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"disqusTitle": "Women in Science: Meet a Mathematician, a Physicist and a Geologist Through Art",
"title": "Women in Science: Meet a Mathematician, a Physicist and a Geologist Through Art",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_fullxfull-385270093_qj0a/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46345\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg\" alt=\"Linocut of the Enchantress of Numbers, Ada Lovelace - by Ele Willoughby\" title=\"il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46345\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week was \u003ca href=\"http://findingada.com/\" title=\"Ada Lovelace Day\">Ada Lovelace Day\u003c/a>, a celebration of women in science, technology, engineering, and math. Historically dominated by men, these fields have recently grown more welcoming of women, though sadly a few \u003ca href=\"http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=3079&buffer_share=6f292&utm_source=buffer\" title=\"Bias in Academia\">challenges\u003c/a> linger. But there's nothing like role models for inspiring the scientific spirits of today and tomorrow! And Marie Curie isn't the only one out there--history is rife with lesser-known but no less fabulous female scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/adasplashshirt-e1350402217169-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46340\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/adasplashshirt-e13504022171691-318x360.png\" alt=\"Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\" title=\"adasplashshirt-e1350402217169\" width=\"318\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) is a prime example: though ALD has raised her profile, she's not yet a household name. But as the world's first computer programmer, she deserves to be. She gets extra credit because her programs were written for an entirely theoretical machine, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage\" title=\"Charles Babbage - Wikipedia\">Charles Babbage\u003c/a>'s analytical engine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analytical engine was never realized, but Babbage's notes on a much simpler device, the difference engine, were finally translated into reality 120 years after his death. One of these remarkable machines is housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\" title=\"Computer History Museum\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View, where you can also learn more about Lovelace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, for those who prefer to learn everything via the internet, check out the fantastic footnotes in \u003ca href=\"http://sydneypadua.com/2dgoggles/\" title=\"2D Goggles\">The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage\u003c/a>. In addition to being a serious nerd, the author is a professional animator. Lovelace is lucky to have her as a \u003cem>re-animator\u003c/em>! Heh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 391px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_570xn-387227875_o18c/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46339\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_570xN.387227875_o18c-391x360.jpg\" alt=\"Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity\" title=\"il_570xN.387227875_o18c\" width=\"391\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity - Ele Willoughby\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking of portraits of women in science, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/83367125/linocut-history-of-physics-madame-wu-and\" title=\"Madame Wu - Etsy\">woodcut\u003c/a> of experimental physicist Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997). Wu emigrated from China to America in 1936 to get her doctorate at UC Berkeley under \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence\" title=\"Ernest Lawrence - Wikipedia\">Ernest O. Lawrence\u003c/a>. She later used her expertise in beta decay (a type of radioactivity) to prove the suspicion of a couple of theoretical physicists that the weak force \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)#Parity_violation\" title=\"Wikipedia - Parity Violation\">disobeys the law of parity\u003c/a>. The theoreticians won a Nobel Prize in 1957. Whether Wu's exclusion from the award represents bias against women or experimentalists at the time (the other guys were Chinese too, so it wasn't sinophobia), who knows, but a couple of decades later Wu got the first \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize\" title=\"Wolf Prize - Wikipedia\">Wolf Prize\u003c/a>. She would have turned 100 this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women like Lovelace and Wu are particularly inspiring because they entered STEM fields at times in history when few women saw it as an option. But valuable role models can also be found among contemporary female scientists--such as the creator of the Madame Wu woodcut! For her day job, geophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.utoronto.ca/~willough/\" title=\"Eleanor Willoughby - U Toronto\">Eleanor Willoughby\u003c/a> studies \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate\" title=\"Methane Clathrates - Wikipedia\">marine gas hydrates\u003c/a> at the University of Toronto. But as \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/shop/minouette\" title=\"minouette - etsy\">minouette\u003c/a>, she makes and sells beautiful linoleum block prints on Etsy, many of them inspired by \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/96847205/roentgen-x-ray-thermochromic-linocut\" title=\"Roentgen Print - Etsy\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/112425952/darwin-on-galapagos-2nd-edition-lino\" title=\"Darwin Print - Etsy\">scientists\u003c/a>--including the print of Countess Lovelace, Enchantress of Numbers, shown above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor Ada died too young, but her spirit may be soothed by the knowledge that, almost two hundred years later, she's inspiring new generations of mathematicians, engineers, and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://thefinchandpea.com/2012/10/16/the-art-of-science-madame-wu-and-the-violation-of-parity/#more-7145\" title=\"Finch and Pea - Madame Wu\">The Finch and Pea\u003c/a>\u003c/em> for the Wu linoprint\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There's nothing like role models for inspiring the scientific spirits of women, today and tomorrow! And Marie Curie isn't the only one out there–history is rife with lesser-known but no less fabulous female scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_fullxfull-385270093_qj0a/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46345\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg\" alt=\"Linocut of the Enchantress of Numbers, Ada Lovelace - by Ele Willoughby\" title=\"il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46345\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week was \u003ca href=\"http://findingada.com/\" title=\"Ada Lovelace Day\">Ada Lovelace Day\u003c/a>, a celebration of women in science, technology, engineering, and math. Historically dominated by men, these fields have recently grown more welcoming of women, though sadly a few \u003ca href=\"http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=3079&buffer_share=6f292&utm_source=buffer\" title=\"Bias in Academia\">challenges\u003c/a> linger. But there's nothing like role models for inspiring the scientific spirits of today and tomorrow! And Marie Curie isn't the only one out there--history is rife with lesser-known but no less fabulous female scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/adasplashshirt-e1350402217169-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46340\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/adasplashshirt-e13504022171691-318x360.png\" alt=\"Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\" title=\"adasplashshirt-e1350402217169\" width=\"318\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) is a prime example: though ALD has raised her profile, she's not yet a household name. But as the world's first computer programmer, she deserves to be. She gets extra credit because her programs were written for an entirely theoretical machine, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage\" title=\"Charles Babbage - Wikipedia\">Charles Babbage\u003c/a>'s analytical engine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analytical engine was never realized, but Babbage's notes on a much simpler device, the difference engine, were finally translated into reality 120 years after his death. One of these remarkable machines is housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\" title=\"Computer History Museum\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View, where you can also learn more about Lovelace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, for those who prefer to learn everything via the internet, check out the fantastic footnotes in \u003ca href=\"http://sydneypadua.com/2dgoggles/\" title=\"2D Goggles\">The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage\u003c/a>. In addition to being a serious nerd, the author is a professional animator. Lovelace is lucky to have her as a \u003cem>re-animator\u003c/em>! Heh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 391px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_570xn-387227875_o18c/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46339\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_570xN.387227875_o18c-391x360.jpg\" alt=\"Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity\" title=\"il_570xN.387227875_o18c\" width=\"391\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity - Ele Willoughby\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking of portraits of women in science, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/83367125/linocut-history-of-physics-madame-wu-and\" title=\"Madame Wu - Etsy\">woodcut\u003c/a> of experimental physicist Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997). Wu emigrated from China to America in 1936 to get her doctorate at UC Berkeley under \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence\" title=\"Ernest Lawrence - Wikipedia\">Ernest O. Lawrence\u003c/a>. She later used her expertise in beta decay (a type of radioactivity) to prove the suspicion of a couple of theoretical physicists that the weak force \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)#Parity_violation\" title=\"Wikipedia - Parity Violation\">disobeys the law of parity\u003c/a>. The theoreticians won a Nobel Prize in 1957. Whether Wu's exclusion from the award represents bias against women or experimentalists at the time (the other guys were Chinese too, so it wasn't sinophobia), who knows, but a couple of decades later Wu got the first \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize\" title=\"Wolf Prize - Wikipedia\">Wolf Prize\u003c/a>. She would have turned 100 this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women like Lovelace and Wu are particularly inspiring because they entered STEM fields at times in history when few women saw it as an option. But valuable role models can also be found among contemporary female scientists--such as the creator of the Madame Wu woodcut! For her day job, geophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.utoronto.ca/~willough/\" title=\"Eleanor Willoughby - U Toronto\">Eleanor Willoughby\u003c/a> studies \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate\" title=\"Methane Clathrates - Wikipedia\">marine gas hydrates\u003c/a> at the University of Toronto. But as \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/shop/minouette\" title=\"minouette - etsy\">minouette\u003c/a>, she makes and sells beautiful linoleum block prints on Etsy, many of them inspired by \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/96847205/roentgen-x-ray-thermochromic-linocut\" title=\"Roentgen Print - Etsy\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/112425952/darwin-on-galapagos-2nd-edition-lino\" title=\"Darwin Print - Etsy\">scientists\u003c/a>--including the print of Countess Lovelace, Enchantress of Numbers, shown above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor Ada died too young, but her spirit may be soothed by the knowledge that, almost two hundred years later, she's inspiring new generations of mathematicians, engineers, and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://thefinchandpea.com/2012/10/16/the-art-of-science-madame-wu-and-the-violation-of-parity/#more-7145\" title=\"Finch and Pea - Madame Wu\">The Finch and Pea\u003c/a>\u003c/em> for the Wu linoprint\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46194\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/suigetsutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46194\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suigetsutop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pristine leaf fossils from Lake Suigetsu allowed radiocarbon dates to be calibrated against absolute dates from annual sediment layers. Photo courtesy Richard Staff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every historian knows about the Rosetta Stone, which had an ancient Egyptian text carved on it in three different scripts, two of which had long resisted translation. The ability to cross-correlate the scripts—to calibrate their alphabets—opened up a huge body of knowledge to scholars. Climate researchers, as well as archaeologists and geologists, look for similar natural records that allow us to calibrate different yardsticks of time. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6105/337\">A paper published today in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>\u003c/a> unveils a superb \"document\" of conditions during the last 53,000 years in a single place: Japan's remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/embed.php?File=\" target=\"_blank\">Lake Suigetsu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, researchers drilled into the mud at the center of Lake Suigetsu and carefully extracted four long cores of sediment. They found that the top part of this sedimentary record consisted of thin annual layers—varves—representing about 60,000 years of time. Varves are close to the ideal time record, but the conditions that favor them are rare. And this record also contained abundant plant remains, allowing three different timekeeping \"scripts\" to be calibrated against each other: varves, tree rings, and radiocarbon. The first two are considered the most nearly perfect measure of absolute time, but radiocarbon is a much more important yardstick, although the stick is not quite straight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon, or carbon-14, is a wonderful tool for determining the age of recent organic remains—\"recent\" to a geologist, that is, meaning the last few tens of thousands of years. Radiocarbon is an unstable isotope of carbon that is formed by cosmic radiation at the edge of space and rains down upon us constantly, becoming incorporated in every living thing. The minute a living thing dies, it stops replenishing its radiocarbon and the radiocarbon slowly fades away with a half-life of 5730 years. Radiocarbon dating, then, is simple in principle: you sort out the carbon atoms and see how many carbon-14 atoms there are among the common carbon-12 atoms. The carbon in living matter contains about one part per trillion carbon-14, and after \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-10-19T02:36:10+00:00\">eight \u003c/del> ten half-lives there would be 1/1024th of it left, or one part in a quadrillion. With the errors and uncertainties of measurements at this level, one or two more half-lives is as far as physics can take us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon is complicated by factors on Earth and in heaven. Its formation in the upper atmosphere changes with the balance in cosmic radiation from the sun and from the galaxy at large. Also, global warming and cooling puts different amounts of air at the altitude where radiocarbon is made. So radiocarbon production is not constant. And on Earth, radiocarbon circulates differently in the air, on land and in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record in Lake Suigetsu is so promising because of the varves and the perfectly preserved fossil leaves. The varves march nicely right through the whole time span of radiocarbon, and the fossils can then give us a really accurate description of the bends and warps in the radiocarbon yardstick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used tree rings as the gold standard; their record here extends back to about 12,000 years ago. Tree rings were carefully matched against the varves, enabling the count to continue further into the Pleistocene based on varves alone. But Lake Suigetsu was not perfectly still all that time. The record of varves was interrupted by landslides from shore (perhaps caused by earthquakes), volcanic ash beds, and occasional fadeouts where no layers were visible. As a result even the varve record was about 6 percent uncertain by 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point the researchers brought in a more accurate yardstick: cavestone formations from China and the Bahamas, which were securely dated by both the radiocarbon and the uranium-thorium methods. This step pinned the Lake Suigetsu record to the very long uranium record, in principle knitting the varve record into the entire tapestry of geochronology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the oldest part of the Lake Suigetsu record is in establishing a radiocarbon yardstick for the continents during this time. Until now, most radiocarbon dates of that vintage have been from deep-sea organisms. So for ice age climate researchers, Suigetsu is their newest Rosetta stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Clear Lake is also a very old lake, and this year researchers took new sediment cores there. Today's \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper will surely give them clearer sight into Clear Lake's deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Info:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/\">Suigetsu Varves 2006\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/\">Radiocarbon Web-Info\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46194\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/suigetsutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46194\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suigetsutop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pristine leaf fossils from Lake Suigetsu allowed radiocarbon dates to be calibrated against absolute dates from annual sediment layers. Photo courtesy Richard Staff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every historian knows about the Rosetta Stone, which had an ancient Egyptian text carved on it in three different scripts, two of which had long resisted translation. The ability to cross-correlate the scripts—to calibrate their alphabets—opened up a huge body of knowledge to scholars. Climate researchers, as well as archaeologists and geologists, look for similar natural records that allow us to calibrate different yardsticks of time. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6105/337\">A paper published today in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>\u003c/a> unveils a superb \"document\" of conditions during the last 53,000 years in a single place: Japan's remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/embed.php?File=\" target=\"_blank\">Lake Suigetsu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, researchers drilled into the mud at the center of Lake Suigetsu and carefully extracted four long cores of sediment. They found that the top part of this sedimentary record consisted of thin annual layers—varves—representing about 60,000 years of time. Varves are close to the ideal time record, but the conditions that favor them are rare. And this record also contained abundant plant remains, allowing three different timekeeping \"scripts\" to be calibrated against each other: varves, tree rings, and radiocarbon. The first two are considered the most nearly perfect measure of absolute time, but radiocarbon is a much more important yardstick, although the stick is not quite straight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon, or carbon-14, is a wonderful tool for determining the age of recent organic remains—\"recent\" to a geologist, that is, meaning the last few tens of thousands of years. Radiocarbon is an unstable isotope of carbon that is formed by cosmic radiation at the edge of space and rains down upon us constantly, becoming incorporated in every living thing. The minute a living thing dies, it stops replenishing its radiocarbon and the radiocarbon slowly fades away with a half-life of 5730 years. Radiocarbon dating, then, is simple in principle: you sort out the carbon atoms and see how many carbon-14 atoms there are among the common carbon-12 atoms. The carbon in living matter contains about one part per trillion carbon-14, and after \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-10-19T02:36:10+00:00\">eight \u003c/del> ten half-lives there would be 1/1024th of it left, or one part in a quadrillion. With the errors and uncertainties of measurements at this level, one or two more half-lives is as far as physics can take us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon is complicated by factors on Earth and in heaven. Its formation in the upper atmosphere changes with the balance in cosmic radiation from the sun and from the galaxy at large. Also, global warming and cooling puts different amounts of air at the altitude where radiocarbon is made. So radiocarbon production is not constant. And on Earth, radiocarbon circulates differently in the air, on land and in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record in Lake Suigetsu is so promising because of the varves and the perfectly preserved fossil leaves. The varves march nicely right through the whole time span of radiocarbon, and the fossils can then give us a really accurate description of the bends and warps in the radiocarbon yardstick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used tree rings as the gold standard; their record here extends back to about 12,000 years ago. Tree rings were carefully matched against the varves, enabling the count to continue further into the Pleistocene based on varves alone. But Lake Suigetsu was not perfectly still all that time. The record of varves was interrupted by landslides from shore (perhaps caused by earthquakes), volcanic ash beds, and occasional fadeouts where no layers were visible. As a result even the varve record was about 6 percent uncertain by 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point the researchers brought in a more accurate yardstick: cavestone formations from China and the Bahamas, which were securely dated by both the radiocarbon and the uranium-thorium methods. This step pinned the Lake Suigetsu record to the very long uranium record, in principle knitting the varve record into the entire tapestry of geochronology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the oldest part of the Lake Suigetsu record is in establishing a radiocarbon yardstick for the continents during this time. Until now, most radiocarbon dates of that vintage have been from deep-sea organisms. So for ice age climate researchers, Suigetsu is their newest Rosetta stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Clear Lake is also a very old lake, and this year researchers took new sediment cores there. Today's \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper will surely give them clearer sight into Clear Lake's deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Info:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/\">Suigetsu Varves 2006\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/\">Radiocarbon Web-Info\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/11/fracking-in-urban-oilfields/inglewoodfrack/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45985\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/inglewoodfrack-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"inglewoodfrack\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45985\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oilfields can be as clean as any other kind of mining if the operators are careful—and there's the rub. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week a consultant's report basically stated that hydraulic fracturing in one of the country's largest urban oilfields is not harmful. The study will arouse lots of comment by proponents and opponents of \"fracking,\" but both sides will find limited support for their arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oilfield in question is the Inglewood field, which has been drilling and pumping in the Baldwin Hills, in Southern California, for 82 years as the cities of Los Angeles County engulfed the country around it on all sides. Now it's flanked by the 10 and 405 freeways and overlooks Culver City, east of Santa Monica. It makes a good test case for the future, because oil and gas producers will not disappear as cities expand around them. Both parties will need to learn how to cooperate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baldwin Hills Community Standards District is a set of regulations recently created by Los Angeles County that governs operations in the Inglewood field. Part of a lawsuit settlement obliged the field's current operator, Plains Exploration & Production Company or PXP, to carry out a study of its most advanced fracking technology. The final report from that study was released to the public yesterday and can be \u003ca href=\"http://www.inglewoodoilfield.com/fracturing-study/\">downloaded from inglewoodoilfield.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is a set of oilfield techniques in which rock is gently shattered and grit washed into the resulting microcracks. The grit holds the cracks open allowing oil and gas to be pumped out. For the study, PXP tested two varieties of fracking on each of two vertical wells in the Inglewood field: \"high-volume\" and \"high-rate gravel pack\" techniques. Both are appropriate for the extremely fine grained shale rock that fracking is designed for. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, everyone at PXP was on their best behavior for these tests, going by the book in every respect. As a result, and to no one's surprise, the wells were properly sealed, the petroleum-producing zone (7500 feet below the fresh groundwater of the Los Angeles basin) did not contaminate anything, no earthquakes were triggered, the ground did not shift by a millimeter, the noise and pollution were insignificant, and no public-health impact was detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is par for the course, and should have been expected. California is a mature petroleum producer, for once not part of the gold rush for shale oil that is stirring up controversy in the Northeast and Midwest. The problem in California is the combination of lax operations and lax oversight, leaving us at the mercy of notorious incidents and high rhetoric. The Inglewood field study does not exonerate the industry (whose response is \"of course they should say it's OK\"), nor should it reduce the vigilance of fracking opponents (whose response to the study is \"of course they would say it's OK\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did find it a bit odd that the peer reviewers of the study were both geologists who were educated in the East and practice in the East. But perhaps that was a smart step, because the eastern states are hotbeds of fracking and public anxiety too. The reviewers would not be strangers to that. And their \"peer reviewer comment letter\" mentions a long process of give-and-take in clarifying the study report that must have benefited from not being overly familiar with the Los Angeles oil patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Natural Resources Defense Council, which participated in the lawsuit that led to this study, \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dnagami/long-awaited_study_of_fracking.html\">issued a measured response on its blog\u003c/a>. Food and Water Watch declared the study \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/pressreleases/fox-guarding-henhouse-not-surprisingly-pxp-study-finds-no-harm-from-fracking-at-inglewood-oil-field/\">an example of shill science at its worst\u003c/a>.\" Uprising Radio \u003ca href=\"http://uprisingradio.org/home/2012/10/10/in-absence-of-regulation-local-and-state-level-fracking-found-to-be-widespread/\">was undeterred\u003c/a> in noting that the state has no regulations for fracking. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/\">This is true, and awkward\u003c/a>, but state rules are in the works that should start to help turn mutual suspicion to watchful coexistence. Perhaps this study will inform those regulations.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/11/fracking-in-urban-oilfields/inglewoodfrack/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45985\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/inglewoodfrack-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"inglewoodfrack\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45985\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oilfields can be as clean as any other kind of mining if the operators are careful—and there's the rub. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week a consultant's report basically stated that hydraulic fracturing in one of the country's largest urban oilfields is not harmful. The study will arouse lots of comment by proponents and opponents of \"fracking,\" but both sides will find limited support for their arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oilfield in question is the Inglewood field, which has been drilling and pumping in the Baldwin Hills, in Southern California, for 82 years as the cities of Los Angeles County engulfed the country around it on all sides. Now it's flanked by the 10 and 405 freeways and overlooks Culver City, east of Santa Monica. It makes a good test case for the future, because oil and gas producers will not disappear as cities expand around them. Both parties will need to learn how to cooperate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baldwin Hills Community Standards District is a set of regulations recently created by Los Angeles County that governs operations in the Inglewood field. Part of a lawsuit settlement obliged the field's current operator, Plains Exploration & Production Company or PXP, to carry out a study of its most advanced fracking technology. The final report from that study was released to the public yesterday and can be \u003ca href=\"http://www.inglewoodoilfield.com/fracturing-study/\">downloaded from inglewoodoilfield.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is a set of oilfield techniques in which rock is gently shattered and grit washed into the resulting microcracks. The grit holds the cracks open allowing oil and gas to be pumped out. For the study, PXP tested two varieties of fracking on each of two vertical wells in the Inglewood field: \"high-volume\" and \"high-rate gravel pack\" techniques. Both are appropriate for the extremely fine grained shale rock that fracking is designed for. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, everyone at PXP was on their best behavior for these tests, going by the book in every respect. As a result, and to no one's surprise, the wells were properly sealed, the petroleum-producing zone (7500 feet below the fresh groundwater of the Los Angeles basin) did not contaminate anything, no earthquakes were triggered, the ground did not shift by a millimeter, the noise and pollution were insignificant, and no public-health impact was detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is par for the course, and should have been expected. California is a mature petroleum producer, for once not part of the gold rush for shale oil that is stirring up controversy in the Northeast and Midwest. The problem in California is the combination of lax operations and lax oversight, leaving us at the mercy of notorious incidents and high rhetoric. The Inglewood field study does not exonerate the industry (whose response is \"of course they should say it's OK\"), nor should it reduce the vigilance of fracking opponents (whose response to the study is \"of course they would say it's OK\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did find it a bit odd that the peer reviewers of the study were both geologists who were educated in the East and practice in the East. But perhaps that was a smart step, because the eastern states are hotbeds of fracking and public anxiety too. The reviewers would not be strangers to that. And their \"peer reviewer comment letter\" mentions a long process of give-and-take in clarifying the study report that must have benefited from not being overly familiar with the Los Angeles oil patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Natural Resources Defense Council, which participated in the lawsuit that led to this study, \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dnagami/long-awaited_study_of_fracking.html\">issued a measured response on its blog\u003c/a>. Food and Water Watch declared the study \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/pressreleases/fox-guarding-henhouse-not-surprisingly-pxp-study-finds-no-harm-from-fracking-at-inglewood-oil-field/\">an example of shill science at its worst\u003c/a>.\" Uprising Radio \u003ca href=\"http://uprisingradio.org/home/2012/10/10/in-absence-of-regulation-local-and-state-level-fracking-found-to-be-widespread/\">was undeterred\u003c/a> in noting that the state has no regulations for fracking. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/\">This is true, and awkward\u003c/a>, but state rules are in the works that should start to help turn mutual suspicion to watchful coexistence. Perhaps this study will inform those regulations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Earth Science Week 2012: Careers in the Field",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45605\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/04/earth-science-week-2012-carees-in-the-field/esw2012/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45605\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/ESW2012-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ESW2012\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45605\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service geologist Jessica Lopez Pearce leads a tour at Summit Mountain in Kaibab National Forest. Geologists are key in turning on students to the coolness that is geoscience. Photo courtesy U.S. Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Kaibab National Forest under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earth Science Week has been held every October since 1998 for the rock-lovers among us to celebrate together. Each time it has a different theme, and for 2012 the theme is \"Discovering Careers in the Earth Sciences.\" Geoscience touches everyone's lives, and wherever you look in it there's a career waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Careers are a major focus for the American Geosciences Institute (AGI), the founder of Earth Science Week. I will point you to the AGI's \u003ca href=\"http://www.agiweb.org/workforce/currents.html\">Geoscience Currents page\u003c/a> for data on recent salaries and job categories. But good salaries and job opportunities aren't the things that attract young people to the geosciences, according to a recent AGI survey of students. For the great majority of students it was one of two things: they came to college already knowing that geoscience is cool, or a gifted teacher of Geology 101 showed them that geoscience is cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth Science Week is a way of spreading around that initiation experience to the wider public. Between October 14 and 20, here are some of the things you might consider. First, of course, is to follow the \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Earth-Science-Week/24519701661\">Earth Science Week Facebook page\u003c/a> for new announcements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go out and play on No Child Left Inside Day, on Tuesday, October 16. The AGI has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/ncli/\">activity guide for teachers\u003c/a> in case you're rusty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/24/earthcaches-learning-through-hide-and-seek/\">EarthCaches\u003c/a> are a special type of geocache that focus on the rocks and processes beneath the landscape. Instead of trading trinkets in a hidden box, you learn a lesson to take away with you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space agency NASA is hosting three days (Tuesday to Thursday) of online chats with working geoscientists in and near Antarctica. These include two events in Spanish. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/esw2012.html\">Details and schedule here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why does NASA care about Earth? Because the space program has paid off tremendously by giving us a platform to view and study Earth from above. NASA's Theresa Schwerin sticks to the jobs theme: \"NASA Earth explorers have careers that span across the sciences and engineering to education and communications, and can take them to the far reaches of the planet.\" The NASA site for Earth Science Week has an illuminating \u003ca href=\"http://climate.nasa.gov/eswSite/eswCareers/\">page on careers\u003c/a> that offers far more possibilities than you might think, including artists, lawyers and—hey, how about that!—writers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Fossil Day is on Wednesday, October 17. You might think of the great dinosaur-centered national parks, and indeed the National Park Service \u003ca href=\"http://nature.nps.gov/geology/nationalfossilday/\">has a lot going on\u003c/a> all around the country that day, not just in the parks but on the National Mall in Washington DC. Locally I don't see any events, but a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/upload/Paleo_Inventory_Executive_Briefing.pdf\">National Park Service inventory of fossil resources in the Bay Area\u003c/a> may suggest a self-directed quest, something even more informal than an EarthCache, to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">find and photograph our own fossils\u003c/a>. And you can always check the \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/NatlFossilDay\">National Fossil Day Facebook page\u003c/a> for updates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday the 19th is \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/geologicmap/\">Geologic Map Day\u003c/a>. The AGI has a wide-ranging set of resources for this, but to my way of thinking the good old-fashioned paper geologic map is your best entertainment value. No doubt the \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/offices/Pages/sf_office.aspx\">Map Sales Room\u003c/a> at the U.S. Geological Survey campus in Menlo Park will have some specials that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate Earth Science Week experience, I think, would be to spend it at the Grand Canyon. All that week, Grand Canyon National Park will be having \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/earth-sci-week.htm\">special walks, talks and presentations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine building a career—living a life—around those subjects. That's the promise of the geosciences. Find a geoscientist during Earth Science Week to turn you on to this exciting field.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45605\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/04/earth-science-week-2012-carees-in-the-field/esw2012/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45605\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/ESW2012-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ESW2012\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45605\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service geologist Jessica Lopez Pearce leads a tour at Summit Mountain in Kaibab National Forest. Geologists are key in turning on students to the coolness that is geoscience. Photo courtesy U.S. Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Kaibab National Forest under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earth Science Week has been held every October since 1998 for the rock-lovers among us to celebrate together. Each time it has a different theme, and for 2012 the theme is \"Discovering Careers in the Earth Sciences.\" Geoscience touches everyone's lives, and wherever you look in it there's a career waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Careers are a major focus for the American Geosciences Institute (AGI), the founder of Earth Science Week. I will point you to the AGI's \u003ca href=\"http://www.agiweb.org/workforce/currents.html\">Geoscience Currents page\u003c/a> for data on recent salaries and job categories. But good salaries and job opportunities aren't the things that attract young people to the geosciences, according to a recent AGI survey of students. For the great majority of students it was one of two things: they came to college already knowing that geoscience is cool, or a gifted teacher of Geology 101 showed them that geoscience is cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth Science Week is a way of spreading around that initiation experience to the wider public. Between October 14 and 20, here are some of the things you might consider. First, of course, is to follow the \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Earth-Science-Week/24519701661\">Earth Science Week Facebook page\u003c/a> for new announcements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go out and play on No Child Left Inside Day, on Tuesday, October 16. The AGI has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/ncli/\">activity guide for teachers\u003c/a> in case you're rusty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/24/earthcaches-learning-through-hide-and-seek/\">EarthCaches\u003c/a> are a special type of geocache that focus on the rocks and processes beneath the landscape. Instead of trading trinkets in a hidden box, you learn a lesson to take away with you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space agency NASA is hosting three days (Tuesday to Thursday) of online chats with working geoscientists in and near Antarctica. These include two events in Spanish. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/esw2012.html\">Details and schedule here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why does NASA care about Earth? Because the space program has paid off tremendously by giving us a platform to view and study Earth from above. NASA's Theresa Schwerin sticks to the jobs theme: \"NASA Earth explorers have careers that span across the sciences and engineering to education and communications, and can take them to the far reaches of the planet.\" The NASA site for Earth Science Week has an illuminating \u003ca href=\"http://climate.nasa.gov/eswSite/eswCareers/\">page on careers\u003c/a> that offers far more possibilities than you might think, including artists, lawyers and—hey, how about that!—writers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Fossil Day is on Wednesday, October 17. You might think of the great dinosaur-centered national parks, and indeed the National Park Service \u003ca href=\"http://nature.nps.gov/geology/nationalfossilday/\">has a lot going on\u003c/a> all around the country that day, not just in the parks but on the National Mall in Washington DC. Locally I don't see any events, but a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/upload/Paleo_Inventory_Executive_Briefing.pdf\">National Park Service inventory of fossil resources in the Bay Area\u003c/a> may suggest a self-directed quest, something even more informal than an EarthCache, to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">find and photograph our own fossils\u003c/a>. And you can always check the \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/NatlFossilDay\">National Fossil Day Facebook page\u003c/a> for updates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday the 19th is \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/geologicmap/\">Geologic Map Day\u003c/a>. The AGI has a wide-ranging set of resources for this, but to my way of thinking the good old-fashioned paper geologic map is your best entertainment value. No doubt the \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/offices/Pages/sf_office.aspx\">Map Sales Room\u003c/a> at the U.S. Geological Survey campus in Menlo Park will have some specials that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate Earth Science Week experience, I think, would be to spend it at the Grand Canyon. All that week, Grand Canyon National Park will be having \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/earth-sci-week.htm\">special walks, talks and presentations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine building a career—living a life—around those subjects. That's the promise of the geosciences. Find a geoscientist during Earth Science Week to turn you on to this exciting field.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Things You May Not Know About California Tsunamis",
"title": "Things You May Not Know About California Tsunamis",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45182\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/27/things-you-may-not-know-about-california-tsunamis/calif-tsu/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45182\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45182\" title=\"calif-tsu\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/calif-tsu-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State and local authorities hold regular tsunami drills to help make life-saving behavior automatic. Image courtesy California Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I attended a talk last night given by California's tsunami czar. She's a Sacramento geologist named Cindy Pridmore who works in the California Geological Survey, doing outreach activities around tsunamis and earthquakes. She reviewed some of the work that state and local governments have been doing since the tsunami that Japan sent us on March 12, 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us probably recall that while the tsunami caused horrific death and damage in Japan, by the time it reached our shores about 10 hours later it felt more like a reason to go sightseeing. Indeed, Pridmore reminded us, the single California fatality was the drowning of a man who went down by the Klamath River to shoot pictures. Even in that well-known fact there was a deeper significant detail: the body was recovered hundreds of miles north, carried there against the prevailing ocean currents by the tsunami's hydrological chaos. Tsunamis, even little ones, are nothing to mess with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The relatively minor \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/17/tsunami-awareness-at-the-beach/\">effects of California's tsunami\u003c/a> included strong riptides and unusual currents rather than the black seas of death that visited Japan, yet that day the state counted up $100 million in damages to boats and harbor facilities. As the tsunami waves continued to ricochet around the Pacific and the tides came and went, California coastal communities felt the effects all that day and the following night. Tsunamis are not quick, one-shot events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year we were lucky that barely a week before the great Tohoku earthquake, state agencies had set up tsunami observing teams assigned to different parts of the coast. The teams had worked out safe places to stand, lists of observations to make and the right phone numbers to call. Their information helped guide the state's immediate response and documented damages that helped coastal counties qualify for federal disaster assistance. Afterward, state workers collected all the camera footage they could gather from Coast Guard helicopters, broadcasters and amateurs. This data trove continues to be studied to help rebuild smarter and improve responses. Tsunamis can be mitigated and learned from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The March 2011 tsunami uncovered some unforeseen problems. Spanish speakers, for instance, were not well served with information, and many of them fled unnecessarily for miles from the coast. Media reports misinterpreted tsunami \"warning\" announcements as \"advisories,\" whereas warnings are actually the highest level of alert. Harbormasters had trouble with some boat owners desperate to leave the harbor after the safe cutoff time—Pridmore told of one scoffer who came back, chastened, after narrowly escaping death and now tells his cautionary tale to boating audiences. Tsunamis can be dealt with through public education and well-founded rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's tsunami program has learned from three successive events of increasing severity. The small tsunami from the magnitude 8.0 Samoa earthquake of September 29, 2009, had California scientists participating directly with emergency responders. The larger one from the magnitude 8.8 Chile earthquake of February 26, 2010, yielded even closer collaboration and the collection of more comprehensive data. The state learned lessons that paid off, luckily, in March 2011 just days after the tsunami observation teams were launched. Since then many coastal communities, especially in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/\">our corner of Cascadia\u003c/a>, have held successful tsunami drills. Pridmore described a Saturday morning \u003ca href=\"http://www.times-standard.com/lifestyle/ci_19699949\">drill in the village of King Salmon\u003c/a> in which every single resident made it in time to the designated tsunami shelter, a hilltop owned by PG&E that the company has opened to the public. Tsunamis can be made less deadly by public preparation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Geological Survey's tsunami page is at an easy-to-remember address: \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Inundation_Maps/Pages/Index.aspx\">www.tsunami.ca.gov\u003c/a>. Among its new features are links to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Inundation_Maps/Pages/Statewide_Maps.aspx\">interactive state map\u003c/a> to show you your county's tsunami inundation map, a page of \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Pages/education.aspx\">student activities, videos, brochures and curricula\u003c/a> about tsunamis, and a new leaflet, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Documents/boating%20pamphlet.pdf\">Tsunamis! What Boaters Should Know\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45182\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/27/things-you-may-not-know-about-california-tsunamis/calif-tsu/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45182\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45182\" title=\"calif-tsu\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/calif-tsu-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State and local authorities hold regular tsunami drills to help make life-saving behavior automatic. Image courtesy California Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I attended a talk last night given by California's tsunami czar. She's a Sacramento geologist named Cindy Pridmore who works in the California Geological Survey, doing outreach activities around tsunamis and earthquakes. She reviewed some of the work that state and local governments have been doing since the tsunami that Japan sent us on March 12, 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us probably recall that while the tsunami caused horrific death and damage in Japan, by the time it reached our shores about 10 hours later it felt more like a reason to go sightseeing. Indeed, Pridmore reminded us, the single California fatality was the drowning of a man who went down by the Klamath River to shoot pictures. Even in that well-known fact there was a deeper significant detail: the body was recovered hundreds of miles north, carried there against the prevailing ocean currents by the tsunami's hydrological chaos. Tsunamis, even little ones, are nothing to mess with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The relatively minor \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/17/tsunami-awareness-at-the-beach/\">effects of California's tsunami\u003c/a> included strong riptides and unusual currents rather than the black seas of death that visited Japan, yet that day the state counted up $100 million in damages to boats and harbor facilities. As the tsunami waves continued to ricochet around the Pacific and the tides came and went, California coastal communities felt the effects all that day and the following night. Tsunamis are not quick, one-shot events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year we were lucky that barely a week before the great Tohoku earthquake, state agencies had set up tsunami observing teams assigned to different parts of the coast. The teams had worked out safe places to stand, lists of observations to make and the right phone numbers to call. Their information helped guide the state's immediate response and documented damages that helped coastal counties qualify for federal disaster assistance. Afterward, state workers collected all the camera footage they could gather from Coast Guard helicopters, broadcasters and amateurs. This data trove continues to be studied to help rebuild smarter and improve responses. Tsunamis can be mitigated and learned from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The March 2011 tsunami uncovered some unforeseen problems. Spanish speakers, for instance, were not well served with information, and many of them fled unnecessarily for miles from the coast. Media reports misinterpreted tsunami \"warning\" announcements as \"advisories,\" whereas warnings are actually the highest level of alert. Harbormasters had trouble with some boat owners desperate to leave the harbor after the safe cutoff time—Pridmore told of one scoffer who came back, chastened, after narrowly escaping death and now tells his cautionary tale to boating audiences. Tsunamis can be dealt with through public education and well-founded rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's tsunami program has learned from three successive events of increasing severity. The small tsunami from the magnitude 8.0 Samoa earthquake of September 29, 2009, had California scientists participating directly with emergency responders. The larger one from the magnitude 8.8 Chile earthquake of February 26, 2010, yielded even closer collaboration and the collection of more comprehensive data. The state learned lessons that paid off, luckily, in March 2011 just days after the tsunami observation teams were launched. Since then many coastal communities, especially in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/\">our corner of Cascadia\u003c/a>, have held successful tsunami drills. Pridmore described a Saturday morning \u003ca href=\"http://www.times-standard.com/lifestyle/ci_19699949\">drill in the village of King Salmon\u003c/a> in which every single resident made it in time to the designated tsunami shelter, a hilltop owned by PG&E that the company has opened to the public. Tsunamis can be made less deadly by public preparation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Geological Survey's tsunami page is at an easy-to-remember address: \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Inundation_Maps/Pages/Index.aspx\">www.tsunami.ca.gov\u003c/a>. Among its new features are links to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Inundation_Maps/Pages/Statewide_Maps.aspx\">interactive state map\u003c/a> to show you your county's tsunami inundation map, a page of \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Pages/education.aspx\">student activities, videos, brochures and curricula\u003c/a> about tsunamis, and a new leaflet, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Documents/boating%20pamphlet.pdf\">Tsunamis! What Boaters Should Know\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: San Emigdio Mountains",
"title": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: San Emigdio Mountains",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44505\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdio-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44505\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44505\" title=\"emigdio-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdio-top-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southern wall of the Great Valley is worth passing through instead of passing by. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all the construction going on south of Bakersfield on I-5, now is a time to seriously consider a scenic detour of two hours or so that avoids the congestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key points are the little towns of Maricopa and Lebec, and the road between them is named Cerro Noroeste Road at its west end and Frazier Mountain Park Road at its east end. I've marked it with asterisks in this Google Maps clipping. How you get to Maricopa is up to you: state route 33 gets you there from Coalinga, as does state route 58 from Buttonwillow. Another road goes through the Elk Hills if you have extra time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdiotopo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44506\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44506\" title=\"emigdiotopo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo-400x344.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic overlay (from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>) shows that this road threads along the part of the San Andreas fault called the Great Bend. Compressive forces across the fault here have pushed up the land into mountain ranges, the San Emigdio range on the north and the Transverse Ranges on the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44504\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdiogeo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44504\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44504\" title=\"emigdiogeo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo-400x344.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pink is Sierra Nevada granite, brown is Precambrian rocks, other colors are mostly young (Tertiary) sedimentary and volcanic rocks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I'll show you the sights from the southbound perspective. The San Emigdios get their name from the patron saint of earthquakes, and this area was badly shaken by the enormous 1857 earthquake that \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/\">ruptured the ground from Parkfield to El Cajon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haze often hides the range, but as you approach the west side of the Great Valley it emerges over the arid oil-producing country around Taft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-taftview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44509\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44509\" title=\"emig-taftview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerro Noroeste Road begins as a turnoff from state route 33/166 just west of the fault trace. If you take an early opportunity to \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/saf1857norosag.htm\">look north\u003c/a>, you can follow the fault's path into the Carrizo Plain. The road ascends to a ridge with spectacular views. Northward you'll see a kaleidoscope of vegetation and lithology on the Great Valley's south edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-lithline/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44507\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44507\" title=\"emig-lithline\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southward is a succession of Transverse Range ridges that includes the Sierra Madre, San Rafael and Santa Ynez mountains, the last of which overlooks the Santa Barbara coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cerrosouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44501\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44501\" title=\"emig-cerrosouth\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In springtime, the vegetation includes some choice vernal pools. This was in late May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-vernalpool/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44510\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44510\" title=\"emig-vernalpool\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high point of the road is Apache Saddle, just over 6000 feet. This is also the highest point on the San Andreas fault. On the other side is the resort area from Pine Mountain Club to Lake of the Woods to Frazier Park, right off I-5. If you take the time to explore, you'll find that the rocks are very different on opposite sides of the fault—that's because the southern side has been carried hundreds of miles west past the northern side, one earthquake at a time, for some 25 million years and counting. This is the view of the fault valley from Mount Pinos; the highest peak is Mount San Emigdio, flagship peak of the range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-pinosview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44508\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44508\" title=\"emig-pinosview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(I showed you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/\">California's oldest rocks\u003c/a> from Mount Pinos a few months ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fault valley itself is a dramatic showcase of tectonic features if you know what you're looking at. Its inhabitants sprawl around the fault trace, as they do almost everywhere. This view is looking west in Pine Mountain Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cerrovalleywest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44502\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44502\" title=\"emig-cerrovalleywest\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along, you'll drive through Cuddy Valley. This photo was taken in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cuddyvalley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44503\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44503\" title=\"emig-cuddyvalley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fault trace runs along the foot of the hills on the opposite side. At the far end is \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/saf1857cuddysag.htm\">a prominent sag pond\u003c/a>, formed where two fault strands allow the ground to subside between them. The large peak is Frazier Mountain, which you can drive up if you return for a longer visit. And why wouldn't you? It beats creeping up the Grapevine.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Journeying through the Great Valley's southern rampart is time better spent than inching up the Grapevine.",
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"title": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: San Emigdio Mountains | KQED",
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"headline": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: San Emigdio Mountains",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44505\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdio-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44505\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44505\" title=\"emigdio-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdio-top-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southern wall of the Great Valley is worth passing through instead of passing by. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all the construction going on south of Bakersfield on I-5, now is a time to seriously consider a scenic detour of two hours or so that avoids the congestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key points are the little towns of Maricopa and Lebec, and the road between them is named Cerro Noroeste Road at its west end and Frazier Mountain Park Road at its east end. I've marked it with asterisks in this Google Maps clipping. How you get to Maricopa is up to you: state route 33 gets you there from Coalinga, as does state route 58 from Buttonwillow. Another road goes through the Elk Hills if you have extra time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdiotopo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44506\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44506\" title=\"emigdiotopo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo-400x344.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic overlay (from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>) shows that this road threads along the part of the San Andreas fault called the Great Bend. Compressive forces across the fault here have pushed up the land into mountain ranges, the San Emigdio range on the north and the Transverse Ranges on the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44504\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdiogeo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44504\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44504\" title=\"emigdiogeo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo-400x344.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pink is Sierra Nevada granite, brown is Precambrian rocks, other colors are mostly young (Tertiary) sedimentary and volcanic rocks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I'll show you the sights from the southbound perspective. The San Emigdios get their name from the patron saint of earthquakes, and this area was badly shaken by the enormous 1857 earthquake that \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/\">ruptured the ground from Parkfield to El Cajon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haze often hides the range, but as you approach the west side of the Great Valley it emerges over the arid oil-producing country around Taft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-taftview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44509\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44509\" title=\"emig-taftview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerro Noroeste Road begins as a turnoff from state route 33/166 just west of the fault trace. If you take an early opportunity to \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/saf1857norosag.htm\">look north\u003c/a>, you can follow the fault's path into the Carrizo Plain. The road ascends to a ridge with spectacular views. Northward you'll see a kaleidoscope of vegetation and lithology on the Great Valley's south edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-lithline/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44507\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44507\" title=\"emig-lithline\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southward is a succession of Transverse Range ridges that includes the Sierra Madre, San Rafael and Santa Ynez mountains, the last of which overlooks the Santa Barbara coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cerrosouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44501\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44501\" title=\"emig-cerrosouth\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In springtime, the vegetation includes some choice vernal pools. This was in late May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-vernalpool/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44510\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44510\" title=\"emig-vernalpool\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high point of the road is Apache Saddle, just over 6000 feet. This is also the highest point on the San Andreas fault. On the other side is the resort area from Pine Mountain Club to Lake of the Woods to Frazier Park, right off I-5. If you take the time to explore, you'll find that the rocks are very different on opposite sides of the fault—that's because the southern side has been carried hundreds of miles west past the northern side, one earthquake at a time, for some 25 million years and counting. This is the view of the fault valley from Mount Pinos; the highest peak is Mount San Emigdio, flagship peak of the range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-pinosview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44508\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44508\" title=\"emig-pinosview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(I showed you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/\">California's oldest rocks\u003c/a> from Mount Pinos a few months ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fault valley itself is a dramatic showcase of tectonic features if you know what you're looking at. Its inhabitants sprawl around the fault trace, as they do almost everywhere. This view is looking west in Pine Mountain Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cerrovalleywest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44502\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44502\" title=\"emig-cerrovalleywest\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along, you'll drive through Cuddy Valley. This photo was taken in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cuddyvalley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44503\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44503\" title=\"emig-cuddyvalley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fault trace runs along the foot of the hills on the opposite side. At the far end is \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/saf1857cuddysag.htm\">a prominent sag pond\u003c/a>, formed where two fault strands allow the ground to subside between them. The large peak is Frazier Mountain, which you can drive up if you return for a longer visit. And why wouldn't you? It beats creeping up the Grapevine.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/13/japanese-tsunami-debris-reaches-the-west-coast/tsunamidebris/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43947\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43947\" title=\"tsunamidebris\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/tsunamidebris-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year Californians go out together for Coastal Cleanup Day, our state's largest volunteer event; \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/ccd.html\">the 2012 Coastal Cleanup Day is this coming Saturday, September 15\u003c/a>. While the underlying purpose of picking up trash has not changed, this year will feature a bit of citizen science as participants keep an eye peeled for debris washing ashore from the March 2011 Japanese tsunami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regular beachgoers see items of Japanese origin every now and then. Glass fishing floats are probably the most collectible of these. But the vast floating carpet of wreckage made by the tsunami is something else, and an \u003ca href=\"http://disasterdebris.wordpress.com/\">international task force is preparing for its arrival\u003c/a>. So far we don't have any confirmed tsunami debris in California, but items have started landing \u003ca href=\"http://cms.oregon.gov/OPRD/PARKS/Pages/tsunami_debris.aspx\">in Oregon\u003c/a>, including \u003ca href=\"http://cms.oregon.gov/oprd/PARKS/pages/agatebeach_dock.aspx\">a large dock\u003c/a> that arrived at Agate Beach in June. Washington state has seen a lot of debris, enough that it has \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebris.wa.gov/\">set up a web portal to keep track\u003c/a>. Clearly we're next. So for the 2012 Coastal Cleanup Day, field organizers will have special data cards handy to record anything that looks like it was made in Japan. Expect this to happen next year too, and in 2014 as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason to monitor this debris is public safety. Everything on the Tohoku coastline was demolished on March 11, 2011, including chemical tanks and drums of toxic materials, and the giant waves took it all out to sea indiscriminately. (Fortunately none of it is radioactive.) Also, Japan has pledged money to help the states clean up tsunami debris, which is very gracious of them. In fact, it's conceivable that some lost items will be identified and returned to their owners!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason is that wherever data is gathered, some scientist will sooner or later conduct some research on it. There is a long history of using floating objects, like messages in bottles, to help map ocean currents. An early example of a tsunami-style accidental experiment was the \u003ca href=\"http://beachcombersalert.org/RubberDuckies.html\">great toy spill of 1992\u003c/a>. A shipping container full of rubber bath toys spilled overboard in the middle of the Pacific, and the eventual arrival of the toys on the West coast helped map the currents of the North Pacific Gyre. I read about it in a scientific journal. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/stories/what-can-28000-rubber-duckies-lost-at-sea-teach-us-about-\">Twenty years later\u003c/a> there are still thousands of those rubber duckies out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2011 tsunami debris will be detectable for years to come, as advanced forensic techniques allow us to trace objects to their origin in 21st-century Japan. So the data Californians start collecting this weekend will begin a new scientific project to trace the world's ocean currents. These efforts need to be repeated as often as nature offers the opportunity, because the oceans are not static: The currents we mapped in the 20th century may be changing in the warmer century to come.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/13/japanese-tsunami-debris-reaches-the-west-coast/tsunamidebris/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43947\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43947\" title=\"tsunamidebris\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/tsunamidebris-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year Californians go out together for Coastal Cleanup Day, our state's largest volunteer event; \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/ccd.html\">the 2012 Coastal Cleanup Day is this coming Saturday, September 15\u003c/a>. While the underlying purpose of picking up trash has not changed, this year will feature a bit of citizen science as participants keep an eye peeled for debris washing ashore from the March 2011 Japanese tsunami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regular beachgoers see items of Japanese origin every now and then. Glass fishing floats are probably the most collectible of these. But the vast floating carpet of wreckage made by the tsunami is something else, and an \u003ca href=\"http://disasterdebris.wordpress.com/\">international task force is preparing for its arrival\u003c/a>. So far we don't have any confirmed tsunami debris in California, but items have started landing \u003ca href=\"http://cms.oregon.gov/OPRD/PARKS/Pages/tsunami_debris.aspx\">in Oregon\u003c/a>, including \u003ca href=\"http://cms.oregon.gov/oprd/PARKS/pages/agatebeach_dock.aspx\">a large dock\u003c/a> that arrived at Agate Beach in June. Washington state has seen a lot of debris, enough that it has \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebris.wa.gov/\">set up a web portal to keep track\u003c/a>. Clearly we're next. So for the 2012 Coastal Cleanup Day, field organizers will have special data cards handy to record anything that looks like it was made in Japan. Expect this to happen next year too, and in 2014 as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason to monitor this debris is public safety. Everything on the Tohoku coastline was demolished on March 11, 2011, including chemical tanks and drums of toxic materials, and the giant waves took it all out to sea indiscriminately. (Fortunately none of it is radioactive.) Also, Japan has pledged money to help the states clean up tsunami debris, which is very gracious of them. In fact, it's conceivable that some lost items will be identified and returned to their owners!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason is that wherever data is gathered, some scientist will sooner or later conduct some research on it. There is a long history of using floating objects, like messages in bottles, to help map ocean currents. An early example of a tsunami-style accidental experiment was the \u003ca href=\"http://beachcombersalert.org/RubberDuckies.html\">great toy spill of 1992\u003c/a>. A shipping container full of rubber bath toys spilled overboard in the middle of the Pacific, and the eventual arrival of the toys on the West coast helped map the currents of the North Pacific Gyre. I read about it in a scientific journal. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/stories/what-can-28000-rubber-duckies-lost-at-sea-teach-us-about-\">Twenty years later\u003c/a> there are still thousands of those rubber duckies out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Be Moved by \"Earthquake\": A New E-book and iTunes U Course",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-book-logo-640x380/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Book logo 640x380\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-43175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>It was a series of fortunate events. The science team at KQED was just finishing up the pilot of our new education-focused \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/\" target=\"_blank\">Explainer series\u003c/a> about earthquakes. \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/blogs/earthquake/?p=51\" target=\"_blank\">Helena Carmena-Young\u003c/a>, Assistant Director of Teacher Professional Development at the California Academy of Sciences, was serving as an advisor for our Explainer project. The California Academy of Sciences was developing their now newly-opened exhibit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Earthquake: Life on a Dynamic Planet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Apple released \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/ibooks-author/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Author\u003c/a>, an app that allows anyone to create an interactive book for the iPad, which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a>, Interactive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, immediately began investigating. And, not long after, Helena and Sue Ellen McCann, Executive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, found themselves sitting at the airport together waiting for a flight home from a conference. What resulted was a collaboration between KQED and the California Academy of Sciences on a new e-book and iTunes U Course about earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The KQED Education department is always interested in trying innovative ways to reach and serve educators and their students. As more schools and districts are bringing tablet computers into the classroom, creating an e-book and iTunes U course was an ideal opportunity to test out a new means for delivering KQED's content through mobile devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/ibookscreenshot3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43466\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/iBookscreenshot3-337x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"iBookscreenshot3\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Earthquake e-book, developed by KQED and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake e-book\u003c/a> engages \"readers\" in learning about earthquakes through video, animations, interactive graphics and a quiz. It is also the digital textbook--or maybe we should call it a \u003cem>mediabook\u003c/em>--for the \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/a>. The goal of the course is to provide middle- and high-school science educators with a rich media experience to help them increase their own knowledge about earthquakes, while also providing a hands-on platform that they can use with their students. Activities, videos, chapters from the e-book and other materials make up the \"assignments\" within the course's five sections: The Earth's Structure, Plate Movement through Geologic Time, Earthquake 101, Bay Area Earthquakes, and Get Prepared. Helena and I had an easy time laying out the outline for the e-book and course. Since staff at the Academy were already working on educational resources to accompany their \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">new exhibit\u003c/a> and we had just completed our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake explainer\u003c/a>--with input from earth science educators and teachers--the main ideas that we wanted to communicate were all there. We had a bountiful collection of media from which to tell the story of plate tectonics and seismic activity, and the content from both organizations wove together fairly seamlessly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-student-pilot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43309\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Student-Pilot-425x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Student Pilot\" width=\"425\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student views media from the Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After we completed a draft of the course and the e-book, Helena and her education colleagues at the California Academy of Sciences piloted parts of the course with a ninth-grade earth science class. Students were first given a survey to assess their familiarity and comfort with media and technology. (Results showed that almost all of the students had daily or regular access to a smartphone or other mobile device.) During classroom visits, the students were asked to complete specific activities in the course either on their own or with a partner. And while there was the occasional visit to an iPad app not related to earthquakes, students spent most of the time interacting with the course and e-book, watching the videos, reading, taking notes and discussing the activities. In a post-course survey, 75 percent of the students said they would prefer learning from an iTunes U course than from a regular textbook and 82 percent said they would like to have more classes that use media content on iPads to teach material. One student commented, \"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both the Earthquake \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes U course\u003c/a> are free to download. Check them out and let us know what you think! And in case you don't have an iPad, KQED-produced content from both the course and the book can be found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Explaining Earthquakes\u003c/a> on our website, along with \"In the Classroom\" ideas for using the media with students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was just the beginning--and we had so much fun! Eager for more science explainers and e-books from KQED? Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-book-logo-640x380/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Book logo 640x380\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-43175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>It was a series of fortunate events. The science team at KQED was just finishing up the pilot of our new education-focused \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/\" target=\"_blank\">Explainer series\u003c/a> about earthquakes. \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/blogs/earthquake/?p=51\" target=\"_blank\">Helena Carmena-Young\u003c/a>, Assistant Director of Teacher Professional Development at the California Academy of Sciences, was serving as an advisor for our Explainer project. The California Academy of Sciences was developing their now newly-opened exhibit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Earthquake: Life on a Dynamic Planet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Apple released \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/ibooks-author/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Author\u003c/a>, an app that allows anyone to create an interactive book for the iPad, which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a>, Interactive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, immediately began investigating. And, not long after, Helena and Sue Ellen McCann, Executive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, found themselves sitting at the airport together waiting for a flight home from a conference. What resulted was a collaboration between KQED and the California Academy of Sciences on a new e-book and iTunes U Course about earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The KQED Education department is always interested in trying innovative ways to reach and serve educators and their students. As more schools and districts are bringing tablet computers into the classroom, creating an e-book and iTunes U course was an ideal opportunity to test out a new means for delivering KQED's content through mobile devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/ibookscreenshot3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43466\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/iBookscreenshot3-337x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"iBookscreenshot3\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Earthquake e-book, developed by KQED and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake e-book\u003c/a> engages \"readers\" in learning about earthquakes through video, animations, interactive graphics and a quiz. It is also the digital textbook--or maybe we should call it a \u003cem>mediabook\u003c/em>--for the \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/a>. The goal of the course is to provide middle- and high-school science educators with a rich media experience to help them increase their own knowledge about earthquakes, while also providing a hands-on platform that they can use with their students. Activities, videos, chapters from the e-book and other materials make up the \"assignments\" within the course's five sections: The Earth's Structure, Plate Movement through Geologic Time, Earthquake 101, Bay Area Earthquakes, and Get Prepared. Helena and I had an easy time laying out the outline for the e-book and course. Since staff at the Academy were already working on educational resources to accompany their \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">new exhibit\u003c/a> and we had just completed our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake explainer\u003c/a>--with input from earth science educators and teachers--the main ideas that we wanted to communicate were all there. We had a bountiful collection of media from which to tell the story of plate tectonics and seismic activity, and the content from both organizations wove together fairly seamlessly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-student-pilot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43309\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Student-Pilot-425x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Student Pilot\" width=\"425\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student views media from the Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After we completed a draft of the course and the e-book, Helena and her education colleagues at the California Academy of Sciences piloted parts of the course with a ninth-grade earth science class. Students were first given a survey to assess their familiarity and comfort with media and technology. (Results showed that almost all of the students had daily or regular access to a smartphone or other mobile device.) During classroom visits, the students were asked to complete specific activities in the course either on their own or with a partner. And while there was the occasional visit to an iPad app not related to earthquakes, students spent most of the time interacting with the course and e-book, watching the videos, reading, taking notes and discussing the activities. In a post-course survey, 75 percent of the students said they would prefer learning from an iTunes U course than from a regular textbook and 82 percent said they would like to have more classes that use media content on iPads to teach material. One student commented, \"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both the Earthquake \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes U course\u003c/a> are free to download. Check them out and let us know what you think! And in case you don't have an iPad, KQED-produced content from both the course and the book can be found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Explaining Earthquakes\u003c/a> on our website, along with \"In the Classroom\" ideas for using the media with students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was just the beginning--and we had so much fun! Eager for more science explainers and e-books from KQED? Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the young state of California began to prosper, it came time to make substantial buildings. Thus the opportunity arose for the difficult art of quarrying and finishing granite to supply the need for good building stone. The High Sierra is made of granite, but in the 1800s it was remote and challenging country. (Note: By \"granite\" I mean what geologists refer to as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granitoids.htm\">granitoid\u003c/a>, a wide range of rock types that qualify as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/stonestuff/f/granitestone.htm\">commercial granite\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra granites represent the deep-seated bodies of magma that supplied the lava for a long chain of volcanic islands, rather like Japan or Indonesia today, during the Mesozoic Era some 80 to 160 million years ago. However, an accident of California geology placed an outlier of the High Sierra granite near Sacramento at the edge of the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43600\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra granite is colored dark red in this old state geologic map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Quarrying of this granite began early in the 1850s, but the industry really burgeoned when a Welsh immigrant experienced in stonework, named Griffith Griffith, picked a good outcrop and started a quarry near Rocklin in 1864. He named his company town Penrhyn after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.penmorfa.com/Slate/penrhyn.html\">old Welsh slate district\u003c/a>. (Today's it's Penryn.) Here's where it fits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmapclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmapclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"475\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose-400x317.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Griffith Quarry soon landed contracts from governments and was off to the races. Parts of the Capitol building in Sacramento, the foundation of the San Francisco Mint and many old unsung railroad beds consist of Griffith stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the pit is preserved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/Facility/Museums/LocalMuseums/quarry.aspx\">a Placer County park\u003c/a>. The old quarry office, made of the finest Penryn granite, is a museum that's open weekend afternoons. Don't miss it if you're there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43596\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43596\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmuseum\" width=\"500\" height=\"396\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43596\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum-400x317.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some old quarries become destinations while some become eyesores. This one is something between the extremes in a state of genteel decrepitude, with interpretive trails and safety railings plus some benches and picnic tables. It's just the kind of place that kids should explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43598\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43598\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone itself is still widely exposed in waste piles as well as the pit walls. Don't bring a rock hammer—you won't need it and the stones are protected anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43597\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpile\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close up, the stone is revealed as a relatively dark fine-grained granitoid with abundant biotite (black mica) plus black hornblende, white feldspar and a little gray quartz. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithstone/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43599\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithstone\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I might call it a quartz diorite or even a tonalite, but you don't have to. Just enjoy its rugged good looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To visit the quarry park, take the Penryn Road exit off I-80 and head north, then turn right on Taylor Road. Total distance, just over a mile. For more geologic and historical detail, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/quarry_photo/ca-placer_photos_1a.html\">Penryn page at Quarries and Beyond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the young state of California began to prosper, it came time to make substantial buildings. Thus the opportunity arose for the difficult art of quarrying and finishing granite to supply the need for good building stone. The High Sierra is made of granite, but in the 1800s it was remote and challenging country. (Note: By \"granite\" I mean what geologists refer to as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granitoids.htm\">granitoid\u003c/a>, a wide range of rock types that qualify as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/stonestuff/f/granitestone.htm\">commercial granite\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra granites represent the deep-seated bodies of magma that supplied the lava for a long chain of volcanic islands, rather like Japan or Indonesia today, during the Mesozoic Era some 80 to 160 million years ago. However, an accident of California geology placed an outlier of the High Sierra granite near Sacramento at the edge of the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43600\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra granite is colored dark red in this old state geologic map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Quarrying of this granite began early in the 1850s, but the industry really burgeoned when a Welsh immigrant experienced in stonework, named Griffith Griffith, picked a good outcrop and started a quarry near Rocklin in 1864. He named his company town Penrhyn after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.penmorfa.com/Slate/penrhyn.html\">old Welsh slate district\u003c/a>. (Today's it's Penryn.) Here's where it fits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmapclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmapclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"475\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose-400x317.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Griffith Quarry soon landed contracts from governments and was off to the races. Parts of the Capitol building in Sacramento, the foundation of the San Francisco Mint and many old unsung railroad beds consist of Griffith stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the pit is preserved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/Facility/Museums/LocalMuseums/quarry.aspx\">a Placer County park\u003c/a>. The old quarry office, made of the finest Penryn granite, is a museum that's open weekend afternoons. Don't miss it if you're there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43596\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43596\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmuseum\" width=\"500\" height=\"396\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43596\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum-400x317.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some old quarries become destinations while some become eyesores. This one is something between the extremes in a state of genteel decrepitude, with interpretive trails and safety railings plus some benches and picnic tables. It's just the kind of place that kids should explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43598\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43598\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone itself is still widely exposed in waste piles as well as the pit walls. Don't bring a rock hammer—you won't need it and the stones are protected anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43597\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpile\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close up, the stone is revealed as a relatively dark fine-grained granitoid with abundant biotite (black mica) plus black hornblende, white feldspar and a little gray quartz. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithstone/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43599\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithstone\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I might call it a quartz diorite or even a tonalite, but you don't have to. Just enjoy its rugged good looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To visit the quarry park, take the Penryn Road exit off I-80 and head north, then turn right on Taylor Road. Total distance, just over a mile. For more geologic and historical detail, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/quarry_photo/ca-placer_photos_1a.html\">Penryn page at Quarries and Beyond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Outdoor Labs: The UC Natural Reserve System",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43269\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-deer/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43269\" title=\"angelo-deer\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-deer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young buck, unafraid of visitors, munches under old apple trees at the Angelo Reserve. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I pulled in at the \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/reserves/angelo/angelo.htm\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve\u003c/a> nearly five hours' drive to Mendocino County, I knew I was deep in the woods, but what I saw there told me something more about the place—the outside world is really shut out. A family of deer was feasting from old apple trees as two visiting children and their camera-wielding parents looked on at close range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hills and woods and meadows and streams of Angelo aren't quite like your average piece of back country: the Coast Range hills are drilled with wells and probes, the Douglas-fir and oak-madrone woods are wirelessly networked, the river-terrace meadows are dotted with flags and sensors, and the South Fork Eel River holds experimental nets and cages as well as aquatic life. The Angelo Reserve is a stage for 21st-century research that turns the very outdoors into a scientific laboratory. And it's just one of 38 such stages in the \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/\">UC Natural Reserve System\u003c/a> that sample nearly all of California's biomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was at Angelo with a group of science writers to hear about some of the research projects going on. While the University of California runs it, the Reserve System serves many institutions. At Angelo, for instance, the U.S. Geological Survey has a stream-gauge station on Elder Creek, \u003ca href=\"http://nature.nps.gov/nnl/site.cfm?Site=ELCR-CA\">a National Natural Landmark\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-usgs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43268\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43268\" title=\"angelo-usgs\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heart of the reserve is the South Fork Eel River, part of the large Eel River watershed. The river not only provides salmon habitat, but also is California's largest sediment provider to the Pacific after the Bay Area. Biologists can tinker with all the ecological variables they can handle, from the members of the food web to the nutrients in the water. They can erect shades to restrict sunlight or screens to keep out predators, and they can add and subtract sediments from the streambed. And the untouched riverbanks minimize pollution and other distortions from human activities. UC Berkeley professor \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/power/mary_power_history.html\">Mary Power\u003c/a> described some of the intricate trials her group has been carrying out in the Eel River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-eelriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43270\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43270\" title=\"angelo-eelriver\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver-400x261.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I found it charming in a nerdy way to see the river populated with dozens of little experiments as I hiked along the streambed. Of course, I was mostly noticing the rocks. There's underground research at Angelo, too, like the wirelessly networked watershed my group saw during our visit. The power comes from solar panels in the treetops, and the data is beamed live to Berkeley. UC Berkeley professor \u003ca href=\"http://eps.berkeley.edu/development/view_person.php?uid=1164&page=76\">Bill Dietrich\u003c/a> showed us around the installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43273\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43273\" title=\"angelo-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intensive focus on this little watershed promises to pay off on the scale of whole rivers. What intrigued me is that it's shedding light on the zone of undisturbed but decayed rock—saprolite—between sound bedrock and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-subsoil/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43272\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43272\" title=\"angelo-subsoil\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil-400x297.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This zone is turning out to be important in ways that the trees have always known about, but not us. Some trees seem to rely on the saprolite while others, even in the same biome, ignore it. Saprolite is a new variable that belongs in global climate models, and the data from Angelo is giving us the first outlines of its meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-graph/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43271\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43271\" title=\"angelo-graph\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"599\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph.jpg 599w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/by_name.htm\">The other 37 sites in the UC Natural Reserve System\u003c/a> have their own stories, and having now seen two of them (the other is the White Mountain Research Center, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/22/testing-a-new-drug-for-mountain-sickness/\">where I tested drugs for science\u003c/a>) my appetite is roused to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43269\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-deer/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43269\" title=\"angelo-deer\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-deer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young buck, unafraid of visitors, munches under old apple trees at the Angelo Reserve. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I pulled in at the \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/reserves/angelo/angelo.htm\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve\u003c/a> nearly five hours' drive to Mendocino County, I knew I was deep in the woods, but what I saw there told me something more about the place—the outside world is really shut out. A family of deer was feasting from old apple trees as two visiting children and their camera-wielding parents looked on at close range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hills and woods and meadows and streams of Angelo aren't quite like your average piece of back country: the Coast Range hills are drilled with wells and probes, the Douglas-fir and oak-madrone woods are wirelessly networked, the river-terrace meadows are dotted with flags and sensors, and the South Fork Eel River holds experimental nets and cages as well as aquatic life. The Angelo Reserve is a stage for 21st-century research that turns the very outdoors into a scientific laboratory. And it's just one of 38 such stages in the \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/\">UC Natural Reserve System\u003c/a> that sample nearly all of California's biomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was at Angelo with a group of science writers to hear about some of the research projects going on. While the University of California runs it, the Reserve System serves many institutions. At Angelo, for instance, the U.S. Geological Survey has a stream-gauge station on Elder Creek, \u003ca href=\"http://nature.nps.gov/nnl/site.cfm?Site=ELCR-CA\">a National Natural Landmark\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-usgs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43268\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43268\" title=\"angelo-usgs\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-usgs-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heart of the reserve is the South Fork Eel River, part of the large Eel River watershed. The river not only provides salmon habitat, but also is California's largest sediment provider to the Pacific after the Bay Area. Biologists can tinker with all the ecological variables they can handle, from the members of the food web to the nutrients in the water. They can erect shades to restrict sunlight or screens to keep out predators, and they can add and subtract sediments from the streambed. And the untouched riverbanks minimize pollution and other distortions from human activities. UC Berkeley professor \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/power/mary_power_history.html\">Mary Power\u003c/a> described some of the intricate trials her group has been carrying out in the Eel River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-eelriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43270\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43270\" title=\"angelo-eelriver\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-eelriver-400x261.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I found it charming in a nerdy way to see the river populated with dozens of little experiments as I hiked along the streambed. Of course, I was mostly noticing the rocks. There's underground research at Angelo, too, like the wirelessly networked watershed my group saw during our visit. The power comes from solar panels in the treetops, and the data is beamed live to Berkeley. UC Berkeley professor \u003ca href=\"http://eps.berkeley.edu/development/view_person.php?uid=1164&page=76\">Bill Dietrich\u003c/a> showed us around the installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43273\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43273\" title=\"angelo-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intensive focus on this little watershed promises to pay off on the scale of whole rivers. What intrigued me is that it's shedding light on the zone of undisturbed but decayed rock—saprolite—between sound bedrock and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-subsoil/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43272\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43272\" title=\"angelo-subsoil\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-subsoil-400x297.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This zone is turning out to be important in ways that the trees have always known about, but not us. Some trees seem to rely on the saprolite while others, even in the same biome, ignore it. Saprolite is a new variable that belongs in global climate models, and the data from Angelo is giving us the first outlines of its meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/angelo-graph/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43271\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43271\" title=\"angelo-graph\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"599\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph.jpg 599w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/angelo-graph-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucop.edu/by_name.htm\">The other 37 sites in the UC Natural Reserve System\u003c/a> have their own stories, and having now seen two of them (the other is the White Mountain Research Center, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/22/testing-a-new-drug-for-mountain-sickness/\">where I tested drugs for science\u003c/a>) my appetite is roused to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geoscientists Without Borders",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/23/geoscientists-without-borders/geosciwoutborders/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42965\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42965\" title=\"geosciwoutborders\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/geosciwoutborders-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicists of the Afghanistan Geological Survey operate a portable proton-precession magnetometer in the countryside. Good science can be done on a shoestring. US Geological Survey photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have all heard about Doctors Without Borders, an organization that sends skilled medical people wherever their urgent help is needed. I guarantee that few of you have heard about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders\">Geoscientists Without Borders\u003c/a> (GWB), a humanitarian program with similar aims for geologists and their allied specialists. (GWB is not formally connected to Doctors Without Borders.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No profession is immune to the desire to help—certainly not geoscientists. Seismologists study earthquakes to save lives as well as understand the planet. Volcanologists study eruptions because they're deadly, not just cool. Hydrologists seek safe and sustainable water supplies for all the world's people. And so on. Geoscientists offer not just warm bodies and field skills, but also powerful geophysical technologies: tools using electromagnetic, acoustic or nuclear forces to pierce the Earth's surface and draw data from places we cannot reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geoscientists use these tools routinely for their everyday jobs, whether it's curiosity-driven research or dollar-driven investigations. The chance to do good with their tools is what draws geoscientists to GWB. In addition, GWB projects involve students \"to provide opportunities for the future workforce to see the value of geophysics for humanitarian uses and to prepare them with real-world experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GWB is not set up for search-and-rescue work. The slower-paced projects it funds have to do with locating groundwater supplies for remote communities, landslide mapping in mountain districts, mapping of deep geology for earthquake preparedness and tracing areas of subsurface pollution. Many projects bring instruments to an area and leave them in the hands of local students who are trained in their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All projects are run by nonprofit institutions, mostly universities. They offer great opportunities for, say, supporting a master's project, especially for graduate students with homelands outside the United States. But industry scientists could participate if their company has an affiliated foundation, for instance. GWB's initial funding in 2007 came from the exploration giant Schlumberger, and it is run by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists Foundation. This month, the prestigious Geological Society of America \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/12-62.htm\">joined GWB as a supporter\u003c/a>. GWB has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Geoscientists-Without-Borders-SEG-Foundation/125939987490284\">Facebook page\u003c/a> too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A typical project is \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders/projects/southafrica\">one in South Africa\u003c/a> that involves Berkeley scientist Louise Pellerin of Green Engineering, Inc. as well as several other government and academic entities. The Dayspring Children's School near Johannesburg relies on a well for its water, but the growth of water-loving eucalyptus trees has lowered the water table. The GWB project has done an underground survey using gravity and electromagnetic instruments to study the situation and support a plan with good data. South African geology students have gained valuable experience, and the children have been energized by the attention.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/23/geoscientists-without-borders/geosciwoutborders/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42965\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42965\" title=\"geosciwoutborders\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/geosciwoutborders-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicists of the Afghanistan Geological Survey operate a portable proton-precession magnetometer in the countryside. Good science can be done on a shoestring. US Geological Survey photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have all heard about Doctors Without Borders, an organization that sends skilled medical people wherever their urgent help is needed. I guarantee that few of you have heard about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders\">Geoscientists Without Borders\u003c/a> (GWB), a humanitarian program with similar aims for geologists and their allied specialists. (GWB is not formally connected to Doctors Without Borders.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No profession is immune to the desire to help—certainly not geoscientists. Seismologists study earthquakes to save lives as well as understand the planet. Volcanologists study eruptions because they're deadly, not just cool. Hydrologists seek safe and sustainable water supplies for all the world's people. And so on. Geoscientists offer not just warm bodies and field skills, but also powerful geophysical technologies: tools using electromagnetic, acoustic or nuclear forces to pierce the Earth's surface and draw data from places we cannot reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geoscientists use these tools routinely for their everyday jobs, whether it's curiosity-driven research or dollar-driven investigations. The chance to do good with their tools is what draws geoscientists to GWB. In addition, GWB projects involve students \"to provide opportunities for the future workforce to see the value of geophysics for humanitarian uses and to prepare them with real-world experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GWB is not set up for search-and-rescue work. The slower-paced projects it funds have to do with locating groundwater supplies for remote communities, landslide mapping in mountain districts, mapping of deep geology for earthquake preparedness and tracing areas of subsurface pollution. Many projects bring instruments to an area and leave them in the hands of local students who are trained in their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All projects are run by nonprofit institutions, mostly universities. They offer great opportunities for, say, supporting a master's project, especially for graduate students with homelands outside the United States. But industry scientists could participate if their company has an affiliated foundation, for instance. GWB's initial funding in 2007 came from the exploration giant Schlumberger, and it is run by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists Foundation. This month, the prestigious Geological Society of America \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/12-62.htm\">joined GWB as a supporter\u003c/a>. GWB has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Geoscientists-Without-Borders-SEG-Foundation/125939987490284\">Facebook page\u003c/a> too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A typical project is \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders/projects/southafrica\">one in South Africa\u003c/a> that involves Berkeley scientist Louise Pellerin of Green Engineering, Inc. as well as several other government and academic entities. The Dayspring Children's School near Johannesburg relies on a well for its water, but the growth of water-loving eucalyptus trees has lowered the water table. The GWB project has done an underground survey using gravity and electromagnetic instruments to study the situation and support a plan with good data. South African geology students have gained valuable experience, and the children have been energized by the attention.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stanford's Signature Sandstone",
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"content": "\u003cp>These days, crowds of matriculating freshmen are being led by docents around the iconic campus of Stanford University. Many prestigious schools feature stone buildings, but the warm sandstone of Stanford's historic core is special. The stone has a Bay Area source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">The Bay Area's quarries\u003c/a> are good for crushed stone, but not dimension stone. Generally, the rock around here has been shaken and folded so thoroughly that it's hard work to find decent blocks without fractures or alteration. We have some marble and limestone, but it's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">suitable only for making cement\u003c/a>. And we have some granite, but for usable stuff in commercial quantities builders look east to the Sierra Nevada or out of state. The exception is the golden \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/a/aboutsandstone.htm\">sandstone\u003c/a> formerly quarried in the Santa Teresa Hills, south of San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Teresa Hills are a little outlier of the Santa Cruz Mountains that almost plug the south end of the Santa Clara Valley. Route 85 passes north of them and the Almaden Expressway runs to their south. Here they are in Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegoomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42724\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42724\" title=\"stanstonegoomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their rocks are largely the typical Bay Area rocks that builders spurn—Franciscan melange and metavolcanic rocks of the Coast Range Ophiolite—but the spine of the western end of the hills is made of a much younger, well-sorted sandstone of Eocene age, about 35 million years old. It's labeled \"Tls\" in this excerpt from the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">San Jose Quadrangle geologic map\u003c/a>. The same rock underlies the peak of Loma Prieta and the crest of the Sierra Azul, across the intervening \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden block\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42723\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42723\" title=\"stanstonegeomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap-400x275.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Units Tls and Tcm (Tertiary rocks of Loma Chiquita Ridge and Mount Chuar) belong to the Sierra Azul block; the surrounding serpentinite (Jsp) and melange (fm) and basaltic lava (fpv) are much older and belong to the New Almaden block (lower left). Units marked \"Q\" are sediments.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can visit the source by taking Camden Avenue east from the Almaden Expressway. Then turn left on Graystone Lane, where starting in the 1880s the Greystone Quarry shipped stone direct to Stanford from Leland Stanford's private rail spur. Just across Alamitos Creek is this old stone shed dating from around 1875, with an E Clampus Vitus sign telling its history. On the geologic map it's just under the \"Tls\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-hut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42719\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42719\" title=\"stanford-stone-hut\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scars of the quarry itself, which closed in 1906, are long gone, but in many places along the hill you can spot the sandstone cropping out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42718\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42718\" title=\"stanford-stone-crop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its native state, mottled with lichens and sculpted by wind and water, it does nice things with light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-light/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42720\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42720\" title=\"stanford-stone-light\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion also reveals some of the details of the stone. Parts of it are dotted with pebbles, and subtle bedding features cause the rock to flake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-close/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42717\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42717\" title=\"stanford-stone-close\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good building stone had to be selected with care, but in the end there was plenty for the new campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42722\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42722\" title=\"stanford-stone-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This signature stone was also used for some other noteworthy buildings, including the Carson City Mint in Nevada (now the state museum), Lick Observatory, and the Post Office building that now houses the San Jose Museum of Art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1906 earthquake destroyed many of Stanford's original buildings, and the stones were stockpiled and dumped in many places around the campus. The 1989 earthquake added more of the sandstone blocks to the campus boneyard. When artist Andy Goldsworthy was commissioned to create something at Stanford, he was enchanted by this old material. In 2001 he and a crew of traditional English dry-stone wallers used it to construct \"Stone River\", just east of the Art Museum parking lot a stone's throw from the Oval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-river/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42721\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42721\" title=\"stanford-stone-river\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a long, sinuous form set in an excavation, like something uncovered by archaeologists. Its shape also hearkens after a streamcourse, like so many Bay Area creeks that have been covered over in our cities. But for me, it works as a seismogram trace. And the builders' tool marks evoke the cycles of human use and reuse that stones have always endured—just another form of erosion in a rock's long journey from sand to sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stone-river-stones/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42716\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42716\" title=\"stone-river-stones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>These days, crowds of matriculating freshmen are being led by docents around the iconic campus of Stanford University. Many prestigious schools feature stone buildings, but the warm sandstone of Stanford's historic core is special. The stone has a Bay Area source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">The Bay Area's quarries\u003c/a> are good for crushed stone, but not dimension stone. Generally, the rock around here has been shaken and folded so thoroughly that it's hard work to find decent blocks without fractures or alteration. We have some marble and limestone, but it's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">suitable only for making cement\u003c/a>. And we have some granite, but for usable stuff in commercial quantities builders look east to the Sierra Nevada or out of state. The exception is the golden \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/a/aboutsandstone.htm\">sandstone\u003c/a> formerly quarried in the Santa Teresa Hills, south of San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Teresa Hills are a little outlier of the Santa Cruz Mountains that almost plug the south end of the Santa Clara Valley. Route 85 passes north of them and the Almaden Expressway runs to their south. Here they are in Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegoomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42724\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42724\" title=\"stanstonegoomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their rocks are largely the typical Bay Area rocks that builders spurn—Franciscan melange and metavolcanic rocks of the Coast Range Ophiolite—but the spine of the western end of the hills is made of a much younger, well-sorted sandstone of Eocene age, about 35 million years old. It's labeled \"Tls\" in this excerpt from the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">San Jose Quadrangle geologic map\u003c/a>. The same rock underlies the peak of Loma Prieta and the crest of the Sierra Azul, across the intervening \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden block\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42723\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42723\" title=\"stanstonegeomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap-400x275.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Units Tls and Tcm (Tertiary rocks of Loma Chiquita Ridge and Mount Chuar) belong to the Sierra Azul block; the surrounding serpentinite (Jsp) and melange (fm) and basaltic lava (fpv) are much older and belong to the New Almaden block (lower left). Units marked \"Q\" are sediments.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can visit the source by taking Camden Avenue east from the Almaden Expressway. Then turn left on Graystone Lane, where starting in the 1880s the Greystone Quarry shipped stone direct to Stanford from Leland Stanford's private rail spur. Just across Alamitos Creek is this old stone shed dating from around 1875, with an E Clampus Vitus sign telling its history. On the geologic map it's just under the \"Tls\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-hut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42719\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42719\" title=\"stanford-stone-hut\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scars of the quarry itself, which closed in 1906, are long gone, but in many places along the hill you can spot the sandstone cropping out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42718\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42718\" title=\"stanford-stone-crop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its native state, mottled with lichens and sculpted by wind and water, it does nice things with light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-light/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42720\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42720\" title=\"stanford-stone-light\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion also reveals some of the details of the stone. Parts of it are dotted with pebbles, and subtle bedding features cause the rock to flake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-close/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42717\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42717\" title=\"stanford-stone-close\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good building stone had to be selected with care, but in the end there was plenty for the new campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42722\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42722\" title=\"stanford-stone-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This signature stone was also used for some other noteworthy buildings, including the Carson City Mint in Nevada (now the state museum), Lick Observatory, and the Post Office building that now houses the San Jose Museum of Art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1906 earthquake destroyed many of Stanford's original buildings, and the stones were stockpiled and dumped in many places around the campus. The 1989 earthquake added more of the sandstone blocks to the campus boneyard. When artist Andy Goldsworthy was commissioned to create something at Stanford, he was enchanted by this old material. In 2001 he and a crew of traditional English dry-stone wallers used it to construct \"Stone River\", just east of the Art Museum parking lot a stone's throw from the Oval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-river/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42721\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42721\" title=\"stanford-stone-river\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a long, sinuous form set in an excavation, like something uncovered by archaeologists. Its shape also hearkens after a streamcourse, like so many Bay Area creeks that have been covered over in our cities. But for me, it works as a seismogram trace. And the builders' tool marks evoke the cycles of human use and reuse that stones have always endured—just another form of erosion in a rock's long journey from sand to sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stone-river-stones/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42716\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42716\" title=\"stone-river-stones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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