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"title": "California Comeback for Gray Wolf Hits Farthest Point South",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gray wolves are trekking farther south in California. A 2-year-old female, known as OR-54, recently wandered through Nevada County in the northern Sierra Nevada. Until now, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife had reported wolves only as far south as Lassen County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s made her way all the way down into the Sierra, and that’s so exciting because this is its prime wolf habitat,” said Amaroq Weiss of the Center for Biological Diversity. “It’s an area that scientists have identified for a long time as being good wolf habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them. Wolves are not dangerous to humans.’\u003ccite>Amaroq Weiss,\u003cbr>\nCenter for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The wolf is collared with a GPS transmitter that allowed officials to determine her whereabouts just off Interstate 80, near Boreal Mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR-54 is so named because she was the 54\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> wolf Oregon biologists have radio collared. She’s following in her father’s historic footsteps. Known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">OR-7\u003c/a>, he was the first gray wolf to cross into California from Oregon in almost 90 years. Wolves are \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/gray-wolf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making a comeback\u003c/a> in the West after they were eradicated by humans during the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1925623 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-160x86.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-800x431.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-768x414.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-960x517.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-240x129.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-375x202.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-520x280.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf pup born in 2017 in Lassen County, recorded by a wildlife camera installation. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have wolves coming back to California is a great testament to the federal and state Endangered Species Act protections that have allowed these remarkable species to recover,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time OR-54 has visited California. She crossed the border in January and stayed until late February. California Department of Fish and Wildlife wolf specialist Kent Laudon said someone outside of Chester, California caught her on video during her first visit. She went home for a few months, and then returned in mid-April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s common for wolves to leave their pack at about her age. When wolves are somewhere between 2 and 3 years old, they make their first solo wilderness outing, likely in search of a mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, biologists know of six other wolves with radio collars living in either Plumas or Lassen counties. But there could be more that have remained under the radar of biologists. Wolves are very shy animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them,” Weiss said. “Wolves are not dangerous to humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last 100 years, two humans have fallen prey to wolves in all of North America, including Canada, Alaska and the lower 48 states. Weiss said it’s questionable whether a wolf actually killed the second person. In contrast, she said about 20 people die annually from encounters with livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would be more likely to die from a lightning strike than from a wolf,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes more pups arrived in California this spring. Weiss speculated that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11551637/rare-gray-wolf-pups-born-in-california\">Lassen pack\u003c/a> had a litter a few months ago. Wolves usually breed around Valentine’s Day (appropriately enough) and pups arrive around mid-April. She expects pups to emerge from their dens any day now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wolf management plan\u003c/a> estimates that Northern California, not including the Sierra Nevada, could support up to 500 wolves.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gray wolves are trekking farther south in California. A 2-year-old female, known as OR-54, recently wandered through Nevada County in the northern Sierra Nevada. Until now, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife had reported wolves only as far south as Lassen County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s made her way all the way down into the Sierra, and that’s so exciting because this is its prime wolf habitat,” said Amaroq Weiss of the Center for Biological Diversity. “It’s an area that scientists have identified for a long time as being good wolf habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them. Wolves are not dangerous to humans.’\u003ccite>Amaroq Weiss,\u003cbr>\nCenter for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The wolf is collared with a GPS transmitter that allowed officials to determine her whereabouts just off Interstate 80, near Boreal Mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR-54 is so named because she was the 54\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> wolf Oregon biologists have radio collared. She’s following in her father’s historic footsteps. Known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">OR-7\u003c/a>, he was the first gray wolf to cross into California from Oregon in almost 90 years. Wolves are \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/gray-wolf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making a comeback\u003c/a> in the West after they were eradicated by humans during the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1925623 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-160x86.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-800x431.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-768x414.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-960x517.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-240x129.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-375x202.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-520x280.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf pup born in 2017 in Lassen County, recorded by a wildlife camera installation. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have wolves coming back to California is a great testament to the federal and state Endangered Species Act protections that have allowed these remarkable species to recover,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time OR-54 has visited California. She crossed the border in January and stayed until late February. California Department of Fish and Wildlife wolf specialist Kent Laudon said someone outside of Chester, California caught her on video during her first visit. She went home for a few months, and then returned in mid-April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s common for wolves to leave their pack at about her age. When wolves are somewhere between 2 and 3 years old, they make their first solo wilderness outing, likely in search of a mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, biologists know of six other wolves with radio collars living in either Plumas or Lassen counties. But there could be more that have remained under the radar of biologists. Wolves are very shy animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them,” Weiss said. “Wolves are not dangerous to humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last 100 years, two humans have fallen prey to wolves in all of North America, including Canada, Alaska and the lower 48 states. Weiss said it’s questionable whether a wolf actually killed the second person. In contrast, she said about 20 people die annually from encounters with livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would be more likely to die from a lightning strike than from a wolf,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes more pups arrived in California this spring. Weiss speculated that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11551637/rare-gray-wolf-pups-born-in-california\">Lassen pack\u003c/a> had a litter a few months ago. Wolves usually breed around Valentine’s Day (appropriately enough) and pups arrive around mid-April. She expects pups to emerge from their dens any day now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wolf management plan\u003c/a> estimates that Northern California, not including the Sierra Nevada, could support up to 500 wolves.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "You’d Never Guess What an Acorn Woodpecker Eats",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Have you ever wondered why woodpeckers pound so incessantly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of acorn woodpeckers — gregarious black-and-red birds in California’s oak forests — they’re building an intricate pantry, a massive, well-organized stockpile of thousands of acorns to carry them through the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925448\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ON_ACORN_WS_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925448\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ON_ACORN_WS_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acorn woodpeckers have drilled thousands of holes in these redwoods on the shore of Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. They store one acorn in each hole. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re the only animals that I know of that store their acorns individually in holes in trees,” said biologist Walter Koenig, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Acorn_Woodpecker/overview\">Cornell Lab of Ornithology\u003c/a>, who has studied acorn woodpeckers for decades at the University of California’s Hastings Natural History Reservation in Carmel Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925452\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925452\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storing acorns high up in the trees helps the woodpeckers protect them from squirrels, deer and jays. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over generations, acorn woodpeckers can drill thousands of small holes into one or several trees close to each other, giving these so-called granaries the appearance of Swiss cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sets them apart from other birds that drop acorns into already-existing cavities in trees, and animals like squirrels and jays that bury acorns in the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In spring and summer, hikers in the Bay Area commonly see acorn woodpeckers while the birds feed their chicks and care for their granaries. They don’t mind people staring at them and they’re easy to find. They greet each other with loud cries that sound like “waka-waka-waka.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin and Contra Costa counties are good places to spot them. They’re also easy to see in San Jose’s Plaza de Cesar Chavez. Outside California they’re found in Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, and south to Colombia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_STUFFS_ACORN_IN_HOLE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_STUFFS_ACORN_IN_HOLE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker pounds an acorn into a hole. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These avian performers are constantly tapping, drilling and pounding at their granaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll usually have a central granary, maybe two trees that a group is using,” Koenig said. “Those trees are going to be close together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acorn woodpeckers make their granaries in pines, oaks, sycamores, redwoods and even in the palm trees on the Stanford University campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925465\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925465\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodpeckers have drilled thousands of holes into these redwoods around Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their holes rarely hurt the trees. The birds bore only into the bark, where there’s no sap, or they make their granaries in snags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t want sap in the hole because it will cause the acorn to rot,” said Koenig. “The point of storing the acorns is that it protects them from other animals getting them and it allows them to dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The holes usually start a few feet up the tree trunks, which makes it easier for the woodpeckers to defend their acorns from deer, squirrels and jays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re pretty fearless. They dive-bomb squirrels,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.katemarianchild.com\">Kate Marianchild\u003c/a>, author of the book “Secrets of the Oak Woodlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_EATS_INSECT_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_EATS_INSECT_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker fed on an insect in April. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, acorn woodpeckers have their choice of food. They catch insects, eat oak flowers and suck the sap out of shallow holes on trees such as coast live oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the winter, when these foods are unavailable, the birds feed on the acorns they stored in the late summer and fall. Acorns don’t have that much protein compared to insects, and they taste bitter, said Koenig. But the birds can stock up on them and keep them readily available in their granary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925461\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woodpecker made a meal of this black oak acorn. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds need to keep the acorns snug in their holes so that other animals can’t pull them out. So they regularly move up and down the tree trunk, tapping the acorns into their holes as they go. If they find one that’s loose, they pull it out and move it to a smaller hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acorn woodpeckers’ ability to reproduce in the spring depends on an abundant acorn crop the previous year. But oaks are finicky trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some years there are acorns all over the place,” said Koenig, “and other years there aren’t any acorns at all.” This is why acorn woodpeckers live where there are several species of oaks, he said, which increases the chances that they’ll have access to acorns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping a granary stocked takes a lot of work. So acorn woodpeckers live in family groups: four or five of them in something like a commune, with several males that are related to each other mating with several females that are related to each other but not to the males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are only a handful of species in the world that are known to be similarly complex,” Koenig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925456\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_FAMILY_GROUP_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925456\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_FAMILY_GROUP_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acorn woodpeckers live in family groups of four or five. These three woodpeckers gathered in April on a granary tree near Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Young woodpeckers who aren’t yet old enough to mate help take care of the chicks when they’re born in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s wonderful to see several birds lined up under a nest cavity to feed the nestlings,” Marianchild said. “It’s proof of cooperative breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a member of the group dies, young woodpeckers from other groups audition to join the group, in hopes of being able to start mating. These power struggles are loud and can last days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get birds chasing each other, yelling and screaming at each other, grappling,” said Koenig. “They’re incredibly exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_MAKES_HOLE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925457\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_MAKES_HOLE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker drills a hole into a redwood. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A group drills a few new holes each year. Every member works on the granary, and the acorns belong to all of them. Granaries can have thousands of holes and be built and maintained over many generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When one of the birds wants to eat an acorn, it sometimes pecks it open right in the hole where it’s stored. Or it might carry the acorn to a nearby tree and wedge it in a nook before cracking it open by pounding on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925460\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ACORN_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925460\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ACORN_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woodpecker cracks open an acorn. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and urbanization in some places have reduced the oaks that are available to the birds and put humans in closer proximity to them. On occasion, acorn woodpeckers drill holes into telephone poles and the wood trim of houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People can discourage them from pecking holes in their houses,” said Marianchild. “They can put up bird netting or hang shiny things. Or they can build houses out of stucco rather than wood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Marin Municipal Water District’s offices in Fairfax, which are surrounded by oaks, acorn woodpeckers stuff their supplies into the eaves, said Janet Klein, natural resources program manager. To protect the ranger station, they’ve put up a secondary layer of pine to give the woodpeckers something to drill into. Despite the noise, Klein enjoys watching them at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can watch the woodpeckers try out different holes,” she said. “‘Too tight, too loose.’”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "OK. Maybe you would. But wait until you see them carefully create their intricate acorn pantry.",
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"title": "You’d Never Guess What an Acorn Woodpecker Eats | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Have you ever wondered why woodpeckers pound so incessantly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of acorn woodpeckers — gregarious black-and-red birds in California’s oak forests — they’re building an intricate pantry, a massive, well-organized stockpile of thousands of acorns to carry them through the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925448\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ON_ACORN_WS_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925448\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ON_ACORN_WS_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acorn woodpeckers have drilled thousands of holes in these redwoods on the shore of Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. They store one acorn in each hole. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re the only animals that I know of that store their acorns individually in holes in trees,” said biologist Walter Koenig, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Acorn_Woodpecker/overview\">Cornell Lab of Ornithology\u003c/a>, who has studied acorn woodpeckers for decades at the University of California’s Hastings Natural History Reservation in Carmel Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925452\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925452\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storing acorns high up in the trees helps the woodpeckers protect them from squirrels, deer and jays. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over generations, acorn woodpeckers can drill thousands of small holes into one or several trees close to each other, giving these so-called granaries the appearance of Swiss cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sets them apart from other birds that drop acorns into already-existing cavities in trees, and animals like squirrels and jays that bury acorns in the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In spring and summer, hikers in the Bay Area commonly see acorn woodpeckers while the birds feed their chicks and care for their granaries. They don’t mind people staring at them and they’re easy to find. They greet each other with loud cries that sound like “waka-waka-waka.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin and Contra Costa counties are good places to spot them. They’re also easy to see in San Jose’s Plaza de Cesar Chavez. Outside California they’re found in Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, and south to Colombia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_STUFFS_ACORN_IN_HOLE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_STUFFS_ACORN_IN_HOLE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker pounds an acorn into a hole. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These avian performers are constantly tapping, drilling and pounding at their granaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll usually have a central granary, maybe two trees that a group is using,” Koenig said. “Those trees are going to be close together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acorn woodpeckers make their granaries in pines, oaks, sycamores, redwoods and even in the palm trees on the Stanford University campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925465\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925465\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodpeckers have drilled thousands of holes into these redwoods around Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their holes rarely hurt the trees. The birds bore only into the bark, where there’s no sap, or they make their granaries in snags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t want sap in the hole because it will cause the acorn to rot,” said Koenig. “The point of storing the acorns is that it protects them from other animals getting them and it allows them to dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The holes usually start a few feet up the tree trunks, which makes it easier for the woodpeckers to defend their acorns from deer, squirrels and jays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re pretty fearless. They dive-bomb squirrels,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.katemarianchild.com\">Kate Marianchild\u003c/a>, author of the book “Secrets of the Oak Woodlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_EATS_INSECT_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_EATS_INSECT_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker fed on an insect in April. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, acorn woodpeckers have their choice of food. They catch insects, eat oak flowers and suck the sap out of shallow holes on trees such as coast live oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the winter, when these foods are unavailable, the birds feed on the acorns they stored in the late summer and fall. Acorns don’t have that much protein compared to insects, and they taste bitter, said Koenig. But the birds can stock up on them and keep them readily available in their granary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925461\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woodpecker made a meal of this black oak acorn. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds need to keep the acorns snug in their holes so that other animals can’t pull them out. So they regularly move up and down the tree trunk, tapping the acorns into their holes as they go. If they find one that’s loose, they pull it out and move it to a smaller hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acorn woodpeckers’ ability to reproduce in the spring depends on an abundant acorn crop the previous year. But oaks are finicky trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some years there are acorns all over the place,” said Koenig, “and other years there aren’t any acorns at all.” This is why acorn woodpeckers live where there are several species of oaks, he said, which increases the chances that they’ll have access to acorns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping a granary stocked takes a lot of work. So acorn woodpeckers live in family groups: four or five of them in something like a commune, with several males that are related to each other mating with several females that are related to each other but not to the males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are only a handful of species in the world that are known to be similarly complex,” Koenig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925456\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_FAMILY_GROUP_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925456\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_FAMILY_GROUP_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acorn woodpeckers live in family groups of four or five. These three woodpeckers gathered in April on a granary tree near Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Young woodpeckers who aren’t yet old enough to mate help take care of the chicks when they’re born in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s wonderful to see several birds lined up under a nest cavity to feed the nestlings,” Marianchild said. “It’s proof of cooperative breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a member of the group dies, young woodpeckers from other groups audition to join the group, in hopes of being able to start mating. These power struggles are loud and can last days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get birds chasing each other, yelling and screaming at each other, grappling,” said Koenig. “They’re incredibly exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_MAKES_HOLE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925457\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_MAKES_HOLE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker drills a hole into a redwood. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A group drills a few new holes each year. Every member works on the granary, and the acorns belong to all of them. Granaries can have thousands of holes and be built and maintained over many generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When one of the birds wants to eat an acorn, it sometimes pecks it open right in the hole where it’s stored. Or it might carry the acorn to a nearby tree and wedge it in a nook before cracking it open by pounding on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925460\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ACORN_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925460\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ACORN_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woodpecker cracks open an acorn. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and urbanization in some places have reduced the oaks that are available to the birds and put humans in closer proximity to them. On occasion, acorn woodpeckers drill holes into telephone poles and the wood trim of houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People can discourage them from pecking holes in their houses,” said Marianchild. “They can put up bird netting or hang shiny things. Or they can build houses out of stucco rather than wood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Marin Municipal Water District’s offices in Fairfax, which are surrounded by oaks, acorn woodpeckers stuff their supplies into the eaves, said Janet Klein, natural resources program manager. To protect the ranger station, they’ve put up a secondary layer of pine to give the woodpeckers something to drill into. Despite the noise, Klein enjoys watching them at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can watch the woodpeckers try out different holes,” she said. “‘Too tight, too loose.’”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Great White Sharks Have A Secret 'Cafe,' And They Led Scientists Right To It",
"headTitle": "Great White Sharks Have A Secret ‘Cafe,’ And They Led Scientists Right To It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Great white sharks have a “hidden life” that is becoming a lot less hidden thanks to a scientific expedition that has been years in the making.[contextly_sidebar id=”7x1aQGoWmRFT2DRfaE8EZul4botHj0nA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used to think the apex predators moved up and down the western coast of North America, snacking in waters with lots of food close to shore. Almost 20 years ago, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/dr-barbara-a-block/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford marine biologist Barbara Block\u003c/a> started putting tags on the sharks that could track their movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other researchers noticed something surprising — the tags showed that the sharks were moving away from these food-rich waters and heading more than a thousand miles off the coast of Baja California in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellite images suggested the area was an ocean desert, a place with very little life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mystery of what was drawing the sharks to this strange place set new research into motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to know if there was a hidden oasis that was formed by the currents that we couldn’t see from space,” Block said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the scientists tagged over 30 great white sharks last fall — more than they had ever done in a single season. They’ve already gotten to know some of these animals from years of research. They’ve even given them names, such as Eugene, Tilden and Leona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then this spring, the research team set off on a state-of-the-art ship called \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/rv-falkor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the research vessel Falkor\u003c/a> toward the mysterious area, hoping to find the sharks they tagged.[contextly_sidebar id=”fCKG7i6T6oe39MShk0LxJLEXSP9olcMQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of expectation when you put technology on an animal and then you take an expensive ship like the Falkor with 40 people to a box in the middle of the ocean and expect that these white sharks are going to be there,” Block said, speaking from the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure enough, the animals were indeed swimming to this remote place, which the researchers have nicknamed the “White Shark Cafe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as we predicted, the sharks showed up right in the cruise box,” Block added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tags were programmed to pop off and float to the surface right when the Falkor was there. Each tag that reached the surface gave off a signal — and kicked off what Block called an “open-ocean treasure hunt,” as the team tried to find something the size of a small microphone in an area about the size of Colorado. These sophisticated tags record temperature, pressure, light and time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We doubled our current 20-year data set in three weeks,” Block said. The tags have 2,500 days of data at one- to three-second intervals, allowing researchers to see how the white sharks move up and down through the water with unprecedented detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists will need time to parse all of this information, including new mysteries such as why male and female sharks move differently through the water. The males move up and down rapidly — sometimes 120 times a day. Females will go up to the shallow water at night, then down much deeper in the day.[contextly_sidebar id=”IaYZs5Kx7uGlt71vtem4gg4V9GpMDqFr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The male white shark and the female white shark are doing completely different things, and that’s not something we’ve seen so much before,” Block said. “We have to spend some time studying these behaviors to try to understand if this is courtship behavior or is this really a feeding or foraging behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after the tags popped up, the scientists used a range of techniques to learn about the water nearby. They had a couple of saildrones, which are surface vehicles that can locate plankton and fish. They also gathered DNA from the water to figure out what is moving down there and observed creatures using a remotely operated underwater vehicle and by pulling them up in nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expected it to be the desert that the textbooks sort of advertised it would be,” said Bruce Robison, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/bruce-robison-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was no desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of nutrient-rich plant life exists deeper under the ocean than satellites could detect. Tiny creatures feed on it, and larger creatures feed on them. And up and up. It represents “a complete food chain, a ladder of consumption, that made us believe that there was an adequate food supply out here for big animals like tunas and the sharks,” Robison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robison was surprised by how diverse the area was, with animals such as fish, squids, crustaceans and jellyfish. They saw totally different patterns of life in sites just a few miles away from one another, an indication of the area’s complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that scientists didn’t even know this area existed until sharks led them there speaks to how much we still don’t know about the ocean. In fact, according to \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA’s National Ocean Service\u003c/a>, humans have explored just 5 percent of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t really get is why it’s like that — it’s because it’s really hard to do,” Block said. She added that there could be more ocean hot spots out there that scientists are not yet aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Robison said all the information they gathered could help build a case for why the White Shark Cafe should be officially protected by the U.N. cultural agency. UNESCO is \u003ca href=\"https://whc.unesco.org/en/highseas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">considering recognizing and protecting it\u003c/a> by making it a World Heritage Site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Great+White+Sharks+Have+A+Secret+%27Cafe%2C%27+And+They+Led+Scientists+Right+To+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Great white sharks have a “hidden life” that is becoming a lot less hidden thanks to a scientific expedition that has been years in the making.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used to think the apex predators moved up and down the western coast of North America, snacking in waters with lots of food close to shore. Almost 20 years ago, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/dr-barbara-a-block/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford marine biologist Barbara Block\u003c/a> started putting tags on the sharks that could track their movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other researchers noticed something surprising — the tags showed that the sharks were moving away from these food-rich waters and heading more than a thousand miles off the coast of Baja California in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellite images suggested the area was an ocean desert, a place with very little life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mystery of what was drawing the sharks to this strange place set new research into motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to know if there was a hidden oasis that was formed by the currents that we couldn’t see from space,” Block said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the scientists tagged over 30 great white sharks last fall — more than they had ever done in a single season. They’ve already gotten to know some of these animals from years of research. They’ve even given them names, such as Eugene, Tilden and Leona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then this spring, the research team set off on a state-of-the-art ship called \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/rv-falkor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the research vessel Falkor\u003c/a> toward the mysterious area, hoping to find the sharks they tagged.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of expectation when you put technology on an animal and then you take an expensive ship like the Falkor with 40 people to a box in the middle of the ocean and expect that these white sharks are going to be there,” Block said, speaking from the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure enough, the animals were indeed swimming to this remote place, which the researchers have nicknamed the “White Shark Cafe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as we predicted, the sharks showed up right in the cruise box,” Block added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tags were programmed to pop off and float to the surface right when the Falkor was there. Each tag that reached the surface gave off a signal — and kicked off what Block called an “open-ocean treasure hunt,” as the team tried to find something the size of a small microphone in an area about the size of Colorado. These sophisticated tags record temperature, pressure, light and time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We doubled our current 20-year data set in three weeks,” Block said. The tags have 2,500 days of data at one- to three-second intervals, allowing researchers to see how the white sharks move up and down through the water with unprecedented detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists will need time to parse all of this information, including new mysteries such as why male and female sharks move differently through the water. The males move up and down rapidly — sometimes 120 times a day. Females will go up to the shallow water at night, then down much deeper in the day.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The male white shark and the female white shark are doing completely different things, and that’s not something we’ve seen so much before,” Block said. “We have to spend some time studying these behaviors to try to understand if this is courtship behavior or is this really a feeding or foraging behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after the tags popped up, the scientists used a range of techniques to learn about the water nearby. They had a couple of saildrones, which are surface vehicles that can locate plankton and fish. They also gathered DNA from the water to figure out what is moving down there and observed creatures using a remotely operated underwater vehicle and by pulling them up in nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expected it to be the desert that the textbooks sort of advertised it would be,” said Bruce Robison, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/bruce-robison-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was no desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of nutrient-rich plant life exists deeper under the ocean than satellites could detect. Tiny creatures feed on it, and larger creatures feed on them. And up and up. It represents “a complete food chain, a ladder of consumption, that made us believe that there was an adequate food supply out here for big animals like tunas and the sharks,” Robison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robison was surprised by how diverse the area was, with animals such as fish, squids, crustaceans and jellyfish. They saw totally different patterns of life in sites just a few miles away from one another, an indication of the area’s complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that scientists didn’t even know this area existed until sharks led them there speaks to how much we still don’t know about the ocean. In fact, according to \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA’s National Ocean Service\u003c/a>, humans have explored just 5 percent of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t really get is why it’s like that — it’s because it’s really hard to do,” Block said. She added that there could be more ocean hot spots out there that scientists are not yet aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Robison said all the information they gathered could help build a case for why the White Shark Cafe should be officially protected by the U.N. cultural agency. UNESCO is \u003ca href=\"https://whc.unesco.org/en/highseas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">considering recognizing and protecting it\u003c/a> by making it a World Heritage Site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Great+White+Sharks+Have+A+Secret+%27Cafe%2C%27+And+They+Led+Scientists+Right+To+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Another Dead Whale, Another Confirmed Ship Strike",
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"content": "\u003cp>Marine scientists confirmed over the weekend that a dead fin whale found on a Bolinas shore last week died because it was hit by a ship.[contextly_sidebar id=”XzRsxjgKDz6OxyRWWNN1PlEm4W0xPMOG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third whale in the Bay Area found to have died due to human causes in the past month, researchers at the Marine Mammal Center and the California Academy of Sciences said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbie Halaska, a researcher for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, said the fin whale is endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody wants to hit these guys,” Halaska said. “I mean, they’re amazing creatures, and it’s all accidents. It’s just that we’re all using the same ocean and we need to figure out how we can all use this ocean together and all survive from it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say ship strikes and entanglement in fishing gear are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1715680/can-song-loving-robots-help-save-whales-from-ships\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the leading causes\u003c/a> of whale mortality, especially during migration periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whale, and the one that washed ashore in the Oakland Estuary the week before, were both female and in their reproductive years,” Halaska said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924575\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1924575\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/ww2.kqed_.orgDeadWhale-800x458-9bb073adc1691fb249e14032f97fa938c0101e78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"458\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A whale carcass is towed out of the Oakland estuary near Jack London Square on Friday.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists found \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11669242/two-whales-found-dead-in-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two dead whales in the Bay Area on May 18\u003c/a> — one a fin whale at Oakland’s waterfront and the other a gray whale at Tennessee Valley Beach in Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whale found in Oakland was partially submerged in an estuary near Jack London Square, and was determined to have been killed by a ship strike. The whale at Tennessee Valley Beach showed indication that entanglement was responsible for its death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those carcasses were the fourth and fifth, respectively, to be found in the Bay this year by the Marine Mammal Center, which rescues animals along 600 miles of state coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through March of this year, nine dead whales have been found along the California coastline, according to data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Last year there were 24 dead whales found in total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Billy Cruz and Muna Danish contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Marine scientists confirmed over the weekend that a dead fin whale found on a Bolinas shore last week died because it was hit by a ship.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third whale in the Bay Area found to have died due to human causes in the past month, researchers at the Marine Mammal Center and the California Academy of Sciences said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbie Halaska, a researcher for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, said the fin whale is endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody wants to hit these guys,” Halaska said. “I mean, they’re amazing creatures, and it’s all accidents. It’s just that we’re all using the same ocean and we need to figure out how we can all use this ocean together and all survive from it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say ship strikes and entanglement in fishing gear are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1715680/can-song-loving-robots-help-save-whales-from-ships\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the leading causes\u003c/a> of whale mortality, especially during migration periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whale, and the one that washed ashore in the Oakland Estuary the week before, were both female and in their reproductive years,” Halaska said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924575\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1924575\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/ww2.kqed_.orgDeadWhale-800x458-9bb073adc1691fb249e14032f97fa938c0101e78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"458\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A whale carcass is towed out of the Oakland estuary near Jack London Square on Friday.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists found \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11669242/two-whales-found-dead-in-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two dead whales in the Bay Area on May 18\u003c/a> — one a fin whale at Oakland’s waterfront and the other a gray whale at Tennessee Valley Beach in Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whale found in Oakland was partially submerged in an estuary near Jack London Square, and was determined to have been killed by a ship strike. The whale at Tennessee Valley Beach showed indication that entanglement was responsible for its death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those carcasses were the fourth and fifth, respectively, to be found in the Bay this year by the Marine Mammal Center, which rescues animals along 600 miles of state coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through March of this year, nine dead whales have been found along the California coastline, according to data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Last year there were 24 dead whales found in total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Billy Cruz and Muna Danish contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Watch These Cunning Snails Stab and Swallow Fish Whole",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]It might be time to rethink the phrase “moving at a snail’s pace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research shows that cone snails — ocean-dwelling mollusks known for their brightly colored shells — attack their prey faster than almost any member of the animal kingdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are hundreds of species of these normally slow-moving hunters found in oceans across the world. They take down fish, worms and other snails using a hollow, harpoonlike tooth that acts like a spear and a hypodermic needle. When they impale their prey, cone snails inject a chemical cocktail that subdues their meal and gives them time to dine at their leisure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923952\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923952\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sting of some cone snail species, such as this “geography” cone, can be lethal to humans. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s the way they shoot the harpoons that amazes researchers. Cone snails launch their harpoons so quickly that scientists were previously unable to capture the movement on camera, making it impossible to calculate just how speedy these snails are. Now, using super-high-speed video, researchers have filmed the full flight of the harpoon for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not quite as simple as pointing a camera at a snail, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph Schulz, a biologist at Occidental College in Los Angeles, studies the biomechanics of how cone snails fire their harpoons, and led the efforts to document the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schulz’s team used cat cones, a small, fish-hunting species of cone snail with shells about 1 to 2 inches long. Their hunting appendage — a fleshy, extendable tube called a proboscis — is translucent, like frosted glass. That allowed the scientists to view the harpoon, which rests within the proboscis, and film its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To record the harpoon-firing process, the researchers had to train the cone snails to extend their proboscis down a heavily illuminated trough and shoot the harpoonlike tooth into a fish-scented membrane at the far end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923967\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-800x83.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"83\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-800x83.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-160x17.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-768x80.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-1020x106.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-1200x124.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-1920x199.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-1180x122.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-960x99.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-240x25.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-375x39.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-520x54.png 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Optical micrograph of the barbed, hollow harpoon of Conus bandanus, a cone snail that lives in the Indian Ocean. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Manuel Jimenez Tenorio, Universidad de Cádiz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like a movie of a hummingbird wingbeat,” Schulz said. “We had to pass enough light through the proboscis to highlight the tooth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lighting was so bright that the scientists had to wear sunglasses during the experiments, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team started the high-speed filming using a recording speed of 8,000 frames per second. But it couldn’t match the speed of the cone snail strike. They had to bump the frame rate all the way up to 58,000 frames per second to fully capture the harpoon’s movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, slow-motion replays in baseball and football games are usually filmed at 500 frames per second, said Toni Lucatorto, a product manager with Vision Research, the company that manufactures the high-speed camera that Schulz and his colleagues use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510_bw-harpoon-fish-labels_720-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923954\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510_bw-harpoon-fish-labels_720-1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using high-speed cameras, scientists have been able to document the speed of the cone snail’s attack. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Joseph Schulz, Occidental College)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From start to finish, the harpoon’s flight takes less than 200 microseconds. That’s one five-thousandth of a second. It launches with an acceleration equivalent to a bullet fired from a pistol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This puts the cone snail in fine company, roughly equal to the acceleration with which trap-jaw ants snap their mandibles shut and mantis shrimp strike prey with their smashing arms. The team is finalizing measurements and calculations for an upcoming scientific publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do these sedentary snails pull off such a high-octane feat? Hydrostatic pressure — the pressure from fluid — builds within the half of the snail’s proboscis closest to its body, locked behind a tight O-ring of muscle. When it comes time to strike, the muscle relaxes, and the venom-laced fluid punches into the harpoon’s bulbous base. This pressure launches the harpoon out into the snail’s unsuspecting prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As fast as the harpoon launches, it comes to an even more abrupt stop. The base of the harpoon gets caught at the end of the proboscis so that the snail can reel in its meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923957\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923957\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cone snail shells harbor an array of appendages, including a breathing tube or siphon (top), a proboscis (middle), and eyes (lower right). \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The high-speed action doesn’t stop with the harpoon. Cone snail venom acts fast, subduing fish in as little as a few seconds. The venom is filled with unique molecules, broadly referred to as conotoxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual snails can produce up to 1,000 different venom components, according to Frank Marí, a biochemist with the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Charleston, South Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marí studies the chemicals produced by marine organisms, with a particular focus on cone snails and conotoxins. Many cone snails are venomous, he said, which sets them apart from other mollusks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The composition of cone snail venom varies from species to species, and even between individuals of the same species, creating a library of potential new drugs that researchers are eager to mine. In combination, these chemicals work together to rapidly paralyze a cone snail’s prey. Individually, some molecules from cone snail venom can provide non-opioid pain relief, and could potentially treat Parkinson’s disease or cancer, Marí said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a huge library of potential compounds that have medicinal purposes, and we’ve barely touched the tip of the iceberg,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To collect venom from the snails in his lab, Marí has trained them to fire their harpoons through a film and inject venom into a small tube. Schulz also “milks” cone snails in his lab the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923906\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cone snails can extend their proboscis up to several times their body length. Specialized sensors on the end of the proboscis help the snail close in on its next meal. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schulz focuses on a group of cone snail compounds called neuroexcitatory peptides. These are small molecules that activate cells in the nervous system. Understanding how they function could someday be useful in treating spinal cord injuries by getting neurons more active, he said, or treating conditions in which the muscles that move food through the digestive tract stop working properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, as researchers learn more about these peptides, there may be applications that they hadn’t imagined, Schulz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though cone snails have been studied for decades now, there’s still a lot to be learned,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\n\u003ch3>Become a patron of science: support more episodes of Deep Look\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1923358\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-800x187.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"187\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-800x187.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-160x37.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-768x179.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1020x238.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1200x280.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1920x448.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1180x275.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-960x224.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-240x56.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-375x88.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-520x121.png 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is now on Patreon\u003c/a>.If you love our show, you can kick in a little – or a lot – each month so we can do incredible things as a \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> community. \u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">Learn More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cone snails have an arsenal under their shells. They nab prey in just microseconds and eat them alive.",
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"title": "Watch These Cunning Snails Stab and Swallow Fish Whole | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It might be time to rethink the phrase “moving at a snail’s pace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research shows that cone snails — ocean-dwelling mollusks known for their brightly colored shells — attack their prey faster than almost any member of the animal kingdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are hundreds of species of these normally slow-moving hunters found in oceans across the world. They take down fish, worms and other snails using a hollow, harpoonlike tooth that acts like a spear and a hypodermic needle. When they impale their prey, cone snails inject a chemical cocktail that subdues their meal and gives them time to dine at their leisure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923952\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923952\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-geography-cone-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sting of some cone snail species, such as this “geography” cone, can be lethal to humans. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s the way they shoot the harpoons that amazes researchers. Cone snails launch their harpoons so quickly that scientists were previously unable to capture the movement on camera, making it impossible to calculate just how speedy these snails are. Now, using super-high-speed video, researchers have filmed the full flight of the harpoon for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not quite as simple as pointing a camera at a snail, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph Schulz, a biologist at Occidental College in Los Angeles, studies the biomechanics of how cone snails fire their harpoons, and led the efforts to document the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schulz’s team used cat cones, a small, fish-hunting species of cone snail with shells about 1 to 2 inches long. Their hunting appendage — a fleshy, extendable tube called a proboscis — is translucent, like frosted glass. That allowed the scientists to view the harpoon, which rests within the proboscis, and film its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To record the harpoon-firing process, the researchers had to train the cone snails to extend their proboscis down a heavily illuminated trough and shoot the harpoonlike tooth into a fish-scented membrane at the far end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923967\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-800x83.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"83\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-800x83.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-160x17.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-768x80.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-1020x106.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-1200x124.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-1920x199.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-1180x122.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-960x99.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-240x25.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-375x39.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/bandanus_tooth1-520x54.png 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Optical micrograph of the barbed, hollow harpoon of Conus bandanus, a cone snail that lives in the Indian Ocean. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Manuel Jimenez Tenorio, Universidad de Cádiz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like a movie of a hummingbird wingbeat,” Schulz said. “We had to pass enough light through the proboscis to highlight the tooth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lighting was so bright that the scientists had to wear sunglasses during the experiments, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team started the high-speed filming using a recording speed of 8,000 frames per second. But it couldn’t match the speed of the cone snail strike. They had to bump the frame rate all the way up to 58,000 frames per second to fully capture the harpoon’s movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, slow-motion replays in baseball and football games are usually filmed at 500 frames per second, said Toni Lucatorto, a product manager with Vision Research, the company that manufactures the high-speed camera that Schulz and his colleagues use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510_bw-harpoon-fish-labels_720-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923954\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510_bw-harpoon-fish-labels_720-1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using high-speed cameras, scientists have been able to document the speed of the cone snail’s attack. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Joseph Schulz, Occidental College)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From start to finish, the harpoon’s flight takes less than 200 microseconds. That’s one five-thousandth of a second. It launches with an acceleration equivalent to a bullet fired from a pistol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This puts the cone snail in fine company, roughly equal to the acceleration with which trap-jaw ants snap their mandibles shut and mantis shrimp strike prey with their smashing arms. The team is finalizing measurements and calculations for an upcoming scientific publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do these sedentary snails pull off such a high-octane feat? Hydrostatic pressure — the pressure from fluid — builds within the half of the snail’s proboscis closest to its body, locked behind a tight O-ring of muscle. When it comes time to strike, the muscle relaxes, and the venom-laced fluid punches into the harpoon’s bulbous base. This pressure launches the harpoon out into the snail’s unsuspecting prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As fast as the harpoon launches, it comes to an even more abrupt stop. The base of the harpoon gets caught at the end of the proboscis so that the snail can reel in its meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923957\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923957\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-siphon-proboscis-eye-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cone snail shells harbor an array of appendages, including a breathing tube or siphon (top), a proboscis (middle), and eyes (lower right). \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The high-speed action doesn’t stop with the harpoon. Cone snail venom acts fast, subduing fish in as little as a few seconds. The venom is filled with unique molecules, broadly referred to as conotoxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual snails can produce up to 1,000 different venom components, according to Frank Marí, a biochemist with the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Charleston, South Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marí studies the chemicals produced by marine organisms, with a particular focus on cone snails and conotoxins. Many cone snails are venomous, he said, which sets them apart from other mollusks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The composition of cone snail venom varies from species to species, and even between individuals of the same species, creating a library of potential new drugs that researchers are eager to mine. In combination, these chemicals work together to rapidly paralyze a cone snail’s prey. Individually, some molecules from cone snail venom can provide non-opioid pain relief, and could potentially treat Parkinson’s disease or cancer, Marí said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a huge library of potential compounds that have medicinal purposes, and we’ve barely touched the tip of the iceberg,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To collect venom from the snails in his lab, Marí has trained them to fire their harpoons through a film and inject venom into a small tube. Schulz also “milks” cone snails in his lab the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923906\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL510-long-proboscis-with-taste-buds-CC_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cone snails can extend their proboscis up to several times their body length. Specialized sensors on the end of the proboscis help the snail close in on its next meal. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schulz focuses on a group of cone snail compounds called neuroexcitatory peptides. These are small molecules that activate cells in the nervous system. Understanding how they function could someday be useful in treating spinal cord injuries by getting neurons more active, he said, or treating conditions in which the muscles that move food through the digestive tract stop working properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, as researchers learn more about these peptides, there may be applications that they hadn’t imagined, Schulz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though cone snails have been studied for decades now, there’s still a lot to be learned,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\n\u003ch3>Become a patron of science: support more episodes of Deep Look\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1923358\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-800x187.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"187\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-800x187.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-160x37.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-768x179.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1020x238.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1200x280.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1920x448.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1180x275.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-960x224.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-240x56.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-375x88.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-520x121.png 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is now on Patreon\u003c/a>.If you love our show, you can kick in a little – or a lot – each month so we can do incredible things as a \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> community. \u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">Learn More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Take A Ride On The Pacific's 'Shark Highway'",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the first time, scientists have videotaped sharks traveling a 500-mile-long “shark highway” in the Pacific, and they plan to turn it into a protected wildlife corridor in the ocean.[contextly_sidebar id=”xz7uIeYNec1nMeR7ecUq53TDhuqehPaF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have been attaching electronic tags to sharks near Costa Rica for years. They knew the sharks sometimes traveled south to the Galapagos Islands, but they’d never actually witnessed it. And they needed scientific — and visual — evidence to make their case for protecting the route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, they took some GoPro-style cameras and attached them to metal frames along with bloody fish bait. They’re called BRUVS, for “baited remote underwater video system.” The researchers dragged these contraptions behind a research vessel for almost two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they waited, and waited, spending hours watching live video of nothing but blue water — until dozens of sharks suddenly swam out of the gloom and into view. “Amazing,” biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.mespinozamen.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mario Espinoza\u003c/a> says of the moment. “We actually documented over 16 species of sharks and fish, also sea turtles and dolphins. … It’s really surprising to see that many animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks dominated — mostly hammerheads but also thresher sharks and silky sharks. Sometimes a single video frame captured dozens of them. What the scientists were witnessing is a continuous “swimway” of large marine animals. It starts in Cocos Island in Costa Rica and extends to the Galapagos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The route follows a range of underwater mountains. Called sea mounts, some of their peaks extend fairly close to the surface. “So this was the first time we actually documented animals using these seamounts,” Espinoza says. “We don’t know exactly whether they are feeding or they’re like stopping by or using these seamounts as navigation routes.”[contextly_sidebar id=”EDVOgf4QMVd6JZX8JKyrerfAYN8FchM4”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Road signs, perhaps, or drive-through restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Espinoza is at the University of Costa Rica, and the expedition was organized by a Costa Rican group called Pacifico. Zdenka Piskulich, president of the Pacifico Foundation, says it’s a challenge to get people interested in some sort of fish corridor in the middle of the ocean. “But finally we have visual evidence that there is a huge abundance in this area that needs to be protected, that there really is a highway,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cocos Island and the Galapagos already have protected areas for fish, but the highway isn’t part of that, according to Lee Crockett of the Shark Conservation Fund, one of the effort’s sponsors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once [sharks] get outside the protected area, its fair game,” he says. “And there’s lots of high seas fishing for tuna. It’s mostly long lines, and they catch a lot of sharks and a lot of turtles.” Some hammerhead shark species are endangered and others are in decline, as well as many turtle species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team and its sponsors are hoping to establish something new here: a marine protected area that’s not just a patch of ocean or reef, but a wildlife corridor in the ocean that extends for hundreds of miles. “That’s why we’re excited about this as kind of the next step in conservation,” Crockett says, “to establish these corridors or swimways between these protected areas so they get complete protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be a highway that doesn’t go \u003cem>through\u003c/em> mountains, but above them. One with a great view, for sure, but unless you’re a shark, probably not a place where you’d want to hitchhike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Take+A+Ride+On+The+Pacific%27s+%27Shark+Highway%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The route follows a range of underwater mountains. Called sea mounts, some of their peaks extend fairly close to the surface. “So this was the first time we actually documented animals using these seamounts,” Espinoza says. “We don’t know exactly whether they are feeding or they’re like stopping by or using these seamounts as navigation routes.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Road signs, perhaps, or drive-through restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Espinoza is at the University of Costa Rica, and the expedition was organized by a Costa Rican group called Pacifico. Zdenka Piskulich, president of the Pacifico Foundation, says it’s a challenge to get people interested in some sort of fish corridor in the middle of the ocean. “But finally we have visual evidence that there is a huge abundance in this area that needs to be protected, that there really is a highway,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cocos Island and the Galapagos already have protected areas for fish, but the highway isn’t part of that, according to Lee Crockett of the Shark Conservation Fund, one of the effort’s sponsors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once [sharks] get outside the protected area, its fair game,” he says. “And there’s lots of high seas fishing for tuna. It’s mostly long lines, and they catch a lot of sharks and a lot of turtles.” Some hammerhead shark species are endangered and others are in decline, as well as many turtle species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team and its sponsors are hoping to establish something new here: a marine protected area that’s not just a patch of ocean or reef, but a wildlife corridor in the ocean that extends for hundreds of miles. “That’s why we’re excited about this as kind of the next step in conservation,” Crockett says, “to establish these corridors or swimways between these protected areas so they get complete protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be a highway that doesn’t go \u003cem>through\u003c/em> mountains, but above them. One with a great view, for sure, but unless you’re a shark, probably not a place where you’d want to hitchhike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Take+A+Ride+On+The+Pacific%27s+%27Shark+Highway%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Legend of Loch Ness Monster Will Be Tested With DNA Samples",
"headTitle": "Legend of Loch Ness Monster Will Be Tested With DNA Samples | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The stories seem as tall as the lake is deep. For hundreds of years, visitors to Scotland’s Loch Ness have described seeing a monster that some believe lurks in the depths.[contextly_sidebar id=”G6DlheYZR0smrSiFJ3bBhOTxjR7S37VO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the legend of “Nessie” may have no place left to hide. A New Zealand scientist is leading an international team to the lake next month, where they will take samples of the murky waters and conduct DNA tests to determine what species live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Otago professor Neil Gemmell says he’s no believer in Nessie, but he wants to take people on an adventure and communicate some science along the way. Besides, he says, his kids think it’s one of the coolest things he’s ever done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more far-fetched theories is that Nessie is a long-necked plesiosaur that somehow survived the period when dinosaurs became extinct. Another theory is that the monster is actually a sturgeon or giant catfish. Many believe the sightings are hoaxes or can be explained by floating logs or strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell said that when creatures move about in water, they leave behind tiny fragments of DNA. It comes from their skin, feathers, scales and urine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his team will take 300 samples of water from different points around the lake and at different depths. They will filter the organic material and extract the DNA, he said, sequencing it by using technology originally created for the human genome project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the DNA results will then be compared against a database of known species. He said they should have answers by the end of the year.[contextly_sidebar id=”zeohbzvnjqAqQx49WE3ywbniuH3FjQlZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going into this thinking it’s unlikely there is a monster, but I want to test that hypothesis,” Gemmell said. “What we’ll get is a really nice survey of the biodiversity of the Loch Ness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the real discoveries may come in determining things like the prevalence of invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell, 51, said he first visited Loch Ness in his late 20s while on vacation. Like thousands of tourists before him, he gazed out over the lake trying to catch sight of a monster. He said he first came up with the idea of testing DNA from the lake a couple of years ago and it resonated with many, including his children, aged 7 and 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graeme Matheson, chief of the Scottish Society of New Zealand, said he, too, has visited Loch Ness and gazed out over the water, and that he wishes Gemmell all the best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope he and his cohorts find something, although I think they’ll be battling,” Matheson said. “Still, it’s a good way to get a trip to Scotland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell said that even if they don’t find any monster DNA, it won’t deter some Nessie believers. He said they’ve already been offering him theories, like that Nessie might be on vacation after swimming to the sea via hidden underwater caves, or that the creature might be extraterrestrial and not leave behind any DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In our lives we want there still to be mysteries, some of which we will ultimately solve,” Gemmell said. “That’s part of the spirit of discovery. And sometimes, what you find may not be what you were expecting.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The stories seem as tall as the lake is deep. For hundreds of years, visitors to Scotland’s Loch Ness have described seeing a monster that some believe lurks in the depths.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the legend of “Nessie” may have no place left to hide. A New Zealand scientist is leading an international team to the lake next month, where they will take samples of the murky waters and conduct DNA tests to determine what species live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Otago professor Neil Gemmell says he’s no believer in Nessie, but he wants to take people on an adventure and communicate some science along the way. Besides, he says, his kids think it’s one of the coolest things he’s ever done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more far-fetched theories is that Nessie is a long-necked plesiosaur that somehow survived the period when dinosaurs became extinct. Another theory is that the monster is actually a sturgeon or giant catfish. Many believe the sightings are hoaxes or can be explained by floating logs or strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell said that when creatures move about in water, they leave behind tiny fragments of DNA. It comes from their skin, feathers, scales and urine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his team will take 300 samples of water from different points around the lake and at different depths. They will filter the organic material and extract the DNA, he said, sequencing it by using technology originally created for the human genome project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the DNA results will then be compared against a database of known species. He said they should have answers by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going into this thinking it’s unlikely there is a monster, but I want to test that hypothesis,” Gemmell said. “What we’ll get is a really nice survey of the biodiversity of the Loch Ness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the real discoveries may come in determining things like the prevalence of invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell, 51, said he first visited Loch Ness in his late 20s while on vacation. Like thousands of tourists before him, he gazed out over the lake trying to catch sight of a monster. He said he first came up with the idea of testing DNA from the lake a couple of years ago and it resonated with many, including his children, aged 7 and 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graeme Matheson, chief of the Scottish Society of New Zealand, said he, too, has visited Loch Ness and gazed out over the water, and that he wishes Gemmell all the best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope he and his cohorts find something, although I think they’ll be battling,” Matheson said. “Still, it’s a good way to get a trip to Scotland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell said that even if they don’t find any monster DNA, it won’t deter some Nessie believers. He said they’ve already been offering him theories, like that Nessie might be on vacation after swimming to the sea via hidden underwater caves, or that the creature might be extraterrestrial and not leave behind any DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In our lives we want there still to be mysteries, some of which we will ultimately solve,” Gemmell said. “That’s part of the spirit of discovery. And sometimes, what you find may not be what you were expecting.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For some lizards it’s easy being green. It’s in their blood. Six species of lizards in New Guinea bleed lime green thanks to evolution gone weird.[contextly_sidebar id=”Yf9INRFhGQhyMKr7rwTccXcKgANj2po3″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual, but there are critters that bleed different colors of the rainbow besides red. The New Guinea lizards’ blood — along with their tongues, muscles and bones — appear green because of incredibly large doses of a green bile pigment. The bile levels are higher than other animals, including people, could survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still don’t know why this happened, but evolution is providing some hints into this nearly 50-year mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By mapping the evolutionary family tree of New Guinea lizards, researchers found that green blood developed inside the amphibians at four independent points in history, likely from a red-blooded ancestor, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal Science Advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t a random accident of nature but suggests this trait of green blood gives the lizards an evolutionary advantage of some kind, said Christopher Austin of Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution can do amazing things given enough time,” Austin said. “The natural world is a fascinating place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Austin first thought that maybe being green and full of bile would make New Guinea lizards taste bad to potential predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually ate several lizards myself and they didn’t taste bad,” Austin said. He also fed plenty of them to a paradise kingfisher bird with no ill effects except maybe a fatter bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bile Link\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding bile is probably key. Blood cells don’t last forever. After they break down, the iron is recycled for new red blood cells, but toxins are also produced, which is essentially bile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the New Guinea lizards, levels of a green bile pigment are 40 times higher than what would be toxic in humans. It’s green enough to overwhelm the color of the red blood cells and turn everything green, Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In people, elevated green bile pigment levels sometimes kill malaria parasites. Austin thinks that might be why lizards evolved to be green-blooded because malaria is an issue for New Guinea and lizards. It might be the result of evolution trying to kill the malaria parasite in lizards or it might be past lizards were infected so heavily that this was the body’s reaction, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to search for the specific genes involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']Michael Oellermann, a researcher at the University of Tasmania in Australia, praised Austin’s work and wondered if there is an evolutionary cost to having green blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise more critters would bleed green or another color, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many insects, spiders and molluscs have the copper-containing blood pigment that’s clear unless it attaches to oxygen and then it turns blue. Squids and octopuses have intense blue blood. Icefish in Antarctica have clear blood, while little crustaceans from Lake Baikal in Siberia have blood that’s blue or red or green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine worms called \u003ca href=\"https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/issues/best-of-chemmatters/sample-lesson-plan-the-many-colors-of-blood.pdf\">lamp shells\u003c/a> have violet to pink blood, according to the American Chemical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biology is incredibly diverse,” Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For some lizards it’s easy being green. It’s in their blood. Six species of lizards in New Guinea bleed lime green thanks to evolution gone weird.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual, but there are critters that bleed different colors of the rainbow besides red. The New Guinea lizards’ blood — along with their tongues, muscles and bones — appear green because of incredibly large doses of a green bile pigment. The bile levels are higher than other animals, including people, could survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still don’t know why this happened, but evolution is providing some hints into this nearly 50-year mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By mapping the evolutionary family tree of New Guinea lizards, researchers found that green blood developed inside the amphibians at four independent points in history, likely from a red-blooded ancestor, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal Science Advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t a random accident of nature but suggests this trait of green blood gives the lizards an evolutionary advantage of some kind, said Christopher Austin of Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution can do amazing things given enough time,” Austin said. “The natural world is a fascinating place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Austin first thought that maybe being green and full of bile would make New Guinea lizards taste bad to potential predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually ate several lizards myself and they didn’t taste bad,” Austin said. He also fed plenty of them to a paradise kingfisher bird with no ill effects except maybe a fatter bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bile Link\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding bile is probably key. Blood cells don’t last forever. After they break down, the iron is recycled for new red blood cells, but toxins are also produced, which is essentially bile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the New Guinea lizards, levels of a green bile pigment are 40 times higher than what would be toxic in humans. It’s green enough to overwhelm the color of the red blood cells and turn everything green, Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In people, elevated green bile pigment levels sometimes kill malaria parasites. Austin thinks that might be why lizards evolved to be green-blooded because malaria is an issue for New Guinea and lizards. It might be the result of evolution trying to kill the malaria parasite in lizards or it might be past lizards were infected so heavily that this was the body’s reaction, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to search for the specific genes involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Michael Oellermann, a researcher at the University of Tasmania in Australia, praised Austin’s work and wondered if there is an evolutionary cost to having green blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise more critters would bleed green or another color, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many insects, spiders and molluscs have the copper-containing blood pigment that’s clear unless it attaches to oxygen and then it turns blue. Squids and octopuses have intense blue blood. Icefish in Antarctica have clear blood, while little crustaceans from Lake Baikal in Siberia have blood that’s blue or red or green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine worms called \u003ca href=\"https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/issues/best-of-chemmatters/sample-lesson-plan-the-many-colors-of-blood.pdf\">lamp shells\u003c/a> have violet to pink blood, according to the American Chemical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biology is incredibly diverse,” Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rhino in San Diego Pregnant, Could Help Save Subspecies",
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"content": "\u003cp>A southern white rhino has become pregnant through artificial insemination at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park — giving hope for efforts to save a subspecies of one of the world’s most recognizable animals, researchers announced Thursday.[contextly_sidebar id=”z16rNEfdsXTZ2SoejDPHHIExlY5fBRYZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists will be watching closely to see if the rhino named Victoria can carry her calf to term over 16 to 18 months of gestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she does, researchers hope someday she could serve as a surrogate mother and could give birth to the related northern white rhino, whose population is down to two females after decades of decimation by poachers. The mother and daughter northern white rhinos live in a Kenya wildlife preserve but are not believed to be capable of bearing calves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Victoria’s pregnancy was confirmed two months after the death of the last northern white male rhino \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921460/worlds-last-male-northern-white-rhino-dies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">named Sudan\u003c/a>, who was also at the Kenya preserve and was euthanized because of ailing health in old age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria is the first of six female southern white rhinos the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research is testing to determine if they are fit to be surrogate mothers before using the limited sperm and eggs of the northern white rhino that are in storage to impregnate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists want to use the frozen sperm and eggs that were taken from dead northern white rhinos to bring back a herd through artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The confirmation of this pregnancy through artificial insemination represents an historic event for our organization but also a critical step in our effort to save the northern white rhino,” said Barbara Durrant, director of reproductive Sciences at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more challenges lie ahead, with artificial insemination of rhinos in zoos rare so far and resulting in only a few births.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria and the other five female rhinos were relocated to San Diego’s Safari Park in 2015 and scientists will soon start developing artificial insemination techniques and embryo transfer techniques for them in their effort to produce northern white rhino calves.[contextly_sidebar id=”yuiSF3t9vRRgJb0v0NuC8zsOAwK4JASP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will know that they have proven themselves to be capable of carrying a fetus to term before we would risk putting a precious northern white rhino embryo into one of these southern white rhinos as a surrogate,” Durrant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Once that happens, there will be more work to develop techniques that include maturing eggs, fertilizing eggs and growing embryos to the stage where they can be transferred into the surrogate rhinos. While embryos have been created for southern white rhinos, they haven’t been for northern white rhinos — so there’s no guarantee that the process will work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research has the cell lines of 12 different northern white rhinos stored in freezing temperatures at its “Frozen Zoo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to create a herd of five to 15 northern white rhinos that would be returned to their natural habitat in Africa. That could take decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups have said in vitro fertilization is being developed too late to save the northern white rhino, whose natural habitat in Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Congo and Central African Republic has been ravaged by conflicts in the region. They say the efforts should focus on other critically endangered species with a better chance at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern white rhino and another species, the black rhino, are under heavy pressure from poachers who kill them for their horns to supply illegal markets in parts of Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 20,000 southern white rhinos in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A southern white rhino has become pregnant through artificial insemination at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park — giving hope for efforts to save a subspecies of one of the world’s most recognizable animals, researchers announced Thursday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists will be watching closely to see if the rhino named Victoria can carry her calf to term over 16 to 18 months of gestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she does, researchers hope someday she could serve as a surrogate mother and could give birth to the related northern white rhino, whose population is down to two females after decades of decimation by poachers. The mother and daughter northern white rhinos live in a Kenya wildlife preserve but are not believed to be capable of bearing calves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Victoria’s pregnancy was confirmed two months after the death of the last northern white male rhino \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921460/worlds-last-male-northern-white-rhino-dies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">named Sudan\u003c/a>, who was also at the Kenya preserve and was euthanized because of ailing health in old age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria is the first of six female southern white rhinos the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research is testing to determine if they are fit to be surrogate mothers before using the limited sperm and eggs of the northern white rhino that are in storage to impregnate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists want to use the frozen sperm and eggs that were taken from dead northern white rhinos to bring back a herd through artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The confirmation of this pregnancy through artificial insemination represents an historic event for our organization but also a critical step in our effort to save the northern white rhino,” said Barbara Durrant, director of reproductive Sciences at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more challenges lie ahead, with artificial insemination of rhinos in zoos rare so far and resulting in only a few births.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria and the other five female rhinos were relocated to San Diego’s Safari Park in 2015 and scientists will soon start developing artificial insemination techniques and embryo transfer techniques for them in their effort to produce northern white rhino calves.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will know that they have proven themselves to be capable of carrying a fetus to term before we would risk putting a precious northern white rhino embryo into one of these southern white rhinos as a surrogate,” Durrant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Once that happens, there will be more work to develop techniques that include maturing eggs, fertilizing eggs and growing embryos to the stage where they can be transferred into the surrogate rhinos. While embryos have been created for southern white rhinos, they haven’t been for northern white rhinos — so there’s no guarantee that the process will work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research has the cell lines of 12 different northern white rhinos stored in freezing temperatures at its “Frozen Zoo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to create a herd of five to 15 northern white rhinos that would be returned to their natural habitat in Africa. That could take decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups have said in vitro fertilization is being developed too late to save the northern white rhino, whose natural habitat in Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Congo and Central African Republic has been ravaged by conflicts in the region. They say the efforts should focus on other critically endangered species with a better chance at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern white rhino and another species, the black rhino, are under heavy pressure from poachers who kill them for their horns to supply illegal markets in parts of Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 20,000 southern white rhinos in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Marine life across North America will experience a substantial shift northward over the next few decades, according to a new comprehensive report that looks at how climate change will alter the habitats of 686 marine species.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZWaC88LRXs3J7FU8fyQV618GAKLNrFBh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As water warms up in some places it allows fish to colonize,” says\u003cspan class=\"\"> \u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/main/malin-pinsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malin Pinsky\u003c/a>, an ecologist at Rutgers University and co-author of the study. \u003c/span> “But if it gets too hot, the species gets driven out of the region. This is something that we already see happening all over North America, all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says it’s hard to say how far, how soon this redistribution of marine life will play out gradually over the next 80 years and could continue long past the 21st century, depending on what choices society makes in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It could also have big implications for California’s iconic crab and salmon fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://pinsky.marine.rutgers.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutgers University\u003c/a> combined data from U.S. and Canadian government surveys that looked at where species have historically been found, with models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that project future environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then did projections using both low and high estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Taking the lowest estimates into account, researchers found there will still be a substantial shift toward the North Pole, although it would reduce the extent of the shifts by one-half to two-thirds. Pinsky says “pretty much” all species would be affected, though not by as much as with higher emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right'] “So from the perspective of fishing communities and fishing managers, there are real benefits to sticking to the Paris Accord,” referring to the international climate agreement, from which the Trump administration has withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The projection models are particularly useful for California fisheries, where management decisions depend on a range of possible environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rug is getting slowly pulled out from under coastal fishing communities,” says Pinsky. “That may mean longer trips and higher fuel costs. For others with smaller boats, it may mean needing to find a new species to catch, which can be challenging because buying permits for new fisheries can be really expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when smaller shifts in marine life distribution have happened in the past, it has often led to conflict, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we see starting to happen, especially on the east coast. There have been ongoing debates about who should get access to species like flounder, black sea bass, all found in new locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Fisheries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitats for some species will shift up to 900 miles north, including those that are crucial for California fisheries, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab for instance, one of the most valuable fisheries in the state, is expected to shift up to 500 miles north. While the Chinook salmon, an important staple of California fisheries, is projected to move up to 200 miles north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a substantial decline in habitat availability for certain species is expected over time, says Pinsky. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2018/01/31/tanner-crab-fishery-opens-march-1-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tanner crab\u003c/a>, important to the Alaskan fishing industry, could experience a 95 percent decline in habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says entire ecosystems could face disruption from the impact of climate change on marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we know is that different fish and other animals shift at different rates,” he says. “So it often means that a predator may lose one of its prey, or a prey may gain a new predator. So these changes are disrupting food webs as well. And it’s quite hard to predict what the consequences of that will be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says these developments are likely to lead to more surprises in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, climate change isn’t about uncertainty,” he says. “Unfortunately, we actually have a lot of certainty especially towards the direction these species will shift. And that is almost entirely towards the north.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Marine life across North America will experience a substantial shift northward over the next few decades, according to a new comprehensive report that looks at how climate change will alter the habitats of 686 marine species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As water warms up in some places it allows fish to colonize,” says\u003cspan class=\"\"> \u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/main/malin-pinsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malin Pinsky\u003c/a>, an ecologist at Rutgers University and co-author of the study. \u003c/span> “But if it gets too hot, the species gets driven out of the region. This is something that we already see happening all over North America, all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says it’s hard to say how far, how soon this redistribution of marine life will play out gradually over the next 80 years and could continue long past the 21st century, depending on what choices society makes in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It could also have big implications for California’s iconic crab and salmon fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://pinsky.marine.rutgers.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutgers University\u003c/a> combined data from U.S. and Canadian government surveys that looked at where species have historically been found, with models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that project future environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then did projections using both low and high estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Taking the lowest estimates into account, researchers found there will still be a substantial shift toward the North Pole, although it would reduce the extent of the shifts by one-half to two-thirds. Pinsky says “pretty much” all species would be affected, though not by as much as with higher emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> “So from the perspective of fishing communities and fishing managers, there are real benefits to sticking to the Paris Accord,” referring to the international climate agreement, from which the Trump administration has withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The projection models are particularly useful for California fisheries, where management decisions depend on a range of possible environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rug is getting slowly pulled out from under coastal fishing communities,” says Pinsky. “That may mean longer trips and higher fuel costs. For others with smaller boats, it may mean needing to find a new species to catch, which can be challenging because buying permits for new fisheries can be really expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when smaller shifts in marine life distribution have happened in the past, it has often led to conflict, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we see starting to happen, especially on the east coast. There have been ongoing debates about who should get access to species like flounder, black sea bass, all found in new locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Fisheries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitats for some species will shift up to 900 miles north, including those that are crucial for California fisheries, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab for instance, one of the most valuable fisheries in the state, is expected to shift up to 500 miles north. While the Chinook salmon, an important staple of California fisheries, is projected to move up to 200 miles north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a substantial decline in habitat availability for certain species is expected over time, says Pinsky. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2018/01/31/tanner-crab-fishery-opens-march-1-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tanner crab\u003c/a>, important to the Alaskan fishing industry, could experience a 95 percent decline in habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says entire ecosystems could face disruption from the impact of climate change on marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we know is that different fish and other animals shift at different rates,” he says. “So it often means that a predator may lose one of its prey, or a prey may gain a new predator. So these changes are disrupting food webs as well. And it’s quite hard to predict what the consequences of that will be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says these developments are likely to lead to more surprises in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, climate change isn’t about uncertainty,” he says. “Unfortunately, we actually have a lot of certainty especially towards the direction these species will shift. And that is almost entirely towards the north.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "youve-heard-of-a-murder-of-crows-how-about-a-crow-funeral",
"title": "You've Heard of a Murder of Crows. How About a Crow Funeral?",
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"content": "\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Most popular Deep Look stories\u003c/strong>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/523936/this-mushroom-starts-killing-you-before-you-even-realize-it\">This Mushroom Starts Killing You Before You Even Realize it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/28759/what-happens-when-you-put-a-hummingbird-in-a-wind-tunnel\">What Happens When You Put a Hummingbird in a Wind Tunnel\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]It’s a common sight in many parks and backyards: Crows squawking. But groups of the noisy black birds may not just be raising a fuss, scientists say. They might be holding a funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/\">Kaeli Swift\u003c/a>, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://sefs.washington.edu/research.acl/\">Avian Conservation Laboratory\u003c/a> in Seattle, is studying how crows learn about danger from each other and how they respond to seeing one of their own who has died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the majority of animals, crows react strongly to the death of a fellow member of their species, mobbing together and raising a ruckus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a few animals, such as whales, elephants and some primates, have such strong reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To study exactly what may be going on, Swift developed an experiment that involved exposing local crows in Seattle neighborhoods to a dead taxidermied crow in order to study their reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-caws-at-mask-and-dead-crow.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923725\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-caws-at-mask-and-dead-crow.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of crows loudly protests the sight of a masked Kaeli Swift holding a taxidermied crow. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s really incredible,” she said. “They’re all around in the trees just staring at you and screaming at you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift calls these events “crow funerals,” and they are the focus of her research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She began by going to the same location in a local park or neighborhood for a few days, leaving piles of peanuts for the crows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923728\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923728 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaeli Swift studies how crows behave in urban settings, like here at Gas Works Park in Seattle. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But on the fourth day, she showed up looking very different. Wearing a mask and wig, she held a dead crow, preserved through taxidermy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first crow that spotted her let out an alarm call, a series of loud repetitive scolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within seconds, all of the crows within earshot mobbed together to join in the alarm-calling. The cacophony of caws emanating from the surrounding trees was impossible to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you have a group of over 20 birds screaming at you, it’s intimidating,” Swift said. “It doesn’t get old.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, after a few minutes, the crows quieted down and dispersed. The results have played out over and over during different experiments in various locations. The whole chaotic reaction takes only a few minutes, but in that time the crows have learned some important information that they won’t soon forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During her experiments, on the second day Swift would return without the mask, wig or dead crow. She provided piles of peanuts again, but this time the crows were much more cautious, taking longer to approach and looking quite wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923730\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-eat-peanut.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923730\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-eat-peanut.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Swift found that crows were more timid after having seen the dead crow \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Swift believes that the crows remembered the experience with the mask and dead crow and now connected the area with danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She would return again the next day with the mask, but without the dead crow or peanuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crows reacted strongly, mobbing together and cawing at Swift even though she was no longer carrying the dead crow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when she was empty-handed, they recognized the masked Swift as a threat. Weeks later, the crows continued to react to the mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s what Swift said makes that really interesting: These new mobs contained crows that had never seen the masked Swift with the dead crow. But they still learned to avoid the masked figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning directly from each other, rather than through individual experience, is called social learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By participating in these funerals, crows can get information about new dangers without taking the risk,” Swift said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923732\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-two-crows-caw-in-branches.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923732 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-two-crows-caw-in-branches.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crows have complex social lives that require a high level of intelligence. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She published her findings in a 2015 article in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347215003188\">Animal Behaviour\u003c/a>. But she’s not done yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While her initial study focused on why crows are drawn to their dead compatriots, she has now switched her focus to look at how crows’ reactions to seeing dead crows change under different circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, are they attentive to the dead crows’ age?” Swift said. “Does having an active nest or young kids affect the intensity of their response?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also wants to see if crows engage in tactile interactions with their dead — the way that some mammals, like primates and elephants, do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923735\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-mask-scares-crow-on-grass.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923735\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-mask-scares-crow-on-grass.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Swift found that crows were able to recognize and remember specific human faces \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bystanders in the parks and neighborhoods she visits take notice of the creepy mask, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are either extremely alarmed or they know about the University of Washington experiments and are excited,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few wild animals have as close a relationship with people as crows do. And in the thousands of years we’ve spent living in close proximity to one another, crows and humans have learned a few things about each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you step back and examine how distantly related crows are from us, and our closest mammalian relatives, you start to see how striking this shared interest in our dead is,” said Swift. “It’s a chance to unlock deep mysteries about the evolution of our own funeral rites, and appreciate how much we share with our black cloaked companions, even if they look nothing like us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\n\u003ch3>Become a patron of science: support more episodes of Deep Look\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1923358\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-800x187.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"187\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-800x187.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-160x37.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-768x179.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1020x238.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1200x280.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1920x448.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1180x275.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-960x224.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-240x56.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-375x88.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-520x121.png 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is now on Patreon\u003c/a>. If you love our show, you can kick in a little – or a lot – each month so we can do incredible things as a \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> community. \u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">Learn More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Crows may be dressed in black, but their funerals aren't the solemn events that we hold for our dead. These birds cause a ruckus around their fallen friend. Are they just scared, or is there something deeper going on?",
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"title": "You've Heard of a Murder of Crows. How About a Crow Funeral? | KQED",
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"headline": "You've Heard of a Murder of Crows. How About a Crow Funeral?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Most popular Deep Look stories\u003c/strong>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/523936/this-mushroom-starts-killing-you-before-you-even-realize-it\">This Mushroom Starts Killing You Before You Even Realize it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/28759/what-happens-when-you-put-a-hummingbird-in-a-wind-tunnel\">What Happens When You Put a Hummingbird in a Wind Tunnel\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It’s a common sight in many parks and backyards: Crows squawking. But groups of the noisy black birds may not just be raising a fuss, scientists say. They might be holding a funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/\">Kaeli Swift\u003c/a>, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://sefs.washington.edu/research.acl/\">Avian Conservation Laboratory\u003c/a> in Seattle, is studying how crows learn about danger from each other and how they respond to seeing one of their own who has died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the majority of animals, crows react strongly to the death of a fellow member of their species, mobbing together and raising a ruckus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a few animals, such as whales, elephants and some primates, have such strong reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To study exactly what may be going on, Swift developed an experiment that involved exposing local crows in Seattle neighborhoods to a dead taxidermied crow in order to study their reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-caws-at-mask-and-dead-crow.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923725\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-caws-at-mask-and-dead-crow.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of crows loudly protests the sight of a masked Kaeli Swift holding a taxidermied crow. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s really incredible,” she said. “They’re all around in the trees just staring at you and screaming at you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift calls these events “crow funerals,” and they are the focus of her research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She began by going to the same location in a local park or neighborhood for a few days, leaving piles of peanuts for the crows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923728\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923728 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-KaeliSwift-at-gasworks-looks-up-wide-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaeli Swift studies how crows behave in urban settings, like here at Gas Works Park in Seattle. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But on the fourth day, she showed up looking very different. Wearing a mask and wig, she held a dead crow, preserved through taxidermy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first crow that spotted her let out an alarm call, a series of loud repetitive scolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within seconds, all of the crows within earshot mobbed together to join in the alarm-calling. The cacophony of caws emanating from the surrounding trees was impossible to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you have a group of over 20 birds screaming at you, it’s intimidating,” Swift said. “It doesn’t get old.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, after a few minutes, the crows quieted down and dispersed. The results have played out over and over during different experiments in various locations. The whole chaotic reaction takes only a few minutes, but in that time the crows have learned some important information that they won’t soon forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During her experiments, on the second day Swift would return without the mask, wig or dead crow. She provided piles of peanuts again, but this time the crows were much more cautious, taking longer to approach and looking quite wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923730\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-eat-peanut.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923730\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-eat-peanut.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Swift found that crows were more timid after having seen the dead crow \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Swift believes that the crows remembered the experience with the mask and dead crow and now connected the area with danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She would return again the next day with the mask, but without the dead crow or peanuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crows reacted strongly, mobbing together and cawing at Swift even though she was no longer carrying the dead crow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when she was empty-handed, they recognized the masked Swift as a threat. Weeks later, the crows continued to react to the mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s what Swift said makes that really interesting: These new mobs contained crows that had never seen the masked Swift with the dead crow. But they still learned to avoid the masked figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning directly from each other, rather than through individual experience, is called social learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By participating in these funerals, crows can get information about new dangers without taking the risk,” Swift said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923732\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-two-crows-caw-in-branches.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923732 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-two-crows-caw-in-branches.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crows have complex social lives that require a high level of intelligence. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She published her findings in a 2015 article in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347215003188\">Animal Behaviour\u003c/a>. But she’s not done yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While her initial study focused on why crows are drawn to their dead compatriots, she has now switched her focus to look at how crows’ reactions to seeing dead crows change under different circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, are they attentive to the dead crows’ age?” Swift said. “Does having an active nest or young kids affect the intensity of their response?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also wants to see if crows engage in tactile interactions with their dead — the way that some mammals, like primates and elephants, do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923735\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-mask-scares-crow-on-grass.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923735\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL509-Crows-mask-scares-crow-on-grass.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Swift found that crows were able to recognize and remember specific human faces \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bystanders in the parks and neighborhoods she visits take notice of the creepy mask, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are either extremely alarmed or they know about the University of Washington experiments and are excited,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few wild animals have as close a relationship with people as crows do. And in the thousands of years we’ve spent living in close proximity to one another, crows and humans have learned a few things about each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you step back and examine how distantly related crows are from us, and our closest mammalian relatives, you start to see how striking this shared interest in our dead is,” said Swift. “It’s a chance to unlock deep mysteries about the evolution of our own funeral rites, and appreciate how much we share with our black cloaked companions, even if they look nothing like us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\n\u003ch3>Become a patron of science: support more episodes of Deep Look\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1923358\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-800x187.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"187\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-800x187.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-160x37.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-768x179.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1020x238.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1200x280.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1920x448.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-1180x275.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-960x224.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-240x56.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-375x88.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL-patreon-make-gift-520x121.png 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is now on Patreon\u003c/a>. If you love our show, you can kick in a little – or a lot – each month so we can do incredible things as a \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> community. \u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/deeplook\">Learn More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Global Warming is Mixing Up Nature’s Dinner Time, Study Says",
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"content": "\u003cp>Global warming is screwing up nature’s intricately timed dinner hour, often making hungry critters and those on the menu show up at much different times, a new study shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timing is everything in nature. Bees have to be around and flowers have to bloom at the same time for pollination to work, and hawks need to migrate at the same time as their prey. In many cases, global warming is interfering with that timing, scientists said.[contextly_sidebar id=”DW1hzBXeclQ1VU4UvjMvJqg203mcsZzZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A first-of-its-kind global mega analysis on the biological timing of 88 species that rely on another life form shows that on average species are moving out of sync by about six days a decade, although some pairs are actually moving closer together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other studies have looked at individual pairs of species and how warming temperatures have changed their migration, breeding and other timing, the study in Monday’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proceedings\u003c/a> of the National Academy of Sciences gives the first global look at a worsening timing problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in species timing are considerably greater than they were before the 1980s, the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There isn’t really any clear indication that it is going to slow down or stop in the near future,” said study lead author Heather Kharouba, an ecologist at the University of Ottawa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example in the Netherlands, the Eurasian sparrow hawk has been late for dinner because its prey, the blue tit, has — over 16 years — arrived almost six days earlier than the hawk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s most noticeable and crucial in Washington state’s Lake Washington, where over the past 25 years, plant plankton are now blooming 34 days earlier than the zooplankton that eat them. That’s crucial because that’s messing with the bottom of the food chain, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NNrs8rOJPw3YfFBgqJPxjpMJRqAKiFjW”]In Greenland, the plants are showing up almost three days earlier than the caribou, so more of the baby caribou are dying “because there wasn’t enough food,” Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With warmer temperatures, most species moved their habits earlier, but interdependent species didn’t always move at the same rate. It’s the relative speed of changes in timing that’s key, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the small number of species involved in small areas over different studies, Kharouba’s team could not find a statistically significant link between temperature and changes in how species sync together. But what she saw, she said, “is consistent with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists not involved in the study praised the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It demonstrates that many species interactions from around the world are in a state of rapid flux,” Boston University biology professor Richard Primack said in an email. “Prior to this study, studies of changing species interactions focused on one place or one group of species.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There isn’t really any clear indication that it is going to slow down or stop in the near future,” said study lead author Heather Kharouba, an ecologist at the University of Ottawa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example in the Netherlands, the Eurasian sparrow hawk has been late for dinner because its prey, the blue tit, has — over 16 years — arrived almost six days earlier than the hawk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s most noticeable and crucial in Washington state’s Lake Washington, where over the past 25 years, plant plankton are now blooming 34 days earlier than the zooplankton that eat them. That’s crucial because that’s messing with the bottom of the food chain, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In Greenland, the plants are showing up almost three days earlier than the caribou, so more of the baby caribou are dying “because there wasn’t enough food,” Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With warmer temperatures, most species moved their habits earlier, but interdependent species didn’t always move at the same rate. It’s the relative speed of changes in timing that’s key, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the small number of species involved in small areas over different studies, Kharouba’s team could not find a statistically significant link between temperature and changes in how species sync together. But what she saw, she said, “is consistent with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists not involved in the study praised the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It demonstrates that many species interactions from around the world are in a state of rapid flux,” Boston University biology professor Richard Primack said in an email. “Prior to this study, studies of changing species interactions focused on one place or one group of species.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
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