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"content": "\u003cp>A North Carolina State University researcher is using underwater microphones to help better understand the extensive array of animals living in the state’s oyster reefs.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZC45omcCigt2eDTslGOhMKPIoIMIR0rf”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1600s, oysters reefs were so robust in U.S. waterways that they created a hazard for ships. But centuries of harvesting the delicious bivalve have decimated these reefs, which serve as breeding grounds for future oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why nearly every U.S. state with a coastline has a program to rebuild oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality’s division of marine fisheries uses barges to haul massive piles of spent oyster shells and other hard materials, like granite marl and concrete, to reef sites in Pamlico Sound. They then use large water cannons to blow it all off the deck and into the shallow, sandy waters. The shells and other materials provide habitat for oyster larvae to attach to, so they can grow and be harvested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fisheries division knows the reef program is good for the state’s $2.4 million oyster industry. But it’s still unclear what the larger impact of these reefs are in terms of increasing biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s what we call data gaps,” says Jason Peters, supervisor for the state’s oyster sanctuary program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Carolina State University Ph.D. student Olivia Caretti is hoping to fill in some of those gaps by using a relatively new method for monitoring aquatic life with underwater microphones, known as hydrophones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a little compact torpedo-looking thing about the size of your hand,” Caretti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is using these hydrophones to document which animals, other than oysters, use these reefs. And what she’s found so far has been enlightening.[contextly_sidebar id=”yDkwligKl4dNhznN1HUpv9fzSZtLvIhW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unstructured muddy bottom in Pamlico Sound, with no oyster reef, is mostly low frequency audio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only sounds you hear are either water movements or low frequency fish calls,” Caretti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life on an oyster reef sounds a lot different. It has plenty of low-frequency fish calls, but also a lot of high-frequency invertebrate activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can hear some grunts and knocking sounds. Those are certain types of fish,” Caretti says. “You can also hear a lot of snaps from the snapping shrimp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caretti has been recording for two years and has more audio than she could ever listen to. She does most of her analysis by using spectrograms, which are visual representations of the audio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spectrograms are helpful,” Caretti says, “because a lot of frequencies we record are inaudible to the human ear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caretti also uses traditional methods for monitoring oyster reefs, like trapping fish. But these techniques can be invasive and can only obtain brief snapshots of life on the reef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By recording around the clock, Caretti can document which species of fish and invertebrates use these reefs and why. For instance, she’s learned oyster toadfish hoping to meet a mate use the reef like a singles bar.[contextly_sidebar id=”KuW9EzFkH4AESRjlJ3s7f8lIYcEhWIDj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re communicating with each other and also with females of that species,” she says while listening to scores of oyster toadfish honking in a cacophonous chorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caretti has been tracking the change in biodiversity in these habitats over time and has found that shell reefs attract more aquatic life than reefs made out of granite marl or concrete. This could suggest it’s more valuable to dump shells into the water rather than other materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caretti’s findings are still preliminary, but they come at a good time. The North Carolina Coastal Federation announced in August that it wants to grow the state’s oyster industry by more than 10 times by 2030, from $2.4 million to $30 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while that might be music to the ears of fishermen, it’ll sound a whole lot different when heard through a hydrophone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wunc.org/post/underwater-microphones-help-researchers-understand-what-lives-north-carolinas-oyster-reefs#stream/0\">audio\u003c/a> of this story, which comes to us from member station \u003ca href=\"http://wunc.org/\">WUNC\u003c/a> in North Carolina. James Morrison is an environment and food writer in Chapel Hill, N.C. You can follow him on Twitter at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jcmorrisn?lang=en\">@JCMorrisn\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NCPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/\">NCPR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+World+Of+An+Oyster%3A+Scientists+Are+Using+Microphones+To+Spy+On+Reef+Life&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Reefs are being rebuilt along U.S. coastlines, which is good for the oyster. But how does it affect other underwater life? Researchers are listening to find out what animals use the reefs and why.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A North Carolina State University researcher is using underwater microphones to help better understand the extensive array of animals living in the state’s oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1600s, oysters reefs were so robust in U.S. waterways that they created a hazard for ships. But centuries of harvesting the delicious bivalve have decimated these reefs, which serve as breeding grounds for future oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why nearly every U.S. state with a coastline has a program to rebuild oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality’s division of marine fisheries uses barges to haul massive piles of spent oyster shells and other hard materials, like granite marl and concrete, to reef sites in Pamlico Sound. They then use large water cannons to blow it all off the deck and into the shallow, sandy waters. The shells and other materials provide habitat for oyster larvae to attach to, so they can grow and be harvested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fisheries division knows the reef program is good for the state’s $2.4 million oyster industry. But it’s still unclear what the larger impact of these reefs are in terms of increasing biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s what we call data gaps,” says Jason Peters, supervisor for the state’s oyster sanctuary program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Carolina State University Ph.D. student Olivia Caretti is hoping to fill in some of those gaps by using a relatively new method for monitoring aquatic life with underwater microphones, known as hydrophones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a little compact torpedo-looking thing about the size of your hand,” Caretti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is using these hydrophones to document which animals, other than oysters, use these reefs. And what she’s found so far has been enlightening.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unstructured muddy bottom in Pamlico Sound, with no oyster reef, is mostly low frequency audio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only sounds you hear are either water movements or low frequency fish calls,” Caretti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life on an oyster reef sounds a lot different. It has plenty of low-frequency fish calls, but also a lot of high-frequency invertebrate activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can hear some grunts and knocking sounds. Those are certain types of fish,” Caretti says. “You can also hear a lot of snaps from the snapping shrimp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caretti has been recording for two years and has more audio than she could ever listen to. She does most of her analysis by using spectrograms, which are visual representations of the audio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spectrograms are helpful,” Caretti says, “because a lot of frequencies we record are inaudible to the human ear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caretti also uses traditional methods for monitoring oyster reefs, like trapping fish. But these techniques can be invasive and can only obtain brief snapshots of life on the reef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By recording around the clock, Caretti can document which species of fish and invertebrates use these reefs and why. For instance, she’s learned oyster toadfish hoping to meet a mate use the reef like a singles bar.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re communicating with each other and also with females of that species,” she says while listening to scores of oyster toadfish honking in a cacophonous chorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caretti has been tracking the change in biodiversity in these habitats over time and has found that shell reefs attract more aquatic life than reefs made out of granite marl or concrete. This could suggest it’s more valuable to dump shells into the water rather than other materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caretti’s findings are still preliminary, but they come at a good time. The North Carolina Coastal Federation announced in August that it wants to grow the state’s oyster industry by more than 10 times by 2030, from $2.4 million to $30 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while that might be music to the ears of fishermen, it’ll sound a whole lot different when heard through a hydrophone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wunc.org/post/underwater-microphones-help-researchers-understand-what-lives-north-carolinas-oyster-reefs#stream/0\">audio\u003c/a> of this story, which comes to us from member station \u003ca href=\"http://wunc.org/\">WUNC\u003c/a> in North Carolina. James Morrison is an environment and food writer in Chapel Hill, N.C. You can follow him on Twitter at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jcmorrisn?lang=en\">@JCMorrisn\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NCPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/\">NCPR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+World+Of+An+Oyster%3A+Scientists+Are+Using+Microphones+To+Spy+On+Reef+Life&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California officials were trying Monday to solve a stinky mystery: A die-off has left hundreds of fish floating in a recently restored lagoon on the tiny Malibu coast.[contextly_sidebar id=”F3hh1RYvcZXN9NOjUOqqiElXpx2iUtDV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe the Malibu Lagoon die-off, which began last Wednesday, is likely caused by unusually warm water temperatures, said Craig Sap, superintendent of California State Parks’ Angeles District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had many days in a row of warmer-than-usual temperatures. We hadn’t had much of a breeze down there to keep the temperatures down,” Sap said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Other possibilities include elevated nutrient levels, dropping levels of dissolved oxygen or having too many fish in the lagoon. Officials are taking water samples and fish for testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malibu Lagoon underwent a controversial restoration project in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major conservation groups, including Sierra Club and Audubon Society chapters, backed the restoration, but others sued to stop the project, contending it would destroy sensitive wildlife habitat. The battle lasted for years but the project finally broke ground in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The die-off has raised locals’ concerns about what some call failures in the project.[contextly_sidebar id=”qM9lVHeHyvzl1kJfiQZadEmn0KDh1BkB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resident Wendy Dunn told \u003ca href=\"https://ktla.com/2018/08/27/hundreds-of-dead-fish-prompt-malibu-lagoon-investigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KTLA\u003c/a> that State Parks ignored plans for so-called breach points that would allow the lagoon water to mix with fresh ocean water to keep proper oxygen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sap said breaching manually would cause more damage to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you end up doing is, some species that are not meant to be there get in, and species get flushed out when they shouldn’t have been,” Sap said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the lagoon project improved the ecosystem by providing better oxygen levels and the number of fish in the lagoon has since increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California officials were trying Monday to solve a stinky mystery: A die-off has left hundreds of fish floating in a recently restored lagoon on the tiny Malibu coast.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe the Malibu Lagoon die-off, which began last Wednesday, is likely caused by unusually warm water temperatures, said Craig Sap, superintendent of California State Parks’ Angeles District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had many days in a row of warmer-than-usual temperatures. We hadn’t had much of a breeze down there to keep the temperatures down,” Sap said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Other possibilities include elevated nutrient levels, dropping levels of dissolved oxygen or having too many fish in the lagoon. Officials are taking water samples and fish for testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malibu Lagoon underwent a controversial restoration project in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major conservation groups, including Sierra Club and Audubon Society chapters, backed the restoration, but others sued to stop the project, contending it would destroy sensitive wildlife habitat. The battle lasted for years but the project finally broke ground in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The die-off has raised locals’ concerns about what some call failures in the project.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resident Wendy Dunn told \u003ca href=\"https://ktla.com/2018/08/27/hundreds-of-dead-fish-prompt-malibu-lagoon-investigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KTLA\u003c/a> that State Parks ignored plans for so-called breach points that would allow the lagoon water to mix with fresh ocean water to keep proper oxygen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sap said breaching manually would cause more damage to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you end up doing is, some species that are not meant to be there get in, and species get flushed out when they shouldn’t have been,” Sap said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the lagoon project improved the ecosystem by providing better oxygen levels and the number of fish in the lagoon has since increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The summer months bring low morning tides along the California coast, providing an opportunity to see one of the state’s most unusual inhabitants, sea slugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also called nudibranchs, many of these relatives of snails are brightly colored and stand out among the seaweed and anemones living next to them in tidepools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of them are bright red, blue, yellow — you name it,” said Terry Gosliner, senior curator of invertebrate zoology and geology at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. “They’re kind of designer slugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But without a protective shell, big jaws or sharp claws, how do these squishy little creatures get away with such flamboyant colors in a habitat full of predators?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930226\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nudibranch with bright orange cerata on its back. Scientists think the bright colors serve as a warning to predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, the nudibranchs’ colors serve as a warning to predators: These sea slugs are packing some very sophisticated defenses. And some aren’t above stealing weapons from their prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gosliner and Brenna Green and Emily Otstott, graduate students at San Francisco State University, were out at dawn earlier this summer searching tidepools and floating docks around the Bay Area. They want to learn more about how these delicate little sea slugs survive and how changing ocean temperatures might threaten their futures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930228 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emily Otstott, a graduate student at San Francisco State University, searches for nudibranchs in the tidepools at Pillar Point just north of Half Moon Bay, California, as part of her work for the California Academy of Sciences. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nudibranchs come in a staggering variety of shapes and sizes. Many accumulate toxic or bad-tasting chemicals from their prey, causing predators like fish and crabs to learn that the flashy colors mean the nudibranch wouldn’t make a good meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Gosliner and his graduate student assistants are particularly interested in a group of nudibranchs that sport dozens of long outgrowths on their backs called cerata, which resemble colorful dreadlocks. These species take stealing defenses from their prey to a whole new level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930231\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Ectopleura-hydroid-2.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1930231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Ectopleura-hydroid-2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hydroids wave their tentacles, each coated in stinging cells, to catch prey floating by. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of these nudibranchs feed on hydroids, smaller relatives of jellies that stay attached to the rocky seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Gosliner, most hydroids are about the size of half of your little finger, some a bit larger. “Some of them look like seaweed, while others have a branching pattern that resembles a bird’s feather,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like their free-swimming cousins, hydroids have tentacles armed with stinging cells to catch tiny plankton out of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each one of those stinging cells contains a structure called a nematocyst that resembles a microscopic harpoon, tethered to the tentacle by a long hollow tube. It’s what gives jellies their sting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930234\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-nematocysts-firing.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1930234\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-nematocysts-firing.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hydroid’s tentacle viewed under a microscope. When triggered, stinging nematocysts that coat the surface of a hydroid’s tentacle fire tiny harpoons to catch prey and defend from predators \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If anything tries to nibble on the hydroids, they shoot out their nematocysts,” said Gosliner. “So the hydroids are able to capture their prey or defend themselves using the same structures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re not enough to stop nudibranchs from devouring the hydroids — stinging tentacles and all. They seem unfazed, even as the nematocysts fire off in their mouths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all of the stinging nematocysts fire right away. Some that are not yet fully mature stay intact and travel through the nudibranch’s complex digestive tract to become a fearsome weapon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930236\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-cerata-animation.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930236 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-cerata-animation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When a nudibranch eats a hydroid, some of the hydroid’s immature nematocysts don’t fire and are instead transported into the tips of the cerata on the nudibranch’s back. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nudibranch’s gut has fingerlike branches that extend up into the long cerata on its back. The unfired stingers travel up into the cerata and concentrate in little sacs at the tips, where they continue to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a fish or crab tries to bite the nudibranch, it squeezes those sacs and shoots out the stingers, which immediately pop in the predator’s mouth. It doesn’t take long for predators to avoid the brightly colored nudibranchs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-cerata-nematocysts-firing.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1930237\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-cerata-nematocysts-firing.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Immature stinging nematocysts mature in the sacs at the tip of the nudibranch’s cerata. If the nudibranch feels threatened, it can eject the stingers that fire off when they hit the water. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s a pretty crafty way to defend oneself, stealing weapons from their prey to defend against other predators. But it might not be enough to ensure the nudibranch’s survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really important that we study these nudibranchs now, because so many of them that rely on nematocysts for their defense are facing challenges from climate change,” said Gosliner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of them are having to move farther north along the California coastline to avoid the warming ocean temperatures, and they may not always be able to find their preferred prey as they get forced into the cooler water northward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930239\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-1020x573.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930239\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-1200x674.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-1920x1078.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-1180x662.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Senior curator and nudibranch expert Terry Gosliner uses a microscope at California Academy of Sciences to view a hydroid’s tentacle while Deep Look producer and cinematographer Josh Cassidy captures the images \u003ccite>(Amanda Heidt/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you live on the Pacific Coast and would like to see a nudibranch, Gosliner suggested visiting tidepools during low tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look very carefully and you’ll see something crawling around with bright colors,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t touch them. While the hydroid stingers housing in the nudibranch’s back likely won’t be able to penetrate your skin, curious hands could easily damage nudibranchs. And nudibranchs are nearly impossible to keep in aquariums, which is why you rarely see them on display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just observe them in all their glory and take pictures,” Gosliner said. “You’ll be astounded by their beauty and diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Nudibranchs may look cute, squishy and defenseless ... but watch out. These brightly colored sea slugs aren't above stealing weapons from their prey.",
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"title": "This Adorable Sea Slug Is a Sneaky Little Thief | KQED",
"description": "Nudibranchs may look cute, squishy and defenseless ... but watch out. These brightly colored sea slugs aren't above stealing weapons from their prey.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The summer months bring low morning tides along the California coast, providing an opportunity to see one of the state’s most unusual inhabitants, sea slugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also called nudibranchs, many of these relatives of snails are brightly colored and stand out among the seaweed and anemones living next to them in tidepools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of them are bright red, blue, yellow — you name it,” said Terry Gosliner, senior curator of invertebrate zoology and geology at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. “They’re kind of designer slugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But without a protective shell, big jaws or sharp claws, how do these squishy little creatures get away with such flamboyant colors in a habitat full of predators?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930226\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Hermissenda-opalescens-on-rock-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nudibranch with bright orange cerata on its back. Scientists think the bright colors serve as a warning to predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, the nudibranchs’ colors serve as a warning to predators: These sea slugs are packing some very sophisticated defenses. And some aren’t above stealing weapons from their prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gosliner and Brenna Green and Emily Otstott, graduate students at San Francisco State University, were out at dawn earlier this summer searching tidepools and floating docks around the Bay Area. They want to learn more about how these delicate little sea slugs survive and how changing ocean temperatures might threaten their futures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930228 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Emily-at-Pillar-ooint-2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emily Otstott, a graduate student at San Francisco State University, searches for nudibranchs in the tidepools at Pillar Point just north of Half Moon Bay, California, as part of her work for the California Academy of Sciences. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nudibranchs come in a staggering variety of shapes and sizes. Many accumulate toxic or bad-tasting chemicals from their prey, causing predators like fish and crabs to learn that the flashy colors mean the nudibranch wouldn’t make a good meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Gosliner and his graduate student assistants are particularly interested in a group of nudibranchs that sport dozens of long outgrowths on their backs called cerata, which resemble colorful dreadlocks. These species take stealing defenses from their prey to a whole new level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930231\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Ectopleura-hydroid-2.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1930231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-Ectopleura-hydroid-2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hydroids wave their tentacles, each coated in stinging cells, to catch prey floating by. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of these nudibranchs feed on hydroids, smaller relatives of jellies that stay attached to the rocky seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Gosliner, most hydroids are about the size of half of your little finger, some a bit larger. “Some of them look like seaweed, while others have a branching pattern that resembles a bird’s feather,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like their free-swimming cousins, hydroids have tentacles armed with stinging cells to catch tiny plankton out of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each one of those stinging cells contains a structure called a nematocyst that resembles a microscopic harpoon, tethered to the tentacle by a long hollow tube. It’s what gives jellies their sting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930234\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-nematocysts-firing.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1930234\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-nematocysts-firing.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hydroid’s tentacle viewed under a microscope. When triggered, stinging nematocysts that coat the surface of a hydroid’s tentacle fire tiny harpoons to catch prey and defend from predators \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If anything tries to nibble on the hydroids, they shoot out their nematocysts,” said Gosliner. “So the hydroids are able to capture their prey or defend themselves using the same structures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re not enough to stop nudibranchs from devouring the hydroids — stinging tentacles and all. They seem unfazed, even as the nematocysts fire off in their mouths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all of the stinging nematocysts fire right away. Some that are not yet fully mature stay intact and travel through the nudibranch’s complex digestive tract to become a fearsome weapon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930236\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-cerata-animation.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930236 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-cerata-animation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When a nudibranch eats a hydroid, some of the hydroid’s immature nematocysts don’t fire and are instead transported into the tips of the cerata on the nudibranch’s back. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nudibranch’s gut has fingerlike branches that extend up into the long cerata on its back. The unfired stingers travel up into the cerata and concentrate in little sacs at the tips, where they continue to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a fish or crab tries to bite the nudibranch, it squeezes those sacs and shoots out the stingers, which immediately pop in the predator’s mouth. It doesn’t take long for predators to avoid the brightly colored nudibranchs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-cerata-nematocysts-firing.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1930237\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/DL515-Nudibranchs-cerata-nematocysts-firing.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Immature stinging nematocysts mature in the sacs at the tip of the nudibranch’s cerata. If the nudibranch feels threatened, it can eject the stingers that fire off when they hit the water. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s a pretty crafty way to defend oneself, stealing weapons from their prey to defend against other predators. But it might not be enough to ensure the nudibranch’s survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really important that we study these nudibranchs now, because so many of them that rely on nematocysts for their defense are facing challenges from climate change,” said Gosliner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of them are having to move farther north along the California coastline to avoid the warming ocean temperatures, and they may not always be able to find their preferred prey as they get forced into the cooler water northward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930239\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-1020x573.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930239\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-1200x674.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-1920x1078.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-1180x662.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/IMG_2633-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Senior curator and nudibranch expert Terry Gosliner uses a microscope at California Academy of Sciences to view a hydroid’s tentacle while Deep Look producer and cinematographer Josh Cassidy captures the images \u003ccite>(Amanda Heidt/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you live on the Pacific Coast and would like to see a nudibranch, Gosliner suggested visiting tidepools during low tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look very carefully and you’ll see something crawling around with bright colors,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t touch them. While the hydroid stingers housing in the nudibranch’s back likely won’t be able to penetrate your skin, curious hands could easily damage nudibranchs. And nudibranchs are nearly impossible to keep in aquariums, which is why you rarely see them on display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just observe them in all their glory and take pictures,” Gosliner said. “You’ll be astounded by their beauty and diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bird Species Collapse in the Mojave, Driven by Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Bird Species Collapse in the Mojave, Driven by Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Bird populations in the Mojave are plummeting for lack of water, in an imbalance driven by climate change. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2018/07/31/1805123115.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from UC Berkeley finds shrinking rainfall has led to the loss of more than 40 percent of bird species, in a habitat that relies heavily on birds for basic functions such as pollinating plants and acting as both predator and prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Deserts are really amazing ecosystems where most of life has developed skills to live at the limits of where life can survive.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This collapse of Mojave bird communities, say the authors, is a precursor to the overall loss of animals and other biodiversity in desert climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mojave, which recently won the unenviable record for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928476/wowzers-death-valley-sets-tentative-world-record-for-hottest-month\">world’s hottest month\u003c/a>, routinely gets less than 2 inches of rain a year, a fraction of what most deserts receive. Yet even that small amount makes a huge difference, scientists found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Bird Species Now, and a Century Ago\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a three-year survey of an area larger than the state of New York, senior researcher and UC Berkeley professor Steve Beissinger and his collaborator reported that today, there are 43 percent fewer bird species than existed in the desert a century ago. And of 135 remaining species surveyed, all but 3 were in some stage of decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work follows up on a previous UC Berkeley study done in 1908 by \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell.html\">Joseph Grinnell\u003c/a>, the original Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley. Known for taking extremely detailed field notes, Grinnell’s study is rare in that it contains enough detail for modern researchers to recreate it. So researchers were able to \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">look at the same sites\u003c/a> Grinnell surveyed 100 years later, and compare their results to his list of birds present in the Mojave at the turn of the 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grinnell definitely had a sense that he was giving us a record of what California was like in the early 1900s,” Beissinger says. “He gave us the gift of a baseline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, with the “partial collapse of the avian community,” the baseline has shrunk to around half the number of birds per location, compared to a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929769 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-768x621.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1020x825.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1200x971.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1920x1553.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1180x955.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-960x777.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-375x303.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-520x421.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many recognizable birds, such as this Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), are experiencing declines under climate change. Researchers say carnivorous birds such as these are hit particularly hard. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/mypubliclands/30150329222/in/album-72157673900045520/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Lisa Phillips/Bureau of Land Management/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why this matters has to do with the unique harshness of desert environments. Because deserts cannot support many large carnivores such as bears or mountain lions, birds become more important in the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds are important seed dispersers, pollinators of plants, and top-level desert carnivores,” Beissinger says, “This collapse in the avian community indicates an imbalance in the Mojave. Maybe it’s an early warning system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an avid wildlife photographer, David Lamfrom, Director of California Desert and National Wildlife Programs at the National Parks Conservation Association, says it has been clear to him for years that birds are disappearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s the greatest fear for conservationists,” he says. “When you consider the Mojave is one of the quietest places on Earth, you begin to appreciate how rich birdsong is. Especially in its absence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one species doing well under these new conditions is the common raven (\u003cem>Corvus corax\u003c/em>). Both Beissinger and Lamfrom say this should not be a surprise. Whereas many desert birds are specialists who target a specific food resource in their habitat, such as a golden eagle who learns to hunt jackrabbits, ravens are generalists who can make do with what is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re able to live around humans, fly long distances to find water, and eat so many things,” Beissinger says, pointing out that much of their food these days is picked from trash cans and litter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change is Driving the Loss\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change can mean many things: warmer average temperatures (often with extreme spikes), reduced rainfall and more droughts, increased risk for fires, and more violent storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”LC2qCI4GGP41nvhg9UdnvuKonc0DX5iE”]When researchers looked to see what was causing the losses in birds\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> they found it was the loss of rain — not warmer temperatures — that most accurately explained the changes. Most locations Grinnell had surveyed are now drier, receiving as much as 20 percent less rain than a century ago. Springs and pools that traditionally supported desert wildlife are disappearing, and birds are losing water-rich sources of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is life, and water is fundamental to the desert,” says Lamfrom, “and the availability of water in the desert is having a real profound effect on how species can continue to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that for many species, it came down to habitat preference and diet. As previously-reliable water sources dried out, so too did many seed-bearing plants which provide food (and water) for birds. As a result, many birds were forced to either travel long distances to better areas or to remain close to those few sites of refuge. Both strategies put them at risk of poor health and predation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Beissinger, the damage is so severe because so many desert species already exist at the absolute edge of their bodily tolerance. Even small increases in heat or decreases in rainfall can lead to lethal dehydration and overheating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929321\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cactus flowers ahead of a rare rain in Death Valley National Park. \u003ccite>(Amanda Heidt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a series of studies, researchers are doing a \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">broad resurvey\u003c/a> of all of Grinnell’s sites in the state, including those in the \u003ca href=\"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e0e5/4a09e7f8206c01915b953e6ac39735a76c66.pdf\">Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/breakthroughs/sp18/century-of-change-gift-of-baseline\">Central Valley\u003c/a>. In areas with lower temperatures and more reliable access to water, bird populations also dropped, but these are minor losses of close to three species per site. But it’s nothing like what is happening in the Mojave, where sites lost an average of 18 species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>National Park Jewels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That this is happening in the Mojave at all, Beissinger stresses, is significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”W6Ry2KifKfPSxZJI9DlnVZRTWWD6p7UI”]Much of the Mojave is protected from human disturbance because it lies within either the Mojave National Preserve or Death Valley National Park. This keeps it safe from habitat loss, development, and hunting. A whopping 91 percent of Death Valley National Park, the largest national park\u003cb> \u003c/b>in the lower 48 states, has been designated as wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are places we expect to be immune to the effects of people, Beissinger says; that these results can be so dramatic in a place as remote as this speaks to the necessity of addressing ongoing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know these climate change problems are big,” he says, “and they really require us to address them now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lamfrom, too, points to other protected areas where birds are disappearing. Joshua Tree National Park, he says, was once home to a healthy population of mountain quail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really unique bird, but it’s also not a bird you would usually think of when you think of places like Joshua Tree,” he continues, “You’d probably think of a place like the Sierras.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cpp.usanpn.org/about\">Recent surveys\u003c/a> have failed to find the iconic California bird in Joshua Tree. As deserts across the country continue to become hotter and drier, Lamfrom says, perhaps the quail are returning to their namesake homes in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mountains can provide isolated pockets of protection,” Lamfrom says, “Many species are being pushed to higher altitudes to get away from the heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked what can be done to help ease these effects in the future, Beissinger says the short-term solution is to place artificial water sources throughout the park for local wildlife. These might include small ponds or troughs with reliable access to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of it as a big bird-bath in the ground,” says Beissinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longer-term solution has to involve managing groundwater, Beissinger says, because when aquifers are overdrawn, it’s the desert that dries out first.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bird populations in the Mojave are plummeting for lack of water, in an imbalance driven by climate change. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2018/07/31/1805123115.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from UC Berkeley finds shrinking rainfall has led to the loss of more than 40 percent of bird species, in a habitat that relies heavily on birds for basic functions such as pollinating plants and acting as both predator and prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Deserts are really amazing ecosystems where most of life has developed skills to live at the limits of where life can survive.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This collapse of Mojave bird communities, say the authors, is a precursor to the overall loss of animals and other biodiversity in desert climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mojave, which recently won the unenviable record for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928476/wowzers-death-valley-sets-tentative-world-record-for-hottest-month\">world’s hottest month\u003c/a>, routinely gets less than 2 inches of rain a year, a fraction of what most deserts receive. Yet even that small amount makes a huge difference, scientists found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Bird Species Now, and a Century Ago\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a three-year survey of an area larger than the state of New York, senior researcher and UC Berkeley professor Steve Beissinger and his collaborator reported that today, there are 43 percent fewer bird species than existed in the desert a century ago. And of 135 remaining species surveyed, all but 3 were in some stage of decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work follows up on a previous UC Berkeley study done in 1908 by \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell.html\">Joseph Grinnell\u003c/a>, the original Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley. Known for taking extremely detailed field notes, Grinnell’s study is rare in that it contains enough detail for modern researchers to recreate it. So researchers were able to \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">look at the same sites\u003c/a> Grinnell surveyed 100 years later, and compare their results to his list of birds present in the Mojave at the turn of the 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grinnell definitely had a sense that he was giving us a record of what California was like in the early 1900s,” Beissinger says. “He gave us the gift of a baseline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, with the “partial collapse of the avian community,” the baseline has shrunk to around half the number of birds per location, compared to a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929769 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-768x621.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1020x825.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1200x971.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1920x1553.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1180x955.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-960x777.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-375x303.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-520x421.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many recognizable birds, such as this Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), are experiencing declines under climate change. Researchers say carnivorous birds such as these are hit particularly hard. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/mypubliclands/30150329222/in/album-72157673900045520/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Lisa Phillips/Bureau of Land Management/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why this matters has to do with the unique harshness of desert environments. Because deserts cannot support many large carnivores such as bears or mountain lions, birds become more important in the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds are important seed dispersers, pollinators of plants, and top-level desert carnivores,” Beissinger says, “This collapse in the avian community indicates an imbalance in the Mojave. Maybe it’s an early warning system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an avid wildlife photographer, David Lamfrom, Director of California Desert and National Wildlife Programs at the National Parks Conservation Association, says it has been clear to him for years that birds are disappearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s the greatest fear for conservationists,” he says. “When you consider the Mojave is one of the quietest places on Earth, you begin to appreciate how rich birdsong is. Especially in its absence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one species doing well under these new conditions is the common raven (\u003cem>Corvus corax\u003c/em>). Both Beissinger and Lamfrom say this should not be a surprise. Whereas many desert birds are specialists who target a specific food resource in their habitat, such as a golden eagle who learns to hunt jackrabbits, ravens are generalists who can make do with what is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re able to live around humans, fly long distances to find water, and eat so many things,” Beissinger says, pointing out that much of their food these days is picked from trash cans and litter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change is Driving the Loss\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change can mean many things: warmer average temperatures (often with extreme spikes), reduced rainfall and more droughts, increased risk for fires, and more violent storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>When researchers looked to see what was causing the losses in birds\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> they found it was the loss of rain — not warmer temperatures — that most accurately explained the changes. Most locations Grinnell had surveyed are now drier, receiving as much as 20 percent less rain than a century ago. Springs and pools that traditionally supported desert wildlife are disappearing, and birds are losing water-rich sources of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is life, and water is fundamental to the desert,” says Lamfrom, “and the availability of water in the desert is having a real profound effect on how species can continue to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that for many species, it came down to habitat preference and diet. As previously-reliable water sources dried out, so too did many seed-bearing plants which provide food (and water) for birds. As a result, many birds were forced to either travel long distances to better areas or to remain close to those few sites of refuge. Both strategies put them at risk of poor health and predation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Beissinger, the damage is so severe because so many desert species already exist at the absolute edge of their bodily tolerance. Even small increases in heat or decreases in rainfall can lead to lethal dehydration and overheating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929321\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cactus flowers ahead of a rare rain in Death Valley National Park. \u003ccite>(Amanda Heidt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a series of studies, researchers are doing a \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">broad resurvey\u003c/a> of all of Grinnell’s sites in the state, including those in the \u003ca href=\"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e0e5/4a09e7f8206c01915b953e6ac39735a76c66.pdf\">Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/breakthroughs/sp18/century-of-change-gift-of-baseline\">Central Valley\u003c/a>. In areas with lower temperatures and more reliable access to water, bird populations also dropped, but these are minor losses of close to three species per site. But it’s nothing like what is happening in the Mojave, where sites lost an average of 18 species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>National Park Jewels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That this is happening in the Mojave at all, Beissinger stresses, is significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Much of the Mojave is protected from human disturbance because it lies within either the Mojave National Preserve or Death Valley National Park. This keeps it safe from habitat loss, development, and hunting. A whopping 91 percent of Death Valley National Park, the largest national park\u003cb> \u003c/b>in the lower 48 states, has been designated as wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are places we expect to be immune to the effects of people, Beissinger says; that these results can be so dramatic in a place as remote as this speaks to the necessity of addressing ongoing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know these climate change problems are big,” he says, “and they really require us to address them now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lamfrom, too, points to other protected areas where birds are disappearing. Joshua Tree National Park, he says, was once home to a healthy population of mountain quail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really unique bird, but it’s also not a bird you would usually think of when you think of places like Joshua Tree,” he continues, “You’d probably think of a place like the Sierras.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cpp.usanpn.org/about\">Recent surveys\u003c/a> have failed to find the iconic California bird in Joshua Tree. As deserts across the country continue to become hotter and drier, Lamfrom says, perhaps the quail are returning to their namesake homes in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mountains can provide isolated pockets of protection,” Lamfrom says, “Many species are being pushed to higher altitudes to get away from the heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked what can be done to help ease these effects in the future, Beissinger says the short-term solution is to place artificial water sources throughout the park for local wildlife. These might include small ponds or troughs with reliable access to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of it as a big bird-bath in the ground,” says Beissinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longer-term solution has to involve managing groundwater, Beissinger says, because when aquifers are overdrawn, it’s the desert that dries out first.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" noPrimaryImage \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D72VA2z5f98&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bear cub is recovering after receiving fish skin bandages to its paws that were burned in the California wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A contractor found the yearling female lying in ash and unable to walk on Aug. 2. The bear was taken to the California Fish and Wildlife’s lab in Rancho Cordova, where video shows sterilized tilapia skins were placed on its injured paws. The cub also received antibiotics, laser treatments and acupuncture to manage pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish-skin therapy was used to treat two bears in 2017, and they were released into the wild in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are optimistic the bear will recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget tbl-feed-container tbl-feed-full-width\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"tbl-feed-header\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc-widget-footer\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"logoDiv link-adc \">\u003ca class=\"trc_desktop_adc_link trc_attribution_position_bottom\" href=\"https://popup.taboola.com/en/?template=colorbox&utm_source=associatedpress-apnews&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=thumbnails-feed-b-stream:Below%20Article%20Thumbnails%20%7C%20Card%202:\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"trc_adc_wrapper\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"trc_logos_v_align\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "An Endangered Whale Clings to Her Dead Calf Weeks After She Died",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"dtTitle\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"dtTitleContainer\">\n\u003cp>A female killer whale is still clinging to her dead calf more than two weeks after her newborn died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">The endangered orca, given the name Tahlequah, gave birth on July 24 and the calf died shortly afterward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">The mother has been keeping its body afloat ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Milstein, a spokesman with NOAA Fisheries, says researchers on Wednesday spotted the 20-year-old whale known as J35 carrying her dead young off the tip of Washington’s Olympic Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image of the mother whale clinging to the dead calf has struck an emotional chord worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1929259\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-1200x796.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-1920x1274.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-1180x783.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-960x637.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milstein says researchers with Fisheries and Ocean Canada also spotted another member of the same pod — the 3 ½-year old whale J50 that is emaciated. The ailing orca was swimming with her mom Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of experts led by NOAA Fisheries have been searching for the young whale to assess her health and potentially give her medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Biologists are ready to feed the malnourished whale fresh salmon along with antibiotics to treat an infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleIcons\">\u003cem>NPR contributed to this report. See\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/search?query=orca&page=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> here\u003c/a> for more of NPR’s coverage on the endangered orcas. \u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"dtTitle\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"dtTitleContainer\">\n\u003cp>A female killer whale is still clinging to her dead calf more than two weeks after her newborn died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">The endangered orca, given the name Tahlequah, gave birth on July 24 and the calf died shortly afterward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">The mother has been keeping its body afloat ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Milstein, a spokesman with NOAA Fisheries, says researchers on Wednesday spotted the 20-year-old whale known as J35 carrying her dead young off the tip of Washington’s Olympic Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image of the mother whale clinging to the dead calf has struck an emotional chord worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1929259\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-1200x796.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-1920x1274.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-1180x783.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-960x637.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/neonate_face_20180724MNW_SJ1-101-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milstein says researchers with Fisheries and Ocean Canada also spotted another member of the same pod — the 3 ½-year old whale J50 that is emaciated. The ailing orca was swimming with her mom Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of experts led by NOAA Fisheries have been searching for the young whale to assess her health and potentially give her medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Biologists are ready to feed the malnourished whale fresh salmon along with antibiotics to treat an infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleIcons\">\u003cem>NPR contributed to this report. See\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/search?query=orca&page=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> here\u003c/a> for more of NPR’s coverage on the endangered orcas. \u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "First Sighting of a Whale-Dolphin Hybrid Off the Coast of Hawaii",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists are touting the first sighting of a hybrid between a melon-headed whale and a rough-toothed dolphin in the ocean off Hawaii. But don’t call it a “wholphin,” they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melon-headed whale is one of the various species that’s called a whale but is technically a dolphin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Calling it something like a wholphin doesn’t make any sense,” said one of the study’s authors, Robin Baird, a Hawaii research biologist with Washington state-based Cascadia Research Collective. “I think calling it a wholphin just confuses the situation more than it already is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published last week, scientists say the animal spotted off the island of Kauai in August 2017 appears to be the first record of a hybrid involving either species. It’s also only the third confirmed instance of a wild-born hybrid between species in the Delphinidae family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label “wholphin” has stuck for a hybrid born in 1985 at Hawaii’s Sea Life Park of a false killer whale and an Atlantic bottle-nose dolphin. The hybrid named Kekaimalu still lives at the marine mammal park, where she helps teach children about genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1928356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some news organization have described the melon-headed whale and rough-toothed dolphin hybrid as a new species, in order for that to happen other things need to occur, including more widespread hybridization, Baird said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That isn’t the case, although there are examples where hybridization has resulted in a new species,” he said. “There’s no evidence to suggest it’s leading toward anything like species formation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male hybrid presents an opportunity to look for others. Hybrids generally occur when there’s a decline in the population in one of the parental species, so scientists will be looking out for such a decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A likely scenario for how the hybrid came to be is a melon-headed whale getting separated from its group and ending up traveling with rough-toothed dolphins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know how old it is, but believe it’s close to adult age.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists are touting the first sighting of a hybrid between a melon-headed whale and a rough-toothed dolphin in the ocean off Hawaii. But don’t call it a “wholphin,” they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melon-headed whale is one of the various species that’s called a whale but is technically a dolphin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Calling it something like a wholphin doesn’t make any sense,” said one of the study’s authors, Robin Baird, a Hawaii research biologist with Washington state-based Cascadia Research Collective. “I think calling it a wholphin just confuses the situation more than it already is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published last week, scientists say the animal spotted off the island of Kauai in August 2017 appears to be the first record of a hybrid involving either species. It’s also only the third confirmed instance of a wild-born hybrid between species in the Delphinidae family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label “wholphin” has stuck for a hybrid born in 1985 at Hawaii’s Sea Life Park of a false killer whale and an Atlantic bottle-nose dolphin. The hybrid named Kekaimalu still lives at the marine mammal park, where she helps teach children about genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1928356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some news organization have described the melon-headed whale and rough-toothed dolphin hybrid as a new species, in order for that to happen other things need to occur, including more widespread hybridization, Baird said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That isn’t the case, although there are examples where hybridization has resulted in a new species,” he said. “There’s no evidence to suggest it’s leading toward anything like species formation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male hybrid presents an opportunity to look for others. Hybrids generally occur when there’s a decline in the population in one of the parental species, so scientists will be looking out for such a decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A likely scenario for how the hybrid came to be is a melon-headed whale getting separated from its group and ending up traveling with rough-toothed dolphins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know how old it is, but believe it’s close to adult age.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land",
"headTitle": "One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>An innovative scheme to leverage Central Valley farmland as temporary wetlands on the Pacific Flyway helped birds navigate California’s five-year drought, according to \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5147/\">a new analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four years ago, in the midst of California’s most punishing drought on record, conservation groups began working with growers and citizen scientists to identify and maintain habitat for wetland birds on agricultural land, as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">KQED reported.\u003c/a> The Central Valley is in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, and millions of birds stop to rest at wetlands in the region during their migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of historically occurring natural wetlands in the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/suppl/10.3996/012014-JFWM-003/suppl_file/012014-jfwm-003.s10.pdf?code=ufws-site\">are gone, largely displaced by agriculture\u003c/a>, the birds have to work with what’s there. So, conservation groups devised a strategy to help them out: The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Resources Conservation Service started paying rice farmers to keep their fields flooded during the post-harvest months, allowing migratory birds to take refuge in these “pop-up wetlands.” For farmers and conservationists, participating in this type of incentive program was risky: farmers had to put in additional labor, the conservation groups offset the estimated costs, and neither group knew for sure whether the plan would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">Read the backstory of the BirdReturns program in this KQED Quest feature\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But now enough time has elapsed to get some answers. Researchers used satellite data to understand how wetland bird habitat changed over the course of the drought and to estimate how much the incentive programs for farmers helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From satellite images taken between 2000 and 2015, the researchers could detect how much open water was available for birds during non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought years. They found that the severe drought dramatically reduced available wetland habitat, with declines of up to 80 percent in agricultural areas and up to 60 percent in managed wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little surprised at the magnitude of the decline in some of the wetlands,” recalls Matt Reiter, principal scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, and lead author on the study. “Maybe it shouldn’t have been, given how much coverage the drought was getting and it was the first time we started seeing water curtailment, and certainly the price of water was going up, and so it shouldn’t have surprised me but it did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess the effect of incentives for flooded farms, the researchers honed in on rice fields, calculating what percent of the total flooded rice habitat could be attributed to two incentive programs during times of severe drought. The Nature Conservancy’s \u003ca href=\"http://birdreturns.org/\">BirdReturns\u003c/a> program was responsible for up to 61 percent of available flooded rice habitat in the fall and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s \u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP)\u003c/a> provided up to 100 percent of available habitat in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two programs operated at different times of year: BirdReturns focuses on the fall and spring, and WHEP on the winter months. In the analysis, these complementary timelines functioned to maintain wetland habitat in rice fields for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help. However, the direct effects of drought on birds are not yet clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our big questions now is, ‘Okay, so what?’” says Reiter. “What does this mean for the birds? Are the birds falling out of the sky? Are the birds declining? Did the drought really impact their populations?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat is a pretty good proxy for population impacts, since habitat loss has been documented to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000426\">leading cause of wetland bird declines\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142\">of wildlife declines more generally\u003c/a>. And \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1658\">research has shown\u003c/a> that bird densities can be very high in flooded agricultural fields. But Reiter and his colleagues want to put some real numbers on the effects of severe drought on wetland birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927732\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1200x405.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1920x648.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1180x398.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-960x324.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-240x81.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-375x127.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-520x175.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill Cranes are one of many wetland bird species that can be found in the flooded rice fields. \u003ccite>(Bob Wick/BLM)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incentive programs are set to continue for the time being — but both are dependent on ongoing funding: the BirdReturns program relies on funding from the nonprofit Nature Conservancy, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s WHEP is counting on a renewal of funds in the federal Farm Bill. Ideally, Reiter says, the incentive programs would be “a short-term thing, that instills a new kind of management ethic that then sort of propagates itself forward.” It’s uncertain whether that will ever happen, so funding is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reiter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Different versions of these incentive programs have been around for a very long time, so it gives you some hope that they will stay around,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there’s the new analysis, which Reiter hopes will reach people who may be considering similar conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our study really shows the value of these incentive programs,” he says, “and so we just hope that managers can see these data and see that — hey — there is real value in doing these programs, and particularly in drought years, as we saw, and think about how we can make sure that these are sustained into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, birds visiting the Central Valley have a little more room to roost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An innovative scheme to leverage Central Valley farmland as temporary wetlands on the Pacific Flyway helped birds navigate California’s five-year drought, according to \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5147/\">a new analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four years ago, in the midst of California’s most punishing drought on record, conservation groups began working with growers and citizen scientists to identify and maintain habitat for wetland birds on agricultural land, as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">KQED reported.\u003c/a> The Central Valley is in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, and millions of birds stop to rest at wetlands in the region during their migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of historically occurring natural wetlands in the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/suppl/10.3996/012014-JFWM-003/suppl_file/012014-jfwm-003.s10.pdf?code=ufws-site\">are gone, largely displaced by agriculture\u003c/a>, the birds have to work with what’s there. So, conservation groups devised a strategy to help them out: The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Resources Conservation Service started paying rice farmers to keep their fields flooded during the post-harvest months, allowing migratory birds to take refuge in these “pop-up wetlands.” For farmers and conservationists, participating in this type of incentive program was risky: farmers had to put in additional labor, the conservation groups offset the estimated costs, and neither group knew for sure whether the plan would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">Read the backstory of the BirdReturns program in this KQED Quest feature\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But now enough time has elapsed to get some answers. Researchers used satellite data to understand how wetland bird habitat changed over the course of the drought and to estimate how much the incentive programs for farmers helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From satellite images taken between 2000 and 2015, the researchers could detect how much open water was available for birds during non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought years. They found that the severe drought dramatically reduced available wetland habitat, with declines of up to 80 percent in agricultural areas and up to 60 percent in managed wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little surprised at the magnitude of the decline in some of the wetlands,” recalls Matt Reiter, principal scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, and lead author on the study. “Maybe it shouldn’t have been, given how much coverage the drought was getting and it was the first time we started seeing water curtailment, and certainly the price of water was going up, and so it shouldn’t have surprised me but it did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess the effect of incentives for flooded farms, the researchers honed in on rice fields, calculating what percent of the total flooded rice habitat could be attributed to two incentive programs during times of severe drought. The Nature Conservancy’s \u003ca href=\"http://birdreturns.org/\">BirdReturns\u003c/a> program was responsible for up to 61 percent of available flooded rice habitat in the fall and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s \u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP)\u003c/a> provided up to 100 percent of available habitat in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two programs operated at different times of year: BirdReturns focuses on the fall and spring, and WHEP on the winter months. In the analysis, these complementary timelines functioned to maintain wetland habitat in rice fields for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help. However, the direct effects of drought on birds are not yet clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our big questions now is, ‘Okay, so what?’” says Reiter. “What does this mean for the birds? Are the birds falling out of the sky? Are the birds declining? Did the drought really impact their populations?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat is a pretty good proxy for population impacts, since habitat loss has been documented to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000426\">leading cause of wetland bird declines\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142\">of wildlife declines more generally\u003c/a>. And \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1658\">research has shown\u003c/a> that bird densities can be very high in flooded agricultural fields. But Reiter and his colleagues want to put some real numbers on the effects of severe drought on wetland birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927732\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1200x405.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1920x648.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1180x398.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-960x324.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-240x81.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-375x127.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-520x175.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill Cranes are one of many wetland bird species that can be found in the flooded rice fields. \u003ccite>(Bob Wick/BLM)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incentive programs are set to continue for the time being — but both are dependent on ongoing funding: the BirdReturns program relies on funding from the nonprofit Nature Conservancy, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s WHEP is counting on a renewal of funds in the federal Farm Bill. Ideally, Reiter says, the incentive programs would be “a short-term thing, that instills a new kind of management ethic that then sort of propagates itself forward.” It’s uncertain whether that will ever happen, so funding is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reiter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Different versions of these incentive programs have been around for a very long time, so it gives you some hope that they will stay around,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there’s the new analysis, which Reiter hopes will reach people who may be considering similar conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our study really shows the value of these incentive programs,” he says, “and so we just hope that managers can see these data and see that — hey — there is real value in doing these programs, and particularly in drought years, as we saw, and think about how we can make sure that these are sustained into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, birds visiting the Central Valley have a little more room to roost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Harsh drought conditions in parts of the American West are pushing wild horses to the brink and spurring extreme measures to protect them.[contextly_sidebar id=”379rul4CCWTTtfuuUOOat8RYjrQXPtgj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For what they say is the first time, volunteer groups in Arizona and Colorado are hauling thousands of gallons of water and truckloads of food to remote grazing grounds where springs have run dry and vegetation has disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal land managers also have begun emergency roundups in desert areas of Utah and Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen it like this,” said Simone Netherlands, president of the Arizona-based Salt River Wild Horse Management Group. In May, dozens of horses were found dead on the edge of a dried-up watering hole in northeastern Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As spring turned to summer, drought conditions turned from bad to worse, Netherlands said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico are under the most severe category of drought, though extreme conditions are present from California to Missouri, government analysts say. Parts of the region have witnessed some of the driest conditions on record, amid a cycle of high temperatures and low snowmelt that appears to be getting worse, National Weather Service hydrologist Brian McInerney said.[contextly_sidebar id=”Y0Z2soLZvO63Ov2YyYfy3w0v3pk23Gme”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dry conditions have fed wildfires that have destroyed hundreds of buildings across the West. This month, a firefighter was killed battling a blaze near California’s Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Bureau of Land Management — which oversees vast expanses of public land, mostly in the West — says the problem facing wild horses stems from overpopulation aggravated by severe drought. The region is home to roughly 67,000 wild horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re always going to have drought issues. That’s a common thing out on the range,” agency spokesman Jason Lutterman said. “What really exacerbates things is when we’re already over population, because then you already have resource issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency’s emergency roundup in western Utah began a week ago, aiming to remove roughly 250 wild horses from a population of approximately 670. The operation is expected to take several weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the horses are rounded up, the government gives them veterinary treatment and offers them for sale or adoption. Those that aren’t sold or adopted are transferred to privately contracted corrals and pastures for the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>A similar emergency roundup began this month in central Nevada, where officials said some horses in a herd of 2,100 could die from lack of water in coming weeks. The operation was quickly halted, ironically because of extreme rain, but will likely resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ground’s so dry it’s not absorbing that water. It’s running off,” bureau spokeswoman Jenny Lesieutre said.[contextly_sidebar id=”YPNMW5lsM9BqOp0ptXpDFtGygxdwavxH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volunteers are also taking action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since late spring, Netherlands’s Salt River group has hauled hay to a dozen locations outside Phoenix to feed a herd of starving wild horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 200 miles (320 kilometers) north, a couple near Gray Mountain, on the Navajo Nation, have spearheaded an effort to leave water and food for horses they say would die without human intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In western Colorado, volunteers say they’re preparing to bring up to 5,000 gallons (18,900 liters) of water per day to a herd of 750 desperate horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Springs are drying up that have never dried up,” said Cindy Wright, co-founder of Colorado conservation group Wild Horse Warriors for Sand Wash Basin. Horses in the area stalk the dry earth with their ribs exposed, desperate for a drop, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wild horse advocates have balked at the Bureau of Land Management’s insistence that wild horse populations are too high. Critics say the agency is using dry conditions as a smoke screen to shrink horse populations in response to pressure from ranchers whose livestock compete with the horses for grazing land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do have a concern about the larger numbers that they’re pulling off, and then a bigger concern about the BLM under this administration using all kinds of excuses to pull off horses,” said Suzanne Roy, executive director of the American Wild Horse Campaign, an advocacy organization.[contextly_sidebar id=”pEcEtyv2A4p8aGKApOSfyflGrNFhsQZC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is prohibited from euthanizing the wild horses it rounds up, though President Donald Trump has proposed allowing the animals to be killed or sold for slaughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists in Nevada held a rally last Tuesday at the bureau’s state headquarters in Reno to protest a planned roundup later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics want the government to instead use birth control to manage wild horse populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bureau says the fertility treatment, which must be administered yearly and fired from a dart gun at close range, is too difficult for use except in certain cases where herds are easy to approach and have markings that make horses distinguishable from one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the long-term answer, volunteers say their efforts can’t go on forever. Trucking in water and food could cost several thousand dollars per month and make horses overly dependent on humans, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have a very good fall with a lot of rain — and it’s also warm so that our fall vegetation grows — we’re going to lose horses,” Wright said.\u003cbr>\n___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writers Felicia Fonseca in Flagstaff, Arizona, and Scott Sonner in Reno, Nevada, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_34814 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_34814\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_34814\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Harsh drought conditions in parts of the American West are pushing wild horses to the brink and spurring extreme measures to protect them.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For what they say is the first time, volunteer groups in Arizona and Colorado are hauling thousands of gallons of water and truckloads of food to remote grazing grounds where springs have run dry and vegetation has disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal land managers also have begun emergency roundups in desert areas of Utah and Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen it like this,” said Simone Netherlands, president of the Arizona-based Salt River Wild Horse Management Group. In May, dozens of horses were found dead on the edge of a dried-up watering hole in northeastern Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As spring turned to summer, drought conditions turned from bad to worse, Netherlands said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico are under the most severe category of drought, though extreme conditions are present from California to Missouri, government analysts say. Parts of the region have witnessed some of the driest conditions on record, amid a cycle of high temperatures and low snowmelt that appears to be getting worse, National Weather Service hydrologist Brian McInerney said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dry conditions have fed wildfires that have destroyed hundreds of buildings across the West. This month, a firefighter was killed battling a blaze near California’s Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Bureau of Land Management — which oversees vast expanses of public land, mostly in the West — says the problem facing wild horses stems from overpopulation aggravated by severe drought. The region is home to roughly 67,000 wild horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re always going to have drought issues. That’s a common thing out on the range,” agency spokesman Jason Lutterman said. “What really exacerbates things is when we’re already over population, because then you already have resource issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency’s emergency roundup in western Utah began a week ago, aiming to remove roughly 250 wild horses from a population of approximately 670. The operation is expected to take several weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the horses are rounded up, the government gives them veterinary treatment and offers them for sale or adoption. Those that aren’t sold or adopted are transferred to privately contracted corrals and pastures for the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>A similar emergency roundup began this month in central Nevada, where officials said some horses in a herd of 2,100 could die from lack of water in coming weeks. The operation was quickly halted, ironically because of extreme rain, but will likely resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ground’s so dry it’s not absorbing that water. It’s running off,” bureau spokeswoman Jenny Lesieutre said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volunteers are also taking action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since late spring, Netherlands’s Salt River group has hauled hay to a dozen locations outside Phoenix to feed a herd of starving wild horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 200 miles (320 kilometers) north, a couple near Gray Mountain, on the Navajo Nation, have spearheaded an effort to leave water and food for horses they say would die without human intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In western Colorado, volunteers say they’re preparing to bring up to 5,000 gallons (18,900 liters) of water per day to a herd of 750 desperate horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Springs are drying up that have never dried up,” said Cindy Wright, co-founder of Colorado conservation group Wild Horse Warriors for Sand Wash Basin. Horses in the area stalk the dry earth with their ribs exposed, desperate for a drop, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wild horse advocates have balked at the Bureau of Land Management’s insistence that wild horse populations are too high. Critics say the agency is using dry conditions as a smoke screen to shrink horse populations in response to pressure from ranchers whose livestock compete with the horses for grazing land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do have a concern about the larger numbers that they’re pulling off, and then a bigger concern about the BLM under this administration using all kinds of excuses to pull off horses,” said Suzanne Roy, executive director of the American Wild Horse Campaign, an advocacy organization.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is prohibited from euthanizing the wild horses it rounds up, though President Donald Trump has proposed allowing the animals to be killed or sold for slaughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists in Nevada held a rally last Tuesday at the bureau’s state headquarters in Reno to protest a planned roundup later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics want the government to instead use birth control to manage wild horse populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bureau says the fertility treatment, which must be administered yearly and fired from a dart gun at close range, is too difficult for use except in certain cases where herds are easy to approach and have markings that make horses distinguishable from one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the long-term answer, volunteers say their efforts can’t go on forever. Trucking in water and food could cost several thousand dollars per month and make horses overly dependent on humans, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have a very good fall with a lot of rain — and it’s also warm so that our fall vegetation grows — we’re going to lose horses,” Wright said.\u003cbr>\n___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writers Felicia Fonseca in Flagstaff, Arizona, and Scott Sonner in Reno, Nevada, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_34814 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_34814\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_34814\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "A Sea Urchin Army Is Mowing Down California's Kelp Forests -- But Why?",
"headTitle": "A Sea Urchin Army Is Mowing Down California’s Kelp Forests — But Why? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Kelp forests are the marine mirror images to the towering redwoods onshore, the scaffolding that supports the image of the classic northern California coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these oceanic forests are currently under siege from a potent mix of climate anomalies, disease, and predation that have led to declines in kelp forests not seen in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their place, vast “urchin barrens” of bare rock picked clean by roving grazers. These sunken equivalents of forest clear-cuts gut the complex relationships that sustain a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of the Urchins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weakened by rising ocean temperatures and aggressive storms, kelp forests were already disadvantaged when researchers began to notice urchin populations increasing in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927686\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1927686 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins are experiencing populations surges, leading to overgrazing of giant kelp. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen urchins come through and mow down kelp,” says Tristin McHugh, north coast regional manager for Reef Check, a group of citizen science divers who conduct long-term monitoring studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, for example, there was virtually minimal kelp,” she says. “The barrens were barren — just urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”WEKh98dtZPvhgISltBlFjiZHxmaGztiL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McHugh attributes this increase to elevated recruitment during years in which sea urchin larvae settled out of the plankton in high densities and survived the tumultuous early years of adolescence. Urchins have become so numerous that they have since spawned several citizen science projects aimed at curtailing their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Heroes Wear Furry Capes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, California’s iconic sea otter has stepped in to keep urchin populations in check. Otters feed on sea urchins, which in turn keeps them from overgrazing on kelp. Without otters, the implication is that we would cease to have kelp forests at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens when otters forget just what is on the menu?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same way that you can eat many things but might prefer to eat pizza, otters are known to be generalists in their diets. But individuals have specific preferences which are passed from mother to pup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927356\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-160x51.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-768x247.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1020x328.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1200x386.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1920x617.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1180x379.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-960x309.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-240x77.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-375x121.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-520x167.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A raft of otters rests in Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, CA \u003ccite>(Heather Barrett)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>James Watanabe is a lecturer at Hopkins Marine Station, and he was the first to suggest that otters may have developed a “cultural memory loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the big pulse of recruitment in the ’70’s, up until now, when the urchins started showing up again, there were three generations of otters with some sea urchins present,” he says, “but not enough for any otter to focus on as the main part of the diet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job. They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.’\u003ccite>Joe Tomoleoni, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that the behavior died out if everyone who remembered how to do it has died.” adds Aimee Dunlap, who studies animal cognition at the University of Missouri. “When they reintroduced the California Condor,” she recalls, “they had to haul out carcasses, because they’d had a gap in the parents teaching the young how to be a Condor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Historical Precedent?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe points to the example of \u003cem>Kelletia\u003c/em>, a large predatory snail that moved north into kelp forests during the 1977-1978 El Niño, as a historical example of a time when otters exhibited similar behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big, meaty snail, and it has a big shell, and it got to the point where you could put your hand down anywhere in the kelp beds and one would be within a meter of your hand. But the otters weren’t going for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927360\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927360\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"580\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Kellet’s Whelk in a Monterey kelp forest. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, he began to notice changes beneath the waves. “Within a period of about six months, the abundance dropped and there were a bunch of busted shells all over the place. It’s the damage that only an otter could typically do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Really Blame the Otters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Joe Tomoleoni, an otter biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, bristles at the idea of blaming the urchin boom solely on otters, arguing that it ignores the inherent complexity of kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right'] “It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job,” he says. “They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomoleoni stresses that urchins have always been a major prey item for sea otters in California, and in fact, recent observations show more urchins being consumed now than in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Perfect Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their importance, otter indifference would not be enough to explain what’s happening here. Michael Jacox, a Research Oceanographer with NOAA, points to a series of weather anomalies that have affected the Bay Area over the last five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927620\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 226px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg 226w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp-160x275.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mature kelp plant in Monterey Bay. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It started with a persistent high pressure system which formed over the Pacific Ocean in late 2013. While winters in California are generally characterized as wet and mild, Jacox recalls how “the ridge deflected storms, and we weren’t getting storms or mixing and there was a heat buildup in the surface of the ocean.” This heat buildup, coupled with the extremely strong El Niño of 2015, ultimately impacted the entire US west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had serious implications for marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp in particular was hit especially hard by these warm conditions. “The story for kelp might be similar to how it is for phytoplankton,” Jacox suggests, “They need nutrients in the water, and they prefer cooler conditions. In phytoplankton, we saw really low productivity as a direct result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe suspects it may also have helped drive the urchin boom. To him, the warm water weakened kelp, but failed to kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kelp wasn’t very happy here during the warm water buildup,” he recalls, “but we didn’t see wholesale loss of the canopy like we’re seeing now with overgrazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many researchers spoke to the unprecedented magnitude and persistence of these climate events, they were equally quick to point to signs that the kelp beds may already be recovering. Or at the very least, that they are optimistic the damage can be reversed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite his theory, Watanabe always stressed that it was only a matter of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those otters are so smart,” he says with a smile. “Once they figure out they can eat those urchins, I’m sure the otters will knock them back real quick and the kelp will recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, up on the north coast, we’ve seen cold water showing up,” adds McHugh. “We’ve seen high trade winds and we’ve seen upwelling…maybe our ecosystem is going to have a chance to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Kelp is a keystone in the ocean ecosystem. It's not entirely clear why the urchins have taken over, but there's optimism that the kelp devastation is temporary.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Kelp forests are the marine mirror images to the towering redwoods onshore, the scaffolding that supports the image of the classic northern California coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these oceanic forests are currently under siege from a potent mix of climate anomalies, disease, and predation that have led to declines in kelp forests not seen in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their place, vast “urchin barrens” of bare rock picked clean by roving grazers. These sunken equivalents of forest clear-cuts gut the complex relationships that sustain a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of the Urchins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weakened by rising ocean temperatures and aggressive storms, kelp forests were already disadvantaged when researchers began to notice urchin populations increasing in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927686\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1927686 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/urchins-and-kelp-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins are experiencing populations surges, leading to overgrazing of giant kelp. \u003ccite>(KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen urchins come through and mow down kelp,” says Tristin McHugh, north coast regional manager for Reef Check, a group of citizen science divers who conduct long-term monitoring studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, for example, there was virtually minimal kelp,” she says. “The barrens were barren — just urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McHugh attributes this increase to elevated recruitment during years in which sea urchin larvae settled out of the plankton in high densities and survived the tumultuous early years of adolescence. Urchins have become so numerous that they have since spawned several citizen science projects aimed at curtailing their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Heroes Wear Furry Capes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, California’s iconic sea otter has stepped in to keep urchin populations in check. Otters feed on sea urchins, which in turn keeps them from overgrazing on kelp. Without otters, the implication is that we would cease to have kelp forests at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens when otters forget just what is on the menu?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same way that you can eat many things but might prefer to eat pizza, otters are known to be generalists in their diets. But individuals have specific preferences which are passed from mother to pup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927356\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-800x257.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-160x51.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-768x247.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1020x328.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1200x386.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1920x617.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-1180x379.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-960x309.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-240x77.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-375x121.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Otter_Group-520x167.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A raft of otters rests in Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, CA \u003ccite>(Heather Barrett)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>James Watanabe is a lecturer at Hopkins Marine Station, and he was the first to suggest that otters may have developed a “cultural memory loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the big pulse of recruitment in the ’70’s, up until now, when the urchins started showing up again, there were three generations of otters with some sea urchins present,” he says, “but not enough for any otter to focus on as the main part of the diet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job. They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.’\u003ccite>Joe Tomoleoni, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that the behavior died out if everyone who remembered how to do it has died.” adds Aimee Dunlap, who studies animal cognition at the University of Missouri. “When they reintroduced the California Condor,” she recalls, “they had to haul out carcasses, because they’d had a gap in the parents teaching the young how to be a Condor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Historical Precedent?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe points to the example of \u003cem>Kelletia\u003c/em>, a large predatory snail that moved north into kelp forests during the 1977-1978 El Niño, as a historical example of a time when otters exhibited similar behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big, meaty snail, and it has a big shell, and it got to the point where you could put your hand down anywhere in the kelp beds and one would be within a meter of your hand. But the otters weren’t going for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927360\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927360\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"580\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelletia_kel580-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Kellet’s Whelk in a Monterey kelp forest. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, he began to notice changes beneath the waves. “Within a period of about six months, the abundance dropped and there were a bunch of busted shells all over the place. It’s the damage that only an otter could typically do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Really Blame the Otters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Joe Tomoleoni, an otter biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, bristles at the idea of blaming the urchin boom solely on otters, arguing that it ignores the inherent complexity of kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> “It’s not that the sea otters aren’t doing their job,” he says. “They’re doing it very well, there’s just much more to the story than otters and urchins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomoleoni stresses that urchins have always been a major prey item for sea otters in California, and in fact, recent observations show more urchins being consumed now than in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Perfect Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their importance, otter indifference would not be enough to explain what’s happening here. Michael Jacox, a Research Oceanographer with NOAA, points to a series of weather anomalies that have affected the Bay Area over the last five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927620\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 226px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp.jpg 226w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/kelp-160x275.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mature kelp plant in Monterey Bay. \u003ccite>(James Watanabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It started with a persistent high pressure system which formed over the Pacific Ocean in late 2013. While winters in California are generally characterized as wet and mild, Jacox recalls how “the ridge deflected storms, and we weren’t getting storms or mixing and there was a heat buildup in the surface of the ocean.” This heat buildup, coupled with the extremely strong El Niño of 2015, ultimately impacted the entire US west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had serious implications for marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp in particular was hit especially hard by these warm conditions. “The story for kelp might be similar to how it is for phytoplankton,” Jacox suggests, “They need nutrients in the water, and they prefer cooler conditions. In phytoplankton, we saw really low productivity as a direct result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watanabe suspects it may also have helped drive the urchin boom. To him, the warm water weakened kelp, but failed to kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kelp wasn’t very happy here during the warm water buildup,” he recalls, “but we didn’t see wholesale loss of the canopy like we’re seeing now with overgrazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many researchers spoke to the unprecedented magnitude and persistence of these climate events, they were equally quick to point to signs that the kelp beds may already be recovering. Or at the very least, that they are optimistic the damage can be reversed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite his theory, Watanabe always stressed that it was only a matter of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those otters are so smart,” he says with a smile. “Once they figure out they can eat those urchins, I’m sure the otters will knock them back real quick and the kelp will recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell has been a regular at the same watering hole for more than 25 years. Most of the other patrons are elephants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer marks the Stanford researcher’s 26th visit to Mushara, a natural freshwater spring in Namibia’s Etosha National Park that gets heavy elephant traffic. Thousands of elephants in the southwest African nation roam an area the size of New Jersey, with different groups taking turns at the park’s numerous watering holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926270\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell observes elephants in Namibia’s Etosha National Park. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>O’Connell-Rodwell’s research focuses on seismic communication among elephants, a field she pioneered back in 1997. Over the years, her work has shown that African elephants exchange information by emitting low-frequency sounds that travel dozens of miles under the ground on the savanna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sound waves come from the animals’ huge vocal cords, and distant elephants “hear” the signals with their highly sensitive feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When an elephant vocalizes, it’s like a mini-explosion at the source,” said O’Connell-Rodwell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sound waves spread out through the ground and air. By triangulating the two types of signals using both ears and feet, elephants can tune in to the direction, distance and content of a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be similar to counting the difference between thunder and lightning,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to O’Connell-Rodwell, seismic communication is the key to understanding the complex dynamics of elephant communities. There are seismic messages that are sent passively, such as when elephants eavesdrop on each other’s footsteps. More active announcements include alarm cries, mating calls and navigation instructions to the herd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926271\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926271\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513_elephants_two-footstep_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elephants communicate seismically through vocalizations and by picking up each other’s footsteps. \u003ccite>(Tim Rodwell/Peter Zielyk)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a series of experiments first developed with the help of an elephant at the Oakland Zoo, O’Connell-Rodwell played typical calls on speakers buried in the ground to elephants at the watering hole at Mushara. She found that a predator alarm played on an above-ground speaker caused the herd to flee immediately. They responded quite differently, however, to the same call played underground. They closed ranks, but stayed put.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She concluded that the elephants could tell the difference between nearby and distant dangers from how they had received the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, O’Connell-Rodwell is focusing on dominance behaviors among females. Sometimes small family groups in this matriarchal society are forced out of the herd, even violently, when resources are scarce. “It seems really harsh to watch,” said O’Connell-Rodwell, “but it’s protecting your own core family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another ongoing study looks at how young males — who leave the herd for a solitary life in late adolescence — sometimes come together into their own family-like groups. Like typical families, these male bands seem to communicate their movements over vast distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926272\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926272 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell in the observation tower at Mushara watering hole. \u003ccite>(Tim Rodwell/Peter Zielyk)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>O’Connell-Rodwell’s career studying seismic communication didn’t begin in these wide-open grasslands. As a master’s student at the University of Hawaii-Manoa she studied planthoppers, cicada-like insects that communicate with each other, chiefly for reproductive purposes, by sending out vibrations over the stems of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leap from working with an insect that fits in your hand to studying the world’s largest land animal was an easy one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It didn’t take me long to realize that they were behaving in exactly the same way,” she recalled. When she first observed elephants in Africa, she noticed how, like planthoppers, elephants adopted recognizable listening poses. Standing still, picking up a foot and pointing a toe at the ground were good indicators that new information was coming in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seismic communication works with elephants because of the incredible sensitivity of their feet. Like all mammals, including humans, elephants have receptors called Pacinian corpuscles, or PCs, in their skin. PCs are hardwired to a part of the brain where touch signals are processed, called the somatosensory cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926274\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926274\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513_elephants_foot-spreads_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An elephant’s foot can spread out by 20 percent when pressed to the ground. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In elephants, PCs are clustered around the edge of the foot. When picking up a far-off signal, elephants sometimes press their feet into the ground, enlarging its surface by as much as 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In captivity, an elephant’s foot can become its Achilles heel. The pad on the underside of the foot grows about 3 inches a year. On the savanna, 18 hours a day of walking over rocks and dirt keeps it ground down and healthy, but most captive elephants have far less space to wander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Walking and activities like digging are natural ways that wild elephants keep their nails and foot pads in good wear,” said Jackie Gai, a veterinarian at the Performing Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), a refuge in Calaveras County, California, that takes in elephants rescued from zoos, circuses and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the pad becomes overgrown, it can dry out, crack and get infected, just like a neglected callus on a human foot. In a 2006 survey by the Oregon Zoo, a third of North American zoos reported foot problems in at least one captive elephant. Most of these problems stemmed from too little exercise and too much time spent on the wrong surfaces — namely, concrete — according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biweekly pedicures are part of the routine for the eight elephants housed at the 2,300-acre PAWS facility. “One of our elephants with arthritis and crooked legs has her feet checked two to three times per week,” said Gai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926275\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513_elephants_pedicure_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The elephants at PAWS get pedicures at least once a month. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strictly speaking, when elephants pick up ground vibrations in their feet, it’s their sense of feeling, not hearing, at work. Typically, hearing happens without physical contact, when airborne vibrations hit the eardrum, causing the tiny bones of the inner ear to tremble and transmit a message to the brain along the auditory nerve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even in humans, the two senses are not as distinct as they seem. “People with hearing impairment process vibrotactile [touch] signals in the auditory cortex,” O’Connell-Rodwell pointed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her work has shown that in elephants, some ground vibrations actually reach the hearing centers of the brain through a process called bone conduction. With bone conduction, the vibration message travels through the elephant’s skeleton directly to its inner ear bones, bypassing the eardrum altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By modeling how the elephant’s inner ear bones respond to seismic sound waves, scientists are hoping to use a bone-conduction approach to develop new and better hearing aids for people. Instead of amplifying sound waves through the ear canal, these devices would transmit sound vibrations into a person’s jawbone or skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly likely, elephants use both to assess the information they receive vibrationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very difficult to isolate one from the other,” O’Connell-Rodwell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926276\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PAWS is home to eight African elephants. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell has been a regular at the same watering hole for more than 25 years. Most of the other patrons are elephants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer marks the Stanford researcher’s 26th visit to Mushara, a natural freshwater spring in Namibia’s Etosha National Park that gets heavy elephant traffic. Thousands of elephants in the southwest African nation roam an area the size of New Jersey, with different groups taking turns at the park’s numerous watering holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926270\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants-caitlin-photographing-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell observes elephants in Namibia’s Etosha National Park. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>O’Connell-Rodwell’s research focuses on seismic communication among elephants, a field she pioneered back in 1997. Over the years, her work has shown that African elephants exchange information by emitting low-frequency sounds that travel dozens of miles under the ground on the savanna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sound waves come from the animals’ huge vocal cords, and distant elephants “hear” the signals with their highly sensitive feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When an elephant vocalizes, it’s like a mini-explosion at the source,” said O’Connell-Rodwell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sound waves spread out through the ground and air. By triangulating the two types of signals using both ears and feet, elephants can tune in to the direction, distance and content of a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be similar to counting the difference between thunder and lightning,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to O’Connell-Rodwell, seismic communication is the key to understanding the complex dynamics of elephant communities. There are seismic messages that are sent passively, such as when elephants eavesdrop on each other’s footsteps. More active announcements include alarm cries, mating calls and navigation instructions to the herd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926271\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926271\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513_elephants_two-footstep_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elephants communicate seismically through vocalizations and by picking up each other’s footsteps. \u003ccite>(Tim Rodwell/Peter Zielyk)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a series of experiments first developed with the help of an elephant at the Oakland Zoo, O’Connell-Rodwell played typical calls on speakers buried in the ground to elephants at the watering hole at Mushara. She found that a predator alarm played on an above-ground speaker caused the herd to flee immediately. They responded quite differently, however, to the same call played underground. They closed ranks, but stayed put.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She concluded that the elephants could tell the difference between nearby and distant dangers from how they had received the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, O’Connell-Rodwell is focusing on dominance behaviors among females. Sometimes small family groups in this matriarchal society are forced out of the herd, even violently, when resources are scarce. “It seems really harsh to watch,” said O’Connell-Rodwell, “but it’s protecting your own core family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another ongoing study looks at how young males — who leave the herd for a solitary life in late adolescence — sometimes come together into their own family-like groups. Like typical families, these male bands seem to communicate their movements over vast distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926272\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926272 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elelphants-caitlin-tower-pointing-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell in the observation tower at Mushara watering hole. \u003ccite>(Tim Rodwell/Peter Zielyk)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>O’Connell-Rodwell’s career studying seismic communication didn’t begin in these wide-open grasslands. As a master’s student at the University of Hawaii-Manoa she studied planthoppers, cicada-like insects that communicate with each other, chiefly for reproductive purposes, by sending out vibrations over the stems of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leap from working with an insect that fits in your hand to studying the world’s largest land animal was an easy one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It didn’t take me long to realize that they were behaving in exactly the same way,” she recalled. When she first observed elephants in Africa, she noticed how, like planthoppers, elephants adopted recognizable listening poses. Standing still, picking up a foot and pointing a toe at the ground were good indicators that new information was coming in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seismic communication works with elephants because of the incredible sensitivity of their feet. Like all mammals, including humans, elephants have receptors called Pacinian corpuscles, or PCs, in their skin. PCs are hardwired to a part of the brain where touch signals are processed, called the somatosensory cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926274\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926274\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513_elephants_foot-spreads_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An elephant’s foot can spread out by 20 percent when pressed to the ground. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In elephants, PCs are clustered around the edge of the foot. When picking up a far-off signal, elephants sometimes press their feet into the ground, enlarging its surface by as much as 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In captivity, an elephant’s foot can become its Achilles heel. The pad on the underside of the foot grows about 3 inches a year. On the savanna, 18 hours a day of walking over rocks and dirt keeps it ground down and healthy, but most captive elephants have far less space to wander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Walking and activities like digging are natural ways that wild elephants keep their nails and foot pads in good wear,” said Jackie Gai, a veterinarian at the Performing Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), a refuge in Calaveras County, California, that takes in elephants rescued from zoos, circuses and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the pad becomes overgrown, it can dry out, crack and get infected, just like a neglected callus on a human foot. In a 2006 survey by the Oregon Zoo, a third of North American zoos reported foot problems in at least one captive elephant. Most of these problems stemmed from too little exercise and too much time spent on the wrong surfaces — namely, concrete — according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biweekly pedicures are part of the routine for the eight elephants housed at the 2,300-acre PAWS facility. “One of our elephants with arthritis and crooked legs has her feet checked two to three times per week,” said Gai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926275\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513_elephants_pedicure_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The elephants at PAWS get pedicures at least once a month. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strictly speaking, when elephants pick up ground vibrations in their feet, it’s their sense of feeling, not hearing, at work. Typically, hearing happens without physical contact, when airborne vibrations hit the eardrum, causing the tiny bones of the inner ear to tremble and transmit a message to the brain along the auditory nerve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even in humans, the two senses are not as distinct as they seem. “People with hearing impairment process vibrotactile [touch] signals in the auditory cortex,” O’Connell-Rodwell pointed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her work has shown that in elephants, some ground vibrations actually reach the hearing centers of the brain through a process called bone conduction. With bone conduction, the vibration message travels through the elephant’s skeleton directly to its inner ear bones, bypassing the eardrum altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By modeling how the elephant’s inner ear bones respond to seismic sound waves, scientists are hoping to use a bone-conduction approach to develop new and better hearing aids for people. Instead of amplifying sound waves through the ear canal, these devices would transmit sound vibrations into a person’s jawbone or skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly likely, elephants use both to assess the information they receive vibrationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very difficult to isolate one from the other,” O’Connell-Rodwell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926276\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/DL513-elephants_three-at-paws-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PAWS is home to eight African elephants. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Spot quiz: let’s say you’re taking the air on one of Northern California’s many inviting trails, and you suddenly notice you have company. Large company. With fur. What do you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, most wild animals that live among us don’t pose a serious threat to humans and some even make great neighbors, snacking on pesky garden pests and rodents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is in knowing how to adjust your behavior when you find yourself in the presence of a wild animal. Wildlife experts on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866210/look-big-and-other-wildlife-encounter-tips\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program discuss some important steps you can take to protect yourself \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the animal from harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Feed Wild Animals. Seriously, Don’t. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a huge no-no, says San Francisco-based writer Rachel Levin, who dishes out plenty of tips in her useful, engaging book, \u003ca class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/558094/look-big-by-rachel-levin/9780399580376/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Look Big: And Other Tips for Surviving Animal Encounters of All Kinds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says too many conflicts between wildlife and humans occur because the critter is being fed by some people and not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The animal doesn’t understand why some humans feed him while others don’t,” said Levin on Thursday’s Forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that feeding wildlife creates an expectation in the animal that can lead to it becoming a nuisance. But the next human the animal approaches may not be so friendly and may take extreme measures to get rid of the critter. So experts say it’s best to resist the urge to feed one, no matter how cute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Take Selfies with a Wild Animal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one should be self-evident, but in the words of Forum host Michael Krasny, “People do some incredibly stupid things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Install a Scarecrow Sprinkler \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These motion-activated sprinklers are an effective means for scaring wildlife out of your yard. It works for a host of animals, from wild turkeys and deer, to raccoons, rabbits and coyotes. The sudden blast of water causes critters (and sometimes unsuspecting human guests) to panic and run. Just make sure to install it in an area of your yard that’s not frequently used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Not to Run\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this piece of advice might be easier said than done, going into flight mode can actually put you in direct line of danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of black bears, waiving your arms around and yelling is your best bet, say the experts. Levin says that these bears are “big chickens” and are not looking for a fight (a well-documented exception is a mother bear with cubs nearby).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of sharks, blend in with the background, says Terry Gosliner\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a senior curator at the California Academy of Sciences. If you see a shark, avoid erratic movements that might resemble wounded fish. Simply wait for the shark to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoid spearfishing in an area patrolled by sharks. According to Gosliner, it’s the equivalent of “dangling a raw steak in front of a voracious predator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to be Annoying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a low-tech way to discourage curious critters: drop three pennies into an empty soda can. The sound of pennies banging against metal produces an unpleasant sound for the animal, says Levin. Tape the opening and simply shake the can around when confronted with wildlife such as a coyote or a black bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that coyotes in particular are afraid of the unfamiliar. Introducing new elements into the scene, like an unusual jacket or an odd collar on a pet dog, can cause a nervous coyote to head the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Get Tested for Rabies if You Find Bats in Your Home\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although humans can only contract rabies if there has been an exchange of saliva or blood, people don’t always know when they’ve been bitten, according to Alison Hermance, a communications director at nonprofit Wildcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call the Experts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you encounter a sick or injured animal in the Bay Area, call \u003ca href=\"https://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/found-animals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WildCare\u003c/a> at 415-456-7283 or contact \u003ca title=\"Link to list of wildlife rehabilitators\" href=\"http://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/find-a-wildlife-rehabilitator/\"> your local wildlife hospital.\u003c/a> They will help you determine whether and how to intervene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, experts say that it’s important to keep in mind that the odds of a wild animal in the Bay Area harming you are incredibly slim. Should you run into an especially stubborn critter standing in your path, best to simply back away. If these tips seem like pointing out the obvious, Gosliner notes that “common sense just isn’t common enough.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Spot quiz: let’s say you’re taking the air on one of Northern California’s many inviting trails, and you suddenly notice you have company. Large company. With fur. What do you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, most wild animals that live among us don’t pose a serious threat to humans and some even make great neighbors, snacking on pesky garden pests and rodents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is in knowing how to adjust your behavior when you find yourself in the presence of a wild animal. Wildlife experts on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866210/look-big-and-other-wildlife-encounter-tips\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program discuss some important steps you can take to protect yourself \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the animal from harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Feed Wild Animals. Seriously, Don’t. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a huge no-no, says San Francisco-based writer Rachel Levin, who dishes out plenty of tips in her useful, engaging book, \u003ca class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/558094/look-big-by-rachel-levin/9780399580376/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Look Big: And Other Tips for Surviving Animal Encounters of All Kinds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says too many conflicts between wildlife and humans occur because the critter is being fed by some people and not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The animal doesn’t understand why some humans feed him while others don’t,” said Levin on Thursday’s Forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that feeding wildlife creates an expectation in the animal that can lead to it becoming a nuisance. But the next human the animal approaches may not be so friendly and may take extreme measures to get rid of the critter. So experts say it’s best to resist the urge to feed one, no matter how cute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do Not Take Selfies with a Wild Animal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one should be self-evident, but in the words of Forum host Michael Krasny, “People do some incredibly stupid things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Install a Scarecrow Sprinkler \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These motion-activated sprinklers are an effective means for scaring wildlife out of your yard. It works for a host of animals, from wild turkeys and deer, to raccoons, rabbits and coyotes. The sudden blast of water causes critters (and sometimes unsuspecting human guests) to panic and run. Just make sure to install it in an area of your yard that’s not frequently used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Not to Run\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this piece of advice might be easier said than done, going into flight mode can actually put you in direct line of danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of black bears, waiving your arms around and yelling is your best bet, say the experts. Levin says that these bears are “big chickens” and are not looking for a fight (a well-documented exception is a mother bear with cubs nearby).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of sharks, blend in with the background, says Terry Gosliner\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a senior curator at the California Academy of Sciences. If you see a shark, avoid erratic movements that might resemble wounded fish. Simply wait for the shark to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoid spearfishing in an area patrolled by sharks. According to Gosliner, it’s the equivalent of “dangling a raw steak in front of a voracious predator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to be Annoying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a low-tech way to discourage curious critters: drop three pennies into an empty soda can. The sound of pennies banging against metal produces an unpleasant sound for the animal, says Levin. Tape the opening and simply shake the can around when confronted with wildlife such as a coyote or a black bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin says that coyotes in particular are afraid of the unfamiliar. Introducing new elements into the scene, like an unusual jacket or an odd collar on a pet dog, can cause a nervous coyote to head the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Get Tested for Rabies if You Find Bats in Your Home\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although humans can only contract rabies if there has been an exchange of saliva or blood, people don’t always know when they’ve been bitten, according to Alison Hermance, a communications director at nonprofit Wildcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call the Experts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you encounter a sick or injured animal in the Bay Area, call \u003ca href=\"https://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/found-animals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WildCare\u003c/a> at 415-456-7283 or contact \u003ca title=\"Link to list of wildlife rehabilitators\" href=\"http://www.discoverwildcare.org/wildlife-resources/find-a-wildlife-rehabilitator/\"> your local wildlife hospital.\u003c/a> They will help you determine whether and how to intervene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, experts say that it’s important to keep in mind that the odds of a wild animal in the Bay Area harming you are incredibly slim. Should you run into an especially stubborn critter standing in your path, best to simply back away. If these tips seem like pointing out the obvious, Gosliner notes that “common sense just isn’t common enough.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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