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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The vinegaroon – also known as a whip scorpion – looks like a Frankenstein creation of monster body parts. But unlike true scorpions, it doesn’t use venom to defend itself from predators. Instead, it aims its tail at their face and sprays a blast of acid that reeks of – you guessed it – vinegar. Only \u003ci>this\u003c/i> weaponized vinegar is 16 times stronger than what’s in your salad.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Late at night, after a rain in Arizona’s high desert, a dark shape creeps out from its underground lair. It’s as big as your palm, and it’s hungry. And if it feels bothered …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, what just happened?? And seriously, what is this thing? A mutant land lobster?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I mean, it’s got claws like a scorpion. The mouth of a spider?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antennae-like things coming out of its armpits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A long, skinny tail like a … RAT?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This surprising combo of monster body parts is a vinegaroon, also known as a whip scorpion. It’s in a group of animals called arachnids, that includes scorpions and spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t sting like a scorpion, or hunt with a web like many spiders. A vinegaroon has its very own style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tail may look dangerous, but it’s actually a finely tuned sensor. It picks up vibrations and chemicals in the air, in this case, to stalk its prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up front, those antennae-looking things are actually specialized legs. They help the vinegaroon feel its way around. It’s basically blind. So it relies on touch and smell to close in on its meal. It will break through this cricket’s tough exoskeleton with its claws and bristly mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vinegaroon also uses these wicked claws to excavate its burrow. Adults and their young use the burrows for protection from predators, and to stay out of the scorching desert sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vinegaroons and their ancestors have survived this way for hundreds of millions of years. So, what does it need that spray for? Researchers observe it by gently holding the animal with forceps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those frightening looks, this surprising spritz is actually its strongest defense against anything that wants to eat them – like skunks, raccoons or coyotes. Even with poor eyesight, the vinegaroon sprays with incredible accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, two pygidial glands, also known as “stink glands,” hold the foul fluid. The base of the tail is extremely flexible, and can aim the blast in any direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Touché, skunk!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instant it sprays, the gland openings appear as two retractable nozzles. An adult vinegaroon can shoot up to five times before it needs to let its stink glands fill up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spray reeks. That’s because the solution is mostly acetic acid, the same stuff in the vinegar in your salad dressing, except this cocktail is 16 times stronger. A blast of that to the face of a larger predator is like pepper spray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the vinegaroon’s signature defense is unlikely to do any lasting damage, it will certainly leave a lasting impression.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>From birdsong and crashing waves to the whisper of the wind in the trees, the natural world is brimming with diverse soundscapes. But according to author and biologist David George Haskell, many of Earth’s soundscapes are in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noise pollution from mining and industrial shipping in the oceans has become so loud that aquatic creatures struggle to communicate with each other. Birds and insects that fill the night with chirps and caws are steadily decreasing. Scientists talk about biodiversity of species all the time, but what about sonic diversity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new book, “\u003ca href=\"https://dghaskell.com/sounds-wild-and-broken/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds Wild and Broken: Sonic Marvels, Evolution’s Creativity, and the Crisis of Sensory Extinction\u003c/a>,” Haskell writes that the world’s soundscapes are at risk, threatened by human noise pollution and habitat destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that if people continue to ignore, destroy and smother the world’s sounds, we threaten our ability to connect with the natural world, as well as endangering even more species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Mina Kim spoke with Haskell, a biology professor at Sewanee in Tennessee, about his book, the acoustic crisis and the power of listening closely to our own neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been lightly edited for length and clarity. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101888111/david-george-haskell-on-preserving-the-earths-sonic-diversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">listen to the full Forum segment\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MINA KIM\u003c/strong>: One of the things I was really struck by as I was reading your book, and also hearing the examples given to us by listeners, was how many people said that their favorite sounds were made by birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as you remind us in the book, a third of North American songbirds have disappeared in the last half century. And so this is in part what you mean, when you say the diverse sounds of the world are now in crisis?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DAVID GEORGE HASKELL\u003c/strong>: Birds are a good way into this. Certainly, in my own journey, I started listening to birds and identifying species, and then individuals, and then came to understand all the nuances of the landscape and the seasons through them. Many people have this connection. Birds are very much like us in their sensory systems. They’re acoustic and visual, and listening to them, of course, brings us great joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it also teaches us that we live in an age of diminishment. Listening is a way of discerning that decline. For example, when scientists go out to survey birds, almost 90% — and in tropical areas, it’s more like 99% — of the birds that you would count in your survey you get through your ears, because you’re in, for example, dense forest, where you can’t see the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve said if there’s an acoustic hell, it’s in today’s oceans. Why do you say that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans live in this place that is beyond our senses. If you’re standing on the ocean shore, you won’t hear it unless it’s very, very loud. Most sound waves that come up from the deep ocean hit the surface and bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when we are close to the ocean, we have a sensory disconnection from what’s happening below the waves. And over the last several decades, shipping noise has vastly increased — [there’s] lots of sonar, particularly from military vessels, and also seismic exploration of the oceans, where air guns are used. They blast off every few seconds, over weeks and months, and turn the ocean into this tumult of sound that is almost unsurpassed in any terrestrial environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the particular problem for ocean creatures is that this isn’t just annoying, or an inconvenience. This destroys their ability to communicate with one another. And sometimes the sound is loud enough that it’s actually destroying them from the inside physiologically, because sound in the ocean flows through the skin into the watery bodies of creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If we care about maintaining and expanding sonic diversity at this stage, where Earth is rapidly changing, what can we do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of things we can do. One of the things I tried to do with my students over the years is open our senses to the stories that are present around us every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound is an invitation into appreciation of the diversity of life, the many voices of other species. It’s also a great teacher about problems of environmental injustice and environmental racism. Why is it that certain neighborhoods and cities have highways routed through them, and are exposed to higher levels of urban noise and traffic noise and air pollution than others? By listening to our own neighborhoods — both for the beauty, but also the brokenness around us — we can get a sense of, “What can my gifts and talents do to mesh with the world to produce productive change in my own community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You talk about how sound has the power to evoke memories and emotions, but you also say that sound is generative. Can you explain what you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that stunned me while researching for this book: going back in time and realizing how much sonic connection from one creature to another — or from one nonliving entity to another — has been a creative force in biological evolution and cultural change. But also in the makeup of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very first sound waves passed through the hot plasma of the universe when it was a compact, blazing little ball of heat. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From birdsong and crashing waves to the whisper of the wind in the trees, the natural world is brimming with diverse soundscapes. But according to author and biologist David George Haskell, many of Earth’s soundscapes are in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noise pollution from mining and industrial shipping in the oceans has become so loud that aquatic creatures struggle to communicate with each other. Birds and insects that fill the night with chirps and caws are steadily decreasing. Scientists talk about biodiversity of species all the time, but what about sonic diversity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new book, “\u003ca href=\"https://dghaskell.com/sounds-wild-and-broken/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds Wild and Broken: Sonic Marvels, Evolution’s Creativity, and the Crisis of Sensory Extinction\u003c/a>,” Haskell writes that the world’s soundscapes are at risk, threatened by human noise pollution and habitat destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that if people continue to ignore, destroy and smother the world’s sounds, we threaten our ability to connect with the natural world, as well as endangering even more species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Mina Kim spoke with Haskell, a biology professor at Sewanee in Tennessee, about his book, the acoustic crisis and the power of listening closely to our own neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been lightly edited for length and clarity. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101888111/david-george-haskell-on-preserving-the-earths-sonic-diversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">listen to the full Forum segment\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MINA KIM\u003c/strong>: One of the things I was really struck by as I was reading your book, and also hearing the examples given to us by listeners, was how many people said that their favorite sounds were made by birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as you remind us in the book, a third of North American songbirds have disappeared in the last half century. And so this is in part what you mean, when you say the diverse sounds of the world are now in crisis?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DAVID GEORGE HASKELL\u003c/strong>: Birds are a good way into this. Certainly, in my own journey, I started listening to birds and identifying species, and then individuals, and then came to understand all the nuances of the landscape and the seasons through them. Many people have this connection. Birds are very much like us in their sensory systems. They’re acoustic and visual, and listening to them, of course, brings us great joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it also teaches us that we live in an age of diminishment. Listening is a way of discerning that decline. For example, when scientists go out to survey birds, almost 90% — and in tropical areas, it’s more like 99% — of the birds that you would count in your survey you get through your ears, because you’re in, for example, dense forest, where you can’t see the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve said if there’s an acoustic hell, it’s in today’s oceans. Why do you say that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans live in this place that is beyond our senses. If you’re standing on the ocean shore, you won’t hear it unless it’s very, very loud. Most sound waves that come up from the deep ocean hit the surface and bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when we are close to the ocean, we have a sensory disconnection from what’s happening below the waves. And over the last several decades, shipping noise has vastly increased — [there’s] lots of sonar, particularly from military vessels, and also seismic exploration of the oceans, where air guns are used. They blast off every few seconds, over weeks and months, and turn the ocean into this tumult of sound that is almost unsurpassed in any terrestrial environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the particular problem for ocean creatures is that this isn’t just annoying, or an inconvenience. This destroys their ability to communicate with one another. And sometimes the sound is loud enough that it’s actually destroying them from the inside physiologically, because sound in the ocean flows through the skin into the watery bodies of creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If we care about maintaining and expanding sonic diversity at this stage, where Earth is rapidly changing, what can we do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of things we can do. One of the things I tried to do with my students over the years is open our senses to the stories that are present around us every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound is an invitation into appreciation of the diversity of life, the many voices of other species. It’s also a great teacher about problems of environmental injustice and environmental racism. Why is it that certain neighborhoods and cities have highways routed through them, and are exposed to higher levels of urban noise and traffic noise and air pollution than others? By listening to our own neighborhoods — both for the beauty, but also the brokenness around us — we can get a sense of, “What can my gifts and talents do to mesh with the world to produce productive change in my own community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You talk about how sound has the power to evoke memories and emotions, but you also say that sound is generative. Can you explain what you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that stunned me while researching for this book: going back in time and realizing how much sonic connection from one creature to another — or from one nonliving entity to another — has been a creative force in biological evolution and cultural change. But also in the makeup of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very first sound waves passed through the hot plasma of the universe when it was a compact, blazing little ball of heat. As the universe expanded, the plasma cooled, and those sound waves still run through the universe today as the microwave background radiation that astronomers can pick up with … their instruments. The peaks of those little sound waves became the first clusters of atoms around which the stars and galaxies formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sound waves of the universe seeded the stars and the galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once life evolved on planet Earth, sound became a way for creatures to connect. All sorts of amazing beauty and diversity emerges because of the sonic connection from one being to another.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>The cage fungus looks and smells like decaying meat — on purpose. Its goopy lattice gives off a rotten odor that attracts flies, which help spread its spores far and wide. It’s like a bee to a flower, but way more macabre and putrid.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>What is that terrible smell?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it spoiled fruit? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rotten egg? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dead animal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s actually coming from this cage fungus — and it’s in the absolute prime of its life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That horrible smell is part of an elaborate hoax to fake its own death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most mushrooms, what you see is only a small part of the organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority is hidden below the surface — in an expansive network of miniscule threads called the mycelium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cage fungus is saprobic — the mycelium eats dead and rotting wood, digesting the cellulose and returning nutrients to the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the weather is warm and wet and there’s plenty of wood around, the mycelium creates an “egg” — this brain-looking thing — that pops up above ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A white leathery membrane protects the egg as it grows and stretches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until it cracks open. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spongy lattice bursts outward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few hours it looks — and smells — like a basket made of decaying flesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interior surfaces of the lattice are coated in a sickly brown slime called gleba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That horrendous odor emanates from those sticky globs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The open lattice shape helps the stench spread in the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to a fly, that reek is irresistible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It screams: rotting carcass! A delectable meal, or a place to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gaps in the lattice are just the right size for the flies to pop in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They traipse around, gobbling up the goo. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flies love it, but what’s in it for the fungus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, the fungus needs something that the flies have — wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many mushrooms spread their spores by releasing them into the wind, the cage fungus gets the flies to do all the work \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they feed, the flies unintentionally down millions of the fungus’ microscopic spores, hidden inside the dark slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gleba also clings to the flies’ feet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the flies lift off, they take the spores with them, spreading them far and wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about a day the lattice starts to collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having successfully spread its spores, this is the end of its story — or is it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the conditions are right, the fungus will pop up more eggs year after year — continuing its deception for the sake of future generations.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>After the first big rain, western subterranean termites swarm by the thousands. Hungry ants, spiders and birds pick them off as they emerge from the soil. The survivors fly off to find mates, and quickly drop their delicate wings to start new underground colonies. If you’re really unlucky, they’ll build tubes of mud and saliva from their nest to yours.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Once a year, on a warm fall day, these winged creatures emerge by the thousands. Western subterranean termites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They follow the first rain after the dry California summer, pushing through the softened soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s no stopping them. They crawl through cracks in the road and holes in tree stumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re envoys from an underground world. The colonies send them up, these swarming termites called alates. With wings that last just hours, they’ll flutter away, find a mate, and start colonies of their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a crucial operation for the survival of the species. So, soldier termites stand guard over the crowd. Soldiers have huge heads, with menacing mandibles to defend against predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the everyday life of a colony, soldiers watch over the workers, these milky-white nestmates that rear the young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because they’re both blind, this soldier vibrates its head to warn the workers away from danger, like this exposed spot where the bark has peeled away. Out in the open, they could be picked off. So, they retreat to safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danger is at its highest on that momentous day when the alates come out and swarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ants attack them as they emerge and the termite soldiers are quickly overwhelmed. The ants cart the alates off, bit by bit, to feed \u003cem>their\u003c/em> hungry colony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spiders also make off with a few. Everyone wants a piece of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survivors fly a short distance, sometimes just a few feet. Alates can see, which helps them find mates from nearby colonies, where the same exodus is underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They shed their wings and the male follows the female’s scent pretty closely. Soon, they’ll dig into the earth and start their own colony, crowning themselves king and queen. These two alone will make thousands of termites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They all groom each other to get rid of anything that could make the colony sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the workers forage for the termites’ only food – the cellulose that helps give wood its structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Termites eat decaying trees and break them down. In that way, they’re incredibly useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they become our enemy when they go for the wood inside our homes. They build tubes out of saliva and soil to connect their nest to yours. The insects dry out easily and need these covered shelter tubes to stay moist. Once they’re in, they chow down along the grain of the wood.\u003cbr>\n[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nSee photos of the \u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7415.html\">different kinds of shelter tubes that subterranean termites build to get in and out of a house\u003c/a> in this fact sheet by the UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program.\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003cbr>\nSometimes, you can see their most recent lumber meal inside their translucent bellies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they pass on some nutritious liquids to the young’uns, yep, through their backside. This feeding style is called anal trophallaxis. Bon appétit!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hey, you don’t have to invite them for dinner. Just call pest control! And if you see one of these, you want to do this … to drive those tenacious termites back outside, where they really belong.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Ever seen tiny discarded insect wings while out on a hike or near your house? They’re leftovers from a huge termite swarm. Once a year, western subterranean termites fly out by the thousands throughout California. Hungry ants, spiders and birds pick them off as they emerge from the soil. The survivors flutter off to find mates, and quickly drop their delicate wings to start new underground colonies. If you’re unlucky, they’ll build tubes of mud and saliva from their nest to yours.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>After the first big rain, western subterranean termites swarm by the thousands. Hungry ants, spiders and birds pick them off as they emerge from the soil. The survivors fly off to find mates, and quickly drop their delicate wings to start new underground colonies. If you’re really unlucky, they’ll build tubes of mud and saliva from their nest to yours.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Once a year, on a warm fall day, these winged creatures emerge by the thousands. Western subterranean termites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They follow the first rain after the dry California summer, pushing through the softened soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s no stopping them. They crawl through cracks in the road and holes in tree stumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re envoys from an underground world. The colonies send them up, these swarming termites called alates. With wings that last just hours, they’ll flutter away, find a mate, and start colonies of their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a crucial operation for the survival of the species. So, soldier termites stand guard over the crowd. Soldiers have huge heads, with menacing mandibles to defend against predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the everyday life of a colony, soldiers watch over the workers, these milky-white nestmates that rear the young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because they’re both blind, this soldier vibrates its head to warn the workers away from danger, like this exposed spot where the bark has peeled away. Out in the open, they could be picked off. So, they retreat to safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danger is at its highest on that momentous day when the alates come out and swarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ants attack them as they emerge and the termite soldiers are quickly overwhelmed. The ants cart the alates off, bit by bit, to feed \u003cem>their\u003c/em> hungry colony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spiders also make off with a few. Everyone wants a piece of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survivors fly a short distance, sometimes just a few feet. Alates can see, which helps them find mates from nearby colonies, where the same exodus is underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They shed their wings and the male follows the female’s scent pretty closely. Soon, they’ll dig into the earth and start their own colony, crowning themselves king and queen. These two alone will make thousands of termites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They all groom each other to get rid of anything that could make the colony sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the workers forage for the termites’ only food – the cellulose that helps give wood its structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Termites eat decaying trees and break them down. In that way, they’re incredibly useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they become our enemy when they go for the wood inside our homes. They build tubes out of saliva and soil to connect their nest to yours. The insects dry out easily and need these covered shelter tubes to stay moist. Once they’re in, they chow down along the grain of the wood.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nSee photos of the \u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7415.html\">different kinds of shelter tubes that subterranean termites build to get in and out of a house\u003c/a> in this fact sheet by the UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program.\u003cbr>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nSometimes, you can see their most recent lumber meal inside their translucent bellies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they pass on some nutritious liquids to the young’uns, yep, through their backside. This feeding style is called anal trophallaxis. Bon appétit!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hey, you don’t have to invite them for dinner. Just call pest control! And if you see one of these, you want to do this … to drive those tenacious termites back outside, where they really belong.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The Australian walking stick is a master of deception, but a twig is just one of its many disguises. Before it’s even born, it mimics a seed. In its youth it looks and acts like an ant. Only when it has grown up does it settle into its final, leafy form. Along the way, it fools predators at every turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Our story begins with a seed, an ant, and a leaf. Or does it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each one of these is a phase in the life of the same creature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Australian walking stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep in the forests of eastern Australia, a seed drops from the canopy above. Foraging ants carry it down to their underground burrow. They snack on the nutritious cap, leaving the rest intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this “seed” is a knockoff. It’s actually an Australian walking stick insect’s egg. Here it is next to a real seed the ants also brought into the nest. The delicious part of this real seed is called the “elaiosome,” and the same part on the egg is called the “capitulum.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an evolutionary strategy to get that egg underground. Why? Ant nests are just the right humidity for the developing egg, and are well-protected from parasites and predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several months later, the egg hatches underground, and a stick insect nymph emerges from the nest. It runs, looking for safety in the foliage above. It has taken on a new disguise: as a red-headed spider ant. Not only does it look a lot like the ant — it also moves like one.\u003cbr>\nAnd even strikes a pose like the ant, curling its abdomen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking and acting like an ant may save this nymph’s life. Predators tend to steer clear of ants. Ants swarm — sometimes they bite and sting — and most worker ants aren’t all that nutritious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, red-headed spider ants taste like rotten coconut or bad cheese. These birds take a hard pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon closer inspection, the disguise doesn’t really hold up. But hey — it gets the job done. And it doesn’t need to last long.\u003cbr>\nThe red on the Australian walking stick’s head fades in just a few days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nymph races upward, into the trees. After about a month, the insect begins to change yet again. It will molt six times as it perfects its final costume, as it grows into an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That frenetic ant energy gives way to a gentle swaying — like a leaf in the breeze. Nothing to see here, predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The insects graze all day, mostly on eucalyptus leaves, plumping up and growing as long as your palm. Adults vary in color. Some even take on the green ruffled shape of a lichen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think it’d be hard to find each other with all this camouflage, but they communicate with pheromones, so no problem. Sometime after mating, the female lays her eggs, which fall to the forest floor, and the cycle begins again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fake seed and pretend ant phases are more than just protection from parasites and predators. Since adult Australian walking stick insects don’t actually walk much, they rely on seed-collecting ants to disperse their eggs throughout the forest. Then it’s up to their zippy, ant-impersonating offspring to help them spread out even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Australian walking stick insect has evolved so many looks, it almost seems like it’s having an identity crisis. But just because you can shape-shift from one form to another — and another — doesn’t mean you don’t know exactly what you are.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this “seed” is a knockoff. It’s actually an Australian walking stick insect’s egg. Here it is next to a real seed the ants also brought into the nest. The delicious part of this real seed is called the “elaiosome,” and the same part on the egg is called the “capitulum.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an evolutionary strategy to get that egg underground. Why? Ant nests are just the right humidity for the developing egg, and are well-protected from parasites and predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several months later, the egg hatches underground, and a stick insect nymph emerges from the nest. It runs, looking for safety in the foliage above. It has taken on a new disguise: as a red-headed spider ant. Not only does it look a lot like the ant — it also moves like one.\u003cbr>\nAnd even strikes a pose like the ant, curling its abdomen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking and acting like an ant may save this nymph’s life. Predators tend to steer clear of ants. Ants swarm — sometimes they bite and sting — and most worker ants aren’t all that nutritious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, red-headed spider ants taste like rotten coconut or bad cheese. These birds take a hard pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon closer inspection, the disguise doesn’t really hold up. But hey — it gets the job done. And it doesn’t need to last long.\u003cbr>\nThe red on the Australian walking stick’s head fades in just a few days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nymph races upward, into the trees. After about a month, the insect begins to change yet again. It will molt six times as it perfects its final costume, as it grows into an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That frenetic ant energy gives way to a gentle swaying — like a leaf in the breeze. Nothing to see here, predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The insects graze all day, mostly on eucalyptus leaves, plumping up and growing as long as your palm. Adults vary in color. Some even take on the green ruffled shape of a lichen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think it’d be hard to find each other with all this camouflage, but they communicate with pheromones, so no problem. Sometime after mating, the female lays her eggs, which fall to the forest floor, and the cycle begins again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fake seed and pretend ant phases are more than just protection from parasites and predators. Since adult Australian walking stick insects don’t actually walk much, they rely on seed-collecting ants to disperse their eggs throughout the forest. Then it’s up to their zippy, ant-impersonating offspring to help them spread out even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Australian walking stick insect has evolved so many looks, it almost seems like it’s having an identity crisis. But just because you can shape-shift from one form to another — and another — doesn’t mean you don’t know exactly what you are.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "See California Wildlife Return to Wildfire Zones, Courtesy of Hidden Cameras",
"headTitle": "See California Wildlife Return to Wildfire Zones, Courtesy of Hidden Cameras | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>[gallery ids=\"1978095,1978107,1978108,1978104,1978102,1978103,1978100,1978105,1978106\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wildfire blazes through a forest, animals need to fly or run away or burrow underground and hide. Larger animals like \u003ca href=\"https://myodfw.com/articles/wildfire-and-its-impact-fish-and-wildlife\">deer and elk may seek safety in a lake or river\u003c/a>. During the most ferocious fires, some animals die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do California’s worsening fires mean for the state’s wildlife? Researchers at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, or CDFW, and UC Berkeley asked this question, and offer some answers in a \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ddi.13374\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent study published\u003c/a> in Diversity and Distributions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using some 1,500 camera traps set mostly in Northern California forests, and gathering nearly half a million images over a decade, the researchers found that areas where fires were less severe tend to have an increase in biodiversity, particularly in forest carnivores like bears and bobcats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes sense if you look [at] what these forests have evolved and adapted to over millennia — that fire was much more common,” said lead author Brett Furnas, a quantitative ecologist with CDFW. “And more of that fire was low-severity than high-severity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-severity fire probably helps carnivores hunt because the regrowth of understory plants, like grasses, flowers and shrubs, support the small mammals that carnivores prey upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furnas says seeing (through the camera traps) how animals use areas after fire shows that moving back to a more natural, pre-colonial, pre-suppression fire regime, where fires are more frequent and less intense, would benefit plants and animals in forest ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978119\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1978119 size-medium\" title=\"Image from figure in Diversity and Distributions\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/Screen-Shot-2021-12-23-at-3.43.43-PM-800x632.png\" alt=\"Showing location of camera traps.\" width=\"800\" height=\"632\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/Screen-Shot-2021-12-23-at-3.43.43-PM-800x632.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/Screen-Shot-2021-12-23-at-3.43.43-PM-160x126.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/Screen-Shot-2021-12-23-at-3.43.43-PM-768x607.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/Screen-Shot-2021-12-23-at-3.43.43-PM.png 1018w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the camera trap locations in Northern California from figure in study supported by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One way to achieve this is by using prescribed fires or controlled burns. This is a win for wildlife, says Furnas, and a win for public safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native people in California (and all over the world) have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973196/the-karuk-used-fire-to-manage-the-forest-for-centuries-now-they-want-to-do-that-again\">set fires on the landscape since time immemorial\u003c/a> to increase biodiversity and protect against catastrophic fires. California is in the midst of a movement to restore more native burning and prescribed burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can use controlled burning to mimic a lot of these same effects that we get from low-severity fire. That’s good for wildlife. But we know it’s also good for a lot of things,” Furnas says. “It mitigates the air pollution and also the risk to people’s homes and all the other things that we see with these really large fires that are out of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding some nuance, Furnas says it’s ultimately best for an ecosystem to have a variety of types of fire, including small patches of severe fire and small patches that have not burned for a long time. Unburned areas, for example, can provide higher forest cover suitable for breeding, resting or hiding. Patches of high-severity fire can be good for restarting forest succession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A diversity of fire is important,” he says. “We know that wildlife likes diversity, not just one thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The camera traps captured many thousands of images of wildlife, including 15 species of carnivores, such as foxes, martens, badgers and weasels. We asked Furnas to send us some of his favorite images from the camera traps. Please enjoy (above).\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wildfire blazes through a forest, animals need to fly or run away or burrow underground and hide. Larger animals like \u003ca href=\"https://myodfw.com/articles/wildfire-and-its-impact-fish-and-wildlife\">deer and elk may seek safety in a lake or river\u003c/a>. During the most ferocious fires, some animals die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do California’s worsening fires mean for the state’s wildlife? Researchers at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, or CDFW, and UC Berkeley asked this question, and offer some answers in a \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ddi.13374\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent study published\u003c/a> in Diversity and Distributions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using some 1,500 camera traps set mostly in Northern California forests, and gathering nearly half a million images over a decade, the researchers found that areas where fires were less severe tend to have an increase in biodiversity, particularly in forest carnivores like bears and bobcats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes sense if you look [at] what these forests have evolved and adapted to over millennia — that fire was much more common,” said lead author Brett Furnas, a quantitative ecologist with CDFW. “And more of that fire was low-severity than high-severity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-severity fire probably helps carnivores hunt because the regrowth of understory plants, like grasses, flowers and shrubs, support the small mammals that carnivores prey upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furnas says seeing (through the camera traps) how animals use areas after fire shows that moving back to a more natural, pre-colonial, pre-suppression fire regime, where fires are more frequent and less intense, would benefit plants and animals in forest ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978119\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1978119 size-medium\" title=\"Image from figure in Diversity and Distributions\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/Screen-Shot-2021-12-23-at-3.43.43-PM-800x632.png\" alt=\"Showing location of camera traps.\" width=\"800\" height=\"632\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/Screen-Shot-2021-12-23-at-3.43.43-PM-800x632.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/Screen-Shot-2021-12-23-at-3.43.43-PM-160x126.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/Screen-Shot-2021-12-23-at-3.43.43-PM-768x607.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/12/Screen-Shot-2021-12-23-at-3.43.43-PM.png 1018w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the camera trap locations in Northern California from figure in study supported by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One way to achieve this is by using prescribed fires or controlled burns. This is a win for wildlife, says Furnas, and a win for public safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native people in California (and all over the world) have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973196/the-karuk-used-fire-to-manage-the-forest-for-centuries-now-they-want-to-do-that-again\">set fires on the landscape since time immemorial\u003c/a> to increase biodiversity and protect against catastrophic fires. California is in the midst of a movement to restore more native burning and prescribed burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can use controlled burning to mimic a lot of these same effects that we get from low-severity fire. That’s good for wildlife. But we know it’s also good for a lot of things,” Furnas says. “It mitigates the air pollution and also the risk to people’s homes and all the other things that we see with these really large fires that are out of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding some nuance, Furnas says it’s ultimately best for an ecosystem to have a variety of types of fire, including small patches of severe fire and small patches that have not burned for a long time. Unburned areas, for example, can provide higher forest cover suitable for breeding, resting or hiding. Patches of high-severity fire can be good for restarting forest succession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A diversity of fire is important,” he says. “We know that wildlife likes diversity, not just one thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The camera traps captured many thousands of images of wildlife, including 15 species of carnivores, such as foxes, martens, badgers and weasels. We asked Furnas to send us some of his favorite images from the camera traps. Please enjoy (above).\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>They might look like harmless grasshoppers, but locusts have an appetite for destruction. When the conditions are right, they transform from mild-mannered loners into gregarious partiers. They swarm, causing chaos and suffering at the level of a biblical plague. So what sets them off?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This might look like a harmless grasshopper, but under the right conditions it has an explosive dark side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a locust, with an appetite for destruction that can rise to the level of a biblical plague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All locusts are grasshoppers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the only grasshoppers we call locusts are the ones that swarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, locusts are mild-mannered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They stay put, and blend in to avoid predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is their solitary phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locusts can live like this for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until something sets them off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the arid regions across the world where locusts make their homes, that trigger is often a hard rain, especially following a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That deluge makes plants flourish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solitary locusts eat and eat, fueling up and making more locusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As their numbers swell, they inadvertently bump into each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hairs on their back legs are particularly sensitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that contact triggers a pulse of serotonin: a hormone that transforms them from loners into partiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In just a few hours they can go from a solitarious phase to a gregarious phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molt by molt, the locusts change from a camouflage green to an in-your-face yellow and black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bright colors help scare off predators by telling them the locusts taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These transformed locusts have a huge appetite, and not just for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty soon they’re surrounded by baby locusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when things start getting crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a feast this big won’t last long with so many hungry guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless young locusts start hopping and marching together, forming groups called bands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a locust outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the locusts mature, they grow wings and take to the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant swarms number in the billions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They devour entire farms in hours, wiping out people’s livelihoods, and causing mass starvation and misery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outbreaks like these can last for months or years, even decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes huge amounts of insecticides to knock back a full-on swarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A better strategy is to catch minor outbreaks before they get massive, but they can be hard to spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Arizona State University are looking into one way to defend against locust destruction by making land less inviting to some species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They put locusts into wind tunnels to see how far the insects can fly based on what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found some locusts thrive, and spread farthest, on a diet rich in carbohydrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land managers can make their crops and pasturelands richer in protein and lower in carbohydrates if they increase the amount of organic matter in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding overgrazing helps, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are expensive propositions and currently out of reach for many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if we can keep working on ways to cut back on the carbs it might just help prevent a plague.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, locusts are mild-mannered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They stay put, and blend in to avoid predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is their solitary phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locusts can live like this for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until something sets them off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the arid regions across the world where locusts make their homes, that trigger is often a hard rain, especially following a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That deluge makes plants flourish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solitary locusts eat and eat, fueling up and making more locusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As their numbers swell, they inadvertently bump into each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hairs on their back legs are particularly sensitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that contact triggers a pulse of serotonin: a hormone that transforms them from loners into partiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In just a few hours they can go from a solitarious phase to a gregarious phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molt by molt, the locusts change from a camouflage green to an in-your-face yellow and black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bright colors help scare off predators by telling them the locusts taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These transformed locusts have a huge appetite, and not just for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty soon they’re surrounded by baby locusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when things start getting crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a feast this big won’t last long with so many hungry guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless young locusts start hopping and marching together, forming groups called bands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a locust outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the locusts mature, they grow wings and take to the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant swarms number in the billions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They devour entire farms in hours, wiping out people’s livelihoods, and causing mass starvation and misery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outbreaks like these can last for months or years, even decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes huge amounts of insecticides to knock back a full-on swarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A better strategy is to catch minor outbreaks before they get massive, but they can be hard to spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Arizona State University are looking into one way to defend against locust destruction by making land less inviting to some species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They put locusts into wind tunnels to see how far the insects can fly based on what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found some locusts thrive, and spread farthest, on a diet rich in carbohydrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land managers can make their crops and pasturelands richer in protein and lower in carbohydrates if they increase the amount of organic matter in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding overgrazing helps, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are expensive propositions and currently out of reach for many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if we can keep working on ways to cut back on the carbs it might just help prevent a plague.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>A kissing bug gorges on your blood. Then it poops on you. And that poop might contain the parasite that causes Chagas disease, which can be deadly. Without knowing it, millions of people have gotten the parasite in Latin America, where these insects live in many rural homes. As if that wasn’t bad enough, the saliva of some kissing bugs in the U.S. can give you a dangerous allergic reaction.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This kissing bug isn’t going to give you a loving peck when it sticks you with that tucked-away proboscis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could actually make you really sick, even kill you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes its move at night, while you’re sleeping. It likes your warm body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kissing bugs get their name because they often bite near the lips or eyes, but they’ll dig in anywhere you’ve left uncovered. A little anesthetic guarantees you won’t wake up while they feed on you for 10, 20, even 30 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every kissing bug needs several huge meals during the year or two it lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it gulps, its exoskeleton stretches like a balloon, to fit up to 12 times its weight in blood. This pliability is called plasticization. How it started. How it’s going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that hot liquid could stress an insect’s body and stunt its growth. So the kissing bug cools it down – inside its head. Your warm blood flows in. The cool insect blood, called hemolymph, absorbs the heat and releases it through the top of the bug’s long head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this infrared video, you can see the blood cool down by more than 10 degrees Fahrenheit before it reaches the bug’s abdomen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the bug is safe. You, on the other hand, are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It injects saliva as it sucks your blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a scientist squeezing some out. The saliva has proteins that can give people a deadly allergic reaction called anaphylaxis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it gets much, much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK. This is super gross. After eating – sometimes while it’s eating – the bug poops. And that poop – and urine – might contain the parasite that causes Chagas disease. If the bug’s victim rubs these feces and urine into the bite wound or their eyes, the parasite can infect them. Years later, as many as one third of the people who got the parasite develop heart disease that can kill them, sometimes suddenly. Pregnant women can even pass the parasite onto their babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few contract the parasite in the U.S., even though kissing bugs live here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Latin America, millions of people have become infected. There, kissing bugs are known by many different names: chinche besucona … chinche … pito … vinchuca … barbeiro. In rural areas, these kissing bug species live in people’s homes, in the cracks of the walls. And in animal coops. Spraying has helped bring down infections. But hundreds of thousands of people have left their home countries for the U.S., not knowing the bug gave them the parasite. A simple blood test can find it and medications can often kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the American Southwest, the bugs live in the nests of wild animals, like this pack rat den in Arizona, where biologists Anita and Chuck Kristensen collect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck Kristensen (off camera): Kissing bug, kissing bug! Genuine kissing bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, they feed on the pack rats. But in late spring and summer, the bugs sometimes travel from these nests into someone’s home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sealing off your house, with screens on your windows – and even vents – is one way to keep out these stealthy bloodsuckers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>ADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kissing bugs in the US\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, kissing bugs – also known as conenose bugs – are most prevalent in the foothill areas surrounding the Central Valley and in the foothills and desert areas of Southern California. Find out \u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7455.html\">how you can keep kissing bugs out of your house\u003c/a> from the UC Integrated Pest Management Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entomologists at Texas A&M University have put together a website with photos of kissing bugs and a \u003ca href=\"https://kissingbug.tamu.edu/\">map showing where they live in the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Testing for Chagas disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people with Chagas became infected with the parasite in rural areas of Mexico, Central America and South America. The disease is regularly transmitted in \u003ca href=\"http://www.infochagas.org/en/en-que-paises-hay-chagas\">21 countries\u003c/a>, among them Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. Transmission doesn’t occur in the Caribbean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., where kissing bugs very rarely transmit Chagas, researchers estimate that some 350,000 Latin American immigrants contracted the parasite in their home countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A blood test can find the parasite and two medications, nifurtimox and benznidazole, can often kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any immigrants from Latin America should probably be tested at least once,” said Dr. Caryn Bern, who studies Chagas at UCSF. She said that any health care provider can order a screening test through their usual lab system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since pregnant women can pass the parasite onto their babies, women from Latin America or whose own mothers grew up there should get tested. Bern recommended that women test before they become pregnant because these medications can’t be taken during pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 2007, nearly all blood banks in the U.S. started \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chagas/gen_info/screening.html\">screening blood donations\u003c/a> for the parasite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://chagasus.org/\">Center of Excellence for Chagas Disease at the Olive View-UCLA Medical Center\u003c/a> in Sylmar, near Los Angeles, has additional guidelines on \u003ca href=\"https://chagasus.org/do-i-have-chagas/\">who should be tested for the parasite\u003c/a> and offers care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pan American Health Organization has information on \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/en/topics/chagas-disease\">the disease in Latin America\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has information on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chagas/index.html\">Chagas disease in the U.S. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a list of \u003ca href=\"https://uschagasnetwork.org/providers\">doctors around the U.S. who have experience treating Chagas.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003cstrong>for health care providers\u003c/strong> – and anyone else – who would like to learn more, the CDC offers \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cme/chagas/course1.html\">an online course.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health care providers with questions\u003c/strong> can contact the CDC for consultation on all aspects of Chagas disease: Division of Parasitic Diseases Public Inquiries line, 404-718-4745; for emergencies after business hours, 770-488-7100; email parasites@cdc.gov.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mal de Chagas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Organización Panamericana de la Salud creó un video de dos minutos en español sobre \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/KmKoQFMICoU\">cómo se propaga el mal de Chagas en Latinoamérica\u003c/a>. Y también tiene \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/es/temas/enfermedad-chagas\">información sobre la enfermedad. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kissing bug bites can cause anaphylaxis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent University of Arizona study in Tucson and Bisbee, where kissing bugs commonly enter homes in the summer, found that \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31295438/\">10% of people who had been bitten by the bugs had developed anaphylaxis\u003c/a>, a severe allergic reaction brought on by proteins in the bugs’ saliva. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, which can cause death if the patient isn’t treated right away with medication.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A kissing bug gorges on your blood. Then it poops on you. And that poop might contain the parasite that causes Chagas disease, which can be deadly. Without knowing it, millions of people have gotten the parasite in Latin America, where these insects live in many rural homes. As if that wasn’t bad enough, the saliva of some kissing bugs in the U.S. can give you a dangerous allergic reaction.",
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"title": "How a Kissing Bug Becomes a Balloon Full of Your Blood | KQED",
"description": "A kissing bug gorges on your blood. Then it poops on you. And that poop might contain the parasite that causes Chagas disease, which can be deadly. Without knowing it, millions of people have gotten the parasite in Latin America, where these insects live in many rural homes. As if that wasn’t bad enough, the saliva of some kissing bugs in the U.S. can give you a dangerous allergic reaction.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>A kissing bug gorges on your blood. Then it poops on you. And that poop might contain the parasite that causes Chagas disease, which can be deadly. Without knowing it, millions of people have gotten the parasite in Latin America, where these insects live in many rural homes. As if that wasn’t bad enough, the saliva of some kissing bugs in the U.S. can give you a dangerous allergic reaction.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This kissing bug isn’t going to give you a loving peck when it sticks you with that tucked-away proboscis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could actually make you really sick, even kill you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes its move at night, while you’re sleeping. It likes your warm body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kissing bugs get their name because they often bite near the lips or eyes, but they’ll dig in anywhere you’ve left uncovered. A little anesthetic guarantees you won’t wake up while they feed on you for 10, 20, even 30 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every kissing bug needs several huge meals during the year or two it lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it gulps, its exoskeleton stretches like a balloon, to fit up to 12 times its weight in blood. This pliability is called plasticization. How it started. How it’s going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that hot liquid could stress an insect’s body and stunt its growth. So the kissing bug cools it down – inside its head. Your warm blood flows in. The cool insect blood, called hemolymph, absorbs the heat and releases it through the top of the bug’s long head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this infrared video, you can see the blood cool down by more than 10 degrees Fahrenheit before it reaches the bug’s abdomen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the bug is safe. You, on the other hand, are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It injects saliva as it sucks your blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a scientist squeezing some out. The saliva has proteins that can give people a deadly allergic reaction called anaphylaxis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it gets much, much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK. This is super gross. After eating – sometimes while it’s eating – the bug poops. And that poop – and urine – might contain the parasite that causes Chagas disease. If the bug’s victim rubs these feces and urine into the bite wound or their eyes, the parasite can infect them. Years later, as many as one third of the people who got the parasite develop heart disease that can kill them, sometimes suddenly. Pregnant women can even pass the parasite onto their babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few contract the parasite in the U.S., even though kissing bugs live here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Latin America, millions of people have become infected. There, kissing bugs are known by many different names: chinche besucona … chinche … pito … vinchuca … barbeiro. In rural areas, these kissing bug species live in people’s homes, in the cracks of the walls. And in animal coops. Spraying has helped bring down infections. But hundreds of thousands of people have left their home countries for the U.S., not knowing the bug gave them the parasite. A simple blood test can find it and medications can often kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the American Southwest, the bugs live in the nests of wild animals, like this pack rat den in Arizona, where biologists Anita and Chuck Kristensen collect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck Kristensen (off camera): Kissing bug, kissing bug! Genuine kissing bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, they feed on the pack rats. But in late spring and summer, the bugs sometimes travel from these nests into someone’s home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sealing off your house, with screens on your windows – and even vents – is one way to keep out these stealthy bloodsuckers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>ADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kissing bugs in the US\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, kissing bugs – also known as conenose bugs – are most prevalent in the foothill areas surrounding the Central Valley and in the foothills and desert areas of Southern California. Find out \u003ca href=\"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7455.html\">how you can keep kissing bugs out of your house\u003c/a> from the UC Integrated Pest Management Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entomologists at Texas A&M University have put together a website with photos of kissing bugs and a \u003ca href=\"https://kissingbug.tamu.edu/\">map showing where they live in the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Testing for Chagas disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people with Chagas became infected with the parasite in rural areas of Mexico, Central America and South America. The disease is regularly transmitted in \u003ca href=\"http://www.infochagas.org/en/en-que-paises-hay-chagas\">21 countries\u003c/a>, among them Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. Transmission doesn’t occur in the Caribbean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., where kissing bugs very rarely transmit Chagas, researchers estimate that some 350,000 Latin American immigrants contracted the parasite in their home countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A blood test can find the parasite and two medications, nifurtimox and benznidazole, can often kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any immigrants from Latin America should probably be tested at least once,” said Dr. Caryn Bern, who studies Chagas at UCSF. She said that any health care provider can order a screening test through their usual lab system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since pregnant women can pass the parasite onto their babies, women from Latin America or whose own mothers grew up there should get tested. Bern recommended that women test before they become pregnant because these medications can’t be taken during pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 2007, nearly all blood banks in the U.S. started \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chagas/gen_info/screening.html\">screening blood donations\u003c/a> for the parasite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://chagasus.org/\">Center of Excellence for Chagas Disease at the Olive View-UCLA Medical Center\u003c/a> in Sylmar, near Los Angeles, has additional guidelines on \u003ca href=\"https://chagasus.org/do-i-have-chagas/\">who should be tested for the parasite\u003c/a> and offers care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pan American Health Organization has information on \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/en/topics/chagas-disease\">the disease in Latin America\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has information on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chagas/index.html\">Chagas disease in the U.S. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a list of \u003ca href=\"https://uschagasnetwork.org/providers\">doctors around the U.S. who have experience treating Chagas.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003cstrong>for health care providers\u003c/strong> – and anyone else – who would like to learn more, the CDC offers \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cme/chagas/course1.html\">an online course.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health care providers with questions\u003c/strong> can contact the CDC for consultation on all aspects of Chagas disease: Division of Parasitic Diseases Public Inquiries line, 404-718-4745; for emergencies after business hours, 770-488-7100; email parasites@cdc.gov.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mal de Chagas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Organización Panamericana de la Salud creó un video de dos minutos en español sobre \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/KmKoQFMICoU\">cómo se propaga el mal de Chagas en Latinoamérica\u003c/a>. Y también tiene \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/es/temas/enfermedad-chagas\">información sobre la enfermedad. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kissing bug bites can cause anaphylaxis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent University of Arizona study in Tucson and Bisbee, where kissing bugs commonly enter homes in the summer, found that \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31295438/\">10% of people who had been bitten by the bugs had developed anaphylaxis\u003c/a>, a severe allergic reaction brought on by proteins in the bugs’ saliva. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, which can cause death if the patient isn’t treated right away with medication.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Biggest Whales Can Eat the Equivalent of 80,000 Big Macs in One Day",
"headTitle": "The Biggest Whales Can Eat the Equivalent of 80,000 Big Macs in One Day | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The biggest animals to have ever lived on Earth gobble up much more food than scientists thought, according to a new study of filter-feeding whales that reveals just how important their eating habits could be for recycling nutrients in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baleen whales such as blue, fin, minke, and humpback whales consume, on average, around three times more each year than previous estimates suggested, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03991-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. A blue whale in the eastern North Pacific, for example, might eat between 10 and 20 tons of food a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That amount of food is somewhere in the range of 20 to 50 million calories,” says \u003ca href=\"https://matthewsavocaecology.weebly.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matthew Savoca\u003c/a>, a researcher at Stanford University and the lead author of the new study. “That is about 70 to 80 thousand Big Macs. Probably decades of our eating is one day for them. So it’s pretty remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Savoca first got interested in how much whales eat a few years ago, because he wanted to know how much pollution they might ingest along with their food. To his surprise, he says, the only numbers he could find on whales’ prey consumption “didn’t actually come from living, breathing whales in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, researchers had made guesses based on extrapolations from the caloric needs of smaller animals. Or, they’d simply inspected the stomach contents of whales that had been hunted, relying on a snapshot in time that might not fully reflect how much a whale actually takes in over a day or a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A new way to count calories\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Savoca realized that researchers could get more accurate estimates by using an underwater device that can measure the size and density of swarms of shrimp-like krill—the mainstay of these whales’ diet. This kind of device sends out out pulses of sound that bounce off the swarms and return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977489\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977489\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A dark whale with a red tracking tag glides through the surface of black water.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A minke whale tagged by the research team swims off the coast of Antarctica in 2019. \u003ccite>(Ari Friedlaender/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues gathered data on over 300 tagged whales as the huge animals fed in krill swarms by gulping in water to filter out the krill. The size of each whale determined how big of a mouthful of krill-filled water it could get at one go, and the researchers tracked the whales’ movements to see how often they went for another gulp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In dense swarms of krill, says Savoca, the whales feed at levels that are hard to believe. “Blue whales might lunge into a prey patch 200 times a day,” he says. “Humpback whales might do it 500 times a day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all this eating comes pooping. Only recently have scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2014/04/03/298778615/the-power-of-poop-a-whale-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">realized\u003c/a> that whale excrement contains high levels of iron, a precious resource in the ocean. Whales’ fecal plumes spread nutrients out close the ocean’s surface, which boosts the growth of phytoplankton, tiny life forms at the bottom of the marine food web that are eaten by krill. The krill, of course, get eaten by whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this nutrient recycling system has been disrupted by the mass slaughter of whales over the past two centuries, according to this new report, resulting in “the near-complete loss of whale-recycled iron from the largest species.” The researchers estimate that baleen whales recycled 12,000 metric tons of iron per year before whaling, compared to 1,200 metric tons today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings are similar to \u003ca href=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2015.0292\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimates\u003c/a> from a 2016 analysis that suggested iron recycling by large baleen whales in the Southern Ocean was reduced 10-fold between 1900 and 2008. But that study also looked at iron recycling by zooplankton and other small creatures that are far more numerous than whales ever were, and concluded that compared to their nutrient recycling work, the whales’ contribution was likely “negligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/people/mariamaldonado\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Maria Maldonado\u003c/a> of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, who did the 2016 study, maintains that “the big recyclers of iron in the ecosystem are not the whales.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>More whales, more krill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, some researchers believe that the killing of more than a million baleen whales around Antarctica over the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, and the loss of all their fecal fertilizer, is tied to the subsequent dramatic declines in krill populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pre-whaling populations of whales would annually eat double the total amount of Antarctic krill that exists in the Southern Ocean today, according to the new report’s calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before whales were decimated by hunting, observers described those seas as being colored red by swarming krill. “Krill swarms at the surface used to be a common sight in the Southern Ocean,” notes \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=kGVkj2kAAAAJ&hl=de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Victor Smetacek\u003c/a>, a researcher with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research in Germany. “The last swarms were seen in the early 1980’s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes that, historically, the whales were “maintaining the krill swarms by recycling iron.” In his view, it’s worth doing tests of adding iron to the ocean to encourage the growth of phytoplankton, which would then feed the krill and ultimately give a boost to whale populations, which apparently need to eat more than researchers ever expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977490\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977490\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"An overhead shot of two gray whales — one turned on its back, showing off its white belly — and an orange research dingy. \" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists investigate a humpback whale by boat and by drone in the surface waters near the West Antarctic Peninsula. \u003ccite>(Duke University Marine Robotics and Remote Sensing/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Such experiments can be controversial, he says, but “once people start understanding that the whales themselves were doing iron fertilization and that we would be just mimicking the whales, I am hoping that they would come around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maldonado is against this idea, and says the disappearance of krill could be due to changes in water temperature or ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An iron fertilization test in the ocean would be complicated and could potentially have unintended consequences if it wasn’t done well, says \u003ca href=\"https://oceanswell.org/meet-the-team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Asha de Vos\u003c/a>, a marine biologist and founding executive director of the conservation research group Oceanswell in Sri Lanka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would be cautious,” she says, noting that whales could be helped in other ways, like protecting them from ship strikes or net entanglements. “We need to start tackling those issues as well and not just look for one quick fix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+biggest+whales+can+eat+the+equivalent+of+80%2C000+Big+Macs+in+one+day&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists have gotten the best estimates yet of exactly how much baleen whales, the largest animals on the planet, can consume in one day. Their caloric intake is mind-boggling.",
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"description": "Scientists have gotten the best estimates yet of exactly how much baleen whales, the largest animals on the planet, can consume in one day. Their caloric intake is mind-boggling.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The biggest animals to have ever lived on Earth gobble up much more food than scientists thought, according to a new study of filter-feeding whales that reveals just how important their eating habits could be for recycling nutrients in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baleen whales such as blue, fin, minke, and humpback whales consume, on average, around three times more each year than previous estimates suggested, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03991-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. A blue whale in the eastern North Pacific, for example, might eat between 10 and 20 tons of food a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That amount of food is somewhere in the range of 20 to 50 million calories,” says \u003ca href=\"https://matthewsavocaecology.weebly.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matthew Savoca\u003c/a>, a researcher at Stanford University and the lead author of the new study. “That is about 70 to 80 thousand Big Macs. Probably decades of our eating is one day for them. So it’s pretty remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Savoca first got interested in how much whales eat a few years ago, because he wanted to know how much pollution they might ingest along with their food. To his surprise, he says, the only numbers he could find on whales’ prey consumption “didn’t actually come from living, breathing whales in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, researchers had made guesses based on extrapolations from the caloric needs of smaller animals. Or, they’d simply inspected the stomach contents of whales that had been hunted, relying on a snapshot in time that might not fully reflect how much a whale actually takes in over a day or a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A new way to count calories\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Savoca realized that researchers could get more accurate estimates by using an underwater device that can measure the size and density of swarms of shrimp-like krill—the mainstay of these whales’ diet. This kind of device sends out out pulses of sound that bounce off the swarms and return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977489\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977489\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A dark whale with a red tracking tag glides through the surface of black water.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales3-tagged-cfd457144279e6cf32f395f2b242ea37083812de-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A minke whale tagged by the research team swims off the coast of Antarctica in 2019. \u003ccite>(Ari Friedlaender/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues gathered data on over 300 tagged whales as the huge animals fed in krill swarms by gulping in water to filter out the krill. The size of each whale determined how big of a mouthful of krill-filled water it could get at one go, and the researchers tracked the whales’ movements to see how often they went for another gulp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In dense swarms of krill, says Savoca, the whales feed at levels that are hard to believe. “Blue whales might lunge into a prey patch 200 times a day,” he says. “Humpback whales might do it 500 times a day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all this eating comes pooping. Only recently have scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2014/04/03/298778615/the-power-of-poop-a-whale-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">realized\u003c/a> that whale excrement contains high levels of iron, a precious resource in the ocean. Whales’ fecal plumes spread nutrients out close the ocean’s surface, which boosts the growth of phytoplankton, tiny life forms at the bottom of the marine food web that are eaten by krill. The krill, of course, get eaten by whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this nutrient recycling system has been disrupted by the mass slaughter of whales over the past two centuries, according to this new report, resulting in “the near-complete loss of whale-recycled iron from the largest species.” The researchers estimate that baleen whales recycled 12,000 metric tons of iron per year before whaling, compared to 1,200 metric tons today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings are similar to \u003ca href=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2015.0292\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimates\u003c/a> from a 2016 analysis that suggested iron recycling by large baleen whales in the Southern Ocean was reduced 10-fold between 1900 and 2008. But that study also looked at iron recycling by zooplankton and other small creatures that are far more numerous than whales ever were, and concluded that compared to their nutrient recycling work, the whales’ contribution was likely “negligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/people/mariamaldonado\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Maria Maldonado\u003c/a> of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, who did the 2016 study, maintains that “the big recyclers of iron in the ecosystem are not the whales.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>More whales, more krill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, some researchers believe that the killing of more than a million baleen whales around Antarctica over the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, and the loss of all their fecal fertilizer, is tied to the subsequent dramatic declines in krill populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pre-whaling populations of whales would annually eat double the total amount of Antarctic krill that exists in the Southern Ocean today, according to the new report’s calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before whales were decimated by hunting, observers described those seas as being colored red by swarming krill. “Krill swarms at the surface used to be a common sight in the Southern Ocean,” notes \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=kGVkj2kAAAAJ&hl=de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Victor Smetacek\u003c/a>, a researcher with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research in Germany. “The last swarms were seen in the early 1980’s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes that, historically, the whales were “maintaining the krill swarms by recycling iron.” In his view, it’s worth doing tests of adding iron to the ocean to encourage the growth of phytoplankton, which would then feed the krill and ultimately give a boost to whale populations, which apparently need to eat more than researchers ever expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1977490\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1977490\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"An overhead shot of two gray whales — one turned on its back, showing off its white belly — and an orange research dingy. \" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/whales2-boat-c6e720487fdf7ff05cb4ff19ea21ae4cb1ca79e3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists investigate a humpback whale by boat and by drone in the surface waters near the West Antarctic Peninsula. \u003ccite>(Duke University Marine Robotics and Remote Sensing/via NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Such experiments can be controversial, he says, but “once people start understanding that the whales themselves were doing iron fertilization and that we would be just mimicking the whales, I am hoping that they would come around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maldonado is against this idea, and says the disappearance of krill could be due to changes in water temperature or ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An iron fertilization test in the ocean would be complicated and could potentially have unintended consequences if it wasn’t done well, says \u003ca href=\"https://oceanswell.org/meet-the-team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Asha de Vos\u003c/a>, a marine biologist and founding executive director of the conservation research group Oceanswell in Sri Lanka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would be cautious,” she says, noting that whales could be helped in other ways, like protecting them from ship strikes or net entanglements. “We need to start tackling those issues as well and not just look for one quick fix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+biggest+whales+can+eat+the+equivalent+of+80%2C000+Big+Macs+in+one+day&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "skeleton-shrimp-use-18-appendages-to-feed-fight-and-frolic",
"title": "Skeleton Shrimp Use 18 Appendages to Feed, Fight and ... Frolic",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On first impression, skeleton shrimp anatomy is confusing. These crustaceans use a funky assortment of body parts to move around like inchworms, feed on bits of sea garbage, stage boxing matches, and make lots of clingy babies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cranky creatures are skeleton shrimp. And they’re always looking for a fight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Their bodies are – on first impression – confusing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s no shortage of appendages: eighteen in total. And that’s all in a body a few centimeters or less. They belong to a group of animals called amphipods, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">which in Latin, means “feet on all sides.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dive into more skeleton shrimp facts with these pages published by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/skeleton-shrimp\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ecology.wa.gov/Blog/Posts/October-2018/Eyes-Under-Puget-Sound-critter-of-the-month-%E2%80%94-the\">Washington State’s Department of Ecology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://watermark.silverchair.com/jcb0673.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAsUwggLBBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKyMIICrgIBADCCAqcGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMaA80RxtOUGeSYMZjAgEQgIICeHMVXuUDIjb83k6GRNk248fJX3cgFjtGM9n0c_MbTwYIbPabZg0Aqgf2cY6JrMkHdWnJLrH_J8dNoXGtnNhA_lSsWnSgWUglKv981XDFdnBEMjYf4oG6_HJJ8I3y3STaoz5PGE24IL-kEp74ANDsXh-804JeJawPzFvhH6yU29oKfVOUTilnMgu4BOfTDKbc4779D5Y42xDup0diyoqPcztHFbZHYdbrIsqNVmTbywBpGpUgYLmyJhhnPRYSL6bc5-zHo1XIFo9ll9ayeMUTSRVFPyaIkcOAPzynJVMCOE8RFoBi6XyzI9Ob5bCk1zWfardaXHxDGDzehRZ-NSDQUofXokg3WAAThaupyD_k__VI2YpLGLQwtrAUznFksnt1PQD-lP_q9uc7A4EmEu-MgxxCnG6fk9999CsuLZRPPSifEjlj3xv6mZXzpURzoGj2d7p8j1QRYYN-G5VLyIboJbgNiQCko9wJvr9Kb8TGmUEUHE3GMUuod7fnI_IpwTNPIP3ab1_wgt8KbtIferU0w3zJJEmtvxqjUd7_ItRTqJ-01FU-Xi2bU3akRqzr8ftSclMeKYQNrBwbe3n9PjCHzWUIKDn8ed7kMDA9zQzq6Rr7K-1iXGs9bBtzIuMHszENW-v-R45BahPaPkCsKKx1IrL2bXuiDi5QMheqal7o_nrd4DTPHI-FzkthQzfbO6g_z25mJFRdp-G8vRfPtULJ3WccLFZYn0VKucSgVR0_QtlJcA9g7aHy1F5CwvRb-AgwwgBqnGz5i5CiLPhR5sF9D2q4yijozBwn-f8wlfLNi4oOnIxNULtZSZcXtm5jEce_BPcteB3QyqcP\">This research paper\u003c/a> investigates the possibility and mechanism for venom delivery by some skeleton shrimp through their claws – also known as gnathopods. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Each set has a particular purpose: breathing, grasping, moving, fighting, feeling and feeding.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These four paddle-shaped gills pull oxygen from the water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Six rear legs anchor the shrimp. These limbs are prehensile, like a monkey’s tail, grasping onto seagrass, algae, fishing nets – you name it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This crustacean uses its front claws to inchworm around like a – well, like an inchworm. Good thing, since they’re not the most graceful swimmers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These wicked-looking front claws are called gnathopods, which literally means “jaw feet.” Two are big and two are small. The bigger pair are perfect for fighting. It’s mostly the guys doing all the boxing. They’re competing for – you guessed it – the ladies. Sometimes their fights become deadly, and it might be from more than just the blows or sharp claws.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists are investigating whether some of the male shrimp are packing venom in those gnarly gnathopods. If that’s true, they likely deliver the venom through these microscopic pores on the tips of the claws.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But these shrimp have a softer side too. Literally. Right after the female molts, when her new exoskeleton is pliable, the much larger male takes a shot at love – or at least reproduction. That’s the best time for him to fertilize her eggs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the timing isn’t right for her, she socks him with a quick one-two. Once fertilized, the female keeps the developing eggs close, aerating them in her brood pouch. After a week or less they hatch. They’re real clingy. Yep, all those squirmy white things are hatchlings. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Let’s just say, mom doesn’t get a lot of “me” time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And how about these accessories on their head? Each shrimp has four antennae. These two are for sensing. No surprise there. But these two are different, lined with comb-like setae, they sift food from the water. They scrape their feathery antennae with the smaller set of gnathopods and shove the bounty into their mouths. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Skeleton shrimp are not picky eaters. A lot of the time, they’re detritivores, which is a fancy way of saying they eat little bits of dead stuff. This is how these scrappy crustaceans play a crucial role in the food chain, as they busily break down detritus for smaller plants and animals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And on the flip side, they themselves are tasty bundles of energy for fish and crabs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the web of life, there’s a place for everyone. Even the most pugnacious, pesky and peculiar among us.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On first impression, skeleton shrimp anatomy is confusing. These crustaceans use a funky assortment of body parts to move around like inchworms, feed on bits of sea garbage, stage boxing matches, and make lots of clingy babies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cranky creatures are skeleton shrimp. And they’re always looking for a fight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Their bodies are – on first impression – confusing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s no shortage of appendages: eighteen in total. And that’s all in a body a few centimeters or less. They belong to a group of animals called amphipods, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">which in Latin, means “feet on all sides.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dive into more skeleton shrimp facts with these pages published by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/skeleton-shrimp\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ecology.wa.gov/Blog/Posts/October-2018/Eyes-Under-Puget-Sound-critter-of-the-month-%E2%80%94-the\">Washington State’s Department of Ecology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://watermark.silverchair.com/jcb0673.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAsUwggLBBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKyMIICrgIBADCCAqcGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMaA80RxtOUGeSYMZjAgEQgIICeHMVXuUDIjb83k6GRNk248fJX3cgFjtGM9n0c_MbTwYIbPabZg0Aqgf2cY6JrMkHdWnJLrH_J8dNoXGtnNhA_lSsWnSgWUglKv981XDFdnBEMjYf4oG6_HJJ8I3y3STaoz5PGE24IL-kEp74ANDsXh-804JeJawPzFvhH6yU29oKfVOUTilnMgu4BOfTDKbc4779D5Y42xDup0diyoqPcztHFbZHYdbrIsqNVmTbywBpGpUgYLmyJhhnPRYSL6bc5-zHo1XIFo9ll9ayeMUTSRVFPyaIkcOAPzynJVMCOE8RFoBi6XyzI9Ob5bCk1zWfardaXHxDGDzehRZ-NSDQUofXokg3WAAThaupyD_k__VI2YpLGLQwtrAUznFksnt1PQD-lP_q9uc7A4EmEu-MgxxCnG6fk9999CsuLZRPPSifEjlj3xv6mZXzpURzoGj2d7p8j1QRYYN-G5VLyIboJbgNiQCko9wJvr9Kb8TGmUEUHE3GMUuod7fnI_IpwTNPIP3ab1_wgt8KbtIferU0w3zJJEmtvxqjUd7_ItRTqJ-01FU-Xi2bU3akRqzr8ftSclMeKYQNrBwbe3n9PjCHzWUIKDn8ed7kMDA9zQzq6Rr7K-1iXGs9bBtzIuMHszENW-v-R45BahPaPkCsKKx1IrL2bXuiDi5QMheqal7o_nrd4DTPHI-FzkthQzfbO6g_z25mJFRdp-G8vRfPtULJ3WccLFZYn0VKucSgVR0_QtlJcA9g7aHy1F5CwvRb-AgwwgBqnGz5i5CiLPhR5sF9D2q4yijozBwn-f8wlfLNi4oOnIxNULtZSZcXtm5jEce_BPcteB3QyqcP\">This research paper\u003c/a> investigates the possibility and mechanism for venom delivery by some skeleton shrimp through their claws – also known as gnathopods. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Each set has a particular purpose: breathing, grasping, moving, fighting, feeling and feeding.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These four paddle-shaped gills pull oxygen from the water. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Six rear legs anchor the shrimp. These limbs are prehensile, like a monkey’s tail, grasping onto seagrass, algae, fishing nets – you name it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This crustacean uses its front claws to inchworm around like a – well, like an inchworm. Good thing, since they’re not the most graceful swimmers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These wicked-looking front claws are called gnathopods, which literally means “jaw feet.” Two are big and two are small. The bigger pair are perfect for fighting. It’s mostly the guys doing all the boxing. They’re competing for – you guessed it – the ladies. Sometimes their fights become deadly, and it might be from more than just the blows or sharp claws.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists are investigating whether some of the male shrimp are packing venom in those gnarly gnathopods. If that’s true, they likely deliver the venom through these microscopic pores on the tips of the claws.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But these shrimp have a softer side too. Literally. Right after the female molts, when her new exoskeleton is pliable, the much larger male takes a shot at love – or at least reproduction. That’s the best time for him to fertilize her eggs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the timing isn’t right for her, she socks him with a quick one-two. Once fertilized, the female keeps the developing eggs close, aerating them in her brood pouch. After a week or less they hatch. They’re real clingy. Yep, all those squirmy white things are hatchlings. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Let’s just say, mom doesn’t get a lot of “me” time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And how about these accessories on their head? Each shrimp has four antennae. These two are for sensing. No surprise there. But these two are different, lined with comb-like setae, they sift food from the water. They scrape their feathery antennae with the smaller set of gnathopods and shove the bounty into their mouths. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Skeleton shrimp are not picky eaters. A lot of the time, they’re detritivores, which is a fancy way of saying they eat little bits of dead stuff. This is how these scrappy crustaceans play a crucial role in the food chain, as they busily break down detritus for smaller plants and animals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And on the flip side, they themselves are tasty bundles of energy for fish and crabs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the web of life, there’s a place for everyone. Even the most pugnacious, pesky and peculiar among us.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>Tadpole shrimp are neither tadpoles nor shrimp. They’re time-traveling crustaceans called triops. Their eggs can spend years – even decades – frozen in time, waiting to hatch. When California rice growers flood their fields, they create the perfect conditions for hordes of these ravenous creatures to awaken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This tadpole shrimp is coming for your rice. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hungry hordes of them find their way into the rice fields of California’s Central Valley and go to town munching on the young seedlings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where did they come from, with the ocean so far away? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of weeks ago, this was just a dry dusty field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out they were here all along. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re time travelers waiting for months, years, even decades in the sun-baked soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each spring, when rice farmers flood their fields and scatter their seeds they inadvertently create the perfect conditions for billions of tadpole shrimp to awaken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs’ rugged outer shell, called the chorion, cracks open and the larva wiggles its way out of a translucent sac. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tadpole shrimp aren’t really tadpoles, they aren’t even shrimp, though they are crustaceans whose ancestors evolved in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny larvae forage through the mud incessantly for any food they can dig up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re not picky. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as they grow, they really acquire a taste for rice plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They chomp away at the first tender roots and leaves just when the seedlings need them most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without roots to hold them down, the young plants just float away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if it loses its first leaves, a seedling can’t get enough energy to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if that’s not enough, the throngs of tadpole shrimp stir up the mud, blocking out the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the rice plants that do manage to break the water’s surface are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their roots and stems are thick and tough enough that the tadpole shrimp leave them alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, tadpole shrimp are actually kind of helpful. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They turn their appetites to any weeds that make their way into the rice field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They even eat the larvae of mosquitoes that could carry West Nile virus when they grow up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the tadpole shrimp mature, they lay their eggs in the mud and then they’re done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult tadpole shrimp only live for about a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret to these armored arthropods’ survival is their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the growing season, farmers drain their fields so they can harvest the rice on dry ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No water? No problem. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs can survive being completely dehydrated for years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their tough outer shell protects them from scorching heat, freezing cold, even time itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embryos inside just stop developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They enter a suspended state called diapause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what keeps them from hatching in a dry field. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the water returns, and conditions are right again, they’ll be ready to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because tadpole shrimp evolved to live in temporary freshwater ponds, created by seasonal rains throughout North and South America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s how they endure having their ponds dry up each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been living this way for hundreds of millions of years — since before the dinosaurs — waiting out droughts, changing climates, even global catastrophes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a world where the future is unpredictable, tadpole shrimp are the ultimate survivors.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out they were here all along. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re time travelers waiting for months, years, even decades in the sun-baked soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each spring, when rice farmers flood their fields and scatter their seeds they inadvertently create the perfect conditions for billions of tadpole shrimp to awaken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs’ rugged outer shell, called the chorion, cracks open and the larva wiggles its way out of a translucent sac. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tadpole shrimp aren’t really tadpoles, they aren’t even shrimp, though they are crustaceans whose ancestors evolved in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny larvae forage through the mud incessantly for any food they can dig up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re not picky. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as they grow, they really acquire a taste for rice plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They chomp away at the first tender roots and leaves just when the seedlings need them most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without roots to hold them down, the young plants just float away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if it loses its first leaves, a seedling can’t get enough energy to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if that’s not enough, the throngs of tadpole shrimp stir up the mud, blocking out the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the rice plants that do manage to break the water’s surface are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their roots and stems are thick and tough enough that the tadpole shrimp leave them alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, tadpole shrimp are actually kind of helpful. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They turn their appetites to any weeds that make their way into the rice field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They even eat the larvae of mosquitoes that could carry West Nile virus when they grow up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the tadpole shrimp mature, they lay their eggs in the mud and then they’re done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult tadpole shrimp only live for about a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret to these armored arthropods’ survival is their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the growing season, farmers drain their fields so they can harvest the rice on dry ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No water? No problem. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs can survive being completely dehydrated for years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their tough outer shell protects them from scorching heat, freezing cold, even time itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embryos inside just stop developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They enter a suspended state called diapause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what keeps them from hatching in a dry field. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the water returns, and conditions are right again, they’ll be ready to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because tadpole shrimp evolved to live in temporary freshwater ponds, created by seasonal rains throughout North and South America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s how they endure having their ponds dry up each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been living this way for hundreds of millions of years — since before the dinosaurs — waiting out droughts, changing climates, even global catastrophes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a world where the future is unpredictable, tadpole shrimp are the ultimate survivors.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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