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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has documented habitats of birds and other species moving up in elevation or latitude in response to warming temperatures. But Mark Urban, director of the Center of Biological Risk at the University of Connecticut, who was not involved in the study said it was the first to prove what climate change models predicted: that rising temperatures will lead to local extinctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A study like this where you have historical data you can go back to and compare is very rare,” said Urban. “As long as the species can disperse, you will see species marching up the mountain, until that escalator becomes a stairway to heaven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1985, Fitzpatrick established a basecamp alongside a river running down a mountain slope in southeastern Peru, aiming to catalog the habitat ranges of tropical bird species that lived there. His team spent several weeks trekking up and down the Cerro de Pantiacolla, using fine nets called mist nets to catch and release birds, and keeping detailed journals of birds they caught, spotted or heard chirping in the forests.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_15786418/APNews/site/article/midarticle2_0__container__\">Two years ago, Fitzpatrick passed his journals, photos and other records to Benjamin Freeman, a postdoctoral fellow at the Biodiversity Research Centre at the University of British Columbia. Freeman, who has been researching tropical birds for more than a decade, set out to recreate the journey in August and September of 2017. Using old photos of mountain views, his team located the same basecamp.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Freeman largely recreated Fitzpatrick’s path and methodology to see what had happened in the intervening years, a period when average mean temperatures on the mountain rose 0.76 degrees Fahrenheit. Because the mountain lies at the edge of a national park, the area hadn’t been disturbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to unfurling 40-foot mist nets on the slopes, Freeman’s team placed 20 microphone boxes on the mountain to record the chirps of birds that might not easily be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the bird communities were moving up the slope to reach the climate conditions to which they were originally adapted,” said Freeman, the lead author of the study. Near the top of the mountain the bird species moved higher by 321 feet, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think temperature is the master-switch in explaining why species live where they do on mountain slopes,” said Freeman. “A huge majority of species in our study were doing the same thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds adapted to live within narrow temperature bands – in regions without wide seasonal variations – may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, Fitzpatrick said. “We should expect that what’s happening on this mountaintop is happening more generally in the Andes, and other tropical mountain ranges,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Hot Was It In California Homes Last Summer? \u003cem>Really\u003c/em> Hot. Here's the Data",
"headTitle": "How Hot Was It In California Homes Last Summer? Really Hot. Here’s the Data | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Heat kills people, even in the cool, coastal regions of California. Our investigation found that last year, two heat waves killed 14 people in the Bay Area, and sent hundreds more to the hospital. By our count, 79 percent of people who died started to experience heat illness at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, a team of reporters and producers, with consulting from scientists, placed sensors inside dozens of homes around the state. These measurements represent new information in California; no government agency has yet attempted to find out, as the climate warms, what levels of heat Californians actually experience in the place they spend most of their time – at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>IT’S HOTTER INDOORS THAN OUT\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>Each red, yellow or orange line below represents one of the 31 homes where we measured heat in California. The blue line is outdoor temperature. You can hover over a curve to see the temperature and time, or click on a curve to show one home.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tableauPlaceholder\" id=\"viz1559682010088\" style=\"position: relative\">\u003cnoscript>\u003ca href=\"#\">\u003cimg alt=\" \" src=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ca/CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1/1_rss.png\" style=\"border: none\">\u003c/a>\u003c/noscript>\u003cobject class=\"tableauViz\" style=\"display:none;\">\u003cparam name=\"host_url\" value=\"https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.tableau.com%2F\">\u003cparam name=\"embed_code_version\" value=\"3\">\u003cparam name=\"site_root\" value=\"\">\u003cparam name=\"name\" value=\"CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1\">\u003cparam name=\"tabs\" value=\"no\">\u003cparam name=\"toolbar\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"static_image\" value=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ca/CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1/1.png\">\u003cparam name=\"animate_transition\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_static_image\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_spinner\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_overlay\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_count\" value=\"yes\">\u003c/object>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"> var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1559682010088'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='420px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='650px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.minHeight='587px';vizElement.style.maxHeight='887px';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='420px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='650px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.minHeight='587px';vizElement.style.maxHeight='887px';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='727px';} var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); \u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 0.8;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\">Sensors from Arizona State University/Mary Wright & David Hondula. Sensors placed by Molly Peterson, Osvaldo Pedroza and Miguel Vargas, and picked up by Peterson, Pedroza, Vargas, and Amel Ahmed. Data analysis by Peterson & Carolyn Thompson; visualization by Thompson with Peterson. Funded with a grant from the Resilience Journalism Fellowship at CUNY’s Graduate School of Journalism. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why we placed sensors in homes\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We know climate change is raising temperatures, especially at night. And we know some scientists spend a lot of time figuring out how much extra heat we get from all the concrete in urban areas – it’s called the heat island effect, and it makes a city core hotter than the surrounding area. But none of that shows exactly what people are experiencing in their homes, which is where they are likely to begin to feel sick from heat. We wanted to know what the heat was like at home, especially at night when people’s bodies need a chance to cool off. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>[contextly_sidebar id=”FzbiJOS8vw2tb5q4nwDhCs68QO3ZVNTv”]How we found people who might be at risk\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We did it with shoe leather and flyers. We looked for people who are medically vulnerable (elderly or with pre-existing conditions) and people who are socially vulnerable – who have no air conditioning, for example, and can’t afford to buy it. Some studies identify African-Americans, Latinos and immigrants as vulnerable. My brother-in-law translated a flyer into Korean; we did them in Spanish and Vietnamese, too. I became like a traveling salesman – emails, calls, flyers, senior centers, churches – no group too small to visit. Is there a name for driving all the way around the southern half of the bay in one day? That happened, too. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is thousands of points of data gathered over several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Our biggest finding\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see in the graphic above that in every home, it’s hotter inside than outside, for a lot of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn’t expect it would be that much hotter inside, and that frequently. It also surprised us that the heat was so stubborn, hanging on into the evening, as the sun dropped. Last, we didn’t expect it would be so much hotter in San Francisco SRO housing than it was outside: It was a very foggy summer in San Francisco, but it was very warm in there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933805\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We placed a sensor inside the home of Cristina Sanchez (L) and her husband Felino Chanax (next to L), in Maywood, in southeast Los Angeles. The hottest their home got was 97 degrees. Also pictured are producers Miguel Vargas (next to Chanax) and Osvaldo Pedroza.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What we did to understand all the data\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We did have a lot of it! Our little sensors took readings of temperature only, or temperature and humidity, inside 31 homes – 24 hours a day, over periods of 2 to 3½ weeks, in 10 cities and four counties. The blue iButton sensors we borrowed from Arizona State University recorded temperature and humidity every 10 minutes, and yellow ones recorded temperature every 20 minutes. Climatologists at ASU helped us retrieve the data from the sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933733\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933733\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our sensors were provided by Mary Wright & David Hondula at Arizona State University. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the data had to be edited, to reflect only the time inside homes and apartments, and not in transit, say, or in a car or airplane, or an overnight mail package. A Canadian data journalist named Carolyn Thompson helped analyze the measurements, and together we decided to calculate an average temperature for each hour, and then to visualize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What kinds of problems did you encounter?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not news that people live in precarious housing circumstances in California. But we underestimated just how scared people might be if anything threatened the housing they have. After we put out flyers in various communities, particularly Santa Clara County, people would call, saying something along the lines of, “Heat is a real problem for me, but I can’t talk to you or even let you measure inside my home, because I don’t want my landlord to find out, and evict me.” A few people eventually agreed to let us know their names and measure in their apartments, but didn’t want to be identified in a story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why did you become interested in the threat of heat from climate change?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I want to think about climate problems people are feeling right now; I got tired of covering climate solutions that aren’t happening yet. When the 2006 heat wave killed people across the state, the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment released a study where they concluded that heat illness and death were undercounted, and it stuck with me. And, like most people in the Bay Area and a lot of people in Los Angeles, I don’t have central air conditioning. I love where I live, and I’ve been there for a while. But over the years, I’ve bought a window AC and installed a ceiling fan, and I noticed when my bills went up. I’ve got money to go to the movies, and a table under a tree where I can work when it’s too hot inside. But I wondered how other people were doing in the rising heat, and how it affected their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This reporting is supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Heat kills people, even in the cool, coastal regions of California. Our investigation found that last year, two heat waves killed 14 people in the Bay Area, and sent hundreds more to the hospital. By our count, 79 percent of people who died started to experience heat illness at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, a team of reporters and producers, with consulting from scientists, placed sensors inside dozens of homes around the state. These measurements represent new information in California; no government agency has yet attempted to find out, as the climate warms, what levels of heat Californians actually experience in the place they spend most of their time – at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>IT’S HOTTER INDOORS THAN OUT\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>Each red, yellow or orange line below represents one of the 31 homes where we measured heat in California. The blue line is outdoor temperature. You can hover over a curve to see the temperature and time, or click on a curve to show one home.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tableauPlaceholder\" id=\"viz1559682010088\" style=\"position: relative\">\u003cnoscript>\u003ca href=\"#\">\u003cimg alt=\" \" src=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ca/CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1/1_rss.png\" style=\"border: none\">\u003c/a>\u003c/noscript>\u003cobject class=\"tableauViz\" style=\"display:none;\">\u003cparam name=\"host_url\" value=\"https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.tableau.com%2F\">\u003cparam name=\"embed_code_version\" value=\"3\">\u003cparam name=\"site_root\" value=\"\">\u003cparam name=\"name\" value=\"CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1\">\u003cparam name=\"tabs\" value=\"no\">\u003cparam name=\"toolbar\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"static_image\" value=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ca/CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1/1.png\">\u003cparam name=\"animate_transition\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_static_image\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_spinner\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_overlay\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_count\" value=\"yes\">\u003c/object>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"> var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1559682010088'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='420px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='650px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.minHeight='587px';vizElement.style.maxHeight='887px';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='420px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='650px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.minHeight='587px';vizElement.style.maxHeight='887px';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='727px';} var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); \u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 0.8;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\">Sensors from Arizona State University/Mary Wright & David Hondula. Sensors placed by Molly Peterson, Osvaldo Pedroza and Miguel Vargas, and picked up by Peterson, Pedroza, Vargas, and Amel Ahmed. Data analysis by Peterson & Carolyn Thompson; visualization by Thompson with Peterson. Funded with a grant from the Resilience Journalism Fellowship at CUNY’s Graduate School of Journalism. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why we placed sensors in homes\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We know climate change is raising temperatures, especially at night. And we know some scientists spend a lot of time figuring out how much extra heat we get from all the concrete in urban areas – it’s called the heat island effect, and it makes a city core hotter than the surrounding area. But none of that shows exactly what people are experiencing in their homes, which is where they are likely to begin to feel sick from heat. We wanted to know what the heat was like at home, especially at night when people’s bodies need a chance to cool off. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>How we found people who might be at risk\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We did it with shoe leather and flyers. We looked for people who are medically vulnerable (elderly or with pre-existing conditions) and people who are socially vulnerable – who have no air conditioning, for example, and can’t afford to buy it. Some studies identify African-Americans, Latinos and immigrants as vulnerable. My brother-in-law translated a flyer into Korean; we did them in Spanish and Vietnamese, too. I became like a traveling salesman – emails, calls, flyers, senior centers, churches – no group too small to visit. Is there a name for driving all the way around the southern half of the bay in one day? That happened, too. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is thousands of points of data gathered over several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Our biggest finding\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see in the graphic above that in every home, it’s hotter inside than outside, for a lot of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn’t expect it would be that much hotter inside, and that frequently. It also surprised us that the heat was so stubborn, hanging on into the evening, as the sun dropped. Last, we didn’t expect it would be so much hotter in San Francisco SRO housing than it was outside: It was a very foggy summer in San Francisco, but it was very warm in there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933805\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We placed a sensor inside the home of Cristina Sanchez (L) and her husband Felino Chanax (next to L), in Maywood, in southeast Los Angeles. The hottest their home got was 97 degrees. Also pictured are producers Miguel Vargas (next to Chanax) and Osvaldo Pedroza.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What we did to understand all the data\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We did have a lot of it! Our little sensors took readings of temperature only, or temperature and humidity, inside 31 homes – 24 hours a day, over periods of 2 to 3½ weeks, in 10 cities and four counties. The blue iButton sensors we borrowed from Arizona State University recorded temperature and humidity every 10 minutes, and yellow ones recorded temperature every 20 minutes. Climatologists at ASU helped us retrieve the data from the sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933733\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933733\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our sensors were provided by Mary Wright & David Hondula at Arizona State University. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the data had to be edited, to reflect only the time inside homes and apartments, and not in transit, say, or in a car or airplane, or an overnight mail package. A Canadian data journalist named Carolyn Thompson helped analyze the measurements, and together we decided to calculate an average temperature for each hour, and then to visualize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What kinds of problems did you encounter?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not news that people live in precarious housing circumstances in California. But we underestimated just how scared people might be if anything threatened the housing they have. After we put out flyers in various communities, particularly Santa Clara County, people would call, saying something along the lines of, “Heat is a real problem for me, but I can’t talk to you or even let you measure inside my home, because I don’t want my landlord to find out, and evict me.” A few people eventually agreed to let us know their names and measure in their apartments, but didn’t want to be identified in a story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why did you become interested in the threat of heat from climate change?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I want to think about climate problems people are feeling right now; I got tired of covering climate solutions that aren’t happening yet. When the 2006 heat wave killed people across the state, the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment released a study where they concluded that heat illness and death were undercounted, and it stuck with me. And, like most people in the Bay Area and a lot of people in Los Angeles, I don’t have central air conditioning. I love where I live, and I’ve been there for a while. But over the years, I’ve bought a window AC and installed a ceiling fan, and I noticed when my bills went up. I’ve got money to go to the movies, and a table under a tree where I can work when it’s too hot inside. But I wondered how other people were doing in the rising heat, and how it affected their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This reporting is supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists say West Coast waters now have a hypoxia season, or dead-zone season, just like the wildfire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hypoxia is a condition in which the ocean water close to the seafloor has such low levels of dissolved oxygen that the organisms living down there die.[contextly_sidebar id=”jOO7VmRDwpU6NlVL1uXNRpDszuhT4KX4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabber David Bailey, who skippers the Morningstar II, is rattled by the news. He remembers a hypoxia event out of Newport, Oregon, about a decade ago. He says it shows up “like a flip of a switch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It shows up like a flip of a switch,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are crabs in the pot, they’re dead. Straight up,” Bailey says. And if you re-bait the pots, “when you go out the next time, they’re blanks, they’re absolutely empty. The crabs have left the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hypoxia event will kill everything that can’t swim away—animals like crabs, sea cucumbers and sea stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can now say that Oregon has a hypoxia season much like the wildfire season,” says Francis Chan, co-chair of the California Hypoxia Science Task Force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every summer we live on the knife’s edge and during many years we cross the threshold into danger – including the past two years,” Chan says. “When oxygen levels get low enough, many marine organisms who are place-bound, or cannot move away rapidly enough, die of oxygen starvation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hypoxia season hits Oregon, Washington and California waters in the summer and can last from a few of days to a couple of months. Some years it only affects a few square miles of ocean; other years it’s thousands of square miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video taken by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in 2006 showed dead marine life littering the sea floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These reefs that used to be full of rockfish, they were all gone and a lot of the marine life: the sea stars, the sea cucumbers. They were dead,” says Chan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is: Why is this happening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the more fundamental reasons is that the ocean is warmer now and warmer water holds less oxygen,” says Chan. “And then the second part is that a warmer surface ocean, it acts as an insulating blanket.”[contextly_sidebar id=”EInLrKVmZ6VprAD9OBYWpUVyooTzxiVK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So that blanket stops colder low-oxygen water from rising up and mixing with oxygen in the surf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say climate change is behind this. The ocean has been absorbing nearly all the rising heat from greenhouse gas emissions, and it’s projected to grow even warmer in coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors may be contributing too. Oregon State University oceanographer and co-chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregonocean.info/index.php/ocean-acidification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon Coordinating Council on Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia\u003c/a> Jack Barth, thinks higher temperatures are also slowing ocean currents. If we could see under the waves, he says, there’d be a lot more concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As an analogy, think about the summer when the skies were filled with smoke. Covered the whole Pacific Northwest,” Barth says. “When we used to think about hypoxia in the ocean, we think about little areas. But now what we’re looking at is…low oxygen all along the coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barth is collecting data to draw the first hypoxia maps of Oregon’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually seeing real interest from the fishing community. They know how to look at our data and say, ‘Where are the layers in the ocean? Where is the high and low oxygen?'” Barth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barth also notes that the crabbing and the oyster industries were ahead of the curve. “They were among the first to notice that the ocean just off our coast is changing and was affecting their livelihoods,” Barth says. “And they have been working with scientists ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep Pacific waters 50 miles off the coast have always been hypoxic. And it’s hardly surprising. The water down there take decades to slowly flow thousands of miles from Japan to the west coast — all the while separated from oxygen in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2002, fishers started to notice hypoxic waters moving closer-in — to just a couple of miles off the coast.[contextly_sidebar id=”yHOTMKH1t8JbqtTDISEv7O6pexOKm1Nd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, Francis Chan had just finished his Ph.D and was looking for a research subject. State fish and wildlife biologists started to call him to say crabbers were calling \u003cem>them\u003c/em>, saying their crabs were dead. The crabbers also noticed strange behavior, like octopuses climbing up ropes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan went out to sample the water and found extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen across tens of square miles. Four years later it happened again, but across a larger area and with lower oxygen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hypoxia is something we rarely saw throughout the 20th century,” Chan says, “but have seen almost annually since the year 2002.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration just issued a grant for about 40 new oxygen sensors to be distributed among crabbers so they gather data where they put their pots. Crabbers say they’re happy to hand over the data, but they’re not so sure about revealing the locations — favorite crabbing spots are a closely held secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Oregon Public Broadcasting. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.opb.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon Public Broadcasting\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Coastal+Pacific+Oxygen+Levels+Now+Plummet+Once+A+Year&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hypoxia event will kill everything that can’t swim away—animals like crabs, sea cucumbers and sea stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can now say that Oregon has a hypoxia season much like the wildfire season,” says Francis Chan, co-chair of the California Hypoxia Science Task Force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every summer we live on the knife’s edge and during many years we cross the threshold into danger – including the past two years,” Chan says. “When oxygen levels get low enough, many marine organisms who are place-bound, or cannot move away rapidly enough, die of oxygen starvation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hypoxia season hits Oregon, Washington and California waters in the summer and can last from a few of days to a couple of months. Some years it only affects a few square miles of ocean; other years it’s thousands of square miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video taken by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in 2006 showed dead marine life littering the sea floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These reefs that used to be full of rockfish, they were all gone and a lot of the marine life: the sea stars, the sea cucumbers. They were dead,” says Chan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is: Why is this happening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the more fundamental reasons is that the ocean is warmer now and warmer water holds less oxygen,” says Chan. “And then the second part is that a warmer surface ocean, it acts as an insulating blanket.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So that blanket stops colder low-oxygen water from rising up and mixing with oxygen in the surf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say climate change is behind this. The ocean has been absorbing nearly all the rising heat from greenhouse gas emissions, and it’s projected to grow even warmer in coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors may be contributing too. Oregon State University oceanographer and co-chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregonocean.info/index.php/ocean-acidification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon Coordinating Council on Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia\u003c/a> Jack Barth, thinks higher temperatures are also slowing ocean currents. If we could see under the waves, he says, there’d be a lot more concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As an analogy, think about the summer when the skies were filled with smoke. Covered the whole Pacific Northwest,” Barth says. “When we used to think about hypoxia in the ocean, we think about little areas. But now what we’re looking at is…low oxygen all along the coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barth is collecting data to draw the first hypoxia maps of Oregon’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually seeing real interest from the fishing community. They know how to look at our data and say, ‘Where are the layers in the ocean? Where is the high and low oxygen?'” Barth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barth also notes that the crabbing and the oyster industries were ahead of the curve. “They were among the first to notice that the ocean just off our coast is changing and was affecting their livelihoods,” Barth says. “And they have been working with scientists ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep Pacific waters 50 miles off the coast have always been hypoxic. And it’s hardly surprising. The water down there take decades to slowly flow thousands of miles from Japan to the west coast — all the while separated from oxygen in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2002, fishers started to notice hypoxic waters moving closer-in — to just a couple of miles off the coast.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, Francis Chan had just finished his Ph.D and was looking for a research subject. State fish and wildlife biologists started to call him to say crabbers were calling \u003cem>them\u003c/em>, saying their crabs were dead. The crabbers also noticed strange behavior, like octopuses climbing up ropes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan went out to sample the water and found extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen across tens of square miles. Four years later it happened again, but across a larger area and with lower oxygen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hypoxia is something we rarely saw throughout the 20th century,” Chan says, “but have seen almost annually since the year 2002.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration just issued a grant for about 40 new oxygen sensors to be distributed among crabbers so they gather data where they put their pots. Crabbers say they’re happy to hand over the data, but they’re not so sure about revealing the locations — favorite crabbing spots are a closely held secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Oregon Public Broadcasting. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.opb.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon Public Broadcasting\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Coastal+Pacific+Oxygen+Levels+Now+Plummet+Once+A+Year&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Before It Turns to ‘Jello,’ Embarcadero Seawall May Get Voter-Approved Upgrade",
"headTitle": "Before It Turns to ‘Jello,’ Embarcadero Seawall May Get Voter-Approved Upgrade | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In recent decades, San Franciscans have embraced the reborn Embarcadero waterfront as kind of front yard, and at noon on a weekday it crowds with tourists, skateboarders, entrepreneurs and other locals. But underneath wheels and feet, three and a half miles of seawall is cracking and crumbling, vulnerable to rising waters or a major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition A would authorize a $425 million general obligation bond to shore up the aging seawall, most of the money needed for initial repairs to its weakest sections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If voters approve it, this bond would be merely the down payment on a multi-decade strengthening project, aimed at the acute risk of earthquakes and the creeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risk of rising seas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred and sixty years ago, the city’s natural shore was a muddy crescent, arcing nearly a half-mile inland from the current waterfront. The Transamerica Pyramid, had it stood at that time, would be waterfront property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933571\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933571\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\" alt=\"Diagram: SF waterfront changes\" width=\"1000\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-160x84.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-800x422.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-768x406.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-960x507.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-240x127.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-375x198.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-520x275.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s original waterfront was nearly a half-mile inland from the present Embarcadero. \u003ccite>(Yes on A)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those mud flats became a problem after the Gold Rush. Ships, whose return passage to home ports were funded only with prospectors’ dreams, were abandoned in shallow water. Some became saloons, or makeshift hotels. Running a ship aground intentionally helped build up sediment and bolstered legal land claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just a mess,” says Lindy Lowe, resilience program director for the Port of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To tame this wildcat scene, the state of California began filling in coastal flats in 1878, and over 40 years pushed the waterfront farther into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Terra Firma Turns to ‘Jello’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawall, built in pieces over decades, was a rough rock and brick trapezoid, a few feet wide at the bottom, topped with concrete. That’s what is now \u003ca href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">at risk from liquefaction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a significant seismic event were to occur, the solid ground would start to behave more like a liquid, like jello and spread,” says Lowe. “And so one of the risks to this seawall is that it could spread at least five feet out into the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where, exactly, along the seawall Prop A money would go is the subject of a separate, already-funded but not-yet-completed study. A good guess is near the Ferry Building, where a breached seawall could send water into a transit tunnel opening, and cause problems in BART’s Transbay Tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933579\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: section of SF seawall\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s Gold Rush-era seawall is vulnerable to both earthquakes and rising tides. \u003ccite>( Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Embarcadero roadway, a major quake could leave what Lowe calls “a utility highway” vulnerable too: water, power and communications systems that are critical to both emergency response and daily life throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While earthquake readiness is at the heart of the port’s Phase 1 seawall plans, second and third phases stretching to the end of the century would re-imagine San Francisco’s waterfront entirely, to help protect against climate-driven sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bring Your Waders\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay was rising even as the seawall was being built; it’s come up 8 inches since 1900. Waves crash over the wall now, during high tides, and scientists project waters will rise along the waterfront up to two additional feet by mid-century, and five feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port officials say it could cost up to $5 billion to re-create a waterfront that’s “resilient” to a rising bay, but plans – and future funding – aren’t set yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only public opposition to Prop A comes from the San Francisco Libertarian Party, which argues that sea level rise is a slow-moving threat, and property owners should handle it (and seismic risk) on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters including Dignity Health, the Giants baseball franchise and several tech companies have poured about $900,000 into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.strongerseawall.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwsMDeBRDMARIsAKrOP7FrRoFN12zRwIgKN5aWJR8gSwY2MALCKMEGDnmgHk4Ygza6DWTfs8oaAvoREALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">campaign for seawall strengthening\u003c/a>. The mayor is for it, as is every city supervisor, including Jane Kim, who represents waterfront areas South of Market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is incredibly important that we make prudent investments today to strengthen the sea wall [to] shield and strengthen the unbreakable bond between the city of San Francisco and the waterfront that we love so much,” Kim said, at an April press conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a port-sponsored poll from earlier this year, over 70 percent of San Franciscans agree, so the bond may well get the two-thirds approval required to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Backers say San Francisco Proposition A, a $425 million bond, is the only way to guarantee protection for three-and-a-half miles of San Francisco waterfront against earthquakes and rising seas.",
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"description": "Backers say San Francisco Proposition A, a $425 million bond, is the only way to guarantee protection for three-and-a-half miles of San Francisco waterfront against earthquakes and rising seas.",
"title": "Before It Turns to ‘Jello,’ Embarcadero Seawall May Get Voter-Approved Upgrade | KQED",
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"headline": "Before It Turns to ‘Jello,’ Embarcadero Seawall May Get Voter-Approved Upgrade",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In recent decades, San Franciscans have embraced the reborn Embarcadero waterfront as kind of front yard, and at noon on a weekday it crowds with tourists, skateboarders, entrepreneurs and other locals. But underneath wheels and feet, three and a half miles of seawall is cracking and crumbling, vulnerable to rising waters or a major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition A would authorize a $425 million general obligation bond to shore up the aging seawall, most of the money needed for initial repairs to its weakest sections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If voters approve it, this bond would be merely the down payment on a multi-decade strengthening project, aimed at the acute risk of earthquakes and the creeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risk of rising seas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred and sixty years ago, the city’s natural shore was a muddy crescent, arcing nearly a half-mile inland from the current waterfront. The Transamerica Pyramid, had it stood at that time, would be waterfront property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933571\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933571\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\" alt=\"Diagram: SF waterfront changes\" width=\"1000\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-160x84.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-800x422.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-768x406.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-960x507.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-240x127.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-375x198.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-520x275.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s original waterfront was nearly a half-mile inland from the present Embarcadero. \u003ccite>(Yes on A)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those mud flats became a problem after the Gold Rush. Ships, whose return passage to home ports were funded only with prospectors’ dreams, were abandoned in shallow water. Some became saloons, or makeshift hotels. Running a ship aground intentionally helped build up sediment and bolstered legal land claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just a mess,” says Lindy Lowe, resilience program director for the Port of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To tame this wildcat scene, the state of California began filling in coastal flats in 1878, and over 40 years pushed the waterfront farther into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Terra Firma Turns to ‘Jello’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawall, built in pieces over decades, was a rough rock and brick trapezoid, a few feet wide at the bottom, topped with concrete. That’s what is now \u003ca href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">at risk from liquefaction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a significant seismic event were to occur, the solid ground would start to behave more like a liquid, like jello and spread,” says Lowe. “And so one of the risks to this seawall is that it could spread at least five feet out into the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where, exactly, along the seawall Prop A money would go is the subject of a separate, already-funded but not-yet-completed study. A good guess is near the Ferry Building, where a breached seawall could send water into a transit tunnel opening, and cause problems in BART’s Transbay Tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933579\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: section of SF seawall\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s Gold Rush-era seawall is vulnerable to both earthquakes and rising tides. \u003ccite>( Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Embarcadero roadway, a major quake could leave what Lowe calls “a utility highway” vulnerable too: water, power and communications systems that are critical to both emergency response and daily life throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While earthquake readiness is at the heart of the port’s Phase 1 seawall plans, second and third phases stretching to the end of the century would re-imagine San Francisco’s waterfront entirely, to help protect against climate-driven sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bring Your Waders\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay was rising even as the seawall was being built; it’s come up 8 inches since 1900. Waves crash over the wall now, during high tides, and scientists project waters will rise along the waterfront up to two additional feet by mid-century, and five feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port officials say it could cost up to $5 billion to re-create a waterfront that’s “resilient” to a rising bay, but plans – and future funding – aren’t set yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only public opposition to Prop A comes from the San Francisco Libertarian Party, which argues that sea level rise is a slow-moving threat, and property owners should handle it (and seismic risk) on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters including Dignity Health, the Giants baseball franchise and several tech companies have poured about $900,000 into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.strongerseawall.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwsMDeBRDMARIsAKrOP7FrRoFN12zRwIgKN5aWJR8gSwY2MALCKMEGDnmgHk4Ygza6DWTfs8oaAvoREALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">campaign for seawall strengthening\u003c/a>. The mayor is for it, as is every city supervisor, including Jane Kim, who represents waterfront areas South of Market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is incredibly important that we make prudent investments today to strengthen the sea wall [to] shield and strengthen the unbreakable bond between the city of San Francisco and the waterfront that we love so much,” Kim said, at an April press conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a port-sponsored poll from earlier this year, over 70 percent of San Franciscans agree, so the bond may well get the two-thirds approval required to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Should Self-Driving Cars Have Ethics?",
"headTitle": "Should Self-Driving Cars Have Ethics? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the not-too-distant future, fully autonomous vehicles will drive our streets. These cars will need to make split-second decisions to avoid endangering human lives — both inside and outside of the vehicles.[contextly_sidebar id=”A72R30LrDpzQR8fTZBZlpUjzNz65l8Ib”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine attitudes toward these decisions a group of researchers created a variation on the classic philosophical exercise known as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/books/review/would-you-kill-the-fat-man-and-the-trolley-problem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Trolley problem\u003c/a>.” They posed a series of moral dilemmas involving a self-driving car with brakes that suddenly give out: Should the car swerve to avoid a group of pedestrians, killing the driver? Or should it kill the people on foot, but spare the driver? Does it matter if the pedestrians are men or women? Children or older people? Doctors or bank robbers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To pose these questions to a large range of people, the researchers built a website called \u003ca href=\"http://moralmachine.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moral Machine\u003c/a>, where anyone could click through the scenarios and say what the car should do. “Help us learn how to make machines moral,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=44&v=XCO8ET66xE4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a video\u003c/a> implores on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grim game went viral, multiple times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really beyond our wildest expectations,” says Iyad Rahwan, an associate professor of Media Arts and Sciences at the MIT Media Lab, who was one of the researchers. “At some point we were getting 300 decisions per second.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found was a series of near-universal preferences, regardless of where someone was taking the quiz. On aggregate, people everywhere believed the moral thing for the car to do was to spare the young over the old, spare humans over animals, and spare the lives of many over the few. Their findings, led by by MIT’s Edmond Awad, were \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0637-6.epdf?referrer_access_token=uU4x-rhlVAN5T3IHKOMA49RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OR8PKa5Kws8ZzsJ9c7-2Qp8nbIwouAM66OQiCFCUYXQcLjiRp8hq1Mu0OOkJm9KQNIIgiR_QnHTgfkYXdiYutiyp5ICo21HAmgq0VHt9U28RB0yiBu-JbVZDOiCsUlIOEq0rzBQzY3TMkqbs2JWr1fd2DaznfOPEMcs85CSUlgLHsk8py2Ok2vXJZM6-1e2Wo%3D&tracking_referrer=seamus.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.[contextly_sidebar id=”5UDJZzcQefNHiXDmvuIEJ4VrY3JR2DLV”]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using geolocation, researchers found that the 130 countries with more than 100 respondents could be grouped into three clusters that showed similar moral preferences. Here, they found some variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, the preference for sparing younger people over older ones was much stronger in the Southern cluster (which includes Latin America, as well as France, Hungary, and the Czech Republic) than it was in the Eastern cluster (which includes many Asian and Middle Eastern nations). And the preference for sparing humans over pets was weaker in the Southern cluster than in the Eastern or Western clusters (the latter includes, for instance, the U.S., Canada, Kenya, and much of Europe).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they found that those variations seemed to correlate with other observed cultural differences. Respondents from collectivistic cultures, which “emphasize the respect that is due to older members of the community,” showed a weaker preference for sparing younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rawhan emphasized that the study’s results should be used with extreme caution, and they shouldn’t be considered the final word on societal preferences — especially since respondents were not a representative sample. (Though the researchers did conduct statistical correction for demographic distortions, reweighing the responses to match a country’s demographics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does this add up to? The paper’s authors argue that if we’re going to let these vehicles on our streets, their operating systems should take moral preferences into account. “Before we allow our cars to make ethical decisions, we need to have a global conversation to express our preferences to the companies that will design moral algorithms, and to the policymakers that will regulate them,” they write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let’s just say, for a moment, that a society \u003cem>does\u003c/em> have general moral preferences on these scenarios. Should automakers or regulators actually take those into account?[contextly_sidebar id=”F0nDLEzm6wiL5JufuTONw4pUFNCemFGB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Germany’s Ethics Commission on Automated Driving \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/EN/PressRelease/2017/084-ethic-commission-report-automated-driving.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created initial guidelines\u003c/a> for automated vehicles. One of their key dictates? A prohibition against such decision-making by a car’s operating system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the event of unavoidable accident situations, any distinction between individuals based on personal features (age, gender, physical or mental constitution) is strictly prohibited,” the report says. “General programming to reduce the number of personal injuries may be justifiable. Those parties involved in the generation of mobility risks must not sacrifice non-involved parties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Daniel Sperling, founding director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at University of California – Davis and author of \u003ca href=\"https://islandpress.org/books/three-revolutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a book on autonomous and shared vehicles\u003c/a>, these moral dilemmas are far from the most pressing questions about these cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important problem is just making them safe,” he tells NPR. “They’re going to be much safer than human drivers: They don’t drink, they don’t smoke, they don’t sleep, they aren’t distracted.” So then the question is: How safe do they need to be before we let them on our roads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Self-Driving+Cars+Have+Ethics%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "To design a \"moral machine,\" researchers updated a classic thought experiment for the autonomous vehicle age. But do we really want artificial intelligence making decisions on who lives or dies?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the not-too-distant future, fully autonomous vehicles will drive our streets. These cars will need to make split-second decisions to avoid endangering human lives — both inside and outside of the vehicles.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine attitudes toward these decisions a group of researchers created a variation on the classic philosophical exercise known as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/books/review/would-you-kill-the-fat-man-and-the-trolley-problem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Trolley problem\u003c/a>.” They posed a series of moral dilemmas involving a self-driving car with brakes that suddenly give out: Should the car swerve to avoid a group of pedestrians, killing the driver? Or should it kill the people on foot, but spare the driver? Does it matter if the pedestrians are men or women? Children or older people? Doctors or bank robbers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To pose these questions to a large range of people, the researchers built a website called \u003ca href=\"http://moralmachine.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moral Machine\u003c/a>, where anyone could click through the scenarios and say what the car should do. “Help us learn how to make machines moral,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=44&v=XCO8ET66xE4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a video\u003c/a> implores on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grim game went viral, multiple times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really beyond our wildest expectations,” says Iyad Rahwan, an associate professor of Media Arts and Sciences at the MIT Media Lab, who was one of the researchers. “At some point we were getting 300 decisions per second.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found was a series of near-universal preferences, regardless of where someone was taking the quiz. On aggregate, people everywhere believed the moral thing for the car to do was to spare the young over the old, spare humans over animals, and spare the lives of many over the few. Their findings, led by by MIT’s Edmond Awad, were \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0637-6.epdf?referrer_access_token=uU4x-rhlVAN5T3IHKOMA49RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OR8PKa5Kws8ZzsJ9c7-2Qp8nbIwouAM66OQiCFCUYXQcLjiRp8hq1Mu0OOkJm9KQNIIgiR_QnHTgfkYXdiYutiyp5ICo21HAmgq0VHt9U28RB0yiBu-JbVZDOiCsUlIOEq0rzBQzY3TMkqbs2JWr1fd2DaznfOPEMcs85CSUlgLHsk8py2Ok2vXJZM6-1e2Wo%3D&tracking_referrer=seamus.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using geolocation, researchers found that the 130 countries with more than 100 respondents could be grouped into three clusters that showed similar moral preferences. Here, they found some variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, the preference for sparing younger people over older ones was much stronger in the Southern cluster (which includes Latin America, as well as France, Hungary, and the Czech Republic) than it was in the Eastern cluster (which includes many Asian and Middle Eastern nations). And the preference for sparing humans over pets was weaker in the Southern cluster than in the Eastern or Western clusters (the latter includes, for instance, the U.S., Canada, Kenya, and much of Europe).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they found that those variations seemed to correlate with other observed cultural differences. Respondents from collectivistic cultures, which “emphasize the respect that is due to older members of the community,” showed a weaker preference for sparing younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rawhan emphasized that the study’s results should be used with extreme caution, and they shouldn’t be considered the final word on societal preferences — especially since respondents were not a representative sample. (Though the researchers did conduct statistical correction for demographic distortions, reweighing the responses to match a country’s demographics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does this add up to? The paper’s authors argue that if we’re going to let these vehicles on our streets, their operating systems should take moral preferences into account. “Before we allow our cars to make ethical decisions, we need to have a global conversation to express our preferences to the companies that will design moral algorithms, and to the policymakers that will regulate them,” they write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let’s just say, for a moment, that a society \u003cem>does\u003c/em> have general moral preferences on these scenarios. Should automakers or regulators actually take those into account?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Germany’s Ethics Commission on Automated Driving \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/EN/PressRelease/2017/084-ethic-commission-report-automated-driving.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created initial guidelines\u003c/a> for automated vehicles. One of their key dictates? A prohibition against such decision-making by a car’s operating system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the event of unavoidable accident situations, any distinction between individuals based on personal features (age, gender, physical or mental constitution) is strictly prohibited,” the report says. “General programming to reduce the number of personal injuries may be justifiable. Those parties involved in the generation of mobility risks must not sacrifice non-involved parties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Daniel Sperling, founding director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at University of California – Davis and author of \u003ca href=\"https://islandpress.org/books/three-revolutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a book on autonomous and shared vehicles\u003c/a>, these moral dilemmas are far from the most pressing questions about these cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important problem is just making them safe,” he tells NPR. “They’re going to be much safer than human drivers: They don’t drink, they don’t smoke, they don’t sleep, they aren’t distracted.” So then the question is: How safe do they need to be before we let them on our roads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Self-Driving+Cars+Have+Ethics%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, flanked by his attorney general and air quality chief, issued another demand on Friday that the Trump administration abandon its plan to freeze auto emission standards and revoke California’s right to set its own rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to shout it out,” said state Attorney General Xavier Becerra, raising his voice against the backdrop of Interstate 5 in Sacramento, “that this is high-stakes poker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calling President Donald Trump a “one-man demolition derby,” Brown told reporters that the future is in electric vehicles, a development race the U.S. risks losing if the Trump proposal goes through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This Trump administration attack on innovative technology jeopardizes the health of millions,” shouted Brown, as 18-wheelers roared past, spewing diesel exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials, along with attorneys general from 20 other states, also released their \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/carbs-comments-safe-proposal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">415 pages of comments\u003c/a> on the proposal, which Trump appointees have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927865/trump-epa-ready-to-throw-down-gauntlet-on-calif-auto-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dubbed the SAFE Rule\u003c/a>, for Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient Vehicles, calling it “riddled with errors and based on faulty assumptions, incorrect modeling, cherry-picked data and a fundamental misunderstanding of consumer behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s announcement was hardly the first shot fired in this battle. California and 17 other jurisdictions have had a \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/XZ5PCmZEBgFjRABYCQSdj-?domain=cert1.mail-west.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lawsuit pending\u003c/a> against the SAFE proposal since May. The plan would freeze fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks in model years 2021-26, rather than the current schedule that calls for a gradual increase in fleet average economy, nominally to about 50 miles per gallon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re prepared to do everything, including a lawsuit, to make sure we defend the nation’s clean-car standards, not just California’s,” state Attorney General Xavier Becerra told KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrarchive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report\u003c/a>. “Just because they’ve decided to ignore facts and science, doesn’t mean we’re going to stand by and let the federal government have its way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have supposedly been in negotiations with EPA over the plan, but Mary Nichols, who heads California’s Air Resources Board, told reporters that federal officials have not moved at all off their intent to revamp the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, which has set its own standards for auto emissions since the 1970s, negotiated a compromise with the Obama administration that created a single national standard, something that automakers much prefer. Most carmakers have backed off of their initial support for the Trump rule, prompting Nichols to call it the rule that “nobody’s asking for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is counting on the current escalating standard for auto emissions and fuel economy to meet its ambitious goals for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Cars and trucks are the single largest source of global warming gases in the state, and those emissions have been on the rise of late, despite the tightest restrictions in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/DxwWC680k4srGMxDHmpcGt?domain=nhtsa.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Draft Environmental Impact Statement\u003c/a> for the proposal, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which is jointly drafting the rule with EPA, acknowledged that the climate is warming rapidly. The draft \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/jV4yC73Al2SAWy9qUNZk16?domain=apps.washingtonpost.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected a rise\u003c/a> of about 7 degrees Fahrenheit in global temperature by 2100, but justified relaxing emissions rules by claiming it would make little difference in the pace of warming.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California officials decry the Trump auto emissions plan once again, calling it \"riddled with errors and based on faulty assumptions...and a fundamental misunderstanding of consumer behavior.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, flanked by his attorney general and air quality chief, issued another demand on Friday that the Trump administration abandon its plan to freeze auto emission standards and revoke California’s right to set its own rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to shout it out,” said state Attorney General Xavier Becerra, raising his voice against the backdrop of Interstate 5 in Sacramento, “that this is high-stakes poker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calling President Donald Trump a “one-man demolition derby,” Brown told reporters that the future is in electric vehicles, a development race the U.S. risks losing if the Trump proposal goes through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This Trump administration attack on innovative technology jeopardizes the health of millions,” shouted Brown, as 18-wheelers roared past, spewing diesel exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials, along with attorneys general from 20 other states, also released their \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/carbs-comments-safe-proposal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">415 pages of comments\u003c/a> on the proposal, which Trump appointees have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927865/trump-epa-ready-to-throw-down-gauntlet-on-calif-auto-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dubbed the SAFE Rule\u003c/a>, for Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient Vehicles, calling it “riddled with errors and based on faulty assumptions, incorrect modeling, cherry-picked data and a fundamental misunderstanding of consumer behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s announcement was hardly the first shot fired in this battle. California and 17 other jurisdictions have had a \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/XZ5PCmZEBgFjRABYCQSdj-?domain=cert1.mail-west.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lawsuit pending\u003c/a> against the SAFE proposal since May. The plan would freeze fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks in model years 2021-26, rather than the current schedule that calls for a gradual increase in fleet average economy, nominally to about 50 miles per gallon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re prepared to do everything, including a lawsuit, to make sure we defend the nation’s clean-car standards, not just California’s,” state Attorney General Xavier Becerra told KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrarchive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report\u003c/a>. “Just because they’ve decided to ignore facts and science, doesn’t mean we’re going to stand by and let the federal government have its way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have supposedly been in negotiations with EPA over the plan, but Mary Nichols, who heads California’s Air Resources Board, told reporters that federal officials have not moved at all off their intent to revamp the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, which has set its own standards for auto emissions since the 1970s, negotiated a compromise with the Obama administration that created a single national standard, something that automakers much prefer. Most carmakers have backed off of their initial support for the Trump rule, prompting Nichols to call it the rule that “nobody’s asking for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is counting on the current escalating standard for auto emissions and fuel economy to meet its ambitious goals for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Cars and trucks are the single largest source of global warming gases in the state, and those emissions have been on the rise of late, despite the tightest restrictions in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/DxwWC680k4srGMxDHmpcGt?domain=nhtsa.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Draft Environmental Impact Statement\u003c/a> for the proposal, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which is jointly drafting the rule with EPA, acknowledged that the climate is warming rapidly. The draft \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/jV4yC73Al2SAWy9qUNZk16?domain=apps.washingtonpost.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected a rise\u003c/a> of about 7 degrees Fahrenheit in global temperature by 2100, but justified relaxing emissions rules by claiming it would make little difference in the pace of warming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Your Guide to the 2018 Bay Area Science Festival",
"headTitle": "Your Guide to the 2018 Bay Area Science Festival | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Curious minds of all ages can rejoice: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organized by UCSF, in collaboration with dozens of science and cultural institutions, the festival is brimming with hands-on programs and workshops designed for people of all ages. Whether it’s an intimate lecture at an Emeryville coffee shop, a haunted spook-shop in San Francisco, or a workshop that allows you to turn cells into cancer-killing superheroes, the nine-day affair promises something for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science is kicking off the event, which runs from Oct. 26 to Nov. 3, with a special screening of its award-winning science series Deep Look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is a brief list of some of this year’s offerings. For more information, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/schedule/\">check out the festival’s schedule. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1.jpg 1030w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants at the BASF. (Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fri., Oct. 26\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n7 p.m. – 9 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a special screening of KQED’s award-winning science series, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>. Meet the producers and hear how they captured the stunning imagery for some of \u003cem>Deep Look‘s\u003c/em> creepy creature videos, including flesh-eating beetles, ticks, whispering bats and more. Plus, you’ll meet some of the researchers behind the videos and enjoy hands-on activities that might reveal your fear factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grounds for Science\u003cbr>\n6:30 p.m. – 8 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/scarlet-city-espresso-bar/\">Scarlet City Espresso Bar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy cutting-edge science talks featuring UC Berkeley graduate students, science trivia, locally roasted coffee, pinball and more. Join Micah Brush (physics) and Wren Suess (astronomy) to learn more about the cosmic secrets of dark matter and galaxy formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933301\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg 425w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Playing with robots at BASF. (Image courtesy: BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sat., Oct.27\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m.- 2 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/csu-east-bay-concord-campus/\">CSU East Bay Concord Campus\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring more than 25 interactive exhibits showcasing science, technology and engineering from local businesses, museums and universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Bay Science Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/sonoma-county-fairgrounds/\">Sonoma County Fairgrounds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring family-friendly interactive workshops designed to get kids excited about STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. Participate in fun activities like formula racing engineering, where you can race your own gravity-powered model. Or discover what it’s like to be a heart surgeon using the newest technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expand Her Potential in Science\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/2040-valley-life-sciences-building/\">2040 Valley Life Sciences Building (UC Berkeley)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) have been around for generations and will continue to shape our world in the years to come. This program explores how adults can give young girls the tools they need to succeed in a STEM career. In this discussion with women STEM professionals, the program will explore popular media perception of STEM, the parent or guardian’s role in empowering their child to pursue a STEM career, and inspiring STEM resources for girls and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Creepy Halloween\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 3 p.m., Free with museum admission\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/lawrence-hall-of-science-2/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring special Halloween-themed activities in the Ingenuity Lab and Animal Discovery Room. Pumpkins will fly during this annual outdoor event. In the Ingenuity Lab, use the basics of engineering to design your own hydraulic lifts. Then, grab some pumpkins and test the strength of your hydraulic creation in this Halloween-themed activity for all ages. The event will also feature a collection of animal skeletons and brains along with the science behind their unique characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sun., Oct.28\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imagine yourself on different planets at BASF. \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Interact with your imagination: Learn, Experience Holographic AR\u003cbr>\n1 p.m. – 2:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/los-altos-library/\">Los Altos Library\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how to create your own holographic augmented reality experiences in this introductory workshop hosted by Integem Inc. Come create your own fantasy world with Holographic Augmented Reality (HAR). This event is suitable for K-12 students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mon., Oct. 29\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933310 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SciComm Studio 012: Beneath the Sea\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/swissnex-san-francisco/\">swissnex San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can artists, scientists, and designers collaborate to create new methods of public engagement around marine conservation? swissnex San Francisco will host a conversation with Marie Griesmar, artist, diver, and science communicator. Marie will provide insights into her artistic process and her strategies for increasing awareness around coral reefs and environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitarium and CA Trail Tour\u003cbr>\n2:45 p.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\nOakland Zoo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy a special guided tour of the newly opened Habitarium and CA Trail exhibits. Guests will learn all about the new resident animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tue., Oct. 30\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933306 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hands-on Science at the Farmers Market\u003cbr>\n2 p.m. – 6 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/south-berkeley-farmers-market-2/\">South Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore what you eat and learn about the biology, chemistry, physics and even math of your food. Get hands-on and join Cal scientists for some fun, food-related (and spooky!) investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turning Cells into Superheroes\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 7 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/ucsf-mission-bay-campus-genentech-hall/\">UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Genentech Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how UCSF scientists are turning cells into superheroes by engineering immune cells to kill cancer. Scientists will lead you through an interactive experience to design, build, and test a personalized cell therapy to treat a hypothetical cancer patient who has failed conventional treatment. Participants will also engineer immune T cells with the therapy they designed and use microscopy to test their ability to specifically kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wed., Oct. 31\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy BASF.) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mission Science SPOOK-shop!\u003cbr>\n5:30 p.m. – 8 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/mission-science-workshop-2/\">Mission Science Workshop\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring exhibits that come to life and take over the workshop for one haunted evening! Come if you dare and explore the spooky side of science. Walk inside the belly of a (real!) whale, dissect an eyeball, meet the Mission’s friendliest python, dance with real animal calaveras and skeletons, and light up your costume with LEDs or get it moving with a motor at our tinkering table of terror. All ages are welcome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Thurs., Nov. 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933308 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-160x61.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-800x304.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-768x292.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-240x91.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-375x142.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-520x198.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brains on Video Games\u003cbr>\n4 p.m. – 5 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/neuroscape-ucsf/\">Neuroscape UCSF\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Showcasing a cutting-edge approach to improving brain function by building a bridge between neuroscience and fun technologies. Discover how video games are being developed to support treatment of brain disorders such as ADHD, autism, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscape Research Labs are state-of-the-art programs designed to study novel, therapeutic approaches, with the primary goal of driving the rapid translation of neuroscience to real-world solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Stephen Hawking: A Celebration of His Life and Work\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">6 p.m.-7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/san-francisco-public-library-koret-auditorium/\">San Francisco Public Library, Koret Auditorium\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Scientists and science enthusiasts are mourning the passing of Stephen Hawking, one of the great minds and spirits of our time. In this introductory, nontechnical talk, Andrew Fraknoi will briefly summarize Hawking’s life, and talk about the importance of his scientific work. No background in science or math will be required, but be prepared to have your mind boggled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Astronomy Night @ UC Berkeley\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m.\u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9:30 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/uc-berkeley-campbell-hall/\">UC Berkeley, Campbell Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come enjoy the final Astronomy Night of 2018! Featuring an astronomy talk and stargazing on the roof of Campbell Hall with a fleet of telescopes. Learn all about the search for extraterrestrial life, and how you can help search for ET too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 356px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg 426w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Fri., Nov. 2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Most Unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m. \u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Most Unknown” is an epic documentary film that sends nine scientists to extraordinary parts of the world to uncover unexpected answers to some of humanity’s biggest questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Sat., Nov. 3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovery Day at AT&T Park\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">11 p.m.-\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">4:30 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Come experience tons of dynamic demonstrations, engaging experiments, and geeky games led by Bay Area scientists and engineers. The entire ballpark will be packed with science content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Possible Self STEM Expo\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">8:30 p.m. \u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">3:30 p.m., \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-events-cost\">Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/foothill-college-sunnyvale-campue/\">Foothill College – Sunnyvale Campue\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a daylong program, middle-school aged students will take part in multiple Science-, Technology-, Engineering-, and Math- oriented sessions. Students will sign up for activities at the beginning of the day. There will also be an event connecting students with mentoring programs in the Bay Area. This will allow students to follow up with their STEM experiences throughout the year. This opportunity is open to all students. Youth from underrepresented backgrounds in STEM are especially encouraged to attend!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "This year's roster is jam-packed with engaging talks, workshops, and exhibits for all ages.",
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"headline": "Your Guide to the 2018 Bay Area Science Festival",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Curious minds of all ages can rejoice: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organized by UCSF, in collaboration with dozens of science and cultural institutions, the festival is brimming with hands-on programs and workshops designed for people of all ages. Whether it’s an intimate lecture at an Emeryville coffee shop, a haunted spook-shop in San Francisco, or a workshop that allows you to turn cells into cancer-killing superheroes, the nine-day affair promises something for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science is kicking off the event, which runs from Oct. 26 to Nov. 3, with a special screening of its award-winning science series Deep Look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is a brief list of some of this year’s offerings. For more information, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/schedule/\">check out the festival’s schedule. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1.jpg 1030w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants at the BASF. (Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fri., Oct. 26\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n7 p.m. – 9 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a special screening of KQED’s award-winning science series, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>. Meet the producers and hear how they captured the stunning imagery for some of \u003cem>Deep Look‘s\u003c/em> creepy creature videos, including flesh-eating beetles, ticks, whispering bats and more. Plus, you’ll meet some of the researchers behind the videos and enjoy hands-on activities that might reveal your fear factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grounds for Science\u003cbr>\n6:30 p.m. – 8 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/scarlet-city-espresso-bar/\">Scarlet City Espresso Bar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy cutting-edge science talks featuring UC Berkeley graduate students, science trivia, locally roasted coffee, pinball and more. Join Micah Brush (physics) and Wren Suess (astronomy) to learn more about the cosmic secrets of dark matter and galaxy formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933301\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg 425w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Playing with robots at BASF. (Image courtesy: BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sat., Oct.27\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m.- 2 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/csu-east-bay-concord-campus/\">CSU East Bay Concord Campus\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring more than 25 interactive exhibits showcasing science, technology and engineering from local businesses, museums and universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Bay Science Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/sonoma-county-fairgrounds/\">Sonoma County Fairgrounds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring family-friendly interactive workshops designed to get kids excited about STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. Participate in fun activities like formula racing engineering, where you can race your own gravity-powered model. Or discover what it’s like to be a heart surgeon using the newest technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expand Her Potential in Science\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/2040-valley-life-sciences-building/\">2040 Valley Life Sciences Building (UC Berkeley)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) have been around for generations and will continue to shape our world in the years to come. This program explores how adults can give young girls the tools they need to succeed in a STEM career. In this discussion with women STEM professionals, the program will explore popular media perception of STEM, the parent or guardian’s role in empowering their child to pursue a STEM career, and inspiring STEM resources for girls and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Creepy Halloween\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 3 p.m., Free with museum admission\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/lawrence-hall-of-science-2/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring special Halloween-themed activities in the Ingenuity Lab and Animal Discovery Room. Pumpkins will fly during this annual outdoor event. In the Ingenuity Lab, use the basics of engineering to design your own hydraulic lifts. Then, grab some pumpkins and test the strength of your hydraulic creation in this Halloween-themed activity for all ages. The event will also feature a collection of animal skeletons and brains along with the science behind their unique characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sun., Oct.28\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imagine yourself on different planets at BASF. \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Interact with your imagination: Learn, Experience Holographic AR\u003cbr>\n1 p.m. – 2:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/los-altos-library/\">Los Altos Library\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how to create your own holographic augmented reality experiences in this introductory workshop hosted by Integem Inc. Come create your own fantasy world with Holographic Augmented Reality (HAR). This event is suitable for K-12 students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mon., Oct. 29\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933310 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SciComm Studio 012: Beneath the Sea\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/swissnex-san-francisco/\">swissnex San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can artists, scientists, and designers collaborate to create new methods of public engagement around marine conservation? swissnex San Francisco will host a conversation with Marie Griesmar, artist, diver, and science communicator. Marie will provide insights into her artistic process and her strategies for increasing awareness around coral reefs and environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitarium and CA Trail Tour\u003cbr>\n2:45 p.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\nOakland Zoo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy a special guided tour of the newly opened Habitarium and CA Trail exhibits. Guests will learn all about the new resident animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tue., Oct. 30\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933306 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hands-on Science at the Farmers Market\u003cbr>\n2 p.m. – 6 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/south-berkeley-farmers-market-2/\">South Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore what you eat and learn about the biology, chemistry, physics and even math of your food. Get hands-on and join Cal scientists for some fun, food-related (and spooky!) investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turning Cells into Superheroes\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 7 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/ucsf-mission-bay-campus-genentech-hall/\">UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Genentech Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how UCSF scientists are turning cells into superheroes by engineering immune cells to kill cancer. Scientists will lead you through an interactive experience to design, build, and test a personalized cell therapy to treat a hypothetical cancer patient who has failed conventional treatment. Participants will also engineer immune T cells with the therapy they designed and use microscopy to test their ability to specifically kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wed., Oct. 31\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy BASF.) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mission Science SPOOK-shop!\u003cbr>\n5:30 p.m. – 8 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/mission-science-workshop-2/\">Mission Science Workshop\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring exhibits that come to life and take over the workshop for one haunted evening! Come if you dare and explore the spooky side of science. Walk inside the belly of a (real!) whale, dissect an eyeball, meet the Mission’s friendliest python, dance with real animal calaveras and skeletons, and light up your costume with LEDs or get it moving with a motor at our tinkering table of terror. All ages are welcome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Thurs., Nov. 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933308 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-160x61.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-800x304.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-768x292.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-240x91.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-375x142.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-520x198.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brains on Video Games\u003cbr>\n4 p.m. – 5 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/neuroscape-ucsf/\">Neuroscape UCSF\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Showcasing a cutting-edge approach to improving brain function by building a bridge between neuroscience and fun technologies. Discover how video games are being developed to support treatment of brain disorders such as ADHD, autism, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscape Research Labs are state-of-the-art programs designed to study novel, therapeutic approaches, with the primary goal of driving the rapid translation of neuroscience to real-world solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Stephen Hawking: A Celebration of His Life and Work\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">6 p.m.-7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/san-francisco-public-library-koret-auditorium/\">San Francisco Public Library, Koret Auditorium\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Scientists and science enthusiasts are mourning the passing of Stephen Hawking, one of the great minds and spirits of our time. In this introductory, nontechnical talk, Andrew Fraknoi will briefly summarize Hawking’s life, and talk about the importance of his scientific work. No background in science or math will be required, but be prepared to have your mind boggled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Astronomy Night @ UC Berkeley\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m.\u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9:30 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/uc-berkeley-campbell-hall/\">UC Berkeley, Campbell Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come enjoy the final Astronomy Night of 2018! Featuring an astronomy talk and stargazing on the roof of Campbell Hall with a fleet of telescopes. Learn all about the search for extraterrestrial life, and how you can help search for ET too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 356px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg 426w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Fri., Nov. 2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Most Unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m. \u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Most Unknown” is an epic documentary film that sends nine scientists to extraordinary parts of the world to uncover unexpected answers to some of humanity’s biggest questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Sat., Nov. 3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovery Day at AT&T Park\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">11 p.m.-\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">4:30 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Come experience tons of dynamic demonstrations, engaging experiments, and geeky games led by Bay Area scientists and engineers. The entire ballpark will be packed with science content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Possible Self STEM Expo\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">8:30 p.m. \u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">3:30 p.m., \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-events-cost\">Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/foothill-college-sunnyvale-campue/\">Foothill College – Sunnyvale Campue\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a daylong program, middle-school aged students will take part in multiple Science-, Technology-, Engineering-, and Math- oriented sessions. Students will sign up for activities at the beginning of the day. There will also be an event connecting students with mentoring programs in the Bay Area. This will allow students to follow up with their STEM experiences throughout the year. This opportunity is open to all students. Youth from underrepresented backgrounds in STEM are especially encouraged to attend!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Fuel Matters: Why Wildfire Behavior Depends on What's Burning",
"headTitle": "Fuel Matters: Why Wildfire Behavior Depends on What’s Burning | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In his latest attack on California’s forest management policies, President Donald Trump claimed on Tuesday that the solution to the state’s punishing wildfire season should be a no-brainer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re tired of giving California hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars, all the time for their forest fires,” Trump told the White House State Leadership Day Conference, “when you wouldn’t have them if they managed their forests properly. They don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaving aside the fact that nearly 60 percent of California’s forestland is managed by the federal government, most scientists agree that the buildup of fuels is a factor in fire severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not nearly that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters on the ground know that fire behaves very differently depending on whether the flames are spreading in grass, chaparral, forest, or a mix. And according to fire scientists, property owners and policymakers should be paying more attention to these differences, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building the Campfire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever built a campfire, you know that you need different kinds of fuel to get a fire going: paper, small twigs, or pine needles to ignite the fire, then small sticks to keep it going, and finally big logs that keep the fire going and produce the big flames that keep you warm all night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires work the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters categorize plants based on their size and how quickly they dry out — and consequently, how easily they will ignite and burn. Grasses are 1-hour fuels, sometimes called light fuels, or flashy fuels. If the weather becomes hot and dry, they become just as dry as the surrounding atmosphere in about an hour. Trees and dead logs and are usually 100 or 1000-hour fuels; it takes much longer before they’re ready to burn, but when they get going they can give off bigger flames, more intense heat, and can burn for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930109\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-768x543.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1020x721.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1200x849.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1920x1358.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1180x834.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-960x679.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-240x170.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-520x368.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Mendocino Complex had burned over 370,000 acres. The larger Ranch Fire has burned in a mix of forest and shubland, while the smaller River Fire has burned mostly in shrubland. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Multiplying Threat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this range of fuel types, you get different kinds of fires at different times of year, according to Jonathan Cox, a battalion chief with Cal Fire. Earlier in the season, blazes tend to be grass fires that are easier to get under control, though extreme weather can make it harder. The County Fire, which started at the end of June in Yolo County, burned mostly in grasses and shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the summer wears on, the big stuff dries out, too. The Carr Fire, which began in late July and has driven the destruction around Redding, has burned through a lot of heavily forested land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930036\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930036\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Carr Fire had burned over 200,000 acres. A lot of that land was forest, unlike in many earlier season fires, or fires in other parts of the state.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In mid-July, Cox noted that heavier fuels were already starting to be receptive to fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a problem,” he told KQED, “because it takes more resources, and it takes more time to suppress those types of fuels. That’s why, as the fire season progresses, it’s kind of a continuing threat that kind of multiplies as those heavier fuels dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Trouble with Grasses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem like light fuels — like grasses — are preferable to heavy forest fuels or dense shrublands. In general, they are easier to manage because the flames are smaller and it’s easier for firefighters to maneuver. But grass fires have their own challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easier it is for fuels to dry out, the faster the rate of spread. According to Cox, fire spreads twice as fast in grass as it does in brush, and twice as fast in brush as it does in timber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930037\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ferguson Fire, burning near Yosemite National Park, burned first in areas of grass and shrubs but has expanded into forested areas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because of their faster spread, grass fires are often the deadliest. Cox says a common denominator among some of the most destructive fires is that they started in light, flashy fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned.”\u003ccite>Jonathan Cox, Cal Fire Battalion Chief\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Size Fits All\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s not just firefighters who need to be aware of fuel types. There are implications for land managers and homeowners, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, it offers clues to future fire patterns in any given area, points out \u003ca href=\"https://consbio.org/people/staff/alexandra-syphard\">Alexandra Syphard\u003c/a>, a fire specialist at the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area and coastal Southern California, shrublands, grasslands, and forests come together in a patchwork of fuel types. Managing these lands for wildfire hazard, ecology, and resource value can be a challenge. When it comes to managing fire in the coast ranges, “there’s no one-size-fits-all,” said UC Berkeley fire scientist Scott Stephens at a symposium in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930035\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2017 Tubbs Fire burned in an area with a patchwork of land types, including forest, shrubland, grassland, agriculture, and urban Santa Rosa.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because fire behaves differently in different types of fuels, if you change the fuel type, you change the fire you get there. The reverse is also true: if you change the amount of fire, you can change the type of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, native grasslands and woodlands \u003ca href=\"http://www.publish.csiro.au/wf/WF05003\">once flourished in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, maintained by regular cultural burns by Native Americans and by grazing. A reduction in grazing, as well as the end of these traditional burns, led to the conversion of grassland to shrubland and an increase in heavy fuels in some areas. Indigenous groups and conservation organizations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.hcn.org/issues/49.21/wildfire-what-fire-researchers-learned-from-northern-california-blazes\">working to return fire\u003c/a> to the land in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grass Versus Shrub In Southern California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, coastal Southern California and some chaparral areas in other parts of the state actually have as much or more frequent fire today than they did historically, explains Syphard. The result is \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-68303-4_12\">a widespread conversion of chaparral\u003c/a> to non-native grassland. This process may be accelerated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard and other researchers who focus on chaparral \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Halsey_and_Syphard_High_Severity_Fire_in_Chaparral_20151.pdf\">caution against\u003c/a> the indiscriminate application of fire management practices that work for forests or other regions — like prescribed fire or cutting fuel breaks — to Southern California shrublands. \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005/pdf\">Research shows\u003c/a> that these tools aren’t that effective during big chaparral fires driven by Santa Ana winds, like the Thomas Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those light flashy fuels might make it easier to fight the fire, but they also increase the risk of ignition in the first place. Syphard’s \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Comparingtheroleoffuelbreaks.pdf\">research\u003c/a> has shown that fuel breaks are mostly effective as an access point for firefighters and not so much as a hazard reduction, because exotic grasses fill in the gaps. The same conclusion might apply to management around homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re removing shrubland or woody vegetation that has pretty high fuel moisture and replacing it with grasslands that you’re not going to irrigate, you could unknowingly be putting yourself in an even worse position than you were before, ” Syphard cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last winter’s Thomas Fire, the second-largest fire on record in California, burned mostly in shrubland. Some areas within the perimeter have burned so many times in recent years that shrubland has converted to grassland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not an easy story, says Syphard, and managing fuels means balancing safety, cultural, and ecological concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things to understand is that it’s very geographically variable and the relationships that might be true in one region are likely to be really different than others,” says Syphard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jared Dahl Aldern, an environmental historian, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know the whole southern California region is a distinct place with its own characteristics as compared to, for instance, the Sierra Nevada, ” he says. “So the key is to collaborate with local experts, including tribes who have some experience and some idea with how to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In his latest attack on California’s forest management policies, President Donald Trump claimed on Tuesday that the solution to the state’s punishing wildfire season should be a no-brainer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re tired of giving California hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars, all the time for their forest fires,” Trump told the White House State Leadership Day Conference, “when you wouldn’t have them if they managed their forests properly. They don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaving aside the fact that nearly 60 percent of California’s forestland is managed by the federal government, most scientists agree that the buildup of fuels is a factor in fire severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not nearly that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters on the ground know that fire behaves very differently depending on whether the flames are spreading in grass, chaparral, forest, or a mix. And according to fire scientists, property owners and policymakers should be paying more attention to these differences, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building the Campfire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever built a campfire, you know that you need different kinds of fuel to get a fire going: paper, small twigs, or pine needles to ignite the fire, then small sticks to keep it going, and finally big logs that keep the fire going and produce the big flames that keep you warm all night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires work the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters categorize plants based on their size and how quickly they dry out — and consequently, how easily they will ignite and burn. Grasses are 1-hour fuels, sometimes called light fuels, or flashy fuels. If the weather becomes hot and dry, they become just as dry as the surrounding atmosphere in about an hour. Trees and dead logs and are usually 100 or 1000-hour fuels; it takes much longer before they’re ready to burn, but when they get going they can give off bigger flames, more intense heat, and can burn for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930109\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-768x543.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1020x721.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1200x849.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1920x1358.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1180x834.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-960x679.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-240x170.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-520x368.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Mendocino Complex had burned over 370,000 acres. The larger Ranch Fire has burned in a mix of forest and shubland, while the smaller River Fire has burned mostly in shrubland. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Multiplying Threat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this range of fuel types, you get different kinds of fires at different times of year, according to Jonathan Cox, a battalion chief with Cal Fire. Earlier in the season, blazes tend to be grass fires that are easier to get under control, though extreme weather can make it harder. The County Fire, which started at the end of June in Yolo County, burned mostly in grasses and shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the summer wears on, the big stuff dries out, too. The Carr Fire, which began in late July and has driven the destruction around Redding, has burned through a lot of heavily forested land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930036\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930036\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Carr Fire had burned over 200,000 acres. A lot of that land was forest, unlike in many earlier season fires, or fires in other parts of the state.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In mid-July, Cox noted that heavier fuels were already starting to be receptive to fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a problem,” he told KQED, “because it takes more resources, and it takes more time to suppress those types of fuels. That’s why, as the fire season progresses, it’s kind of a continuing threat that kind of multiplies as those heavier fuels dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Trouble with Grasses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem like light fuels — like grasses — are preferable to heavy forest fuels or dense shrublands. In general, they are easier to manage because the flames are smaller and it’s easier for firefighters to maneuver. But grass fires have their own challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easier it is for fuels to dry out, the faster the rate of spread. According to Cox, fire spreads twice as fast in grass as it does in brush, and twice as fast in brush as it does in timber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930037\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ferguson Fire, burning near Yosemite National Park, burned first in areas of grass and shrubs but has expanded into forested areas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because of their faster spread, grass fires are often the deadliest. Cox says a common denominator among some of the most destructive fires is that they started in light, flashy fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned.”\u003ccite>Jonathan Cox, Cal Fire Battalion Chief\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Size Fits All\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s not just firefighters who need to be aware of fuel types. There are implications for land managers and homeowners, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, it offers clues to future fire patterns in any given area, points out \u003ca href=\"https://consbio.org/people/staff/alexandra-syphard\">Alexandra Syphard\u003c/a>, a fire specialist at the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area and coastal Southern California, shrublands, grasslands, and forests come together in a patchwork of fuel types. Managing these lands for wildfire hazard, ecology, and resource value can be a challenge. When it comes to managing fire in the coast ranges, “there’s no one-size-fits-all,” said UC Berkeley fire scientist Scott Stephens at a symposium in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930035\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2017 Tubbs Fire burned in an area with a patchwork of land types, including forest, shrubland, grassland, agriculture, and urban Santa Rosa.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because fire behaves differently in different types of fuels, if you change the fuel type, you change the fire you get there. The reverse is also true: if you change the amount of fire, you can change the type of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, native grasslands and woodlands \u003ca href=\"http://www.publish.csiro.au/wf/WF05003\">once flourished in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, maintained by regular cultural burns by Native Americans and by grazing. A reduction in grazing, as well as the end of these traditional burns, led to the conversion of grassland to shrubland and an increase in heavy fuels in some areas. Indigenous groups and conservation organizations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.hcn.org/issues/49.21/wildfire-what-fire-researchers-learned-from-northern-california-blazes\">working to return fire\u003c/a> to the land in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grass Versus Shrub In Southern California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, coastal Southern California and some chaparral areas in other parts of the state actually have as much or more frequent fire today than they did historically, explains Syphard. The result is \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-68303-4_12\">a widespread conversion of chaparral\u003c/a> to non-native grassland. This process may be accelerated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard and other researchers who focus on chaparral \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Halsey_and_Syphard_High_Severity_Fire_in_Chaparral_20151.pdf\">caution against\u003c/a> the indiscriminate application of fire management practices that work for forests or other regions — like prescribed fire or cutting fuel breaks — to Southern California shrublands. \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005/pdf\">Research shows\u003c/a> that these tools aren’t that effective during big chaparral fires driven by Santa Ana winds, like the Thomas Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those light flashy fuels might make it easier to fight the fire, but they also increase the risk of ignition in the first place. Syphard’s \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Comparingtheroleoffuelbreaks.pdf\">research\u003c/a> has shown that fuel breaks are mostly effective as an access point for firefighters and not so much as a hazard reduction, because exotic grasses fill in the gaps. The same conclusion might apply to management around homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re removing shrubland or woody vegetation that has pretty high fuel moisture and replacing it with grasslands that you’re not going to irrigate, you could unknowingly be putting yourself in an even worse position than you were before, ” Syphard cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last winter’s Thomas Fire, the second-largest fire on record in California, burned mostly in shrubland. Some areas within the perimeter have burned so many times in recent years that shrubland has converted to grassland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not an easy story, says Syphard, and managing fuels means balancing safety, cultural, and ecological concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things to understand is that it’s very geographically variable and the relationships that might be true in one region are likely to be really different than others,” says Syphard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jared Dahl Aldern, an environmental historian, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know the whole southern California region is a distinct place with its own characteristics as compared to, for instance, the Sierra Nevada, ” he says. “So the key is to collaborate with local experts, including tribes who have some experience and some idea with how to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "investigation-finds-home-can-be-the-most-dangerous-place-in-a-heat-wave",
"title": "Investigation Finds Home Can Be the Most Dangerous Place in a Heat Wave",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">F\u003c/span>loyd Ware has survived a widow-maker heart attack, layoffs in the tech industry and living a few doors down from the Grateful Dead. But now he worries that heat—in San Francisco, of all places—is going to kill him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to exaggerate, but at times it seems all-encompassing, you can’t get away from it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I really do think that government potentially has a role in making sure buildings are safe. We make sure they’re not too cold. We ought to make sure they’re not too hot, too.’\u003ccite>Cyndy Comerford,\u003cbr>\nCity of San Jose\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ware, 67, is a wiry man and, for the record, he doesn’t exaggerate. Even during a foggy August, his room at Bayanihan House, south of Market Street, is consistently hotter than outside. When it was 63 degrees at San Francisco’s weather station, it was 81 degrees in his spotless, small space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Labor Day, San Francisco’s record-high temperatures drove him and other residents out onto the street and into the basement of Ware’s single room occupancy building, where large fans blow hot air around rather than cool it. Only leaving his room prevents him from falling seriously ill, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, we put small heat sensors in 31 homes in four counties: Contra Costa, Santa Clara, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. The homes had no air conditioning, and the sensors took temperature readings for three weeks in July, August, or September. In every home, heat was stubborn. It stuck around even as the sun dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7Y5eRukY0fJ3RtoWZaUsxcPM1AIvSm0K”]And at night, when people’s bodies need to be able to cool off, all the homes we measured let go of heat slowly, staying hotter inside than it was outside—as much as 15 or 20 degrees hotter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is one of the top public health threats from climate change, according to the state of California. The illnesses and deaths that result from it are preventable. But where people spend the majority of their time, at home, no right to cooling is guaranteed. Public officials around the Bay Area are still figuring out how to warn people and how to respond to heat—both as an extreme event, and as an emerging health threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they do, a divide is deepening between the cool haves and the hot have-nots.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>It’s About Where You Live\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">H\u003c/span>ousing is a huge expense that influences people’s health. In a heat wave, the most dangerous places can be inside of homes and apartments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, health officials have concluded that heat builds up significantly in some glassy high-rises and many older residential hotels. Our sensor measurements found that the single room occupancy buildings that once served gold prospectors and seamen stood out as consistently hotter than the weather outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside these buildings, climate-driven heat already threatens the health and finances of people most vulnerable to it: people like Floyd Ware. After three years in his one-room rental, Ware says his health has gotten worse. He keeps a plastic tub full of medications for his chronic lung disease on a shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/lpCK4/4/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing with emphysema is, you can’t get the air out. If you can’t get the air all the way out, you can’t get the air in,” Ware says. “And the problem with the heat is, it restricts the lungs. So it has an appreciable effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ware’s doctors advised him not to wait when a sudden emphysema attack comes. Three times in two years, he’s placed an emergency call for an ambulance to Zuckerberg San Francisco General hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare pays most of it, but each time, Ware owes out-of-pocket costs. His social security income pays for his stay in the residential hotel; what’s left over pays for his food and medicine. As a result, Ware says, he has racked up $2,000 in debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how I’m going to pay ‘em,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio /> program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Heat - Preventing Illness and Death in the Home\" src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/10/PetersonHeatSolutions.mp3\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-452576530.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>There Is No Legal Right to Cooling\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In-home cooling can reduce the risk of heat illness, according to Linda Rudolph, an expert on health and climate change with the Oakland-based Public Health Institute (PHI). But just one out of every ten Bay Area homes has central air conditioning. Tenants we talked to said they either couldn’t afford to buy a portable AC or couldn’t afford to turn it on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poor people are less likely to have air conditioning,” Rudolph says. “Or they may not have the money to get their air conditioner fixed, or they may live in a rental apartment where the landlord doesn’t want to get it fixed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be that window units only do so much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:30 p.m. one August evening, it’s still over 90 degrees in Mario Rodriguez’s San Jose apartment—the first floor of a complex with few trees and a scrabbly lawn, along busy North Main street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez has low blood pressure and is on constant oxygen, for lung trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933397\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933397\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"One of the great regrets of working full time is not being able to do a committed series with you! \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mario Rodriguez’ San Jose was 10 degrees hotter than outdoors, even when he turned on his window air conditioner. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When it gets hot I get kind of dizzy,” he says. “I get tired and I have to sit down for a few minutes. Or I start sweating and then I start fainting out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez bought a window air conditioner from a friend for $75, even though he knew it would raise his electric bill. The unit cost him an additional $75 when his rental manager required him to install it with plexiglass around it, rather than plywood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added the air conditioner during the period when we were measuring heat in his apartment. But even on days when he ran the it, indoor temperatures peaked at 10 degrees hotter than outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitability, under federal and California law, requires only that water run freely, and that heating be available. New York and some Canadian cities have considered making in-home cooling a right. But in Sacramento, the idea of a tenant’s right to cooling has died a quick death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cyndy Comerford used to work for the San Francisco Department of Public Health, where she analyzed housing and heat. Now, she directs climate programs for the city of San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really do think that government potentially has a role in making sure buildings are safe,” Comerford says. “We do that structurally. We make sure they’re not too cold. We ought to make sure they’re not too hot, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And keeping buildings cool isn’t only about air conditioning, as researchers and urban designers have concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How To Cool an Old Building\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">W\u003c/span>ell-designed neighborhoods once took the landscape into account, says Stephanie Pincetl, a sustainability researcher at UCLA. They had less concrete, and were cooled by breezes and natural shade, including from trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has amnesia about how to combat heat in cities, Pincetl says, having forgotten resilient city design when development boomed and ushered in cheap housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Older buildings are less well insulated,” she says. “Really, what we need to do is have much better buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pincetl argues the state could adopt building codes that promote passive cooling, and provide incentives for owners to harden buildings against heat. Landlords could improve insulation, add vegetation, and plant climbing vines to cool off old apartments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]Public health officials, epidemiologists and researchers like PHI’s Rudolph argue that health systems and environmental conditions are connected. They say California should plan not just for acute heat disaster, but for lasting change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means planting trees, promoting cool rooftops, and even investing in street surfaces that reflect heat away from the ground, Rudolph says, in order to reduce the maximum temperatures in neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because otherwise,” she says, “we essentially won’t be able to respond and adapt adequately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any of those ideas demand coordination among multiple county and local departments. Few laws require this work, and little funding supports it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These climate-related health problems—really no one else is going to pay attention to them,” says Rudolph. “But the local health departments frankly need help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘A Double Whammy’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">R\u003c/span>ose Basulto lives on a treeless street, a block from state Route 4. Almost every day during three weeks when we measured the temperature in her home, it was hotter inside than out. In her living room, the temperature peaked over 100 degrees, eight times in three weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the 37-year old Basulto, heat made it hard to think – and move. At night, when it could be almost 80 degrees inside, she found it nearly impossible to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s like that again, I don’t think I can make it through another summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/gtr1h/2/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat made her asthma worse. It exacerbates cardiovascular, respiratory and renal conditions, and places stress on people with diabetes and obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the nighttime temperatures don’t go down, which is what’s increasingly happening with climate change,” says Rudolph, “it’s harder for them to get that kind of physiological rest period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basulto and other renters we talked with around the Bay Area say they’ve found few simple solutions to living in warm homes—other than to leave them. At least half a dozen people who described housing conditions they linked to health problems decided not to allow us to document heat in their homes, even anonymously, for fear of angering a landlord, or destabilizing a precarious housing situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona heat scientist David Hondula has noticed the same thing in his research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s this undercurrent of a sense of being stuck with the conditions the way they are,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a couple of years, PG&E will implement “time-of-use” pricing, charging for electricity based on when demand peaks—which is late afternoon, as people return home from work and school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And according to our measurements inside homes, it’s exactly when indoor heat rises, soaring past outdoor temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time-of-use pricing will make cooling older homes cost more for people who already can’t afford it, according to Pincetl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so they’re going to get the double whammy,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Warning People Is the First Step\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>cross the Bay Area, and across the state, the time and manner in which counties choose to warn people and respond to heat varies. Contra Costa County is working on an emergency response plan for heat. In 2015, its public health department concluded that excessive heat means temperatures above 85 degrees along the western bay side of the county, and above 96 on the east side. Last Labor Day, when heat killed 14 people around the bay, San Francisco declared a heat emergency; San Mateo County did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1932736\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has studied its risk from warmer temperatures, and adopted an aggressive policy to send warning notices at 85 degrees. And the city is going even further, with hyperlocal training to help neighborhoods be ready for natural disasters. In a heat wave, the Neighborhood Empowerment Network would connect residents to each other, to prevent bad health outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The network’s director, Daniel Homsey, drives among the nook and cranny communities on the south and east side of the city, parking us in Dolores Heights, a patch on the eastern slope of Twin Peaks that gets plenty of sunshine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco waives permit and street closure fees for 280 block parties, called Neighborfests, each year. Every Neighborfest spread, just like every city block of a city, has its own personality: in Dolores Heights, Beyonce and Madonna blare from speakers at one end of a block. At the other, kids play cornhole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933400\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933400\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Fran Link was holding a garage sale one recent day when Daniel Homsey drove by, looking for emergency supplies. Homsey helps San Francisco neighborhoods organize to be resilient in disasters such as heat waves. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fran Link was holding a garage sale one recent day when Daniel Homsey drove by, looking for emergency supplies. Homsey helps San Francisco neighborhoods organize to be resilient in disasters such as heat waves. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On tables next to several grills, an array of salads – Greek, quinoa, green, and fruit – stands sentinel alongside burgers and hot dogs. Homsey points out a barbecue buffet isn’t too different from how a neighborhood might set up a feeding station in a disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s secret mission with Neighborfest, isn’t just to get neighbors to swap salads; it’s to get people used to coming out of their homes to help each other. Neighborfest volunteers lead conversations that establish communal inventories—who’s got a cool basement or air conditioning, propane tanks or water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And neighbors themselves are building phone trees as a means to look out for each other, says Maria José González-Salido, a Dolores Heights block captain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like, I know they have children, I know someone else has an elderly person, they know I have my mom,” she says, nodding at different homes. “It’s a good community thing to have these parties and get to know everybody, right?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making his way to another Neighborfest, Homsey pulls over to poke around a garage sale; he’s always on the lookout for disaster supplies, like coolers and chili pots, to donate to communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a hoarder in recovery,” he says, half-laughing, “and I’m using disaster preparedness to focus my investments better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 19th century, the nickname for this hilly patch of land on the southeastern side of San Francisco was Little Switzerland: it was a vacation spot, with plenty of cows, and little fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s about building on the traditional ethos of being a good neighbor, and caring for those around you.’\u003ccite>Daniel Homsey,\u003cbr>\nCity of San Francisco\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now it’s Glen Park, and its homeowners, including Fran Link, suffered last year for days in a row from heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not used to that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homsey asks Link if her home gets hot. Yes, Link answers; the turreted house faces south, and west, with big bay windows and no air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homsey tells her his aunt didn’t have AC, either. She lived nearby, and died in her home twenty years ago, during a heat event. Homsey’s father found his sister, several days later, on her bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than make a decision that was rational, which is, ‘It’s really hot at my house, I’m going to downstairs where it’s cooler,'” Homsey says, “she’s like, ‘I’m really tired, I’m going to go lie in my bedroom.’ She lay down and she never got up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homsey often thinks of his aunt as he does this work. He says San Francisco’s program is helping strangers become neighbors. After Link talks to him at her garage sale, she heads over to the block party to hear a live band; later in the month, she goes to a neighborhood training about how to respond in a bleeding emergency. Meanwhile, Homsey is spreading the gospel of grilling and readiness by working with Santa Rosa and Oakland. They want Neighborfests too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s resilience, he says. “It’s about building on the traditional ethos of being a good neighbor, and caring for those around you, even if you don’t have an immediate relationship with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every heat death is preventable; it’s a core belief for Homsey and for public health experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But right now, few systems, laws, or policies require centralized preparedness against heat. Illness related to extreme high temperatures is poorly tracked and underreported. Cooling hot homes, and hot neighborhoods, isn’t easy. And little public funding helps pay for responding to climate-related health issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the danger of heat grows, Californians are still pretty much on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: Amel Ahmed contributed to this story. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Miguel Hernandez and Osvaldo Pedroza dropped off and picked up sensors for houses in southern California, and \u003c/em>\u003cem>provided language translation in the field.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This reporting is supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "It doesn't have to be that way. Every heat death is preventable. It's just going to take time, money, and a strong standard for warning people of danger.",
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"title": "Investigation Finds Home Can Be the Most Dangerous Place in a Heat Wave | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">F\u003c/span>loyd Ware has survived a widow-maker heart attack, layoffs in the tech industry and living a few doors down from the Grateful Dead. But now he worries that heat—in San Francisco, of all places—is going to kill him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to exaggerate, but at times it seems all-encompassing, you can’t get away from it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I really do think that government potentially has a role in making sure buildings are safe. We make sure they’re not too cold. We ought to make sure they’re not too hot, too.’\u003ccite>Cyndy Comerford,\u003cbr>\nCity of San Jose\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ware, 67, is a wiry man and, for the record, he doesn’t exaggerate. Even during a foggy August, his room at Bayanihan House, south of Market Street, is consistently hotter than outside. When it was 63 degrees at San Francisco’s weather station, it was 81 degrees in his spotless, small space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Labor Day, San Francisco’s record-high temperatures drove him and other residents out onto the street and into the basement of Ware’s single room occupancy building, where large fans blow hot air around rather than cool it. Only leaving his room prevents him from falling seriously ill, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, we put small heat sensors in 31 homes in four counties: Contra Costa, Santa Clara, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. The homes had no air conditioning, and the sensors took temperature readings for three weeks in July, August, or September. In every home, heat was stubborn. It stuck around even as the sun dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>And at night, when people’s bodies need to be able to cool off, all the homes we measured let go of heat slowly, staying hotter inside than it was outside—as much as 15 or 20 degrees hotter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is one of the top public health threats from climate change, according to the state of California. The illnesses and deaths that result from it are preventable. But where people spend the majority of their time, at home, no right to cooling is guaranteed. Public officials around the Bay Area are still figuring out how to warn people and how to respond to heat—both as an extreme event, and as an emerging health threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they do, a divide is deepening between the cool haves and the hot have-nots.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>It’s About Where You Live\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">H\u003c/span>ousing is a huge expense that influences people’s health. In a heat wave, the most dangerous places can be inside of homes and apartments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, health officials have concluded that heat builds up significantly in some glassy high-rises and many older residential hotels. Our sensor measurements found that the single room occupancy buildings that once served gold prospectors and seamen stood out as consistently hotter than the weather outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside these buildings, climate-driven heat already threatens the health and finances of people most vulnerable to it: people like Floyd Ware. After three years in his one-room rental, Ware says his health has gotten worse. He keeps a plastic tub full of medications for his chronic lung disease on a shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/lpCK4/4/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing with emphysema is, you can’t get the air out. If you can’t get the air all the way out, you can’t get the air in,” Ware says. “And the problem with the heat is, it restricts the lungs. So it has an appreciable effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ware’s doctors advised him not to wait when a sudden emphysema attack comes. Three times in two years, he’s placed an emergency call for an ambulance to Zuckerberg San Francisco General hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare pays most of it, but each time, Ware owes out-of-pocket costs. His social security income pays for his stay in the residential hotel; what’s left over pays for his food and medicine. As a result, Ware says, he has racked up $2,000 in debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how I’m going to pay ‘em,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>There Is No Legal Right to Cooling\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In-home cooling can reduce the risk of heat illness, according to Linda Rudolph, an expert on health and climate change with the Oakland-based Public Health Institute (PHI). But just one out of every ten Bay Area homes has central air conditioning. Tenants we talked to said they either couldn’t afford to buy a portable AC or couldn’t afford to turn it on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poor people are less likely to have air conditioning,” Rudolph says. “Or they may not have the money to get their air conditioner fixed, or they may live in a rental apartment where the landlord doesn’t want to get it fixed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be that window units only do so much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:30 p.m. one August evening, it’s still over 90 degrees in Mario Rodriguez’s San Jose apartment—the first floor of a complex with few trees and a scrabbly lawn, along busy North Main street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez has low blood pressure and is on constant oxygen, for lung trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933397\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933397\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"One of the great regrets of working full time is not being able to do a committed series with you! \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Mario_CC.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mario Rodriguez’ San Jose was 10 degrees hotter than outdoors, even when he turned on his window air conditioner. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When it gets hot I get kind of dizzy,” he says. “I get tired and I have to sit down for a few minutes. Or I start sweating and then I start fainting out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez bought a window air conditioner from a friend for $75, even though he knew it would raise his electric bill. The unit cost him an additional $75 when his rental manager required him to install it with plexiglass around it, rather than plywood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added the air conditioner during the period when we were measuring heat in his apartment. But even on days when he ran the it, indoor temperatures peaked at 10 degrees hotter than outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitability, under federal and California law, requires only that water run freely, and that heating be available. New York and some Canadian cities have considered making in-home cooling a right. But in Sacramento, the idea of a tenant’s right to cooling has died a quick death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cyndy Comerford used to work for the San Francisco Department of Public Health, where she analyzed housing and heat. Now, she directs climate programs for the city of San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really do think that government potentially has a role in making sure buildings are safe,” Comerford says. “We do that structurally. We make sure they’re not too cold. We ought to make sure they’re not too hot, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And keeping buildings cool isn’t only about air conditioning, as researchers and urban designers have concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How To Cool an Old Building\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">W\u003c/span>ell-designed neighborhoods once took the landscape into account, says Stephanie Pincetl, a sustainability researcher at UCLA. They had less concrete, and were cooled by breezes and natural shade, including from trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has amnesia about how to combat heat in cities, Pincetl says, having forgotten resilient city design when development boomed and ushered in cheap housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Older buildings are less well insulated,” she says. “Really, what we need to do is have much better buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pincetl argues the state could adopt building codes that promote passive cooling, and provide incentives for owners to harden buildings against heat. Landlords could improve insulation, add vegetation, and plant climbing vines to cool off old apartments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Public health officials, epidemiologists and researchers like PHI’s Rudolph argue that health systems and environmental conditions are connected. They say California should plan not just for acute heat disaster, but for lasting change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means planting trees, promoting cool rooftops, and even investing in street surfaces that reflect heat away from the ground, Rudolph says, in order to reduce the maximum temperatures in neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because otherwise,” she says, “we essentially won’t be able to respond and adapt adequately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any of those ideas demand coordination among multiple county and local departments. Few laws require this work, and little funding supports it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These climate-related health problems—really no one else is going to pay attention to them,” says Rudolph. “But the local health departments frankly need help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘A Double Whammy’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">R\u003c/span>ose Basulto lives on a treeless street, a block from state Route 4. Almost every day during three weeks when we measured the temperature in her home, it was hotter inside than out. In her living room, the temperature peaked over 100 degrees, eight times in three weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the 37-year old Basulto, heat made it hard to think – and move. At night, when it could be almost 80 degrees inside, she found it nearly impossible to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s like that again, I don’t think I can make it through another summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/gtr1h/2/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat made her asthma worse. It exacerbates cardiovascular, respiratory and renal conditions, and places stress on people with diabetes and obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the nighttime temperatures don’t go down, which is what’s increasingly happening with climate change,” says Rudolph, “it’s harder for them to get that kind of physiological rest period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basulto and other renters we talked with around the Bay Area say they’ve found few simple solutions to living in warm homes—other than to leave them. At least half a dozen people who described housing conditions they linked to health problems decided not to allow us to document heat in their homes, even anonymously, for fear of angering a landlord, or destabilizing a precarious housing situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona heat scientist David Hondula has noticed the same thing in his research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s this undercurrent of a sense of being stuck with the conditions the way they are,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a couple of years, PG&E will implement “time-of-use” pricing, charging for electricity based on when demand peaks—which is late afternoon, as people return home from work and school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And according to our measurements inside homes, it’s exactly when indoor heat rises, soaring past outdoor temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time-of-use pricing will make cooling older homes cost more for people who already can’t afford it, according to Pincetl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so they’re going to get the double whammy,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Warning People Is the First Step\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>cross the Bay Area, and across the state, the time and manner in which counties choose to warn people and respond to heat varies. Contra Costa County is working on an emergency response plan for heat. In 2015, its public health department concluded that excessive heat means temperatures above 85 degrees along the western bay side of the county, and above 96 on the east side. Last Labor Day, when heat killed 14 people around the bay, San Francisco declared a heat emergency; San Mateo County did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1932736\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has studied its risk from warmer temperatures, and adopted an aggressive policy to send warning notices at 85 degrees. And the city is going even further, with hyperlocal training to help neighborhoods be ready for natural disasters. In a heat wave, the Neighborhood Empowerment Network would connect residents to each other, to prevent bad health outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The network’s director, Daniel Homsey, drives among the nook and cranny communities on the south and east side of the city, parking us in Dolores Heights, a patch on the eastern slope of Twin Peaks that gets plenty of sunshine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco waives permit and street closure fees for 280 block parties, called Neighborfests, each year. Every Neighborfest spread, just like every city block of a city, has its own personality: in Dolores Heights, Beyonce and Madonna blare from speakers at one end of a block. At the other, kids play cornhole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933400\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933400\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Fran Link was holding a garage sale one recent day when Daniel Homsey drove by, looking for emergency supplies. Homsey helps San Francisco neighborhoods organize to be resilient in disasters such as heat waves. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33114_IMG_6218-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fran Link was holding a garage sale one recent day when Daniel Homsey drove by, looking for emergency supplies. Homsey helps San Francisco neighborhoods organize to be resilient in disasters such as heat waves. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On tables next to several grills, an array of salads – Greek, quinoa, green, and fruit – stands sentinel alongside burgers and hot dogs. Homsey points out a barbecue buffet isn’t too different from how a neighborhood might set up a feeding station in a disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s secret mission with Neighborfest, isn’t just to get neighbors to swap salads; it’s to get people used to coming out of their homes to help each other. Neighborfest volunteers lead conversations that establish communal inventories—who’s got a cool basement or air conditioning, propane tanks or water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And neighbors themselves are building phone trees as a means to look out for each other, says Maria José González-Salido, a Dolores Heights block captain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like, I know they have children, I know someone else has an elderly person, they know I have my mom,” she says, nodding at different homes. “It’s a good community thing to have these parties and get to know everybody, right?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making his way to another Neighborfest, Homsey pulls over to poke around a garage sale; he’s always on the lookout for disaster supplies, like coolers and chili pots, to donate to communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a hoarder in recovery,” he says, half-laughing, “and I’m using disaster preparedness to focus my investments better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 19th century, the nickname for this hilly patch of land on the southeastern side of San Francisco was Little Switzerland: it was a vacation spot, with plenty of cows, and little fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s about building on the traditional ethos of being a good neighbor, and caring for those around you.’\u003ccite>Daniel Homsey,\u003cbr>\nCity of San Francisco\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now it’s Glen Park, and its homeowners, including Fran Link, suffered last year for days in a row from heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not used to that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homsey asks Link if her home gets hot. Yes, Link answers; the turreted house faces south, and west, with big bay windows and no air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homsey tells her his aunt didn’t have AC, either. She lived nearby, and died in her home twenty years ago, during a heat event. Homsey’s father found his sister, several days later, on her bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than make a decision that was rational, which is, ‘It’s really hot at my house, I’m going to downstairs where it’s cooler,'” Homsey says, “she’s like, ‘I’m really tired, I’m going to go lie in my bedroom.’ She lay down and she never got up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homsey often thinks of his aunt as he does this work. He says San Francisco’s program is helping strangers become neighbors. After Link talks to him at her garage sale, she heads over to the block party to hear a live band; later in the month, she goes to a neighborhood training about how to respond in a bleeding emergency. Meanwhile, Homsey is spreading the gospel of grilling and readiness by working with Santa Rosa and Oakland. They want Neighborfests too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s resilience, he says. “It’s about building on the traditional ethos of being a good neighbor, and caring for those around you, even if you don’t have an immediate relationship with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every heat death is preventable; it’s a core belief for Homsey and for public health experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But right now, few systems, laws, or policies require centralized preparedness against heat. Illness related to extreme high temperatures is poorly tracked and underreported. Cooling hot homes, and hot neighborhoods, isn’t easy. And little public funding helps pay for responding to climate-related health issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the danger of heat grows, Californians are still pretty much on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: Amel Ahmed contributed to this story. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Miguel Hernandez and Osvaldo Pedroza dropped off and picked up sensors for houses in southern California, and \u003c/em>\u003cem>provided language translation in the field.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This reporting is supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Supreme Court Stalls Kids' Climate Suit Days Before Trial",
"headTitle": "Supreme Court Stalls Kids’ Climate Suit Days Before Trial | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court on Friday temporarily blocked a high-profile climate change lawsuit\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918228/san-francisco-federal-court-takes-up-young-peoples-climate-change-suit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> brought by young activists\u003c/a> who accuse the federal government of violating their constitutional rights with policies that have caused a dangerous climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Justice John Roberts signed an order freezing the trial that was set to start in 10 days in federal court in Oregon until lawyers for the young people provide a response and the high court issues another order.[contextly_sidebar id=”yVoRRrWHOmLgmwhujQXx1gfjQXcjiWSE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It marked a victory for the government, which under the Obama and Trump administrations has tried unsuccessfully for years to get the case dismissed. An expert says the Trump administration tried again before the Oct. 29 trial as the court shifted to the right with the confirmation this month of Brett Kavanaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court refused to toss the lawsuit in July, calling it “premature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Department lawyers asked again Thursday, arguing that the claim aims to redirect federal environmental policies through the courts rather than through the political process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julia Olson, a lawyer representing the young plaintiffs and chief legal counsel for Our Children’s Trust, said they are confident the trial will move forward once the justices receive their response, which is due by Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court has recognized in other cases that review of constitutional questions “is better done on a full record where the evidence is presented and weighed,” she said in an email. “This case is about already recognized fundamental rights and children’s rights of equal protection under the law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young people say government officials have known for more than 50 years that carbon pollution from fossil fuels was causing climate change and that policies on oil and gas deprive them of life, liberty and property. They also say the government has failed to protect natural resources as a “public trust” for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit wants a court to order the government to stop permitting and authorizing fossil fuels, quickly phase out carbon dioxide emissions to a certain level by 2100 and develop a national climate recovery plan.[contextly_sidebar id=”xcwIUXX2B4Q2CJC4CpSLqNKGRS1ogMv2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration got a temporary reprieve on the case after also asking the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which rejected the request in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The latest attempt to get the U.S. Supreme Court to stop the trial does not appear to be based on any new evidence or arguments. The only new element is an additional Supreme Court justice,” said Melissa Scanlan, a professor at Vermont Law School, who is not involved in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kavanaugh replaced the more moderate Anthony Kennedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scanlan said the Trump administration is trying to avoid “what they’re expecting to be a 50-day trial focused on climate disruption.” The trial in Eugene, Oregon, was expected to wrap up in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has argued in court filings that the young people don’t have standing to bring the case and the issues should be left to the political branches of government, not the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Wood, acting assistant attorney general for the Justice Department’s environment and natural resources division, said officials “firmly believe there is no legal basis for this case to be heard in federal court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit “is an unconstitutional attempt to use a single court to control the entire nation’s energy and climate policy,” he said, according to prepared remarks for a speech he gave Friday at a conference in San Diego. “It is a matter of separation of powers and preserving the opportunity in our system of government for those policies to be decided by the elected branches, not the courts.”[contextly_sidebar id=”AdJP3FKaFsbXK3qojlVOi6maeNQZC0xR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit is part of a nationwide effort led by the Oregon-based nonprofit Our Children’s Trust to force states and the federal government to take action on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Hansen, a former top NASA scientist who told the world 30 years ago that global warming had arrived, is also part of the federal case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>District Court Judge Ann Aiken earlier this week dismissed President Donald Trump as a defendant in the case and rejected arguments that the young people can’t bring the case. She said they made specific allegations of “personal injuries caused by human induced climate change,” including extreme weather events in 2016 and 2017 that led to flooding in Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scanlan, the law professor, said the plaintiffs will need to show that the government created a danger, that they knew they created that danger and they “with deliberative indifference” failed to prevent harm.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The U.S. government is trying to block a major climate change lawsuit days before young activists are set to argue that the government has violated their constitutional rights by failing to take action on climate change.",
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"description": "The U.S. government is trying to block a major climate change lawsuit days before young activists are set to argue that the government has violated their constitutional rights by failing to take action on climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court on Friday temporarily blocked a high-profile climate change lawsuit\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918228/san-francisco-federal-court-takes-up-young-peoples-climate-change-suit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> brought by young activists\u003c/a> who accuse the federal government of violating their constitutional rights with policies that have caused a dangerous climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Justice John Roberts signed an order freezing the trial that was set to start in 10 days in federal court in Oregon until lawyers for the young people provide a response and the high court issues another order.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It marked a victory for the government, which under the Obama and Trump administrations has tried unsuccessfully for years to get the case dismissed. An expert says the Trump administration tried again before the Oct. 29 trial as the court shifted to the right with the confirmation this month of Brett Kavanaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court refused to toss the lawsuit in July, calling it “premature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Department lawyers asked again Thursday, arguing that the claim aims to redirect federal environmental policies through the courts rather than through the political process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julia Olson, a lawyer representing the young plaintiffs and chief legal counsel for Our Children’s Trust, said they are confident the trial will move forward once the justices receive their response, which is due by Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court has recognized in other cases that review of constitutional questions “is better done on a full record where the evidence is presented and weighed,” she said in an email. “This case is about already recognized fundamental rights and children’s rights of equal protection under the law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young people say government officials have known for more than 50 years that carbon pollution from fossil fuels was causing climate change and that policies on oil and gas deprive them of life, liberty and property. They also say the government has failed to protect natural resources as a “public trust” for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit wants a court to order the government to stop permitting and authorizing fossil fuels, quickly phase out carbon dioxide emissions to a certain level by 2100 and develop a national climate recovery plan.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration got a temporary reprieve on the case after also asking the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which rejected the request in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The latest attempt to get the U.S. Supreme Court to stop the trial does not appear to be based on any new evidence or arguments. The only new element is an additional Supreme Court justice,” said Melissa Scanlan, a professor at Vermont Law School, who is not involved in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kavanaugh replaced the more moderate Anthony Kennedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scanlan said the Trump administration is trying to avoid “what they’re expecting to be a 50-day trial focused on climate disruption.” The trial in Eugene, Oregon, was expected to wrap up in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has argued in court filings that the young people don’t have standing to bring the case and the issues should be left to the political branches of government, not the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Wood, acting assistant attorney general for the Justice Department’s environment and natural resources division, said officials “firmly believe there is no legal basis for this case to be heard in federal court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit “is an unconstitutional attempt to use a single court to control the entire nation’s energy and climate policy,” he said, according to prepared remarks for a speech he gave Friday at a conference in San Diego. “It is a matter of separation of powers and preserving the opportunity in our system of government for those policies to be decided by the elected branches, not the courts.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit is part of a nationwide effort led by the Oregon-based nonprofit Our Children’s Trust to force states and the federal government to take action on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Hansen, a former top NASA scientist who told the world 30 years ago that global warming had arrived, is also part of the federal case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>District Court Judge Ann Aiken earlier this week dismissed President Donald Trump as a defendant in the case and rejected arguments that the young people can’t bring the case. She said they made specific allegations of “personal injuries caused by human induced climate change,” including extreme weather events in 2016 and 2017 that led to flooding in Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scanlan, the law professor, said the plaintiffs will need to show that the government created a danger, that they knew they created that danger and they “with deliberative indifference” failed to prevent harm.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Listen to The Ice Shelf as It Makes Eerie Sounds",
"headTitle": "Listen to The Ice Shelf as It Makes Eerie Sounds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w56RxaX9THY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “whistling” of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica’s largest, is beautifully eerie. It’s also potentially a divining rod for changes to shelves’ composition that can be monitored in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listening to it, the opening moan of Fever Ray’s song \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBAzlNJonO8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“If I Had A Heart”\u003c/a> comes to mind, or the dramatic composition \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnoxu4ocQb0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Inuksuit\u003c/em>\u003c/a> from John Luther Adams:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To arrive at \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/antarctic-ice-shelf-sings-as-winds-whip-across-its-surface/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their new recording\u003c/a>, twelve scientists working on the ice shelf burrowed 34 tools for measuring seismic activity into it, expecting to monitor its internal vibrations. They noticed, however, that surface wind glazing over the “firn” — the top layer of snow of the shelf — was feeding the sensors below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was at first considered to be “inconvenient ambient noise,” as the glaciologist Douglas R. MacAyeal put it in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL080366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a summation of the new findings\u003c/a>, ended up yielding valuable insights about the health of the shelf itself. The shelf’s song changes as its surface does; strong storms can rearrange the snow dunes atop it, causing that ice to vibrate at different frequencies — how fast the seismic waves travel through the snow changes as air temperatures at the surface fluctuate, in turn giving scientists data on the shelf’s structural integrity. Meaning whether or not it will break up, and thus raise sea levels. Not bad for a whistle or two. Or 34.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we care so much about ice shelves is because their stability is so important to the stability of other ice masses,” Rick Aster, one of the authors of the study, tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting that the recording above was not, in its original form, perceptible to human ears — the “song” was created by speeding up those seismic waves, allowing more casual observers to follow along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives people an intuitive feel that there are these waves bouncing around in the ice shelf that are sensitive to changes, like warming,” Aster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Music From the Natural World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Orleans-based artist Quintron, through his company Quintronics, developed the Weather Warlock, a “giant analog synth” that is based around an F-major chord, but varies its resulting music due to input from the weather (temperature, wind, sun and rain) it’s experiencing at any given time. The result, which \u003ca href=\"http://weatherfortheblind.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can stream 24 hours a day\u003c/a> from its current home in Los Angeles, is mercurial and meditative and worth leaving in your headphones for a while. “Our hope is that this instrument could be of some help to those experiencing any type of sleep disorder or to anyone suffering from stress or health issues which might benefit from a direct musical connection to nature,” its creators note. (They also note it is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> meant to offer any medical treatment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baka in southeastern Cameroon \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLGX7EPODug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use water as a drum\u003c/a>, resulting in a fluent, calming rhythmic form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, if you’re sick of Earth entirely, NASA has an archive of “spooky” space sounds — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/features/halloween_sounds.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perfect for Halloween\u003c/a>. (Not so sure about \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/edu_happy_halloween_2015.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that cover art\u003c/a>, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Updated Oct. 18, 5:23 p.m. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem>with further information on \u003c/em>\u003cem>the value of wind’s seismic data.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/w56RxaX9THY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/w56RxaX9THY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The “whistling” of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica’s largest, is beautifully eerie. It’s also potentially a divining rod for changes to shelves’ composition that can be monitored in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listening to it, the opening moan of Fever Ray’s song \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBAzlNJonO8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“If I Had A Heart”\u003c/a> comes to mind, or the dramatic composition \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnoxu4ocQb0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Inuksuit\u003c/em>\u003c/a> from John Luther Adams:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To arrive at \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/antarctic-ice-shelf-sings-as-winds-whip-across-its-surface/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their new recording\u003c/a>, twelve scientists working on the ice shelf burrowed 34 tools for measuring seismic activity into it, expecting to monitor its internal vibrations. They noticed, however, that surface wind glazing over the “firn” — the top layer of snow of the shelf — was feeding the sensors below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was at first considered to be “inconvenient ambient noise,” as the glaciologist Douglas R. MacAyeal put it in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL080366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a summation of the new findings\u003c/a>, ended up yielding valuable insights about the health of the shelf itself. The shelf’s song changes as its surface does; strong storms can rearrange the snow dunes atop it, causing that ice to vibrate at different frequencies — how fast the seismic waves travel through the snow changes as air temperatures at the surface fluctuate, in turn giving scientists data on the shelf’s structural integrity. Meaning whether or not it will break up, and thus raise sea levels. Not bad for a whistle or two. Or 34.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we care so much about ice shelves is because their stability is so important to the stability of other ice masses,” Rick Aster, one of the authors of the study, tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting that the recording above was not, in its original form, perceptible to human ears — the “song” was created by speeding up those seismic waves, allowing more casual observers to follow along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives people an intuitive feel that there are these waves bouncing around in the ice shelf that are sensitive to changes, like warming,” Aster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Music From the Natural World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Orleans-based artist Quintron, through his company Quintronics, developed the Weather Warlock, a “giant analog synth” that is based around an F-major chord, but varies its resulting music due to input from the weather (temperature, wind, sun and rain) it’s experiencing at any given time. The result, which \u003ca href=\"http://weatherfortheblind.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can stream 24 hours a day\u003c/a> from its current home in Los Angeles, is mercurial and meditative and worth leaving in your headphones for a while. “Our hope is that this instrument could be of some help to those experiencing any type of sleep disorder or to anyone suffering from stress or health issues which might benefit from a direct musical connection to nature,” its creators note. (They also note it is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> meant to offer any medical treatment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baka in southeastern Cameroon \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLGX7EPODug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use water as a drum\u003c/a>, resulting in a fluent, calming rhythmic form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, if you’re sick of Earth entirely, NASA has an archive of “spooky” space sounds — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/features/halloween_sounds.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perfect for Halloween\u003c/a>. (Not so sure about \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/edu_happy_halloween_2015.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that cover art\u003c/a>, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Updated Oct. 18, 5:23 p.m. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem>with further information on \u003c/em>\u003cem>the value of wind’s seismic data.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Where Have All the Critters Gone? Blame Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Where Have All the Critters Gone? Blame Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Insect populations in the tropics are facing a crisis as global warming drives up temperatures, causing a 98 percent decline in their numbers over the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published\u003c/a> this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, \u003c/em>which suggests that climate change is disrupting the global ecosystem at an accelerating pace.[contextly_sidebar id=”9X7r6vwdGlQwE6EW5F7mPjMQyBkzzvYq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worse, the study concludes that the problem is more widespread than scientists realized, with global warming triggering a “bottom-up” domino effect and resulting collapse of the forest food web, as insect-eating animals dwindle, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the consequences of a collapsed food web would have serious ramifications for the future stability of tropical ecosystems, which house two-thirds of the Earth’s species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A disruption in the tropical food web would also have catastrophic repercussions for the global ecosystem, according to lead author Bradford Lister, a biologist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rpi.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loss of species in tropical rainforests are a sign that increased temperatures have begun to take their toll on the local climate, according to Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that eventually the world could see dramatic changes in rainfall if tropical rainforests are degraded and vegetation starts to collapse, which is possible since pollinators are already crashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the global water cycle depends on plant life in these rainforests, which produce huge amounts of water that feed into rain flows carried by trade winds north and south of the equator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s happening all over the planet and once the pollinators crash, then the plants follow and you get accelerated extinction rates of a lot of animals and insects,” says Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Catastrophe Has Already Arrived\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lister points to the recent United Nations report on climate change to underscore the threat. The report lists 2040 as the year when the more severe impacts of global warming will start to unfold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[I]n Central and South America, you’re already seeing a 2 to 2.5 degree warming,” says Lister. “We don’t have to wait that long to see the impact of global warming. The damaging effects on the ecosystems that sustain us is already happening in tropical locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers focused on the Luquillo Rainforest in Puerto Rico and Chamela forest in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Puerto Rico, they compared data collected between 1976 and 2013, during which time the average temperature increased by two degrees Celsius (3.6 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Lister and his team returned to the island in 2013, he says he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surprised by how\u003c/a> much the situation had changed.[contextly_sidebar id=”mSktpCB1i441tT4oxSnPqod1JuM7uE3q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers didn’t observe any butterflies during the first two days, a considerable change from the 1970s, when Lister says butterflies could be spotted all over the forest. Lister says he also also noticed fewer flying insects in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just based on casual observations of the forest, we knew something was amiss,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also an obvious lack of birds that were once abundant such as the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody, \u003c/a>which feeds almost exclusively on insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the data, Lister and his team collected insects using adhesive plates. They also swept the forest brush hundreds of times with nets, collecting any insects that passed through. They compared the results with previous measurements taken in the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as temperatures increased,the biomass, or collective weight of insects declined by 98 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, researchers found that the biomass of insects captured by the adhesive traps declined 98 percent, while the net sweeps trapped between 12.5 and 25 percent of previous yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also discovered contemporaneous declines in the forest’s insect-eating populations such as lizards, frogs, and birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody \u003c/a>for example, diminished by 90 percent. The ten most common species living in the forest canopy also experienced declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect populations in western Mexico also saw declines of about 70 to 80 percent in biomass, while temperatures in this region climbed by 2.4 C (36.3°F) over the same period.[contextly_sidebar id=”1RyDiECBYd2XPdCCn5lKDTdBRjEj2VzP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert called the findings “one of the most disturbing articles” he had ever head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study in PNAS is a real wake-up call — a clarion call — that the phenomenon could be much, much bigger, and across many more ecosystems,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Wagner\u003c/a>, an expert in invertebrate conservation at the University of Connecticut, told the Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Trend\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings corroborate similar findings from previous studies showing that global bug populations are declining at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Stanford study in 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/insect_numbers_declining_why_it_matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated that\u003c/a> insect populations around the world declined by 45 percent in the last 35 years. Another study in 2017 showed a 76 percent decline in flying insects in \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Germany\">German\u003c/a> nature preserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers cite climate change as the cause of the dramatic declines based on a special statistical technique that allows scientists to single out specific variables — such as rainfall declines or increased temperatures — to determine their impact on the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tool, according to Lister, pointed to higher temperatures as the culprit 90 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, almost all of the insects displayed the same proportion of declines, regardless of what species or forest niche they occupied. Lister says this indicates that an overarching force must be at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team plans on returning to these sites for newer measurements in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s with a lot of trepidation that I head back because it’s very disturbing to see what’s been going on in the last 30 to 40 years,” he says. “And if global temperatures keep increasing, the forests will eventually dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while rainforests harbor most of the world’s species, Lister says there have been few studies done on the impact of warming temperatures on tropical climates. He hopes his team’s work stimulates more research on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Dramatic declines in insect populations are causing the rainforest's food web to collapse. A new study says the problem is worse than scientists previously thought.",
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"headline": "Where Have All the Critters Gone? Blame Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Insect populations in the tropics are facing a crisis as global warming drives up temperatures, causing a 98 percent decline in their numbers over the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published\u003c/a> this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, \u003c/em>which suggests that climate change is disrupting the global ecosystem at an accelerating pace.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worse, the study concludes that the problem is more widespread than scientists realized, with global warming triggering a “bottom-up” domino effect and resulting collapse of the forest food web, as insect-eating animals dwindle, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the consequences of a collapsed food web would have serious ramifications for the future stability of tropical ecosystems, which house two-thirds of the Earth’s species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A disruption in the tropical food web would also have catastrophic repercussions for the global ecosystem, according to lead author Bradford Lister, a biologist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rpi.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loss of species in tropical rainforests are a sign that increased temperatures have begun to take their toll on the local climate, according to Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that eventually the world could see dramatic changes in rainfall if tropical rainforests are degraded and vegetation starts to collapse, which is possible since pollinators are already crashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the global water cycle depends on plant life in these rainforests, which produce huge amounts of water that feed into rain flows carried by trade winds north and south of the equator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s happening all over the planet and once the pollinators crash, then the plants follow and you get accelerated extinction rates of a lot of animals and insects,” says Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Catastrophe Has Already Arrived\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lister points to the recent United Nations report on climate change to underscore the threat. The report lists 2040 as the year when the more severe impacts of global warming will start to unfold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[I]n Central and South America, you’re already seeing a 2 to 2.5 degree warming,” says Lister. “We don’t have to wait that long to see the impact of global warming. The damaging effects on the ecosystems that sustain us is already happening in tropical locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers focused on the Luquillo Rainforest in Puerto Rico and Chamela forest in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Puerto Rico, they compared data collected between 1976 and 2013, during which time the average temperature increased by two degrees Celsius (3.6 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Lister and his team returned to the island in 2013, he says he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surprised by how\u003c/a> much the situation had changed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers didn’t observe any butterflies during the first two days, a considerable change from the 1970s, when Lister says butterflies could be spotted all over the forest. Lister says he also also noticed fewer flying insects in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just based on casual observations of the forest, we knew something was amiss,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also an obvious lack of birds that were once abundant such as the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody, \u003c/a>which feeds almost exclusively on insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the data, Lister and his team collected insects using adhesive plates. They also swept the forest brush hundreds of times with nets, collecting any insects that passed through. They compared the results with previous measurements taken in the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as temperatures increased,the biomass, or collective weight of insects declined by 98 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, researchers found that the biomass of insects captured by the adhesive traps declined 98 percent, while the net sweeps trapped between 12.5 and 25 percent of previous yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also discovered contemporaneous declines in the forest’s insect-eating populations such as lizards, frogs, and birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody \u003c/a>for example, diminished by 90 percent. The ten most common species living in the forest canopy also experienced declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect populations in western Mexico also saw declines of about 70 to 80 percent in biomass, while temperatures in this region climbed by 2.4 C (36.3°F) over the same period.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert called the findings “one of the most disturbing articles” he had ever head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study in PNAS is a real wake-up call — a clarion call — that the phenomenon could be much, much bigger, and across many more ecosystems,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Wagner\u003c/a>, an expert in invertebrate conservation at the University of Connecticut, told the Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Trend\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings corroborate similar findings from previous studies showing that global bug populations are declining at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Stanford study in 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/insect_numbers_declining_why_it_matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated that\u003c/a> insect populations around the world declined by 45 percent in the last 35 years. Another study in 2017 showed a 76 percent decline in flying insects in \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Germany\">German\u003c/a> nature preserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers cite climate change as the cause of the dramatic declines based on a special statistical technique that allows scientists to single out specific variables — such as rainfall declines or increased temperatures — to determine their impact on the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tool, according to Lister, pointed to higher temperatures as the culprit 90 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, almost all of the insects displayed the same proportion of declines, regardless of what species or forest niche they occupied. Lister says this indicates that an overarching force must be at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team plans on returning to these sites for newer measurements in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s with a lot of trepidation that I head back because it’s very disturbing to see what’s been going on in the last 30 to 40 years,” he says. “And if global temperatures keep increasing, the forests will eventually dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while rainforests harbor most of the world’s species, Lister says there have been few studies done on the impact of warming temperatures on tropical climates. He hopes his team’s work stimulates more research on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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