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"title": "Fires Spread Across Brazilian Amazon After Surge in Deforestation",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fires in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest are proliferating at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the gist of an \u003ca href=\"http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal/situacao-atual\">announcement this week\u003c/a> by the country’s National Institute for Space Research, or INPE. According to the agency, there have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year — most of which erupted in the Amazon. That represents an astonishing leap of more than 80% over last year and by far the most that the agency has recorded since it began compiling this data in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half those fires, or nearly 36,000 of them, have ignited in just the past month. That’s nearly as many as in all of 2018. Smoke from the fires has darkened the skies over major Brazilian cities, such as São Paulo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/shannongsims/status/1163632818221719558?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has signaled unconcern about the situation. The far-right leader, who took office in January, has repeatedly lambasted Brazil’s environmental regulations as an impediment to economic development, and under his tenure environmental agencies have seen diminished staff and funding. That includes INPE itself, whose leader, Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão, was \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mctic/status/1157321742840467466?s=12\">canned this month\u003c/a> because — according to Galvão — he questioned how Bolsonaro was using his agency’s data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the fires \u003ca href=\"https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/politica/noticia/2019/08/21/bolsonaro-diz-que-ongs-podem-estar-por-tras-de-queimadas-na-amazonia-para-chamar-atencao-contra-o-governo.ghtml?__twitter_impression=true\">by local media\u003c/a>, Bolsonaro baselessly suggested that nongovernmental organizations have been setting the fires themselves as retaliation for the scaling back of Brazil’s usual funding support for them. He posited that these groups are trying to increase international pressure on his government — but when reporters pressed him on the point, he didn’t name any specific NGOs or offer any proof for his assertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, there could be … I’m not affirming it, criminal action by these ‘NGOers’ to call attention against my person, against the government of Brazil. This is the war that we are facing,” he said Wednesday in a Facebook Live video, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973\">translation by the BBC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/GlobalEcoGuy/status/1164226424405762048?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that his government is “not insensitive” to the fires and that his government may look into measures to combat them. In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rsallesmma/status/1163990341361553415\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>, Brazil’s environment minister, Ricardo Salles, attributed the fires to “dry weather, wind and heat” and said federal officials and equipment are available to help and “already in use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot of deforestation has less to do with natural factors and more to do with human activities. INPE says the amount of land that was deforested last month alone represented a nearly 300% surge over deforestation in June 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/lookatthis/posts/brazil/\">reported in 2015\u003c/a>, deforestation such as this is often tied to subsistence farming and ranching, which uses more than two-thirds of Brazil’s deforested land — and which has tripled the number of cattle in the country in the past three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We estimate that the forest areas in the Brazilian Amazon have decreased something between 20 and 30% compared to the last 12 months,” Carlos Nobre, a researcher at the University of São Paulo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-forest-fires-rage-as-farmers-push-into-the-amazon/a-50116455\">told German broadcaster Deutsche Welle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluvio Mascarenhas, who works at a government agency called the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/19/752529425/brazils-amazon-rainforest-is-disappearing-under-president-jair-bolsonaro\">told NPR’s Philip Reeves\u003c/a> that operations that the agency usually carries out against illegal loggers and ranchers have been drastically scaled back this year. And that, he says, together with Bolsonaro’s comments, only encourages further illegal activity in the rainforest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has him afraid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you look at a satellite image of the forest,” he tells Reeves, “you see another little piece missing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tens+Of+Thousands+Of+Fires+Ravage+Brazilian+Amazon%2C+Where+Deforestation+Has+Spiked&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fires in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest are proliferating at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the gist of an \u003ca href=\"http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal/situacao-atual\">announcement this week\u003c/a> by the country’s National Institute for Space Research, or INPE. According to the agency, there have been 74,155 fires in Brazil so far this year — most of which erupted in the Amazon. That represents an astonishing leap of more than 80% over last year and by far the most that the agency has recorded since it began compiling this data in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half those fires, or nearly 36,000 of them, have ignited in just the past month. That’s nearly as many as in all of 2018. Smoke from the fires has darkened the skies over major Brazilian cities, such as São Paulo.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has signaled unconcern about the situation. The far-right leader, who took office in January, has repeatedly lambasted Brazil’s environmental regulations as an impediment to economic development, and under his tenure environmental agencies have seen diminished staff and funding. That includes INPE itself, whose leader, Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão, was \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mctic/status/1157321742840467466?s=12\">canned this month\u003c/a> because — according to Galvão — he questioned how Bolsonaro was using his agency’s data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the fires \u003ca href=\"https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/politica/noticia/2019/08/21/bolsonaro-diz-que-ongs-podem-estar-por-tras-de-queimadas-na-amazonia-para-chamar-atencao-contra-o-governo.ghtml?__twitter_impression=true\">by local media\u003c/a>, Bolsonaro baselessly suggested that nongovernmental organizations have been setting the fires themselves as retaliation for the scaling back of Brazil’s usual funding support for them. He posited that these groups are trying to increase international pressure on his government — but when reporters pressed him on the point, he didn’t name any specific NGOs or offer any proof for his assertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, there could be … I’m not affirming it, criminal action by these ‘NGOers’ to call attention against my person, against the government of Brazil. This is the war that we are facing,” he said Wednesday in a Facebook Live video, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973\">translation by the BBC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>He added that his government is “not insensitive” to the fires and that his government may look into measures to combat them. In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rsallesmma/status/1163990341361553415\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>, Brazil’s environment minister, Ricardo Salles, attributed the fires to “dry weather, wind and heat” and said federal officials and equipment are available to help and “already in use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot of deforestation has less to do with natural factors and more to do with human activities. INPE says the amount of land that was deforested last month alone represented a nearly 300% surge over deforestation in June 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/lookatthis/posts/brazil/\">reported in 2015\u003c/a>, deforestation such as this is often tied to subsistence farming and ranching, which uses more than two-thirds of Brazil’s deforested land — and which has tripled the number of cattle in the country in the past three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We estimate that the forest areas in the Brazilian Amazon have decreased something between 20 and 30% compared to the last 12 months,” Carlos Nobre, a researcher at the University of São Paulo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-forest-fires-rage-as-farmers-push-into-the-amazon/a-50116455\">told German broadcaster Deutsche Welle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluvio Mascarenhas, who works at a government agency called the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/19/752529425/brazils-amazon-rainforest-is-disappearing-under-president-jair-bolsonaro\">told NPR’s Philip Reeves\u003c/a> that operations that the agency usually carries out against illegal loggers and ranchers have been drastically scaled back this year. And that, he says, together with Bolsonaro’s comments, only encourages further illegal activity in the rainforest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has him afraid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you look at a satellite image of the forest,” he tells Reeves, “you see another little piece missing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tens+Of+Thousands+Of+Fires+Ravage+Brazilian+Amazon%2C+Where+Deforestation+Has+Spiked&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Atty. Gen. Becerra: It Does Seem Like You're Fighting Trump's Environmental Policy At Every Turn",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last week, the Trump Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872729/changes-to-endangered-species-act-weaken-wildlife-protections\">weakened\u003c/a> the Endangered Species Act with the broadest changes to the bedrock environmental law in decades.[aside postID=science_1946454,science_1946394]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>July was the hottest month measured on Earth since records began in 1880, the latest in a long line of peaks that scientists say backs up predictions for man-made climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday that July was 0.95 degrees Celsius (1.71 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the 20th century average for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because July is generally the warmest month on the calendar, meteorologists say this means it also set a new all-time monthly record for the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month’s temperatures narrowly topped the previous July record, set in 2016, by 0.03 C (0.05 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results had been expected after several European countries including France, Belgium and Germany reported that July smashed previous national temperature records. The Swedish hamlet of Markusvinsa recorded a sizzling 34.8 C (94.6 F), the highest temperature measured north of the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA’s records, 9 of the 10 hottest Julys on record have occurred since 2005 and last month was the 43rd consecutive July above the 20th century average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record temperatures have gone hand-in-hand with other climate extremes. Warming oceans have led to an early melt of sea ice in the Bering Strait between Russia and Alaska, said Rick Thoman, a climate specialist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June of this year had already set a sizzling record for that month over the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year to date is also 0.95 C (1.71 F) above the long-term average, but still slightly behind 2016, NOAA said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>July was the hottest month measured on Earth since records began in 1880, the latest in a long line of peaks that scientists say backs up predictions for man-made climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday that July was 0.95 degrees Celsius (1.71 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the 20th century average for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because July is generally the warmest month on the calendar, meteorologists say this means it also set a new all-time monthly record for the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month’s temperatures narrowly topped the previous July record, set in 2016, by 0.03 C (0.05 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results had been expected after several European countries including France, Belgium and Germany reported that July smashed previous national temperature records. The Swedish hamlet of Markusvinsa recorded a sizzling 34.8 C (94.6 F), the highest temperature measured north of the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA’s records, 9 of the 10 hottest Julys on record have occurred since 2005 and last month was the 43rd consecutive July above the 20th century average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record temperatures have gone hand-in-hand with other climate extremes. Warming oceans have led to an early melt of sea ice in the Bering Strait between Russia and Alaska, said Rick Thoman, a climate specialist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June of this year had already set a sizzling record for that month over the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year to date is also 0.95 C (1.71 F) above the long-term average, but still slightly behind 2016, NOAA said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Sues Trump Administration Over Clean Power Rollback",
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"content": "\u003cp>California has joined with 21 other states, the District of Columbia, Los Angeles, and five other cities in a legal challenge to the Trump administration’s repeal of Obama-era clean power rules.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Gov. Gavin Newsom']‘I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition, led by New York State, is suing the federal Environmental Protection Agency to try and block the agency from relaxing regulations on coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a Tuesday morning press conference in Sacramento, California Gov. Gavin Newsom said the Trump administration’s policy would increase air pollution and exacerbate global warming.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=science_1945609,science_1944972]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not just about fighting Donald Trump,” said Newsom. “This is about our kids and our grandkids. This is about clean air, clean water and endangered species. I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon” – whose administration authorized the EPA in nearly five decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit argues that the agency is responsible for regulating greenhouse gas emissions, and that the Trump administration’s Affordable Clean Energy rule fails this mandate. Also, the new power rules prop up aging coal-fired power plants, increase dirty air pollution and threaten the country’s most vulnerable people. The regulations replaced the Obama-era Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom announced the lawsuit flanked by state Attorney General Xavier Becerra and the California Air Resources Board Chairwoman Mary Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra called the administration’s attempt to scrap Obama climate rules foolish, unlawful, and a betrayal of “everyone who stands for cleaner air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It fails our economy, which depends on clean energy now more than ever,” he said. “We know what our energy future must look like, and we won’t get there by following President Trump’s misguided proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours before, Becerra vowed to sue the Trump administration for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act. Monday, he said California wouldn’t “pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action” but it would challenge actions when the state feels it is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols said the federal plan reverses California’s progress on combating climate change and keeps “the oldest and dirtiest power plants in the country on life support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon signed the federal Clean Air Act into law in 1970 to prevent air pollution and protect public health. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the law applies to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. After that ruling, the Obama administration said in its Clean Power Plan that carbon emissions from American power plants and cars endangered public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opened the door — or maybe requires, that’s what this lawsuit will be about — EPA to regulate emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and factories,” said Eric Biber, director of the Environmental and Energy Law Programs at UC Berkeley Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The focus here is really electric power plants,” he said. “The Obama Administration took two steps. The first step was to regulate emissions from new power plants. The second one was an effort to regulate emissions from existing power plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, whose state produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=69&t=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second most coal\u003c/a> behind Wyoming in 2017, predicted the lawsuit will ultimately fail at the U.S. Supreme Court, which stayed an earlier Obama administration attempt in 2016 at the request of a competing 27-state coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the lawsuit a “big government ‘power grab’” and argued that the Democratic attorneys general “are dead wrong” in their interpretation of the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The U.S. EPA said in a statement that it wouldn’t comment on pending litigation, but that it “worked diligently to ensure we produced a solid rule that we believe will be upheld in the courts, unlike the previous administration’s Clean Power Plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Doniger, senior strategic director for climate and clean energy for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said that the Trump administration is misreading the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goals of the Clean Power Plan were issued by Obama’s team in 2015 and are being met or surpassed,” he said. “The right thing to do at that point, because climate change is getting worse, is revise the standards and make them stronger. Instead, what the Trump administration is doing is reinterpreting the Clean Air Act so that it can’t do anything about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said his organization, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund and other groups plan Wednesday to file another lawsuit challenging the Trump administration on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two public health organizations, the American Lung Association and American Public Health Association, have already sued. Doniger said he expects all of the legal challenges will be folded into one case called American Lung Association vs. Wheeler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Andrew Wheeler became Trump’s EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don Thompson and Adam Beam from the Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dfd2bf676f89490390e9ee073f86849a\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom announced the lawsuit flanked by state Attorney General Xavier Becerra and the California Air Resources Board Chairwoman Mary Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra called the administration’s attempt to scrap Obama climate rules foolish, unlawful, and a betrayal of “everyone who stands for cleaner air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It fails our economy, which depends on clean energy now more than ever,” he said. “We know what our energy future must look like, and we won’t get there by following President Trump’s misguided proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours before, Becerra vowed to sue the Trump administration for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act. Monday, he said California wouldn’t “pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action” but it would challenge actions when the state feels it is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols said the federal plan reverses California’s progress on combating climate change and keeps “the oldest and dirtiest power plants in the country on life support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon signed the federal Clean Air Act into law in 1970 to prevent air pollution and protect public health. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the law applies to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. After that ruling, the Obama administration said in its Clean Power Plan that carbon emissions from American power plants and cars endangered public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opened the door — or maybe requires, that’s what this lawsuit will be about — EPA to regulate emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and factories,” said Eric Biber, director of the Environmental and Energy Law Programs at UC Berkeley Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The focus here is really electric power plants,” he said. “The Obama Administration took two steps. The first step was to regulate emissions from new power plants. The second one was an effort to regulate emissions from existing power plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, whose state produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=69&t=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second most coal\u003c/a> behind Wyoming in 2017, predicted the lawsuit will ultimately fail at the U.S. Supreme Court, which stayed an earlier Obama administration attempt in 2016 at the request of a competing 27-state coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the lawsuit a “big government ‘power grab’” and argued that the Democratic attorneys general “are dead wrong” in their interpretation of the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The U.S. EPA said in a statement that it wouldn’t comment on pending litigation, but that it “worked diligently to ensure we produced a solid rule that we believe will be upheld in the courts, unlike the previous administration’s Clean Power Plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Doniger, senior strategic director for climate and clean energy for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said that the Trump administration is misreading the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goals of the Clean Power Plan were issued by Obama’s team in 2015 and are being met or surpassed,” he said. “The right thing to do at that point, because climate change is getting worse, is revise the standards and make them stronger. Instead, what the Trump administration is doing is reinterpreting the Clean Air Act so that it can’t do anything about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said his organization, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund and other groups plan Wednesday to file another lawsuit challenging the Trump administration on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two public health organizations, the American Lung Association and American Public Health Association, have already sued. Doniger said he expects all of the legal challenges will be folded into one case called American Lung Association vs. Wheeler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Andrew Wheeler became Trump’s EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don Thompson and Adam Beam from the Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dfd2bf676f89490390e9ee073f86849a\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study focusing on mothers who breathe soot-laden air adds to a growing body of research into how air pollution affects cognitive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particles of pollution, small enough to breathe deep into lungs, come from coal plants, burning fuel in cars and trucks, and airborne dust. Pregnant women exposed to more of this pollution had children with lower IQs compared to women who breathed cleaner air, according to new analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119302944?via%3Dihub\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Prenatal nutrition may help buffer against the damaging effects of air pollution.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study focused on a group of Tennessee mothers who researchers began to monitor while they were pregnant. As their children grew, researchers gave the kids IQ an test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very long battery that poor small children have to sit through,” says Kaja LeWinn, one of ten research team members and professor of psychiatry at UCSF. “It’s a long time to have a four-to-five year old sitting still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of mothers exposed to the worst soot pollution scored lower on IQ tests by about two-and-a-half points compared to mothers in cleaner neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Fine particulate] pollution is less well-studied as a neurodevelopment toxicant, so I think that makes it particularly interesting to have these results,” says Catherine Karr, a study author and pediatric environmental medicine doctor at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors gather on a path in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park in July 2019 on a day of high air pollution. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike many cities in California, Memphis tends to meet federal pollution standards for most days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nutrition vs. Air Pollution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this work really highlights that low-level exposure might be important and that we need to do more work to know what a safe level is,” says Megan Herting, a neuroscientist at USC who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herting says the work does a good job controlling for other factors that might influence cognitive development, like family economics. “It really narrows down and says there’s something about air quality that seems to be driving this decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team also has found something novel: evidence that nutrition buffers the impacts of air pollution. Pregnant women are told to eat foods rich in folate like leafy greens and citrus, or take prenatal vitamins, like folic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women with the lowest folate levels, for their children the association between our measure of air pollution and IQ was much stronger,” LeWinn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children of mothers who breathed dirtier air and carried less folate in their bodies scored about seven points lower on IQ tests than children in the top cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effect there was about twice as strong as what we saw in the full sample,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeWinn and other authors acknowledge the folate results haven’t been replicated. But they say that their work can help identify groups of mothers more vulnerable to pollution’s ill effects. Though doctors already recommend folate as a preventative measure against birth defects, among the cohort of mothers in Tennessee, researchers saw that not all pregnant women took enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as individuals might have ways to better our own outcomes of ourselves and our children,” Herting says. “This suggests that’s going to really help offset some of these other things we might not be able to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization\">More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a ‘silent public health emergency.’\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers in this area stress they don’t yet know the exact way air pollution might affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/air-pollution-and-brain\">points out\u003c/a> that air pollution may affect brains directly and indirectly, but also says that associations between air pollution and the brain are “just beginning to emerge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have been amassing evidence connecting air pollution to neurodevelopmental impacts. Last summer, research focused on China \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809474115\">found\u003c/a> that polluted air is linked to lower intelligence in adults, and worsens with age. A study published in \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32399-6/fulltext\">found\u003c/a> that people living near busy roads in Ontario, Canada were more likely to be diagnosed with dementia, though whether that’s a consequence of respiratory and cardiac problems remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study focusing on mothers who breathe soot-laden air adds to a growing body of research into how air pollution affects cognitive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particles of pollution, small enough to breathe deep into lungs, come from coal plants, burning fuel in cars and trucks, and airborne dust. Pregnant women exposed to more of this pollution had children with lower IQs compared to women who breathed cleaner air, according to new analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119302944?via%3Dihub\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Prenatal nutrition may help buffer against the damaging effects of air pollution.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study focused on a group of Tennessee mothers who researchers began to monitor while they were pregnant. As their children grew, researchers gave the kids IQ an test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very long battery that poor small children have to sit through,” says Kaja LeWinn, one of ten research team members and professor of psychiatry at UCSF. “It’s a long time to have a four-to-five year old sitting still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of mothers exposed to the worst soot pollution scored lower on IQ tests by about two-and-a-half points compared to mothers in cleaner neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Fine particulate] pollution is less well-studied as a neurodevelopment toxicant, so I think that makes it particularly interesting to have these results,” says Catherine Karr, a study author and pediatric environmental medicine doctor at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors gather on a path in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park in July 2019 on a day of high air pollution. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike many cities in California, Memphis tends to meet federal pollution standards for most days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nutrition vs. Air Pollution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this work really highlights that low-level exposure might be important and that we need to do more work to know what a safe level is,” says Megan Herting, a neuroscientist at USC who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herting says the work does a good job controlling for other factors that might influence cognitive development, like family economics. “It really narrows down and says there’s something about air quality that seems to be driving this decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team also has found something novel: evidence that nutrition buffers the impacts of air pollution. Pregnant women are told to eat foods rich in folate like leafy greens and citrus, or take prenatal vitamins, like folic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women with the lowest folate levels, for their children the association between our measure of air pollution and IQ was much stronger,” LeWinn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children of mothers who breathed dirtier air and carried less folate in their bodies scored about seven points lower on IQ tests than children in the top cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effect there was about twice as strong as what we saw in the full sample,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeWinn and other authors acknowledge the folate results haven’t been replicated. But they say that their work can help identify groups of mothers more vulnerable to pollution’s ill effects. Though doctors already recommend folate as a preventative measure against birth defects, among the cohort of mothers in Tennessee, researchers saw that not all pregnant women took enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as individuals might have ways to better our own outcomes of ourselves and our children,” Herting says. “This suggests that’s going to really help offset some of these other things we might not be able to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization\">More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a ‘silent public health emergency.’\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers in this area stress they don’t yet know the exact way air pollution might affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/air-pollution-and-brain\">points out\u003c/a> that air pollution may affect brains directly and indirectly, but also says that associations between air pollution and the brain are “just beginning to emerge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have been amassing evidence connecting air pollution to neurodevelopmental impacts. Last summer, research focused on China \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809474115\">found\u003c/a> that polluted air is linked to lower intelligence in adults, and worsens with age. A study published in \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32399-6/fulltext\">found\u003c/a> that people living near busy roads in Ontario, Canada were more likely to be diagnosed with dementia, though whether that’s a consequence of respiratory and cardiac problems remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is Grass-Fed Beef Really Better For The Planet? Here's The Science",
"title": "Is Grass-Fed Beef Really Better For The Planet? Here's The Science",
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"content": "\u003cp>[aside postid='news_11718100,news_11719669' label='More on Beef']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the environmentally minded carnivore, meat poses a culinary conundrum. Producing it requires a great deal of land and water resources, and ruminants such as cows and sheep are responsible for half of all greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture, according to the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why many researchers are now calling for the world to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/08/748416223/to-slow-global-warming-u-n-warns-agriculture-must-change\">cut back on its meat consumption\u003c/a>. But some advocates say there is a way to eat meat that's better for the planet and better for the animals: grass-fed beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is grass-fed beef really greener than feedlot-finished beef? Let's parse the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the difference between grass-fed and feedlot beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feedlot calves begin their lives on pasture with the cow that produced them. They're weaned after six to nine months, then grazed a bit more on pasture. They're then \"finished\" for about 120 days on high-energy corn and other grains in a feedlot, gaining weight fast and creating that fat-marbled beef that consumers like. At about 14 to 18 months of age, they are sent to slaughter. (One downside of the feedlot system, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/04/02/707406946/some-in-the-beef-industry-are-bucking-the-widespread-use-of-antibiotics-heres-ho\">as we've reported\u003c/a>, is that a diet of corn can lead to liver abscesses in cattle, which is why animals who eat it receive antibiotics as part of their feed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a grass-fed and finished scenario, cattle spend their entire lives on grass. Since their feed is much lower in energy, they are sent to slaughter later — between 18 to 24 months of age, after a finishing period, still on grass, of 190 days. Their weight at slaughter averages about 1,200 pounds compared with about 1,350 pounds for feedlot animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the environmental argument for grass-fed beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass-fed movement is based on a large idea, one known as \u003ca href=\"https://regenerationinternational.org/why-regenerative-agriculture/\">regenerative agriculture\u003c/a> or holistic management. It holds that grazing ruminant populations are key to a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the hordes of bison that once roamed the prairies. Their manure returned nutrients to the soil. And because these animals grazed on grass, the land didn't have to be plowed to plant corn for feed, so deep-rooted grasses that prevent erosion flourished. Had those iconic herds still been around in the 1930s, the argument goes, they would have helped prevent the catastrophe of the Dust Bowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourth-generation Oregon rancher Cory Carman runs a 5,000-acre \u003ca href=\"https://carmanranch.com/\">grass-fed beef cattle operation\u003c/a>, where grazing is key to restoring ecosystem balance. \"Agricultural livestock are this incredible tool in promoting soil health,\" she says. \"The longer you can manage cattle on pasture range, the more they can contribute to ecosystem regeneration.\"\u003cbr>\n[aside postid='bayareabites_133231,bayareabites_131706' label='About Antibiotics in Beef Production' align='left']\u003cbr>\nReturning cattle and other ruminants to the land for their entire lives can result in multiple benefits, according to organizations like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savory.global/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, including restoring soil microbial diversity, and making the land more resilient to flooding and drought. It can boost the nutrient content and flavor of livestock and plants. And because grasses trap atmospheric carbon dioxide, the grass-fed system can also help fight climate change. But it does require more land to produce the same amount of meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Shauna Sadowski, head of sustainability for the natural and organic operating unit at General Mills, puts it, \"Our current model is an extractive one that has left our environment in a state of degradation — eroded soil, polluted water. We have to change the entire paradigm to use natural ecological processes to gather nutrients and build the soil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which type of beef has the smaller environmental footprint?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's complicated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the environmental impact of a farming system, scientists rely on studies known as life-cycle assessments (LCAs), which take into account resources and energy use at all stages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216416\">number of past studies\u003c/a> have found lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with the feedlot system. One reason is that grass-fed cows gain weight more slowly, so they produce more methane (mostly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/22/552698446/gassy-cows-warm-the-planet-scientists-think-they-know-how-to-squelch-those-belch\">in the form of belches\u003c/a>) over their longer lifespans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/paige-stanley\">Paige Stanley\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, says many of these studies have prioritized efficiency — high-energy feed, smaller land footprint — as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The larger the animal and the shorter its life, the lower its footprint. But she adds, \"We're learning that there are other dimensions: soil health, carbon and landscape health. Separating them is doing us a disservice.\" She and other researchers are trying to figure out how to incorporate those factors into an LCA analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X17310338#.WpHorNqe0qU.twitter\">recent LCA study,\u003c/a> led by Jason Rowntree of Michigan State University, that found carbon-trapping benefits of the grass-fed approach. Another recent \u003ca href=\"https://blog.whiteoakpastures.com/hubfs/WOP-LCA-Quantis-2019.pdf\">LCA study\u003c/a>, of Georgia's holistically managed\u003ca href=\"https://www.whiteoakpastures.com/meet-us/about-white-oak-pastures/\"> White Oak Pastures\u003c/a>, found that the 3,200-acre farm stored enough carbon in its grasses to offset not only all of the methane emissions from its grass-fed cattle, but also much of the farm's total emissions. (The latter study was funded by General Mills.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linus Blomqvist, director for conservation, food and agriculture for the Oakland, Calif.-based \u003ca href=\"https://thebreakthrough.org/\">Breakthrough Institute\u003c/a>, however, defends feedlot finishing, pointing out that the difference between the two systems is only the last third of the grass-fed cattle's life. Does the extra amount of pasture time sequester so much carbon that it offsets the advantage of the feedlot? \"We don't actually have very good evidence for that,\" he says.\u003cbr>\n[aside postid='bayareabites_133954,bayareabites_134201' label='More on Nutrition']\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/alison-van-eenennaam\">Alison Van Eenennaam\u003c/a>, a specialist in animal genomics and biotechnology at the University of California, Davis, says grass-fed makes more sense in a country like Australia, which has a temperate climate, large tracts of grassland and no corn belt. But in the U.S., which does have a corn belt that suffers from cold winters, she believes grain finishing is the more efficient way to produce beef. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to our next point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know where your grass-fed beef came from? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75% to 80% of grass-fed beef sold in the U.S. is grown abroad, from Australia, New Zealand and parts of South America, according to a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.stonebarnscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Grassfed_Full_v2.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture. Those countries have the advantage of \"vast expanses of grassland, low-input beef that is not finished to a high level and is very inexpensive,\" says Rowntree — even with the cost of shipping it halfway around the world. Most of what comes from Australia is ground beef, not steaks, because the end result of their finishing process tends to be tough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many U.S. customers who want to support local food are likely unaware of the foreign origin of most grass-fed beef. By law, if meat is \"processed,\" or passes through a USDA-inspected plant (a requirement for all imported beef), it can be labeled as a product of the U.S. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But does it benefit the American farmer?\" Rowntree asks, comparing this market to the sheep industry, \"which lost out to imports from Australia and New Zealand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of grass-fed beef is pulling U.S.-based multinational companies into the market as well, which will drive prices down further. Meat processor JBS now has a grass-fed line, Tyson is planning a Texas grass-fed program and earlier this year Perdue announced it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/most-grass-fed-beef-labeled-product-of-u-s-a-is-imported\">getting into the market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which system is better for animal welfare?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many grass-fed advocates, this is one of the main reasons for switching to grass-fed beef. After all, cows evolved to live this way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been on feedlots farms that have outstanding animal welfare, and I've been on small farms that would make you cringe,\" Rowntree says. But he adds, \"Managing cattle on pasture in a grass-finishing system to me epitomizes animal welfare.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nancy Matsumoto is a journalist based in Toronto and New York City who writes about sustainability, food, sake and Japanese American culture.\u003c/em> \u003cem>You can read more of her work \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nancymatsumoto.com/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the environmentally minded carnivore, meat poses a culinary conundrum. Producing it requires a great deal of land and water resources, and ruminants such as cows and sheep are responsible for half of all greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture, according to the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why many researchers are now calling for the world to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/08/748416223/to-slow-global-warming-u-n-warns-agriculture-must-change\">cut back on its meat consumption\u003c/a>. But some advocates say there is a way to eat meat that's better for the planet and better for the animals: grass-fed beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is grass-fed beef really greener than feedlot-finished beef? Let's parse the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the difference between grass-fed and feedlot beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feedlot calves begin their lives on pasture with the cow that produced them. They're weaned after six to nine months, then grazed a bit more on pasture. They're then \"finished\" for about 120 days on high-energy corn and other grains in a feedlot, gaining weight fast and creating that fat-marbled beef that consumers like. At about 14 to 18 months of age, they are sent to slaughter. (One downside of the feedlot system, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/04/02/707406946/some-in-the-beef-industry-are-bucking-the-widespread-use-of-antibiotics-heres-ho\">as we've reported\u003c/a>, is that a diet of corn can lead to liver abscesses in cattle, which is why animals who eat it receive antibiotics as part of their feed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a grass-fed and finished scenario, cattle spend their entire lives on grass. Since their feed is much lower in energy, they are sent to slaughter later — between 18 to 24 months of age, after a finishing period, still on grass, of 190 days. Their weight at slaughter averages about 1,200 pounds compared with about 1,350 pounds for feedlot animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the environmental argument for grass-fed beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass-fed movement is based on a large idea, one known as \u003ca href=\"https://regenerationinternational.org/why-regenerative-agriculture/\">regenerative agriculture\u003c/a> or holistic management. It holds that grazing ruminant populations are key to a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the hordes of bison that once roamed the prairies. Their manure returned nutrients to the soil. And because these animals grazed on grass, the land didn't have to be plowed to plant corn for feed, so deep-rooted grasses that prevent erosion flourished. Had those iconic herds still been around in the 1930s, the argument goes, they would have helped prevent the catastrophe of the Dust Bowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourth-generation Oregon rancher Cory Carman runs a 5,000-acre \u003ca href=\"https://carmanranch.com/\">grass-fed beef cattle operation\u003c/a>, where grazing is key to restoring ecosystem balance. \"Agricultural livestock are this incredible tool in promoting soil health,\" she says. \"The longer you can manage cattle on pasture range, the more they can contribute to ecosystem regeneration.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nReturning cattle and other ruminants to the land for their entire lives can result in multiple benefits, according to organizations like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savory.global/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, including restoring soil microbial diversity, and making the land more resilient to flooding and drought. It can boost the nutrient content and flavor of livestock and plants. And because grasses trap atmospheric carbon dioxide, the grass-fed system can also help fight climate change. But it does require more land to produce the same amount of meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Shauna Sadowski, head of sustainability for the natural and organic operating unit at General Mills, puts it, \"Our current model is an extractive one that has left our environment in a state of degradation — eroded soil, polluted water. We have to change the entire paradigm to use natural ecological processes to gather nutrients and build the soil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which type of beef has the smaller environmental footprint?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's complicated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the environmental impact of a farming system, scientists rely on studies known as life-cycle assessments (LCAs), which take into account resources and energy use at all stages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216416\">number of past studies\u003c/a> have found lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with the feedlot system. One reason is that grass-fed cows gain weight more slowly, so they produce more methane (mostly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/22/552698446/gassy-cows-warm-the-planet-scientists-think-they-know-how-to-squelch-those-belch\">in the form of belches\u003c/a>) over their longer lifespans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/paige-stanley\">Paige Stanley\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, says many of these studies have prioritized efficiency — high-energy feed, smaller land footprint — as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The larger the animal and the shorter its life, the lower its footprint. But she adds, \"We're learning that there are other dimensions: soil health, carbon and landscape health. Separating them is doing us a disservice.\" She and other researchers are trying to figure out how to incorporate those factors into an LCA analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X17310338#.WpHorNqe0qU.twitter\">recent LCA study,\u003c/a> led by Jason Rowntree of Michigan State University, that found carbon-trapping benefits of the grass-fed approach. Another recent \u003ca href=\"https://blog.whiteoakpastures.com/hubfs/WOP-LCA-Quantis-2019.pdf\">LCA study\u003c/a>, of Georgia's holistically managed\u003ca href=\"https://www.whiteoakpastures.com/meet-us/about-white-oak-pastures/\"> White Oak Pastures\u003c/a>, found that the 3,200-acre farm stored enough carbon in its grasses to offset not only all of the methane emissions from its grass-fed cattle, but also much of the farm's total emissions. (The latter study was funded by General Mills.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linus Blomqvist, director for conservation, food and agriculture for the Oakland, Calif.-based \u003ca href=\"https://thebreakthrough.org/\">Breakthrough Institute\u003c/a>, however, defends feedlot finishing, pointing out that the difference between the two systems is only the last third of the grass-fed cattle's life. Does the extra amount of pasture time sequester so much carbon that it offsets the advantage of the feedlot? \"We don't actually have very good evidence for that,\" he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/alison-van-eenennaam\">Alison Van Eenennaam\u003c/a>, a specialist in animal genomics and biotechnology at the University of California, Davis, says grass-fed makes more sense in a country like Australia, which has a temperate climate, large tracts of grassland and no corn belt. But in the U.S., which does have a corn belt that suffers from cold winters, she believes grain finishing is the more efficient way to produce beef. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to our next point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know where your grass-fed beef came from? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75% to 80% of grass-fed beef sold in the U.S. is grown abroad, from Australia, New Zealand and parts of South America, according to a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.stonebarnscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Grassfed_Full_v2.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture. Those countries have the advantage of \"vast expanses of grassland, low-input beef that is not finished to a high level and is very inexpensive,\" says Rowntree — even with the cost of shipping it halfway around the world. Most of what comes from Australia is ground beef, not steaks, because the end result of their finishing process tends to be tough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many U.S. customers who want to support local food are likely unaware of the foreign origin of most grass-fed beef. By law, if meat is \"processed,\" or passes through a USDA-inspected plant (a requirement for all imported beef), it can be labeled as a product of the U.S. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But does it benefit the American farmer?\" Rowntree asks, comparing this market to the sheep industry, \"which lost out to imports from Australia and New Zealand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of grass-fed beef is pulling U.S.-based multinational companies into the market as well, which will drive prices down further. Meat processor JBS now has a grass-fed line, Tyson is planning a Texas grass-fed program and earlier this year Perdue announced it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/most-grass-fed-beef-labeled-product-of-u-s-a-is-imported\">getting into the market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which system is better for animal welfare?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many grass-fed advocates, this is one of the main reasons for switching to grass-fed beef. After all, cows evolved to live this way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been on feedlots farms that have outstanding animal welfare, and I've been on small farms that would make you cringe,\" Rowntree says. But he adds, \"Managing cattle on pasture in a grass-finishing system to me epitomizes animal welfare.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nancy Matsumoto is a journalist based in Toronto and New York City who writes about sustainability, food, sake and Japanese American culture.\u003c/em> \u003cem>You can read more of her work \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nancymatsumoto.com/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feds Extend Review For Controversial Forest Plan",
"headTitle": "Feds Extend Review For Controversial Forest Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service has extended public comment period on a controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/13/2019-12195/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">plan\u003c/a> to relax environmental permitting for new logging and forest management projects across millions of acres of federal forest lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would upend long-held environmental practices that have been in place since 1970, and make it easier for timber harvesting and bulldozing forest roads in all 20 of California’s federal forests, including national forests in Mendocino, Tahoe, Los Padres, and Lassen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade.’’\u003ccite>Alejandro Camacho, UC Irvine law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nepa/revisions/index.shtml\">said\u003c/a> that, with its limited staff, extended droughts, pests, and tree diseases have made it difficult for the agency to protect people from catastrophic wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about two million acres of federal forests are treated with thinning projects, prescribed burns or logging each year. The Forest Service would like to do a lot more. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\">estimate\u003c/a> 17 million acres of federal forests at high fire risk could be logged to reduce fire danger and 35 million acres should be treated with prescribed burns. The proposed rule changes will allow them to act more quickly, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulation Rollback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s only part of the picture. In 2018, President Donald Trump issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/eo-promoting-active-management-americas-forests-rangelands-federal-lands-improve-conditions-reduce-wildfire-risk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order \u003c/a>that encouraged federal agencies to ease environmental review for industrial operations on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration has called for more ‘\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/29/642955787/will-more-logging-save-western-forests-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">active\u003c/a>’ logging in western forests and wants to open up more federal forests to the timber industry. They say it will provide badly needed jobs in rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the one hand, periodically updating federal agency regulations is a good thing,” said Alejandro Camacho, a law professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade,” he said. “The most prominent changes are concerning because they open a category of actions by the agency that they are trying to exclude from environmental review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would more than double the size of projects that can bypass the analysis. For commercial logging and timber harvesting, that means expediting any proposal smaller than 4,200 acres, Camacho said. For forest thinning projects, where forest managers clear dense stands of trees and thick brush, the threshold is 7,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists have decried the plan, calling it a giveaway for corporations and saying it has the potential to destroy the environment. They say the rule change would shield logging contracts from public and scientific scrutiny, and could extend to new oil and gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, however, most of the federal drilling occurs on land overseen by the Bureau of Land Management, which is a separate agency with its own environmental process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randi Spivak, a public lands policy advocate for the Center for Biological Diversity, said that if the rule passes as it is written, the public will have no voice on the majority of decisions the government makes about national forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the voice of the people,” Spivak said. “Public comment is an opportunity for everyday citizens who love their national forests to get to comment and raise concerns over proposals by the Forest Service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent weeks, environmentalists rallied their people to oppose the plan, who flooded the Forest Service with comments. The comment \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/08/09/2019-17071/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">period\u003c/a> was initially supposed to last 60 days, ending on August 12. But the Forest Service has extended the comment period to the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service was not available for comment at the time of publication.[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Spill That Spurred a Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On January 28, 1969, toxic sludge and gas \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/news/the-ocean-is-boiling-the-complete-oral-history-of-the-1969-santa-barbara-oil-spill\">erupted\u003c/a> from an oil platform off the coast of Santa Barbara. The spill energized a burgeoning environmental movement around the idea that society needed to protect its wild lands and regulate how it does business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act, colloquially known as NEPA\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>into law. This mandated federal agencies to study how their plans could harm natural ecosystems. Officials must present these findings to the public, and give them a chance to weigh-in. The government doesn’t have to heed the advice or requests, but it’s required to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These proceedings can take years and the law has been a punching bag of business groups who complain of cumbersome bureaucracy. But the review process is the tip of the spear for environmental justice groups, who use comments and lawsuits to press policy and advocate for protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has its own, more rigorous environmental law, the California Environmental Quality Act. But that law covers state lands and doesn’t require review for logging in federal forests, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the Forest Service’s proposal is one part of a broader campaign by the Trump administration to erode environmental protections. The administration wants to relax how the government regulates carbon dioxide emissions, for example, and has set a two year limit on assessments of major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are focused not on the quality of analysis, but just on speeding it up,” Camacho said. “Ironically, that may slow it down because of all the number of lawsuits that will come because of the rushed analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service will be accepting comments on its proposal until August 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service has extended public comment period on a controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/13/2019-12195/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">plan\u003c/a> to relax environmental permitting for new logging and forest management projects across millions of acres of federal forest lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would upend long-held environmental practices that have been in place since 1970, and make it easier for timber harvesting and bulldozing forest roads in all 20 of California’s federal forests, including national forests in Mendocino, Tahoe, Los Padres, and Lassen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade.’’\u003ccite>Alejandro Camacho, UC Irvine law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nepa/revisions/index.shtml\">said\u003c/a> that, with its limited staff, extended droughts, pests, and tree diseases have made it difficult for the agency to protect people from catastrophic wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about two million acres of federal forests are treated with thinning projects, prescribed burns or logging each year. The Forest Service would like to do a lot more. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\">estimate\u003c/a> 17 million acres of federal forests at high fire risk could be logged to reduce fire danger and 35 million acres should be treated with prescribed burns. The proposed rule changes will allow them to act more quickly, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulation Rollback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s only part of the picture. In 2018, President Donald Trump issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/eo-promoting-active-management-americas-forests-rangelands-federal-lands-improve-conditions-reduce-wildfire-risk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order \u003c/a>that encouraged federal agencies to ease environmental review for industrial operations on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration has called for more ‘\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/29/642955787/will-more-logging-save-western-forests-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">active\u003c/a>’ logging in western forests and wants to open up more federal forests to the timber industry. They say it will provide badly needed jobs in rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the one hand, periodically updating federal agency regulations is a good thing,” said Alejandro Camacho, a law professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade,” he said. “The most prominent changes are concerning because they open a category of actions by the agency that they are trying to exclude from environmental review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would more than double the size of projects that can bypass the analysis. For commercial logging and timber harvesting, that means expediting any proposal smaller than 4,200 acres, Camacho said. For forest thinning projects, where forest managers clear dense stands of trees and thick brush, the threshold is 7,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists have decried the plan, calling it a giveaway for corporations and saying it has the potential to destroy the environment. They say the rule change would shield logging contracts from public and scientific scrutiny, and could extend to new oil and gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, however, most of the federal drilling occurs on land overseen by the Bureau of Land Management, which is a separate agency with its own environmental process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randi Spivak, a public lands policy advocate for the Center for Biological Diversity, said that if the rule passes as it is written, the public will have no voice on the majority of decisions the government makes about national forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the voice of the people,” Spivak said. “Public comment is an opportunity for everyday citizens who love their national forests to get to comment and raise concerns over proposals by the Forest Service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent weeks, environmentalists rallied their people to oppose the plan, who flooded the Forest Service with comments. The comment \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/08/09/2019-17071/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">period\u003c/a> was initially supposed to last 60 days, ending on August 12. But the Forest Service has extended the comment period to the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service was not available for comment at the time of publication.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Spill That Spurred a Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On January 28, 1969, toxic sludge and gas \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/news/the-ocean-is-boiling-the-complete-oral-history-of-the-1969-santa-barbara-oil-spill\">erupted\u003c/a> from an oil platform off the coast of Santa Barbara. The spill energized a burgeoning environmental movement around the idea that society needed to protect its wild lands and regulate how it does business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act, colloquially known as NEPA\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>into law. This mandated federal agencies to study how their plans could harm natural ecosystems. Officials must present these findings to the public, and give them a chance to weigh-in. The government doesn’t have to heed the advice or requests, but it’s required to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These proceedings can take years and the law has been a punching bag of business groups who complain of cumbersome bureaucracy. But the review process is the tip of the spear for environmental justice groups, who use comments and lawsuits to press policy and advocate for protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has its own, more rigorous environmental law, the California Environmental Quality Act. But that law covers state lands and doesn’t require review for logging in federal forests, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the Forest Service’s proposal is one part of a broader campaign by the Trump administration to erode environmental protections. The administration wants to relax how the government regulates carbon dioxide emissions, for example, and has set a two year limit on assessments of major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are focused not on the quality of analysis, but just on speeding it up,” Camacho said. “Ironically, that may slow it down because of all the number of lawsuits that will come because of the rushed analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service will be accepting comments on its proposal until August 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Study Suggests New Climate Threats to California's Oysters",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the winter, rainstorms soak California’s coastline. In the spring and summer, strong winds blow waves into the narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the briny bivalves that live in the bay, this is part of the natural rhythm of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, because of climate change, the torrents of winter rain run with increasing severity, and for oysters, all that freshwater can be dangerous. Summer’s waves bring increasingly acidic water, making it harder for small oysters to build their calcium-based shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification's+impact+on+oysters+and+other+shellfish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> threaten oysters, but new research from UC Davis suggests that climate change ravages\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the creatures in a multitude of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Grosholz, a marine biologist at the university, studies California’s oyster habitats in this pastoral part of West Marin County. He led a team of researchers who found changes to salinity and dissolved oxygen levels could have an even greater impact on California’s oyster growth than acidic water. The team published their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/climate-change-could-shrink-oyster-habitat-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings\u003c/a> this week in the journal \u003cem>Limnology and Oceanography\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hear a lot about ocean acidification,” Grosholz said. “We have to keep our eye on the fact that other variables that are influenced by climate change may be just as important in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Convergence of Stresses’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From warming water and air temperatures to ecological disruptions, California’s oyster populations face a “convergence of stresses,” Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water. In extreme cases, when the water temperatures rise too high, the oysters can suffocate. That trend is only expected to increase, as California experiences hotter summers with higher air and water temperatures, Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When winter storms fill estuaries with fresh water, it temporarily reduces the water’s saltiness. The rainwater upsets the oyster’s osmotic balance, Grosholz said, they need a bit of brine to survive or they stop pumping water and eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bivalves can handle the rain water for a few days. “They literally clam up and don’t open at all in low salinity,” he said. “But after a week or so they have to and that’s when they die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strong winter rainstorms driven by atmospheric rivers aren’t new, they are exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring and summer, wind drives deeper ocean water into estuaries and bays where the oysters live. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This upwelling process, Grosholz said, is like “when you put cream in your coffee and blow across the surface, you can see cream mixing up from the bottom.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawater is increasingly acidic because oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially hard for oysters to reproduce in acidic water as it can erode calcium carbonate, which they use to build their shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the seasonal issues, says Grosholz, “we’re seeing it squeeze at both ends. Climate change is reducing the critical zone where oysters do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists found similar results while \u003ca href=\"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1201015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researching\u003c/a> oysters in the coastal waters of Washington’s Puget Sound, according to Alexandria Boehm, an environmental engineer and professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Boehm co-lead a science panel in California that found that global carbon emissions were a major driver of ocean acidification and \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/OAH-Panel-Key-Findings-Recommendations-and-Actions-4.4.16-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> more studies into other threats to the oysters. Subsequently, the Legislature passed a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> to support research like the new UC Davis study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beds of the California native Olympia oyster provide habitat for small fish and invertebrates, which in turn are prey for shorebirds, salmon, and foraging sturgeon. Grosholz’s research focused on the Olympia oyster and the non-native Pacific oyster, known for its crisp texture and mild and sweet flavor. Pacific oysters support a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/economic_impact_of_shellfish_aquaculture_2013.pdf\">$25 million industry\u003c/a> in California and are a staple in oyster shacks and seafood restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED’s Michael Krasny on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872656/climate-change-may-shrink-northern-california-oyster-habitat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Forum, Oyster farmer Terry Sawyer talked about the study’s implications for his farm in Tomales Bay and operating a business in such a dynamic ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aquaculture industry challenge we are talking about is always change,” said Sawyer, a founder of \u003ca href=\"https://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hog Island Oyster Co\u003c/a>. “As a business, we have to prepare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Pacific oyster is the most commonly grown species in aquaculture around the world,” he said. “This is going on here in Tomales Bay, but the ramifications are for the entire industry on the West Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solutions and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While curbing climate change will take a global effort, Grosholz research points to a number of ways that wildlife officials in California can support oyster growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can divert the runoff away from oyster habitats, for example, and farmers can breed oysters to be more resilient to temperature changes in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, there are ongoing efforts to restore native oyster populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay and elsewhere, scientists and farmers construct reefs out of large mesh bags filled with discarded oyster shells. The restoration effort improves the habitat of bays and estuaries and help form more resilient shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oysters offer a real benefit to humans,” Grosholz said. “You see these projects actively being conducted in the San Francisco Bay, for example. That’s a reason to be hopeful about the future to me.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the winter, rainstorms soak California’s coastline. In the spring and summer, strong winds blow waves into the narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the briny bivalves that live in the bay, this is part of the natural rhythm of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, because of climate change, the torrents of winter rain run with increasing severity, and for oysters, all that freshwater can be dangerous. Summer’s waves bring increasingly acidic water, making it harder for small oysters to build their calcium-based shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification's+impact+on+oysters+and+other+shellfish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> threaten oysters, but new research from UC Davis suggests that climate change ravages\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the creatures in a multitude of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Grosholz, a marine biologist at the university, studies California’s oyster habitats in this pastoral part of West Marin County. He led a team of researchers who found changes to salinity and dissolved oxygen levels could have an even greater impact on California’s oyster growth than acidic water. The team published their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/climate-change-could-shrink-oyster-habitat-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings\u003c/a> this week in the journal \u003cem>Limnology and Oceanography\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hear a lot about ocean acidification,” Grosholz said. “We have to keep our eye on the fact that other variables that are influenced by climate change may be just as important in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Convergence of Stresses’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From warming water and air temperatures to ecological disruptions, California’s oyster populations face a “convergence of stresses,” Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water. In extreme cases, when the water temperatures rise too high, the oysters can suffocate. That trend is only expected to increase, as California experiences hotter summers with higher air and water temperatures, Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When winter storms fill estuaries with fresh water, it temporarily reduces the water’s saltiness. The rainwater upsets the oyster’s osmotic balance, Grosholz said, they need a bit of brine to survive or they stop pumping water and eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bivalves can handle the rain water for a few days. “They literally clam up and don’t open at all in low salinity,” he said. “But after a week or so they have to and that’s when they die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strong winter rainstorms driven by atmospheric rivers aren’t new, they are exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring and summer, wind drives deeper ocean water into estuaries and bays where the oysters live. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This upwelling process, Grosholz said, is like “when you put cream in your coffee and blow across the surface, you can see cream mixing up from the bottom.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawater is increasingly acidic because oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially hard for oysters to reproduce in acidic water as it can erode calcium carbonate, which they use to build their shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the seasonal issues, says Grosholz, “we’re seeing it squeeze at both ends. Climate change is reducing the critical zone where oysters do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists found similar results while \u003ca href=\"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1201015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researching\u003c/a> oysters in the coastal waters of Washington’s Puget Sound, according to Alexandria Boehm, an environmental engineer and professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Boehm co-lead a science panel in California that found that global carbon emissions were a major driver of ocean acidification and \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/OAH-Panel-Key-Findings-Recommendations-and-Actions-4.4.16-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> more studies into other threats to the oysters. Subsequently, the Legislature passed a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> to support research like the new UC Davis study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beds of the California native Olympia oyster provide habitat for small fish and invertebrates, which in turn are prey for shorebirds, salmon, and foraging sturgeon. Grosholz’s research focused on the Olympia oyster and the non-native Pacific oyster, known for its crisp texture and mild and sweet flavor. Pacific oysters support a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/economic_impact_of_shellfish_aquaculture_2013.pdf\">$25 million industry\u003c/a> in California and are a staple in oyster shacks and seafood restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED’s Michael Krasny on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872656/climate-change-may-shrink-northern-california-oyster-habitat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Forum, Oyster farmer Terry Sawyer talked about the study’s implications for his farm in Tomales Bay and operating a business in such a dynamic ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aquaculture industry challenge we are talking about is always change,” said Sawyer, a founder of \u003ca href=\"https://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hog Island Oyster Co\u003c/a>. “As a business, we have to prepare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Pacific oyster is the most commonly grown species in aquaculture around the world,” he said. “This is going on here in Tomales Bay, but the ramifications are for the entire industry on the West Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solutions and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While curbing climate change will take a global effort, Grosholz research points to a number of ways that wildlife officials in California can support oyster growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can divert the runoff away from oyster habitats, for example, and farmers can breed oysters to be more resilient to temperature changes in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, there are ongoing efforts to restore native oyster populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay and elsewhere, scientists and farmers construct reefs out of large mesh bags filled with discarded oyster shells. The restoration effort improves the habitat of bays and estuaries and help form more resilient shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oysters offer a real benefit to humans,” Grosholz said. “You see these projects actively being conducted in the San Francisco Bay, for example. That’s a reason to be hopeful about the future to me.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "UN Report Warns Global Heating Threatens Farming As We Know It",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> [aside postID=science_1943671,science_1941092]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiators for the world’s governments signed off on a report Wednesday that describes in alarming detail how agriculture, deforestation and other human impacts on lands are transforming the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), shows the urgent need to overhaul the global food system to help control climate-warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Written by more than 100 scientists from around the globe, it takes an unprecedented look at the impacts of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> on lands and the effects of land use on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say that the entire food production system, with transportation and packaging included, accounts for as much as 37 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, and that better land use, less-meat-intensive diets and eliminating food waste should be global priorities, crucial to the immediate, all-out effort needed to forestall a climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt the window is closing rapidly,” said Pamela McElwee, one of the report’s authors and a professor of human ecology at Rutgers University. “That’s a key message of this report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations over the final wording of the report, which was written after assessing thousands of studies, began in Geneva last week. Attendees said the talks were bogged down at times by negotiators from countries, including the United States, with powerful biofuels and livestock industries. Still, the report that emerged was clear that diets high in meat have a bigger carbon footprint and that biofuels can compete with food production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors had the daunting task of assessing the impact of agriculture and deforestation on the climate, and the equally challenging job of outlining ways that better land management can provide solutions to the climate crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released to the public on Aug. 8, shows that stopping deforestation, limiting greenhouse-gas-emitting fertilizers and raising crops in ways that \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/14112018/climate-change-solutions-forests-farms-carbon-storage-cancel-out-emissions-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">add carbon to the soil\u003c/a> are essential for achieving global goals for controlling rising temperatures.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946297 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, global lands absorb more carbon than they emit. But that will change if land degradation and deforestation continue, the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the future really depends on the choices we make today,” said Louis Verchot, one of the report’s lead authors and a researcher with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. He noted that greenhouse gases from lands are increasing, especially with a recent uptick in deforestation in Brazil and other South American countries. “Could land shift from a sink to a source? We know that’s very much a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intensive Farming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the carbon stored in the planet’s land is in natural landscapes, not those managed as farmland or forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to degrade ecosystems, if we continue to convert natural ecosystems, we continue to deforest and we continued to destroy our soils, we’re going to lose this natural subsidy that we’re getting that’s protecting us in part from ourselves and from the damage that we’re creating as we pump these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” Verchot explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the early 1960s, global population growth and more intensive farming have led to “unprecedented rates of land and freshwater use,” the report said. Human activities, including farming and other land uses, impact nearly three-quarters of the global land surface. Meat production has more than doubled, and the supply of calories per person has increased by one-third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agricultural developments that helped propel the world’s population are now some of the same ones that need to be retooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the population has grown, emissions related to agriculture have also grown, largely because of increases in livestock, deforestation to clear land for crops, and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and deforestation account for 23 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But the report says that if the entire spectrum of food production were factored in—from growing crops to transportation and packaging—that percentage could be as high as 37 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is already having severe effects on agriculture, with more drought and extreme downpours. That has threatened food security, in part because it drives down crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will likely get worse, especially in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, the report says. In some regions, extreme weather fueled by global warming could lead to “increased displacement, disrupted food chains, threatened livelihoods … and contribute to exacerbated stresses for conflict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential risk for “multi-bread-basket failure,” with climate disasters \u003ca href=\"http://insideclimatenews.org/news/11062018/climate-change-research-food-security-agriculture-impacts-corn-vegetables-crop-prices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hitting more than one\u003c/a> major agriculture region at the same time, is increasing, said Cynthia Rosenzweig, one of the report’s lead authors and a senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946298 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase-160x157.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors point to a suite of solutions for reducing agriculture’s impact on climate change, including farming more sustainably—using less fertilizer, lowering tillage and employing practices that increase the soil’s ability to hold carbon—as well as reducing higher-impact diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diets present major opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases as well, because diets that are rich in plant-based foods emit lower greenhouse gases than diets that are very heavy in red meat consumption,” Rosenzweig said. The report’s authors conclude that, by 2050, dietary changes could free up hundreds of millions of acres of land, which could help avoid deforestation and reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is the latest in a series of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/global-food-agriculture-revolution-eat-lancet-commission-climate-change-health-nutrition-report-less-meat\">high-profile publications\u003c/a> pointing to meat consumption, particularly of beef, as a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. Not only do cattle emit methane, but beef production also leads to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25042019/deforestation-annual-global-tree-loss-tropics-climate-solution-carbon-storage-wri\">deforestation for grazing lands\u003c/a> and cropland to grow feed for livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say reducing food waste is another key strategy for cutting emissions from the food system. Nearly a third of the food produced in the world is lost or wasted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crops At Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report underscores the urgency for using land-based solutions to tackle climate change, which can have a big impact but have to be accomplished in a relatively short time frame. As the climate heats up, crop yields will continue to drop while farm fields lose their ability to store carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the solutions, including large-scale tree-planting on previously unforested land and using land to grow biofuels, present trade-offs because they threaten to compete with land for growing food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors outline various scenarios in which global population and resource consumption rises or falls. The most optimistic scenario, in which fewer resources are consumed and more people adopt “low greenhouse gas” diets, would translate to lower emissions and help keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels—the aim of the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/paris-climate-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a critical report right now,” said Doreen Stabinsky, a professor of global environmental politics with the College of the Atlantic, who was in Geneva to observe the final negotiations over the report. “There’s been increasing recognition about the climate change impacts on land and food, and there’s a recognition that it’s all-hands-on-deck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC plans to release another report, this one exploring the relationships among climate change, oceans and frozen landscapes, or the “cryosphere,” this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiators for the world’s governments signed off on a report Wednesday that describes in alarming detail how agriculture, deforestation and other human impacts on lands are transforming the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), shows the urgent need to overhaul the global food system to help control climate-warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Written by more than 100 scientists from around the globe, it takes an unprecedented look at the impacts of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> on lands and the effects of land use on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say that the entire food production system, with transportation and packaging included, accounts for as much as 37 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, and that better land use, less-meat-intensive diets and eliminating food waste should be global priorities, crucial to the immediate, all-out effort needed to forestall a climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt the window is closing rapidly,” said Pamela McElwee, one of the report’s authors and a professor of human ecology at Rutgers University. “That’s a key message of this report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations over the final wording of the report, which was written after assessing thousands of studies, began in Geneva last week. Attendees said the talks were bogged down at times by negotiators from countries, including the United States, with powerful biofuels and livestock industries. Still, the report that emerged was clear that diets high in meat have a bigger carbon footprint and that biofuels can compete with food production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors had the daunting task of assessing the impact of agriculture and deforestation on the climate, and the equally challenging job of outlining ways that better land management can provide solutions to the climate crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released to the public on Aug. 8, shows that stopping deforestation, limiting greenhouse-gas-emitting fertilizers and raising crops in ways that \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/14112018/climate-change-solutions-forests-farms-carbon-storage-cancel-out-emissions-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">add carbon to the soil\u003c/a> are essential for achieving global goals for controlling rising temperatures.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946297 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, global lands absorb more carbon than they emit. But that will change if land degradation and deforestation continue, the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the future really depends on the choices we make today,” said Louis Verchot, one of the report’s lead authors and a researcher with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. He noted that greenhouse gases from lands are increasing, especially with a recent uptick in deforestation in Brazil and other South American countries. “Could land shift from a sink to a source? We know that’s very much a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intensive Farming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the carbon stored in the planet’s land is in natural landscapes, not those managed as farmland or forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to degrade ecosystems, if we continue to convert natural ecosystems, we continue to deforest and we continued to destroy our soils, we’re going to lose this natural subsidy that we’re getting that’s protecting us in part from ourselves and from the damage that we’re creating as we pump these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” Verchot explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the early 1960s, global population growth and more intensive farming have led to “unprecedented rates of land and freshwater use,” the report said. Human activities, including farming and other land uses, impact nearly three-quarters of the global land surface. Meat production has more than doubled, and the supply of calories per person has increased by one-third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agricultural developments that helped propel the world’s population are now some of the same ones that need to be retooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the population has grown, emissions related to agriculture have also grown, largely because of increases in livestock, deforestation to clear land for crops, and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and deforestation account for 23 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But the report says that if the entire spectrum of food production were factored in—from growing crops to transportation and packaging—that percentage could be as high as 37 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is already having severe effects on agriculture, with more drought and extreme downpours. That has threatened food security, in part because it drives down crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will likely get worse, especially in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, the report says. In some regions, extreme weather fueled by global warming could lead to “increased displacement, disrupted food chains, threatened livelihoods … and contribute to exacerbated stresses for conflict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential risk for “multi-bread-basket failure,” with climate disasters \u003ca href=\"http://insideclimatenews.org/news/11062018/climate-change-research-food-security-agriculture-impacts-corn-vegetables-crop-prices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hitting more than one\u003c/a> major agriculture region at the same time, is increasing, said Cynthia Rosenzweig, one of the report’s lead authors and a senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946298 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase-160x157.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors point to a suite of solutions for reducing agriculture’s impact on climate change, including farming more sustainably—using less fertilizer, lowering tillage and employing practices that increase the soil’s ability to hold carbon—as well as reducing higher-impact diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diets present major opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases as well, because diets that are rich in plant-based foods emit lower greenhouse gases than diets that are very heavy in red meat consumption,” Rosenzweig said. The report’s authors conclude that, by 2050, dietary changes could free up hundreds of millions of acres of land, which could help avoid deforestation and reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is the latest in a series of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/global-food-agriculture-revolution-eat-lancet-commission-climate-change-health-nutrition-report-less-meat\">high-profile publications\u003c/a> pointing to meat consumption, particularly of beef, as a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. Not only do cattle emit methane, but beef production also leads to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25042019/deforestation-annual-global-tree-loss-tropics-climate-solution-carbon-storage-wri\">deforestation for grazing lands\u003c/a> and cropland to grow feed for livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say reducing food waste is another key strategy for cutting emissions from the food system. Nearly a third of the food produced in the world is lost or wasted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crops At Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report underscores the urgency for using land-based solutions to tackle climate change, which can have a big impact but have to be accomplished in a relatively short time frame. As the climate heats up, crop yields will continue to drop while farm fields lose their ability to store carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the solutions, including large-scale tree-planting on previously unforested land and using land to grow biofuels, present trade-offs because they threaten to compete with land for growing food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors outline various scenarios in which global population and resource consumption rises or falls. The most optimistic scenario, in which fewer resources are consumed and more people adopt “low greenhouse gas” diets, would translate to lower emissions and help keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels—the aim of the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/paris-climate-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a critical report right now,” said Doreen Stabinsky, a professor of global environmental politics with the College of the Atlantic, who was in Geneva to observe the final negotiations over the report. “There’s been increasing recognition about the climate change impacts on land and food, and there’s a recognition that it’s all-hands-on-deck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC plans to release another report, this one exploring the relationships among climate change, oceans and frozen landscapes, or the “cryosphere,” this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return?",
"headTitle": "Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Jumbo squid live up to their name. They can grow up to six feet long and can weigh 100 pounds. They’re deep red, muscular, and just plain mean. Mexican fisherman call them \u003cem>diablo rojo\u003c/em> — red devil — because they eat each other and anything they can. When the squid invaded Monterey Bay in 2002, they devoured over 50 kinds of fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight years of feasting, the jumbo squid suddenly \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">disappeared\u003c/a>; they haven’t come back to Monterey. With the proper bait and skill, jumbo squid are usually so voraciously hungry that, although they live deep in the ocean, they’re not hard for humans to catch. But when researchers asked fishermen along the coast, from Southern California to Washington State, no one had seen the squid. Now, scientists might finally have an explanation for their mysterious disappearance — and it could affect your local seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Detective\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the life of the jumbo squid is a mystery, then the lead detective on its trail is \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/jumbo-squid-have-left/\">Bill Gilly\u003c/a>. He’s spent 20 years studying the jumbo squid with funding, and another decade before that learning about them while fishing, all while teaching biology at Stanford. “They’re just an amazing species,” he says. “They never cease to amaze me at how adaptable they are, and how resilient they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly wrestles with a large Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From his laboratory at the Hopkins Marine Station to his \u003ca href=\"https://gillylab.stanford.edu/squids-4-kids\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a> program that supplies frozen squid and dissection tools to schools, Gilly dedicates most of his waking hours to the animal. He once gave a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPmxYOL78KE\">TEDx Talk\u003c/a> on the jumbo squid to a packed audience. This dedication has earned him the respect of ecologists like Bruce Robison, who also studies deep-sea animals at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He uses his considerable intellect,” Robison says, to “interpret behavior of animals that most of us would throw up our hands at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people throw up their hands over the jumbo squid. From up and down the coast, people send Gilly photos of squid they think might qualify as jumbo. Each year, he says, about eight documentary film crews phone him, hoping to find shoals of the jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Wreak Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, jumbo squid, also known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQKs1-fwTgU\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, lived off coastal Chile, Peru and Mexico. Sporadically they migrated farther north. Since the 1930s, people have reported sightings off the coast of California, but no one in Monterey Bay really paid them much attention until 2002, when so many showed up, Gilly says, people freaked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred miles south, where the squid normally lived in the Gulf of California, they ate three species of fish. Amid the bounty of Monterey Bay, they began eating 50. Salmon fishermen complained that the squid ate all their catch, along with sardines, flatfish, rockfish, and market squid. For the next eight years, the squid migrated to Monterey Bay in the fall and winter, sampled its all-you-can-eat buffet, and returned south in the spring. Starting in 2010, they never came back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly attaches a GPS satellite tag to a Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The year the squid vanished from Monterey Bay, Gilly and his biology students were looking for them in the Gulf of California, where the squid had been part of a robust export trade with Asia. When he’d visited less than a year before, the squid were the same massive predators he’d always seen. But when he returned with his students, all the squid he could find were just ten inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The students actually, as part of their projects for that course, realized it was an El Niño year,” he remembers. “That’s where we originally discovered that these squid change their size at maturity in response to El Niño.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only after Timothy Frawley, one of Gilly’s graduate students, visited the Gulf of California and saw the full extent of the fishery there did the team have enough information to begin solving the mystery of what set off that change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fishery Collapses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley first visited Santa Rosalía, a fishing town off the Gulf of California, in 2014. He immediately noticed the sheer scale of the squid fishery there. The bay was jammed with pangas, small fiberglass boats fishermen used to catch jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946170\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946170 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png 422w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2-160x120.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Rosalía fishery in 2016, after its collapse. \u003ccite>(Tim Frawley/Stanford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frawley recalls that the bay looked so full of pangas, you could almost walk across boats from one end of the bay to the other without touching the water. As the sun set, the pangas would leave the bay for deeper waters and jumbo squid, about three feet long and deep red, would rise from the ocean depths toward the surface of the water. After dusk, fishermen would suspend lightbulbs from their boats to attract the squid, illuminating the area with bobbing lights as their catch thrashed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Frawley found out that the mass of pangas jamming the bay in 2014 was down to 250 from nearly 1500 in 2008. Today, there are only 30. The jumbo squid have vanished, he says, and the fishery has not recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Jumbo Squid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success of the fishery had long been tied to \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-asked-questions\">El Niño\u003c/a>, the warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that occurs every three to seven years. Usually, cooler conditions known as La Niña follow. After the 1997-1998 El Niño, for instance, the squid \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070723/full/070723-2.html\">disappeared\u003c/a> from the Gulf of California but turned up off the central California, where waters were cooler. They’ve even been sighted among icebergs in Alaska. In the years immediately after that, the squid reappeared in the Gulf of California and disappeared farther north, as Monterey Bay fishermen noticed in the early 2000s. The 2009-2010 El Niño seems to have sent them away from the Gulf for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley and Gilly began collecting oceanographic data and reports from fisheries, as well as squid length measurements from studies published between 1996 and 2007. Through 2017, the two researchers began catching squid and taking measurements from over 1000 squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190718085314.htm\">recorded\u003c/a> some striking trends. As Gilly’s students had suspected in 2010, Frawley’s data showed that the squid changed their life cycles based on the cyclical water temperatures El Niño had triggered. The squid were getting much smaller. The average squid’s mantle — everything behind its head — now measures about eight inches compared with 31 inches decades ago. Squid weight scales exponentially with length, so fishermen would have to catch 100 tiny jumbo squid to yield the same mass as one full-sized jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946267\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946267 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1200x836.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly holds a large and small Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These incredible shrinking squid live further offshore. That makes fishing them less practical than when the full size squid inhabited the coastal environment near fishing boats. Catching one tiny squid can take twice as long as it would to catch a large one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all that, Frawley says, the Santa Rosalía fishery didn’t stand a chance. He realizes now that what he saw on the bustling bay five years ago had been “the last gasp, the last hurrah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hindsight, he adds, “that wasn’t really evident to me until I looked at all the data and was able to put my personal observation into this bigger context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sentinels of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squid adapt quickly to climate conditions. They also have relatively short life cycles — just one or two years — so changes in the ocean affect squid sooner than, for example, tuna that live 10 years or more. Frawley says these factors make the jumbo squid a species to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946150\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946150\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-768x1155.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-798x1200.jpg 798w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529.jpg 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tentacles of the Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and other scientists hesitate to link the disappearance of the jumbo squid directly to climate change. Frawley says the dramatic shift in average size may also have to do with a natural multi-decade warming cycle. No matter the cause, the mystery of the shrinking, disappearing and relocating squid suggests an unpredictable future. Bruce Robison, who also studies squid, says the study means humans should prepare for profound, unexpected changes in other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re finding is that communities of organisms… that have lived together and interacted for thousands of years, are being fragmented,” Robison says. As some species leave their traditional ecological niches, he adds, others may take their place, with consequences that we simply can’t predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and Gilly say it’s possible that jumbo squid may return to Monterey Bay. If the conditions in the Gulf of California improve, and the jumbo squid return to fisheries there, Gilly suggests the squid may migrate to Monterey Bay, where food is plentiful, and return to the Gulf to spawn. Or, he says, the squid might stay small until the ocean’s temperature heats up a few degrees. That would make Southern California an ideal spawning destination, Gilly says. From there, they could easily swim the 300 miles north to Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be astounding to me if they didn’t rediscover that,” Gilly says. “And I would guess that if they were really spawning in Southern California, they would even be more abundant and more problematic” — because they eat so much — “than they were before 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he eagerly awaits your squid photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jumbo squid live up to their name. They can grow up to six feet long and can weigh 100 pounds. They’re deep red, muscular, and just plain mean. Mexican fisherman call them \u003cem>diablo rojo\u003c/em> — red devil — because they eat each other and anything they can. When the squid invaded Monterey Bay in 2002, they devoured over 50 kinds of fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight years of feasting, the jumbo squid suddenly \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">disappeared\u003c/a>; they haven’t come back to Monterey. With the proper bait and skill, jumbo squid are usually so voraciously hungry that, although they live deep in the ocean, they’re not hard for humans to catch. But when researchers asked fishermen along the coast, from Southern California to Washington State, no one had seen the squid. Now, scientists might finally have an explanation for their mysterious disappearance — and it could affect your local seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Detective\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the life of the jumbo squid is a mystery, then the lead detective on its trail is \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/jumbo-squid-have-left/\">Bill Gilly\u003c/a>. He’s spent 20 years studying the jumbo squid with funding, and another decade before that learning about them while fishing, all while teaching biology at Stanford. “They’re just an amazing species,” he says. “They never cease to amaze me at how adaptable they are, and how resilient they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly wrestles with a large Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From his laboratory at the Hopkins Marine Station to his \u003ca href=\"https://gillylab.stanford.edu/squids-4-kids\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a> program that supplies frozen squid and dissection tools to schools, Gilly dedicates most of his waking hours to the animal. He once gave a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPmxYOL78KE\">TEDx Talk\u003c/a> on the jumbo squid to a packed audience. This dedication has earned him the respect of ecologists like Bruce Robison, who also studies deep-sea animals at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He uses his considerable intellect,” Robison says, to “interpret behavior of animals that most of us would throw up our hands at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people throw up their hands over the jumbo squid. From up and down the coast, people send Gilly photos of squid they think might qualify as jumbo. Each year, he says, about eight documentary film crews phone him, hoping to find shoals of the jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Wreak Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, jumbo squid, also known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQKs1-fwTgU\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, lived off coastal Chile, Peru and Mexico. Sporadically they migrated farther north. Since the 1930s, people have reported sightings off the coast of California, but no one in Monterey Bay really paid them much attention until 2002, when so many showed up, Gilly says, people freaked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred miles south, where the squid normally lived in the Gulf of California, they ate three species of fish. Amid the bounty of Monterey Bay, they began eating 50. Salmon fishermen complained that the squid ate all their catch, along with sardines, flatfish, rockfish, and market squid. For the next eight years, the squid migrated to Monterey Bay in the fall and winter, sampled its all-you-can-eat buffet, and returned south in the spring. Starting in 2010, they never came back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly attaches a GPS satellite tag to a Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The year the squid vanished from Monterey Bay, Gilly and his biology students were looking for them in the Gulf of California, where the squid had been part of a robust export trade with Asia. When he’d visited less than a year before, the squid were the same massive predators he’d always seen. But when he returned with his students, all the squid he could find were just ten inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The students actually, as part of their projects for that course, realized it was an El Niño year,” he remembers. “That’s where we originally discovered that these squid change their size at maturity in response to El Niño.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only after Timothy Frawley, one of Gilly’s graduate students, visited the Gulf of California and saw the full extent of the fishery there did the team have enough information to begin solving the mystery of what set off that change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fishery Collapses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley first visited Santa Rosalía, a fishing town off the Gulf of California, in 2014. He immediately noticed the sheer scale of the squid fishery there. The bay was jammed with pangas, small fiberglass boats fishermen used to catch jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946170\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946170 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png 422w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2-160x120.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Rosalía fishery in 2016, after its collapse. \u003ccite>(Tim Frawley/Stanford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frawley recalls that the bay looked so full of pangas, you could almost walk across boats from one end of the bay to the other without touching the water. As the sun set, the pangas would leave the bay for deeper waters and jumbo squid, about three feet long and deep red, would rise from the ocean depths toward the surface of the water. After dusk, fishermen would suspend lightbulbs from their boats to attract the squid, illuminating the area with bobbing lights as their catch thrashed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Frawley found out that the mass of pangas jamming the bay in 2014 was down to 250 from nearly 1500 in 2008. Today, there are only 30. The jumbo squid have vanished, he says, and the fishery has not recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Jumbo Squid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success of the fishery had long been tied to \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-asked-questions\">El Niño\u003c/a>, the warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that occurs every three to seven years. Usually, cooler conditions known as La Niña follow. After the 1997-1998 El Niño, for instance, the squid \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070723/full/070723-2.html\">disappeared\u003c/a> from the Gulf of California but turned up off the central California, where waters were cooler. They’ve even been sighted among icebergs in Alaska. In the years immediately after that, the squid reappeared in the Gulf of California and disappeared farther north, as Monterey Bay fishermen noticed in the early 2000s. The 2009-2010 El Niño seems to have sent them away from the Gulf for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley and Gilly began collecting oceanographic data and reports from fisheries, as well as squid length measurements from studies published between 1996 and 2007. Through 2017, the two researchers began catching squid and taking measurements from over 1000 squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190718085314.htm\">recorded\u003c/a> some striking trends. As Gilly’s students had suspected in 2010, Frawley’s data showed that the squid changed their life cycles based on the cyclical water temperatures El Niño had triggered. The squid were getting much smaller. The average squid’s mantle — everything behind its head — now measures about eight inches compared with 31 inches decades ago. Squid weight scales exponentially with length, so fishermen would have to catch 100 tiny jumbo squid to yield the same mass as one full-sized jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946267\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946267 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1200x836.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly holds a large and small Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These incredible shrinking squid live further offshore. That makes fishing them less practical than when the full size squid inhabited the coastal environment near fishing boats. Catching one tiny squid can take twice as long as it would to catch a large one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all that, Frawley says, the Santa Rosalía fishery didn’t stand a chance. He realizes now that what he saw on the bustling bay five years ago had been “the last gasp, the last hurrah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hindsight, he adds, “that wasn’t really evident to me until I looked at all the data and was able to put my personal observation into this bigger context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sentinels of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squid adapt quickly to climate conditions. They also have relatively short life cycles — just one or two years — so changes in the ocean affect squid sooner than, for example, tuna that live 10 years or more. Frawley says these factors make the jumbo squid a species to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946150\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946150\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-768x1155.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-798x1200.jpg 798w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529.jpg 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tentacles of the Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and other scientists hesitate to link the disappearance of the jumbo squid directly to climate change. Frawley says the dramatic shift in average size may also have to do with a natural multi-decade warming cycle. No matter the cause, the mystery of the shrinking, disappearing and relocating squid suggests an unpredictable future. Bruce Robison, who also studies squid, says the study means humans should prepare for profound, unexpected changes in other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re finding is that communities of organisms… that have lived together and interacted for thousands of years, are being fragmented,” Robison says. As some species leave their traditional ecological niches, he adds, others may take their place, with consequences that we simply can’t predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and Gilly say it’s possible that jumbo squid may return to Monterey Bay. If the conditions in the Gulf of California improve, and the jumbo squid return to fisheries there, Gilly suggests the squid may migrate to Monterey Bay, where food is plentiful, and return to the Gulf to spawn. Or, he says, the squid might stay small until the ocean’s temperature heats up a few degrees. That would make Southern California an ideal spawning destination, Gilly says. From there, they could easily swim the 300 miles north to Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be astounding to me if they didn’t rediscover that,” Gilly says. “And I would guess that if they were really spawning in Southern California, they would even be more abundant and more problematic” — because they eat so much — “than they were before 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he eagerly awaits your squid photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "July Was the Hottest Month Ever Recorded",
"headTitle": "July Was the Hottest Month Ever Recorded | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the latest sign the Earth is undergoing unprecedented warming, European scientists said Monday that July was the hottest month ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" citation=\"United Nations Secretary General António Guterres\"]‘We have always lived through hot summers. But this is not the summer of our youth. This is not your grandfather’s summer.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While July is usually the warmest month of the year for the globe, according to our data it also was the warmest month recorded globally, by a very small margin,” Jean-Noël Thépaut, head of the European Union’s \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Copernicus\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Climate\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Change\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Service\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">,\u003c/a> said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, citing the latest data, United Nations Secretary General António Guterres told reporters that the world is facing a “climate emergency.” He noted the July numbers were even more significant because the previous record-beating month, July 2016, occurred during one of the strongest El Nino’s on record. The weather phenomenon, which causes more storm systems to form, also tends to contribute to higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have always lived through hot summers,” Guterres said. “But this is not the summer of our youth. This is not your grandfather’s summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The searing July followed the \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">warmest\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">June\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">ever\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">recorded\u003c/a>, and occurred in a year in which every month ranked as at least the fourth warmest on record, according to the European agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four warmest years on record are 2015-18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a news \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/another-exceptional-month-global-average-temperatures\">release\u003c/a>, the scientists at Copernicus framed July’s heat against the goals outlined in the Paris climate agreement, which aims to keep the increase in global average temperatures less than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) above preindustrial levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at that those increased temperatures, the effects on Earth’s environment would be dramatic, including rising sea levels and more frequent droughts and famines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The July temperature was close to 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) above those in the preindustrial era. Since then, the Earth has warmed about 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, according to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Impacts \u003c/strong>[aside postID=science_1944972,news_11728595]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of Europe \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/02/climate/european-heatwave-climate-change.html?module=inline\">baked\u003c/a> in a brutal heat wave this summer. In Greenland, where temperatures are 10 to 15 degrees F above average, 10 billion tons of ice is \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/melting-away\">melting\u003c/a> into the ocean daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exactly what the climate models predict,” said Daniel Kammen, a UC Berkeley professor who chairs the school’s Energy and Resources Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s resident s are already seeing the impacts of global warming in more frequent and intense wildfires. Residents also have higher medical and energy costs as they use more air conditioning, Kammen says, and farmers are taking a hit as they attempt to cope with new weather conditions. The expense is mostly being shouldered by low-income people who can least afford it, said Kammen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing the social disruption right here in the Bay Area, not just some remote story about 122-degree days in India,” he said. “It is very close to home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kammen says the new data underscores the importance of moving away from fossil fuels as an energy source, which would prevent the worst effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can still be done, and California can contribute, he says. Already, officials have committed the state to renewable energy and climate-friendly policies such as the cap-and-trade system and a mandate for solar energy capability in the construction of new homes, Kammen says. But he thinks the state can do more, like building homes around mass transit a\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">nd implementing farming techniques that use less fertilizer, pesticides and water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he wants to see “a realistic plan for the most car-intensive state in the nation to switch us all to electric and hydrogen vehicles. That has to be next on California’s agenda.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While July is usually the warmest month of the year for the globe, according to our data it also was the warmest month recorded globally, by a very small margin,” Jean-Noël Thépaut, head of the European Union’s \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Copernicus\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Climate\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Change\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">Service\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/\">,\u003c/a> said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, citing the latest data, United Nations Secretary General António Guterres told reporters that the world is facing a “climate emergency.” He noted the July numbers were even more significant because the previous record-beating month, July 2016, occurred during one of the strongest El Nino’s on record. The weather phenomenon, which causes more storm systems to form, also tends to contribute to higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have always lived through hot summers,” Guterres said. “But this is not the summer of our youth. This is not your grandfather’s summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The searing July followed the \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">warmest\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">June\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">ever\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june\">recorded\u003c/a>, and occurred in a year in which every month ranked as at least the fourth warmest on record, according to the European agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four warmest years on record are 2015-18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a news \u003ca href=\"https://climate.copernicus.eu/another-exceptional-month-global-average-temperatures\">release\u003c/a>, the scientists at Copernicus framed July’s heat against the goals outlined in the Paris climate agreement, which aims to keep the increase in global average temperatures less than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) above preindustrial levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at that those increased temperatures, the effects on Earth’s environment would be dramatic, including rising sea levels and more frequent droughts and famines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The July temperature was close to 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) above those in the preindustrial era. Since then, the Earth has warmed about 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, according to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Impacts \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of Europe \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/02/climate/european-heatwave-climate-change.html?module=inline\">baked\u003c/a> in a brutal heat wave this summer. In Greenland, where temperatures are 10 to 15 degrees F above average, 10 billion tons of ice is \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/melting-away\">melting\u003c/a> into the ocean daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exactly what the climate models predict,” said Daniel Kammen, a UC Berkeley professor who chairs the school’s Energy and Resources Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s resident s are already seeing the impacts of global warming in more frequent and intense wildfires. Residents also have higher medical and energy costs as they use more air conditioning, Kammen says, and farmers are taking a hit as they attempt to cope with new weather conditions. The expense is mostly being shouldered by low-income people who can least afford it, said Kammen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing the social disruption right here in the Bay Area, not just some remote story about 122-degree days in India,” he said. “It is very close to home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kammen says the new data underscores the importance of moving away from fossil fuels as an energy source, which would prevent the worst effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can still be done, and California can contribute, he says. Already, officials have committed the state to renewable energy and climate-friendly policies such as the cap-and-trade system and a mandate for solar energy capability in the construction of new homes, Kammen says. But he thinks the state can do more, like building homes around mass transit a\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">nd implementing farming techniques that use less fertilizer, pesticides and water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he wants to see “a realistic plan for the most car-intensive state in the nation to switch us all to electric and hydrogen vehicles. That has to be next on California’s agenda.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "You Are Now Much More Likely to Read This Climate Change Story",
"headTitle": "You Are Now Much More Likely to Read This Climate Change Story | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The public is paying a lot more attention to climate change news stories. That’s the thrust of Andrew McCormick’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cjr.org/covering_climate_now/climate-change-stories-readers.php\">piece\u003c/a> in the Columbia Journalism Review this week, challenging the conventional wisdom that people’s interest in the topic is low. Confronted with a report about climate change, this view holds, most news consumers will change the channel, turn the radio dial, click off the website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\"]MSNBC’s Chris Hayes’called climate change a ‘ratings killer,’ and just 22 of the top 50 U.S. newspapers last year covered a U.N. report that said humanity had just 12 years to avoid an even more catastrophic level of climate-related impacts than it already faces. But new data suggests the public is now starting to pay a lot more attention to the climate.[/pullquote]\u003cbr>\nAccording to the CJR report, only 22 of the 50 biggest newspapers in the U.S. covered the release of an October 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946004/you-are-now-much-more-likely-to-read-this-climate-change-story\">report\u003c/a> from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that said humanity had just \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/10/8/17948832/climate-change-global-warming-un-ipcc-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">12 years\u003c/a> to reduce emissions or face an even worse level of catastrophic impacts than it already does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MSNBC host Chris Hayes captured the media’s reluctance to delve into the climate story with a July 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chrislhayes/status/1021759145425489920?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost without exception, every time we’ve covered it’s been a palpable ratings killer,” Hayes\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chrislhayes/status/1021759145425489920?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>wrote. “So the incentives are not great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that appears to be changing, McCormick reports. He writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A review of industry-wide data and accounts from numerous top-line publications suggest that audience interest in climate coverage is, in fact, on the rise, and that dedicating resources to the story might suit companies’ bottom lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCormick reached that conclusion after CJR obtained January 2017 to June 2019 data from about 1,300 media outlets, mainly from North America and Europe. He enlisted the help of data scientist Su Hang and her team at Chartbeat, a web analytics company, to crunch the numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at the first quarter of each year, Hang found the number of total minutes people spent reading climate change stories, which Chartbeat says represents “attentive traffic,”\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>almost doubled from 2017 to 2019. At the same time, Hang noted, the number of articles published about climate change were up just 27%, an increase that wouldn’t alone account for the big jump in engaged minutes. Hang’s team defined a climate change story as any piece that included a discussion of the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would expect people that are randomly bumping around the internet to be reading 20 or 30 percent more, but what we are seeing is that they are doubling their attention,” Hang said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase in reader attention was also fairly steady over time, according to Josh Schwartz, head of the data science team at Chartbeat. That means the rise in engagement wasn’t driven by single blockbuster news events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are certainly huge news events like the U.S. withdrawing from the Paris climate accord, but for the most part, this is a week-over-week increase. It is not individual stories blowing it out and changing the curve,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is unclear is what’s driving the increased interest. In an email, CJR’s McCormick said he thinks that some outlets are “finding ways to crack the code” on covering the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially those that are finding ways to localize the issue,” he said. “That is, explaining the local environmental impacts of climate change or explaining how climate change is playing a role in extreme weather events in whatever region those publications serve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, McCormick says it’s clear from his interviews with experts and editors at media outlets that people are hungrier for climate change reporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate irony here is that climate change concern is on the rise because extreme weather events are happening with increased frequency and duration,” he said. “That is, audiences are seeing it and they’re now finally believing that it will affect them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Anxiety\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How that concern translates into people’s engagement with media is unclear. But the most recent Public Policy Institute of California annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/ppic-statewide-survey-californians-and-the-environment-july-2019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poll\u003c/a> on the environment suggests that the public’s climate anxiety is driven by actual disasters linked to global warming. This year, for instance, 71% of Californians said they were “very concerned” about wildfires becoming more severe\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944993/study-climate-change-a-leading-driver-of-californias-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> due to\u003c/a> climate change, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1945845/californians-concerns-about-worsening-wildfires-at-record-high\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record high \u003c/a>for the poll. The survey was conducted about eight months after last year’s Camp Fire, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11710884/list-of-those-who-died-in-butte-county-paradise-camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest\u003c/a> U.S. wildfire in 100 years, which was followed by months of media coverage on the state’s perilous wildfire conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the same poll, just 30% of Californians said the water supply is a “big problem,” down from nearly 50% in 2018. That result came after the state’s drought officially ended because of a particularly strong water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, only 42% expressed a strong concern about higher sea levels, even though one U.S. Geological Survey study showed that 600,000 coastal residents and $150 billion worth of property and infrastructure are now \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939059/the-ocean-is-not-a-bathtub-so-sea-level-rise-will-be-more-damaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">threatened \u003c/a>with inundation from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science’s own metrics seem to bear out the theory that the increasingly tangible effects of global warming are having an effect on the audience’s interest in the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve done several climate-related series,” said KQED Science Digital Editor Jon Brooks, “but our recent group of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stories\u003c/a> on ways to decrease the threat from worsening wildfires attracted by far the biggest audience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason people might be more focused on the climate is that as temperatures continue to rise and storms become more frequent and severe, the coverage increasingly reflects a sense of urgency. The Guardian, for instance, now refers to global warming as a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/31/climate-crisis-change-language\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate crisis\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCormick thinks the media stumbled in the past by assuming that climate change is largely a science story. He said climate change angles can and should be included in a broad array of stories, just like economics or politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is going to permeate most aspects of human life,” he said. “In some places, it already is. Many folks I spoke with emphasized that climate change is a dramatic human story — a food story, a housing story, a national security story and more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/johnupton/status/1021801036862947328?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nAccording to the CJR report, only 22 of the 50 biggest newspapers in the U.S. covered the release of an October 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946004/you-are-now-much-more-likely-to-read-this-climate-change-story\">report\u003c/a> from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that said humanity had just \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/10/8/17948832/climate-change-global-warming-un-ipcc-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">12 years\u003c/a> to reduce emissions or face an even worse level of catastrophic impacts than it already does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MSNBC host Chris Hayes captured the media’s reluctance to delve into the climate story with a July 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chrislhayes/status/1021759145425489920?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost without exception, every time we’ve covered it’s been a palpable ratings killer,” Hayes\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chrislhayes/status/1021759145425489920?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>wrote. “So the incentives are not great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that appears to be changing, McCormick reports. He writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A review of industry-wide data and accounts from numerous top-line publications suggest that audience interest in climate coverage is, in fact, on the rise, and that dedicating resources to the story might suit companies’ bottom lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCormick reached that conclusion after CJR obtained January 2017 to June 2019 data from about 1,300 media outlets, mainly from North America and Europe. He enlisted the help of data scientist Su Hang and her team at Chartbeat, a web analytics company, to crunch the numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at the first quarter of each year, Hang found the number of total minutes people spent reading climate change stories, which Chartbeat says represents “attentive traffic,”\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>almost doubled from 2017 to 2019. At the same time, Hang noted, the number of articles published about climate change were up just 27%, an increase that wouldn’t alone account for the big jump in engaged minutes. Hang’s team defined a climate change story as any piece that included a discussion of the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would expect people that are randomly bumping around the internet to be reading 20 or 30 percent more, but what we are seeing is that they are doubling their attention,” Hang said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase in reader attention was also fairly steady over time, according to Josh Schwartz, head of the data science team at Chartbeat. That means the rise in engagement wasn’t driven by single blockbuster news events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are certainly huge news events like the U.S. withdrawing from the Paris climate accord, but for the most part, this is a week-over-week increase. It is not individual stories blowing it out and changing the curve,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is unclear is what’s driving the increased interest. In an email, CJR’s McCormick said he thinks that some outlets are “finding ways to crack the code” on covering the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially those that are finding ways to localize the issue,” he said. “That is, explaining the local environmental impacts of climate change or explaining how climate change is playing a role in extreme weather events in whatever region those publications serve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, McCormick says it’s clear from his interviews with experts and editors at media outlets that people are hungrier for climate change reporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate irony here is that climate change concern is on the rise because extreme weather events are happening with increased frequency and duration,” he said. “That is, audiences are seeing it and they’re now finally believing that it will affect them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Anxiety\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How that concern translates into people’s engagement with media is unclear. But the most recent Public Policy Institute of California annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/ppic-statewide-survey-californians-and-the-environment-july-2019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poll\u003c/a> on the environment suggests that the public’s climate anxiety is driven by actual disasters linked to global warming. This year, for instance, 71% of Californians said they were “very concerned” about wildfires becoming more severe\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944993/study-climate-change-a-leading-driver-of-californias-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> due to\u003c/a> climate change, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1945845/californians-concerns-about-worsening-wildfires-at-record-high\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record high \u003c/a>for the poll. The survey was conducted about eight months after last year’s Camp Fire, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11710884/list-of-those-who-died-in-butte-county-paradise-camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest\u003c/a> U.S. wildfire in 100 years, which was followed by months of media coverage on the state’s perilous wildfire conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the same poll, just 30% of Californians said the water supply is a “big problem,” down from nearly 50% in 2018. That result came after the state’s drought officially ended because of a particularly strong water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, only 42% expressed a strong concern about higher sea levels, even though one U.S. Geological Survey study showed that 600,000 coastal residents and $150 billion worth of property and infrastructure are now \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939059/the-ocean-is-not-a-bathtub-so-sea-level-rise-will-be-more-damaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">threatened \u003c/a>with inundation from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science’s own metrics seem to bear out the theory that the increasingly tangible effects of global warming are having an effect on the audience’s interest in the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve done several climate-related series,” said KQED Science Digital Editor Jon Brooks, “but our recent group of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stories\u003c/a> on ways to decrease the threat from worsening wildfires attracted by far the biggest audience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason people might be more focused on the climate is that as temperatures continue to rise and storms become more frequent and severe, the coverage increasingly reflects a sense of urgency. The Guardian, for instance, now refers to global warming as a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/31/climate-crisis-change-language\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate crisis\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCormick thinks the media stumbled in the past by assuming that climate change is largely a science story. He said climate change angles can and should be included in a broad array of stories, just like economics or politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is going to permeate most aspects of human life,” he said. “In some places, it already is. Many folks I spoke with emphasized that climate change is a dramatic human story — a food story, a housing story, a national security story and more.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"order": 9
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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