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"content": "\u003cp>A new study provides fresh evidence that the first dogs of North America all but disappeared after the arrival of Europeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only surviving legacy appears to be a cancer that arose from the cells of a dog that lived more than 8,000 years ago and has since spread to other canines throughout the world, an international team reported Thursday in the journal Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers compared the genomes of ancient and modern American dogs. Results confirm that the first domesticated dogs of North America arrived with people from Asia over the same Bering land bridge used much earlier by humans. These dogs thrived for thousands of years, but mostly vanished after contact with Europeans. Scientists don’t know why they disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just find it really surprising,” says geneticist Elinor Karlsson from the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, who did not participate in the study. “There were millions and millions of dogs all over the continent (that) died out after the Europeans arrived. And the fact that we don’t know anything about it is kind of a big hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to fill in the historical gaps, researchers sequenced the genetic material of 71 dog remains collected from bones found in Siberia, the United States and Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they compared it to the genetic makeup of modern pooches, they confirmed what other scientists have long suggested: The first dogs of North America, similar to Arctic dogs like Siberian huskies or Alaskan malamutes, were brought to the continent when people crossed the land bridge that formed between Russia and Canada. It’s not known when the dogs first arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Elaine Ostrander, a canine genetics expert from the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, this finding reveals something about our own behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where people go, so go their dogs,” said Ostrander, who was not part of the study. “This study reinforces that idea and takes it back to nearly the beginning of dogdom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers could not find any trace of ancient dog DNA in modern-day village dogs from South America or pre-Columbian breeds like the xoloitzcuintli, the Mexican hairless dog. Less than 4 percent of the genome of modern American dogs can be traced back to those that lived before the Europeans came, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The indigenous dogs did appear to leave a genetic legacy: a rare dog cancer known as canine transmissible venereal tumor, or CTVT, that affected a single dog several thousand years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the closest remaining vestige of this lost dog lineage,” co-author Elizabeth Murchison, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists say they’re several steps closer to perfecting a method that could prevent the extinction of northern white rhinos, of which only two animals are known still to be alive.[contextly_sidebar id=”bqKMJFy0lzg899EIXiCewb9fdibVbOiw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a paper published Wednesday in the journal Nature Communications, researchers have succeeded in creating embryos using frozen northern white rhino sperm and eggs from a southern white rhino, a closely related sub-species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time such hybrid embryos have been created and the scientists from Germany, Italy and the Czech Republic say it could provide a pathway to saving the critically endangered northern white rhino after the last male, called Sudan, died in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They plan to harvest the egg cells of the two surviving female rhinos soon and use preserved sperm to produce “pure” northern white rhino embryos. Since the females, a mother and daughter called Najin and Fatu, are unable to bear offspring themselves, the embryos would be implanted in a southern white rhino surrogate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to increase the supply of eggs and preserve the northern white rhino’s genetic diversity, scientists are also working on a second method that would coax frozen skin cells from deceased animals into becoming egg cells, a procedure that has already succeeded in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Hildebrandt, of the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Berlin, said researchers hope the first northern white rhino calf will be born in about three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are quite confident with the technology we have developed,” he said during a telephone conference with reporters detailing the research.[contextly_sidebar id=”3beI5DFMfogV9xuya2BW3dqhUkDczDh8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saving the northern white rhino has become an international effort, with cooperation but also some rivalry among scientists and institutions around the world, including zoos in San Diego and Cincinnati.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts have criticized the effort however, saying it comes too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no doubt that its purely scientific merit is laudable and it might have some application to endangered species conservation in the future,” said Richard Kock, a conservationist at Britain’s Royal Veterinary College who has worked extensively in Africa. “But I am afraid it is very much Nero fiddling after Rome is burning with respect to (northern) white rhino.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kock and fellow conservationists warned against focusing only on the northern white rhino sub-species, noting that its southern cousin has come back from the brink of extinction and now numbers some 21,000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they suggested, work should focus on saving other endangered rhino species that can still be found in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Assisted reproductive technologies are very expensive and their success is far from guaranteed. Meanwhile, we don’t have enough funding to conserve the other four rhino species, all of which are more threatened with extinction than the white rhino,” said Bob Smith, director of the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology at the University of Kent, England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hildebrandt insisted the effort is worthwhile. “The northern white rhino didn’t fail in evolution,” he said. “It failed because it’s not bulletproof. It was slaughtered by criminals which went for the horn because the horn costs more than gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern white rhinos were once abundant across Central and East Africa, but conflicts and poaching wiped them from their natural habitat.[contextly_sidebar id=”V1j4P8VGqkiw9Zwpba3pmVDEmKg2vEJl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rhino’s disappearance has left a void in the region’s ecosystem that could have significant impacts in the future, Hildebrandt said. “We have the tools in our hands to correct that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cesare Galli, whose Italy-based company Avantea has lengthy experience with the artificial reproduction of horses, said recent advances in stem cell technology could help the rhino preservation effort. The team is hoping that within a decade, scientists will be able to produce new rhino eggs from frozen skin cells\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan Stejskal, a spokesman for Dvur Kralove Zoo in the Czech Republic, which has a long history of rhino conservation, said scientists hope to travel to Kenya before the end of the year. They are still waiting for permission from Kenyan authorities to perform the delicate procedure of removing egg cells from Najin and Fatu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the scientists are confident about being able to harvest eggs from the two females, questions remain over the risk to the rare animals’ health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as scientists are highly afraid that something unexpected happens during that procedure,” said Hildebrandt. “That would be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists say they’re several steps closer to perfecting a method that could prevent the extinction of northern white rhinos, of which only two animals are known still to be alive.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a paper published Wednesday in the journal Nature Communications, researchers have succeeded in creating embryos using frozen northern white rhino sperm and eggs from a southern white rhino, a closely related sub-species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time such hybrid embryos have been created and the scientists from Germany, Italy and the Czech Republic say it could provide a pathway to saving the critically endangered northern white rhino after the last male, called Sudan, died in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They plan to harvest the egg cells of the two surviving female rhinos soon and use preserved sperm to produce “pure” northern white rhino embryos. Since the females, a mother and daughter called Najin and Fatu, are unable to bear offspring themselves, the embryos would be implanted in a southern white rhino surrogate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to increase the supply of eggs and preserve the northern white rhino’s genetic diversity, scientists are also working on a second method that would coax frozen skin cells from deceased animals into becoming egg cells, a procedure that has already succeeded in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Hildebrandt, of the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Berlin, said researchers hope the first northern white rhino calf will be born in about three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are quite confident with the technology we have developed,” he said during a telephone conference with reporters detailing the research.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saving the northern white rhino has become an international effort, with cooperation but also some rivalry among scientists and institutions around the world, including zoos in San Diego and Cincinnati.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts have criticized the effort however, saying it comes too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no doubt that its purely scientific merit is laudable and it might have some application to endangered species conservation in the future,” said Richard Kock, a conservationist at Britain’s Royal Veterinary College who has worked extensively in Africa. “But I am afraid it is very much Nero fiddling after Rome is burning with respect to (northern) white rhino.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kock and fellow conservationists warned against focusing only on the northern white rhino sub-species, noting that its southern cousin has come back from the brink of extinction and now numbers some 21,000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they suggested, work should focus on saving other endangered rhino species that can still be found in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Assisted reproductive technologies are very expensive and their success is far from guaranteed. Meanwhile, we don’t have enough funding to conserve the other four rhino species, all of which are more threatened with extinction than the white rhino,” said Bob Smith, director of the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology at the University of Kent, England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hildebrandt insisted the effort is worthwhile. “The northern white rhino didn’t fail in evolution,” he said. “It failed because it’s not bulletproof. It was slaughtered by criminals which went for the horn because the horn costs more than gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern white rhinos were once abundant across Central and East Africa, but conflicts and poaching wiped them from their natural habitat.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rhino’s disappearance has left a void in the region’s ecosystem that could have significant impacts in the future, Hildebrandt said. “We have the tools in our hands to correct that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cesare Galli, whose Italy-based company Avantea has lengthy experience with the artificial reproduction of horses, said recent advances in stem cell technology could help the rhino preservation effort. The team is hoping that within a decade, scientists will be able to produce new rhino eggs from frozen skin cells\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan Stejskal, a spokesman for Dvur Kralove Zoo in the Czech Republic, which has a long history of rhino conservation, said scientists hope to travel to Kenya before the end of the year. They are still waiting for permission from Kenyan authorities to perform the delicate procedure of removing egg cells from Najin and Fatu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the scientists are confident about being able to harvest eggs from the two females, questions remain over the risk to the rare animals’ health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as scientists are highly afraid that something unexpected happens during that procedure,” said Hildebrandt. “That would be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Virginia-based ecologist Jeff Atkins visited the giant redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, he saw something that blew his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching drops of water falling from the top of the canopy,” he wrote on Twitter. “And it took forever for them to fall. I mean FOREVER!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are so tall that, standing on the forest floor, you can’t see to the tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You crane your head back and you look up, up, up, up, and it becomes a blur as you get into the crown,” says Lucy Kerhoulas, professor of forest physiology at Humboldt State University. You can’t really know what’s up there, unless you actually go up and climb,” which Kerhoulas has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer in California is a great time to hang out with giants: the giant sequoias in Yosemite National Park, or the giant redwood trees in forests from Big Sur to the Oregon border. And though the famous grey whale migration season is long over, summer whale watchers can spot the world’s largest living animal: the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale skeleton has hung in the California Academy of Sciences for years — the new exhibit is designed to draw attention to the classic specimen. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to learn about California’s giants and why the state became home to these giants is by visiting a new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t happenstance that California and the waters off our coast are home to these giants. As the new exhibit explains, bigness emerges partly from the particulars of life here – the ocean currents and our famous fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">\u003cem>Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> opened June 15. Highlights include:\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A blue whale skeleton, 85 feet long.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An immersive fog room, where visitors can feel what it’s like to be a redwood.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A series of films featuring the ecology of a redwood tree from roots to crown, shot by a drone in 6K definition.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Skulls and skeletons of marine mammals, including the massive northern elephant seal.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Strong winds drive ocean upwelling along the coast, bringing nutrients up from lower layers of the ocean to the surface. Plankton and krill multiply exhuberantly, providing food for the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those same winds bring cold water south from Arctic latitudes. When warm summer temperatures hit that cold water, a fog layer forms. The fog is drawn toward land, providing plenty of water for the redwood trees along the coast. Redwoods evolved the ability to tap into fog, absorbing some of its moisture through their leaves and funneling more to their roots. So ocean currents and weather systems unite in an ecological system primed to foster bigness in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UC Davis paleontologist Geerat Vermeij says ecology doesn’t tell the whole story of how the giants got so big. Plants and animals don’t evolve bigness just because they can, much like a car doesn’t move forward just because there is a road in front of it — someone has to get in the driver’s seat and turn it on. In other words, there needs to be an evolutionary driver, too. There has to be an advantage to being bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg 3888w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1200x842.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1920x1347.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1180x828.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-960x674.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale exhales through its blowhole, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Long Beach, California on July 16, 2008. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, are believed to be the largest animal to ever live on earth. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants of the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Gearty, a paleobiologist at Stanford, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-learn-why-aquatic-mammals-need-be-big-not-too-big\">thinks he knows what pushed many marine mammals to get big\u003c/a>: they needed to keep warm. Water pulls heat from a body much faster than air — it’s why you can get hypothermia in 60 degree water. A marine mammal needs to deal with this every day, and one of the best ways to prevent heat loss is to get bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gCcjqCUvcP2T3Zcw1sJPe746KEzUSrk9″]“The amount of skin they have compared to how much stuff inside they have goes down,” Gearty says, “and so they lose less heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gearty calculated the optimal size a mammal would need to be in order to stay warm in the water, and it turns out that’s about the size of a manatee. Relative to most land mammals, that’s pretty big, and it’s comparable to many marine mammals we do see. But it’s a whole lot smaller than a blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published last year suggested it was food density, not food availability, that drove the evolution of the biggest whales. Bigger whales were more efficient consumers of dense pockets of krill than smaller whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vermeij favors a different hypothesis: killer whales and giant sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the evolution of the very largest whales pretty closely coincides with the evolution of killer whales,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales aren’t all that big, but they are social hunters, which allows them to bring down really large prey. Other early whales may have encountered Megalodon, a giant shark that stretched 59 feet from nose to tail. Being bigger than the Megalodon would have helped whales avoid becoming prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwood trees often reach heights greater than 300 feet. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants on Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that redwood trees evolved a second trait that, like their ability to absorb water from fog, allows them to thrive as huge trees: Redwoods are extraordinarily good at not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']While some other towering tree species invest in growing very fast, redwoods invest in defense: pest-resistant heartwood, fire resistant bark, and an impressive ability to regrow damaged trunks and branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly difficult to kill a redwood,” says Tamara Schwarz, director of exhibit development at the CalAcademy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the hundreds or thousands of years that a redwood may live, even moderate growth adds up. The evolutionary driver of bigness in redwoods may be the advantage in being good at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be simply be that being taller means better access to sunlight in the dark forest. On the other hand, trees compete for sunlight in every forest, and the oldest trees on earth, the bristlecone pines, are not particularly big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t really know for sure what drives bigness in redwood trees. But an answer\u003cb> \u003c/b>may lie in the redwood’s unusual, enormous genome, currently the topic of study for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/\">Redwood Genome Project\u003c/a>. The redwood genome is ten times the size of the human genome, with six copies of its chromosomes (both humans and giant sequoias only have two copies). Mapping the redwood genome may uncover genes that explain how the redwood got so big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the new exhibit, visitors can see a 9-foot tall redwood section up close and learn about how it tells the stories of the tree’s lifetime. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants in a Time of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions like fog and food availability might not have been the only factors in the evolution of giants, but if those conditions change, it might be enough threaten California’s iconic species. Climate change could disrupt the ocean dynamics that generate abundant food and fog. Stanford’s Gearty says the biggest concern for whales is that they will no longer have enough food to sustain their huge bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of redwoods may be bit less gloomy. Fog levels have declined over recent decades, but it’s unclear whether this will hurt the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers say higher levels of carbon dioxide could help redwoods grow. When trees take in carbon dioxide, they lose water, but when there’s a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees can sequester more carbon for the same amount of water lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get more bang for your buck,” says Humboldt State’s Kerhoulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though drought and warmer temperatures might be stressful, especially for younger redwood forests, the same resilience that has allowed the redwoods and sequoias to grow so tall seems to be helping them cope with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all totally doom and gloom,” Kerhoulas says. “These two ancient tree species, they have survived deep time, millions of years. And so from what I can tell, it seems like they are displaying a pretty high level of drought resistance and resilience.”\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Virginia-based ecologist Jeff Atkins visited the giant redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, he saw something that blew his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching drops of water falling from the top of the canopy,” he wrote on Twitter. “And it took forever for them to fall. I mean FOREVER!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are so tall that, standing on the forest floor, you can’t see to the tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You crane your head back and you look up, up, up, up, and it becomes a blur as you get into the crown,” says Lucy Kerhoulas, professor of forest physiology at Humboldt State University. You can’t really know what’s up there, unless you actually go up and climb,” which Kerhoulas has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer in California is a great time to hang out with giants: the giant sequoias in Yosemite National Park, or the giant redwood trees in forests from Big Sur to the Oregon border. And though the famous grey whale migration season is long over, summer whale watchers can spot the world’s largest living animal: the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale skeleton has hung in the California Academy of Sciences for years — the new exhibit is designed to draw attention to the classic specimen. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to learn about California’s giants and why the state became home to these giants is by visiting a new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t happenstance that California and the waters off our coast are home to these giants. As the new exhibit explains, bigness emerges partly from the particulars of life here – the ocean currents and our famous fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">\u003cem>Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> opened June 15. Highlights include:\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A blue whale skeleton, 85 feet long.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An immersive fog room, where visitors can feel what it’s like to be a redwood.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A series of films featuring the ecology of a redwood tree from roots to crown, shot by a drone in 6K definition.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Skulls and skeletons of marine mammals, including the massive northern elephant seal.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Strong winds drive ocean upwelling along the coast, bringing nutrients up from lower layers of the ocean to the surface. Plankton and krill multiply exhuberantly, providing food for the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those same winds bring cold water south from Arctic latitudes. When warm summer temperatures hit that cold water, a fog layer forms. The fog is drawn toward land, providing plenty of water for the redwood trees along the coast. Redwoods evolved the ability to tap into fog, absorbing some of its moisture through their leaves and funneling more to their roots. So ocean currents and weather systems unite in an ecological system primed to foster bigness in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UC Davis paleontologist Geerat Vermeij says ecology doesn’t tell the whole story of how the giants got so big. Plants and animals don’t evolve bigness just because they can, much like a car doesn’t move forward just because there is a road in front of it — someone has to get in the driver’s seat and turn it on. In other words, there needs to be an evolutionary driver, too. There has to be an advantage to being bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg 3888w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1200x842.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1920x1347.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1180x828.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-960x674.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale exhales through its blowhole, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Long Beach, California on July 16, 2008. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, are believed to be the largest animal to ever live on earth. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants of the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Gearty, a paleobiologist at Stanford, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-learn-why-aquatic-mammals-need-be-big-not-too-big\">thinks he knows what pushed many marine mammals to get big\u003c/a>: they needed to keep warm. Water pulls heat from a body much faster than air — it’s why you can get hypothermia in 60 degree water. A marine mammal needs to deal with this every day, and one of the best ways to prevent heat loss is to get bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The amount of skin they have compared to how much stuff inside they have goes down,” Gearty says, “and so they lose less heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gearty calculated the optimal size a mammal would need to be in order to stay warm in the water, and it turns out that’s about the size of a manatee. Relative to most land mammals, that’s pretty big, and it’s comparable to many marine mammals we do see. But it’s a whole lot smaller than a blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published last year suggested it was food density, not food availability, that drove the evolution of the biggest whales. Bigger whales were more efficient consumers of dense pockets of krill than smaller whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vermeij favors a different hypothesis: killer whales and giant sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the evolution of the very largest whales pretty closely coincides with the evolution of killer whales,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales aren’t all that big, but they are social hunters, which allows them to bring down really large prey. Other early whales may have encountered Megalodon, a giant shark that stretched 59 feet from nose to tail. Being bigger than the Megalodon would have helped whales avoid becoming prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwood trees often reach heights greater than 300 feet. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants on Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that redwood trees evolved a second trait that, like their ability to absorb water from fog, allows them to thrive as huge trees: Redwoods are extraordinarily good at not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While some other towering tree species invest in growing very fast, redwoods invest in defense: pest-resistant heartwood, fire resistant bark, and an impressive ability to regrow damaged trunks and branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly difficult to kill a redwood,” says Tamara Schwarz, director of exhibit development at the CalAcademy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the hundreds or thousands of years that a redwood may live, even moderate growth adds up. The evolutionary driver of bigness in redwoods may be the advantage in being good at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be simply be that being taller means better access to sunlight in the dark forest. On the other hand, trees compete for sunlight in every forest, and the oldest trees on earth, the bristlecone pines, are not particularly big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t really know for sure what drives bigness in redwood trees. But an answer\u003cb> \u003c/b>may lie in the redwood’s unusual, enormous genome, currently the topic of study for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/\">Redwood Genome Project\u003c/a>. The redwood genome is ten times the size of the human genome, with six copies of its chromosomes (both humans and giant sequoias only have two copies). Mapping the redwood genome may uncover genes that explain how the redwood got so big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the new exhibit, visitors can see a 9-foot tall redwood section up close and learn about how it tells the stories of the tree’s lifetime. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants in a Time of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions like fog and food availability might not have been the only factors in the evolution of giants, but if those conditions change, it might be enough threaten California’s iconic species. Climate change could disrupt the ocean dynamics that generate abundant food and fog. Stanford’s Gearty says the biggest concern for whales is that they will no longer have enough food to sustain their huge bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of redwoods may be bit less gloomy. Fog levels have declined over recent decades, but it’s unclear whether this will hurt the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers say higher levels of carbon dioxide could help redwoods grow. When trees take in carbon dioxide, they lose water, but when there’s a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees can sequester more carbon for the same amount of water lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get more bang for your buck,” says Humboldt State’s Kerhoulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though drought and warmer temperatures might be stressful, especially for younger redwood forests, the same resilience that has allowed the redwoods and sequoias to grow so tall seems to be helping them cope with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all totally doom and gloom,” Kerhoulas says. “These two ancient tree species, they have survived deep time, millions of years. And so from what I can tell, it seems like they are displaying a pretty high level of drought resistance and resilience.”\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Honeybees Finding it Harder to Eat at America’s Bee Hot Spot",
"headTitle": "Honeybees Finding it Harder to Eat at America’s Bee Hot Spot | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Bees are having a much harder time finding food in the region known as America’s last honeybee refuge, a new federal study found.[contextly_sidebar id=”J2glFdJr2VJQpZMkmQsi5gFDp7pZNDD2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s hot spot for commercial beekeeping is the Northern Great Plains of the Dakotas and neighboring areas, where more 1 million colonies spend their summer feasting on pollen and nectar from nearby wildflowers and other plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from 2006 to 2016, more than half the conservation land within a mile of bee colonies was converted into agriculture, usually row crops such as soybeans and corn, said the study’s lead author Clint Otto of the U.S. Geological Survey. Those crops hold no food for bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a decade, bees and other pollinators in America have been dwindling in numbers because of a variety of problems, including poor nutrition, pesticides, parasites and disease. And outside experts said this study highlights another problem that affects the health of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area — which Otto called “America’s last honeybee refuge” — lost about 629 square miles (1,630 square kilometers) of prime bee habitat, according to the study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And bees that have a hard time finding food are less likely to survive the winter, Otto said. They may not be hungry, he said, but they aren’t healthy either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Miller, in his 49th year as a North Dakota commercial beekeeper, said the Dakotas and Minnesota were once the last best place for bees.[contextly_sidebar id=”E1DkJVGwBYonxYynR2SqSHgf5JjjQNXp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now they are the least worst,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller, whose business was started in 1894 by his great-grandfather, has watched the average colony honey production drop from 120 pounds per hive 30 years ago to about 50 pounds now. But the price has gone up five-fold, and beekeepers like Miller are getting paid to truck their bees to California to pollinate crops there, mostly almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government pays farmers to keep some land wild and that benefits bees that feast on grasslands, flowers and weeds, Otto said. But the conservation program has a cap on how much land it will pay for — and during the ethanol boom, farmers found they could make more money in corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Commercial beekeepers are scrambling to try to find places to take their bees when they are not in a crop requiring pollination,” U.S. Department of Agriculture bee researcher Diana Cox-Foster, who was not part of the study, said in an email.[contextly_sidebar id=”8maEERGiA43zIQZTHA3FtcOhvffIPseU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation lands of the Northern Great Plains were a go-to spot,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than one-third of America’s commercial colonies spend summer in the Northern Great Plains. The area east of the Dakotas is too developed, and the weather to the west is too dry, Otto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bees are crucial pollinators for more than 90 percent of the nation’s flowering crops, including apples, nuts, avocados, broccoli, peaches, blueberries and cherries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without honeybees,” Otto said, “our dinner plate looks a lot less colorful.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bees are having a much harder time finding food in the region known as America’s last honeybee refuge, a new federal study found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s hot spot for commercial beekeeping is the Northern Great Plains of the Dakotas and neighboring areas, where more 1 million colonies spend their summer feasting on pollen and nectar from nearby wildflowers and other plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from 2006 to 2016, more than half the conservation land within a mile of bee colonies was converted into agriculture, usually row crops such as soybeans and corn, said the study’s lead author Clint Otto of the U.S. Geological Survey. Those crops hold no food for bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a decade, bees and other pollinators in America have been dwindling in numbers because of a variety of problems, including poor nutrition, pesticides, parasites and disease. And outside experts said this study highlights another problem that affects the health of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area — which Otto called “America’s last honeybee refuge” — lost about 629 square miles (1,630 square kilometers) of prime bee habitat, according to the study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And bees that have a hard time finding food are less likely to survive the winter, Otto said. They may not be hungry, he said, but they aren’t healthy either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Miller, in his 49th year as a North Dakota commercial beekeeper, said the Dakotas and Minnesota were once the last best place for bees.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now they are the least worst,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller, whose business was started in 1894 by his great-grandfather, has watched the average colony honey production drop from 120 pounds per hive 30 years ago to about 50 pounds now. But the price has gone up five-fold, and beekeepers like Miller are getting paid to truck their bees to California to pollinate crops there, mostly almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government pays farmers to keep some land wild and that benefits bees that feast on grasslands, flowers and weeds, Otto said. But the conservation program has a cap on how much land it will pay for — and during the ethanol boom, farmers found they could make more money in corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Commercial beekeepers are scrambling to try to find places to take their bees when they are not in a crop requiring pollination,” U.S. Department of Agriculture bee researcher Diana Cox-Foster, who was not part of the study, said in an email.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation lands of the Northern Great Plains were a go-to spot,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than one-third of America’s commercial colonies spend summer in the Northern Great Plains. The area east of the Dakotas is too developed, and the weather to the west is too dry, Otto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bees are crucial pollinators for more than 90 percent of the nation’s flowering crops, including apples, nuts, avocados, broccoli, peaches, blueberries and cherries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without honeybees,” Otto said, “our dinner plate looks a lot less colorful.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "oakland-zoos-new-expansion-gives-animals-more-room",
"title": "Oakland Zoo Makes Room for Big Predators. But Is it Enough?",
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"headTitle": "Oakland Zoo Makes Room for Big Predators. But Is it Enough? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>On a sunny, crisp day in April, LeRoy Little Bear and a dozen other tribal members from the Blackfeet Nation sang and danced a traditional rite to honor fourteen American bison they brought from Montana to the Oakland Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today is a very historic day because we’ve brought down buffalo that were almost extinct,” announced Little Bear from an overlook above the grazing herd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These bison are rare, he said, because they haven’t been bred with cattle, unlike most bison seen today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting full-blood buffalo from the way they used to be,” Little Bear proclaimed with visible pride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5472px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg 5472w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5472px) 100vw, 5472px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tribal members from the Blackfeet Nation sing together to honor and welcome fourteen bison they brought from Montana to their new home at Oakland Zoo. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bison are one of eight species at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/california-trail\">California Trail,\u003c/a> the Zoo’s new exhibit hosting animals native — or once native to California. It’s scheduled to open to the public in July 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amy Gotliffe, the zoo’s conservation director, says the exhibit is a way to, “show people from the Bay Area what beautiful biodiverse wildlife we live with now, lived with before and could live with again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bison, she says, are an example of how the zoo is trying to support animals in the wild. They will breed the bison and send the offspring back to the tribe to repopulate the wild herd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aTk151tBzHueIylie0dSc9QmqJtX4Gam”]The zoo is also supporting a range of conservation efforts for each of their new animals, which include mountain lions, wolves, jaguars, California condors, bald eagles, black bears — even the long-extirpated grizzly bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the four black bears at the zoo — a mother and her three cubs — \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/news/black-bears-to-california-trail\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were rescued from Pine Mountain Club\u003c/a> in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a possibility of them all being put down because they were considered a nuisance,” said Gotliffe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zoo is partnering with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savebears.org/mission.html\">Bear League\u003c/a> in Tahoe that helps to deter black bears from wandering into human areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927018\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4607px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927018\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg\" alt='Jaklyn Mistaken Chief, 12, and Dallis Mistaken Chief, 9, from the Blood Tribe, dance the \"Fancy Shawl\" dance during a ceremony to welcome fourteen bison brought from the Blackfeet Nation in Montana.' width=\"4607\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg 4607w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4607px) 100vw, 4607px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jaklyn Mistaken Chief, 12, and Dallis Mistaken Chief, 9, from the Blood Tribe, offer the “Fancy Shawl” dance during a ceremony to welcome fourteen bison brought from the Blackfeet Nation in Montana. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The zoo also rescued four grizzly cubs from Alaska, and three mountain lion cubs, one from El Dorado County and two from Orange County. (The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/654146/grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original California Grizzly\u003c/a> is considered extinct, hunted out nearly a century ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mountain lions are another story,” said Gotliffe, “They were all found abandoned [as cubs] on the side of the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']The zoo is working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainlion.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mountain Lion Foundation\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bapp.org/\">Bay Area Puma Project\u003c/a> and has created a task force called the Bay Area Cougar Action Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a plan to help California condors and bald eagles recover from lead bullet poisoning and then release them back into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to support all these partnerships, the zoo \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/news/action-for-wildlife-oakland-zoo-raises-126-000-for-conservation-organizations\">contributes 50 cents\u003c/a> of its admission price ($22 for adults) as well as a portion of future Zoo membership fees, to conservation funds. Managers expect to raise at least a quarter of a million dollars this fiscal year for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Association of Zoos and Aquariums, or AZA, recommends that zoos under its accreditation — like the Oakland Zoo — spend at least three percent of their revenue for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gotliffe says they aren’t there yet, but they “have that goal in mind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says with the opening of California Trail, which cost $80 million dollars and more than doubled the size of the zoo, they “will definitely be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4860px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927019\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg\" alt=\"Fourteen bison graze on native grasslands in their new exhibit at Oakland Zoo, in what was once part of Knowland Park.\" width=\"4860\" height=\"3240\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg 4860w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4860px) 100vw, 4860px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fourteen bison graze on native grasslands in their new exhibit at Oakland Zoo, in what was once part of Knowland Park. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ironically, to achieve these conservation goals, the zoo expanded into 57 acres of Knowland Park, cutting into habitat for the threatened Alameda striped racer — also known as the Alameda whipsnake — and the California red-legged frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This angered park advocates who formed an organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.saveknowland.org/the-campaign/our-concerns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of Knowland Park\u003c/a>. In 2011, they waged a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4433271-FriendsofKnowlandParkLawsuit-2-FOKP-Judgment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">losing legal battle\u003c/a> against the zoo and the City of Oakland, arguing that the city didn’t fully mitigate for impacts to the Alameda striped racer, native grasslands and sensitive plant species, like the Oakland star tulip and bristly leptosiphon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Zzzpoj8QtT25UzxkQDqfkHX9iaAUm5po”]Under the existing requirements, the zoo must set aside 13 acres for native grasslands and 53 acres for the striped racer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if the snake is going to go into an animal enclosure and I’m not sure if that’s a good thing or a bad thing,” said Shawn Smallwood, an independent biologist from UC Davis hired by Friends of Knowland Park to review the zoo’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he added, when you are dealing with an endangered species you must err on the side of caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just been so political,” says Karen Swain, the biologist hired by the zoo to monitor the frog and the snake during construction. She’s tasked with making sure construction workers don’t harm the snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve had to walk this honest line for what the biology is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a way, the zoo is walking its own line: even making adequate space for its own animals remains controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924954\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1924954\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/ZOO-5-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"Heather Paddock and her fellow zookeeper rake old hay away from the feeding areas for the zoo's fourteen American bison. \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heather Paddock and her fellow zookeeper rake old hay away from the feeding areas for the zoo’s fourteen American bison. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to provide these guys with as varied of an environment as possible, to help them not be sitting around all day bored,” says Heather Paddock, one of the zookeepers in charge of the black bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bears have more than an acre, dotted with dens, oak trees — even a swimming pool. The zoo says the bears exhibit, as well as all of their new exhibits, exceed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.speakcdn.com/assets/2332/aza-accreditation-standards.pdf\">industry’s best standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mark Bekoff, an Emeritus Professor of Ecology who studies animal behavior at the University of Colorado, says zoos shouldn’t keep large predators because of their need to roam vast distances and hunt prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924956\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1924956\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/ZOO-7-1020x733.jpg\" alt=\"One of the black bear cubs wanders over to the glass of his exhibit that is over an acre and features three dens, oak trees and a swimming pool. \" width=\"640\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the black bear cubs wanders over to the glass of his enclosure, which is over an acre and features three dens, oak trees and a swimming pool. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Wide-ranging carnivores are among the animals who suffer the most when they are put into a cage,” he said, referencing \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9069205_Animal_Welfare_Captivity_effects_on_wide-ranging_carnivores\">a 2014 study published in Nature.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Bekoff agrees that zoos should take in animals who have nowhere else to go, like these bears, he wants them to have more choice and control over their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zookeeper Paddock said she is trying to compensate for this with training and enrichment activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are providing them enrichment every single day, whether that’s a new food item or a new device, a toy, a new scent,” she said as she fed the black bears a mixture of bird seed, mealworms, romaine lettuce and oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bekoff maintains that animals need privacy, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because let’s face it,” he says, “zoos bring animals in as money makers and so many animals in zoos suffer from boredom or stress from being unable to get out of the public’s eye.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927021\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5472px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927021\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg\" alt=\"Heather Paddock, a zookeeper for the Oakland Zoo's new exhibit, prepares a food enrichment activity for the zoo's four black bears. She pours bird seed and mealworms into large round containers and tapes off the holes to make it harder for the bears to get the food.\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg 5472w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5472px) 100vw, 5472px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heather Paddock, a zookeeper for the Oakland Zoo’s new exhibit, prepares a food enrichment activity for the zoo’s four black bears. She pours bird seed and mealworms into large round containers and tapes off the holes to make it harder for the bears to get the food. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Paddock says the public needs to connect with these animals so they care about saving them in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know the wild isn’t butterflies and rainbows for a lot of these animals,” she says. “They’re getting pushed further and further to the fringe of wild spaces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, that fringe habitat could be the last refuge — for both snakes \u003cem>and\u003c/em> bears — because there just isn’t enough wild space left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926637\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926637\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1020x1577.jpg\" alt=\"A map giving the layout of the Oakland Zoo\" width=\"640\" height=\"989\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1020x1577.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-776x1200.jpg 776w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1180x1824.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-960x1484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-375x580.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-520x804.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo.jpg 1294w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A major new expansion doubling the size of the Oakland Zoo, called California Trails, opens July 12, and features eight species native or once native to California, a gondola and hilltop restaurant. Source: The Oakland Zoo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The zoo says its new California Trail is designed to re-acquaint visitors with native species, including some long gone.",
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"title": "Oakland Zoo Makes Room for Big Predators. But Is it Enough? | KQED",
"description": "The zoo says its new California Trail is designed to re-acquaint visitors with native species, including some long gone.",
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"headline": "Oakland Zoo Makes Room for Big Predators. But Is it Enough?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a sunny, crisp day in April, LeRoy Little Bear and a dozen other tribal members from the Blackfeet Nation sang and danced a traditional rite to honor fourteen American bison they brought from Montana to the Oakland Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today is a very historic day because we’ve brought down buffalo that were almost extinct,” announced Little Bear from an overlook above the grazing herd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These bison are rare, he said, because they haven’t been bred with cattle, unlike most bison seen today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting full-blood buffalo from the way they used to be,” Little Bear proclaimed with visible pride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5472px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg 5472w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5472px) 100vw, 5472px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tribal members from the Blackfeet Nation sing together to honor and welcome fourteen bison they brought from Montana to their new home at Oakland Zoo. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bison are one of eight species at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/california-trail\">California Trail,\u003c/a> the Zoo’s new exhibit hosting animals native — or once native to California. It’s scheduled to open to the public in July 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amy Gotliffe, the zoo’s conservation director, says the exhibit is a way to, “show people from the Bay Area what beautiful biodiverse wildlife we live with now, lived with before and could live with again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bison, she says, are an example of how the zoo is trying to support animals in the wild. They will breed the bison and send the offspring back to the tribe to repopulate the wild herd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The zoo is also supporting a range of conservation efforts for each of their new animals, which include mountain lions, wolves, jaguars, California condors, bald eagles, black bears — even the long-extirpated grizzly bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the four black bears at the zoo — a mother and her three cubs — \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/news/black-bears-to-california-trail\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were rescued from Pine Mountain Club\u003c/a> in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a possibility of them all being put down because they were considered a nuisance,” said Gotliffe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zoo is partnering with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savebears.org/mission.html\">Bear League\u003c/a> in Tahoe that helps to deter black bears from wandering into human areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927018\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4607px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927018\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg\" alt='Jaklyn Mistaken Chief, 12, and Dallis Mistaken Chief, 9, from the Blood Tribe, dance the \"Fancy Shawl\" dance during a ceremony to welcome fourteen bison brought from the Blackfeet Nation in Montana.' width=\"4607\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg 4607w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4607px) 100vw, 4607px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jaklyn Mistaken Chief, 12, and Dallis Mistaken Chief, 9, from the Blood Tribe, offer the “Fancy Shawl” dance during a ceremony to welcome fourteen bison brought from the Blackfeet Nation in Montana. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The zoo also rescued four grizzly cubs from Alaska, and three mountain lion cubs, one from El Dorado County and two from Orange County. (The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/654146/grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original California Grizzly\u003c/a> is considered extinct, hunted out nearly a century ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mountain lions are another story,” said Gotliffe, “They were all found abandoned [as cubs] on the side of the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The zoo is working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainlion.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mountain Lion Foundation\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bapp.org/\">Bay Area Puma Project\u003c/a> and has created a task force called the Bay Area Cougar Action Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a plan to help California condors and bald eagles recover from lead bullet poisoning and then release them back into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to support all these partnerships, the zoo \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/news/action-for-wildlife-oakland-zoo-raises-126-000-for-conservation-organizations\">contributes 50 cents\u003c/a> of its admission price ($22 for adults) as well as a portion of future Zoo membership fees, to conservation funds. Managers expect to raise at least a quarter of a million dollars this fiscal year for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Association of Zoos and Aquariums, or AZA, recommends that zoos under its accreditation — like the Oakland Zoo — spend at least three percent of their revenue for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gotliffe says they aren’t there yet, but they “have that goal in mind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says with the opening of California Trail, which cost $80 million dollars and more than doubled the size of the zoo, they “will definitely be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4860px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927019\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg\" alt=\"Fourteen bison graze on native grasslands in their new exhibit at Oakland Zoo, in what was once part of Knowland Park.\" width=\"4860\" height=\"3240\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg 4860w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4860px) 100vw, 4860px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fourteen bison graze on native grasslands in their new exhibit at Oakland Zoo, in what was once part of Knowland Park. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ironically, to achieve these conservation goals, the zoo expanded into 57 acres of Knowland Park, cutting into habitat for the threatened Alameda striped racer — also known as the Alameda whipsnake — and the California red-legged frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This angered park advocates who formed an organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.saveknowland.org/the-campaign/our-concerns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of Knowland Park\u003c/a>. In 2011, they waged a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4433271-FriendsofKnowlandParkLawsuit-2-FOKP-Judgment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">losing legal battle\u003c/a> against the zoo and the City of Oakland, arguing that the city didn’t fully mitigate for impacts to the Alameda striped racer, native grasslands and sensitive plant species, like the Oakland star tulip and bristly leptosiphon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Under the existing requirements, the zoo must set aside 13 acres for native grasslands and 53 acres for the striped racer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if the snake is going to go into an animal enclosure and I’m not sure if that’s a good thing or a bad thing,” said Shawn Smallwood, an independent biologist from UC Davis hired by Friends of Knowland Park to review the zoo’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he added, when you are dealing with an endangered species you must err on the side of caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just been so political,” says Karen Swain, the biologist hired by the zoo to monitor the frog and the snake during construction. She’s tasked with making sure construction workers don’t harm the snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve had to walk this honest line for what the biology is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a way, the zoo is walking its own line: even making adequate space for its own animals remains controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924954\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1924954\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/ZOO-5-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"Heather Paddock and her fellow zookeeper rake old hay away from the feeding areas for the zoo's fourteen American bison. \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heather Paddock and her fellow zookeeper rake old hay away from the feeding areas for the zoo’s fourteen American bison. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to provide these guys with as varied of an environment as possible, to help them not be sitting around all day bored,” says Heather Paddock, one of the zookeepers in charge of the black bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bears have more than an acre, dotted with dens, oak trees — even a swimming pool. The zoo says the bears exhibit, as well as all of their new exhibits, exceed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.speakcdn.com/assets/2332/aza-accreditation-standards.pdf\">industry’s best standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mark Bekoff, an Emeritus Professor of Ecology who studies animal behavior at the University of Colorado, says zoos shouldn’t keep large predators because of their need to roam vast distances and hunt prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924956\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1924956\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/ZOO-7-1020x733.jpg\" alt=\"One of the black bear cubs wanders over to the glass of his exhibit that is over an acre and features three dens, oak trees and a swimming pool. \" width=\"640\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the black bear cubs wanders over to the glass of his enclosure, which is over an acre and features three dens, oak trees and a swimming pool. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Wide-ranging carnivores are among the animals who suffer the most when they are put into a cage,” he said, referencing \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9069205_Animal_Welfare_Captivity_effects_on_wide-ranging_carnivores\">a 2014 study published in Nature.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Bekoff agrees that zoos should take in animals who have nowhere else to go, like these bears, he wants them to have more choice and control over their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zookeeper Paddock said she is trying to compensate for this with training and enrichment activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are providing them enrichment every single day, whether that’s a new food item or a new device, a toy, a new scent,” she said as she fed the black bears a mixture of bird seed, mealworms, romaine lettuce and oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bekoff maintains that animals need privacy, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because let’s face it,” he says, “zoos bring animals in as money makers and so many animals in zoos suffer from boredom or stress from being unable to get out of the public’s eye.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927021\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5472px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927021\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg\" alt=\"Heather Paddock, a zookeeper for the Oakland Zoo's new exhibit, prepares a food enrichment activity for the zoo's four black bears. She pours bird seed and mealworms into large round containers and tapes off the holes to make it harder for the bears to get the food.\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg 5472w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5472px) 100vw, 5472px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heather Paddock, a zookeeper for the Oakland Zoo’s new exhibit, prepares a food enrichment activity for the zoo’s four black bears. She pours bird seed and mealworms into large round containers and tapes off the holes to make it harder for the bears to get the food. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Paddock says the public needs to connect with these animals so they care about saving them in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know the wild isn’t butterflies and rainbows for a lot of these animals,” she says. “They’re getting pushed further and further to the fringe of wild spaces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, that fringe habitat could be the last refuge — for both snakes \u003cem>and\u003c/em> bears — because there just isn’t enough wild space left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926637\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926637\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1020x1577.jpg\" alt=\"A map giving the layout of the Oakland Zoo\" width=\"640\" height=\"989\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1020x1577.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-776x1200.jpg 776w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1180x1824.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-960x1484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-375x580.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-520x804.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo.jpg 1294w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A major new expansion doubling the size of the Oakland Zoo, called California Trails, opens July 12, and features eight species native or once native to California, a gondola and hilltop restaurant. Source: The Oakland Zoo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]When you walk through a park, go for a hike or take a trip to the zoo, most of the animals and plants you see appear symmetric. Whether it’s an oak leaf or an elk’s antlers, the right and left sides match. It’s much less common to find examples of asymmetry — or things that are out of balance — in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists aren’t exactly sure why symmetry is so prevalent. One idea is that it may be beneficial to have a spare body part in case one side is injured. Or perhaps it’s just easier to move through the environment with matched pairs of legs, fins or wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symmetry also tends to look balanced and harmonious to our eye. And we’re not alone in that feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many animals seem to show a preference for symmetry in a potential mate. It can be a clue that the mate has the genes necessary to develop properly and thrive in an environment full of stresses and dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_lift_rock_hide.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_lift_rock_hide.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maritime earwigs will retreat from light, often burrowing down leaving only their pincers exposed. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But some critters buck the trend. Like the earwig, a diminutive insect found on every continent except Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Zink, an associate professor of biology at San Francisco State University, has been looking at how symmetry affects earwigs’ success when it comes to social interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s studying maritime earwigs, a larger and more powerful cousin to the common European earwig you might find in your backyard. Both creatures bear fearsome-looking pincers on their backsides. And they aren’t afraid to use them to defend themselves. Zink knows all about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels like someone is pinching you with tweezers,” said Zink, standing by the shore of San Francisco Bay on a recent earwig expedition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might be more alarming if you’re afraid of insects,” Zink added. “But it’s nothing like the sting of a bee or wasp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also regularly debunks a common myth: Earwigs are not interested in laying their eggs in your ear, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1925929 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don’t worry. Earwigs do prefer dark damp areas, but they’re no more likely than other insects to crawl into your ear. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first thing to know about all earwig pincers is that females have straight pincers while males have curved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call the pincers cerci. It’s thought that cerci evolved from a previously existing additional rear pair of legs among the ancestors of insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maritime earwigs make their living along the shoreline, scavenging among rocks and eelgrass for dead sea life and hunting tiny prey, like sand hoppers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925934\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_hunt_sandhopper.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925934\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_hunt_sandhopper.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maritime earwigs hunt small prey like sand hoppers, in addition to scavenging in the intertidal zone \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you go down to the shoreline and sit on a rock for a while, you’ll see them,” Zink said, as he turned over one impressively sized rock after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best place to find maritime earwigs is under rocks, driftwood and decaying plants around the high tide line, where they take refuge from the sun and encroaching waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can get crowded under those rocks and life isn’t always peaceful down there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If two male earwigs run into each other, they will typically engage in a ritualized battle for dominance. The fighting gets especially fierce around the spring mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the males check each other out with their antennae, possibly to gauge the size of their opponent. Then they stop and turn around so that their pincers face each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they’re in position, they attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925938\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_fight_start.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925938\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_fight_start.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male maritime earwigs don’t typically fight to the death. More often, the loser will abandon the fight after a few seconds and avoid the other. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using their pincers, they strike and grab at one another. The curved shape of the males’ pincers allows them to grab on to the sides of their opponent’s abdomen and squeeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a wrestling match,” Zink said. “Before long one earwig comes out on top and the loser retreats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the wrestling match can be fatal. Winning these battles may allow the winners to gain more access to preferred territory, which can mean more food and better access to females.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general the larger earwigs win more often,” Zink said. But there’s more to it than size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many males have nearly symmetric pincers, others have one side shaped differently than the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically it’s the right-side pincer that curves in more sharply on the asymmetric males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difference in shape struck Zink and graduate student Nicole Muñoz as fascinating, because asymmetry like this is usually less attractive to potential mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be a big drawback, evolutionarily speaking. The researchers wondered if there might be some other advantage to that asymmetry that outweighed the potential hit to their attractiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Munoz brought maritime earwigs into the lab and ran staged fights to see if the symmetry of the males’ pincers had any effect on the outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that when evenly sized male earwigs battled, the one with the more asymmetric pincers tended to win more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1925941\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top-down view of increasingly asymmetric maritime earwig pincers \u003ccite>(Nicole Munoz/San Francisco State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By slipping the straighter side under their opponent’s abdomen, the asymmetric males are able to bring the point of the more curved side down tip first. This grip worked better in fights and the researchers saw cases where males would pierce their opponent’s shell with that curved tip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means death for the loser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like bringing a knife to a wrestling match,” said Zink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how would this asymmetry affect a male’s ability to attract a mate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vikram Iyengar, an associate professor of biology at Villanova University, studies just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than focus on who wins the most fights, Iyengar looks at which features female earwigs look for when selecting a mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s important because female earwigs seem to be the ones that make the decisions when it comes to mating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_male-and-female.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_male-and-female.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The curved shape of the pincers makes male earwigs easy to spot. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Females are typically larger and stronger than males. And their straight pincers function more like scissors, making them especially dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iyengar found that female earwigs are unusual, too. Under laboratory conditions, the female earwigs he studies didn’t seem to care if a male’s pincers were symmetric or asymmetric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, the two studies might explain the prevalence of asymmetry in those male earwigs’ pincers, since it would tend to help them win fights and not hurt when it comes to mating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Iyengar found that females didn’t tend to select larger and more aggressive males, even though they might tend to win in fights more often. Instead, he found that the females preferred to mate with somewhat smaller males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, winning fights is still valuable because it allows males to spend time in the preferred territories where females tend to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a complicated drama to be happening under a rock.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Earwigs are equipped with some pretty imposing pincers on their rear, and they're not afraid to use them. But when it comes to these appendages, size isn't everything.",
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"title": "What Do Earwigs Do With Those Pincers Anyway? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>When you walk through a park, go for a hike or take a trip to the zoo, most of the animals and plants you see appear symmetric. Whether it’s an oak leaf or an elk’s antlers, the right and left sides match. It’s much less common to find examples of asymmetry — or things that are out of balance — in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists aren’t exactly sure why symmetry is so prevalent. One idea is that it may be beneficial to have a spare body part in case one side is injured. Or perhaps it’s just easier to move through the environment with matched pairs of legs, fins or wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symmetry also tends to look balanced and harmonious to our eye. And we’re not alone in that feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many animals seem to show a preference for symmetry in a potential mate. It can be a clue that the mate has the genes necessary to develop properly and thrive in an environment full of stresses and dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_lift_rock_hide.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_lift_rock_hide.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maritime earwigs will retreat from light, often burrowing down leaving only their pincers exposed. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But some critters buck the trend. Like the earwig, a diminutive insect found on every continent except Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Zink, an associate professor of biology at San Francisco State University, has been looking at how symmetry affects earwigs’ success when it comes to social interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s studying maritime earwigs, a larger and more powerful cousin to the common European earwig you might find in your backyard. Both creatures bear fearsome-looking pincers on their backsides. And they aren’t afraid to use them to defend themselves. Zink knows all about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels like someone is pinching you with tweezers,” said Zink, standing by the shore of San Francisco Bay on a recent earwig expedition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might be more alarming if you’re afraid of insects,” Zink added. “But it’s nothing like the sting of a bee or wasp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also regularly debunks a common myth: Earwigs are not interested in laying their eggs in your ear, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1925929 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwig_ear_splitscreen-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don’t worry. Earwigs do prefer dark damp areas, but they’re no more likely than other insects to crawl into your ear. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first thing to know about all earwig pincers is that females have straight pincers while males have curved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call the pincers cerci. It’s thought that cerci evolved from a previously existing additional rear pair of legs among the ancestors of insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maritime earwigs make their living along the shoreline, scavenging among rocks and eelgrass for dead sea life and hunting tiny prey, like sand hoppers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925934\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_hunt_sandhopper.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925934\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_hunt_sandhopper.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maritime earwigs hunt small prey like sand hoppers, in addition to scavenging in the intertidal zone \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you go down to the shoreline and sit on a rock for a while, you’ll see them,” Zink said, as he turned over one impressively sized rock after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best place to find maritime earwigs is under rocks, driftwood and decaying plants around the high tide line, where they take refuge from the sun and encroaching waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can get crowded under those rocks and life isn’t always peaceful down there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If two male earwigs run into each other, they will typically engage in a ritualized battle for dominance. The fighting gets especially fierce around the spring mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the males check each other out with their antennae, possibly to gauge the size of their opponent. Then they stop and turn around so that their pincers face each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they’re in position, they attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925938\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_fight_start.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925938\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_fight_start.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male maritime earwigs don’t typically fight to the death. More often, the loser will abandon the fight after a few seconds and avoid the other. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using their pincers, they strike and grab at one another. The curved shape of the males’ pincers allows them to grab on to the sides of their opponent’s abdomen and squeeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a wrestling match,” Zink said. “Before long one earwig comes out on top and the loser retreats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the wrestling match can be fatal. Winning these battles may allow the winners to gain more access to preferred territory, which can mean more food and better access to females.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general the larger earwigs win more often,” Zink said. But there’s more to it than size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many males have nearly symmetric pincers, others have one side shaped differently than the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically it’s the right-side pincer that curves in more sharply on the asymmetric males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difference in shape struck Zink and graduate student Nicole Muñoz as fascinating, because asymmetry like this is usually less attractive to potential mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be a big drawback, evolutionarily speaking. The researchers wondered if there might be some other advantage to that asymmetry that outweighed the potential hit to their attractiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Munoz brought maritime earwigs into the lab and ran staged fights to see if the symmetry of the males’ pincers had any effect on the outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that when evenly sized male earwigs battled, the one with the more asymmetric pincers tended to win more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1925941\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_symmetry_comparison_label-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top-down view of increasingly asymmetric maritime earwig pincers \u003ccite>(Nicole Munoz/San Francisco State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By slipping the straighter side under their opponent’s abdomen, the asymmetric males are able to bring the point of the more curved side down tip first. This grip worked better in fights and the researchers saw cases where males would pierce their opponent’s shell with that curved tip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means death for the loser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like bringing a knife to a wrestling match,” said Zink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how would this asymmetry affect a male’s ability to attract a mate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vikram Iyengar, an associate professor of biology at Villanova University, studies just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than focus on who wins the most fights, Iyengar looks at which features female earwigs look for when selecting a mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s important because female earwigs seem to be the ones that make the decisions when it comes to mating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_male-and-female.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL512_Earwigs_male-and-female.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The curved shape of the pincers makes male earwigs easy to spot. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Females are typically larger and stronger than males. And their straight pincers function more like scissors, making them especially dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iyengar found that female earwigs are unusual, too. Under laboratory conditions, the female earwigs he studies didn’t seem to care if a male’s pincers were symmetric or asymmetric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, the two studies might explain the prevalence of asymmetry in those male earwigs’ pincers, since it would tend to help them win fights and not hurt when it comes to mating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Iyengar found that females didn’t tend to select larger and more aggressive males, even though they might tend to win in fights more often. Instead, he found that the females preferred to mate with somewhat smaller males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, winning fights is still valuable because it allows males to spend time in the preferred territories where females tend to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A cat-sized, weasel-like animal whose habitat in forests along California’s northern coast is under threat from marijuana cultivation should receive endangered species status, state fish and wildlife officials said.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZavLHAfXgcaPcXTKNAF8sh2brfz5Coxh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt marten — a relative of minks and otters — faces the risk of extinction after decades of trapping and forest clearing, according to a report released Thursday by the state Department of Fish and Wildlife that recommends the animal be listed under the state’s endangered species act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trapping is no longer allowed in California, but the marten’s habitat in California is threatened by wildfires, logging, road construction, pot grows and climate change, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humboldt marten populations are also imperiled by exposure to toxic pesticides, which are most commonly associated with marijuana cultivation, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department’s recommendation now goes to the state fish and game commission, which is expected to make a decision about listing in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered status under California law limits activities such as construction that could lead to the death of the listed species.[contextly_sidebar id=”qFzvv7HuCo2J6oclDJ7nBbI93GKGK2py”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt marten has fur that can be yellowish or dark brown, a long, sleek body and bushy tail. It typically weighs between one and three pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt marten was thought to be extinct until it was spotted on national forest land in northwest California in 1996, according to the Center for Biological Diversity. The center was among two groups that petitioned California in 2015 to list the marten as endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California population is estimated to number fewer than 200. The animal is also found in Oregon, where officials estimate its population at less than a few hundred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups in April filed a petition asking Oregon officials to ban trapping of Humboldt martens.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A cat-sized, weasel-like animal whose habitat in forests along California’s northern coast is under threat from marijuana cultivation should receive endangered species status, state fish and wildlife officials said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt marten — a relative of minks and otters — faces the risk of extinction after decades of trapping and forest clearing, according to a report released Thursday by the state Department of Fish and Wildlife that recommends the animal be listed under the state’s endangered species act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trapping is no longer allowed in California, but the marten’s habitat in California is threatened by wildfires, logging, road construction, pot grows and climate change, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humboldt marten populations are also imperiled by exposure to toxic pesticides, which are most commonly associated with marijuana cultivation, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department’s recommendation now goes to the state fish and game commission, which is expected to make a decision about listing in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered status under California law limits activities such as construction that could lead to the death of the listed species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt marten has fur that can be yellowish or dark brown, a long, sleek body and bushy tail. It typically weighs between one and three pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt marten was thought to be extinct until it was spotted on national forest land in northwest California in 1996, according to the Center for Biological Diversity. The center was among two groups that petitioned California in 2015 to list the marten as endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California population is estimated to number fewer than 200. The animal is also found in Oregon, where officials estimate its population at less than a few hundred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups in April filed a petition asking Oregon officials to ban trapping of Humboldt martens.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Nine of the Best Koko-the-Gorilla Videos",
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"content": "\u003cp>And then, to top it all off this week, Koko the gorilla had to go and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926191/koko-the-gorilla-dies-redrew-the-lines-of-animal-human-communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">die\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koko famously could use a form of American Sign Language to communicate with humans. Over the years, through her chats with her human handler, Penny Patterson, she seemingly displayed a depth of emotion that, if not quite rivaling our own, at least approached it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how much Koko \u003cem>really\u003c/em> knew or felt is up for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/25/538580495/what-are-the-planet-s-real-talking-chimps-and-gorillas-saying\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">debate\u003c/a> — there are definitely \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/08/koko_kanzi_and_ape_language_research_criticism_of_working_conditions_and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">skeptics\u003c/a>, and there is little published research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t mean she wasn’t one amazing ape. Take a look below at these Best of Koko videos, and then at the bottom of the list at an NPR piece on whether “talking apes” can really talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Koko is the only primate in the world to upstage Robin Williams. Watch as she demands tickles from him.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9I_QvEXDv0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. One of Koko’s kittens was called AllBall, but AllBall died, sending Koko into a depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"512\" height=\"376\" src=\"https://player.pbs.org/viralplayer/2365800986/\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Koko plays with a yellow balloon, and it’s a lot more interesting than it sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/wNdof6yWaCU\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Koko can’t bear to watch the goodbye scene in the movie “Tea With Mussolini.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/EWxCM6llL60\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. Koko, like everyone else, loves Mr. Rogers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cn79Lgfh1hw&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Shatner. Koko. Need we say more? “I found myself saying, ‘I love you, Koko, I love you.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWCN8-cVLSU]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. Koko wants a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/480keuakN6c\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. Koko’s pal Michael could also communicate with humans. Here he tells a harrowing story from his past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/vBNwLf3CyiU\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. NPR’s Skunk Bear video looks into the question of whether apes can \u003cem>really\u003c/em> talk to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/uYWSXRUGxDQ\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>And then, to top it all off this week, Koko the gorilla had to go and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926191/koko-the-gorilla-dies-redrew-the-lines-of-animal-human-communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">die\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koko famously could use a form of American Sign Language to communicate with humans. Over the years, through her chats with her human handler, Penny Patterson, she seemingly displayed a depth of emotion that, if not quite rivaling our own, at least approached it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how much Koko \u003cem>really\u003c/em> knew or felt is up for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/25/538580495/what-are-the-planet-s-real-talking-chimps-and-gorillas-saying\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">debate\u003c/a> — there are definitely \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/08/koko_kanzi_and_ape_language_research_criticism_of_working_conditions_and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">skeptics\u003c/a>, and there is little published research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t mean she wasn’t one amazing ape. Take a look below at these Best of Koko videos, and then at the bottom of the list at an NPR piece on whether “talking apes” can really talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Koko is the only primate in the world to upstage Robin Williams. Watch as she demands tickles from him.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/I9I_QvEXDv0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/I9I_QvEXDv0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. One of Koko’s kittens was called AllBall, but AllBall died, sending Koko into a depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"512\" height=\"376\" src=\"https://player.pbs.org/viralplayer/2365800986/\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Koko plays with a yellow balloon, and it’s a lot more interesting than it sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/wNdof6yWaCU\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Koko can’t bear to watch the goodbye scene in the movie “Tea With Mussolini.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/EWxCM6llL60\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. Koko, like everyone else, loves Mr. Rogers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/cn79Lgfh1hw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/cn79Lgfh1hw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Shatner. Koko. Need we say more? “I found myself saying, ‘I love you, Koko, I love you.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pWCN8-cVLSU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pWCN8-cVLSU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. Koko wants a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/480keuakN6c\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. Koko’s pal Michael could also communicate with humans. Here he tells a harrowing story from his past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/vBNwLf3CyiU\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. NPR’s Skunk Bear video looks into the question of whether apes can \u003cem>really\u003c/em> talk to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/uYWSXRUGxDQ\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "State Launches Criminal Probe Into Death of a Great White Shark",
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"content": "\u003cp>The results of a necropsy have led California authorities to launch a criminal investigation into the death of a great white shark that washed ashore in Santa Cruz on Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘All I can assume is that they discovered some sort of trauma.’\u003ccite>David Ebert,\u003cbr>\nPacific Shark Research Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The young nine-foot-long, 500-pound male shark was discovered on Aptos Beach, according to Peter Tira of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images \u003ca href=\"http://abc7news.com/pets-animals/criminal-investigation-into-what-killed-great-white-shark-in-santa-cruz-co/3627407/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">circulating online of the\u003c/a> dead shark show the carcass covered in cuts, but state officials wouldn’t comment on the wounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our law enforcement division has taken up the case based on the necropsy results,” Tira says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Details of the necropsy have not been made public. But experts say the launch of a criminal probe marks a highly unusual move by authorities, indicating foul play may have been involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark scientist David Ebert says he is not aware of any other instances in California where a dead white shark led to a criminal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All I can assume is that they discovered some sort of trauma, perhaps a gunshot wound that isn’t visible in any of the images I’ve seen,” says Ebert, director of the Pacific Shark Research Center at Moss Landing Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926348 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-800x878.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-800x878.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-160x176.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-768x843.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-240x263.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-375x412.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-520x571.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1.jpg 911w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crowd of people surround the dead shark that washed ashore on a beach in Aptos, Calif., Sunday. \u003ccite>(Ashley Kern)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ebert says he would be “pretty surprised” if someone deliberately targeted the shark. State and federal laws prohibit the targeting of great white sharks but makes allowances for those accidentally caught in commercial fishing nets. In those cases, the shark should be released, or if dead, reported to the authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible scenario, says Ebert, is if someone dumped the dead shark back into the ocean without reporting it, after accidentally catching it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark expert Pete Klimley says its highly unusual for a great white shark to wash up on shore at this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They generally show up in August through late November and then go out into the Pacific,” he says, “so this is very odd. There’s nothing really to feed on at this time of year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the images of the dead shark, Klimley says he’s skeptical that the shark may have been accidentally caught in a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty big shark to let go. Most fisherman out there are using salmon gear, which is ill-equipped to catch a shark,” he says. “I don’t think those people are catching a white shark and letting it go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Mchvv31LOW1pF3ckMqkcpGyLdsNN4909″]Klimley says if another shark washes up on shore, it may point to a parasitic brain infection that most recently surfaced last year, when thousands of dead sharks and rays were turning up on local beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/10/brain-eating-disease-kills-sharks-rays-san-francisco-bay-protozoan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">October, California authorities\u003c/a> identified a microbial pathogen responsible for the killing of sharks in the San Francisco Bay in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite last year’s deaths, Ebert says the great white shark population is doing pretty well in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are frequent sightings of great white sharks,” Ebert says, and that speaks really well for the health of the Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The results of a necropsy have led California authorities to launch a criminal investigation into the death of a great white shark that washed ashore in Santa Cruz on Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘All I can assume is that they discovered some sort of trauma.’\u003ccite>David Ebert,\u003cbr>\nPacific Shark Research Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The young nine-foot-long, 500-pound male shark was discovered on Aptos Beach, according to Peter Tira of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images \u003ca href=\"http://abc7news.com/pets-animals/criminal-investigation-into-what-killed-great-white-shark-in-santa-cruz-co/3627407/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">circulating online of the\u003c/a> dead shark show the carcass covered in cuts, but state officials wouldn’t comment on the wounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our law enforcement division has taken up the case based on the necropsy results,” Tira says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Details of the necropsy have not been made public. But experts say the launch of a criminal probe marks a highly unusual move by authorities, indicating foul play may have been involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark scientist David Ebert says he is not aware of any other instances in California where a dead white shark led to a criminal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All I can assume is that they discovered some sort of trauma, perhaps a gunshot wound that isn’t visible in any of the images I’ve seen,” says Ebert, director of the Pacific Shark Research Center at Moss Landing Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926348 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-800x878.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-800x878.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-160x176.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-768x843.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-240x263.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-375x412.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-520x571.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1.jpg 911w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crowd of people surround the dead shark that washed ashore on a beach in Aptos, Calif., Sunday. \u003ccite>(Ashley Kern)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ebert says he would be “pretty surprised” if someone deliberately targeted the shark. State and federal laws prohibit the targeting of great white sharks but makes allowances for those accidentally caught in commercial fishing nets. In those cases, the shark should be released, or if dead, reported to the authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible scenario, says Ebert, is if someone dumped the dead shark back into the ocean without reporting it, after accidentally catching it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark expert Pete Klimley says its highly unusual for a great white shark to wash up on shore at this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They generally show up in August through late November and then go out into the Pacific,” he says, “so this is very odd. There’s nothing really to feed on at this time of year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the images of the dead shark, Klimley says he’s skeptical that the shark may have been accidentally caught in a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty big shark to let go. Most fisherman out there are using salmon gear, which is ill-equipped to catch a shark,” he says. “I don’t think those people are catching a white shark and letting it go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Klimley says if another shark washes up on shore, it may point to a parasitic brain infection that most recently surfaced last year, when thousands of dead sharks and rays were turning up on local beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/10/brain-eating-disease-kills-sharks-rays-san-francisco-bay-protozoan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">October, California authorities\u003c/a> identified a microbial pathogen responsible for the killing of sharks in the San Francisco Bay in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite last year’s deaths, Ebert says the great white shark population is doing pretty well in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are frequent sightings of great white sharks,” Ebert says, and that speaks really well for the health of the Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Koko The Gorilla Dies; Redrew The Lines Of Animal-Human Communication",
"headTitle": "Koko The Gorilla Dies; Redrew The Lines Of Animal-Human Communication | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>“The Gorilla Foundation is sad to announce the passing of our beloved Koko,” the research center says, informing the world about the death of a gorilla who fascinated and elated millions of people with her facility for language.[contextly_sidebar id=”pk0SZmvstoQK82Uy1CTy9omXHn7GUauo”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koko, who was 46, died in her sleep Tuesday morning, the Gorilla Foundation said. At birth, she was named Hanabi-ko — Japanese for “fireworks child,” because she was born at the San Francisco Zoo on the Fourth of July in 1971. She was a western lowland gorilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Her impact has been profound and what she has taught us about the emotional capacity of gorillas and their cognitive abilities will continue to shape the world,” the Gorilla Foundation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout her life, Koko’s abilities made headlines. After she began communicating with humans through American Sign Language, she was featured by \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> — and she took her own picture (in a mirror) for the magazine’s cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That cover came out in 1978, seven years after Koko was chosen as an infant to work on a language research project with the psychologist Francine “Penny” Patterson. In 1985, the magazine profiled the affectionate relationship between the gorilla and her kitten: Koko and All Ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2001, Koko made a fast friend in comedian Robin Williams, trying on his glasses, showing him around and getting him to tickle her. Then they made faces at each other — and the gorilla seemed to recall seeing Williams in a movie. Years later, in 2014, Koko was one of many who mourned Williams’ passing.[contextly_sidebar id=”iVczpiHTwvBitSGDag5hc0c9ZGEjtFvR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koko amazed scientists in 2012, when she showed she could\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/02/02/146195395/a-famous-gorilla-plays-the-recorder-and-we-all-may-learn-something\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> learn to play the recorder\u003c/a>. The feat revealed mental acuity but also, crucially, that primates can learn to intricately control their breathing — something that had been assumed to be beyond their abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ability to interact with people made Koko an international celebrity. But she also revealed the depth and strength of a gorilla’s emotional life, sharing moments of glee and sadness with researchers Patterson and Ron Cohn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/08/04/488657897/how-human-should-a-gorilla-be\">Barbara J. King wrote\u003c/a> for NPR about the BBC documentary \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sesspfZKsq0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Koko: The Gorilla Who Talks\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> when it aired on PBS in 2016:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1985-01-10/news/mn-9038_1_pet-kitten\">Famously\u003c/a>, Koko felt quite sad in 1984 when her adopted kitten Ball was hit by a car and died. How do we know? Here is \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160616-monkeys-grieve-when-their-friends-die\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonhuman primate grief\u003c/a> mediated through language: In historical footage in the film, Patterson is seen asking Koko, “What happened to Ball?” In reply, Koko utters these signs in sequence: \u003cem>cat, cry, have-sorry, Koko-love. \u003c/em>And then, after a pause, two more signs: \u003cem>unattention, visit me.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, it’s humanity’s turn to mourn Koko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people are commiserating on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/Koko-The-Gorilla-Foundation-289961865248/?ref=nf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gorilla Foundation’s Facebook page\u003c/a> posting about Koko’s death. The top comment comes from Jess Cameron:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Legit bawling like a baby right now. This news just breaks my heart. From an early age I was fascinated with Koko and she taught me so much about love, kindness, respect for animals, and our planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of Koko’s life, sentiments like that have been counterbalanced by questions about her ability to use language in original and complex ways. And for Koko and other research subjects, there has also been skepticism over how their handlers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/25/538580495/what-are-the-planet-s-real-talking-chimps-and-gorillas-saying\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interpret the animals’ behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Koko’s passing, \u003ca href=\"http://www.koko.org/node/2257\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Gorilla Foundation says\u003c/a> it will honor her legacy, working on wildlife conservation in Africa, a great ape sanctuary in Maui, Hawaii, and a sign language app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foundation says those who want to share condolences can do so by emailing \u003ca href=\"mailto:kokolove@koko.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kokolove@koko.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Koko+The+Gorilla+Dies%3B+Redrew+The+Lines+Of+Animal-Human+Communication&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“The Gorilla Foundation is sad to announce the passing of our beloved Koko,” the research center says, informing the world about the death of a gorilla who fascinated and elated millions of people with her facility for language.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koko, who was 46, died in her sleep Tuesday morning, the Gorilla Foundation said. At birth, she was named Hanabi-ko — Japanese for “fireworks child,” because she was born at the San Francisco Zoo on the Fourth of July in 1971. She was a western lowland gorilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Her impact has been profound and what she has taught us about the emotional capacity of gorillas and their cognitive abilities will continue to shape the world,” the Gorilla Foundation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout her life, Koko’s abilities made headlines. After she began communicating with humans through American Sign Language, she was featured by \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> — and she took her own picture (in a mirror) for the magazine’s cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That cover came out in 1978, seven years after Koko was chosen as an infant to work on a language research project with the psychologist Francine “Penny” Patterson. In 1985, the magazine profiled the affectionate relationship between the gorilla and her kitten: Koko and All Ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2001, Koko made a fast friend in comedian Robin Williams, trying on his glasses, showing him around and getting him to tickle her. Then they made faces at each other — and the gorilla seemed to recall seeing Williams in a movie. Years later, in 2014, Koko was one of many who mourned Williams’ passing.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koko amazed scientists in 2012, when she showed she could\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/02/02/146195395/a-famous-gorilla-plays-the-recorder-and-we-all-may-learn-something\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> learn to play the recorder\u003c/a>. The feat revealed mental acuity but also, crucially, that primates can learn to intricately control their breathing — something that had been assumed to be beyond their abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ability to interact with people made Koko an international celebrity. But she also revealed the depth and strength of a gorilla’s emotional life, sharing moments of glee and sadness with researchers Patterson and Ron Cohn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/08/04/488657897/how-human-should-a-gorilla-be\">Barbara J. King wrote\u003c/a> for NPR about the BBC documentary \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sesspfZKsq0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Koko: The Gorilla Who Talks\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> when it aired on PBS in 2016:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1985-01-10/news/mn-9038_1_pet-kitten\">Famously\u003c/a>, Koko felt quite sad in 1984 when her adopted kitten Ball was hit by a car and died. How do we know? Here is \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160616-monkeys-grieve-when-their-friends-die\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonhuman primate grief\u003c/a> mediated through language: In historical footage in the film, Patterson is seen asking Koko, “What happened to Ball?” In reply, Koko utters these signs in sequence: \u003cem>cat, cry, have-sorry, Koko-love. \u003c/em>And then, after a pause, two more signs: \u003cem>unattention, visit me.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, it’s humanity’s turn to mourn Koko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people are commiserating on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/Koko-The-Gorilla-Foundation-289961865248/?ref=nf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gorilla Foundation’s Facebook page\u003c/a> posting about Koko’s death. The top comment comes from Jess Cameron:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Legit bawling like a baby right now. This news just breaks my heart. From an early age I was fascinated with Koko and she taught me so much about love, kindness, respect for animals, and our planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of Koko’s life, sentiments like that have been counterbalanced by questions about her ability to use language in original and complex ways. And for Koko and other research subjects, there has also been skepticism over how their handlers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/25/538580495/what-are-the-planet-s-real-talking-chimps-and-gorillas-saying\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interpret the animals’ behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Koko’s passing, \u003ca href=\"http://www.koko.org/node/2257\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Gorilla Foundation says\u003c/a> it will honor her legacy, working on wildlife conservation in Africa, a great ape sanctuary in Maui, Hawaii, and a sign language app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foundation says those who want to share condolences can do so by emailing \u003ca href=\"mailto:kokolove@koko.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kokolove@koko.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Koko+The+Gorilla+Dies%3B+Redrew+The+Lines+Of+Animal-Human+Communication&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "VIDEO: First-Ever Views of Manta Rays Swimming With Young",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Scripps Graduate Student Discovers World’s First Known Manta Ray Nursery\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/M3cKOV-mYVs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography have stumbled on a manta ray nursery in protected waters off the coast of Texas — the first one in the world to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding,\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-018-3364-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published June 15\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Marine Biology,\u003c/em> is the first of its kind to be described in a scientific study, according to a statement from Scripps, which is part of UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as the “gentle giants of the sea,” endangered manta rays are large, plankton-eating fish that have a wingspan of up to 23 feet. While adult rays are typically found in subtropical and tropical waters, baby mantas rarely swim out into open waters, making juveniles very difficult to access and study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“The juvenile \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life stage for oceanic mantas\u003c/a> has been a bit of a black box for us, since we’re so rarely able to observe them,” John Stewart, a graduate student at Scripps and lead author, \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in a statement\u003c/a>. “Identifying this area as a nursery highlights its importance for conservation and management, but it also gives us the opportunity to focus on the juveniles and learn about them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart first spotted several young mantas while conducting research on the manta population at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, a federally designated underwater area protected by the \u003ca href=\"https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and colleagues then combed through a quarter-century of photo and dive log information, looking to see how frequently young mantas were in the area. Since mantas have a unique “fingerprint” in the spots on their bellies, the team could identify how many juvenile individuals had been seen there. Eventually, they found that 95 percent of the mantas seen in Flower Garden Banks were juveniles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925947\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 870px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"870\" height=\"578\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925947\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg 870w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juvenile manta ray with diver at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(G.P. Schmahl/FGBNMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This discovery is a major advancement in our understanding of the species,” Stewart said, “and the importance of different habitats throughout their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego researchers, aided by colleagues at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, suspect that the young mantas are gathering in the relatively shallow banks to recover body temperature after accessing cold, offshore waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”o8PpqDyyeZS8bQyOwFQFFUEgQv4Oa4Ss”]“We think they may be feeding on specific types of zooplankton there, then migrating up toward the surface, where we saw them,” Stewart \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sd-me-manta-ray-20180618-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/a>. “They might be hanging around the banks because it could be a little safer than open water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart hopes the discovery will lead to better protections for manta rays in shallow waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so much we don’t know about mantas, and that’s exciting from a science perspective because it means there are so many questions still waiting to be answered,” Stewart said in a statement. “From a conservation perspective, it means that a lot of the questions that you get to answer will actually be meaningful and have an impact on management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Scripps Graduate Student Discovers World’s First Known Manta Ray Nursery\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/M3cKOV-mYVs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography have stumbled on a manta ray nursery in protected waters off the coast of Texas — the first one in the world to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding,\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-018-3364-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published June 15\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Marine Biology,\u003c/em> is the first of its kind to be described in a scientific study, according to a statement from Scripps, which is part of UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as the “gentle giants of the sea,” endangered manta rays are large, plankton-eating fish that have a wingspan of up to 23 feet. While adult rays are typically found in subtropical and tropical waters, baby mantas rarely swim out into open waters, making juveniles very difficult to access and study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The juvenile \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life stage for oceanic mantas\u003c/a> has been a bit of a black box for us, since we’re so rarely able to observe them,” John Stewart, a graduate student at Scripps and lead author, \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in a statement\u003c/a>. “Identifying this area as a nursery highlights its importance for conservation and management, but it also gives us the opportunity to focus on the juveniles and learn about them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart first spotted several young mantas while conducting research on the manta population at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, a federally designated underwater area protected by the \u003ca href=\"https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and colleagues then combed through a quarter-century of photo and dive log information, looking to see how frequently young mantas were in the area. Since mantas have a unique “fingerprint” in the spots on their bellies, the team could identify how many juvenile individuals had been seen there. Eventually, they found that 95 percent of the mantas seen in Flower Garden Banks were juveniles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925947\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 870px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"870\" height=\"578\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925947\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg 870w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juvenile manta ray with diver at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(G.P. Schmahl/FGBNMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This discovery is a major advancement in our understanding of the species,” Stewart said, “and the importance of different habitats throughout their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego researchers, aided by colleagues at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, suspect that the young mantas are gathering in the relatively shallow banks to recover body temperature after accessing cold, offshore waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“We think they may be feeding on specific types of zooplankton there, then migrating up toward the surface, where we saw them,” Stewart \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sd-me-manta-ray-20180618-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/a>. “They might be hanging around the banks because it could be a little safer than open water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart hopes the discovery will lead to better protections for manta rays in shallow waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so much we don’t know about mantas, and that’s exciting from a science perspective because it means there are so many questions still waiting to be answered,” Stewart said in a statement. “From a conservation perspective, it means that a lot of the questions that you get to answer will actually be meaningful and have an impact on management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Clean Streams Key to Aiding Endangered Frogs in California",
"headTitle": "Clean Streams Key to Aiding Endangered Frogs in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists working in the Santa Monica mountains of California recently announced that endangered red-legged frogs are successfully breeding on their own in four streams there, for the first time since the 1970s. It’s a huge success for a reintroduction program that began four years ago – and an important story about water quality.[contextly_sidebar id=”6PZkt8sJPXVx3gajBIjxuXG25SWOYGTx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) was popularized by Mark Twain in his 1865 story, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.” The amphibians were \u003ca href=\"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?spcode=D02D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">listed as threatened\u003c/span>\u003c/a> under the Endangered Species Act in 1996 after decades of decline caused by invasive species and water pollution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Because frogs have permeable skin, they are very sensitive to water quality. And because so much of their habitat has been developed, it would seem unlikely that reintroduction could succeed in a place like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the largest urban national park in the United States.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But enough viable streams were found to make reintroduction worth a try, and the first frogs were translocated from the nearby Simi Hills in 2014. And in March of this year, scientists found the first egg masses laid by red-legged frogs that had successfully mated in their new homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply recently spoke with Katy Delaney, a wildlife ecologist with the National Park Service. Other partners include California State Parks, the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority, the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Fish and Wildlife Service, the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Commission and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How important was water quality to this reintroduction effort?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Katy Delaney: It was really, really important. I didn\u003c/span>’t want to put [the frogs] in a place where we have algae blooms and too many nutrients and lots of chemicals in the water. We have invasive species, and the invasives are almost always in these urban areas. It was very, very important that we put them in the most pristine places that we could\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are people that kind of know this area, and they\u003c/span>’re frog biologists, and they’re like, “How the hell did you find places to put them?” Well, we still have some nice streams. It’s partly because our park and the state parks and the local land conservancy agencies, back in the ’60s and ’70s and ’80s, were getting concerned about all of the building here and they saved big swathes of open space that were mostly ranches. And since then, a lot of it has gone back to just sort of native vegetation.[contextly_sidebar id=”WHXpxGgdxJwJ3HzHmad8orL2A0ggCveU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of that is really important. The native vegetation – and good, clean, normal upland vegetation – is really, really important for water quality and for water temperature because it provides some shade.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How were the reintroduction sites selected?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: We\u003c/span>’ve been doing regular stream surveys looking for breeding amphibians and invasive species since 2000. Our group started talking about reintroduction in earnest in 2011. We also met with other local stream experts. We picked about 35 different places to monitor to see if they are suitable habitat. We did those surveys for about three years – fall surveys when water levels are low, and spring surveys when they are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We narrowed it down to about 10 candidate streams, then to seven. At that point, we did one round of water chemistry and water quality measurements and pesticide level monitoring. Also, I kind of consider our invasive species to be part of water quality as well. That was definitely a huge factor in where we would want to reintroduce red-legged frogs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Those places all tested very well. They were clean and they didn\u003c/span>’t have high levels of pesticides at all. We introduced at two of them starting in 2014, then we added two more sites in 2016. So right now, we’re continuing to do all the translocation and reintroduction work at four of the seven streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the water quality issues you encountered?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: One thing that’s really, really important: There\u003c/span>’s a big difference in streams that have a lot of urban water inputs, versus other streams that don’t. We don’t really calculate the amount of water that’s coming from urban sources, but we do calculate the amount of urbanization in the upstream watershed. That correlates directly to the quality of water and habitat. If you have a lot of urbanization – whole cities could be upstream of your park – then the water in your park is going to be affected.[contextly_sidebar id=”5jnMYDu32VGSuASR5JxZ5UkBT9AMuwVp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, it’s the things that run off urban areas. Oils, things from the road, are particularly bad. There are also lots of pesticides and there is a lot of fertilizer. High nitrogen content from fertilizers can make the algae growth go kind of crazy. There’s a lot of that from fertilizers from people’s lawns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other big problem with urban water is we\u003c/span>’\u003cspan class=\"s1\">v\u003c/span>e channelized the streams. People don’t like it when a stream rises and goes into their house. So when you build a neighborhood around a stream, you either underground the stream or you channelize it. Then what happens during these big rain events – which we do have – you get the water not being able to meander. So the storm events can potentially be a lot more damaging. There’s a lot more energy flowing through those channelized stream corridors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What people have also done is introduce fish because they like to go fishing. And they’ve introduced crayfish, because they use crayfish as bait. That probably happened 100 years ago. And we have found new introductions of these species in the more recent time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The non-native fish and the crayfish are the things that will just eat frogs and newts at all life stages. They are really bad predators of those things. And you can never get rid of them. It’s very hard to fish out every crayfish.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: So, were the odds against the frogs you reintroduced?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: Yes, every step of the way. But I had high hopes. And I have to say, we really don\u003c/span>’t consider this over, or a success. The frogs still have a long way to go, and it’s still sort of tenuous. I mean, they just started breeding on their own, and we don’t really know what’s going to happen. We will definitely continue to monitor for years and years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But these are big milestones where they did breed on their own. In the beginning when we put egg masses in stream, and then they hatched, it was amazing. That was a huge milestone. Then it was like, \u003c/span>“\u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK\u003c/span>, we got these tadpoles and they’re actually eating the food we’re feeding them and they’re not dying en masse.” Then they got big enough that we could release them. And then they became froglets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Now we have frogs literally released as tadpoles in 2014, and they\u003c/span>’ve survived a couple of years to be of breeding age. And now that they’re breeding it’s amazing to me. The fact they actually found each other and realized this is what they’re supposed to be doing – breeding. That’s about the most exciting thing that can happen to you at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/12/clean-streams-key-to-aiding-recovery-of-endangered-frogs-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is home again to endangered California red-legged frogs, after a reintroduction effort. Success hinged on a handful of streams that are still clean enough to host the frogs, explains wildlife ecologist Katy Delaney.",
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"description": "Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is home again to endangered California red-legged frogs, after a reintroduction effort. Success hinged on a handful of streams that are still clean enough to host the frogs, explains wildlife ecologist Katy Delaney.",
"title": "Clean Streams Key to Aiding Endangered Frogs in California | KQED",
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"headline": "Clean Streams Key to Aiding Endangered Frogs in California",
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"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists working in the Santa Monica mountains of California recently announced that endangered red-legged frogs are successfully breeding on their own in four streams there, for the first time since the 1970s. It’s a huge success for a reintroduction program that began four years ago – and an important story about water quality.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) was popularized by Mark Twain in his 1865 story, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.” The amphibians were \u003ca href=\"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?spcode=D02D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">listed as threatened\u003c/span>\u003c/a> under the Endangered Species Act in 1996 after decades of decline caused by invasive species and water pollution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Because frogs have permeable skin, they are very sensitive to water quality. And because so much of their habitat has been developed, it would seem unlikely that reintroduction could succeed in a place like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the largest urban national park in the United States.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But enough viable streams were found to make reintroduction worth a try, and the first frogs were translocated from the nearby Simi Hills in 2014. And in March of this year, scientists found the first egg masses laid by red-legged frogs that had successfully mated in their new homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply recently spoke with Katy Delaney, a wildlife ecologist with the National Park Service. Other partners include California State Parks, the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority, the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Fish and Wildlife Service, the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Commission and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How important was water quality to this reintroduction effort?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Katy Delaney: It was really, really important. I didn\u003c/span>’t want to put [the frogs] in a place where we have algae blooms and too many nutrients and lots of chemicals in the water. We have invasive species, and the invasives are almost always in these urban areas. It was very, very important that we put them in the most pristine places that we could\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are people that kind of know this area, and they\u003c/span>’re frog biologists, and they’re like, “How the hell did you find places to put them?” Well, we still have some nice streams. It’s partly because our park and the state parks and the local land conservancy agencies, back in the ’60s and ’70s and ’80s, were getting concerned about all of the building here and they saved big swathes of open space that were mostly ranches. And since then, a lot of it has gone back to just sort of native vegetation.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of that is really important. The native vegetation – and good, clean, normal upland vegetation – is really, really important for water quality and for water temperature because it provides some shade.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How were the reintroduction sites selected?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: We\u003c/span>’ve been doing regular stream surveys looking for breeding amphibians and invasive species since 2000. Our group started talking about reintroduction in earnest in 2011. We also met with other local stream experts. We picked about 35 different places to monitor to see if they are suitable habitat. We did those surveys for about three years – fall surveys when water levels are low, and spring surveys when they are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We narrowed it down to about 10 candidate streams, then to seven. At that point, we did one round of water chemistry and water quality measurements and pesticide level monitoring. Also, I kind of consider our invasive species to be part of water quality as well. That was definitely a huge factor in where we would want to reintroduce red-legged frogs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Those places all tested very well. They were clean and they didn\u003c/span>’t have high levels of pesticides at all. We introduced at two of them starting in 2014, then we added two more sites in 2016. So right now, we’re continuing to do all the translocation and reintroduction work at four of the seven streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the water quality issues you encountered?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: One thing that’s really, really important: There\u003c/span>’s a big difference in streams that have a lot of urban water inputs, versus other streams that don’t. We don’t really calculate the amount of water that’s coming from urban sources, but we do calculate the amount of urbanization in the upstream watershed. That correlates directly to the quality of water and habitat. If you have a lot of urbanization – whole cities could be upstream of your park – then the water in your park is going to be affected.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, it’s the things that run off urban areas. Oils, things from the road, are particularly bad. There are also lots of pesticides and there is a lot of fertilizer. High nitrogen content from fertilizers can make the algae growth go kind of crazy. There’s a lot of that from fertilizers from people’s lawns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other big problem with urban water is we\u003c/span>’\u003cspan class=\"s1\">v\u003c/span>e channelized the streams. People don’t like it when a stream rises and goes into their house. So when you build a neighborhood around a stream, you either underground the stream or you channelize it. Then what happens during these big rain events – which we do have – you get the water not being able to meander. So the storm events can potentially be a lot more damaging. There’s a lot more energy flowing through those channelized stream corridors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What people have also done is introduce fish because they like to go fishing. And they’ve introduced crayfish, because they use crayfish as bait. That probably happened 100 years ago. And we have found new introductions of these species in the more recent time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The non-native fish and the crayfish are the things that will just eat frogs and newts at all life stages. They are really bad predators of those things. And you can never get rid of them. It’s very hard to fish out every crayfish.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: So, were the odds against the frogs you reintroduced?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: Yes, every step of the way. But I had high hopes. And I have to say, we really don\u003c/span>’t consider this over, or a success. The frogs still have a long way to go, and it’s still sort of tenuous. I mean, they just started breeding on their own, and we don’t really know what’s going to happen. We will definitely continue to monitor for years and years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But these are big milestones where they did breed on their own. In the beginning when we put egg masses in stream, and then they hatched, it was amazing. That was a huge milestone. Then it was like, \u003c/span>“\u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK\u003c/span>, we got these tadpoles and they’re actually eating the food we’re feeding them and they’re not dying en masse.” Then they got big enough that we could release them. And then they became froglets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Now we have frogs literally released as tadpoles in 2014, and they\u003c/span>’ve survived a couple of years to be of breeding age. And now that they’re breeding it’s amazing to me. The fact they actually found each other and realized this is what they’re supposed to be doing – breeding. That’s about the most exciting thing that can happen to you at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/12/clean-streams-key-to-aiding-recovery-of-endangered-frogs-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
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