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"content": "\u003cp>Days before the final deadline, California lawmakers have settled on language for a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB247\">$10 billion climate bond\u003c/a> that will be presented to voters for approval in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primary focus of the bond is “to respond to challenges wrought by climate change by investing in natural and built infrastructure,” according to an overview of the bond. It also includes some funding for programs cut from the state’s budget. At least 40% of the bond must help vulnerable and disadvantaged communities with a median household income of less than 80% of the area average or less than 80% of the statewide median household income.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"science_1992929,science_1991836,news_11966862\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our communities deserve to have access to safe and clean drinking water, must be protected during extreme heat and have the necessary resources to make their communities more wildfire safe,” Sen. Monique Limón (D-Santa Barbara) said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB867\">The path to forging a climate bond\u003c/a>, SB 867, this legislative season included enormous obstacles. First, the legislature combined two $15 billion versions of the bond into one. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11992607/newsom-signs-california-budget-to-close-46-8-billion-deficit\">The state currently faces a $46.8 billion deficit\u003c/a>, but California leaders passed a $54 billion plan to fight climate change two years ago. However, they cut over $3 billion from the budget last year and propose around $16 billion this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers juggled competing bond ideas even as California’s bonding capacity shrunk. The climate bond directly competed for funds with a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB247\">$14 billion education bond\u003c/a> to construct and modernize schools, which Gov. Gavin Newsom supported. The legislature announced the education bond could fund K–12 schools with $8.5 billion for K–12 schools and community colleges with $1.5 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Districts will be able to ensure schools have essential facilities like kitchens and libraries, equip students with the skills for high-demand technical careers, and provide greater access to broadband internet,” Sen. Josh Newman (D-Fullerton) said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 170 nature and environmental justice-oriented groups pressed lawmakers and Newsom to ensure the climate bond was at least $10 billion to address priority areas, including extreme heat, wildfires and sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The communities I call home have been devastated by wildfires — and we know the threat of fires is only worsening with our changing climate,” Senate President Pro Tem Mike McGuire (D-North Coast) said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also internal debates about what the climate bond should cover. Although the state usually uses bond dollars for long-term benefits such as infrastructure projects, environmental groups wanted lawmakers to allot funds for climate efforts and programs — electric vehicles, community-based programs, coastal resilience, and more — some of which the governor cut from his budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One program, the Transformative Climate Communities Program, that Gov. Newsom previously zeroed out could receive $150 million. The program funds community-led neighborhood projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups like NextGen California “are glad to see some of [their] priorities represented, like extreme heat mitigation and Transformative Climate Communities represented,” wrote David Weiskopf, senior policy advisor with the group, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The $10 billion figure is also very good, that is what the environmental community had asked for,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Safe Drinking Water, Wildfire Prevention, Drought Preparedness, and Clear Air Bond Act of 2024 has eight potential funding areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Safe Drinking Water, Drought, Flood and Water Resilience – $3.8 billion\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Wildfires and Forest Resilience – $1.5 billion\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sea Level Rise and Coastal Resilience – $1.2 billion\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Protect Biodiversity and Accelerating Nature-Based Climate Solutions – $1.2 billion\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clean Air – $850 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Park Creation and Outdoor Access – $700 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Extreme Heat Mitigation – $450 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Climate Smart, Sustainable & Resilient Farms, Ranches and Working Lands – $300 million\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The bond also sets aside $475 million for offshore wind. Earlier this year, Assemblymember Rick Chavez Zbur (D-Hollywood) pursued a $1 billion bond for offshore wind infrastructure. Still, lawmakers folded that into the larger climate bond effort, said Vienna Montague, Zbur’s communications director, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers have until July 3 to approve the bond for the November election, and Gov. Gavin Newsom must sign off on any bond measure the legislature approves with a two-thirds vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It prioritizes and enables robust, decisive action to advance our climate goals and enhance community resilience against climate impacts,” Senate Majority Leader Lena Gonzalez (D-Long Beach) said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Districts will be able to ensure schools have essential facilities like kitchens and libraries, equip students with the skills for high-demand technical careers, and provide greater access to broadband internet,” Sen. Josh Newman (D-Fullerton) said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 170 nature and environmental justice-oriented groups pressed lawmakers and Newsom to ensure the climate bond was at least $10 billion to address priority areas, including extreme heat, wildfires and sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The communities I call home have been devastated by wildfires — and we know the threat of fires is only worsening with our changing climate,” Senate President Pro Tem Mike McGuire (D-North Coast) said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also internal debates about what the climate bond should cover. Although the state usually uses bond dollars for long-term benefits such as infrastructure projects, environmental groups wanted lawmakers to allot funds for climate efforts and programs — electric vehicles, community-based programs, coastal resilience, and more — some of which the governor cut from his budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One program, the Transformative Climate Communities Program, that Gov. Newsom previously zeroed out could receive $150 million. The program funds community-led neighborhood projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups like NextGen California “are glad to see some of [their] priorities represented, like extreme heat mitigation and Transformative Climate Communities represented,” wrote David Weiskopf, senior policy advisor with the group, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The $10 billion figure is also very good, that is what the environmental community had asked for,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Safe Drinking Water, Wildfire Prevention, Drought Preparedness, and Clear Air Bond Act of 2024 has eight potential funding areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Safe Drinking Water, Drought, Flood and Water Resilience – $3.8 billion\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Wildfires and Forest Resilience – $1.5 billion\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sea Level Rise and Coastal Resilience – $1.2 billion\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Protect Biodiversity and Accelerating Nature-Based Climate Solutions – $1.2 billion\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clean Air – $850 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Park Creation and Outdoor Access – $700 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Extreme Heat Mitigation – $450 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Climate Smart, Sustainable & Resilient Farms, Ranches and Working Lands – $300 million\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The bond also sets aside $475 million for offshore wind. Earlier this year, Assemblymember Rick Chavez Zbur (D-Hollywood) pursued a $1 billion bond for offshore wind infrastructure. Still, lawmakers folded that into the larger climate bond effort, said Vienna Montague, Zbur’s communications director, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers have until July 3 to approve the bond for the November election, and Gov. Gavin Newsom must sign off on any bond measure the legislature approves with a two-thirds vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It prioritizes and enables robust, decisive action to advance our climate goals and enhance community resilience against climate impacts,” Senate Majority Leader Lena Gonzalez (D-Long Beach) said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sonoma County Point Fire Foreshadows a Busy Summer to Come, Climate Expert Says",
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"content": "\u003cp>Driven by gusty winds as it burns through dry brush, the Point Fire in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/sonoma-county\">Sonoma County\u003c/a> has grown to almost 1,200 acres amid a series of early-season wildfires as climate experts warn that California is likely to experience increased fire activity this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain, the Sonoma County fire foreshadows a busy fire season throughout the state, fueled by heavy grass and brush that grew during back-to-back wet winters and will dry out during a prolonged warming trend anticipated this summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a season where I do expect to see a transition back to that really active fire regime across much of California and the West,” Swain said during his “Weather West” blog’s YouTube livestream on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last two years, Swain said, brush and grass growth was heavier than average due to high winter precipitation, but it was kept fairly moist throughout mild summers, making for less combustible wildfire fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, California is expected to hit above-average temperatures this summer and fall, drying out the fire fuel. Coupled with low precipitation and summer winds, dry grass and brush make for great fire fodder, Swain said.[aside postID=news_11990619 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/AP24169207707642-KQED-1020x679.jpg']The Point Fire, which ignited near Lake Sonoma on Sunday afternoon and has caused orange, smoky skies to descend over much of Napa and Sonoma counties, offers a look at how similar fires could affect Northern California in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it pushed deeper into Sonoma County wine country on Sunday, staff at Quivira Vineyards northeast of Healdsburg were forced to stop production and head into town after fire officials announced an evacuation order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Curtis McCullohs, the owner’s executive assistant, finished loading his truck, he sprayed fire retardant around buildings, storing giant steel tanks of wine and thousands of beverage cases. “That’s a lot of liquid,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winery is one of about a dozen within the fire evacuation zone, and staff have yet to be able to check on the vineyard. As of Monday afternoon, McCullohs said the blaze was around three miles from the winery, so he’s not worried that the fire could destroy the 55 acres of grapes around the operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he is nervous about thousands of gallons of chilled wine now cooling off in the winery’s buildings because the power went out around 6 p.m. Sunday. He said the wine could withstand about two more days without additional cooling. If the power remains out, the winery, known for wines like Grenache and Sauvignon Blanc, could suffer a significant blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though it’s sealed up, it’ll become ambient temperature,” he said. “Wine can spoil at very high temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCullohs is also worried about another killer of wine that wildfires have on vineyards: smoke taint, which can infuse the aroma of a campfire into grapes, making them virtually unusable for winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not technically summer yet, so to have this happening now will continue to bring up the conversation of how weather patterns could be changing and if the winegrowing region might be shifting,” he said. “I think that’s what’s frightening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires are not uncommon in June in California. The Point Fire and others burning across the state have made it clear that “we are into fire season now,” said Craig Clements, director of the Wildfire Interdisciplinary Research Center at San José State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though we’re getting into some slightly bigger fires right now, in general, it should be below normal for most of the summer,” Clements said. “In September and October, that should change. And we should be at higher risk for larger fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he cautioned that fires are a function of day-to-day weather, topography and the condition of vegetation. One extended heat wave could accelerate that timeline, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry grass and brush are fueling much of the spread of the Sonoma County fire, which has even ignited oak woodlands and other trees that likely wouldn’t have burned this time of year on their own, Swain said. Winds of 30 to 40 mph drove the mixed vegetation fire south throughout Sunday afternoon before its spread slowed overnight as the wind and heat eased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the season progresses, Swain said, similar fires could be more dangerous because temperatures don’t drop as low and relative humidity increases less overnight in autumn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a different fire than if we had this fire, say, in September or October. The winds are not as strong as they would be, and more importantly, the grass is not as dry as it could be or will be later this season,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winds in Sonoma County are expected to slow Monday, offering firefighters a chance to increase the Point Fire’s containment, Cal Fire spokesperson Will Powers told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain expects the fire to last for at least another few days. Evacuation orders are still in place for the areas closest to the fire, and the National Weather Service has issued \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/CAL_FIRE/status/1802753124282855465\">a red flag warning\u003c/a> for the North Bay until 8 a.m. Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The Point Fire in Sonoma County is fueled by dry grass and brush, which is expected to drive increased fire activity during a warmer-than-average summer.",
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"title": "Sonoma County Point Fire Foreshadows a Busy Summer to Come, Climate Expert Says | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Driven by gusty winds as it burns through dry brush, the Point Fire in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/sonoma-county\">Sonoma County\u003c/a> has grown to almost 1,200 acres amid a series of early-season wildfires as climate experts warn that California is likely to experience increased fire activity this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain, the Sonoma County fire foreshadows a busy fire season throughout the state, fueled by heavy grass and brush that grew during back-to-back wet winters and will dry out during a prolonged warming trend anticipated this summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a season where I do expect to see a transition back to that really active fire regime across much of California and the West,” Swain said during his “Weather West” blog’s YouTube livestream on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last two years, Swain said, brush and grass growth was heavier than average due to high winter precipitation, but it was kept fairly moist throughout mild summers, making for less combustible wildfire fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, California is expected to hit above-average temperatures this summer and fall, drying out the fire fuel. Coupled with low precipitation and summer winds, dry grass and brush make for great fire fodder, Swain said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Point Fire, which ignited near Lake Sonoma on Sunday afternoon and has caused orange, smoky skies to descend over much of Napa and Sonoma counties, offers a look at how similar fires could affect Northern California in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it pushed deeper into Sonoma County wine country on Sunday, staff at Quivira Vineyards northeast of Healdsburg were forced to stop production and head into town after fire officials announced an evacuation order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Curtis McCullohs, the owner’s executive assistant, finished loading his truck, he sprayed fire retardant around buildings, storing giant steel tanks of wine and thousands of beverage cases. “That’s a lot of liquid,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winery is one of about a dozen within the fire evacuation zone, and staff have yet to be able to check on the vineyard. As of Monday afternoon, McCullohs said the blaze was around three miles from the winery, so he’s not worried that the fire could destroy the 55 acres of grapes around the operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he is nervous about thousands of gallons of chilled wine now cooling off in the winery’s buildings because the power went out around 6 p.m. Sunday. He said the wine could withstand about two more days without additional cooling. If the power remains out, the winery, known for wines like Grenache and Sauvignon Blanc, could suffer a significant blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though it’s sealed up, it’ll become ambient temperature,” he said. “Wine can spoil at very high temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCullohs is also worried about another killer of wine that wildfires have on vineyards: smoke taint, which can infuse the aroma of a campfire into grapes, making them virtually unusable for winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not technically summer yet, so to have this happening now will continue to bring up the conversation of how weather patterns could be changing and if the winegrowing region might be shifting,” he said. “I think that’s what’s frightening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires are not uncommon in June in California. The Point Fire and others burning across the state have made it clear that “we are into fire season now,” said Craig Clements, director of the Wildfire Interdisciplinary Research Center at San José State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though we’re getting into some slightly bigger fires right now, in general, it should be below normal for most of the summer,” Clements said. “In September and October, that should change. And we should be at higher risk for larger fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he cautioned that fires are a function of day-to-day weather, topography and the condition of vegetation. One extended heat wave could accelerate that timeline, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry grass and brush are fueling much of the spread of the Sonoma County fire, which has even ignited oak woodlands and other trees that likely wouldn’t have burned this time of year on their own, Swain said. Winds of 30 to 40 mph drove the mixed vegetation fire south throughout Sunday afternoon before its spread slowed overnight as the wind and heat eased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the season progresses, Swain said, similar fires could be more dangerous because temperatures don’t drop as low and relative humidity increases less overnight in autumn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a different fire than if we had this fire, say, in September or October. The winds are not as strong as they would be, and more importantly, the grass is not as dry as it could be or will be later this season,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winds in Sonoma County are expected to slow Monday, offering firefighters a chance to increase the Point Fire’s containment, Cal Fire spokesperson Will Powers told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain expects the fire to last for at least another few days. Evacuation orders are still in place for the areas closest to the fire, and the National Weather Service has issued \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/CAL_FIRE/status/1802753124282855465\">a red flag warning\u003c/a> for the North Bay until 8 a.m. Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "fuel-from-cow-manure-is-a-growing-climate-solution-but-critics-say-communities-put-at-risk",
"title": "Fuel From Cow Manure Is a Growing Climate Solution, but Critics Say Communities Put at Risk",
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"content": "\u003cp>The stench of cow feces, urine and ammonia forces residents to keep windows and doors closed in parts of California’s farming country. Some people constantly run air purifiers at home to counter the smell and, they say, fight off air-related ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of health problems going around in this community and most of them are respiratory problems,” said Beverly Whitfield amid dairies in Pixley, a small town in Tulare County. She believes her allergies, her adult son’s asthma and others’ breathing issues are linked to pollution from nearby dairies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial-scale dairy farms already are among the biggest polluters in the San Joaquin Valley, a premier U.S. agricultural region with poor air quality. Now residents like Whitfield worry methane digesters, which can turn manure into a biofuel that is cleaner than traditional fuels like gasoline, could exacerbate health issues. Biofuel experts say digesters can reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993376\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993376\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker milks cows at Wickstrom Jersey Farms on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar, Merced County. The farm uses a diary digester to capture methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Dairy and digester capital\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Home to about 1.7 million cows, California is the country’s leading dairy producer and a large contributor of methane. Cow burps and manure emit the potent planet-warming gas, which over a shorter period is much more powerful than carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent decades, digesters that convert manure and other organic waste into biogas to create electricity or to power vehicles have spread across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number’s expected to grow since \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/NRCS-CSAF-Mitigation-Activities-List.pdf\">waste management practices\u003c/a> such as digesters became eligible for funding from the Inflation Reduction Act — President Joe Biden’s law to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993377\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993377\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robbie Macias, Aemetis vice president of biogas, gestures while demonstrating the strength of a dairy digester with Wickstrom Jersey Farms manager Brent Wickstrom on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar, Merced County. The digester captures methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most digesters are in dairies that capture methane from lagoons of cow manure and turn it into biofuel. Liquified cow manure commonly is stored in a covered digester where microbes from the animals’ digestive systems produce gas. The gas then is cleaned and compressed into a liquid fuel that can be used as an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last decade, about 120 digesters have cropped up across California and roughly 100 more are in the pipeline. But a technology hailed as a cost-effective way to help the state reach its methane reduction goals has become controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental justice organizations say mostly lower-income, Latino communities are dealing with pollution from nearby digesters, and they want California to stop providing financial incentives for more. Critics also say state policies favor industrial dairies, entrenching unsustainable animal agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Wolf with the environmental group Food and Water Watch said the state is incentivizing dairies to keep running large operations that already pollute. “You’re never going to stop polluting” with this system in place, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dairies argue the state’s financial \u003ca href=\"https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/6308\">program\u003c/a> plays an important role. “There’s got to be some financial incentive there to give up some portion of your land to operate these systems,” said dairyman Brent Wickstrom, whose digester recently went online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993378\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993378\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A separator removes solids from cow manure as Wickstrom Jersey Farms manager Brent Wickstrom discusses his farm’s dairy digester on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Supporters point to the technology’s effectiveness at mitigating climate change. AgSTAR, sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, estimates manure-based digesters reduced greenhouse gas emissions by more than 10 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2022. That’s roughly the annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions-typical-passenger-vehicle\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> from more than 2 million passenger vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters note that biofuel from methane reduces pollution by replacing fossil fuels like gasoline with cleaner vehicle fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This technology reduces odors and some local air pollutants,” said Sam Wade, director of public policy for the Coalition for Renewable Natural Gas. “At the same time, it reduces greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993380\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993380\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man passes a building on Main St. in Pixley on May 21, 2024. Some residents say dairies located throughout the region produce air pollution that is hurting their community. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Dairies, digesters and pollution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Residents near dairies complain about flies and strong odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want the doors open because you’re afraid of all the smells,” said Whitfield, whose family left doors open when they moved to Pixley in the 1970s. “Everything’s changed now with the dairies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some dairies say digester tarps that cover manure reduce smells. “If anything, it should be keeping some of that odor in as opposed to making more,” said Wickstrom, the Merced County dairyman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found people living near large dairies can experience fatigue, respiratory problems, burning eyes and runny noses if odors are concentrated enough. A 2017 University of Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880917300701\">study\u003c/a> found digesters can increase ammonia emissions by up to 81%. Ammonia may form fine particulate matter that can enter lungs and the bloodstream. Long-term exposure to particulates has been linked to heart and respiratory issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993382\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993382\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andrew Zipser checks operations at an Aemetis biogas facility in Ceres, Stanislaus County, on May 9, 2024. Local dairies use digesters to capture methane from cow manure which is then piped to the facility for processing. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Having a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is good, but you also want to think about the human health impact,” said lead author Michael A. Holly, an associate professor at the Green Bay campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California air regulators said the Midwest study doesn’t necessarily apply to this state’s different meteorological conditions and types of digesters. They added that studies are underway to understand effects of digesters on ammonia emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231024002632\">recent study\u003c/a> funded by the California Air Resources Board found San Joaquin Valley dairy waste emissions contributed little to ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993384\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993384\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jersey cows stand in a stall at Wickstrom Jersey Farms on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar. The farm uses a diary digester to capture methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The air quality implications are basically zero, and really we can make a decision about whether or not digesters should be adopted based on greenhouse gas emissions,” said Michael Kleeman, lead study researcher and a University of California, Davis professor. “There’s already so much excess ammonia in the agriculture-rich regions that (digesters) are not going to significantly influence the air quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Arevalo, a 74-year-old activist and former farmworker, believes her asthma and sleep apnea are linked to pollution from dairies near her home in Pixley. She sleeps with a machine to help her breathe. So do her son, 34, and grandson, 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neighborhood often smells of ammonia, she said, but many families can’t afford air conditioning and open windows to let breeze in. “These dairies shouldn’t be in areas where communities are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993381\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993381\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental activist Maria Arevalo, 74, demonstrates the air machine she uses to treat sleep apnea on May 20, 2024, in Pixley. Arevalo said she believes her asthma and sleep apnea are linked to pollution from numerous dairies near her home. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In her town of about 4,000 there are more cows than people. According to the nonprofit Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability, Pixley’s 26 dairies house approximately 140,000 cows. Nine have digesters operating on farms with thousands of animals, according to AgSTAR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, 15 members of Congress \u003ca href=\"https://www.booker.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Letter%20to%20Vilsack%20Re%20Factory%20Farm%20Practices%20Eligibility%20for%20IRA%20Conservation%20Funding.pdf\">wrote (PDF)\u003c/a> opposing USDA’s decision to make some large-scale farming practices, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/NRCS-CSAF-Mitigation-Activities-List.pdf\">roofs and covers (PDF)\u003c/a> for waste management facilities, eligible for federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storage of hundreds of thousands of gallons of liquid manure … pollutes the air and water of surrounding communities,” they said. “This inherently unsustainable manure storage system is only further entrenched by … digesters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993385\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993385\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-2048x1150.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1920x1078.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tanks stand at California Dairies Inc. on Monday, May 20, 2024, in Pixley. Industrial-scale dairy farms already are among the biggest polluters in the San Joaquin Valley, a premier US agricultural region with poor air quality. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Tradeoffs of a climate solution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Researchers have found nearly 40% of methane emissions from human activity come from livestock and agriculture. EPA estimates each cow can produce 154 to 264 pounds of methane annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11979516,news_11989505,science_1992348\"]In California, supporters view digesters as important in helping the state meet climate goals and as a source of renewable natural gas for vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biomethane improves air in cities “because trucks don’t emit very much emission at all when they run on natural gas,” said Eric McAfee, CEO of the renewable fuels and biochemicals company Aemetis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joey Airoso, who’s had a digester on his 2,900-cow farm since 2018, found that odors declined and nitrogen-rich remnants could be used as crop fertilizer. “That’s a big deal environmentally because it alleviates extra nitrogen being put on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colin Murphy, from the Policy Institute for Energy, Environment and the Economy at UC Davis, said that while digesters have benefits, they don’t solve air pollution “and don’t make it any more pleasant to live near one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993383\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows cast shadows on the ground at a Pixley, dairy farm on May 20, 2024. Some residents blame the region’s dairy farms for creating unhealthy air quality. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some valley residents who have complained about odors and respiratory issues say they have been told to move. But many have lived in small, rural towns long before dairies arrived — and relocating is not always financially feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where are you going to move at? You don’t have money to move,” said Whitfield, the Pixley resident with allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California dairy farms are curbing methane emissions by converting cow manure and other organic waste into biomethane for electricity — but environmental groups say it's harming vulnerable communities and entrenching unsustainable animal agriculture.",
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"title": "Fuel From Cow Manure Is a Growing Climate Solution, but Critics Say Communities Put at Risk | KQED",
"description": "California dairy farms are curbing methane emissions by converting cow manure and other organic waste into biomethane for electricity — but environmental groups say it's harming vulnerable communities and entrenching unsustainable animal agriculture.",
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"headline": "Fuel From Cow Manure Is a Growing Climate Solution, but Critics Say Communities Put at Risk",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The stench of cow feces, urine and ammonia forces residents to keep windows and doors closed in parts of California’s farming country. Some people constantly run air purifiers at home to counter the smell and, they say, fight off air-related ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of health problems going around in this community and most of them are respiratory problems,” said Beverly Whitfield amid dairies in Pixley, a small town in Tulare County. She believes her allergies, her adult son’s asthma and others’ breathing issues are linked to pollution from nearby dairies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial-scale dairy farms already are among the biggest polluters in the San Joaquin Valley, a premier U.S. agricultural region with poor air quality. Now residents like Whitfield worry methane digesters, which can turn manure into a biofuel that is cleaner than traditional fuels like gasoline, could exacerbate health issues. Biofuel experts say digesters can reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993376\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993376\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker milks cows at Wickstrom Jersey Farms on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar, Merced County. The farm uses a diary digester to capture methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Dairy and digester capital\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Home to about 1.7 million cows, California is the country’s leading dairy producer and a large contributor of methane. Cow burps and manure emit the potent planet-warming gas, which over a shorter period is much more powerful than carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent decades, digesters that convert manure and other organic waste into biogas to create electricity or to power vehicles have spread across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number’s expected to grow since \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/NRCS-CSAF-Mitigation-Activities-List.pdf\">waste management practices\u003c/a> such as digesters became eligible for funding from the Inflation Reduction Act — President Joe Biden’s law to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993377\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993377\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robbie Macias, Aemetis vice president of biogas, gestures while demonstrating the strength of a dairy digester with Wickstrom Jersey Farms manager Brent Wickstrom on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar, Merced County. The digester captures methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most digesters are in dairies that capture methane from lagoons of cow manure and turn it into biofuel. Liquified cow manure commonly is stored in a covered digester where microbes from the animals’ digestive systems produce gas. The gas then is cleaned and compressed into a liquid fuel that can be used as an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last decade, about 120 digesters have cropped up across California and roughly 100 more are in the pipeline. But a technology hailed as a cost-effective way to help the state reach its methane reduction goals has become controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental justice organizations say mostly lower-income, Latino communities are dealing with pollution from nearby digesters, and they want California to stop providing financial incentives for more. Critics also say state policies favor industrial dairies, entrenching unsustainable animal agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Wolf with the environmental group Food and Water Watch said the state is incentivizing dairies to keep running large operations that already pollute. “You’re never going to stop polluting” with this system in place, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dairies argue the state’s financial \u003ca href=\"https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/6308\">program\u003c/a> plays an important role. “There’s got to be some financial incentive there to give up some portion of your land to operate these systems,” said dairyman Brent Wickstrom, whose digester recently went online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993378\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993378\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A separator removes solids from cow manure as Wickstrom Jersey Farms manager Brent Wickstrom discusses his farm’s dairy digester on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Supporters point to the technology’s effectiveness at mitigating climate change. AgSTAR, sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, estimates manure-based digesters reduced greenhouse gas emissions by more than 10 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2022. That’s roughly the annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions-typical-passenger-vehicle\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> from more than 2 million passenger vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters note that biofuel from methane reduces pollution by replacing fossil fuels like gasoline with cleaner vehicle fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This technology reduces odors and some local air pollutants,” said Sam Wade, director of public policy for the Coalition for Renewable Natural Gas. “At the same time, it reduces greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993380\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993380\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man passes a building on Main St. in Pixley on May 21, 2024. Some residents say dairies located throughout the region produce air pollution that is hurting their community. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Dairies, digesters and pollution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Residents near dairies complain about flies and strong odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want the doors open because you’re afraid of all the smells,” said Whitfield, whose family left doors open when they moved to Pixley in the 1970s. “Everything’s changed now with the dairies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some dairies say digester tarps that cover manure reduce smells. “If anything, it should be keeping some of that odor in as opposed to making more,” said Wickstrom, the Merced County dairyman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found people living near large dairies can experience fatigue, respiratory problems, burning eyes and runny noses if odors are concentrated enough. A 2017 University of Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880917300701\">study\u003c/a> found digesters can increase ammonia emissions by up to 81%. Ammonia may form fine particulate matter that can enter lungs and the bloodstream. Long-term exposure to particulates has been linked to heart and respiratory issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993382\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993382\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andrew Zipser checks operations at an Aemetis biogas facility in Ceres, Stanislaus County, on May 9, 2024. Local dairies use digesters to capture methane from cow manure which is then piped to the facility for processing. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Having a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is good, but you also want to think about the human health impact,” said lead author Michael A. Holly, an associate professor at the Green Bay campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California air regulators said the Midwest study doesn’t necessarily apply to this state’s different meteorological conditions and types of digesters. They added that studies are underway to understand effects of digesters on ammonia emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231024002632\">recent study\u003c/a> funded by the California Air Resources Board found San Joaquin Valley dairy waste emissions contributed little to ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993384\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993384\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jersey cows stand in a stall at Wickstrom Jersey Farms on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar. The farm uses a diary digester to capture methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The air quality implications are basically zero, and really we can make a decision about whether or not digesters should be adopted based on greenhouse gas emissions,” said Michael Kleeman, lead study researcher and a University of California, Davis professor. “There’s already so much excess ammonia in the agriculture-rich regions that (digesters) are not going to significantly influence the air quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Arevalo, a 74-year-old activist and former farmworker, believes her asthma and sleep apnea are linked to pollution from dairies near her home in Pixley. She sleeps with a machine to help her breathe. So do her son, 34, and grandson, 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neighborhood often smells of ammonia, she said, but many families can’t afford air conditioning and open windows to let breeze in. “These dairies shouldn’t be in areas where communities are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993381\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993381\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental activist Maria Arevalo, 74, demonstrates the air machine she uses to treat sleep apnea on May 20, 2024, in Pixley. Arevalo said she believes her asthma and sleep apnea are linked to pollution from numerous dairies near her home. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In her town of about 4,000 there are more cows than people. According to the nonprofit Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability, Pixley’s 26 dairies house approximately 140,000 cows. Nine have digesters operating on farms with thousands of animals, according to AgSTAR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, 15 members of Congress \u003ca href=\"https://www.booker.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Letter%20to%20Vilsack%20Re%20Factory%20Farm%20Practices%20Eligibility%20for%20IRA%20Conservation%20Funding.pdf\">wrote (PDF)\u003c/a> opposing USDA’s decision to make some large-scale farming practices, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/NRCS-CSAF-Mitigation-Activities-List.pdf\">roofs and covers (PDF)\u003c/a> for waste management facilities, eligible for federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storage of hundreds of thousands of gallons of liquid manure … pollutes the air and water of surrounding communities,” they said. “This inherently unsustainable manure storage system is only further entrenched by … digesters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993385\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993385\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-2048x1150.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1920x1078.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tanks stand at California Dairies Inc. on Monday, May 20, 2024, in Pixley. Industrial-scale dairy farms already are among the biggest polluters in the San Joaquin Valley, a premier US agricultural region with poor air quality. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Tradeoffs of a climate solution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Researchers have found nearly 40% of methane emissions from human activity come from livestock and agriculture. EPA estimates each cow can produce 154 to 264 pounds of methane annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In California, supporters view digesters as important in helping the state meet climate goals and as a source of renewable natural gas for vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biomethane improves air in cities “because trucks don’t emit very much emission at all when they run on natural gas,” said Eric McAfee, CEO of the renewable fuels and biochemicals company Aemetis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joey Airoso, who’s had a digester on his 2,900-cow farm since 2018, found that odors declined and nitrogen-rich remnants could be used as crop fertilizer. “That’s a big deal environmentally because it alleviates extra nitrogen being put on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colin Murphy, from the Policy Institute for Energy, Environment and the Economy at UC Davis, said that while digesters have benefits, they don’t solve air pollution “and don’t make it any more pleasant to live near one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993383\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows cast shadows on the ground at a Pixley, dairy farm on May 20, 2024. Some residents blame the region’s dairy farms for creating unhealthy air quality. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some valley residents who have complained about odors and respiratory issues say they have been told to move. But many have lived in small, rural towns long before dairies arrived — and relocating is not always financially feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where are you going to move at? You don’t have money to move,” said Whitfield, the Pixley resident with allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "california-shows-where-insurers-would-need-to-boost-coverage-in-fire-prone-areas",
"title": "California Shows Where Insurers Would Need to Boost Coverage in Fire-Prone Areas",
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"headTitle": "California Shows Where Insurers Would Need to Boost Coverage in Fire-Prone Areas | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>California insurance regulators on Wednesday released maps of the state’s most wildfire-distressed areas, where they aim to require insurance companies to write more policies, the next phase of their plan to address the ongoing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1992803/newsom-seeks-faster-track-for-home-insurance-rate-hikes-as-market-shrinks\">crisis in the state’s home insurance market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new draft state regulations are a cornerstone of the California Department of Insurance’s strategy to make more insurance available for consumers, who have found it hard to find new property insurance as companies pull out of the market amid \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1993253/what-to-know-about-landmark-wildfire-bills-led-by-california-congressman\">worsening wildfire risk\u003c/a>. Homeowners have been increasingly pushed toward the FAIR Plan, the state’s insurer of last resort, which offers expensive, low-quality coverage and is severely \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1992401/homeowners-insurance-market-stretched-even-thinner-as-2-more-companies-leave-california\">financially overextended\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, the department floated draft regulations requiring companies to offer more coverage in wildfire-distressed areas of the state. As a concession, California will allow insurance providers to set rates using forward-looking catastrophe models that consider the effects of climate change on future disasters and also incorporate mitigation done to increase safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday’s maps are the second part of that regulatory focus, outlining the deal insurance companies must accept if they are going to use catastrophe models that, along with other proposed changes, are likely to lead to rate increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Wildfire 'distressed' residential ZIP codes in California\" aria-label=\"Map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-Fp8Ko\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/Fp8Ko/2/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"1000\" height=\"898\" data-external=\"1\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maps show that about half of the state is in distressed areas: all of far northern California, nearly all of the Sierra Nevada, Napa and Marin counties in the Bay Area, along with most of the Central Coast and pockets in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance commission officials identified these areas by their fire hazard, considered either “high” or “very high” in the most recent \u003ca href=\"https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/what-we-do/community-wildfire-preparedness-and-mitigation/fire-hazard-severity-zones/fire-hazard-severity-zones-maps-2022\">Cal Fire hazard maps\u003c/a>. They also included counties where 20% or more of homes are considered high-risk. ZIP codes where the FAIR Plan covers 15% or more of insurance policies are additionally included, as are areas where insurance is extremely expensive relative to incomes in the area, as defined by a new department metric called the “affordability index.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations will require larger companies to cover 85% of their market share in wildfire-distressed areas (so, theoretically, if a single company held half of all homeowners policies in the state, that company would be required to offer coverage to 42.5% of properties in those areas). Smaller and regional insurance companies are not required to meet this standard, as the insurance department considers it may be an undue business burden on them. However, the state is asking these smaller companies to increase their existing market share of policies in wildfire-prone areas by 5% over the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re creating targets that are achievable and will help consumers not in decades but absolutely now,” Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara said in a briefing. “As soon as our regulations are complete later this year, insurance companies that use catastrophic models will have to publicly detail their commitments in writing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technology is harming consumers, not helping them when it comes to making insurance more available and affordable. I commend the department for insisting that there be a tangible benefit for consumers,” said Amy Bach, executive director of United Policyholders, in a release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draft regulations and maps are available on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0400-news/0100-press-releases/2024/release023-2024.cfm\">insurance department’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public workshop to discuss the draft regulations is scheduled for June 26 at 2:30 p.m. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0250-insurers/0500-legal-info/0300-workshop-insurers/upload/Invitation-to-Workshop-Regarding-Catastrophe-Modeling-and-Ratemaking-Insurer-Commitments-to-Increase-Writing-of-Policies-in-High-Risk-Wildfire-Areas.pdf\">here\u003c/a> [PDF]. The public is invited to submit written comments by June 27 to \u003ca href=\"mailto:CDIRegulations@insurance.ca.gov\">CDIRegulations@insurance.ca.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "New maps are part of California insurance regulators’ plan to address the ongoing crisis in the state’s home insurance market.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California insurance regulators on Wednesday released maps of the state’s most wildfire-distressed areas, where they aim to require insurance companies to write more policies, the next phase of their plan to address the ongoing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1992803/newsom-seeks-faster-track-for-home-insurance-rate-hikes-as-market-shrinks\">crisis in the state’s home insurance market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new draft state regulations are a cornerstone of the California Department of Insurance’s strategy to make more insurance available for consumers, who have found it hard to find new property insurance as companies pull out of the market amid \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1993253/what-to-know-about-landmark-wildfire-bills-led-by-california-congressman\">worsening wildfire risk\u003c/a>. Homeowners have been increasingly pushed toward the FAIR Plan, the state’s insurer of last resort, which offers expensive, low-quality coverage and is severely \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1992401/homeowners-insurance-market-stretched-even-thinner-as-2-more-companies-leave-california\">financially overextended\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, the department floated draft regulations requiring companies to offer more coverage in wildfire-distressed areas of the state. As a concession, California will allow insurance providers to set rates using forward-looking catastrophe models that consider the effects of climate change on future disasters and also incorporate mitigation done to increase safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday’s maps are the second part of that regulatory focus, outlining the deal insurance companies must accept if they are going to use catastrophe models that, along with other proposed changes, are likely to lead to rate increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Wildfire 'distressed' residential ZIP codes in California\" aria-label=\"Map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-Fp8Ko\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/Fp8Ko/2/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"1000\" height=\"898\" data-external=\"1\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maps show that about half of the state is in distressed areas: all of far northern California, nearly all of the Sierra Nevada, Napa and Marin counties in the Bay Area, along with most of the Central Coast and pockets in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance commission officials identified these areas by their fire hazard, considered either “high” or “very high” in the most recent \u003ca href=\"https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/what-we-do/community-wildfire-preparedness-and-mitigation/fire-hazard-severity-zones/fire-hazard-severity-zones-maps-2022\">Cal Fire hazard maps\u003c/a>. They also included counties where 20% or more of homes are considered high-risk. ZIP codes where the FAIR Plan covers 15% or more of insurance policies are additionally included, as are areas where insurance is extremely expensive relative to incomes in the area, as defined by a new department metric called the “affordability index.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations will require larger companies to cover 85% of their market share in wildfire-distressed areas (so, theoretically, if a single company held half of all homeowners policies in the state, that company would be required to offer coverage to 42.5% of properties in those areas). Smaller and regional insurance companies are not required to meet this standard, as the insurance department considers it may be an undue business burden on them. However, the state is asking these smaller companies to increase their existing market share of policies in wildfire-prone areas by 5% over the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re creating targets that are achievable and will help consumers not in decades but absolutely now,” Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara said in a briefing. “As soon as our regulations are complete later this year, insurance companies that use catastrophic models will have to publicly detail their commitments in writing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technology is harming consumers, not helping them when it comes to making insurance more available and affordable. I commend the department for insisting that there be a tangible benefit for consumers,” said Amy Bach, executive director of United Policyholders, in a release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draft regulations and maps are available on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0400-news/0100-press-releases/2024/release023-2024.cfm\">insurance department’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public workshop to discuss the draft regulations is scheduled for June 26 at 2:30 p.m. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0250-insurers/0500-legal-info/0300-workshop-insurers/upload/Invitation-to-Workshop-Regarding-Catastrophe-Modeling-and-Ratemaking-Insurer-Commitments-to-Increase-Writing-of-Policies-in-High-Risk-Wildfire-Areas.pdf\">here\u003c/a> [PDF]. The public is invited to submit written comments by June 27 to \u003ca href=\"mailto:CDIRegulations@insurance.ca.gov\">CDIRegulations@insurance.ca.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco's Aging Infrastructure Ill-Prepared for Future Flooding, Report Warns",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco’s bureaucracy is hindering it from adapting to worsening flood risk due to human-caused climate change, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sf.gov/resource/2024/civil-grand-jury-reports-2023-2024\">new report\u003c/a> from the San Francisco Civil Grand Jury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surrounded by water on three sides, the city is in danger as seas rise and flooding worsens from more intense storms — projected to grow \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983299/san-franciscos-aging-infrastructure-isnt-ready-for-its-wetter-future\">as much as 37% wetter by the end of the century\u003c/a> — and the sewer system as it stands now is incapable of handling it, the grand jury also found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest finding we found was that this is a challenge that faces every department within the city,” said Michael Carboy, jury foreperson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury’s study found that San Francisco “lacks a comprehensive funding plan” for adapting to climate change, which is made worse by siloed agency planning. It also found that the city’s debt policies prevent it from funding needed flooding projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These issues are “aggravated by a lack of transparency” about the city’s current adaptation efforts, hindering climate resilience, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With at least 23,700 residents likely harmed by inland flooding, the city needs a more comprehensive and integrated plan to adapt to climate change,” Carboy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury listed five main recommendations: for San Francisco to reform the decision-making process in its Climate Resilience Program, be transparent in how it plans for climate effects, reassess funding shortfalls required to respond to climate change, improve interdepartmental coordination needed to address flooding, and better inform the public about flood insurance options and the areas of the city that scientists expect to flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Civil Grand Jury is a panel of 19 citizens who don’t work in government. They serve for a year to investigate and issue reports on significant local government actions or, as in this case, government lack of action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public needs to know what is being currently done to adapt to climate change, as they will be the taxpayers, ratepayers, and floodplain dwellers affected by the success of the city’s resilience efforts,” the jury wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives of San Francisco’s Office of Resilience and Capital Planning acknowledged the importance of a cohesive citywide effort in planning for climate change. [aside postID=science_1993253 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/231110-PRESCRIBED-BURN_PENN-VALLEY_NEVADA-COUNTY10-EB-KQED-1020x680.jpg']“To meet our climate goals, climate resilience must be embedded into every department’s work,” officials said in a statement on Tuesday. “While there’s still work to be done, San Francisco has been a nationwide leader on climate resilience, making strides on flood management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury noted that in 2021, the mayor’s office created ClimateSF — an interdepartmental agency made up of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, the Port of San Francisco, the Planning Department, the San Francisco Environment Department, and the Office of Resilience and Capital Planning — to help the city adapt to flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the jury found the agencies need more capacity for unexpected major capital projects that could address future flooding. The jury could not find a list of infrastructure projects devoted to climate change resilience or a line item in the capital budget showcasing investment, making it “difficult to determine how much the city is currently spending on climate change,” it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury also found that future stormwater will exceed the capacity of the city’s storm and wastewater infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only will our feet get wet from rising sea levels, but the city is on a hill, so we are going to get a double whammy from extreme precipitation and rising groundwater,” Carboy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission released a study last July finding \u003ca href=\"https://sfpuc.org/about-us/reports/san-francisco-bay-area-precipitation-warmer-world\">that the agency needs to dramatically update its stormwater infrastructure\u003c/a> to handle future deluges. When reached for comment on Tuesday, the agency deferred to the statement from the Office of Resilience and Capital Planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, the jurors found that the city is paying out flood damage claims for “inadequate wastewater drainage” because flood insurance is only required for structures in particular flood hazard areas. The jury recommended that the city better communicate with homeowners and business owners about obtaining flood protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Young, communications director for the Port of San Francisco, said the agency is reviewing the report and “looks forward to coordinating” with other city agencies in responding to the jury’s findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The port is also working with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers \u003ca href=\"https://sfport.com/about/news/port-san-francisco-us-army-corps-engineers-release-draft-plan-build-citys-flood-defenses#:~:text=Today%2C%20the%20Port%20of%20San,Park%20to%20Heron's%20Head%20Park.\">on a plan to adapt 7 1/2 miles of the shore to defend against future sea level rise\u003c/a>. This could include raising the Ferry Building seven feet, some managed retreat and even re-envisioning the entire Embarcadero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco’s bureaucracy is hindering it from adapting to worsening flood risk due to human-caused climate change, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sf.gov/resource/2024/civil-grand-jury-reports-2023-2024\">new report\u003c/a> from the San Francisco Civil Grand Jury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surrounded by water on three sides, the city is in danger as seas rise and flooding worsens from more intense storms — projected to grow \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983299/san-franciscos-aging-infrastructure-isnt-ready-for-its-wetter-future\">as much as 37% wetter by the end of the century\u003c/a> — and the sewer system as it stands now is incapable of handling it, the grand jury also found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest finding we found was that this is a challenge that faces every department within the city,” said Michael Carboy, jury foreperson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury’s study found that San Francisco “lacks a comprehensive funding plan” for adapting to climate change, which is made worse by siloed agency planning. It also found that the city’s debt policies prevent it from funding needed flooding projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These issues are “aggravated by a lack of transparency” about the city’s current adaptation efforts, hindering climate resilience, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With at least 23,700 residents likely harmed by inland flooding, the city needs a more comprehensive and integrated plan to adapt to climate change,” Carboy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury listed five main recommendations: for San Francisco to reform the decision-making process in its Climate Resilience Program, be transparent in how it plans for climate effects, reassess funding shortfalls required to respond to climate change, improve interdepartmental coordination needed to address flooding, and better inform the public about flood insurance options and the areas of the city that scientists expect to flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Civil Grand Jury is a panel of 19 citizens who don’t work in government. They serve for a year to investigate and issue reports on significant local government actions or, as in this case, government lack of action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public needs to know what is being currently done to adapt to climate change, as they will be the taxpayers, ratepayers, and floodplain dwellers affected by the success of the city’s resilience efforts,” the jury wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives of San Francisco’s Office of Resilience and Capital Planning acknowledged the importance of a cohesive citywide effort in planning for climate change. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“To meet our climate goals, climate resilience must be embedded into every department’s work,” officials said in a statement on Tuesday. “While there’s still work to be done, San Francisco has been a nationwide leader on climate resilience, making strides on flood management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury noted that in 2021, the mayor’s office created ClimateSF — an interdepartmental agency made up of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, the Port of San Francisco, the Planning Department, the San Francisco Environment Department, and the Office of Resilience and Capital Planning — to help the city adapt to flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the jury found the agencies need more capacity for unexpected major capital projects that could address future flooding. The jury could not find a list of infrastructure projects devoted to climate change resilience or a line item in the capital budget showcasing investment, making it “difficult to determine how much the city is currently spending on climate change,” it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury also found that future stormwater will exceed the capacity of the city’s storm and wastewater infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only will our feet get wet from rising sea levels, but the city is on a hill, so we are going to get a double whammy from extreme precipitation and rising groundwater,” Carboy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission released a study last July finding \u003ca href=\"https://sfpuc.org/about-us/reports/san-francisco-bay-area-precipitation-warmer-world\">that the agency needs to dramatically update its stormwater infrastructure\u003c/a> to handle future deluges. When reached for comment on Tuesday, the agency deferred to the statement from the Office of Resilience and Capital Planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, the jurors found that the city is paying out flood damage claims for “inadequate wastewater drainage” because flood insurance is only required for structures in particular flood hazard areas. The jury recommended that the city better communicate with homeowners and business owners about obtaining flood protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Young, communications director for the Port of San Francisco, said the agency is reviewing the report and “looks forward to coordinating” with other city agencies in responding to the jury’s findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The port is also working with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers \u003ca href=\"https://sfport.com/about/news/port-san-francisco-us-army-corps-engineers-release-draft-plan-build-citys-flood-defenses#:~:text=Today%2C%20the%20Port%20of%20San,Park%20to%20Heron's%20Head%20Park.\">on a plan to adapt 7 1/2 miles of the shore to defend against future sea level rise\u003c/a>. This could include raising the Ferry Building seven feet, some managed retreat and even re-envisioning the entire Embarcadero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Researchers Develop Board Game to Teach Wildfire Safety. Can It Save Lives?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dozens of residents and firefighters gathered on Sunday in the tiny coastal town of Tomales. In the town hall, past a table of coffee and donut holes, they met around six folding tables covered with giant maps of Tomales and the surrounding agricultural region from Dillon Beach to Two Rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each map was a game board for “Tomales Resilience,” an experimental game that simulates a real-life wildfire evacuation. People play as themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, residents calculated whether they would start with a bonus or a penalty. They added points for how prepared they are in real life, like by already having a go bag or a radio. They subtracted points for factors that could slow them down, like having multiple pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, a Tomales firefighter used a spinner to generate the characteristics of an imaginary fire, including which day and time the fire would break out. Residents put their game pieces — which represented their real-life modes of transportation — at the point on the map where they would be at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993268\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993268\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-scaled.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-1536x2048.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Marin County Fire Department play alongside residents of Tomales and the surrounding area. \u003ccite>(Katherine Monahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the game was on. At each turn, players encountered new variables — a blocked road, an additional fire, a neighbor asking for help — as they tried to get to their destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game, called “Tomales Resistance,” is part of an experimental approach to wildfire preparedness. With climate change, California wildfires are expected to increase in frequency and severity. And communities are looking for effective ways to plan ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Games are a great way to explore complex things in a very low-stakes way,” said Tom Maiorana, a Professor of Design at UC Davis. He created the game with an interdisciplinary team of colleagues at UC Davis, UC Berkeley, and UC Santa Cruz. The National Science Foundation funded the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science behind it, Maiorana said, comes from an academic discipline called serious games. Serious games are defined as being for learning rather than entertainment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Games help people to think in more creative ways,” Maiorana said, “and yet have a visceral experience that’s a hint at what might happen in the real thing, but still simulating some of the stress and elements that would come up in this situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make Tomales Resilience realistic, Maiorana met with community members to learn what factors could impact an evacuation attempt in their area. He then turned their feedback into chance cards that players drew at each turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafood festival in Point Reyes? Go back two spaces — but only if you’re evacuating to the south. Motorcycle rally on Highway 1? Skip a turn. Not sure how much gas is in your tank right now? Skip a turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thinking about these factors ahead of time can be very helpful, Maiorana said — especially in tiny coastal Tomales, which has only three roads out of town and is 18 miles from the nearest gas station. “Getting to play through scenarios gets us to think about it and actually enhance the confidence of community members, so we’re better prepared in the future,” Maiorana said.[aside postID=news_11988682 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/240602-CorralFire-15-BL-1020x680.jpg']After the game, community members talked through what they’d learned. Elizabeth Bonini, who lives in Santa Rosa but has family and property in Tomales, said it made her think about how she would evacuate her mother. “All of a sudden, it became clear that if you have an elderly family member,” she said, “boy, you were at a time crunch.” She suggested that each block in town create a plan to look after its elderly or disabled members in an evacuation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other residents proposed getting more radios, using the church bells as an alarm, planning carshares, and creating a townwide phone directory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They plan to meet again soon to start implementing their new ideas. “That’s the next step,” Marshall resident Frank Werblin said. “And it’s really important. A lot of planning could be so lifesaving if we can do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomales Fire Captain Tom Nunes was impressed with the game and said it could be useful in other towns as well. “There’s some great fundamentals behind this,” he said, “and it’s a matter of tailoring it for each community’s needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maiorana and his team hope to expand the project and play with other areas. “Wildfires are this existential threat for so many Californians,” he said. “Yet it’s one of those things that so few of us actually get to practice how we respond.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dozens of residents and firefighters gathered on Sunday in the tiny coastal town of Tomales. In the town hall, past a table of coffee and donut holes, they met around six folding tables covered with giant maps of Tomales and the surrounding agricultural region from Dillon Beach to Two Rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each map was a game board for “Tomales Resilience,” an experimental game that simulates a real-life wildfire evacuation. People play as themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, residents calculated whether they would start with a bonus or a penalty. They added points for how prepared they are in real life, like by already having a go bag or a radio. They subtracted points for factors that could slow them down, like having multiple pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, a Tomales firefighter used a spinner to generate the characteristics of an imaginary fire, including which day and time the fire would break out. Residents put their game pieces — which represented their real-life modes of transportation — at the point on the map where they would be at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993268\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993268\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-scaled.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMG_2592-1536x2048.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Marin County Fire Department play alongside residents of Tomales and the surrounding area. \u003ccite>(Katherine Monahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the game was on. At each turn, players encountered new variables — a blocked road, an additional fire, a neighbor asking for help — as they tried to get to their destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game, called “Tomales Resistance,” is part of an experimental approach to wildfire preparedness. With climate change, California wildfires are expected to increase in frequency and severity. And communities are looking for effective ways to plan ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Games are a great way to explore complex things in a very low-stakes way,” said Tom Maiorana, a Professor of Design at UC Davis. He created the game with an interdisciplinary team of colleagues at UC Davis, UC Berkeley, and UC Santa Cruz. The National Science Foundation funded the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science behind it, Maiorana said, comes from an academic discipline called serious games. Serious games are defined as being for learning rather than entertainment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Games help people to think in more creative ways,” Maiorana said, “and yet have a visceral experience that’s a hint at what might happen in the real thing, but still simulating some of the stress and elements that would come up in this situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make Tomales Resilience realistic, Maiorana met with community members to learn what factors could impact an evacuation attempt in their area. He then turned their feedback into chance cards that players drew at each turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafood festival in Point Reyes? Go back two spaces — but only if you’re evacuating to the south. Motorcycle rally on Highway 1? Skip a turn. Not sure how much gas is in your tank right now? Skip a turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thinking about these factors ahead of time can be very helpful, Maiorana said — especially in tiny coastal Tomales, which has only three roads out of town and is 18 miles from the nearest gas station. “Getting to play through scenarios gets us to think about it and actually enhance the confidence of community members, so we’re better prepared in the future,” Maiorana said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>After the game, community members talked through what they’d learned. Elizabeth Bonini, who lives in Santa Rosa but has family and property in Tomales, said it made her think about how she would evacuate her mother. “All of a sudden, it became clear that if you have an elderly family member,” she said, “boy, you were at a time crunch.” She suggested that each block in town create a plan to look after its elderly or disabled members in an evacuation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other residents proposed getting more radios, using the church bells as an alarm, planning carshares, and creating a townwide phone directory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They plan to meet again soon to start implementing their new ideas. “That’s the next step,” Marshall resident Frank Werblin said. “And it’s really important. A lot of planning could be so lifesaving if we can do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomales Fire Captain Tom Nunes was impressed with the game and said it could be useful in other towns as well. “There’s some great fundamentals behind this,” he said, “and it’s a matter of tailoring it for each community’s needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maiorana and his team hope to expand the project and play with other areas. “Wildfires are this existential threat for so many Californians,” he said. “Yet it’s one of those things that so few of us actually get to practice how we respond.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Monday, Central Valley Rep. Josh Harder announced a package of wildfire bills, promising a “once-in-a-generation,” “first-of-its-kind,” “all-the-above” approach to addressing the nation’s wildfire issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The package focuses on four main areas:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Hiring and training more firefighters,\u003cbr>\n2) Retaining more firefighters with better benefits and working conditions,\u003cbr>\n3) Updating technology to improve fire response time,\u003cbr>\n4) Establishing a nationwide monitoring and alert system for wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there’s a lot the legislation promises, its true effect — if passed — will be how it’s applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it matters:\u003c/strong> In an era of human-caused climate change following a century of fire suppression, wildfire season in California is growing longer and more destructive, threatening our quality of life, health and housing affordability. Wildfire destruction has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1985175/insurance-in-california-is-changing-heres-how-it-may-affect-you\">prompted a home insurance crisis\u003c/a> that is affecting the ability of residents to live here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just the fires themselves that are dangerous; the smoke they produce travels far and wide and causes unseen deaths — a hazard for which there is currently no national-level alert program. Firefighter recruitment and retention have become a major problem, particularly for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/02/1102575243/federal-agencies-are-struggling-to-hire-and-retain-firefighters\">federal agencies like the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> because the base pay can be extremely low, working conditions are brutal, and the cost of living is exorbitant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The catch:\u003c/strong> For years, experts have cautioned that we’ll never be able to one-more-crew-of-firefighters our way out of this problem. What’s needed is to proactively prepare the landscape and communities for fire instead of focusing on quick suppression. A commission of 50 wildfire experts convened by Congress emphasized this need for proactivity and less reactivity in \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/wfmmc-final-report-09-2023.pdf\">its final report\u003c/a> released last September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harder, who introduced this package of bills explicitly to respond to the commission’s recommendations, seems aware of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest impediment to us being more proactive is our staffing shortages,” Harder said. “And if you talk to most of our fire departments [and] to the U.S. Forest Service, they’ll tell you that they want to be more proactive in addressing the vegetation and the overgrowth that’s happening. And they don’t have the people to do it. They also don’t always have the technology, and there’s often far too much red tape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three of those bottlenecks are addressed in the package of bills, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=science_1993130,news_11988682,science_1992803,news_11970558 label='related coverage']\u003cstrong>The bottom line:\u003c/strong> If wildfire managers use increased staffing to focus only on putting out fires, then the boost in funding for firefighters will be a repeat of already failed policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire experts are, however, sure to welcome the increased attention on wildfire smoke, which is almost shockingly dangerous. In 2018, for example, wildfires officially killed 106 people in California, but UC Irvine researchers later estimated the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1971666/california-wildfires-killed-106-people-two-years-ago-researchers-say-the-smoke-killed-3652\">true toll of wildfire smoke\u003c/a> that year: 3,652 additional deaths and $150 billion in economic losses. From 2008 to 2018, more than 50,000 Californians died prematurely due to wildfire smoke, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl1252\">a study published Friday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s next:\u003c/strong> The package of bills has been endorsed by a bipartisan group of representatives from around the country. Reps. Scott Franklin (R-Fla.) and Joe Neguse (D-Colo.) are also primary authors. Reps. Greg Stanton (D-Ariz.), Mike Thompson (D-St. Helena), John Garamendi (D-Walnut Grove), and Val Hoyle (D-Ore.) are co-sponsoring the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harder (D-Tracy), for his part, is optimistic about its chances:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We took the recommendations that we thought could make it into law in a Republican House, a Democratic Senate with a Democratic president,” he said. “There were some things that some folks like that ended up on the cutting room floor because they weren’t supported by both parties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The full bill text is available \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Zsx8K1RD6p2mw0GI4nSdGAYsQM77byfL/view\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Monday, Central Valley Rep. Josh Harder announced a package of wildfire bills, promising a “once-in-a-generation,” “first-of-its-kind,” “all-the-above” approach to addressing the nation’s wildfire issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The package focuses on four main areas:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Hiring and training more firefighters,\u003cbr>\n2) Retaining more firefighters with better benefits and working conditions,\u003cbr>\n3) Updating technology to improve fire response time,\u003cbr>\n4) Establishing a nationwide monitoring and alert system for wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there’s a lot the legislation promises, its true effect — if passed — will be how it’s applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it matters:\u003c/strong> In an era of human-caused climate change following a century of fire suppression, wildfire season in California is growing longer and more destructive, threatening our quality of life, health and housing affordability. Wildfire destruction has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1985175/insurance-in-california-is-changing-heres-how-it-may-affect-you\">prompted a home insurance crisis\u003c/a> that is affecting the ability of residents to live here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just the fires themselves that are dangerous; the smoke they produce travels far and wide and causes unseen deaths — a hazard for which there is currently no national-level alert program. Firefighter recruitment and retention have become a major problem, particularly for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/02/1102575243/federal-agencies-are-struggling-to-hire-and-retain-firefighters\">federal agencies like the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> because the base pay can be extremely low, working conditions are brutal, and the cost of living is exorbitant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The catch:\u003c/strong> For years, experts have cautioned that we’ll never be able to one-more-crew-of-firefighters our way out of this problem. What’s needed is to proactively prepare the landscape and communities for fire instead of focusing on quick suppression. A commission of 50 wildfire experts convened by Congress emphasized this need for proactivity and less reactivity in \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/wfmmc-final-report-09-2023.pdf\">its final report\u003c/a> released last September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harder, who introduced this package of bills explicitly to respond to the commission’s recommendations, seems aware of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest impediment to us being more proactive is our staffing shortages,” Harder said. “And if you talk to most of our fire departments [and] to the U.S. Forest Service, they’ll tell you that they want to be more proactive in addressing the vegetation and the overgrowth that’s happening. And they don’t have the people to do it. They also don’t always have the technology, and there’s often far too much red tape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three of those bottlenecks are addressed in the package of bills, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The bottom line:\u003c/strong> If wildfire managers use increased staffing to focus only on putting out fires, then the boost in funding for firefighters will be a repeat of already failed policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire experts are, however, sure to welcome the increased attention on wildfire smoke, which is almost shockingly dangerous. In 2018, for example, wildfires officially killed 106 people in California, but UC Irvine researchers later estimated the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1971666/california-wildfires-killed-106-people-two-years-ago-researchers-say-the-smoke-killed-3652\">true toll of wildfire smoke\u003c/a> that year: 3,652 additional deaths and $150 billion in economic losses. From 2008 to 2018, more than 50,000 Californians died prematurely due to wildfire smoke, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl1252\">a study published Friday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s next:\u003c/strong> The package of bills has been endorsed by a bipartisan group of representatives from around the country. Reps. Scott Franklin (R-Fla.) and Joe Neguse (D-Colo.) are also primary authors. Reps. Greg Stanton (D-Ariz.), Mike Thompson (D-St. Helena), John Garamendi (D-Walnut Grove), and Val Hoyle (D-Ore.) are co-sponsoring the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harder (D-Tracy), for his part, is optimistic about its chances:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We took the recommendations that we thought could make it into law in a Republican House, a Democratic Senate with a Democratic president,” he said. “There were some things that some folks like that ended up on the cutting room floor because they weren’t supported by both parties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The full bill text is available \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Zsx8K1RD6p2mw0GI4nSdGAYsQM77byfL/view\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On a recent bright, gusty day, Matt Larsen welcomed guests at a picnic table near the bathrooms. The tiny group assembled with sturdy shoes, water bottle and wind jackets, ready for a walking tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larsen, a docent with San Francisco City Guides, is hosting a \u003ca href=\"https://sfcityguides.org/tour/climate-change-at-crissy-field/\">new tour: climate change at Crissy Field\u003c/a>. It’s a look at what came before at Crissy Field, what’s coming next, and what that tells us about the future of our lives under a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is often something that people think of as happening in the future,” Larsen said. “More and more people understand that it’s happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He motioned around himself. “This, I would say, is one of our most iconic places in San Francisco. We’ve got the Golden Gate Bridge. And behind you is Angel Island. And over there is Alcatraz.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay cities sprawled along the hills in the distance, on the far side of the blue choppy water, while the Presidio, green and tidy, covered the nearby hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a million people a year visit Crissy Field, he told the group. One of the first of these individuals to make this area famous — post-Western settlement — was someone who grew up in San Francisco: Ansel Adams. On an iPad, Larsen showed an image of a photo taken by Adams of the mouth of the Bay and the Golden Gate Bridge under construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#A\">\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: See interactive then-and-now photos of Crissy Field\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Adams was four years old during the 1906 earthquake. During one of the aftershocks, he was thrown into a garden wall and broke his nose. The injury stayed with him his whole life. Larsen showed a picture of Adams as an older man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And you can see, even as a much older person, his nose still looks pretty mangled,” he said. “That was one of the factors that led to him being kind of solitary and taking up a lot of time in nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not necessarily a more genteel time back then. “Kids bullied him in school,” he added. “They treated him poorly and teased him about his nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he grew, he developed a remarkable gift for capturing natural beauty in black-and-white photography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We take our hats off to Ansel Adams and thank him for highlighting the beauty of this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Expensive challenges ahead\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As the group moved further up the field toward the bridge, Larsen advised care and awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do want to warn you that, as you’ve noticed by now, we do have a fair number of bicycles moving by,” he said. “And not all of them are highly skilled riders. So keep an eye out so you don’t get run over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After alerting guests to the physical area and its physical dangers, Larsen conjured up what Crissy Field looked like 15,000 years ago. Mammoths, saber-toothed tigers and giant ground sloths roamed the area. A mammoth tooth was even found atop Twin Peaks, which must have been hosting some mighty fine forage to have inspired a large animal to make such a trek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it was at the end of the last glacial period, more water was tied up in ice and sea levels were around 400 feet lower in San Francisco Bay. What we know as the Bay then was a large grassy valley with a river running through it out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Bay is currently rising at the rate of about a quarter of an inch a year. That doesn’t feel like much to worry about year over year, but think about the world over the lifespan of today’s kids, and it becomes alarming. The state \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/SLR-Guidance-DRAFT-Jan-2024-508.pdf\">estimates it could rise by as much as 6.6 feet (PDF)\u003c/a> by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea-level rise doesn’t affect all areas equally. As a near example, Larsen pointed to Alcatraz and compared it to Crissy Beach. The first is surrounded by steep rocky cliffs, the latter is low-lying and much more vulnerable. It’s a problem common in the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here in San Francisco, of course, we’ve got a lot of low-lying areas. We’re standing in one of them,” Larsen said. “If you go around the Embarcadero, the city is now in the process of planning a new seawall. We’ve got a big challenge for many of those piers and the Embarcadero itself is barely above sea level. We’ve got some big and expensive challenges ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new seawall, projected to cost $5 billion, will extend from Fisherman’s Wharf around the Embarcadero to the Giant’s ballpark. It’s paid for in part with a taxpayer-approved bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larsen predicted that residents of coastal areas, especially those in expensive neighborhoods like the nearby Marina District, will lobby heavily in future years for the city, state and government to take action. This raises the question of whether people in less economically endowed neighborhoods don’t deserve the same protections — perhaps more, as they’re less financially able to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And if you multiply this out across the world, with all the low-lying cities that are like Miami and New Orleans and New York, it’s a major, major challenge that the country faces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is rising primarily because of two reasons. One is the melting of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. About 400 billion tons of water per year enters the oceans. The other is thermal expansion. Warm water takes up more space than cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Bay is also predicted to become saltier,” Larsen said. “We’re going to see less inflow of river water from the central Valley of the Sierra. The warmer it is, the more water evaporates and the less that’s going to be in the rivers flowing down to us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larsen showed the walkers one of his favorite scientific figures: the Keeling Curve. It’s a line of sine curve wiggles trending inexorably upward, charting the decadeslong rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as read at the remote Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. The data set was started by Charles David Keeling in 1958.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Larsen, a trained geologist who formerly led the \u003ca href=\"https://stri.si.edu/scientist/matthew-larsen\">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute\u003c/a>, the interest is both professional and personal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This graph is actually so important to communicating and understanding climate change that it’s written carved in stone in the wall of the foyer or the entrance to the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. As a scientist, I often contemplated getting a tattoo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has not ruled it out. But where would he put it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because I’d want to add a data point every couple of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would have to rise across his torso, toward his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so then I thought, well, maybe it’ll go up my neck. I still haven’t gotten the tattoo, but who knows. It may happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Not hopeless\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Contemplating climate change is always sobering. “Change is scary,” the saying goes, and climate change is the mother of all scary changes. It’s poised to alter everything we know about living on Earth. But when we look at the future, Larsen said, all is not bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Largely, we know what we need to do to improve our future: stop burning fossil fuels, run our economies on cleaner electrons, inch our lifestyles toward sustainable choices and give the natural world a hand in helping us out. We are now in the midst of a clean energy transition and most climate experts believe there is no turning back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chrissy Field is a powerful testament to the human ability to fix environmental problems when we set our minds and wallets to it. Equally, it’s a testament to the natural world’s ability to bounce back when it’s given a chance to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of the 1906 earthquake, Crissy Field was a brackish tidal marsh. Much of the rubble from the quake was dumped into the marsh, filling it in. It became a site for the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition. It then became part of the Presidio military base (which the U.S. Army controlled beginning in 1846) and as the primary airfield used by the U.S. on the West Coast from 1921 to 1936.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Crissy of Crissy Field was Major Dana H. Crissy, a Presidio artilleryman who loved flying. He died during a multi-pilot effort to be the first to cross the United States by plane. His plane crashed near Salt Lake City, Utah. The Army named the airstrip, which sat on the site of the current restored marsh, in his honor. The landing strip was in operation until the ’70s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time the National Park Service acquired it in the early ’90s, Larsen said, “it was essentially a hazardous waste site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Military use had left contaminated soil. Many tons of asphalt and concrete had to be removed. Remediation took years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now there is once again a marsh at Crissy Field, albeit a rehabilitated one. Wildlife has returned to the area, including California halibut, Pacific staghorn sculpin and dozens of other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snowy plovers, once locally extinct, nest again in the dunes of Crissy Field. They’re ground nesters, which is why it’s important to keep dogs on leashes and out of the dunes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, Larsen said, 135 bird species visit the area. He paused to listen to one — a black, white and gray beauty, possibly a kind of tern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s a least tern that’s trying to harass my monologue,” he said. “You’ll see them diving, catching small fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group admired the scene. Families threaded paths along the sand. Joggers trotted by. Wind rippled the lupine and sticky monkey flower growing on the dunes. And a bird — possibly the harasser — darted in and out of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"A\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>See interactive then-and-now photos of Crissy Field\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"550\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=c1bc77e2-1f9e-11ef-9396-d93975fe8866\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=fe1541ce-1f9e-11ef-9396-d93975fe8866\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=84ab44c8-1f9e-11ef-9396-d93975fe8866\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"550\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=89aef478-1f9f-11ef-9396-d93975fe8866\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a recent bright, gusty day, Matt Larsen welcomed guests at a picnic table near the bathrooms. The tiny group assembled with sturdy shoes, water bottle and wind jackets, ready for a walking tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larsen, a docent with San Francisco City Guides, is hosting a \u003ca href=\"https://sfcityguides.org/tour/climate-change-at-crissy-field/\">new tour: climate change at Crissy Field\u003c/a>. It’s a look at what came before at Crissy Field, what’s coming next, and what that tells us about the future of our lives under a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is often something that people think of as happening in the future,” Larsen said. “More and more people understand that it’s happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He motioned around himself. “This, I would say, is one of our most iconic places in San Francisco. We’ve got the Golden Gate Bridge. And behind you is Angel Island. And over there is Alcatraz.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay cities sprawled along the hills in the distance, on the far side of the blue choppy water, while the Presidio, green and tidy, covered the nearby hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a million people a year visit Crissy Field, he told the group. One of the first of these individuals to make this area famous — post-Western settlement — was someone who grew up in San Francisco: Ansel Adams. On an iPad, Larsen showed an image of a photo taken by Adams of the mouth of the Bay and the Golden Gate Bridge under construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#A\">\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: See interactive then-and-now photos of Crissy Field\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Adams was four years old during the 1906 earthquake. During one of the aftershocks, he was thrown into a garden wall and broke his nose. The injury stayed with him his whole life. Larsen showed a picture of Adams as an older man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And you can see, even as a much older person, his nose still looks pretty mangled,” he said. “That was one of the factors that led to him being kind of solitary and taking up a lot of time in nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not necessarily a more genteel time back then. “Kids bullied him in school,” he added. “They treated him poorly and teased him about his nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he grew, he developed a remarkable gift for capturing natural beauty in black-and-white photography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We take our hats off to Ansel Adams and thank him for highlighting the beauty of this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Expensive challenges ahead\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As the group moved further up the field toward the bridge, Larsen advised care and awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do want to warn you that, as you’ve noticed by now, we do have a fair number of bicycles moving by,” he said. “And not all of them are highly skilled riders. So keep an eye out so you don’t get run over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After alerting guests to the physical area and its physical dangers, Larsen conjured up what Crissy Field looked like 15,000 years ago. Mammoths, saber-toothed tigers and giant ground sloths roamed the area. A mammoth tooth was even found atop Twin Peaks, which must have been hosting some mighty fine forage to have inspired a large animal to make such a trek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it was at the end of the last glacial period, more water was tied up in ice and sea levels were around 400 feet lower in San Francisco Bay. What we know as the Bay then was a large grassy valley with a river running through it out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Bay is currently rising at the rate of about a quarter of an inch a year. That doesn’t feel like much to worry about year over year, but think about the world over the lifespan of today’s kids, and it becomes alarming. The state \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/SLR-Guidance-DRAFT-Jan-2024-508.pdf\">estimates it could rise by as much as 6.6 feet (PDF)\u003c/a> by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea-level rise doesn’t affect all areas equally. As a near example, Larsen pointed to Alcatraz and compared it to Crissy Beach. The first is surrounded by steep rocky cliffs, the latter is low-lying and much more vulnerable. It’s a problem common in the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here in San Francisco, of course, we’ve got a lot of low-lying areas. We’re standing in one of them,” Larsen said. “If you go around the Embarcadero, the city is now in the process of planning a new seawall. We’ve got a big challenge for many of those piers and the Embarcadero itself is barely above sea level. We’ve got some big and expensive challenges ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new seawall, projected to cost $5 billion, will extend from Fisherman’s Wharf around the Embarcadero to the Giant’s ballpark. It’s paid for in part with a taxpayer-approved bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larsen predicted that residents of coastal areas, especially those in expensive neighborhoods like the nearby Marina District, will lobby heavily in future years for the city, state and government to take action. This raises the question of whether people in less economically endowed neighborhoods don’t deserve the same protections — perhaps more, as they’re less financially able to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And if you multiply this out across the world, with all the low-lying cities that are like Miami and New Orleans and New York, it’s a major, major challenge that the country faces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is rising primarily because of two reasons. One is the melting of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. About 400 billion tons of water per year enters the oceans. The other is thermal expansion. Warm water takes up more space than cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Bay is also predicted to become saltier,” Larsen said. “We’re going to see less inflow of river water from the central Valley of the Sierra. The warmer it is, the more water evaporates and the less that’s going to be in the rivers flowing down to us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larsen showed the walkers one of his favorite scientific figures: the Keeling Curve. It’s a line of sine curve wiggles trending inexorably upward, charting the decadeslong rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as read at the remote Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. The data set was started by Charles David Keeling in 1958.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Larsen, a trained geologist who formerly led the \u003ca href=\"https://stri.si.edu/scientist/matthew-larsen\">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute\u003c/a>, the interest is both professional and personal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This graph is actually so important to communicating and understanding climate change that it’s written carved in stone in the wall of the foyer or the entrance to the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. As a scientist, I often contemplated getting a tattoo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has not ruled it out. But where would he put it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because I’d want to add a data point every couple of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would have to rise across his torso, toward his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so then I thought, well, maybe it’ll go up my neck. I still haven’t gotten the tattoo, but who knows. It may happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Not hopeless\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Contemplating climate change is always sobering. “Change is scary,” the saying goes, and climate change is the mother of all scary changes. It’s poised to alter everything we know about living on Earth. But when we look at the future, Larsen said, all is not bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Largely, we know what we need to do to improve our future: stop burning fossil fuels, run our economies on cleaner electrons, inch our lifestyles toward sustainable choices and give the natural world a hand in helping us out. We are now in the midst of a clean energy transition and most climate experts believe there is no turning back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chrissy Field is a powerful testament to the human ability to fix environmental problems when we set our minds and wallets to it. Equally, it’s a testament to the natural world’s ability to bounce back when it’s given a chance to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of the 1906 earthquake, Crissy Field was a brackish tidal marsh. Much of the rubble from the quake was dumped into the marsh, filling it in. It became a site for the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition. It then became part of the Presidio military base (which the U.S. Army controlled beginning in 1846) and as the primary airfield used by the U.S. on the West Coast from 1921 to 1936.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Crissy of Crissy Field was Major Dana H. Crissy, a Presidio artilleryman who loved flying. He died during a multi-pilot effort to be the first to cross the United States by plane. His plane crashed near Salt Lake City, Utah. The Army named the airstrip, which sat on the site of the current restored marsh, in his honor. The landing strip was in operation until the ’70s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time the National Park Service acquired it in the early ’90s, Larsen said, “it was essentially a hazardous waste site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Military use had left contaminated soil. Many tons of asphalt and concrete had to be removed. Remediation took years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now there is once again a marsh at Crissy Field, albeit a rehabilitated one. Wildlife has returned to the area, including California halibut, Pacific staghorn sculpin and dozens of other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snowy plovers, once locally extinct, nest again in the dunes of Crissy Field. They’re ground nesters, which is why it’s important to keep dogs on leashes and out of the dunes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, Larsen said, 135 bird species visit the area. He paused to listen to one — a black, white and gray beauty, possibly a kind of tern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s a least tern that’s trying to harass my monologue,” he said. “You’ll see them diving, catching small fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group admired the scene. Families threaded paths along the sand. Joggers trotted by. Wind rippled the lupine and sticky monkey flower growing on the dunes. And a bird — possibly the harasser — darted in and out of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"A\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>See interactive then-and-now photos of Crissy Field\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"550\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=c1bc77e2-1f9e-11ef-9396-d93975fe8866\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=fe1541ce-1f9e-11ef-9396-d93975fe8866\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=84ab44c8-1f9e-11ef-9396-d93975fe8866\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"550\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=89aef478-1f9f-11ef-9396-d93975fe8866\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "After a Cooler Weekend for Bay Area, Expect a Strong Heat Wave on the Horizon",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Bay Area’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1993056/summer-weather-on-tap-as-the-bay-area-warms-up\">pleasant summer weather\u003c/a> will be interrupted by a slight cool-down over the weekend before a heat wave sets up in the middle of next week, bringing the potential for triple-digit temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this weekend, expect cool and cloudy along the coast, with warmer weather inland, according to Cindy Palmer, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service office in Monterey. Coastal temperatures are forecast to be in the upper 50s to mid-60s, and highs inland could reach the upper 70s to mid-80s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1796142466695131556\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Temperatures along the coast could be a few degrees below normal as we go through this weekend,” Palmer told KQED. “If you’re inland, though, they will be right around normal to maybe slightly below, depending on your location.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week, the National Weather Service is forecasting what could be the first prolonged heat wave across the West this year as a high-pressure system builds over the Four Corners region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on where exactly it sets up, Bay Area temperatures could be 10 to 20 degrees above normal for the region’s hotter inland areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highest temperatures are expected Tuesday through Thursday, with a peak on Wednesday, according to the latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/TextProduct?product=afdmtr\">forecast discussion\u003c/a> from the weather service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking at significantly warmer daytime temperatures,” Palmer said. “Inland areas will easily be into the 90s, and we may see our first triple-digit heat for some of our inland locations. For coastal areas, there is quite a bit more uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ridge of high pressure will cause the warm-up. Exactly how hot it gets, especially along the coast, will depend on where that ridge sets up and on the Bay Area’s marine layer — the cool ocean air conditioning that often cranks up this time of year, bringing the cloudy, overcast skies of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/13025/making-sense-of-san-franciscos-bone-chilling-summertime-fog\">June gloom\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A hot Sierra and a melting snowpack\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/live/PKnTegVkSWU\">Friday live-streamed office hours\u003c/a> that the heat wave would be felt most acutely in the Sierra Nevada and its foothills in the northern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Reno, Tahoe, up by Shasta,” he said. “These are going to be places that get really hot next week, very early in the season [and] could approach record levels for this early in the calendar year. I don’t think it’s nearly as likely that places like the Bay Area or Los Angeles are going to see anything approaching record heat, although it might still end up being warmer than average.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weather service’s Sacramento office issued an \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/NWSSacramento/status/1796621256781156584\">excessive heat watch\u003c/a> from 11 a.m. Tuesday to 8 p.m. Thursday for the Sacramento Valley, foothills, and Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials said earlier this year that California’s blissfully normal water year and deep snowpack could curb wildfire risk and prevent drought conditions from developing later in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that snowpack has dwindled to 44% of normal for this time of year, according to the California Department of Water Resources, after several weeks of above-average temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very possible the upcoming heat wave will pretty much kill off what’s left,” Swain said, which he added could “kick fire season up a notch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likelihood of a fast-moving forest fire touching off in the Sierra will still be low for now. But this heat wave could “create the preconditions that make it easier to have a more severe fire season later than if we had a mild start to the summer,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bay Area’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1993056/summer-weather-on-tap-as-the-bay-area-warms-up\">pleasant summer weather\u003c/a> will be interrupted by a slight cool-down over the weekend before a heat wave sets up in the middle of next week, bringing the potential for triple-digit temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this weekend, expect cool and cloudy along the coast, with warmer weather inland, according to Cindy Palmer, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service office in Monterey. Coastal temperatures are forecast to be in the upper 50s to mid-60s, and highs inland could reach the upper 70s to mid-80s.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>“Temperatures along the coast could be a few degrees below normal as we go through this weekend,” Palmer told KQED. “If you’re inland, though, they will be right around normal to maybe slightly below, depending on your location.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week, the National Weather Service is forecasting what could be the first prolonged heat wave across the West this year as a high-pressure system builds over the Four Corners region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on where exactly it sets up, Bay Area temperatures could be 10 to 20 degrees above normal for the region’s hotter inland areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highest temperatures are expected Tuesday through Thursday, with a peak on Wednesday, according to the latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/TextProduct?product=afdmtr\">forecast discussion\u003c/a> from the weather service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking at significantly warmer daytime temperatures,” Palmer said. “Inland areas will easily be into the 90s, and we may see our first triple-digit heat for some of our inland locations. For coastal areas, there is quite a bit more uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ridge of high pressure will cause the warm-up. Exactly how hot it gets, especially along the coast, will depend on where that ridge sets up and on the Bay Area’s marine layer — the cool ocean air conditioning that often cranks up this time of year, bringing the cloudy, overcast skies of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/13025/making-sense-of-san-franciscos-bone-chilling-summertime-fog\">June gloom\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A hot Sierra and a melting snowpack\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/live/PKnTegVkSWU\">Friday live-streamed office hours\u003c/a> that the heat wave would be felt most acutely in the Sierra Nevada and its foothills in the northern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Reno, Tahoe, up by Shasta,” he said. “These are going to be places that get really hot next week, very early in the season [and] could approach record levels for this early in the calendar year. I don’t think it’s nearly as likely that places like the Bay Area or Los Angeles are going to see anything approaching record heat, although it might still end up being warmer than average.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weather service’s Sacramento office issued an \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/NWSSacramento/status/1796621256781156584\">excessive heat watch\u003c/a> from 11 a.m. Tuesday to 8 p.m. Thursday for the Sacramento Valley, foothills, and Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials said earlier this year that California’s blissfully normal water year and deep snowpack could curb wildfire risk and prevent drought conditions from developing later in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that snowpack has dwindled to 44% of normal for this time of year, according to the California Department of Water Resources, after several weeks of above-average temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very possible the upcoming heat wave will pretty much kill off what’s left,” Swain said, which he added could “kick fire season up a notch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likelihood of a fast-moving forest fire touching off in the Sierra will still be low for now. But this heat wave could “create the preconditions that make it easier to have a more severe fire season later than if we had a mild start to the summer,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Amid Long and Costly Legal Battles, SF Urged to Update Wastewater System, Fix Sewage Discharges",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s a clear, sunny day on Mission Creek. Kayakers are paddling by, and people are walking their dogs past the houseboats that line the banks near Oracle Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But longtime resident Peter Snider said that, especially after heavy rains, some pretty nasty things go floating downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Condoms,” Snider said. “Turds, actual turds, come down. Dead fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco discharges nearly 2 billion gallons of combined stormwater and raw sewage each year into Mission Creek and other points around the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this has been an issue for decades. “When I first moved down here,” Snider said, “it used to be called s**t creek.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993077\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1309px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993077\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10%E2%80%AFPM-e1717025263860.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1309\" height=\"1054\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10 PM-e1717025263860.png 1309w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10 PM-e1717025263860-800x644.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10 PM-e1717025263860-1020x821.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10 PM-e1717025263860-160x129.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10 PM-e1717025263860-768x618.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1309px) 100vw, 1309px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from the EPA/Water Board lawsuit, showing Bayside and Oceanside outflow points where San Francisco discharges wastewater.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Legal battles\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The resulting public health risks are serious, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ca/city-and-county-san-francisco-complaint\">lawsuit\u003c/a> the federal EPA and California Water Board filed against the city in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen all kinds of complaints from exposure to raw sewage, including rashes on the skin,” said Sejal Choksi-Chugh, executive director of San Francisco Baykeeper, which is one of the plaintiffs. “Anybody who’s swimming in the bay in that area where the discharge is happening, or kayaking, getting water in their face or breathing the vapors in, can definitely be \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9563686/\">impacted by bacteria\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit said children, the elderly, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems are at greater risk and that San Francisco has not been maintaining or operating its sewer system properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They should want to fix this problem,” Choksi-Chugh said. “But they really have not understood the scope and the magnitude, and they have not addressed it in an effective and efficient way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission said in a statement that it has been \u003ca href=\"https://sfpuc.org/construction-contracts/sewer-system-improvement-program\">improving its infrastructure\u003c/a> and has reduced the average number of spills. Jen Kwart of the City Attorney’s Office called the recent lawsuit “a needlessly costly approach that ignores SFPUC’s longstanding willingness to resolve the regulators’ concerns collaboratively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the only active court case over San Francisco’s sewer system. In a separate, related lawsuit, the city sued the federal EPA in 2022, claiming that limits on how much sewage and pollutants it could dump into its surrounding waters were too vague. The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2023/07/31/21-70282.pdf\">ruled against San Francisco (PDF)\u003c/a>, but the Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-753.html\">recently agreed\u003c/a> to hear the city’s appeal. “We are hopeful the court can bring clarity and stability to this area of law,” Kwart said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993081\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993081\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956-1536x1157.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign along Mission Creek in San Francisco indicates that the water is unsafe to swim in due to ‘sewer discharges’ and bacteria levels that ‘do not meet California standards for water contact recreation’ from May 13, 2024. \u003ccite>(Katherine Monahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The court’s decision could have national repercussions. Eric Buescher, senior attorney with San Francisco Baykeeper, said, “The city has given the Supreme Court an opportunity to further weaken the Clean Water Act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why these long and costly legal battles? Why doesn’t San Francisco just fix its wastewater infrastructure and quit spilling sewage onto its streets and beaches?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Solutions and delays\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Part of the challenge is that the city has a combined sewer system — an older style that runs stormwater and sewage through the same pipes and is prone to overflows during heavy storms. Only about \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/where-combined-sewer-overflow-outfalls-are-located\">700 American communities\u003c/a> have these systems, and now, like San Francisco, they must \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/csossortc2004_full.pdf\">change their infrastructure (PDF)\u003c/a> to comply with the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christopher Kloss, water permits manager for the EPA, said cities are addressing the problem in three main ways: by separating their systems so that sewage and rainwater will run through different pipes; by building tunnels and tanks to store stormwater until it can be treated; and by engineering green spaces to collect rainwater on the surface and prevent it from going into the sewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11980119,forum_2010101904495,news_11782405\"]“These are some of the more complex engineering projects that they might ever design,” Kloss said. And yet, over 95% of these cities have developed plans, he said, and are building controls now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a lot of cases,” Kloss said, “most of the residents don’t even know what’s happening because they’re able to do it in places that are underground, or they’re installing parks and green spaces that folks don’t necessarily recognize are part of the wastewater management system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco said \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/SF-Sewer-System-Fact-Sheet.pdf\">in a statement (PDF)\u003c/a> that the kind of upgrade Kloss is talking about would cost residents well over $10 billion. Instead, the city proposes about $2.5 billion in smaller projects that would improve water quality but wouldn’t eradicate sewage discharges completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kloss said there is significant federal funding available through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Act and that the issue is becoming more urgent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we anticipate with climate,” Kloss said, “is not only more rain but more intense downpours. So that will strain these systems even more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s a clear, sunny day on Mission Creek. Kayakers are paddling by, and people are walking their dogs past the houseboats that line the banks near Oracle Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But longtime resident Peter Snider said that, especially after heavy rains, some pretty nasty things go floating downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Condoms,” Snider said. “Turds, actual turds, come down. Dead fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco discharges nearly 2 billion gallons of combined stormwater and raw sewage each year into Mission Creek and other points around the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this has been an issue for decades. “When I first moved down here,” Snider said, “it used to be called s**t creek.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993077\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1309px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993077\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10%E2%80%AFPM-e1717025263860.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1309\" height=\"1054\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10 PM-e1717025263860.png 1309w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10 PM-e1717025263860-800x644.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10 PM-e1717025263860-1020x821.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10 PM-e1717025263860-160x129.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/Screenshot-2024-05-29-at-4.22.10 PM-e1717025263860-768x618.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1309px) 100vw, 1309px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from the EPA/Water Board lawsuit, showing Bayside and Oceanside outflow points where San Francisco discharges wastewater.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Legal battles\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The resulting public health risks are serious, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ca/city-and-county-san-francisco-complaint\">lawsuit\u003c/a> the federal EPA and California Water Board filed against the city in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen all kinds of complaints from exposure to raw sewage, including rashes on the skin,” said Sejal Choksi-Chugh, executive director of San Francisco Baykeeper, which is one of the plaintiffs. “Anybody who’s swimming in the bay in that area where the discharge is happening, or kayaking, getting water in their face or breathing the vapors in, can definitely be \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9563686/\">impacted by bacteria\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit said children, the elderly, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems are at greater risk and that San Francisco has not been maintaining or operating its sewer system properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They should want to fix this problem,” Choksi-Chugh said. “But they really have not understood the scope and the magnitude, and they have not addressed it in an effective and efficient way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission said in a statement that it has been \u003ca href=\"https://sfpuc.org/construction-contracts/sewer-system-improvement-program\">improving its infrastructure\u003c/a> and has reduced the average number of spills. Jen Kwart of the City Attorney’s Office called the recent lawsuit “a needlessly costly approach that ignores SFPUC’s longstanding willingness to resolve the regulators’ concerns collaboratively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the only active court case over San Francisco’s sewer system. In a separate, related lawsuit, the city sued the federal EPA in 2022, claiming that limits on how much sewage and pollutants it could dump into its surrounding waters were too vague. The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2023/07/31/21-70282.pdf\">ruled against San Francisco (PDF)\u003c/a>, but the Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-753.html\">recently agreed\u003c/a> to hear the city’s appeal. “We are hopeful the court can bring clarity and stability to this area of law,” Kwart said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993081\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993081\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/IMG_2548-scaled-e1717026598956-1536x1157.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign along Mission Creek in San Francisco indicates that the water is unsafe to swim in due to ‘sewer discharges’ and bacteria levels that ‘do not meet California standards for water contact recreation’ from May 13, 2024. \u003ccite>(Katherine Monahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The court’s decision could have national repercussions. Eric Buescher, senior attorney with San Francisco Baykeeper, said, “The city has given the Supreme Court an opportunity to further weaken the Clean Water Act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why these long and costly legal battles? Why doesn’t San Francisco just fix its wastewater infrastructure and quit spilling sewage onto its streets and beaches?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Solutions and delays\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Part of the challenge is that the city has a combined sewer system — an older style that runs stormwater and sewage through the same pipes and is prone to overflows during heavy storms. Only about \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/where-combined-sewer-overflow-outfalls-are-located\">700 American communities\u003c/a> have these systems, and now, like San Francisco, they must \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/csossortc2004_full.pdf\">change their infrastructure (PDF)\u003c/a> to comply with the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christopher Kloss, water permits manager for the EPA, said cities are addressing the problem in three main ways: by separating their systems so that sewage and rainwater will run through different pipes; by building tunnels and tanks to store stormwater until it can be treated; and by engineering green spaces to collect rainwater on the surface and prevent it from going into the sewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“These are some of the more complex engineering projects that they might ever design,” Kloss said. And yet, over 95% of these cities have developed plans, he said, and are building controls now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a lot of cases,” Kloss said, “most of the residents don’t even know what’s happening because they’re able to do it in places that are underground, or they’re installing parks and green spaces that folks don’t necessarily recognize are part of the wastewater management system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco said \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/SF-Sewer-System-Fact-Sheet.pdf\">in a statement (PDF)\u003c/a> that the kind of upgrade Kloss is talking about would cost residents well over $10 billion. Instead, the city proposes about $2.5 billion in smaller projects that would improve water quality but wouldn’t eradicate sewage discharges completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kloss said there is significant federal funding available through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Act and that the issue is becoming more urgent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we anticipate with climate,” Kloss said, “is not only more rain but more intense downpours. So that will strain these systems even more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Heat is on the horizon for the Bay Area as temperatures are expected to climb into the 70s on the coastline and upper 80s farther inland this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures will rise Wednesday through Friday, with highs in the 70s in San Francisco and Oakland, up to 90 degrees for interior areas such as Concord, Antioch and Fairfield, and in the 60s along the immediate shore. There will be clear skies, dry air and little to no wind over land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After some cooling over the weekend, the heat will rise again mid-to-late next week, bringing what the National Weather Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/TextProduct?product=afdmtr\">forecasts\u003c/a> will be the Bay Area’s warmest weather so far this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1795768339526193499\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folks who plan to escape the inland heat should be aware of cold gusts on the immediate coast, said Brayden Murdock, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service office in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be a bit on the rougher side because all the winds were missing on land. They’re going to be building up right along the coast and into the ocean,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warm-up is caused by a ridge of high air pressure, which thins the coastal fog layer so the sun can burn through it. The jet stream — a fast current of air flowing from west to east around the globe — ushers in a weather pattern of “ridges” and “troughs.” Ridges are associated with high air pressure and sunny weather, while troughs bring low pressure and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern cycles roughly every six and a half days this time of year, which is why the warmest days will be mid-week, Murdock said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A team of scientists says seawater flowing underneath and into gaps in the Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica is contributing to the melting of the massive ice formation — a potentially ominous sign of the coming effects of human-driven climate change from the world’s widest glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas of the glacier may be undergoing “vigorous melting” from warm ocean water caused by climate change, which could lead to even more rapid sea-level rise around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worry is that we are underestimating the speed that the glacier is changing, which would be devastating for coastal communities around the world,” says Christine Dow, a professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada and co-author of the study, in \u003ca href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2024/05/20/uc-irvine-led-team-uncovers-vigorous-melting-at-antarcticas-thwaites-glacier/\">a press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, researchers say more work is needed to fully understand the effects of warm water beneath the ice formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At roughly 80 miles across, Thwaites is the widest glacier in the world and roughly the size of Florida. It has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/03/01/1235354982/scientists-have-new-details-on-an-antarctic-glacier-crucial-to-future-sea-level-\">nicknamed\u003c/a> the “Doomsday Glacier” for the catastrophic effects its thawing could have on global sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, Thwaites loses about 50 billion tons of ice, which comprises roughly 4% of all sea-level rise worldwide, \u003ca href=\"https://thwaitesglacier.org/about/facts\">according to the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration\u003c/a>. One estimate \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0510-8#Sec7\">predicted\u003c/a> that the total loss of Thwaites could cause average global sea levels to surge by more than 2 feet and could cause sea levels to rise even more in \u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/arctic-ice-melting-climate-change/texas-galveston-sea-level-rise.html\">some parts of the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2404766121\">the study\u003c/a> published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>, the team of glaciologists used radar data taken between March and June of last year by Finland’s ICEYE commercial satellite program to better understand what’s happening below the surface of the glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that seawater flows in and away from the glacier with the tides, mixing with freshwater, but some of that warm ocean water also travels deep beneath the ice formation, going “through natural conduits” or collecting “in cavities” and becoming trapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are places where the water is almost at the pressure of the overlying ice, so just a little more pressure is needed to push up the ice,” says UC Irvine professor of Earth system science Eric Rignot, the study’s lead author. “The water is then squeezed enough to jack up a column of more than half a mile of ice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That salty seawater near the South Pole has a lower freezing point (28 F) than freshwater, which could further contribute to glacial melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow suggested that additional ice sheet modeling could help scientists better understand what’s happening under these major glaciers and develop a more precise timeline of expected sea-level rise across the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This work will help people adapt to changing ocean levels, along with focusing on reducing carbon emissions to prevent the worst-case scenario,” Dow says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "At 80 miles across, Thwaites is the world's widest glacier. It has been nicknamed the \"Doomsday Glacier\" for the catastrophic effects its thawing could have on global sea-level rise.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A team of scientists says seawater flowing underneath and into gaps in the Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica is contributing to the melting of the massive ice formation — a potentially ominous sign of the coming effects of human-driven climate change from the world’s widest glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas of the glacier may be undergoing “vigorous melting” from warm ocean water caused by climate change, which could lead to even more rapid sea-level rise around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worry is that we are underestimating the speed that the glacier is changing, which would be devastating for coastal communities around the world,” says Christine Dow, a professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada and co-author of the study, in \u003ca href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2024/05/20/uc-irvine-led-team-uncovers-vigorous-melting-at-antarcticas-thwaites-glacier/\">a press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, researchers say more work is needed to fully understand the effects of warm water beneath the ice formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At roughly 80 miles across, Thwaites is the widest glacier in the world and roughly the size of Florida. It has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/03/01/1235354982/scientists-have-new-details-on-an-antarctic-glacier-crucial-to-future-sea-level-\">nicknamed\u003c/a> the “Doomsday Glacier” for the catastrophic effects its thawing could have on global sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, Thwaites loses about 50 billion tons of ice, which comprises roughly 4% of all sea-level rise worldwide, \u003ca href=\"https://thwaitesglacier.org/about/facts\">according to the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration\u003c/a>. One estimate \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0510-8#Sec7\">predicted\u003c/a> that the total loss of Thwaites could cause average global sea levels to surge by more than 2 feet and could cause sea levels to rise even more in \u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/arctic-ice-melting-climate-change/texas-galveston-sea-level-rise.html\">some parts of the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2404766121\">the study\u003c/a> published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>, the team of glaciologists used radar data taken between March and June of last year by Finland’s ICEYE commercial satellite program to better understand what’s happening below the surface of the glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that seawater flows in and away from the glacier with the tides, mixing with freshwater, but some of that warm ocean water also travels deep beneath the ice formation, going “through natural conduits” or collecting “in cavities” and becoming trapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are places where the water is almost at the pressure of the overlying ice, so just a little more pressure is needed to push up the ice,” says UC Irvine professor of Earth system science Eric Rignot, the study’s lead author. “The water is then squeezed enough to jack up a column of more than half a mile of ice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That salty seawater near the South Pole has a lower freezing point (28 F) than freshwater, which could further contribute to glacial melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow suggested that additional ice sheet modeling could help scientists better understand what’s happening under these major glaciers and develop a more precise timeline of expected sea-level rise across the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This work will help people adapt to changing ocean levels, along with focusing on reducing carbon emissions to prevent the worst-case scenario,” Dow says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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