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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/curiosity-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42612\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42612\" title=\"curiosity resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiosity-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity rover\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s rendition of the Mars rover Curiosity, a robotic chemist and geologist. Credit: {link url=\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On August 5, the world was abuzz about a rover named Curiosity landing on Mars. Now that feat of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.cfm?id=1090\">masterful engineering\u003c/a> is over, the rover wakes up, starts its instruments and begins its business of chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, Curiosity is looking for elements and molecules that could be clues to past life on the planet. Elemental analysis is one of the most basic things chemists do, as it helps them figure out products formed in a reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In graduate school, I worked in a lab that built complicated molecules that could be potential medicines. I mixed powders and liquids in a flask, waited for a reaction and then set about identifying what I made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time I started a reaction knowing what the products should be. Sometimes I retrieved those products. Other times the reaction took an unexpected turn and I collected products with too few or too many atoms. That's when the chemical detective work began. Knowing what products the reaction created, I used my knowledge of chemistry, the reaction conditions, and the materials in the flask to guess how those side products might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity, the wandering robotic chemist, might find molecular products like methane or protein building blocks possibly formed by past life on Mars and now trapped in rocks and minerals. But scientists analyzing the significance of those clues have an extra challenge that I didn’t: They don’t know reaction conditions on the planet, like time, temperature and acidity, which could affect how those products formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the minerals themselves, and the planet’s atmosphere, have information to help fill that knowledge gap. The rover vaporizes some rocks with a laser and identifies the elements in the rocks \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/2012/08/08/light-crystals-and-a-chemist-called-curiosity/\">based on emitted light\u003c/a>. If a rock contains salts like sodium and potassium, then perhaps it formed in a watery environment. Other elemental indicators tell the scientists if that water was too acidic to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/05/carbon-in-rocks-frm-mars-comes-from-volcanoes-not-life/\">recent study \u003c/a>of Martian meteorites used a similar approach to conclude that carbon in the rocks came from volcanoes, not life. The scientists aimed a powerful laser at mineral grains in slices of the meteorite, identifying the elements in the minerals and structure of the carbon-containing compounds. The minerals likely formed in volcanoes; thus the graphite-like clusters inside the grains likely came from volcanoes too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mystery about the origin of carbon in Martian meteorites took 15 years to solve, because other experiments couldn’t rule out the possibility that the carbon formed while the meteorite sat on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity finds molecules that might be evidence for the existence of life as we know it, scientists have to rule out similar contamination issues. Perhaps the molecules formed in the planet’s atmosphere and fell to the surface, or maybe compounds in the soil altered the measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elemental analysis of minerals will help scientists identify the environment on Mars about one to two billion years ago, during the middle of its known life. With those clues to the reaction conditions on the planet, scientists can then work backwards to figure out if the planet could have sustained life. I look forward to following how Curiosity helps scientists unravel \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=63&sousrubrique=208&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=Curiosity%20-%20Why%20Mars?\">complex questions\u003c/a> about past habitability on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More reading:\u003cbr>\n1. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/\">Science experiments\u003c/a> on Curiosity, from NASA\u003cbr>\n2. Details of some chemistry instruments on Curiosity:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/p26510688kg4q808/fulltext.pdf?MUD=MP\">Sample Analysis at Mars\u003c/a>, identifying carbon-containing compounds using instruments common to many labs here on Earth\u003cbr>\n3. \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=64&sousrubrique=223&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=ChemCam%20-%20What%20will%20ChemCam%20tell%20us?\">ChemCam\u003c/a>, studying the composition of rocks on a small scale and looking for interesting places to study with \u003ca href=\"http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/CheMin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/curiosity-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42612\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42612\" title=\"curiosity resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiosity-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity rover\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s rendition of the Mars rover Curiosity, a robotic chemist and geologist. Credit: {link url=\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On August 5, the world was abuzz about a rover named Curiosity landing on Mars. Now that feat of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.cfm?id=1090\">masterful engineering\u003c/a> is over, the rover wakes up, starts its instruments and begins its business of chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, Curiosity is looking for elements and molecules that could be clues to past life on the planet. Elemental analysis is one of the most basic things chemists do, as it helps them figure out products formed in a reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In graduate school, I worked in a lab that built complicated molecules that could be potential medicines. I mixed powders and liquids in a flask, waited for a reaction and then set about identifying what I made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time I started a reaction knowing what the products should be. Sometimes I retrieved those products. Other times the reaction took an unexpected turn and I collected products with too few or too many atoms. That's when the chemical detective work began. Knowing what products the reaction created, I used my knowledge of chemistry, the reaction conditions, and the materials in the flask to guess how those side products might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity, the wandering robotic chemist, might find molecular products like methane or protein building blocks possibly formed by past life on Mars and now trapped in rocks and minerals. But scientists analyzing the significance of those clues have an extra challenge that I didn’t: They don’t know reaction conditions on the planet, like time, temperature and acidity, which could affect how those products formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the minerals themselves, and the planet’s atmosphere, have information to help fill that knowledge gap. The rover vaporizes some rocks with a laser and identifies the elements in the rocks \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/2012/08/08/light-crystals-and-a-chemist-called-curiosity/\">based on emitted light\u003c/a>. If a rock contains salts like sodium and potassium, then perhaps it formed in a watery environment. Other elemental indicators tell the scientists if that water was too acidic to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/05/carbon-in-rocks-frm-mars-comes-from-volcanoes-not-life/\">recent study \u003c/a>of Martian meteorites used a similar approach to conclude that carbon in the rocks came from volcanoes, not life. The scientists aimed a powerful laser at mineral grains in slices of the meteorite, identifying the elements in the minerals and structure of the carbon-containing compounds. The minerals likely formed in volcanoes; thus the graphite-like clusters inside the grains likely came from volcanoes too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mystery about the origin of carbon in Martian meteorites took 15 years to solve, because other experiments couldn’t rule out the possibility that the carbon formed while the meteorite sat on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity finds molecules that might be evidence for the existence of life as we know it, scientists have to rule out similar contamination issues. Perhaps the molecules formed in the planet’s atmosphere and fell to the surface, or maybe compounds in the soil altered the measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elemental analysis of minerals will help scientists identify the environment on Mars about one to two billion years ago, during the middle of its known life. With those clues to the reaction conditions on the planet, scientists can then work backwards to figure out if the planet could have sustained life. I look forward to following how Curiosity helps scientists unravel \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=63&sousrubrique=208&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=Curiosity%20-%20Why%20Mars?\">complex questions\u003c/a> about past habitability on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More reading:\u003cbr>\n1. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/\">Science experiments\u003c/a> on Curiosity, from NASA\u003cbr>\n2. Details of some chemistry instruments on Curiosity:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/p26510688kg4q808/fulltext.pdf?MUD=MP\">Sample Analysis at Mars\u003c/a>, identifying carbon-containing compounds using instruments common to many labs here on Earth\u003cbr>\n3. \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=64&sousrubrique=223&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=ChemCam%20-%20What%20will%20ChemCam%20tell%20us?\">ChemCam\u003c/a>, studying the composition of rocks on a small scale and looking for interesting places to study with \u003ca href=\"http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/CheMin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Is That Unusual Smell In Walnut Creek?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Walnut Creek is a nice, clean suburban city today, but people who live there long enough eventually ask why it smells like rotten eggs around John Muir Medical Center. That smell has been there longer than Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to the hospital, you take Ygnacio Valley Road east from downtown and over Shell Ridge. On the other side of Shell Ridge is the hospital, overlooking the wide, flat Ygnacio Valley. Here's the valley today as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42513\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValmap\" width=\"555\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42513\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg 555w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap-400x360.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir Medical Center sits in the neighborhood labeled \"San Miguel.\" The valley made up the heart of the Rancho San Miguel, given its name by Doña Juana Sanchez de Pacheco for her late husband Miguel Antonia Pacheco, but originally it was the Rancho Arroyo de Las Nueces y Bolbones (Walnut Creek and Bolbones [tribe]). Here's the \u003ca href=\"http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb3j49n8nx/\">Rancho San Miguel as it was mapped in 1850\u003c/a>, turned to place north up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/wcranchomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42514\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WCranchomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42514\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see the creek (Arroyo de las Nueces) on the west, Shell Ridge on the south, Ygnacio Valley in the middle, and Lime Ridge (mapped as Sierra de los Golgones) on the east. What's that notation at the end of Shell Ridge? Let's zoom in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/sulfspringtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42515\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sulfspringtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42515\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"warm sulphur spring\" was where Ygnacio Sibrian, Doña Juana's son, established Sulpher [sic] Springs Ranch on his share of the Rancho San Miguel. The official records put \"Sulpher Springs\" a bit north of Heather Farms, but U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 338, \u003ci>Springs of California\u003c/i>, offers the following description of the springs as of 1915:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A group of sulphur springs lies near the northeastern base of a low ridge about 2 miles northeast of the town of Walnut Creek. The largest spring is on the ridge about 100 yards from its eastern base and 25 yards north of the county road [Ygnacio Valley Road]. When the place was visited, the water rose in a board-curbed pool protected by a latticed house and was piped to a cattle trough a few yards away. It yielded about 3 gallons a minute of mildly sulphureted water, 81° in temperature. . . . Five other smaller springs issue in a belt extending 350 yards along the base of the ridge, in and near the barnyard of Sulphur Springs farm. Two of them have been piped to watering troughs near by. The other three are of seeping flow and form only small marshy places.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From that description, the spring was closer to where Clarke Swim Center sits today in Heather Farm Park, another health-centered water attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rotten-egg smell is hydrogen sulfide gas (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S), produced by certain bacteria from sulfur minerals in the absence of oxygen. Normally H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S is quickly oxidized by another set of bacteria into H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>, sulfuric acid, which proceeds to eat away at limestone and other rocks. But if the gas can move quickly to the surface it can reach your nose. Such is the case at Shell Ridge, as the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-622/\">Contra Costa County geologic map\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42516\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42516\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell Ridge consists of the following rock units, in order of age: upper Domengine Formation (Tdu), Cierbo Formation (Tc, with sandstone/conglomerate (Tcsc) at the base), Neroly Formation (Tn), and Green Valley/Tassajara group (Tgvt). The strike-and-dip symbols show that the rocks are actually overturned—tilted beyond vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is sulfur doing in Walnut Creek's rocks? Sulfur minerals, mostly \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a> (CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>\u003cb>·\u003c/b>2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O) or \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfides/minpicpyrite.htm\">pyrite\u003c/a> (FeS\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>), are widespread in sedimentary rocks. Around here, the sulfur is pyrite associated with organic matter, and the Domengine Formation in particular is a well-known petroleum reservoir rock. It stands to reason that a suitable set of cracks would support a sulfur spring here. The smell of rotten eggs used to be considered part of the healthful power of a warm spring. Savor that as you visit the hospital today.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Walnut Creek is a nice, clean suburban city today, but people who live there long enough eventually ask why it smells like rotten eggs around John Muir Medical Center. That smell has been there longer than Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to the hospital, you take Ygnacio Valley Road east from downtown and over Shell Ridge. On the other side of Shell Ridge is the hospital, overlooking the wide, flat Ygnacio Valley. Here's the valley today as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42513\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValmap\" width=\"555\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42513\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg 555w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap-400x360.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir Medical Center sits in the neighborhood labeled \"San Miguel.\" The valley made up the heart of the Rancho San Miguel, given its name by Doña Juana Sanchez de Pacheco for her late husband Miguel Antonia Pacheco, but originally it was the Rancho Arroyo de Las Nueces y Bolbones (Walnut Creek and Bolbones [tribe]). Here's the \u003ca href=\"http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb3j49n8nx/\">Rancho San Miguel as it was mapped in 1850\u003c/a>, turned to place north up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/wcranchomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42514\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WCranchomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42514\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see the creek (Arroyo de las Nueces) on the west, Shell Ridge on the south, Ygnacio Valley in the middle, and Lime Ridge (mapped as Sierra de los Golgones) on the east. What's that notation at the end of Shell Ridge? Let's zoom in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/sulfspringtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42515\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sulfspringtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42515\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"warm sulphur spring\" was where Ygnacio Sibrian, Doña Juana's son, established Sulpher [sic] Springs Ranch on his share of the Rancho San Miguel. The official records put \"Sulpher Springs\" a bit north of Heather Farms, but U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 338, \u003ci>Springs of California\u003c/i>, offers the following description of the springs as of 1915:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A group of sulphur springs lies near the northeastern base of a low ridge about 2 miles northeast of the town of Walnut Creek. The largest spring is on the ridge about 100 yards from its eastern base and 25 yards north of the county road [Ygnacio Valley Road]. When the place was visited, the water rose in a board-curbed pool protected by a latticed house and was piped to a cattle trough a few yards away. It yielded about 3 gallons a minute of mildly sulphureted water, 81° in temperature. . . . Five other smaller springs issue in a belt extending 350 yards along the base of the ridge, in and near the barnyard of Sulphur Springs farm. Two of them have been piped to watering troughs near by. The other three are of seeping flow and form only small marshy places.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From that description, the spring was closer to where Clarke Swim Center sits today in Heather Farm Park, another health-centered water attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rotten-egg smell is hydrogen sulfide gas (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S), produced by certain bacteria from sulfur minerals in the absence of oxygen. Normally H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S is quickly oxidized by another set of bacteria into H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>, sulfuric acid, which proceeds to eat away at limestone and other rocks. But if the gas can move quickly to the surface it can reach your nose. Such is the case at Shell Ridge, as the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-622/\">Contra Costa County geologic map\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42516\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42516\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell Ridge consists of the following rock units, in order of age: upper Domengine Formation (Tdu), Cierbo Formation (Tc, with sandstone/conglomerate (Tcsc) at the base), Neroly Formation (Tn), and Green Valley/Tassajara group (Tgvt). The strike-and-dip symbols show that the rocks are actually overturned—tilted beyond vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is sulfur doing in Walnut Creek's rocks? Sulfur minerals, mostly \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a> (CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>\u003cb>·\u003c/b>2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O) or \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfides/minpicpyrite.htm\">pyrite\u003c/a> (FeS\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>), are widespread in sedimentary rocks. Around here, the sulfur is pyrite associated with organic matter, and the Domengine Formation in particular is a well-known petroleum reservoir rock. It stands to reason that a suitable set of cracks would support a sulfur spring here. The smell of rotten eggs used to be considered part of the healthful power of a warm spring. Savor that as you visit the hospital today.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41707\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/02/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes/wearedesert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41707\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41707\" title=\"wearedesert\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long Valley is a microcosm of California: a sunny desert with a limited basin of water inside it. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is a wonderful state, and we in the Bay Area have the best of it, I think. But almost no place in the state exists in isolation any more. The twin engines of California civilization are electricity and water, and both of these are systems that integrate—or entangle, if you will—all corners of the state. As we approach the limits of our power and water, we will face some wrenching decisions with geological dimensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our electricity today comes mostly from fossil fuels, which will inevitably rise in cost as their sources are depleted. The long-term trend is toward renewable/sustainable energy sources, whether that's geothermal, wind or solar electricity. State law requires this energy sector to double in size in the next eight years. (The \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/\">California Energy Almanac\u003c/a> has the basics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar electricity is in the limelight these days because growth will be easiest there. The cheapest way to go, for an energy company, is to build solar power plants of the largest possible size on vacant land. That means the desert, and a corresponding network of transmission lines to the rest of the state. But there are good reasons for the rest of us to favor smaller, local projects. Since I focus on geology, I'll cite earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes demand resilient infrastructure: when the big power networks go down, as they surely will, we will need local backup. Where do we have too much sun? Parking lots. Imagine if every parking lot had a solar power generator on it. Heck, just imagine parking in the shade everywhere. Operating one of these small local generators is no more complicated than managing a small apartment building or a car-repair shop. Our residential roofs get too much sun, too, and the same act of imagination leads to the same conclusion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is a different problem, because while electricity can be manufactured, water cannot. Geologists have long known, from paleo-environmental studies, that California has had large fluctuations in its climate over just the last thousand years. That means California's \"deep present\" is chronically in or on the edge of drought. The trend today is toward greater drought, and our demands for water are straining the natural system that means so much to us. In a word, all of California is a desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state and federal government have just launched a proposal for a large pair of water tunnels that will cross the great Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta underground. We need to just get something done, something big, is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2012/07/big-california-water-project-governor-wants-get-shit-done/2721/\">message from the governor\u003c/a>. Like the solar electric projects, the water project hopes to proceed quickly by going where people don't live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both solar electricity and water demand smart leadership, of course, but that in turn demands an engaged, informed citizenry. The desert and the Delta are not far-off things; they're part of our California home. The newspapers and broadcasters will do what they can to inform us, but we will need to do our own extra homework. For solar electricity, Chris Clarke of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/\">KCET's ReWire blog\u003c/a> keeps a steady focus on developments while speaking up for the desert. For water, Chris Austin brings news from all sides to one place at \u003ca href=\"http://aquafornia.com/\">Aquafornia\u003c/a> and researcher John Bass addresses the Delta at \u003ca href=\"http://www.deltanationalpark.org/\">Delta National Park\u003c/a> as \"contested space, space that has multiple, often conflicting interests and these interests' claims to that space.\" Those are a good start.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41707\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/02/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes/wearedesert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41707\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41707\" title=\"wearedesert\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long Valley is a microcosm of California: a sunny desert with a limited basin of water inside it. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is a wonderful state, and we in the Bay Area have the best of it, I think. But almost no place in the state exists in isolation any more. The twin engines of California civilization are electricity and water, and both of these are systems that integrate—or entangle, if you will—all corners of the state. As we approach the limits of our power and water, we will face some wrenching decisions with geological dimensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our electricity today comes mostly from fossil fuels, which will inevitably rise in cost as their sources are depleted. The long-term trend is toward renewable/sustainable energy sources, whether that's geothermal, wind or solar electricity. State law requires this energy sector to double in size in the next eight years. (The \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/\">California Energy Almanac\u003c/a> has the basics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar electricity is in the limelight these days because growth will be easiest there. The cheapest way to go, for an energy company, is to build solar power plants of the largest possible size on vacant land. That means the desert, and a corresponding network of transmission lines to the rest of the state. But there are good reasons for the rest of us to favor smaller, local projects. Since I focus on geology, I'll cite earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes demand resilient infrastructure: when the big power networks go down, as they surely will, we will need local backup. Where do we have too much sun? Parking lots. Imagine if every parking lot had a solar power generator on it. Heck, just imagine parking in the shade everywhere. Operating one of these small local generators is no more complicated than managing a small apartment building or a car-repair shop. Our residential roofs get too much sun, too, and the same act of imagination leads to the same conclusion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is a different problem, because while electricity can be manufactured, water cannot. Geologists have long known, from paleo-environmental studies, that California has had large fluctuations in its climate over just the last thousand years. That means California's \"deep present\" is chronically in or on the edge of drought. The trend today is toward greater drought, and our demands for water are straining the natural system that means so much to us. In a word, all of California is a desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state and federal government have just launched a proposal for a large pair of water tunnels that will cross the great Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta underground. We need to just get something done, something big, is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2012/07/big-california-water-project-governor-wants-get-shit-done/2721/\">message from the governor\u003c/a>. Like the solar electric projects, the water project hopes to proceed quickly by going where people don't live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both solar electricity and water demand smart leadership, of course, but that in turn demands an engaged, informed citizenry. The desert and the Delta are not far-off things; they're part of our California home. The newspapers and broadcasters will do what they can to inform us, but we will need to do our own extra homework. For solar electricity, Chris Clarke of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/\">KCET's ReWire blog\u003c/a> keeps a steady focus on developments while speaking up for the desert. For water, Chris Austin brings news from all sides to one place at \u003ca href=\"http://aquafornia.com/\">Aquafornia\u003c/a> and researcher John Bass addresses the Delta at \u003ca href=\"http://www.deltanationalpark.org/\">Delta National Park\u003c/a> as \"contested space, space that has multiple, often conflicting interests and these interests' claims to that space.\" Those are a good start.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Shall We Do About Earthquake Weather?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41495\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/26/what-shall-we-do-about-earthquake-weather/eqweather/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41495\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/EQweather-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQweather\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41495\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault trace is marked on a road near Fort Ross. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We in the Bay Area, like most Californians, have always lived under the chronic threat of earthquakes. We know about it from personal experience and, farther back, from history. The government works against this threat in the sensible ways: building codes, zoning ordinances, scientific research, insurance mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of us have folkways organized around our local hazard. \"Drop, cover and hold on\" is a good one that we teach all of our kids. \"Stand in a doorway\" has been officially phased out—that works only in a traditional adobe building—but it's nearly as stubborn as the old adobes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The folk notion of \"earthquake weather\" centers around a belief that hot, still weather foreshadows an earthquake. It seems to be rooted in our culture as deeply as the ancient Greeks. Science established long ago that earthquakes have no statistical relation to the weather. Yet just last week one of the smartest, most competent people I know said in an online exchange, \"I've been worrying about earthquakes since the period of extreme stillness started yesterday.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I look around and wonder, too, when the weather gets weird. Something deeper is going on, something that I think we can't help doing. To talk about it I must turn to mythic, not scientific language. When the wind dies, the world is obviously holding its breath. What does the world await? The sky above is clear; there are no surface hazards nearby; it must be something below about to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists consider \"earthquake weather\" one of many misconceptions to be ruthlessly stamped out. (See attempts by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/index/Earthquakes/Pages/qh_earthquakes_myths.aspx\">California Department of Conservation\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scec.org/education/public/allmyths.html\">Southern California Earthquake Center\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/faq/?categoryID=6\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>.) But physics cannot displace psychology. I think that hot, still weather is so unusual in California that it allows our latent anxieties, whatever they are, to rise and demand attention. \u003ci>Something feels strange: is it related to my ongoing dread? Yes, that must be it. I will be vigilant. Now I feel a bit more in control.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are a chronic, uncontrollable threat; maybe it's natural to contemplate them only on sanctioned occasions, the way we contemplate death at funerals. If \"earthquake weather\" is one way of doing this together, then at least that's an arbitrary habit—a folkway—we can share in full awareness of its arbitrariness. I suggest that the best way to talk about \"earthquake weather\" is to always begin with the words, \"I know it's silly of me, but . . .\" Because it \u003ci>isn't\u003c/i> sensible to hold on to unsupported ideas, but that's what we do, even adults. We can't outgrow what is inherent. So let's harness the habit in the service of awareness.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41495\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/26/what-shall-we-do-about-earthquake-weather/eqweather/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41495\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/EQweather-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQweather\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41495\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault trace is marked on a road near Fort Ross. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We in the Bay Area, like most Californians, have always lived under the chronic threat of earthquakes. We know about it from personal experience and, farther back, from history. The government works against this threat in the sensible ways: building codes, zoning ordinances, scientific research, insurance mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of us have folkways organized around our local hazard. \"Drop, cover and hold on\" is a good one that we teach all of our kids. \"Stand in a doorway\" has been officially phased out—that works only in a traditional adobe building—but it's nearly as stubborn as the old adobes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The folk notion of \"earthquake weather\" centers around a belief that hot, still weather foreshadows an earthquake. It seems to be rooted in our culture as deeply as the ancient Greeks. Science established long ago that earthquakes have no statistical relation to the weather. Yet just last week one of the smartest, most competent people I know said in an online exchange, \"I've been worrying about earthquakes since the period of extreme stillness started yesterday.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I look around and wonder, too, when the weather gets weird. Something deeper is going on, something that I think we can't help doing. To talk about it I must turn to mythic, not scientific language. When the wind dies, the world is obviously holding its breath. What does the world await? The sky above is clear; there are no surface hazards nearby; it must be something below about to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists consider \"earthquake weather\" one of many misconceptions to be ruthlessly stamped out. (See attempts by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/index/Earthquakes/Pages/qh_earthquakes_myths.aspx\">California Department of Conservation\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scec.org/education/public/allmyths.html\">Southern California Earthquake Center\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/faq/?categoryID=6\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>.) But physics cannot displace psychology. I think that hot, still weather is so unusual in California that it allows our latent anxieties, whatever they are, to rise and demand attention. \u003ci>Something feels strange: is it related to my ongoing dread? Yes, that must be it. I will be vigilant. Now I feel a bit more in control.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are a chronic, uncontrollable threat; maybe it's natural to contemplate them only on sanctioned occasions, the way we contemplate death at funerals. If \"earthquake weather\" is one way of doing this together, then at least that's an arbitrary habit—a folkway—we can share in full awareness of its arbitrariness. I suggest that the best way to talk about \"earthquake weather\" is to always begin with the words, \"I know it's silly of me, but . . .\" Because it \u003ci>isn't\u003c/i> sensible to hold on to unsupported ideas, but that's what we do, even adults. We can't outgrow what is inherent. So let's harness the habit in the service of awareness.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Sunol Regional Wilderness",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Sunol Regional Wilderness",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunoltop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41178\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunoltop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41178\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flag Hill, made up of fossiliferous sandstone of the Briones Formation, overlooks the Sunol Regional Wilderness. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol/\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a>, is a great place for many different students of nature and lovers of the outdoors. Here's how it looks to geology aficionados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is near the village of Sunol, south of where state route 84 meets Interstate 680. As you approach the park on Calaveras Road, you are driving pretty much directly on the Calaveras fault, which stretches from the Hollister area north past Pleasanton. It's due east of Fremont, behind Mission and Monument Peaks. That set of mountains is a splinter of crustal rocks raised by the interaction of the Calaveras and Hayward faults on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's bedrock geology is a mixture of relatively young marine sandstone and metamorphic rocks of the much older Franciscan Complex (map from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/almap.pdf\">USGS OF96-252\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolmap2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41181\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolmap2\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41181\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunol Regional Wilderness is east of the Calaveras fault. LY, Little Yosemite; FH, Flag Hill; P, southern parking lot. Tan colors are young sandstones of the Briones Formation and related units; green is Great Valley Sequence sandstone of Cretaceous age; blues and purples are Franciscan rocks including melange, graywacke (sandstone) and serpentinite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The area, like the rest of the Bay Area, has a complex and continuing history of uplift and erosion and sideways movement on our major strike-slip faults. There are occasional bedrock terraces like this one that mark previous levels of Alameda Creek, at times when it had the leisure to cut its streambed wide into the surrounding hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolterrace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41185\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolterrace\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41185\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beneath a thin veneer of stream gravel lies solid bedrock: a stream-cut platform.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The eastern part of the park is archetypical Franciscan melange country, like that found up and down the Diablo Range. Melange is an intimate mixture of sandstone, basalt, chert and serpentinite, the four major Franciscan rock types. The land it underlies is an intricate set of slopes and peaks, laced with old and young landslide scars and dotted with \"knockers\" of resistant rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolknocker/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolknocker\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melange country, with the Mission Hills beyond the Calaveras fault. Note the radio towers of Monument and Mission Peaks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the complexity underneath can be seen in this detailed geologic map prepared by Franciscan specialist John Wakabayashi of Cal State Fresno (\u003ca href=\"http://sanjoaquingeologicalsociety.org/presentation/2011SJGSMelanges_sm.ppt\">from a 2011 Powerpoint presentation\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 697px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41182\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolmap\" width=\"697\" height=\"715\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41182\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap.png 697w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap-400x410.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 697px) 100vw, 697px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the map for the full-size version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Serpentinite and related high-grade metamorphic rocks thread through the land like the dark in a marble cake. The photo doesn't do justice to the blue of the serpentinite in this exposure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolserp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41184\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolserp\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41184\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upper reaches of the \"W\" Tree Rock Scramble.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you take yourself off the trail into these hills, watch for snakes and poison oak, but also be on the lookout for beauties like this garnet amphibolite among the knockers. It's just as blue as new jeans. (Admire it, but don't hammer it. Collecting is forbidden in all parks.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolamph/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41179\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolamph\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-41179\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The details and structures of Sunol's rocks are yielding new insights to students of the Franciscan. That is scientifically important because the Franciscan is a major part of the subduction zone in California, which in turn is the world's best example of subduction-related rocks. Sunol, therefore, is a star player at the frontier of plate tectonics itself.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunoltop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41178\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunoltop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41178\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flag Hill, made up of fossiliferous sandstone of the Briones Formation, overlooks the Sunol Regional Wilderness. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol/\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a>, is a great place for many different students of nature and lovers of the outdoors. Here's how it looks to geology aficionados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is near the village of Sunol, south of where state route 84 meets Interstate 680. As you approach the park on Calaveras Road, you are driving pretty much directly on the Calaveras fault, which stretches from the Hollister area north past Pleasanton. It's due east of Fremont, behind Mission and Monument Peaks. That set of mountains is a splinter of crustal rocks raised by the interaction of the Calaveras and Hayward faults on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's bedrock geology is a mixture of relatively young marine sandstone and metamorphic rocks of the much older Franciscan Complex (map from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/almap.pdf\">USGS OF96-252\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolmap2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41181\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolmap2\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41181\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunol Regional Wilderness is east of the Calaveras fault. LY, Little Yosemite; FH, Flag Hill; P, southern parking lot. Tan colors are young sandstones of the Briones Formation and related units; green is Great Valley Sequence sandstone of Cretaceous age; blues and purples are Franciscan rocks including melange, graywacke (sandstone) and serpentinite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The area, like the rest of the Bay Area, has a complex and continuing history of uplift and erosion and sideways movement on our major strike-slip faults. There are occasional bedrock terraces like this one that mark previous levels of Alameda Creek, at times when it had the leisure to cut its streambed wide into the surrounding hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolterrace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41185\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolterrace\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41185\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beneath a thin veneer of stream gravel lies solid bedrock: a stream-cut platform.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The eastern part of the park is archetypical Franciscan melange country, like that found up and down the Diablo Range. Melange is an intimate mixture of sandstone, basalt, chert and serpentinite, the four major Franciscan rock types. The land it underlies is an intricate set of slopes and peaks, laced with old and young landslide scars and dotted with \"knockers\" of resistant rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolknocker/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolknocker\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melange country, with the Mission Hills beyond the Calaveras fault. Note the radio towers of Monument and Mission Peaks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the complexity underneath can be seen in this detailed geologic map prepared by Franciscan specialist John Wakabayashi of Cal State Fresno (\u003ca href=\"http://sanjoaquingeologicalsociety.org/presentation/2011SJGSMelanges_sm.ppt\">from a 2011 Powerpoint presentation\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 697px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41182\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolmap\" width=\"697\" height=\"715\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41182\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap.png 697w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap-400x410.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 697px) 100vw, 697px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the map for the full-size version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Serpentinite and related high-grade metamorphic rocks thread through the land like the dark in a marble cake. The photo doesn't do justice to the blue of the serpentinite in this exposure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolserp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41184\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolserp\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41184\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upper reaches of the \"W\" Tree Rock Scramble.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you take yourself off the trail into these hills, watch for snakes and poison oak, but also be on the lookout for beauties like this garnet amphibolite among the knockers. It's just as blue as new jeans. (Admire it, but don't hammer it. Collecting is forbidden in all parks.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolamph/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41179\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolamph\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-41179\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The details and structures of Sunol's rocks are yielding new insights to students of the Franciscan. That is scientifically important because the Franciscan is a major part of the subduction zone in California, which in turn is the world's best example of subduction-related rocks. Sunol, therefore, is a star player at the frontier of plate tectonics itself.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Smelly Rocks: Researchers Reveal The Source of \"Stinkspar\" Stench",
"title": "Smelly Rocks: Researchers Reveal The Source of \"Stinkspar\" Stench",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/18/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks/antozonite-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41020\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/antozonite-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"antozonite\" title=\"antozonite resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41020\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I call fluorine the \u003cem>Tyrannosaurus rex\u003c/em> of the elements because it reacts with everything. That's why chemists thought the element was only found in nature as ions bound in minerals like fluorite (CaF\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>). Now researchers in Germany have found bubbles of diatomic fluorine (F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) trapped in a special type of fluorite called antozonite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1816, scientists noticed antozonite releases a powerful stench when crushed, earning it the nicknames “fetid fluorite” and “stinkspar.” Seventy years later, Henri Moissan studied a sample of antozonite and concluded that the rock contained elemental fluorine, chemist Florian Kraus \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/stinky-rocks-hide-earth-s-only-haven-for-natural-fluorine-1.10992\">told Nature News\u003c/a>. And if anyone should know what fluorine smells like, Moissan would. He won the \u003ca href=\"//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/moissan-bio.html\">1906 Nobel Prize in chemistry\u003c/a> in part for synthesizing fluorine gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mineralogists weren’t convinced by Moissan’s source of the stink, proposing instead that the rock held fluoride-, selenium- or phosphorous-containing compounds. Solving this almost-200-year old mystery took a mix of old-fashioned chemical analysis and modern instruments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I marvel at how the first chemists first learned about the properties and reactivity of each element. Their laboratory equipment seems crude by today’s standards, yet their logic was quite clever. Chemists knew that the chemical formula for hydrofluoric acid was HF before Moissan prepared fluorine gas!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/18/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks/psm_v70_d480_henri_moissan/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41025\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/PSM_V70_D480_Henri_Moissan-173x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"PSM_V70_D480_Henri_Moissan\" width=\"173\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-41025\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how they figured that out. French chemist Antoine Lavoisier puzzled over the composition of acids around 1776, when the element oxygen was a new element on the chemical scene. Lavoisier figured out that oxygen was crucial to combustion (that’s a story for another day), so he thought the element must be in acids too. But others weren’t so sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1800s, English chemist Humphry Davy noticed that when he mixed ammonia (a base) and sulfuric acid (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>), a salt formed. He heated that salt [(NH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>)\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>] until it gave off water vapor and nitrogen gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davy then mixed ammonia and hydrofluoric acid to get another salt. But no water evaporated when he heated that powder. So he concluded that hydrofluoric acid did not contain oxygen like sulfuric acid. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davy continued working with HF, electrifying it with a large battery to test the reactivity of fluorine. But it was Moissan who finally synthesized fluorine gas in 1886 by electrifying a solution of hydrofluoric acid and a potassium fluoride salt. Pale yellow fluorine gas bubbled up from one of the electrodes submerged in the solution. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the instruments of today, chemists analyzed the products based on their observations and knowledge of other reactions. Many of these scientists may not have been able to predict what would happen as they split matter into its chemical elements. Would a reaction catch fire? Explode? Spit out gas that burned their lungs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists certainly had a dangerous task when they started working with fluorine. It probably didn’t take them long to figure out that hydrofluoric acid etches glass. But they may not have known – as we do now – that spilling that acid on their body would steal calcium from their bones while it burned their skin. In a \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=3GYSAAAAYAAJ&ots=6vvSrvlBPv&dq=Annual%20Report%20of%20the%20Board%20of%20Regents%20of%20the%20Smithsonian%20Institution%20to%20July%201897&pg=PA259#v=onepage&q&f=false\">1897 lecture\u003c/a> to the board of regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Moissan says several of his colleagues became ill after breathing HF vapors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to today. Kraus, a professor at Technical University of Munich in Germany, learned about the mysterious odor of stinkspar while preparing for a lecture and questioned the mineralogists’ theories. “A fluorine chemist knows at once how fluorine smells,” he told Nature News. Kraus thought modern chemical analysis could finally settle the debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He collected some stinkspar from a mine in Wölsendorf, about 100 miles from Munich, and crushed some of it in his lab. Kraus compared the odor from the rock to that of pure F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and other fluorine-containing gases – “at very low concentrations and only very briefly,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2012/07/fluorine-finally-found-nature\">reports \u003cem>Chemistry World\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he asked \u003ca href=\"http://www.cup.uni-muenchen.de/ac/schmedtadg/index.html\">Jörn Schmedt auf der Günne\u003c/a>, a colleague at Munich University, to test a chunk of the rock using a technique called nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This allowed the researchers to identify particular elements in the undamaged rock. The analysis revealed a sharp signal for F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists think radioactive elements in the rock may split CaF\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> into calcium clusters and F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. “It is not surprising that chemists doubted the existence of elemental fluorine in fetid fluorite,” they said \u003ca href=\"http://www.tum.de/uploads/media/120705_Stinkspat_PW_EN.pdf\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “The fact that elemental fluorine and calcium, which would normally react with each other at once, are found here side by side is indeed hard to believe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Careful experimentation solves chemical mysteries, basic or complex. Now that scientists peer into materials and atoms with powerful instruments, they depend less on their senses to identify elements than the first chemists did. Though it’ll always be hard to forget a stinky smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reference: \u003cem>Angewandte Chemie International Edition\u003c/em>, 2012. DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201203515\">10.1002/anie.201203515\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/18/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks/antozonite-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41020\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/antozonite-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"antozonite\" title=\"antozonite resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41020\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I call fluorine the \u003cem>Tyrannosaurus rex\u003c/em> of the elements because it reacts with everything. That's why chemists thought the element was only found in nature as ions bound in minerals like fluorite (CaF\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>). Now researchers in Germany have found bubbles of diatomic fluorine (F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) trapped in a special type of fluorite called antozonite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1816, scientists noticed antozonite releases a powerful stench when crushed, earning it the nicknames “fetid fluorite” and “stinkspar.” Seventy years later, Henri Moissan studied a sample of antozonite and concluded that the rock contained elemental fluorine, chemist Florian Kraus \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/stinky-rocks-hide-earth-s-only-haven-for-natural-fluorine-1.10992\">told Nature News\u003c/a>. And if anyone should know what fluorine smells like, Moissan would. He won the \u003ca href=\"//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/moissan-bio.html\">1906 Nobel Prize in chemistry\u003c/a> in part for synthesizing fluorine gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mineralogists weren’t convinced by Moissan’s source of the stink, proposing instead that the rock held fluoride-, selenium- or phosphorous-containing compounds. Solving this almost-200-year old mystery took a mix of old-fashioned chemical analysis and modern instruments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I marvel at how the first chemists first learned about the properties and reactivity of each element. Their laboratory equipment seems crude by today’s standards, yet their logic was quite clever. Chemists knew that the chemical formula for hydrofluoric acid was HF before Moissan prepared fluorine gas!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/18/fluorine-found-in-stinky-rocks/psm_v70_d480_henri_moissan/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41025\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/PSM_V70_D480_Henri_Moissan-173x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"PSM_V70_D480_Henri_Moissan\" width=\"173\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-41025\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how they figured that out. French chemist Antoine Lavoisier puzzled over the composition of acids around 1776, when the element oxygen was a new element on the chemical scene. Lavoisier figured out that oxygen was crucial to combustion (that’s a story for another day), so he thought the element must be in acids too. But others weren’t so sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1800s, English chemist Humphry Davy noticed that when he mixed ammonia (a base) and sulfuric acid (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>), a salt formed. He heated that salt [(NH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>)\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>] until it gave off water vapor and nitrogen gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davy then mixed ammonia and hydrofluoric acid to get another salt. But no water evaporated when he heated that powder. So he concluded that hydrofluoric acid did not contain oxygen like sulfuric acid. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davy continued working with HF, electrifying it with a large battery to test the reactivity of fluorine. But it was Moissan who finally synthesized fluorine gas in 1886 by electrifying a solution of hydrofluoric acid and a potassium fluoride salt. Pale yellow fluorine gas bubbled up from one of the electrodes submerged in the solution. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the instruments of today, chemists analyzed the products based on their observations and knowledge of other reactions. Many of these scientists may not have been able to predict what would happen as they split matter into its chemical elements. Would a reaction catch fire? Explode? Spit out gas that burned their lungs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists certainly had a dangerous task when they started working with fluorine. It probably didn’t take them long to figure out that hydrofluoric acid etches glass. But they may not have known – as we do now – that spilling that acid on their body would steal calcium from their bones while it burned their skin. In a \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=3GYSAAAAYAAJ&ots=6vvSrvlBPv&dq=Annual%20Report%20of%20the%20Board%20of%20Regents%20of%20the%20Smithsonian%20Institution%20to%20July%201897&pg=PA259#v=onepage&q&f=false\">1897 lecture\u003c/a> to the board of regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Moissan says several of his colleagues became ill after breathing HF vapors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to today. Kraus, a professor at Technical University of Munich in Germany, learned about the mysterious odor of stinkspar while preparing for a lecture and questioned the mineralogists’ theories. “A fluorine chemist knows at once how fluorine smells,” he told Nature News. Kraus thought modern chemical analysis could finally settle the debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He collected some stinkspar from a mine in Wölsendorf, about 100 miles from Munich, and crushed some of it in his lab. Kraus compared the odor from the rock to that of pure F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and other fluorine-containing gases – “at very low concentrations and only very briefly,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2012/07/fluorine-finally-found-nature\">reports \u003cem>Chemistry World\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he asked \u003ca href=\"http://www.cup.uni-muenchen.de/ac/schmedtadg/index.html\">Jörn Schmedt auf der Günne\u003c/a>, a colleague at Munich University, to test a chunk of the rock using a technique called nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This allowed the researchers to identify particular elements in the undamaged rock. The analysis revealed a sharp signal for F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists think radioactive elements in the rock may split CaF\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> into calcium clusters and F\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. “It is not surprising that chemists doubted the existence of elemental fluorine in fetid fluorite,” they said \u003ca href=\"http://www.tum.de/uploads/media/120705_Stinkspat_PW_EN.pdf\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “The fact that elemental fluorine and calcium, which would normally react with each other at once, are found here side by side is indeed hard to believe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Careful experimentation solves chemical mysteries, basic or complex. Now that scientists peer into materials and atoms with powerful instruments, they depend less on their senses to identify elements than the first chemists did. Though it’ll always be hard to forget a stinky smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reference: \u003cem>Angewandte Chemie International Edition\u003c/em>, 2012. DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201203515\">10.1002/anie.201203515\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Hetch Hetchy: Will We Do the Anthropocene Thing?",
"title": "Hetch Hetchy: Will We Do the Anthropocene Thing?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40900\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40900\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40900\" title=\"hetchtop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir occupies Hetch Hetchy Valley behind O'Shaughnessy Dam. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>San Franciscans this fall will be asked to vote on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/images/Reports/Ballot_Initiative.pdf\">Water Sustainability and Environmental Restoration Planning Act\u003c/a>, a scheme that aims to put the cost of civilization in sharp relief. In essence it asks, Do we want to arrange our society as if nature really matters?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every great city relies on a great water supply, from ancient Rome to San Francisco. The Hetch Hetchy system was beautifully designed and built, except that it destroyed a nearly unique valley inside Yosemite National Park. The nonprofit organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/\">Restore Hetch Hetchy\u003c/a> (RHH) wants San Franciscans to weigh the price of doing things better, according to a specific definition that includes pulling out of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System begins with a dam and reservoir that traps some of the world's cleanest water in a basin of Sierra Nevada granite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40903\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchspillway/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40903\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40903\" title=\"hetchspillway\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway-400x350.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The spillway next to O'Shaughnessy Dam has gates that are turned up in winter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tunnels and pipelines carry Hetch Hetchy water to the Bay Area entirely by gravity, with some of that gravitational energy turned to electricity along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchmoccasin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40901\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40901\" title=\"hetchmoccasin\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy water drives turbines at the Moccasin power plant south of Jamestown.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System is a colossal engineering triumph that has provided not just San Francisco, but many Bay Area cities, with clean and reliable water for nearly 90 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40902\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchmonument/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40902\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40902\" title=\"hetchmonument\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument-400x334.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Water System monument north of route 132 between Vernalis and Modesto.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System still performs to specifications, but RHH argues that today we could make it work while sparing Hetch Hetchy Valley and removing its reservoir. That may be so, and the few million dollars required for a good study and action plan would be well spent because previous efforts have been sketchy. RHH is rolling the dice by forcing the plan, whatever it is, to be considered by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors for placement as a charter amendment in the 2016 elections. That is, if the Supes vote it down, nothing will come of it, but if both they and the city's voters approve it the plan will go into effect willy-nilly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal is a growing endeavor, and one of great scientific interest, because so many of the nation's dams are reaching the end of their lives. This happens when the reservoirs behind them fill up with sediment. The most recent success in dam removal is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam project\u003c/a> in Washington state. In that case, the reservoir had silted up. O'Shaughnessy Dam is more than 30 times as large as Elwha, its reservoir is far from being silted up, and the dam isn't sited on an earthquake fault. From an engineering standpoint, there's no rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RHH's plan is a visionary scheme based on environmental justice, appealing as an example of eco-responsible, sustainable practice. But are we better off with the dam gone now? Conversely, if we really are in an \"Anthropocene age\" when we can influence the entire planet by our actions, shouldn't we begin to act accordingly? Shouldn't we begin geoengineering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obstacles to RHH's plan are great, but I believe the group is playing a very long game. The Hetch Hetchy system is exceptionally stable because the reservoir is many centuries away from filling up with sediment. As time goes on our ability to engineer the water system intelligently will only improve. As a geotechnical matter, that slow pace of sedimentation means that Hetch Hetchy Valley can indeed be restored. By putting the question to a formal evaluation, RHH hopes to ensure that restoration will be on the agenda for as long as it takes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40900\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40900\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40900\" title=\"hetchtop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir occupies Hetch Hetchy Valley behind O'Shaughnessy Dam. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>San Franciscans this fall will be asked to vote on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/images/Reports/Ballot_Initiative.pdf\">Water Sustainability and Environmental Restoration Planning Act\u003c/a>, a scheme that aims to put the cost of civilization in sharp relief. In essence it asks, Do we want to arrange our society as if nature really matters?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every great city relies on a great water supply, from ancient Rome to San Francisco. The Hetch Hetchy system was beautifully designed and built, except that it destroyed a nearly unique valley inside Yosemite National Park. The nonprofit organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/\">Restore Hetch Hetchy\u003c/a> (RHH) wants San Franciscans to weigh the price of doing things better, according to a specific definition that includes pulling out of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System begins with a dam and reservoir that traps some of the world's cleanest water in a basin of Sierra Nevada granite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40903\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchspillway/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40903\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40903\" title=\"hetchspillway\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway-400x350.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The spillway next to O'Shaughnessy Dam has gates that are turned up in winter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tunnels and pipelines carry Hetch Hetchy water to the Bay Area entirely by gravity, with some of that gravitational energy turned to electricity along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchmoccasin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40901\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40901\" title=\"hetchmoccasin\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy water drives turbines at the Moccasin power plant south of Jamestown.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System is a colossal engineering triumph that has provided not just San Francisco, but many Bay Area cities, with clean and reliable water for nearly 90 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40902\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchmonument/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40902\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40902\" title=\"hetchmonument\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument-400x334.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Water System monument north of route 132 between Vernalis and Modesto.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System still performs to specifications, but RHH argues that today we could make it work while sparing Hetch Hetchy Valley and removing its reservoir. That may be so, and the few million dollars required for a good study and action plan would be well spent because previous efforts have been sketchy. RHH is rolling the dice by forcing the plan, whatever it is, to be considered by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors for placement as a charter amendment in the 2016 elections. That is, if the Supes vote it down, nothing will come of it, but if both they and the city's voters approve it the plan will go into effect willy-nilly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal is a growing endeavor, and one of great scientific interest, because so many of the nation's dams are reaching the end of their lives. This happens when the reservoirs behind them fill up with sediment. The most recent success in dam removal is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam project\u003c/a> in Washington state. In that case, the reservoir had silted up. O'Shaughnessy Dam is more than 30 times as large as Elwha, its reservoir is far from being silted up, and the dam isn't sited on an earthquake fault. From an engineering standpoint, there's no rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RHH's plan is a visionary scheme based on environmental justice, appealing as an example of eco-responsible, sustainable practice. But are we better off with the dam gone now? Conversely, if we really are in an \"Anthropocene age\" when we can influence the entire planet by our actions, shouldn't we begin to act accordingly? Shouldn't we begin geoengineering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obstacles to RHH's plan are great, but I believe the group is playing a very long game. The Hetch Hetchy system is exceptionally stable because the reservoir is many centuries away from filling up with sediment. As time goes on our ability to engineer the water system intelligently will only improve. As a geotechnical matter, that slow pace of sedimentation means that Hetch Hetchy Valley can indeed be restored. By putting the question to a formal evaluation, RHH hopes to ensure that restoration will be on the agenda for as long as it takes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "All My Children: Making and Donating a Rock Collection",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionslate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionslate-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionslate\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40499\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The search for a good specimen of slate took me across the Central Valley, but once there it was a moment's work. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, I accepted an assignment to gather a set of California rocks for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland. I thought I could putter around the local hills and have it done in a few afternoons. Didn't turn out that way. Finding good teaching specimens is an exacting project. Now that I'm done, it's a little hard to let them go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was given a list of 15 rock types—five each of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks—but some of them were clearly nonstarters. For instance, coal was on the list, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/\">California's coal\u003c/a> is too soft for presentation, and besides it's off limits in park lands. I made some substitutes and then set forth to find the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Igneous rocks: basalt, granite, obsidian, pumice, scoria\u003cbr>\nSedimentary rocks: breccia, chert, conglomerate, sandstone, shale\u003cbr>\nMetamorphic rocks: gneiss, marble, schist, serpentine, slate\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost everything was available in loose material by the side of the road. Indeed, picking up roadside rubble is doing the public a favor. Conglomerate and sandstone were available within the Oakland city limits; in fact Chabot authorized me to collect from its own property, but the sandstone there is too soft. Chert came from my own Oakland yard, the same red Franciscan chert \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">that makes up the Marin Headlands\u003c/a>. I was using it in the landscaping, but giving up a few choice pieces was all for a good cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionchert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionchert\" width=\"600\" height=\"444\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert-400x296.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With other rocks, I knew where to get them; it was just a matter of scheduling a trip. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Obsidian came from the Napa Valley\u003c/a>, shale from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">the Great Valley Sequence north of Fairfield\u003c/a>, schist from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/\">Franciscan Complex in Glenn County\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A teaching specimen needs to be clean and sound, naturally. It needs to be the right size. More difficult is that it has to be \u003ci>typical\u003c/i>, showing what the textbooks describe and nothing more. Once I found the right spot, it took a lot of pawing, picking and pondering to assemble a satisfactory group, like this basalt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionbasalts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40500\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionbasalts\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end, I had to go pretty far afield. Take the metamorphic set, shown below. The schist (upper left) I already mentioned. Going clockwise, the slate came from near Copperopolis, the marble from near Columbia, the gneiss from near Murphys, and the serpentine from near Clear Lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionmets/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionmets\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40502\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That left two igneous rocks: scoria and pumice. I could have made an overnight visit to the volcanic districts of northeastern California or the trans-Sierra, but I elected instead to check out the local landscape suppliers. I finally found what I wanted at Morgan's Masonry Supply, in San Ramon: fist-size lava rock (scoria) and a boulder of pumice. From that boulder I carved five hand samples like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionpumice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40503\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionpumice\" width=\"600\" height=\"461\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I have added respect for the people who make and market those \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rockcollecting/bb/rockcollections.htm\">boxed rock collections\u003c/a>. They have to keep truckloads of rock types on hand, most of them imported from somewhere else, then pick through the chips and waste to get what they need. On the other hand, they don't know the pride I take in delivering this custom collection to my local science educators. And I can visit my rocks any time to see how they're doing.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionslate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionslate-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionslate\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40499\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The search for a good specimen of slate took me across the Central Valley, but once there it was a moment's work. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, I accepted an assignment to gather a set of California rocks for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland. I thought I could putter around the local hills and have it done in a few afternoons. Didn't turn out that way. Finding good teaching specimens is an exacting project. Now that I'm done, it's a little hard to let them go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was given a list of 15 rock types—five each of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks—but some of them were clearly nonstarters. For instance, coal was on the list, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/\">California's coal\u003c/a> is too soft for presentation, and besides it's off limits in park lands. I made some substitutes and then set forth to find the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Igneous rocks: basalt, granite, obsidian, pumice, scoria\u003cbr>\nSedimentary rocks: breccia, chert, conglomerate, sandstone, shale\u003cbr>\nMetamorphic rocks: gneiss, marble, schist, serpentine, slate\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost everything was available in loose material by the side of the road. Indeed, picking up roadside rubble is doing the public a favor. Conglomerate and sandstone were available within the Oakland city limits; in fact Chabot authorized me to collect from its own property, but the sandstone there is too soft. Chert came from my own Oakland yard, the same red Franciscan chert \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">that makes up the Marin Headlands\u003c/a>. I was using it in the landscaping, but giving up a few choice pieces was all for a good cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionchert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionchert\" width=\"600\" height=\"444\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert-400x296.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With other rocks, I knew where to get them; it was just a matter of scheduling a trip. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Obsidian came from the Napa Valley\u003c/a>, shale from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">the Great Valley Sequence north of Fairfield\u003c/a>, schist from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/\">Franciscan Complex in Glenn County\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A teaching specimen needs to be clean and sound, naturally. It needs to be the right size. More difficult is that it has to be \u003ci>typical\u003c/i>, showing what the textbooks describe and nothing more. Once I found the right spot, it took a lot of pawing, picking and pondering to assemble a satisfactory group, like this basalt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionbasalts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40500\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionbasalts\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end, I had to go pretty far afield. Take the metamorphic set, shown below. The schist (upper left) I already mentioned. Going clockwise, the slate came from near Copperopolis, the marble from near Columbia, the gneiss from near Murphys, and the serpentine from near Clear Lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionmets/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionmets\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40502\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That left two igneous rocks: scoria and pumice. I could have made an overnight visit to the volcanic districts of northeastern California or the trans-Sierra, but I elected instead to check out the local landscape suppliers. I finally found what I wanted at Morgan's Masonry Supply, in San Ramon: fist-size lava rock (scoria) and a boulder of pumice. From that boulder I carved five hand samples like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionpumice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40503\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionpumice\" width=\"600\" height=\"461\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I have added respect for the people who make and market those \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rockcollecting/bb/rockcollections.htm\">boxed rock collections\u003c/a>. They have to keep truckloads of rock types on hand, most of them imported from somewhere else, then pick through the chips and waste to get what they need. On the other hand, they don't know the pride I take in delivering this custom collection to my local science educators. And I can visit my rocks any time to see how they're doing.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Stony Creek Valley",
"title": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Stony Creek Valley",
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"content": "\u003cp>Anyone looking at the Sacramento Valley in a satellite view surely wonders about the eastern edge of the Coast Range, a belt of striking corrugated terrain running up the west side from the Bay Area almost all the way to Redding. I'm here to tell you that it's extremely picturesque country. Geologically, it consists of the thick, tilted-up Great Valley Sequence of sedimentary rocks and the older, underlying Franciscan Complex metamorphic rocks farther west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you go north on I-5 you pass four towns that I think of as the four W's: Winters, Woodland, Williams and Willows. Today's sample of this district is a loop into the corrugated country starting at Willows and ending back at I-5 in Orland or Corning; take your choice. Here's the route (created on \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmap-pedometer.com/\">gmap-pedometer.com\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycrvlymaptopo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40265\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40265\" title=\"stonycrvlymaptopo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"496\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo.png 496w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo-400x339.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the geology en route (created from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycrvlymapgeo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40276\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40276\" title=\"stonycrvlymapgeo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo-400x336.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A belt of serpentinite (purple) separates Franciscan metamorphic rocks on the west from Great Valley Sequence sedimentary rocks on the east (J, Jurassic; Kl and Ku, lower and upper Cretaceous). Overlain on these are Tertiary volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks (Tvp and Tv) and younger outwash deposits (QPc). Pink lines mark structures: anticlines and synclines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State route 162 leads west from Willows into the series of ridges formed by the uptilted Great Valley Sequence rocks. These are the same formations, of the same age, that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">I showed you north of Fairfield\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40266\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40266\" title=\"stonycreekvalley1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond a series of these ridges is a long valley underlain by fine-grained Jurassic rocks, the oldest part of the Great Valley Sequence. The valley is punctuated by \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/structureslandforms/ig/erosional/hogback.htm\">hogback ridges\u003c/a> that affect the course of the roads. Parts of the valley have been turned into reservoirs, like Stony Gorge Reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley02/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40267\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40267\" title=\"stonycreekvalley02\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new reservoir is planned south of here around the settlement of Sites that will be used to regulate streamflow in the northern Sacramento Valley and allow older structures to be modified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually route 162 crosses Stony Creek, where the Great Valley Sequence rocks are spectacularly exposed in a washboard streambed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley03/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40268\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40268\" title=\"stonycreekvalley03\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03-400x313.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turn north here on 162 and follow the river, taking note of the different levels of stream terraces built when Stony Creek had not eroded as far down as it has today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley04/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40269\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40269\" title=\"stonycreekvalley04\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04-400x261.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When 162 turns west again, continue north on county road 306. (At the moment, the route on 162 through the Coast Range to Covelo is closed.) In late April when I visited, the countryside was a picture-postcard experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley05/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40270\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40270\" title=\"stonycreekvalley05\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you like, take 162 a ways into the Franciscan country, or for a more intimate experience take county road 313 west instead, a well-graded dirt road just three miles to the north. (That's the spur shown on the route map.) In clear weather, vistas spread out as you rise. Here's the view south down the valley of Stony Creek:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley06/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40271\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40271\" title=\"stonycreekvalley06\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06-400x311.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the view northeast toward the Great Valley over the sawtooth ridges of Great Valley Sequence rocks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley07/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40272\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40272\" title=\"stonycreekvalley07\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahead is the rugged topography held up by the Franciscan Complex. Note how the vegetation has changed as well as the bones of the land. The highest peak is Red Mountain. The contact between these two highly contrasting geologic provinces is the Coast Range thrust, which has tilted up the rocks on the east side like a pet pushing under a bedsheet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley08/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40273\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40273\" title=\"stonycreekvalley08\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the roadcuts, too, for exposures of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">serpentinite\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicschist.htm\">schist\u003c/a> like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley09/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40274\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40274\" title=\"stonycreekvalley09\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09-400x332.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step out and collect a specimen or two if you like; this is public land. Chrome ore was mined around here, in and around the serpentinite belt. The tiny settlement of Chrome marks the site of one former mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Road 306 butts into Newville Road, and that's where you turn back toward the freeway. But there's one more attraction as you go forward through geologic time into the Sacramento Valley: the unexpected Black Butte. This is a segment of a huge lava flow, the \u003ca href=\"http://myweb.csuchico.edu/~rteasdale/Lovejoy.html\">Lovejoy Basalt\u003c/a>, that once crossed the Valley from a source in the northern Sierra Nevada, reaching from here south to Vacaville. Black Butte was raised by a fault, sparing it from erosional destruction. The lake around it is artificial, and the whole is a splendid park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley10/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40275\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40275\" title=\"stonycreekvalley10\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to Corning requires a short backtrack to Black Butte Road, which crosses orchard lands and offers low-key views (which I believe will show Mount Shasta on clear days). You may also take a shorter side trip starting in Orland that visits Black Butte alone. But once you get behind the curtain of those serrated Great Valley Sequence hills, you'll never look at this stretch of I-5 the same way again.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Anyone looking at the Sacramento Valley in a satellite view surely wonders about the eastern edge of the Coast Range, a belt of striking corrugated terrain running up the west side from the Bay Area almost all the way to Redding. I'm here to tell you that it's extremely picturesque country. Geologically, it consists of the thick, tilted-up Great Valley Sequence of sedimentary rocks and the older, underlying Franciscan Complex metamorphic rocks farther west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you go north on I-5 you pass four towns that I think of as the four W's: Winters, Woodland, Williams and Willows. Today's sample of this district is a loop into the corrugated country starting at Willows and ending back at I-5 in Orland or Corning; take your choice. Here's the route (created on \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmap-pedometer.com/\">gmap-pedometer.com\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycrvlymaptopo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40265\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40265\" title=\"stonycrvlymaptopo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"496\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo.png 496w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo-400x339.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the geology en route (created from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycrvlymapgeo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40276\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40276\" title=\"stonycrvlymapgeo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo-400x336.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A belt of serpentinite (purple) separates Franciscan metamorphic rocks on the west from Great Valley Sequence sedimentary rocks on the east (J, Jurassic; Kl and Ku, lower and upper Cretaceous). Overlain on these are Tertiary volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks (Tvp and Tv) and younger outwash deposits (QPc). Pink lines mark structures: anticlines and synclines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State route 162 leads west from Willows into the series of ridges formed by the uptilted Great Valley Sequence rocks. These are the same formations, of the same age, that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">I showed you north of Fairfield\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40266\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40266\" title=\"stonycreekvalley1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond a series of these ridges is a long valley underlain by fine-grained Jurassic rocks, the oldest part of the Great Valley Sequence. The valley is punctuated by \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/structureslandforms/ig/erosional/hogback.htm\">hogback ridges\u003c/a> that affect the course of the roads. Parts of the valley have been turned into reservoirs, like Stony Gorge Reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley02/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40267\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40267\" title=\"stonycreekvalley02\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new reservoir is planned south of here around the settlement of Sites that will be used to regulate streamflow in the northern Sacramento Valley and allow older structures to be modified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually route 162 crosses Stony Creek, where the Great Valley Sequence rocks are spectacularly exposed in a washboard streambed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley03/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40268\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40268\" title=\"stonycreekvalley03\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03-400x313.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turn north here on 162 and follow the river, taking note of the different levels of stream terraces built when Stony Creek had not eroded as far down as it has today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley04/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40269\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40269\" title=\"stonycreekvalley04\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04-400x261.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When 162 turns west again, continue north on county road 306. (At the moment, the route on 162 through the Coast Range to Covelo is closed.) In late April when I visited, the countryside was a picture-postcard experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley05/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40270\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40270\" title=\"stonycreekvalley05\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you like, take 162 a ways into the Franciscan country, or for a more intimate experience take county road 313 west instead, a well-graded dirt road just three miles to the north. (That's the spur shown on the route map.) In clear weather, vistas spread out as you rise. Here's the view south down the valley of Stony Creek:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley06/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40271\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40271\" title=\"stonycreekvalley06\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06-400x311.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the view northeast toward the Great Valley over the sawtooth ridges of Great Valley Sequence rocks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley07/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40272\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40272\" title=\"stonycreekvalley07\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahead is the rugged topography held up by the Franciscan Complex. Note how the vegetation has changed as well as the bones of the land. The highest peak is Red Mountain. The contact between these two highly contrasting geologic provinces is the Coast Range thrust, which has tilted up the rocks on the east side like a pet pushing under a bedsheet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley08/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40273\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40273\" title=\"stonycreekvalley08\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the roadcuts, too, for exposures of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">serpentinite\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicschist.htm\">schist\u003c/a> like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley09/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40274\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40274\" title=\"stonycreekvalley09\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09-400x332.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step out and collect a specimen or two if you like; this is public land. Chrome ore was mined around here, in and around the serpentinite belt. The tiny settlement of Chrome marks the site of one former mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Road 306 butts into Newville Road, and that's where you turn back toward the freeway. But there's one more attraction as you go forward through geologic time into the Sacramento Valley: the unexpected Black Butte. This is a segment of a huge lava flow, the \u003ca href=\"http://myweb.csuchico.edu/~rteasdale/Lovejoy.html\">Lovejoy Basalt\u003c/a>, that once crossed the Valley from a source in the northern Sierra Nevada, reaching from here south to Vacaville. Black Butte was raised by a fault, sparing it from erosional destruction. The lake around it is artificial, and the whole is a splendid park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley10/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40275\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40275\" title=\"stonycreekvalley10\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to Corning requires a short backtrack to Black Butte Road, which crosses orchard lands and offers low-key views (which I believe will show Mount Shasta on clear days). You may also take a shorter side trip starting in Orland that visits Black Butte alone. But once you get behind the curtain of those serrated Great Valley Sequence hills, you'll never look at this stretch of I-5 the same way again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Faulty Civic Awareness with the Hayward Fault",
"title": "Faulty Civic Awareness with the Hayward Fault",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/hywrdtrip/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39876\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-39876\" title=\"hywrdtrip\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdtrip.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"258\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologists visiting Hayward in their colorful urban field dress pay homage to its namesake fault, which has been steadily offsetting this curb since 1971. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The East Bay is marked by the Hayward fault, stretching from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault\">Point Pinole\u003c/a> south through Fremont. It's considered the most dangerous earthquake fault in northern California, capable of a quake causing a $100 billion disaster. Geologists are conflicted as they approach the Hayward fault, with reverence for its capacity for damage but enthusiasm for its textbook display of tectonic features. City websites approach it with the terrified response of the proverbial ostrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayward gave its name to the fault thanks to the original \"great San Francisco earthquake\" of 1868, but you wouldn't know it from the city's website. Indeed, most of the cities on the fault, north or south, don't admit that they're even near it except in passing, in old background documents. Pinole, San Pablo, Richmond, El Cerrito—nowhere on their websites do these cities show their residents where the fault is. Berkeley's website has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Planning_and_Development/Home/General_Plan_-_Disaster_Preparedness_and_Safety_Element.aspx\">a useful map\u003c/a>, but I can't tell you how to find it except through a brute-force search. Oakland, which sits on more miles of the fault than any other East Bay city, has almost nothing even in its \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/PSP/index.htm\">Public Safety Portal\u003c/a>. San Leandro has nothing. Hayward presents a low-grade map of the fault and a lot of good offsite links, but only a dedicated searcher can find them. And searching Fremont's website turns up nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to call this situation a miserable failure. Off the top of my head, I checked Biloxi, Mississippi, a river town in hurricane country. There's a big tab, \"Storm & Flood Preparedness,\" high on the city website's home page. But East Bay cities treat earthquake as something nebulous in the environment that, like the 1989 Loma Prieta quake, might affect them as distant bystanders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who's helping our East Bay cities raise public awareness?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't start writing this piece intending to blow my own horn, but my Oakland Geology blog has a geologic map of the city and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/category/the-fault/\">many posts about the fault\u003c/a>. It seems like—no, it \u003ci>is\u003c/i> the least I can do. I actually set out to talk about Fremont, where a \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnucleus.org/haywardfault/hayward.html\">Hayward Fault Walk and Tour\u003c/a> takes place this summer on July 14 and August 11. The city is involved with that exercise, although the prime movers are the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnucleus.org/\">Math/Science Nucleus\u003c/a> and the federal U.S. Geological Survey, \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1868/\">which has extensive resources on the Hayward fault\u003c/a>. The city of Fremont could hardly avoid involvement, because its first city building was set directly upon the fault trace in 1962 and is being slowly wrenched apart. (Geologist Joyce Blueford of Math/Science Nucleus \u003ca href=\"http://www.tricityvoice.com/articlefiledisplay.php?issue=2012-05-22&file=story1.txt\">provided this background document to the Tri-City Voice\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But consider the case of San Francisco, which owes a core aspect of its reputation to the great quake of 1906. What made San Francisco \"The City That Knows How\" was its indomitable response to the quake. San Francisco owns its fault. I think that Hayward could adopt some of that same attitude. It has a splendid fault museum already: its old City Hall, built in 1930 upon the Hayward fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/haywardcityhall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39877\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39877\" title=\"haywardcityhall\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just peek in the windows of this beautiful shell to see the effects of aseismic creep, the steady, millimeters-per-year motion found along much of the fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/hywrdcityhallcracks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39878\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39878\" title=\"hywrdcityhallcracks\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks-400x282.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And its \u003ca href=\"http://user.govoutreach.com/hayward/faq.php?cid=10773\">new City Hall building\u003c/a>, next to the BART station, is an example of state-of-the-art seismic design, sturdy and flexible enough to remain operational after the Hayward fault's Big One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that Big One will happen again, and life will resume. Like New York after 9/11, like New Orleans after Katrina, the cities of the East Bay will earn new reputations as they endure, revive and prevail. We can think and plan ahead for this trial-by-nature. It starts with admitting the obvious: this is our fault.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/hywrdtrip/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39876\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-39876\" title=\"hywrdtrip\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdtrip.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"258\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geologists visiting Hayward in their colorful urban field dress pay homage to its namesake fault, which has been steadily offsetting this curb since 1971. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The East Bay is marked by the Hayward fault, stretching from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault\">Point Pinole\u003c/a> south through Fremont. It's considered the most dangerous earthquake fault in northern California, capable of a quake causing a $100 billion disaster. Geologists are conflicted as they approach the Hayward fault, with reverence for its capacity for damage but enthusiasm for its textbook display of tectonic features. City websites approach it with the terrified response of the proverbial ostrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayward gave its name to the fault thanks to the original \"great San Francisco earthquake\" of 1868, but you wouldn't know it from the city's website. Indeed, most of the cities on the fault, north or south, don't admit that they're even near it except in passing, in old background documents. Pinole, San Pablo, Richmond, El Cerrito—nowhere on their websites do these cities show their residents where the fault is. Berkeley's website has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Planning_and_Development/Home/General_Plan_-_Disaster_Preparedness_and_Safety_Element.aspx\">a useful map\u003c/a>, but I can't tell you how to find it except through a brute-force search. Oakland, which sits on more miles of the fault than any other East Bay city, has almost nothing even in its \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/PSP/index.htm\">Public Safety Portal\u003c/a>. San Leandro has nothing. Hayward presents a low-grade map of the fault and a lot of good offsite links, but only a dedicated searcher can find them. And searching Fremont's website turns up nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to call this situation a miserable failure. Off the top of my head, I checked Biloxi, Mississippi, a river town in hurricane country. There's a big tab, \"Storm & Flood Preparedness,\" high on the city website's home page. But East Bay cities treat earthquake as something nebulous in the environment that, like the 1989 Loma Prieta quake, might affect them as distant bystanders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who's helping our East Bay cities raise public awareness?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't start writing this piece intending to blow my own horn, but my Oakland Geology blog has a geologic map of the city and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/category/the-fault/\">many posts about the fault\u003c/a>. It seems like—no, it \u003ci>is\u003c/i> the least I can do. I actually set out to talk about Fremont, where a \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnucleus.org/haywardfault/hayward.html\">Hayward Fault Walk and Tour\u003c/a> takes place this summer on July 14 and August 11. The city is involved with that exercise, although the prime movers are the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnucleus.org/\">Math/Science Nucleus\u003c/a> and the federal U.S. Geological Survey, \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1868/\">which has extensive resources on the Hayward fault\u003c/a>. The city of Fremont could hardly avoid involvement, because its first city building was set directly upon the fault trace in 1962 and is being slowly wrenched apart. (Geologist Joyce Blueford of Math/Science Nucleus \u003ca href=\"http://www.tricityvoice.com/articlefiledisplay.php?issue=2012-05-22&file=story1.txt\">provided this background document to the Tri-City Voice\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But consider the case of San Francisco, which owes a core aspect of its reputation to the great quake of 1906. What made San Francisco \"The City That Knows How\" was its indomitable response to the quake. San Francisco owns its fault. I think that Hayward could adopt some of that same attitude. It has a splendid fault museum already: its old City Hall, built in 1930 upon the Hayward fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/haywardcityhall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39877\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39877\" title=\"haywardcityhall\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/haywardcityhall-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just peek in the windows of this beautiful shell to see the effects of aseismic creep, the steady, millimeters-per-year motion found along much of the fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/hywrdcityhallcracks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39878\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39878\" title=\"hywrdcityhallcracks\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/hywrdcityhallcracks-400x282.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And its \u003ca href=\"http://user.govoutreach.com/hayward/faq.php?cid=10773\">new City Hall building\u003c/a>, next to the BART station, is an example of state-of-the-art seismic design, sturdy and flexible enough to remain operational after the Hayward fault's Big One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that Big One will happen again, and life will resume. Like New York after 9/11, like New Orleans after Katrina, the cities of the East Bay will earn new reputations as they endure, revive and prevail. We can think and plan ahead for this trial-by-nature. It starts with admitting the obvious: this is our fault.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Did You See It? Report a Landslide Online",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39564\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-dysi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39564\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-dysi\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landslide in eastern Del Puerto Canyon, near Patterson. Now anyone can easily report a landslide to a centralized database for the whole country. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By now, everyone in the Bay Area knows about the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/\">Did You Feel It?\u003c/a> system, set up by the U.S. Geological Survey in the 1990s to record earthquake reports. This week the Survey has launched a similar effort, called \u003ca href=\"http://landslides.usgs.gov/dysi/\">Did You See It?\u003c/a> or DYSI, to enlist citizens in recording landslides. Bay Area residents should take to this tool enthusiastically because \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/31/landslide-season/\">we live in landslide country\u003c/a> as well as earthquake country. In fact, earthquakes so often cause landslides that conscientious folks can now make twice the contribution after a seismic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake tool has succeeded so well because, among other things, the facts it needs to know are easy to check off—where you were, what things you noticed, what was damaged. The new landslide tool works a little differently because \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/nutshells/a/landslidenuts.htm\">landslides\u003c/a> aren't the same kind of event. Reporting a landslide on the DYSI tool takes a bit of observation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslides are classified along a spectrum between \u003ci>falls\u003c/i> and \u003ci>flows\u003c/i>. They involve three kinds of material: earth (soil), debris (rocks and soil) and rocks. Rockfalls, like this example from the Marin Headlands, should be familiar. They're basically a rattle of rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-fall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39565\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-fall\" width=\"500\" height=\"330\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flows include earthflows and debris flows. They have a fluid motion and shape, like this example, a debris flow from the Marin Headlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-flow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39566\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-flow\" width=\"500\" height=\"327\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slumps, or rotational slides, are in-between landslides with a sitzmark shape. This one is in the Oakland hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-slump/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-slump\" width=\"500\" height=\"301\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three are the most common landslide types around here. The DYSI tool shows four additional landslide types, and if you hold your mouse over each one a rotation of diagrams and photos will display them to you. Even better, you can right-click to view these at full size. The tool has options to accept much more detail (like loss data and your photos), but that's the gist of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because landslides are more widespread than quakes, \"Did You See It\" may provide even more benefit to the nation than \"Did You Feel It.\" \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39564\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-dysi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39564\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-dysi\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landslide in eastern Del Puerto Canyon, near Patterson. Now anyone can easily report a landslide to a centralized database for the whole country. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By now, everyone in the Bay Area knows about the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/\">Did You Feel It?\u003c/a> system, set up by the U.S. Geological Survey in the 1990s to record earthquake reports. This week the Survey has launched a similar effort, called \u003ca href=\"http://landslides.usgs.gov/dysi/\">Did You See It?\u003c/a> or DYSI, to enlist citizens in recording landslides. Bay Area residents should take to this tool enthusiastically because \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/31/landslide-season/\">we live in landslide country\u003c/a> as well as earthquake country. In fact, earthquakes so often cause landslides that conscientious folks can now make twice the contribution after a seismic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake tool has succeeded so well because, among other things, the facts it needs to know are easy to check off—where you were, what things you noticed, what was damaged. The new landslide tool works a little differently because \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/nutshells/a/landslidenuts.htm\">landslides\u003c/a> aren't the same kind of event. Reporting a landslide on the DYSI tool takes a bit of observation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslides are classified along a spectrum between \u003ci>falls\u003c/i> and \u003ci>flows\u003c/i>. They involve three kinds of material: earth (soil), debris (rocks and soil) and rocks. Rockfalls, like this example from the Marin Headlands, should be familiar. They're basically a rattle of rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-fall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39565\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-fall\" width=\"500\" height=\"330\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flows include earthflows and debris flows. They have a fluid motion and shape, like this example, a debris flow from the Marin Headlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-flow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39566\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-flow\" width=\"500\" height=\"327\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slumps, or rotational slides, are in-between landslides with a sitzmark shape. This one is in the Oakland hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-slump/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-slump\" width=\"500\" height=\"301\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three are the most common landslide types around here. The DYSI tool shows four additional landslide types, and if you hold your mouse over each one a rotation of diagrams and photos will display them to you. Even better, you can right-click to view these at full size. The tool has options to accept much more detail (like loss data and your photos), but that's the gist of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because landslides are more widespread than quakes, \"Did You See It\" may provide even more benefit to the nation than \"Did You Feel It.\" \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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