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"title": "NASA Plans to Send a Woman to the Moon ... and Really Soon",
"headTitle": "NASA Plans to Send a Woman to the Moon … and Really Soon | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In 1962, President John F. Kennedy told his country, “We choose to go to the moon!” It took another seven years before the first two men of the Apollo program set foot there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.[/pullquote]But now, have you heard? NASA plans to return human beings to the moon, and in only four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wait, it gets better! The next “manned” mission to the moon’s surface will put the next man on the moon, yes, but also the first \u003cem>woman\u003c/em> ever to voyage farther into space than the International Space Station. As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/\">Artemis\u003c/a> program plans to deliver its coed crew to the moon by 2024, and establish a regular program of lunar exploration with commercial partners by 2028. Its ultimate goal is to channel the knowledge and experience gained toward launching a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artemis, by the way, is the moon goddess in Greek mythology, twin sister of the sun god Apollo. What better name for humanity’s second visit to the moon, one in which the first woman will stand on lunar soil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1058\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-768x1016.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak.jpg 942w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Orion spacecraft, which will carry the next astronauts bound for the moon from Earth to lunar orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA/Radislav Sinyak)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ambitious project includes designing and building a new generation of launch vehicles, human-crewed spacecraft and landers, along with the Lunar Gateway, a moon-orbiting station that will serve as a depot for spacecraft arriving from Earth and landers traveling to and from the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do You Have the Right Stuff?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are you interested in joining the ranks of NASA astronauts as part of a new generation of space explorers heading for the moon, some asteroids, possibly, and maybe even Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the demand of its expanding human space exploration endeavors, NASA’s astronaut candidate program is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/explorers-wanted-nasa-to-hire-more-artemis-generation-astronauts\">accepting applications\u003c/a> from March 2 to the end of the month. Now is a good time to polish up that resume if a space-bound career appeals to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, women, the Artemis moon-shot isn’t a guys-only club. \u003cem>Anyone\u003c/em> with the right stuff is eligible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing Spacecraft With Wind Tunnels and Supercomputers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Artemis astronauts will ever set boot on lunar soil, the space agency will have to do a lot of preliminary work. That’ll include deploying an array of scientific instruments on the moon’s surface to lay the groundwork for that historic return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956928\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three of the 16 scientific robotic landers, provided by commercial partners of NASA, that will be sent to the moon in 2021, paving the way for the next astronauts to land there in 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA just finalized 16 experiments to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/first-commercial-moon-delivery-assignments-to-advance-artemis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent to the moon in 2021,\u003c/a> provided by two commercial partners — Astrobiotic and Initiative Machines — in the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another large playing piece to set on the game board of moon exploration is the launch vehicle that will get the astronauts there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html\">Space Launch System\u003c/a> is NASA’s next heavy lifter. It will be the most powerful rocket ever built, capable of delivering human-crewed spacecraft to the moon and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that after successful launches of the Saturn 5 rocket in the 1960s, which propelled the Apollo spacecraft and astronauts to the moon more than half a dozen times, NASA engineers already know how to do this. But they can’t design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft by copying notes from previous missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New aerospace materials, propulsion technologies, and fuel and combustion systems all give shape to a new vehicle the space agency must test for safety, efficiency and capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956929\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The aerodynamic test model of NASA’s SLS rocket being tested in a high-speed wind tunnel at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. The pink coating is a press-sensitive layer that changes color with air pressure, offering continuous real-time imagery that is processed in Ames’ Pleiades super-computing facility. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Dominic Hart)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] NASA can’t copy notes from previous missions to design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft. This one will require new materials and design tools. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA engineers are testing their SLS design by \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2020/02/12/ames-wind-tunnels-put-nasas-new-moonshot-to-the-test\">subjecting an engineering model of the rocket to high-speed wind \u003c/a>in one of its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/orgs/aeronautics/windtunnels/index.html\">wind tunnel facilities\u003c/a> at Ames Research Center, in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing exactly how the dynamic pressures of the high-velocity passage out of Earth’s atmosphere will affect the launch vehicle and its nose-borne payload are critical to their aerodynamic design. So, putting a physical model to the test in actual high-speed wind pushes the design’s limits in a way that computer simulations can only approximate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous amounts of test data the wind tunnel tests generate are processed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nas.nasa.gov/hecc/resources/pleiades.html\">Pleiades supercomputer\u003c/a> housed at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at Ames, a warehouse-sized building filled with rack upon rack of linked computers comprising tens of thousands of core processors. As an ensemble, the supercomputer is capable of performing up to 7 quadrillion calculations per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956932\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956932\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Pleiades super-computing facility at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one can say NASA doesn’t do its homework.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But now, have you heard? NASA plans to return human beings to the moon, and in only four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wait, it gets better! The next “manned” mission to the moon’s surface will put the next man on the moon, yes, but also the first \u003cem>woman\u003c/em> ever to voyage farther into space than the International Space Station. As glass ceilings go, this one is 240,000 miles high, and with any luck, it will be broken forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/\">Artemis\u003c/a> program plans to deliver its coed crew to the moon by 2024, and establish a regular program of lunar exploration with commercial partners by 2028. Its ultimate goal is to channel the knowledge and experience gained toward launching a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artemis, by the way, is the moon goddess in Greek mythology, twin sister of the sun god Apollo. What better name for humanity’s second visit to the moon, one in which the first woman will stand on lunar soil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1058\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-800x1058.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak-768x1016.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS-NASA_Radislav-Sinyak.jpg 942w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Orion spacecraft, which will carry the next astronauts bound for the moon from Earth to lunar orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA/Radislav Sinyak)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ambitious project includes designing and building a new generation of launch vehicles, human-crewed spacecraft and landers, along with the Lunar Gateway, a moon-orbiting station that will serve as a depot for spacecraft arriving from Earth and landers traveling to and from the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do You Have the Right Stuff?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are you interested in joining the ranks of NASA astronauts as part of a new generation of space explorers heading for the moon, some asteroids, possibly, and maybe even Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the demand of its expanding human space exploration endeavors, NASA’s astronaut candidate program is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/explorers-wanted-nasa-to-hire-more-artemis-generation-astronauts\">accepting applications\u003c/a> from March 2 to the end of the month. Now is a good time to polish up that resume if a space-bound career appeals to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, women, the Artemis moon-shot isn’t a guys-only club. \u003cem>Anyone\u003c/em> with the right stuff is eligible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing Spacecraft With Wind Tunnels and Supercomputers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Artemis astronauts will ever set boot on lunar soil, the space agency will have to do a lot of preliminary work. That’ll include deploying an array of scientific instruments on the moon’s surface to lay the groundwork for that historic return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956928\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/800px-NASA_Selects_First_Commercial_Moon_Landing_Services_for_Artemis_Program_47974872533-nasagsfc-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three of the 16 scientific robotic landers, provided by commercial partners of NASA, that will be sent to the moon in 2021, paving the way for the next astronauts to land there in 2024.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA just finalized 16 experiments to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/first-commercial-moon-delivery-assignments-to-advance-artemis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent to the moon in 2021,\u003c/a> provided by two commercial partners — Astrobiotic and Initiative Machines — in the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another large playing piece to set on the game board of moon exploration is the launch vehicle that will get the astronauts there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html\">Space Launch System\u003c/a> is NASA’s next heavy lifter. It will be the most powerful rocket ever built, capable of delivering human-crewed spacecraft to the moon and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that after successful launches of the Saturn 5 rocket in the 1960s, which propelled the Apollo spacecraft and astronauts to the moon more than half a dozen times, NASA engineers already know how to do this. But they can’t design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft by copying notes from previous missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New aerospace materials, propulsion technologies, and fuel and combustion systems all give shape to a new vehicle the space agency must test for safety, efficiency and capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956929\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/acd16-0195-013NASA-Ames-Dominic-Hart.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The aerodynamic test model of NASA’s SLS rocket being tested in a high-speed wind tunnel at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. The pink coating is a press-sensitive layer that changes color with air pressure, offering continuous real-time imagery that is processed in Ames’ Pleiades super-computing facility. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Dominic Hart)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": " NASA can’t copy notes from previous missions to design a new rocket that will carry a new spacecraft. This one will require new materials and design tools. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA engineers are testing their SLS design by \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2020/02/12/ames-wind-tunnels-put-nasas-new-moonshot-to-the-test\">subjecting an engineering model of the rocket to high-speed wind \u003c/a>in one of its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/orgs/aeronautics/windtunnels/index.html\">wind tunnel facilities\u003c/a> at Ames Research Center, in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing exactly how the dynamic pressures of the high-velocity passage out of Earth’s atmosphere will affect the launch vehicle and its nose-borne payload are critical to their aerodynamic design. So, putting a physical model to the test in actual high-speed wind pushes the design’s limits in a way that computer simulations can only approximate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous amounts of test data the wind tunnel tests generate are processed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nas.nasa.gov/hecc/resources/pleiades.html\">Pleiades supercomputer\u003c/a> housed at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at Ames, a warehouse-sized building filled with rack upon rack of linked computers comprising tens of thousands of core processors. As an ensemble, the supercomputer is capable of performing up to 7 quadrillion calculations per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956932\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956932\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/pleiades_top_view_large-nasa-arc-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Pleiades super-computing facility at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one can say NASA doesn’t do its homework.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Pluto's Got a Heart! Sure, It's an Icy Plain of Nitrogen, But Still ...",
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"content": "\u003ch4>One of the most stunning discoveries of the 2015 New Horizons flyby mission to Pluto was a big, heart-shaped region full of canyons, plains and mountain chains.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]A[/dropcap]s you may remember, Pluto lost its status as a planet a few years ago. Now, astronomers call it a “dwarf” planet. Despite that rejection, this planet has heart — a big heart-shaped region known as Tombaugh Regio. One of the most stunning discoveries of the 2015 New Horizons flyby mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to imagine that everybody expected a flat ball covered with ice,” said Tanguy Bertrand, a postdoctoral research fellow at NASA Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956972\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The left “lobe” of Pluto’s heart-shaped region is an icy plain of nitrogen known as Sputnik Planitia. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead, astronomers saw a beautiful, diverse landscape that includes canyons, plains and mountain chains. Tombaugh Regio in particular got a lot of attention because it was so visually striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertrand is lead author on a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019JE006120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new paper\u003c/a> that examines how the west lobe of the heart, an area known as Sputnik Planitia, controls the dwarf planet’s winds. While the eastern half of the lobe is scraggly mountains and the western half is a frozen plane of nitrogen. And not just any nitrogen. This pulses with a kind of beat that makes the winds flow westward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the day, with the heat of the sun, the nitrogen ice warms and turns into vapor, creating a pressure that flows toward a darker, cooler region, where it condenses and re-forms as ice. This creates a flow from north to south and back. The planet is also spinning eastward. This rotation (because of the Coriolis effect) deflects the winds and they flow in a westward direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar process generates winds on Earth, but it’s slightly more complicated. Air rises in the equatorial zones, flows toward cooler polar regions, drops down and returns toward the equator in what scientists call “Hadley cells.” This circulation creates the trade winds, tropical rain-belts and hurricanes, subtropical deserts and the jet streams. On our planet, though, winds don’t flow in any one given direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interesting fact: NASA researchers found this effect on Pluto by applying weather forecast models made for Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[This] gives us some perspective and gives us a natural laboratory to improve our knowledge,” Bertrand said. “It gives us a chance to test theories, learn more about fluid dynamics, and climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately what they learn can improve how those weather models work for Earth and, possibly, for habitable exo-planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch4>One of the most stunning discoveries of the 2015 New Horizons flyby mission to Pluto was a big, heart-shaped region full of canyons, plains and mountain chains.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">A\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>s you may remember, Pluto lost its status as a planet a few years ago. Now, astronomers call it a “dwarf” planet. Despite that rejection, this planet has heart — a big heart-shaped region known as Tombaugh Regio. One of the most stunning discoveries of the 2015 New Horizons flyby mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to imagine that everybody expected a flat ball covered with ice,” said Tanguy Bertrand, a postdoctoral research fellow at NASA Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956972\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The left “lobe” of Pluto’s heart-shaped region is an icy plain of nitrogen known as Sputnik Planitia. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead, astronomers saw a beautiful, diverse landscape that includes canyons, plains and mountain chains. Tombaugh Regio in particular got a lot of attention because it was so visually striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertrand is lead author on a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019JE006120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new paper\u003c/a> that examines how the west lobe of the heart, an area known as Sputnik Planitia, controls the dwarf planet’s winds. While the eastern half of the lobe is scraggly mountains and the western half is a frozen plane of nitrogen. And not just any nitrogen. This pulses with a kind of beat that makes the winds flow westward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the day, with the heat of the sun, the nitrogen ice warms and turns into vapor, creating a pressure that flows toward a darker, cooler region, where it condenses and re-forms as ice. This creates a flow from north to south and back. The planet is also spinning eastward. This rotation (because of the Coriolis effect) deflects the winds and they flow in a westward direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar process generates winds on Earth, but it’s slightly more complicated. Air rises in the equatorial zones, flows toward cooler polar regions, drops down and returns toward the equator in what scientists call “Hadley cells.” This circulation creates the trade winds, tropical rain-belts and hurricanes, subtropical deserts and the jet streams. On our planet, though, winds don’t flow in any one given direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interesting fact: NASA researchers found this effect on Pluto by applying weather forecast models made for Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[This] gives us some perspective and gives us a natural laboratory to improve our knowledge,” Bertrand said. “It gives us a chance to test theories, learn more about fluid dynamics, and climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately what they learn can improve how those weather models work for Earth and, possibly, for habitable exo-planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nieF-e0OOs&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s largest and most powerful solar telescope has captured the highest-resolution images of the sun’s surface ever taken, say scientists at the National Solar Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The images show roiling plasma transporting heat from inside the sun to its surface.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>They’re the first to be released from the National Science Foundation’s \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope in Hawaii. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Researchers say the new telescope will generate a revolution in the scientific\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>understanding of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The new technology will improve researchers’ understanding of what drives space weather, says Matt Mountain, president of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, which manages the telescope. It also will help forecasters predict solar storms that can cause power blackouts and other disruptions on Earth, \u003cspan class=\"s2\">93 million miles away\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“On Earth, we can predict if it is going to rain pretty much anywhere in the world very accurately, and space weather just isn’t there yet,” he said in a statement. “Our predictions lag behind terrestrial weather by 50 years, if not more. What we need is to grasp the underlying physics behind space weather, and this starts at the sun, which is what the Inouye Solar Telescope will study over the next decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In another statement, France Córdova, director of the National Science Foundation, said,“NSF’s Inouye Solar Telescope will be able to map the magnetic fields within the sun’s corona, where solar eruptions occur that can impact life on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“The world’s most powerful solar telescope has opened its eyes,” Alexandra Witze \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00224-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">wrote\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in Nature.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">The telescope captured the images in December. Read more about it in the \u003cspan class=\"s4\">National Solar Observatory’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nso.edu/press-release/inouye-solar-telescope-first-light/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">release\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“On Earth, we can predict if it is going to rain pretty much anywhere in the world very accurately, and space weather just isn’t there yet,” he said in a statement. “Our predictions lag behind terrestrial weather by 50 years, if not more. What we need is to grasp the underlying physics behind space weather, and this starts at the sun, which is what the Inouye Solar Telescope will study over the next decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In another statement, France Córdova, director of the National Science Foundation, said,“NSF’s Inouye Solar Telescope will be able to map the magnetic fields within the sun’s corona, where solar eruptions occur that can impact life on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“The world’s most powerful solar telescope has opened its eyes,” Alexandra Witze \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00224-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">wrote\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in Nature.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">The telescope captured the images in December. Read more about it in the \u003cspan class=\"s4\">National Solar Observatory’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nso.edu/press-release/inouye-solar-telescope-first-light/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">release\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Video: See the Shape of the New Northern Lights Called 'The Dunes'",
"headTitle": "Video: See the Shape of the New Northern Lights Called ‘The Dunes’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMgsOyIuebc&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People in northern climates have long gazed at the wonder that is the aurora borealis: the northern lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those celestial streaks of light and color are often seen on clear nights in Finland, where they’re so admired that a Finnish-language Facebook group dedicated to finding and photographing them has more than 11,000 members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aurora aficionados gather to discuss subjects like space weather forecasts and the best equipment to capture the northern lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its members is Minna Palmroth. She’s a physicist and professor at the University of Helsinki, where she leads a research group that studies the space weather that causes auroral emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When members of the group posted photos of the auroras they’d seen and wanting to learn more, Palmroth would often reply with the aurora’s type and the scientific explanation for its form. The discussions led Palmroth and two collaborators to publish \u003ca href=\"https://kauppa.intokustannus.fi/kirja/revontulibongarin-opas/\">a field guide to the northern lights\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even after the book came out, some questions remained unanswered. A few of the citizens’ photos showed a form of aurora that didn’t fit into any of the known categories. It had green, horizontal waves running in parallel. Its undulations reminding some observers of sand formations, and it was christened “the dunes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group was discussing the phenomenon in the days after Palmroth’s book was published, when one member pointed out that the mysterious phenomenon was happening at that very moment, outside their windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Palmroth suggested a way that the members might be able to help scientists investigate the phenomenon: by taking photographs of it from different locations around Finland, at the exact same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the group’s photographers managed to capture pictures of the aurora at the exact same second, from locations 120 kilometers (75 miles) apart. That gave researchers in Palmroth’s group at the University of Helsinki what they needed to measure the aurora and locate it in near-Earth space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxime Grandin is one of the physicists on Palmroth’s team. He was able to analyze the photographs using free software called \u003ca href=\"https://stellarium.org/\">Stellarium\u003c/a> to pinpoint the tips of the dunes’ “fingers” and calculate their azimuth and elevation, based on the location of the star located behind it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a single picture, you cannot get any information,” he tells NPR. “You need two pictures to retrieve the location of a given feature in space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The angular information from the pictures allowed Grandin to triangulate the altitude of each finger. He found that the whole structure was at an altitude of 100 kilometers (about 60 miles). He projected the structures onto a map, locating them in the atmosphere above Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out the amateur sky watchers had not only identified a new type of aurora – they had helped scientists illuminate a part of the Earth’s atmosphere that isn’t well known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grandin says the part of the atmosphere where the dunes are found — the ionosphere — has been studied less than other areas because it’s hard to take measurements in this zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Satellites cannot fly at such low altitude, balloons cannot reach that high altitude, even radars generally do not really resolve the measurements at those altitudes.” He says the region “is called very often ‘the ignorosphere’ because we basically ignore almost everything about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the dunes discovery is already shedding new light on the ionosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmroth, Grandin and other authors of a study published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019AV000133\">AGU Advances\u003c/a> suggest that a possible cause for the dunes could be a mesospheric bore: a rare phenomenon that to their knowledge had never been observed at the auroral zone or investigated using auroral emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the finding is an important one for science — and Grandin says that the role of citizens was crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without them asking questions, without them even taking the pictures in the first place, we would probably have never heard of the dunes and never investigated them,” he says. “The dunes certainly have been existing for centuries or millennia. But it was about noticing them and bringing them to the attention of scientists and asking questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says citizens are passionate about their observations — which leads to their asking lots of questions. “Sometimes we realize these are extremely good questions, actually, and we don’t know [the answers], so we need to investigate that. And then that’s how you come up with a new topic of a really great study, and it’s a really nice adventure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to the website \u003ca href=\"https://www.taivaanvahti.fi/\">Taivaanvahti\u003c/a>, where amateur photographers can upload their photos, pinpointing where in Finland they observed a given phenomenon and the precise time. The result is a rich database of observed aurora and other phenomena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also notes the role that Canadian aurora chasers played in identifying \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/23/641276633/scientists-puzzled-by-mysterious-lights-in-the-sky-they-call-steve\">the atmospheric phenomenon called STEVE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citizens’ getting involved in such scientific efforts can have a larger impact on society, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at a time where some people doubt the validity of science,” he says. “And if people feel that they are part of this great adventure that is science, I think they’re more inclined to trust it. And that’s really great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+New+Form+Of+Northern+Lights+Discovered+In+Finland+%E2%80%93+By+Amateur+Sky+Watchers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/OMgsOyIuebc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/OMgsOyIuebc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>People in northern climates have long gazed at the wonder that is the aurora borealis: the northern lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those celestial streaks of light and color are often seen on clear nights in Finland, where they’re so admired that a Finnish-language Facebook group dedicated to finding and photographing them has more than 11,000 members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aurora aficionados gather to discuss subjects like space weather forecasts and the best equipment to capture the northern lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its members is Minna Palmroth. She’s a physicist and professor at the University of Helsinki, where she leads a research group that studies the space weather that causes auroral emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When members of the group posted photos of the auroras they’d seen and wanting to learn more, Palmroth would often reply with the aurora’s type and the scientific explanation for its form. The discussions led Palmroth and two collaborators to publish \u003ca href=\"https://kauppa.intokustannus.fi/kirja/revontulibongarin-opas/\">a field guide to the northern lights\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even after the book came out, some questions remained unanswered. A few of the citizens’ photos showed a form of aurora that didn’t fit into any of the known categories. It had green, horizontal waves running in parallel. Its undulations reminding some observers of sand formations, and it was christened “the dunes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group was discussing the phenomenon in the days after Palmroth’s book was published, when one member pointed out that the mysterious phenomenon was happening at that very moment, outside their windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Palmroth suggested a way that the members might be able to help scientists investigate the phenomenon: by taking photographs of it from different locations around Finland, at the exact same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the group’s photographers managed to capture pictures of the aurora at the exact same second, from locations 120 kilometers (75 miles) apart. That gave researchers in Palmroth’s group at the University of Helsinki what they needed to measure the aurora and locate it in near-Earth space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxime Grandin is one of the physicists on Palmroth’s team. He was able to analyze the photographs using free software called \u003ca href=\"https://stellarium.org/\">Stellarium\u003c/a> to pinpoint the tips of the dunes’ “fingers” and calculate their azimuth and elevation, based on the location of the star located behind it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a single picture, you cannot get any information,” he tells NPR. “You need two pictures to retrieve the location of a given feature in space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The angular information from the pictures allowed Grandin to triangulate the altitude of each finger. He found that the whole structure was at an altitude of 100 kilometers (about 60 miles). He projected the structures onto a map, locating them in the atmosphere above Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out the amateur sky watchers had not only identified a new type of aurora – they had helped scientists illuminate a part of the Earth’s atmosphere that isn’t well known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grandin says the part of the atmosphere where the dunes are found — the ionosphere — has been studied less than other areas because it’s hard to take measurements in this zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Satellites cannot fly at such low altitude, balloons cannot reach that high altitude, even radars generally do not really resolve the measurements at those altitudes.” He says the region “is called very often ‘the ignorosphere’ because we basically ignore almost everything about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the dunes discovery is already shedding new light on the ionosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmroth, Grandin and other authors of a study published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019AV000133\">AGU Advances\u003c/a> suggest that a possible cause for the dunes could be a mesospheric bore: a rare phenomenon that to their knowledge had never been observed at the auroral zone or investigated using auroral emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the finding is an important one for science — and Grandin says that the role of citizens was crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without them asking questions, without them even taking the pictures in the first place, we would probably have never heard of the dunes and never investigated them,” he says. “The dunes certainly have been existing for centuries or millennia. But it was about noticing them and bringing them to the attention of scientists and asking questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says citizens are passionate about their observations — which leads to their asking lots of questions. “Sometimes we realize these are extremely good questions, actually, and we don’t know [the answers], so we need to investigate that. And then that’s how you come up with a new topic of a really great study, and it’s a really nice adventure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to the website \u003ca href=\"https://www.taivaanvahti.fi/\">Taivaanvahti\u003c/a>, where amateur photographers can upload their photos, pinpointing where in Finland they observed a given phenomenon and the precise time. The result is a rich database of observed aurora and other phenomena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also notes the role that Canadian aurora chasers played in identifying \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/23/641276633/scientists-puzzled-by-mysterious-lights-in-the-sky-they-call-steve\">the atmospheric phenomenon called STEVE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citizens’ getting involved in such scientific efforts can have a larger impact on society, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at a time where some people doubt the validity of science,” he says. “And if people feel that they are part of this great adventure that is science, I think they’re more inclined to trust it. And that’s really great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+New+Form+Of+Northern+Lights+Discovered+In+Finland+%E2%80%93+By+Amateur+Sky+Watchers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night",
"headTitle": "Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>What would you name NASA’s next Mars rover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside link1=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/,Vote for the Mars rover's name here\"]Last year, the space agency posed this question to students in Kindergarten through 12th grade, along with a homework assignment: Write an essay to convince 4,700 contest judges that their name choice rises above all others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people submitted more than 28,000 essays after the competition opened in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the volunteer judges—professionals, teachers, and space science fanciers from all over the U.S. — have selected \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7578&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200121-1\">nine finalists\u003c/a> for interplanetary naming privileges. They are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/27179\">Promise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/3762\">Courage\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/18788\">Clarity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/26909\">Tenacity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/24330\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/6989\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/11318\">Endurance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/14360\">Fortitude\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/23269\">Vision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The choices reflect public enthusiasm for Mars exploration. The children and teens used exceedingly positive words to describe the enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, NASA let the public consider the nine finalist names and essays, and even vote on their favorites. There’s not much time left – this \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/\">link\u003c/a> expires at midnight Monday, Jan. 27. The agency will consider the results in its final naming decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot With a Unique Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/\">Mars 2020 rover\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch this July. If all goes well, it will land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. Bound for Jezero Crater, the car-sized, six-wheeled robot is built on the design of its predecessor, Curiosity. That rover still explores the water-lain sediments of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate Mars’ climate and the role that water played in the past, Mars 2020 will look for signs of anything that might have lived in those ancient waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite imagery of the western edge of Jezero Crater, the designated landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. The river inlet to the left deposited the delta sediments that appear in the middle. Colors represent different mineral composition. Images by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Surveys made from space by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed evidence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jezero-crater-mars-2020s-landing-site\">parts of Jezero Crater\u003c/a> were once sunken beneath the waters of a lake, and fed with runoff and sediment from at least one river inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Excellent Hunting Ground for Ancient Martians\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mission has searched for signs of Martian life since the 1977 Viking landers. They looked for present microbial activity in Mars’ soil and came up with inconclusive results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But subsequent missions— notably the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers, as well as orbital spacecraft — have revealed that in its early history Mars had a much more Earth-like environment: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, rain and rivers feeding deep lakes, and even wide shallow seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of estimated depths of an ancient sea that once existed in Mars’ southern Eridiani Basin. The sea is estimated to have contained nine times as much water as in all of the Great Lakes on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, in the search for life beyond Earth, looking to Mars’ past may have a greater chance of payoff than hoping to find something surviving today in Mars’ cold, dry deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How NASA Names Its Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t usually name its space-faring missions through contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mission names are acronyms, like the Mercury spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging). This embodies a description of the scientific mission and offers a historical nod to the Roman messenger god for which the planet Mercury is named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single person, Dr. Abe Silverstein, is responsible for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/silverstein_feature.html\">naming of Project Apollo \u003c/a>in 1960. While reading a book of mythology at home, NASA’s director of space flight programs decided that the Greek sun god Apollo blazing across the sky in his fiery chariot was an image that matched the grandeur of a mission to send people to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Mars landing missions — and of those, only rovers — have gotten their names through student essay contests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder\">Sojourner\u003c/a>, which launched in 1996, was the first. Even the little rover’s parent lander, Pathfinder, bore only the official name of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] NASA doesn’t usually name its faring missions through contests. You have until midnight Monday, Jan. 27 to vote for a name. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956131\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cartoon illustration of the Mars 2020 rover, made for the student naming contest in August 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why do only rovers get personal names? Maybe because we give them wheels to scurry around on, and twin-camera “eyes” mounted on neck-like masts, and arms that dig into the Martian soil looking for cool things buried there. Robotic rovers just seem more “alive,” like us, and deserving of a personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students, all girls 12 years old and younger, gave Sojourner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Opportunity \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity \u003c/a>their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Mars 2020, will pre-teen girls hold onto their unbroken record, or will a teenager or boy break into this hall of fame?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out in early March, when NASA plans to make the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Nine finalists remain in the student essay contest to name NASA's next Mars rover. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What would you name NASA’s next Mars rover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Last year, the space agency posed this question to students in Kindergarten through 12th grade, along with a homework assignment: Write an essay to convince 4,700 contest judges that their name choice rises above all others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people submitted more than 28,000 essays after the competition opened in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the volunteer judges—professionals, teachers, and space science fanciers from all over the U.S. — have selected \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7578&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200121-1\">nine finalists\u003c/a> for interplanetary naming privileges. They are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/27179\">Promise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/3762\">Courage\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/18788\">Clarity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/26909\">Tenacity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/24330\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/6989\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/11318\">Endurance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/14360\">Fortitude\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/23269\">Vision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The choices reflect public enthusiasm for Mars exploration. The children and teens used exceedingly positive words to describe the enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, NASA let the public consider the nine finalist names and essays, and even vote on their favorites. There’s not much time left – this \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/\">link\u003c/a> expires at midnight Monday, Jan. 27. The agency will consider the results in its final naming decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot With a Unique Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/\">Mars 2020 rover\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch this July. If all goes well, it will land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. Bound for Jezero Crater, the car-sized, six-wheeled robot is built on the design of its predecessor, Curiosity. That rover still explores the water-lain sediments of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate Mars’ climate and the role that water played in the past, Mars 2020 will look for signs of anything that might have lived in those ancient waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite imagery of the western edge of Jezero Crater, the designated landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. The river inlet to the left deposited the delta sediments that appear in the middle. Colors represent different mineral composition. Images by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Surveys made from space by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed evidence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jezero-crater-mars-2020s-landing-site\">parts of Jezero Crater\u003c/a> were once sunken beneath the waters of a lake, and fed with runoff and sediment from at least one river inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Excellent Hunting Ground for Ancient Martians\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mission has searched for signs of Martian life since the 1977 Viking landers. They looked for present microbial activity in Mars’ soil and came up with inconclusive results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But subsequent missions— notably the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers, as well as orbital spacecraft — have revealed that in its early history Mars had a much more Earth-like environment: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, rain and rivers feeding deep lakes, and even wide shallow seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of estimated depths of an ancient sea that once existed in Mars’ southern Eridiani Basin. The sea is estimated to have contained nine times as much water as in all of the Great Lakes on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, in the search for life beyond Earth, looking to Mars’ past may have a greater chance of payoff than hoping to find something surviving today in Mars’ cold, dry deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How NASA Names Its Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t usually name its space-faring missions through contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mission names are acronyms, like the Mercury spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging). This embodies a description of the scientific mission and offers a historical nod to the Roman messenger god for which the planet Mercury is named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single person, Dr. Abe Silverstein, is responsible for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/silverstein_feature.html\">naming of Project Apollo \u003c/a>in 1960. While reading a book of mythology at home, NASA’s director of space flight programs decided that the Greek sun god Apollo blazing across the sky in his fiery chariot was an image that matched the grandeur of a mission to send people to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Mars landing missions — and of those, only rovers — have gotten their names through student essay contests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder\">Sojourner\u003c/a>, which launched in 1996, was the first. Even the little rover’s parent lander, Pathfinder, bore only the official name of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956131\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cartoon illustration of the Mars 2020 rover, made for the student naming contest in August 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why do only rovers get personal names? Maybe because we give them wheels to scurry around on, and twin-camera “eyes” mounted on neck-like masts, and arms that dig into the Martian soil looking for cool things buried there. Robotic rovers just seem more “alive,” like us, and deserving of a personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students, all girls 12 years old and younger, gave Sojourner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Opportunity \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity \u003c/a>their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Mars 2020, will pre-teen girls hold onto their unbroken record, or will a teenager or boy break into this hall of fame?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out in early March, when NASA plans to make the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet",
"headTitle": "NASA’s New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.",
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"description": "NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.",
"title": "NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED",
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"headline": "NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A sunny walk along San Francisco’s Embarcadero is about as nice as it gets, with the waterside promenade framed by a stunning view of the Bay Bridge. Strolling day trippers can also visit much-loved city attractions such as the Exploratorium science museum and the Ferry Building, loaded with gourmet snacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1954745']This weekend, however, all that charm is going to be flanked by a sobering reminder of climate change. The Embarcadero is also one of the premier spots in the region to glimpse the future as it relates to rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The King Tides of today are the standard high tides of tomorrow,” said Lori Lambertson, an educator at the Exploratorium who will lead a \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/king-tide-walk-1-11-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Saturday morning walk\u003c/a> between Piers 3 and 5, so that members of the public can see, photograph and learn about the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King tides receive their royal designation because they produce the highest, as well as the lowest, tides of the year. In the winter, they rise and fall along the Pacific coast when the sun and moon line up in their coziest proximity to Earth, exerting their greatest gravitational pull upon ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, tides fluctuate constantly. There are the bimonthly “spring tides,” which have nothing to do with the season; the name refers to water “springing forth” during the full and new moons, when tidal swings are greater than normal. The first spring tide occurs when the moon is “new” and invisible to earthlings, and it hangs directly between our planet and the sun, with both bodies gravitationally pulling on our waters. Then, during the full moon phase, it’s Earth that’s in the middle; the ocean’s waters are still pulled higher by gravity, but in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three or four times a year, one of these spring tides coincides with perigee of the moon, when it has reached its closest point to the Earth in a 28-day orbit. This creates a “perigean spring tide,” with the difference from a normal spring tide generally measured in inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1955626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/perigeanspringtide-800x608.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/perigeanspringtide-800x608.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/perigeanspringtide-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/perigeanspringtide-768x584.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/perigeanspringtide.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all king tides are perigean spring tides, but all perigean spring tides are not necessarily king tides. (Do not let this distress you; just embrace the wonder and complexity of gravity and the ocean.) Along the Pacific coast, the winter perigean spring tides are more noticeable and more likely to contribute to flooding than summer tides, owing to winter weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While high and low tides are a product of scientific phenomena, the terminology we use to describe them is not. (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration simply \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/perigean-spring-tide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">says\u003c/a>, “A King Tide is a non-scientific term people often use to describe exceptionally high tides.”) So what qualifies as a king tide depends on whom you ask. Thus, the frequency of king tides is described differently by different sources \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">—\u003c/span> anywhere between 1-4 times a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents will be able to witness the first king tides of the year \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1954745/where-and-when-to-see-king-tides-in-the-bay-area-this-weekend\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">throughout this weekend\u003c/a>, with a second set occuring Feb. 8-10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Glimpse of the Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for the creation of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California King Tides Project\u003c/a> was a \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">perception that the public conversation around climate change was unhelpful and even counterproductive, says \u003c/span>Marina Psaros, the project’s co-founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was about drowning polar bears and things that were happening far away,” said Psaros, who currently works for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission on clean energy. She thought many of the people talking about climate change seemed fixated on difficult and technical scientific questions that were incomprehensible to all but the experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we asked, ‘Is there any way to put people at the center of their own experience with this, instead of beating them over the head with science or with polar bears?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project emphasizes king tides as a local preview of what’s in store as related to rising seas caused by climate change. As the Earth warms, water expands and occupies more space. Melting ice runs into the ocean and increases its volume. These two consequences of a warmer climate are so far estimated to have contributed equally to sea level rise, according to Lambertson. The temporary \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">—\u003c/span> for now \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">—\u003c/span> surge in sea level during king tides gives us a chance to observe the areas first on the list to be impacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t have to know all the science,” says Psaros. “You can just go out and see what’s at risk in your community, go out during a king tide and watch the water spill over the Embarcadero.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trying to Adapt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More sea level rise is certain, though exactly how fast it’s coming is unclear. The water may creep up slowly, or it may rise rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay has already gone up about 8 inches \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">—\u003c/span> a measurement taken at the Golden Gate Bridge \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">—\u003c/span> in the last 100 years, giving officials in low-lying areas an impetus to prepare for the coming encroachment of the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin County Flood Control District, for example, is looking at how to move levees back to give waterways like the lower Novato Creek a wider floodplain and more room to flow and transport sediment. The district is also interested in building up new tidal marshes, which will act like sponges and slow the rise and fall of water levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2018, voters in Foster City overwhelmingly \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924576/measure-p-foster-citys-90-million-tax-to-defend-against-rising-sea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">approved\u003c/a> a tax on themselves to pay for raising a levee. To protect the Embarcadero, San Francisco voters \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933956/proposition-a-san-franciscans-want-a-new-seawall-and-vote-to-pay-for-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">passed\u003c/a> by more than 4 to 1 a bond measure to strengthen the crumbing sea wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of just how much higher the water is going to get, recent indications from climate studies have not been good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time the IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] has issued a new report, the higher boundary of where seas might rise … get(s) higher and higher,” said Psaros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid these worries, she sees people who want to be able to do something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And something they can do is actually help scientists and policymakers, by going out and getting the data that we need in order to make better decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psaros says her favorite kind of data for participants to collect is sociological. She remembers in particular working with a continuation high school where the students wanted to do more than just collect pictures of the tides. She created a survey for them with questions about climate change so they could gather responses from the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These kids were from everywhere and they were given this assignment to go talk to people in their community. So the results they brought back were … Tagalog and Vietnamese and Spanish and a bunch of languages and perspectives that governments want but often just can’t get,” Psaros said. “Newcomer communities are not [usually] showing up at the 7 p.m. community master plan meeting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A sunny walk along San Francisco’s Embarcadero is about as nice as it gets, with the waterside promenade framed by a stunning view of the Bay Bridge. Strolling day trippers can also visit much-loved city attractions such as the Exploratorium science museum and the Ferry Building, loaded with gourmet snacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>This weekend, however, all that charm is going to be flanked by a sobering reminder of climate change. The Embarcadero is also one of the premier spots in the region to glimpse the future as it relates to rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The King Tides of today are the standard high tides of tomorrow,” said Lori Lambertson, an educator at the Exploratorium who will lead a \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/king-tide-walk-1-11-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Saturday morning walk\u003c/a> between Piers 3 and 5, so that members of the public can see, photograph and learn about the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King tides receive their royal designation because they produce the highest, as well as the lowest, tides of the year. In the winter, they rise and fall along the Pacific coast when the sun and moon line up in their coziest proximity to Earth, exerting their greatest gravitational pull upon ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, tides fluctuate constantly. There are the bimonthly “spring tides,” which have nothing to do with the season; the name refers to water “springing forth” during the full and new moons, when tidal swings are greater than normal. The first spring tide occurs when the moon is “new” and invisible to earthlings, and it hangs directly between our planet and the sun, with both bodies gravitationally pulling on our waters. Then, during the full moon phase, it’s Earth that’s in the middle; the ocean’s waters are still pulled higher by gravity, but in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three or four times a year, one of these spring tides coincides with perigee of the moon, when it has reached its closest point to the Earth in a 28-day orbit. This creates a “perigean spring tide,” with the difference from a normal spring tide generally measured in inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1955626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/perigeanspringtide-800x608.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/perigeanspringtide-800x608.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/perigeanspringtide-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/perigeanspringtide-768x584.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/perigeanspringtide.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all king tides are perigean spring tides, but all perigean spring tides are not necessarily king tides. (Do not let this distress you; just embrace the wonder and complexity of gravity and the ocean.) Along the Pacific coast, the winter perigean spring tides are more noticeable and more likely to contribute to flooding than summer tides, owing to winter weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While high and low tides are a product of scientific phenomena, the terminology we use to describe them is not. (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration simply \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/perigean-spring-tide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">says\u003c/a>, “A King Tide is a non-scientific term people often use to describe exceptionally high tides.”) So what qualifies as a king tide depends on whom you ask. Thus, the frequency of king tides is described differently by different sources \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">—\u003c/span> anywhere between 1-4 times a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents will be able to witness the first king tides of the year \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1954745/where-and-when-to-see-king-tides-in-the-bay-area-this-weekend\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">throughout this weekend\u003c/a>, with a second set occuring Feb. 8-10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Glimpse of the Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for the creation of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California King Tides Project\u003c/a> was a \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">perception that the public conversation around climate change was unhelpful and even counterproductive, says \u003c/span>Marina Psaros, the project’s co-founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was about drowning polar bears and things that were happening far away,” said Psaros, who currently works for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission on clean energy. She thought many of the people talking about climate change seemed fixated on difficult and technical scientific questions that were incomprehensible to all but the experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we asked, ‘Is there any way to put people at the center of their own experience with this, instead of beating them over the head with science or with polar bears?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project emphasizes king tides as a local preview of what’s in store as related to rising seas caused by climate change. As the Earth warms, water expands and occupies more space. Melting ice runs into the ocean and increases its volume. These two consequences of a warmer climate are so far estimated to have contributed equally to sea level rise, according to Lambertson. The temporary \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">—\u003c/span> for now \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">—\u003c/span> surge in sea level during king tides gives us a chance to observe the areas first on the list to be impacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t have to know all the science,” says Psaros. “You can just go out and see what’s at risk in your community, go out during a king tide and watch the water spill over the Embarcadero.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trying to Adapt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More sea level rise is certain, though exactly how fast it’s coming is unclear. The water may creep up slowly, or it may rise rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay has already gone up about 8 inches \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">—\u003c/span> a measurement taken at the Golden Gate Bridge \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">—\u003c/span> in the last 100 years, giving officials in low-lying areas an impetus to prepare for the coming encroachment of the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin County Flood Control District, for example, is looking at how to move levees back to give waterways like the lower Novato Creek a wider floodplain and more room to flow and transport sediment. The district is also interested in building up new tidal marshes, which will act like sponges and slow the rise and fall of water levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2018, voters in Foster City overwhelmingly \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924576/measure-p-foster-citys-90-million-tax-to-defend-against-rising-sea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">approved\u003c/a> a tax on themselves to pay for raising a levee. To protect the Embarcadero, San Francisco voters \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933956/proposition-a-san-franciscans-want-a-new-seawall-and-vote-to-pay-for-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">passed\u003c/a> by more than 4 to 1 a bond measure to strengthen the crumbing sea wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of just how much higher the water is going to get, recent indications from climate studies have not been good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time the IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] has issued a new report, the higher boundary of where seas might rise … get(s) higher and higher,” said Psaros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid these worries, she sees people who want to be able to do something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And something they can do is actually help scientists and policymakers, by going out and getting the data that we need in order to make better decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psaros says her favorite kind of data for participants to collect is sociological. She remembers in particular working with a continuation high school where the students wanted to do more than just collect pictures of the tides. She created a survey for them with questions about climate change so they could gather responses from the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These kids were from everywhere and they were given this assignment to go talk to people in their community. So the results they brought back were … Tagalog and Vietnamese and Spanish and a bunch of languages and perspectives that governments want but often just can’t get,” Psaros said. “Newcomer communities are not [usually] showing up at the 7 p.m. community master plan meeting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Another round of the year’s highest tides is set to roll into the Bay Area in early February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/learn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">king tides\u003c/a>, as they are colloquially known, occur when the sun and moon are aligned so that their gravitational pull tugs Earth’s waters a few feet higher than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along San Francisco’s Embarcadero, for example, at Rincon Point near the Bay Bridge, the forecast calls for a high tide of 7.26 feet on Sunday, Feb. 9, at 11:20 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1955598\"]These days, the tides are frequently observed as a preview of a climate-change-driven rise in sea level, and how it might affect coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> California King Tides Project\u003c/a> lists more than dozen viewing events in the Bay Area and throughout the state, taking place Saturday, Feb. 8 and Sunday, Feb. 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activities include a guided birding tour of Oakland’s Arrowhead Marsh with the Golden Gate Audubon Society, a beach cleanup at Bodega Bay, and a hike through the wetlands of Marin’s China Camp State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This link contains a \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">full list of events.\u003c/a> Below is an interactive map showing the times and locations of the February king tides. Use the plus and minus signs on the lower left side of the map to zoom in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1lS8SEF6LfcWqRErr-g2hngubrL_IoX42&w=640&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February will mark the second wave of king tides to hit the Bay Area this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955870\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-768x537.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-1020x713.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-1200x839.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sebastian Jasper plays in the pools of water resulting from the spilling of king tides onto the sidewalk at Rincon Point in downtown San Francisco on Jan. 11, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>People who want to see the tides in person can \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/participate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">upload their photos\u003c/a> to the California King Tides Project’s interactive map. The project’s website also reminds folks to watch their footing when they view or photograph the high water:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“The most important thing to remember is to \u003c/i>\u003cb>\u003ci>be safe\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>! Take extra precautions when you walk on slippery areas or near big waves, and always be conscious of your surroundings and the weather conditions. Don’t turn your back on the ocean!”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=11&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiovvLqm_LmAhUXHzQIHQcpCBQQFjAKegQIBBAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2014-04%2Fdocuments%2Fking_tides_factsheet.pdf&usg=AOvVaw28ml8wKBDkbo8JGjO25_1Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extreme high tides\u003c/a> occur several times a year. After February, the next chance to spot king tides in California will be in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another round of the year’s highest tides is set to roll into the Bay Area in early February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/learn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">king tides\u003c/a>, as they are colloquially known, occur when the sun and moon are aligned so that their gravitational pull tugs Earth’s waters a few feet higher than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along San Francisco’s Embarcadero, for example, at Rincon Point near the Bay Bridge, the forecast calls for a high tide of 7.26 feet on Sunday, Feb. 9, at 11:20 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>These days, the tides are frequently observed as a preview of a climate-change-driven rise in sea level, and how it might affect coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> California King Tides Project\u003c/a> lists more than dozen viewing events in the Bay Area and throughout the state, taking place Saturday, Feb. 8 and Sunday, Feb. 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activities include a guided birding tour of Oakland’s Arrowhead Marsh with the Golden Gate Audubon Society, a beach cleanup at Bodega Bay, and a hike through the wetlands of Marin’s China Camp State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This link contains a \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">full list of events.\u003c/a> Below is an interactive map showing the times and locations of the February king tides. Use the plus and minus signs on the lower left side of the map to zoom in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1lS8SEF6LfcWqRErr-g2hngubrL_IoX42&w=640&h=480'\n title='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1lS8SEF6LfcWqRErr-g2hngubrL_IoX42&w=640&h=480'\n width='640'\n height='480'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February will mark the second wave of king tides to hit the Bay Area this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955870\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-768x537.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-1020x713.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2-1200x839.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/KingTides_007-2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sebastian Jasper plays in the pools of water resulting from the spilling of king tides onto the sidewalk at Rincon Point in downtown San Francisco on Jan. 11, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>People who want to see the tides in person can \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/kingtides/participate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">upload their photos\u003c/a> to the California King Tides Project’s interactive map. The project’s website also reminds folks to watch their footing when they view or photograph the high water:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“The most important thing to remember is to \u003c/i>\u003cb>\u003ci>be safe\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>! Take extra precautions when you walk on slippery areas or near big waves, and always be conscious of your surroundings and the weather conditions. Don’t turn your back on the ocean!”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=11&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiovvLqm_LmAhUXHzQIHQcpCBQQFjAKegQIBBAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2014-04%2Fdocuments%2Fking_tides_factsheet.pdf&usg=AOvVaw28ml8wKBDkbo8JGjO25_1Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">extreme high tides\u003c/a> occur several times a year. After February, the next chance to spot king tides in California will be in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has released a list of the agency’s most epic satellite images from 2019. From NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">site\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was a year of record-breaking tropical cyclones—in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Many parts of the globe were ravaged by wildfires in 2019 while the wonders of our solar system were on full display. … With their lofty view from space, NOAA satellites can see both the awe-inspiring beauty and the sobering destruction that Mother Nature creates across our dynamic blue planet.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the captivating images …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Total Solar Eclipse Spreads Darkness Across the Southern Hemisphere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/a-celestrial-treat.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 2, people in parts of Chile and Argentina witnessed the moon entirely obscure the sun. At the same time, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite tracked the moon’s shadow spreading over South America and the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Kincade Fire’s Long Plume \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/americas-on-fire-1.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gusting winds blew the Kincade Fire’s massive smoke plume hundreds of miles away from the blaze in Sonoma County. On Oct. 27, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite caught the fire’s smoke streaming over the Pacific Ocean. Look closely and you can see smoke wafting from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11783200/glen-cove-fire-in-vallejo-closes-carquinez-bridge-and-portion-of-i-80-evacuations-ordered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate fire in Vallejo\u003c/a> that briefly closed the Carquinez Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Eye of the Hurricane \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dorian_eye_nologo.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite had a view straight into the eye of Hurricane Dorian as it swirled around Abaco Island, Bahamas, on Sept. 1, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You Can Look At the Sun With a Solar Ultraviolet Imager \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/glassy-sun.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a special telescope, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite can capture images of the sun by recording its ultraviolet radiation. On March 8, 2019, the satellite saw the eruption of a solar flare on the sun’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloud Formations Around Hawaii \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/Hawaii%20clouds2.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back on Earth, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite flew over Hawaii on Jan. 15, 2019, as clouds formed around the Big Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust Plumes off Western Africa\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dust-in-the-wind.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite scoped one of the largest dust plumes of the year billowing across the Atlantic Ocean from the Sahara Desert on Aug. 26, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More images on NOAA’s website here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has released a list of the agency’s most epic satellite images from 2019. From NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">site\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was a year of record-breaking tropical cyclones—in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Many parts of the globe were ravaged by wildfires in 2019 while the wonders of our solar system were on full display. … With their lofty view from space, NOAA satellites can see both the awe-inspiring beauty and the sobering destruction that Mother Nature creates across our dynamic blue planet.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the captivating images …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Total Solar Eclipse Spreads Darkness Across the Southern Hemisphere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/a-celestrial-treat.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 2, people in parts of Chile and Argentina witnessed the moon entirely obscure the sun. At the same time, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite tracked the moon’s shadow spreading over South America and the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Kincade Fire’s Long Plume \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/americas-on-fire-1.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gusting winds blew the Kincade Fire’s massive smoke plume hundreds of miles away from the blaze in Sonoma County. On Oct. 27, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite caught the fire’s smoke streaming over the Pacific Ocean. Look closely and you can see smoke wafting from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11783200/glen-cove-fire-in-vallejo-closes-carquinez-bridge-and-portion-of-i-80-evacuations-ordered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate fire in Vallejo\u003c/a> that briefly closed the Carquinez Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Eye of the Hurricane \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dorian_eye_nologo.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite had a view straight into the eye of Hurricane Dorian as it swirled around Abaco Island, Bahamas, on Sept. 1, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You Can Look At the Sun With a Solar Ultraviolet Imager \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/glassy-sun.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a special telescope, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite can capture images of the sun by recording its ultraviolet radiation. On March 8, 2019, the satellite saw the eruption of a solar flare on the sun’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloud Formations Around Hawaii \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/Hawaii%20clouds2.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back on Earth, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite flew over Hawaii on Jan. 15, 2019, as clouds formed around the Big Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust Plumes off Western Africa\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dust-in-the-wind.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite scoped one of the largest dust plumes of the year billowing across the Atlantic Ocean from the Sahara Desert on Aug. 26, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More images on NOAA’s website here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "New Science From NASA's Mission to Touch the Sun",
"headTitle": "New Science From NASA’s Mission to Touch the Sun | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>We understand how the star at the center of our solar system nourishes life on Earth. But it also burns, fizzes and spews in ways that are bewildering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a long-standing mystery why the sun’s crown, or corona, sizzles at millions of degrees, while the surface beneath is comparatively cool, simmering at only a few thousand. And, curiously, the “solar wind” of particles and magnetic fields blowing off the sun, which fills the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/2288/the-solar-wind-across-our-solar-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">entire solar system\u003c/a>, accelerates as it increases in distance from it. To investigate, NASA sent a spacecraft straight to the source: the sun itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951532\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1951532\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Parker Solar Probe flew through several ‘switchbacks’ – tubes of fast solar wind emerging from coronal holes in the Sun’s upper atmosphere. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/CIL/Adriana Manrique Gutierrez)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/Fall-Meeting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">meeting of the American Geophysical Union\u003c/a> in San Francisco, solar researchers presented \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/revealing-the-physics-of-the-sun-with-parker-solar-probe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new findings\u003c/a> from the Parker Solar Probe, elaborating upon the\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1951220/unprecedented-mission-to-sun-reveals-strange-region-of-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> initial data release last week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hopeful a better understanding of the sun will improve predictions of solar storms, rowdy ejections of fiery plasma from the sun, which can knock out electrical grids, take out satellites and harm the health of astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the Parker Solar Probe has made three close passes to the sun, flying closer than any former spacecraft, astronomers are getting an unprecedented view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’ve flown through with in situ measurements, we can really understand some of the detail that we’ve only had hints at before,” said NASA astrophysicist Nicholeen Viall on Wednesday. “This matters because it’s telling us about fundamental physical processes as this material is created and sent out into the solar system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have likened studying the solar wind to studying the source of a waterfall. If you can only observe from the base of the fall, the stream will be mixed and you’ll end up understanding very little. This is the view of the solar wind from Earth. With the Parker Solar Probe, scientists are able to effectively crawl up the waterfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can see that there is underlying structure, there’s intermittency, the wind is emerging in a bursty fashion from the sun,” said Stuart Bale, UC Berkeley physics professor and lead researcher for some of the probe’s instruments, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReQAUocScw0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Data, New Records\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At AGU, researchers presented new images and findings hinting at the mechanics behind the sun’s spew of solar wind. Researchers characterized particles and magnetic fields in solar storms or “coronal mass ejections.” For the first time, they’ve observed these CMEs sweeping up and freshly energizing particles that the sun had spit out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also elaborated on the Parker Solar Probe’s discovery of what scientists are calling “switchbacks,” when the solar magnetic field doubles back on itself. Researchers think these may help heat and accelerate the solar wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Parker Solar Probe now holds the record for the spacecraft to pass closest to the sun, cruising about 15 million miles from the solar surface on three different passes. In 2025 it is expected to pass within 4 million miles; eventually, it will spiral into the sun and burn up. The probe is also the fastest spacecraft in history, cruising our inner solar system at about 430,000 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's Parker Solar Probe is getting up close and personal with our solar system's star, and it's already returning some unexpected findings.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We understand how the star at the center of our solar system nourishes life on Earth. But it also burns, fizzes and spews in ways that are bewildering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a long-standing mystery why the sun’s crown, or corona, sizzles at millions of degrees, while the surface beneath is comparatively cool, simmering at only a few thousand. And, curiously, the “solar wind” of particles and magnetic fields blowing off the sun, which fills the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/2288/the-solar-wind-across-our-solar-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">entire solar system\u003c/a>, accelerates as it increases in distance from it. To investigate, NASA sent a spacecraft straight to the source: the sun itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951532\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1951532\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/SwitchbackCu_ProRes_4k_60fps.00600_print.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Parker Solar Probe flew through several ‘switchbacks’ – tubes of fast solar wind emerging from coronal holes in the Sun’s upper atmosphere. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/CIL/Adriana Manrique Gutierrez)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/Fall-Meeting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">meeting of the American Geophysical Union\u003c/a> in San Francisco, solar researchers presented \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/revealing-the-physics-of-the-sun-with-parker-solar-probe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new findings\u003c/a> from the Parker Solar Probe, elaborating upon the\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1951220/unprecedented-mission-to-sun-reveals-strange-region-of-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> initial data release last week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hopeful a better understanding of the sun will improve predictions of solar storms, rowdy ejections of fiery plasma from the sun, which can knock out electrical grids, take out satellites and harm the health of astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the Parker Solar Probe has made three close passes to the sun, flying closer than any former spacecraft, astronomers are getting an unprecedented view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’ve flown through with in situ measurements, we can really understand some of the detail that we’ve only had hints at before,” said NASA astrophysicist Nicholeen Viall on Wednesday. “This matters because it’s telling us about fundamental physical processes as this material is created and sent out into the solar system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have likened studying the solar wind to studying the source of a waterfall. If you can only observe from the base of the fall, the stream will be mixed and you’ll end up understanding very little. This is the view of the solar wind from Earth. With the Parker Solar Probe, scientists are able to effectively crawl up the waterfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can see that there is underlying structure, there’s intermittency, the wind is emerging in a bursty fashion from the sun,” said Stuart Bale, UC Berkeley physics professor and lead researcher for some of the probe’s instruments, in a statement.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ReQAUocScw0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ReQAUocScw0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Data, New Records\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At AGU, researchers presented new images and findings hinting at the mechanics behind the sun’s spew of solar wind. Researchers characterized particles and magnetic fields in solar storms or “coronal mass ejections.” For the first time, they’ve observed these CMEs sweeping up and freshly energizing particles that the sun had spit out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also elaborated on the Parker Solar Probe’s discovery of what scientists are calling “switchbacks,” when the solar magnetic field doubles back on itself. Researchers think these may help heat and accelerate the solar wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Parker Solar Probe now holds the record for the spacecraft to pass closest to the sun, cruising about 15 million miles from the solar surface on three different passes. In 2025 it is expected to pass within 4 million miles; eventually, it will spiral into the sun and burn up. The probe is also the fastest spacecraft in history, cruising our inner solar system at about 430,000 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Where and When to See the Geminids Meteor Shower This Weekend",
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"content": "\u003cp>The annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.imo.net/viewing-the-geminid-meteor-shower-in-2019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Geminids meteor shower\u003c/a> will reach its peak of activity on the morning of Saturday, Dec. 14. Here’s an opportunity to renew your childlike wonder and eagerness to catch a falling star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What You’ll See\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best time for viewing is around 2 a.m., when the shower’s “radiant point” — the spot in the sky from where the meteors appear to emanate — is almost directly overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold, often crystal-clear late Autumn morning skies can offer a good, dark backdrop to the fleeting streaks of meteors. Normally, you might spot up to 50 meteors an hour at the Geminids’ peak of activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951367\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1951367\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long exposure of the sky taken during a previous Geminids meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Asim Patel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/moon-phases/waning-gibbous#:~:targetText=A%20waning%20gibbous%20moon%20is,late%20night%20through%20early%20morning.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">waning Gibbous moon\u003c/a> will be in the sky during prime meteor-watching time, so its light may drown out some of the fainter meteors. At 2 a.m., the moon will be positioned almost directly at the Geminids’ radiant point in the constellation Gemini, this shower’s namesake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon won’t completely spoil the show, though; meteors can appear anywhere in the sky. Besides, the moon is beautiful to look at while you wait for the next meteor to streak by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where to See It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best viewing location is a good, safe spot as far away as possible from large cities and the light pollution they produce. If the moon’s light can drown out the fainter meteors, so can the urban sky glow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the Bay Area, good meteor-watching areas include Skyline Boulevard on the Peninsula, the Santa Cruz Mountains, and the more rural areas of Marin, Sonoma and Napa counties. Keep in mind that the closer you are to the ocean, the more vulnerable you are to foggy conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the East Bay, you could try viewing from Mount Diablo or the Sunol Regional Wilderness. Even though the gates to the parks close at sunset, you can pull over at spots along the roads that lead up to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, Henry Coe State Park is a stargazer’s favorite —and the gates stay open around the clock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1951368\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trails left behind by the burn-up of meteors during a Leonids meteor shower, an annual event that takes place in November. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Be aware that the weather forecast as of Wednesday afternoon is calling for periods of light rain through Saturday. Dress warmly, bring hot beverages and something to sit or lie down on, and look up, taking in as much of the sky as you can. Then, wait. Meteors are fast. They vanish as quickly as they appear, and you never know where one will show up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Occasionally an exceptionally bold and bright meteor will make an appearance. Depending on its composition and temperature, it may even look blue, orange or yellow. Seeing just one of these can make your early morning shower-viewing expedition worthwhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Meteor Shower, and What Causes the Geminids?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/meteor-shower/en/\">meteor\u003c/a> is a tiny speck of rock or metal that burns up in Earth’s atmosphere, leaving behind a luminous trail of vaporized material that quickly cools and fades from view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/\">meteor shower\u003c/a> occurs when the Earth passes through a cloud of dust in space, typically left behind by a \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/overview/?page=0&per_page=40&order=name+asc&search=&condition_1=102%3Aparent_id&condition_2=comet%3Abody_type%3Ailike\">comet\u003c/a> orbiting the sun. When the comet, composed mostly of ice, a sprinkling of dust, and maybe some rocky chunks passes close to the sun, it heats up, and some of the ice is vaporized. An eruption of gas and dust occurs, producing the comet’s familiar tail and leaving behind a trail of debris — mostly specks of rock and metal no bigger than your fingernail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951366\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1951366\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-1020x510.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-1200x600.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-1920x960.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Time-lapse photo composite of the asteroid 3200 Phaeton, the parent object of the Geminids meteors. Right: A Geminid meteor. \u003ccite>(Conrad Jung)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earth moves along its orbit at a speed of 18 miles per second. When combined with the dust trail’s orbital motion, the collision between dust particles and the atmosphere is intense. Friction quickly superheats the tiny speck, and in a flash it’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People generally see meteor showers only in the morning hours, because the morning skies face the direction Earth is moving through space. If that’s difficult to visualize, think about this: When a car speeding along the freeway plows through a swarm of flying insects, you only see bug streaks appear on the windshield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rock Comets Versus Regular Comets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most meteor showers are caused by the dusty debris left behind by comets, the Geminids shower is different in that the object that produces its dust trail is not exactly a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951365\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1951365\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TomRuen-560px-3200_Phaethon_orbit_dec_2017.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TomRuen-560px-3200_Phaethon_orbit_dec_2017.png 560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TomRuen-560px-3200_Phaethon_orbit_dec_2017-160x171.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The orbit of asteroid 3200 Phaeton shown in relation to the orbits of the planets of the inner solar system. \u003ccite>(Tom Ruen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/phaethon.html\">3200 Phaeton\u003c/a>, the Geminids’ parent object, is a class of asteroid often called a “rock comet.” Orbiting the sun every 1.434 years, 3200 Phaeton passes within 13 million miles of the sun at its closest approach, about one-third the distance of Mercury from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a comet, and unlike a typical asteroid that is composed mostly of rock and metal, 3200 Phaeton exudes a trail of dust after an encounter with the sun heats it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951364\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1951364\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/PIA22185.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A radar image of the rock comet 3200 Phaeton, created from radio observations from the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. \u003ccite>(NASA/Arecibo Observatory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whether the dust is blown into space by the vaporization of volatile ice on or within this object; from the fracturing of rock caused by thermal expansion; or from a combination of both, the result is that 3200 Phaeton leaves a stream of dust in its wake that Earth plows through every December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meteor Showers Are Worth the Effort to See Them\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t let the cold, dark, sleepy morning hours scare you away from experiencing a light show like the Geminids meteor shower. It may take some planning, careful selection of clothing, dusting off the folding chairs you keep in the basement, and a bit of driving, but once you set up camp and see that first fiery spark dash through the sky, you’ll be glad you did it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.imo.net/viewing-the-geminid-meteor-shower-in-2019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Geminids meteor shower\u003c/a> will reach its peak of activity on the morning of Saturday, Dec. 14. Here’s an opportunity to renew your childlike wonder and eagerness to catch a falling star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What You’ll See\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best time for viewing is around 2 a.m., when the shower’s “radiant point” — the spot in the sky from where the meteors appear to emanate — is almost directly overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold, often crystal-clear late Autumn morning skies can offer a good, dark backdrop to the fleeting streaks of meteors. Normally, you might spot up to 50 meteors an hour at the Geminids’ peak of activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951367\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1951367\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long exposure of the sky taken during a previous Geminids meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Asim Patel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/moon-phases/waning-gibbous#:~:targetText=A%20waning%20gibbous%20moon%20is,late%20night%20through%20early%20morning.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">waning Gibbous moon\u003c/a> will be in the sky during prime meteor-watching time, so its light may drown out some of the fainter meteors. At 2 a.m., the moon will be positioned almost directly at the Geminids’ radiant point in the constellation Gemini, this shower’s namesake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon won’t completely spoil the show, though; meteors can appear anywhere in the sky. Besides, the moon is beautiful to look at while you wait for the next meteor to streak by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where to See It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best viewing location is a good, safe spot as far away as possible from large cities and the light pollution they produce. If the moon’s light can drown out the fainter meteors, so can the urban sky glow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the Bay Area, good meteor-watching areas include Skyline Boulevard on the Peninsula, the Santa Cruz Mountains, and the more rural areas of Marin, Sonoma and Napa counties. Keep in mind that the closer you are to the ocean, the more vulnerable you are to foggy conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the East Bay, you could try viewing from Mount Diablo or the Sunol Regional Wilderness. Even though the gates to the parks close at sunset, you can pull over at spots along the roads that lead up to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, Henry Coe State Park is a stargazer’s favorite —and the gates stay open around the clock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1951368\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trails left behind by the burn-up of meteors during a Leonids meteor shower, an annual event that takes place in November. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Be aware that the weather forecast as of Wednesday afternoon is calling for periods of light rain through Saturday. Dress warmly, bring hot beverages and something to sit or lie down on, and look up, taking in as much of the sky as you can. Then, wait. Meteors are fast. They vanish as quickly as they appear, and you never know where one will show up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Occasionally an exceptionally bold and bright meteor will make an appearance. Depending on its composition and temperature, it may even look blue, orange or yellow. Seeing just one of these can make your early morning shower-viewing expedition worthwhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Meteor Shower, and What Causes the Geminids?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/meteor-shower/en/\">meteor\u003c/a> is a tiny speck of rock or metal that burns up in Earth’s atmosphere, leaving behind a luminous trail of vaporized material that quickly cools and fades from view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/\">meteor shower\u003c/a> occurs when the Earth passes through a cloud of dust in space, typically left behind by a \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/overview/?page=0&per_page=40&order=name+asc&search=&condition_1=102%3Aparent_id&condition_2=comet%3Abody_type%3Ailike\">comet\u003c/a> orbiting the sun. When the comet, composed mostly of ice, a sprinkling of dust, and maybe some rocky chunks passes close to the sun, it heats up, and some of the ice is vaporized. An eruption of gas and dust occurs, producing the comet’s familiar tail and leaving behind a trail of debris — mostly specks of rock and metal no bigger than your fingernail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951366\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1951366\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-1020x510.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-1200x600.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/CJung_Phaethon-pathGeminid-13-dec17-36in-8x30s-iso2000-90s-iso400-16bt-CombineFilesAddv2fnlcrp-med-j-1920x960.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Time-lapse photo composite of the asteroid 3200 Phaeton, the parent object of the Geminids meteors. Right: A Geminid meteor. \u003ccite>(Conrad Jung)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earth moves along its orbit at a speed of 18 miles per second. When combined with the dust trail’s orbital motion, the collision between dust particles and the atmosphere is intense. Friction quickly superheats the tiny speck, and in a flash it’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People generally see meteor showers only in the morning hours, because the morning skies face the direction Earth is moving through space. If that’s difficult to visualize, think about this: When a car speeding along the freeway plows through a swarm of flying insects, you only see bug streaks appear on the windshield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rock Comets Versus Regular Comets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most meteor showers are caused by the dusty debris left behind by comets, the Geminids shower is different in that the object that produces its dust trail is not exactly a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951365\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1951365\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TomRuen-560px-3200_Phaethon_orbit_dec_2017.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TomRuen-560px-3200_Phaethon_orbit_dec_2017.png 560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TomRuen-560px-3200_Phaethon_orbit_dec_2017-160x171.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The orbit of asteroid 3200 Phaeton shown in relation to the orbits of the planets of the inner solar system. \u003ccite>(Tom Ruen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/phaethon.html\">3200 Phaeton\u003c/a>, the Geminids’ parent object, is a class of asteroid often called a “rock comet.” Orbiting the sun every 1.434 years, 3200 Phaeton passes within 13 million miles of the sun at its closest approach, about one-third the distance of Mercury from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a comet, and unlike a typical asteroid that is composed mostly of rock and metal, 3200 Phaeton exudes a trail of dust after an encounter with the sun heats it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951364\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1951364\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/PIA22185.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A radar image of the rock comet 3200 Phaeton, created from radio observations from the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. \u003ccite>(NASA/Arecibo Observatory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whether the dust is blown into space by the vaporization of volatile ice on or within this object; from the fracturing of rock caused by thermal expansion; or from a combination of both, the result is that 3200 Phaeton leaves a stream of dust in its wake that Earth plows through every December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meteor Showers Are Worth the Effort to See Them\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t let the cold, dark, sleepy morning hours scare you away from experiencing a light show like the Geminids meteor shower. It may take some planning, careful selection of clothing, dusting off the folding chairs you keep in the basement, and a bit of driving, but once you set up camp and see that first fiery spark dash through the sky, you’ll be glad you did it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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