered with the\u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/firenet.gov/wfaqrp-external/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> U.S. Forest Service’s Wildland Fire Air Quality Response Program\u003c/a> to send users to its site when necessary. The U.S. Forest Service increased their service capacity Thursday to take on some of the additional traffic. \u003ca href=\"https://tools.airfire.org/monitoring/v4/#!/?category=PM2.5_nowcast¢erlat=42¢erlon=-95&zoom=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See the U.S. Forest Service’s Air Monitoring site here\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The California Air Resources Board also runs a \u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/CityList.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Breathewell site\u003c/a> designed for mobile users.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BAAQMD.gov\u003c/a> increased its server capacity and provides an air quality map, as well as pure data. The 31 actual air monitors around the Bay Area that feed the AirNow site come from BAAQMD.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The World Air Quality Index is a global project, based in Beijing, that provides AQI information for 1,000 cities around the world. You can view the\u003ca href=\"http://aqicn.org/city/california/san-francisco/san-francisco-arkansas-street/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AQI at the nearest station to you\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map#1/25/-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a> also provides a map made up of data from its own network of personal air monitors. The difference, though, is PurpleAir provides rolling updates—so the AQI is the most recent 80-second average—whereas the AQI on AirNow or BAAQMD is often a 24-hour average with an hourly estimate based on calculations. PurpleAir uses a different type of monitor, a cheaper and more portable laser particle counter, which can read slightly higher than sensors that measure particulate matter by mass concentration.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s map\u003c/a> is updated hourly, based on the open data from AirNow, and includes info about the air quality categories.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>You can also try \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&zipcode=94102&submit=Go\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the AirNow website\u003c/a> again. It appeared to be working more reliably throughout Friday.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Largest, Deadliest and Most Destructive Fires in California History",
"headTitle": "The Largest, Deadliest and Most Destructive Fires in California History | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATED: Monday, Dec. 5\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Camp Fire burning in Butte County\u003c/a> became the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history, with 85 deaths reported to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the most destructive fires and two of the deadliest have occurred in the last two years, according to Cal Fire records. That doesn’t count the Thomas Fire in Southern California last year, in which just two people died as a direct result of the fire, but 21 more deaths were attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been doing this job for 31 years and probably in the last five, maybe seven years, every year seems to get worse,” Cal Fire Chief Scott Jalbert \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Lej-NG9Qb4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the \u003cem>Associated Press\u003c/em> recently\u003c/a>. He attributed some of the extreme fires to drought conditions and strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”eFcWMsVCKbrP5A0zx4EcbJ5R8rPwZe2Y”]Over the weekend President Trump twice \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061168803218948096\">tweeted \u003c/a>that the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061554334276747264\">fires \u003c/a>were the result of poor forest management, threatening to withhold federal aid if the problem wasn’t remedied. But forest management is just one factor in fire prevention — with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705903/megafires-more-frequent-because-of-climate-change-and-forest-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change and global warming contributing to an increase in the number of large fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Managing all the forests in every way we can does not stop climate change, and those who deny that are definitely contributing to the tragedies that we are now witnessing and will continue to witness,” Gov. Jerry Brown said during a news conference over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human-driven warming is \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Wildfires-getting-worse-due-to-climate-change-9961409.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drying out forests\u003c/a> to the point that peak fire seasons in the region have increased every year by about nine days since 2000, according to a 2017 study. Since 1970, average annual temperatures for the region have increased by 1.9 degree Farenheit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.W2thz_5KjOQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about twice the pace\u003c/a> of the global average warming, according to data from the Union of Concerned Scientists. Meanwhile urbanization is contributing to the destructiveness of wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as more people\u003c/a> move into harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”sAMHMv8j4MaXTDuTDFQaD5FcHgfSpODc”]What this means is the list of biggest and most destructive fires may need more updating soon. Below are the current top ten largest, most destructive and deadliest wildfires, according to Cal Fire records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See all of our ongoing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters monitor the flames during the Thomas Fire in Dec. 2017. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/GETTY IMAGES)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Largest Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Mendocino Complex, July 2018.\u003c/strong> Mendocino, Lake, Glenn and Colusa counties. 459,123 acres burned. 280 structures destroyed. One death. Cause is still under investigation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December 2017.\u003c/strong> Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. 281,893 acres burned. 1,063 structures destroyed. Two deaths (with an additional 21 deaths attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire). Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 273,246 acres burned. 2,820 structures destroyed. Fifteen deaths. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rush Fire, August 2012.\u003c/strong> Lassen County. 271,911 acres burned (with an additional 43,665 acres burned in Nevada). No structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rim Fire, August 2013.\u003c/strong> Tuolumne County. 257,314 acres burned. 112 structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Sparked by camp fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Zaca Fire, July 2007.\u003c/strong> Santa Barbara County. 240,207 acres burned. One structure destroyed. Zero deaths. The fire was caused by sparks from a grinding machine on private property.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Carr Fire, July 2018\u003c/strong>. Shasta and Trinity counties. 229,651 acres. 1,604 structures destroyed. Eight deaths. Sparked by a tractor trailer scraping against pavement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Matilija Fire, September 1932.\u003c/strong> Ventura County. 220,000 acres burned. No structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Unknown cause.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 197,990 acres burned. 1,650 structures destroyed. Two deaths. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Klamath Theater Complex, June 2008.\u003c/strong> Siskiyou County. 192,038 acres. Zero structures destroyed. Two deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934339\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934339\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The destruction in Paradise has wiped out nearly the entire town. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Most Destructive Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Camp Fire, November 2018 (ongoing).\u003c/strong> Butte County. As of Nov. 16, About 16,000 structures destroyed. 151,000 acres burned. 77 deaths. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Napa and Sonoma counties. 5,643 structures destroyed. 36,807 acres burned. 22 deaths. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991\u003c/strong>. Alameda County. 2,900 structures destroyed. 1,600 acres burned. 25 deaths. Sparked by a rekindled grassfire and spread by heavy winds.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Diego. 2,820 structures destroyed. 273,246 acres burned. Fifteen deaths. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Valley Fire, September 2015\u003c/strong>. Lake, Napa and Sonoma counties. 1,955, structures destroyed. 76,067 acres burned. Four deaths. Sparked by faulty wiring in a hot tub installation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 1,650 structures destroyed. 197,990 acres burned. Two deaths. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Carr Fire, July 2018.\u003c/strong> Shasta and Trinity counties. 1,604 structures destroyed. 229,651 acres burned. Eight deaths. Sparked by a tractor trailer scraping against pavement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nuns Fire, October 2017.\u003c/strong> Sonoma County. 1,355 structures destroyed. 54,382 acres burned. Three deaths. Cause still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December 2017.\u003c/strong> Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. 1,063 structures destroyed. 281,893 acres burned. Two deaths (with an additional 21 deaths attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire). Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Old Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Bernardino County. 1,003 structures destroyed. 91,281 acres burned. Six deaths. One man convicted of arson for starting the fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934383\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two women look through the remains of the Tubbs Fire at Journey’s End Mobile Home Park in Santa Rosa. \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Deadliest Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Camp Fire, November 2018 (ongoing).\u003c/strong> Butte County. As of Nov. 19, 77 deaths. 151,000 acres burned. About 16,000 structures destroyed. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Griffith Park, October 1933.\u003c/strong> Los Angeles. 29 deaths. 47 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Started as a brush fire, unknown was sparked the fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991\u003c/strong>. Alameda County. 25 deaths. 1,600 acres burned. 2,900 structures destroyed. Sparked by a rekindled grassfire and spread by heavy winds.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Napa and Sonoma counties. 22 deaths. 36,807 acres burned. 5,643 structures destroyed. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Diego. Fifteen deaths. 273,246 acres burned. 2,820 structures destroyed. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rattlesnake Fire, July 1953. \u003c/strong>Glenn County. Fifteen deaths. 1,340 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Started as arson.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Loop Fire, November 1966. \u003c/strong>Los Angeles County. Twelve deaths. 2,028 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hauser Creek, October 1943.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. Eleven deaths. 43,904 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Cause unknown, likely sparked by a wayward bullet from a military training exercise.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Inaja Fire, November 1956.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. Eleven deaths. 1,345 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Sparked by a match at a campfire site.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Iron Alps Complex, August 2008.\u003c/strong> Trinity County. Ten deaths. 105,855 acres burned. Ten structures destroyed. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*Though only two deaths were attributed to the Thomas Fire in December 2017 in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, 21 people died as a result of the mudslides that followed the fire.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The number of deadly and destructive megafires has increased in recent years.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATED: Monday, Dec. 5\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Camp Fire burning in Butte County\u003c/a> became the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history, with 85 deaths reported to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the most destructive fires and two of the deadliest have occurred in the last two years, according to Cal Fire records. That doesn’t count the Thomas Fire in Southern California last year, in which just two people died as a direct result of the fire, but 21 more deaths were attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been doing this job for 31 years and probably in the last five, maybe seven years, every year seems to get worse,” Cal Fire Chief Scott Jalbert \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Lej-NG9Qb4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the \u003cem>Associated Press\u003c/em> recently\u003c/a>. He attributed some of the extreme fires to drought conditions and strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Over the weekend President Trump twice \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061168803218948096\">tweeted \u003c/a>that the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061554334276747264\">fires \u003c/a>were the result of poor forest management, threatening to withhold federal aid if the problem wasn’t remedied. But forest management is just one factor in fire prevention — with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705903/megafires-more-frequent-because-of-climate-change-and-forest-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change and global warming contributing to an increase in the number of large fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Managing all the forests in every way we can does not stop climate change, and those who deny that are definitely contributing to the tragedies that we are now witnessing and will continue to witness,” Gov. Jerry Brown said during a news conference over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human-driven warming is \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Wildfires-getting-worse-due-to-climate-change-9961409.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drying out forests\u003c/a> to the point that peak fire seasons in the region have increased every year by about nine days since 2000, according to a 2017 study. Since 1970, average annual temperatures for the region have increased by 1.9 degree Farenheit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.W2thz_5KjOQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about twice the pace\u003c/a> of the global average warming, according to data from the Union of Concerned Scientists. Meanwhile urbanization is contributing to the destructiveness of wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as more people\u003c/a> move into harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>What this means is the list of biggest and most destructive fires may need more updating soon. Below are the current top ten largest, most destructive and deadliest wildfires, according to Cal Fire records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See all of our ongoing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters monitor the flames during the Thomas Fire in Dec. 2017. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/GETTY IMAGES)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Largest Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Mendocino Complex, July 2018.\u003c/strong> Mendocino, Lake, Glenn and Colusa counties. 459,123 acres burned. 280 structures destroyed. One death. Cause is still under investigation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December 2017.\u003c/strong> Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. 281,893 acres burned. 1,063 structures destroyed. Two deaths (with an additional 21 deaths attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire). Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 273,246 acres burned. 2,820 structures destroyed. Fifteen deaths. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rush Fire, August 2012.\u003c/strong> Lassen County. 271,911 acres burned (with an additional 43,665 acres burned in Nevada). No structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rim Fire, August 2013.\u003c/strong> Tuolumne County. 257,314 acres burned. 112 structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Sparked by camp fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Zaca Fire, July 2007.\u003c/strong> Santa Barbara County. 240,207 acres burned. One structure destroyed. Zero deaths. The fire was caused by sparks from a grinding machine on private property.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Carr Fire, July 2018\u003c/strong>. Shasta and Trinity counties. 229,651 acres. 1,604 structures destroyed. Eight deaths. Sparked by a tractor trailer scraping against pavement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Matilija Fire, September 1932.\u003c/strong> Ventura County. 220,000 acres burned. No structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Unknown cause.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 197,990 acres burned. 1,650 structures destroyed. Two deaths. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Klamath Theater Complex, June 2008.\u003c/strong> Siskiyou County. 192,038 acres. Zero structures destroyed. Two deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934339\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934339\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The destruction in Paradise has wiped out nearly the entire town. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Most Destructive Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Camp Fire, November 2018 (ongoing).\u003c/strong> Butte County. As of Nov. 16, About 16,000 structures destroyed. 151,000 acres burned. 77 deaths. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Napa and Sonoma counties. 5,643 structures destroyed. 36,807 acres burned. 22 deaths. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991\u003c/strong>. Alameda County. 2,900 structures destroyed. 1,600 acres burned. 25 deaths. Sparked by a rekindled grassfire and spread by heavy winds.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Diego. 2,820 structures destroyed. 273,246 acres burned. Fifteen deaths. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Valley Fire, September 2015\u003c/strong>. Lake, Napa and Sonoma counties. 1,955, structures destroyed. 76,067 acres burned. Four deaths. Sparked by faulty wiring in a hot tub installation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 1,650 structures destroyed. 197,990 acres burned. Two deaths. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Carr Fire, July 2018.\u003c/strong> Shasta and Trinity counties. 1,604 structures destroyed. 229,651 acres burned. Eight deaths. Sparked by a tractor trailer scraping against pavement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nuns Fire, October 2017.\u003c/strong> Sonoma County. 1,355 structures destroyed. 54,382 acres burned. Three deaths. Cause still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December 2017.\u003c/strong> Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. 1,063 structures destroyed. 281,893 acres burned. Two deaths (with an additional 21 deaths attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire). Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Old Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Bernardino County. 1,003 structures destroyed. 91,281 acres burned. Six deaths. One man convicted of arson for starting the fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934383\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two women look through the remains of the Tubbs Fire at Journey’s End Mobile Home Park in Santa Rosa. \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Deadliest Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Camp Fire, November 2018 (ongoing).\u003c/strong> Butte County. As of Nov. 19, 77 deaths. 151,000 acres burned. About 16,000 structures destroyed. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Griffith Park, October 1933.\u003c/strong> Los Angeles. 29 deaths. 47 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Started as a brush fire, unknown was sparked the fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991\u003c/strong>. Alameda County. 25 deaths. 1,600 acres burned. 2,900 structures destroyed. Sparked by a rekindled grassfire and spread by heavy winds.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Napa and Sonoma counties. 22 deaths. 36,807 acres burned. 5,643 structures destroyed. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Diego. Fifteen deaths. 273,246 acres burned. 2,820 structures destroyed. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rattlesnake Fire, July 1953. \u003c/strong>Glenn County. Fifteen deaths. 1,340 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Started as arson.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Loop Fire, November 1966. \u003c/strong>Los Angeles County. Twelve deaths. 2,028 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hauser Creek, October 1943.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. Eleven deaths. 43,904 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Cause unknown, likely sparked by a wayward bullet from a military training exercise.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Inaja Fire, November 1956.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. Eleven deaths. 1,345 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Sparked by a match at a campfire site.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Iron Alps Complex, August 2008.\u003c/strong> Trinity County. Ten deaths. 105,855 acres burned. Ten structures destroyed. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*Though only two deaths were attributed to the Thomas Fire in December 2017 in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, 21 people died as a result of the mudslides that followed the fire.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Last month, as much of Colorado was enduring a snowstorm, hundreds of crabs in Fort Collins were enjoying more pleasant conditions: 75-degree heat with 80 percent humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University, crustacean biologist Donald Mykles houses a population of blackback land crabs, natives of the Caribbean, in an environment that mimics their tropical habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blackback land crab is native to the Caribbean. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These warm-weather crabs don’t take to snow. “The blackback land crab is a temperature wimp,” Mykles said. “You can kill one by putting it on ice for five minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the Crab Lab focuses on molting, the process that allows crabs to shed their hard shells when the soft body inside grows too big for its britches. Scientists have long studied molting, but what exactly controls it has remained somewhat mysterious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykles’ research examines how molting might be manipulated, in case we ever wanted to, say, engineer a fast-growing variety to feed the world’s appetite for shellfish. Crab is a $700 million industry in the U.S, the second-most valuable seafood menu item after lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they molt more quickly, they grow more rapidly,” Mykles said, “Instead of two crops per year, you might be able to have three, or perhaps even four.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief crab food species are blue crab on the East Coast, Dungeness in California, and king crab in Alaska. Since all crabs share a basic molting mechanism, Mykles’ work with the blackback land crab — which is not a major food source, except in some Caribbean stews — is transferable to the more popular commercial species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933541 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Mykles runs the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides trying to build a better crab, Mykles hopes to understand how rising ocean temperatures and acidity, both associated with global climate change, might play a role in crabs’ ability to keep up with their popularity as a menu item in the future. These environmental factors could affect new shell hardening after a molt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean more of the gas becomes dissolved in the ocean, especially near the surface where crabs live. In water, carbon dioxide becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down crustacean shells. Warmer temperatures accelerate these reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, conditions are still in the livable range for crabs and their relatives, Mykles said. “We don’t really know where that threshold is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more imminent climate-change worry with crabs is about the plankton that make up their diets. These single-celled organisms are the source of the calcium carbonate critical to shell formation and are more vulnerable to changing ocean conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their tastier cousins, Mykles’ blackback crabs spend most of their lives on land. Females return to the sea only briefly to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the sand-dune beaches where they live, the males do constant battle over territory. The stakes are high: If one of these baby-faced crabs secures a winning spot, he can invite a mate into his den, 6 or 7 feet beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_crabfight-grab_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackback land crabs can tear each other apart in their battles for territory. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all this roughhousing, more than feelings get hurt. “These crabs are not very nice. They live in large colonies. They attack each other, and they’ll eat each other,” Mykles said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male crabs inevitably lose limbs and damage their shells in constant dust-ups. Luckily, like many other arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders, these crabs can release a leg or claw voluntarily if threatened. It’s not unusual to see animals in the field missing two or three walking legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limbs regrow at the next molt, which is typically once a year for an adult. When a molt cycle begins, tiny limb buds form where a leg or a claw has been lost. Over the next six to eight weeks, the buds enlarge while the crab reabsorbs calcium from its old shell and secretes a new, paper-thin one underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last hour of the cycle, the crab gulps air to create enough internal pressure to pop open the top of its shell, called the carapace. As the crab pushes its way out, the same internal pressure helps uncoil the new legs. The replacement shell thickens and hardens, and the crab eats the old shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933542\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a crab’s molt cycle, tiny buds sprout in the sockets where it lost legs. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clues about how to produce molting on demand have been stacking up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the control center lies in an unexpected place: the crab’s eyestalks, where a master nerve cluster like the human pituitary gland orders up a cocktail of hormones from an array of secondary glands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the location of this so-called X-organ, identified in the 1950s, Mykles and others have guessed that visual cues, like the number of nearby crabs or the length of daylight, could play a role in determining when it’s time for a change of shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the hormones from X-organ don’t induce molting — they prevent it. Without the enzymes that keep molting in check, a crab would be constantly cycling through new shells. Such unbridled molting is fatal to a crab — after a few rounds, they get stuck trying to get out of the last shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Dorothy Skinner at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee hit on something else. Despite its very small brain, the blackback can count, at least when it comes to its legs. Consistently, her research found, if a crab loses five legs or more, molting starts ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these discoveries relied on classic scientific approaches, such as behavioral studies, the current work in the Crab Lab employs newly developed gene-based tools. In particular, High-Throughput Sequencing or HTS, which tracks which crab genes are most active at different points in the molt cycle, is opening a lot of avenues of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, what I’d like to do is use genomic tools to knock out the molt-inhibiting hormone,” said Mykles. “It really has revolutionized our work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_sunset_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At sunset, blackback land crabs return to their dens. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Last month, as much of Colorado was enduring a snowstorm, hundreds of crabs in Fort Collins were enjoying more pleasant conditions: 75-degree heat with 80 percent humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University, crustacean biologist Donald Mykles houses a population of blackback land crabs, natives of the Caribbean, in an environment that mimics their tropical habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blackback land crab is native to the Caribbean. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These warm-weather crabs don’t take to snow. “The blackback land crab is a temperature wimp,” Mykles said. “You can kill one by putting it on ice for five minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the Crab Lab focuses on molting, the process that allows crabs to shed their hard shells when the soft body inside grows too big for its britches. Scientists have long studied molting, but what exactly controls it has remained somewhat mysterious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykles’ research examines how molting might be manipulated, in case we ever wanted to, say, engineer a fast-growing variety to feed the world’s appetite for shellfish. Crab is a $700 million industry in the U.S, the second-most valuable seafood menu item after lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they molt more quickly, they grow more rapidly,” Mykles said, “Instead of two crops per year, you might be able to have three, or perhaps even four.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief crab food species are blue crab on the East Coast, Dungeness in California, and king crab in Alaska. Since all crabs share a basic molting mechanism, Mykles’ work with the blackback land crab — which is not a major food source, except in some Caribbean stews — is transferable to the more popular commercial species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933541 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Mykles runs the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides trying to build a better crab, Mykles hopes to understand how rising ocean temperatures and acidity, both associated with global climate change, might play a role in crabs’ ability to keep up with their popularity as a menu item in the future. These environmental factors could affect new shell hardening after a molt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean more of the gas becomes dissolved in the ocean, especially near the surface where crabs live. In water, carbon dioxide becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down crustacean shells. Warmer temperatures accelerate these reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, conditions are still in the livable range for crabs and their relatives, Mykles said. “We don’t really know where that threshold is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more imminent climate-change worry with crabs is about the plankton that make up their diets. These single-celled organisms are the source of the calcium carbonate critical to shell formation and are more vulnerable to changing ocean conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their tastier cousins, Mykles’ blackback crabs spend most of their lives on land. Females return to the sea only briefly to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the sand-dune beaches where they live, the males do constant battle over territory. The stakes are high: If one of these baby-faced crabs secures a winning spot, he can invite a mate into his den, 6 or 7 feet beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_crabfight-grab_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackback land crabs can tear each other apart in their battles for territory. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all this roughhousing, more than feelings get hurt. “These crabs are not very nice. They live in large colonies. They attack each other, and they’ll eat each other,” Mykles said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male crabs inevitably lose limbs and damage their shells in constant dust-ups. Luckily, like many other arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders, these crabs can release a leg or claw voluntarily if threatened. It’s not unusual to see animals in the field missing two or three walking legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limbs regrow at the next molt, which is typically once a year for an adult. When a molt cycle begins, tiny limb buds form where a leg or a claw has been lost. Over the next six to eight weeks, the buds enlarge while the crab reabsorbs calcium from its old shell and secretes a new, paper-thin one underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last hour of the cycle, the crab gulps air to create enough internal pressure to pop open the top of its shell, called the carapace. As the crab pushes its way out, the same internal pressure helps uncoil the new legs. The replacement shell thickens and hardens, and the crab eats the old shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933542\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a crab’s molt cycle, tiny buds sprout in the sockets where it lost legs. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clues about how to produce molting on demand have been stacking up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the control center lies in an unexpected place: the crab’s eyestalks, where a master nerve cluster like the human pituitary gland orders up a cocktail of hormones from an array of secondary glands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the location of this so-called X-organ, identified in the 1950s, Mykles and others have guessed that visual cues, like the number of nearby crabs or the length of daylight, could play a role in determining when it’s time for a change of shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the hormones from X-organ don’t induce molting — they prevent it. Without the enzymes that keep molting in check, a crab would be constantly cycling through new shells. Such unbridled molting is fatal to a crab — after a few rounds, they get stuck trying to get out of the last shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Dorothy Skinner at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee hit on something else. Despite its very small brain, the blackback can count, at least when it comes to its legs. Consistently, her research found, if a crab loses five legs or more, molting starts ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these discoveries relied on classic scientific approaches, such as behavioral studies, the current work in the Crab Lab employs newly developed gene-based tools. In particular, High-Throughput Sequencing or HTS, which tracks which crab genes are most active at different points in the molt cycle, is opening a lot of avenues of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, what I’d like to do is use genomic tools to knock out the molt-inhibiting hormone,” said Mykles. “It really has revolutionized our work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_sunset_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At sunset, blackback land crabs return to their dens. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Air Pollution is 'The New Tobacco,' Warns World Health Organization",
"headTitle": "Air Pollution is ‘The New Tobacco,’ Warns World Health Organization | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">The vast majority of the world’s children under the age of 15 live in environments with poor air quality, fueling a global public health crisis, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released Monday by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.8 billion children, or 93 percent of the age group, are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO safety guidelines, according to the new report.[contextly_sidebar id=”hbedu4oUrO00I6sAXvfWSXYYhIgU5tIP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Polluted air is poisoning millions of children and ruining their lives,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. “This is inexcusable. Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfill their full potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, 98 percent of children under the age of 5 who live in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to higher levels of dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, just over half of children in the same age group who live in high-income countries are exposed to levels that exceed WHO’s safety guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striking new report warns that children who breathe polluted air face a greater risk of developing a host of health problems that can lead to early death, including impaired brain development,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>respiratory disease, childhood cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, poor air quality \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/air-pollution-child-health/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributed to\u003c/a> respiratory tract infections that led to the deaths of 543,000 children under the age of five, according to the same report\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report arrives one week ahead of the first global conference on air pollution and health, organized by WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conference\u003c/a>, which opens in Geneva Oct. 29, participating nations are expected to pledge various initiatives for reducing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their bodies are still developing and they breathe more rapidly than adults, causing them to absorb proportionately more pollutants, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children also tend to breathe closer to the ground, where pollutants are concentrated at greater levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The report’s authors say the damage may even begin before a child is born. Pregnant woman who breathe in dirty air are at a greater risk of giving birth to premature or underweight babies, conditions which can lead to chronic disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO director Ghebreyesus \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls air pollution\u003c/a> the “new tobacco” and blasts what he calls a “smog of complacency” that pervades the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world has turned the corner on tobacco. Now it must do the same for the ‘new tobacco’ – the toxic air that billions breathe every day,” Ghebreyesus wrote in an opinion column for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. “No one, rich or poor, can escape air pollution. It is a silent public health emergency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO estimates that poor air quality kills 7 million people annually, \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255336/9789241565486-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1E5E1F65EE880B020CE71674203530EF?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">more than the \u003c/a>number of people killed by tobacco smoke per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., about 77 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://gispub.epa.gov/neireport/2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air pollution\u003c/a> comes from power plants and other industrial processes, according to the latest available information. More than 16 percent comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a> smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Donald Trump, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed rolling back several key standards that limit air pollution, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rules\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methane standards\u003c/a> for oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">The vast majority of the world’s children under the age of 15 live in environments with poor air quality, fueling a global public health crisis, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released Monday by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.8 billion children, or 93 percent of the age group, are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO safety guidelines, according to the new report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Polluted air is poisoning millions of children and ruining their lives,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. “This is inexcusable. Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfill their full potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, 98 percent of children under the age of 5 who live in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to higher levels of dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, just over half of children in the same age group who live in high-income countries are exposed to levels that exceed WHO’s safety guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striking new report warns that children who breathe polluted air face a greater risk of developing a host of health problems that can lead to early death, including impaired brain development,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>respiratory disease, childhood cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, poor air quality \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/air-pollution-child-health/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributed to\u003c/a> respiratory tract infections that led to the deaths of 543,000 children under the age of five, according to the same report\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report arrives one week ahead of the first global conference on air pollution and health, organized by WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conference\u003c/a>, which opens in Geneva Oct. 29, participating nations are expected to pledge various initiatives for reducing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their bodies are still developing and they breathe more rapidly than adults, causing them to absorb proportionately more pollutants, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children also tend to breathe closer to the ground, where pollutants are concentrated at greater levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The report’s authors say the damage may even begin before a child is born. Pregnant woman who breathe in dirty air are at a greater risk of giving birth to premature or underweight babies, conditions which can lead to chronic disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO director Ghebreyesus \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls air pollution\u003c/a> the “new tobacco” and blasts what he calls a “smog of complacency” that pervades the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world has turned the corner on tobacco. Now it must do the same for the ‘new tobacco’ – the toxic air that billions breathe every day,” Ghebreyesus wrote in an opinion column for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. “No one, rich or poor, can escape air pollution. It is a silent public health emergency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO estimates that poor air quality kills 7 million people annually, \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255336/9789241565486-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1E5E1F65EE880B020CE71674203530EF?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">more than the \u003c/a>number of people killed by tobacco smoke per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., about 77 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://gispub.epa.gov/neireport/2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air pollution\u003c/a> comes from power plants and other industrial processes, according to the latest available information. More than 16 percent comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a> smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Donald Trump, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed rolling back several key standards that limit air pollution, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rules\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methane standards\u003c/a> for oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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