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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/seisparkfield2.jpg\" alt=\"tectonic tremor at Parkfield\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>The tiny ranching town of Parkfield is California's seismic playground for scientists. This instrument package sits in Turkey Flat. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides earthquakes, there is a whole spectrum of energetic activity in the solid Earth. Thankfully, most of it doesn't disturb anyone's sleep. After a century of focus on jolts and jiggles, earthquake scientists have begun turning their attention to these more subtle signals. And California is one of the prime laboratories for this research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most big earthquakes happen in the mid-crust in a zone between 10 and 20 kilometers deep, where rocks are strongest. Above this zone, rocks are cold and brittle and tend to crack; below, they are hot and ductile and tend to stretch. Menlo Park seismologists looking at the deeper, ductile crust have put a new piece of the great puzzle into place this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes of the classic type—cracks in the ground, alarums and mayhem in the human sphere—are only the best known type of seismic activity. They center around the brittle–ductile transition zone, but can be found from very near the surface down to almost 100 kilometers deep, if tectonic forces have put cold, brittle rock down there. (Deep earthquakes, which occur down to almost 700 kilometers, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/earthquakes/a/aa_deeEQs.htm\">are a separate species\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new types of seismic events are small and slow murmurings within the deep crust. They involve motions that are gentler and at much lower frequencies than typical earthquakes. Think of them as less like the crisp cracking of a baguette crust and more like the quiet ripping of the bread inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different varieties of these slow events have been discovered by different people in the last two decades. Their names include tremor, slow earthquakes, episodic slip events, transient creep and so on. They are hard to detect and difficult for seismologists to model. But that's what they used to say about ordinary earthquakes, and I'm sure that we will tame these creatures too. I suspect that they will eventually align in a kind of spectrum with names akin to the colors we designate in the blurry bands of the rainbow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week's news centers on the lively research topic of triggering: Do distant earthquakes set off local events as their seismic waves roll through? It seems obvious that they would, but science looks for proof before accepting even what seems obvious. Triggering was first accepted when the 1992 Landers earthquake in Southern California was shown to set off small quakes all the way out to Yellowstone, in Wyoming. The effects are subtle and of scientific rather than engineering interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas fault is a laboratory for slow-event research; the area around Parkfield, east of Paso Robles, has been intensively instrumented since the 1970s. Recently, persistent clusters of tremor have been mapped there at depths below the earthquake zone. A paper by U.S. Geological Survey seismologist \u003ca href=\"https://profile.usgs.gov/dshelly/\">David Shelly\u003c/a> and others \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ngeo1141.html\">published this week in \u003ci>Nature Geoscience\u003c/i>\u003c/a> notes that these ticklish spots of \"ambient tremor\" are sensitive to large, distant earthquakes in the right circumstances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/chiletremor2.png\" alt=\"chile triggered tremor\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>Frame from Supplementary Movie 3, Shelly et al., \u003ci>Nature Geoscience\u003c/i> doi:10.1038/ngeo1141. North-south profile of San Andreas fault; shaded zone and star represent slip in and hypocenter of the 28 Sept 2008 Parkfield earthquake; blue dots are earthquake events, crosses are ambient tremor locations; depth grid is 10-km intervals.\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's an example grabbed from a Quicktime movie file showing these ambient tremor spots \"lighting up\" after passage of the surface waves from the February 27 2010 Chile earthquake (magnitude 8.8). Surface waves are the strongest, most damaging and slowest-moving vibrations of an earthquake; they are what makes the entire planet reverberate as long as weeks afterward. What interested the researchers about this triggered tremor is that it lasted long after the triggering waves had passed. Something was moving very slowly after the trigger left, something that continued to set off tremor until the stresses finally dissipated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What moves slowest of all the new seismic slow events? It is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">creep, which I described in last week's post\u003c/a>. Creep is known to be variable—some parts of a fault have it while others don't; its speed also varies in different locations. It's known to change speed, too. In fact, you might think of it as just an extremely slow earthquake with a frequency of years instead of seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelly and his coauthors therefore suggest a new kind of triggered event to go along with triggered earthquakes and triggered tremor: triggered creep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 35.899 -120.433\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/seisparkfield2.jpg\" alt=\"tectonic tremor at Parkfield\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>The tiny ranching town of Parkfield is California's seismic playground for scientists. This instrument package sits in Turkey Flat. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides earthquakes, there is a whole spectrum of energetic activity in the solid Earth. Thankfully, most of it doesn't disturb anyone's sleep. After a century of focus on jolts and jiggles, earthquake scientists have begun turning their attention to these more subtle signals. And California is one of the prime laboratories for this research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most big earthquakes happen in the mid-crust in a zone between 10 and 20 kilometers deep, where rocks are strongest. Above this zone, rocks are cold and brittle and tend to crack; below, they are hot and ductile and tend to stretch. Menlo Park seismologists looking at the deeper, ductile crust have put a new piece of the great puzzle into place this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes of the classic type—cracks in the ground, alarums and mayhem in the human sphere—are only the best known type of seismic activity. They center around the brittle–ductile transition zone, but can be found from very near the surface down to almost 100 kilometers deep, if tectonic forces have put cold, brittle rock down there. (Deep earthquakes, which occur down to almost 700 kilometers, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/earthquakes/a/aa_deeEQs.htm\">are a separate species\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new types of seismic events are small and slow murmurings within the deep crust. They involve motions that are gentler and at much lower frequencies than typical earthquakes. Think of them as less like the crisp cracking of a baguette crust and more like the quiet ripping of the bread inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different varieties of these slow events have been discovered by different people in the last two decades. Their names include tremor, slow earthquakes, episodic slip events, transient creep and so on. They are hard to detect and difficult for seismologists to model. But that's what they used to say about ordinary earthquakes, and I'm sure that we will tame these creatures too. I suspect that they will eventually align in a kind of spectrum with names akin to the colors we designate in the blurry bands of the rainbow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week's news centers on the lively research topic of triggering: Do distant earthquakes set off local events as their seismic waves roll through? It seems obvious that they would, but science looks for proof before accepting even what seems obvious. Triggering was first accepted when the 1992 Landers earthquake in Southern California was shown to set off small quakes all the way out to Yellowstone, in Wyoming. The effects are subtle and of scientific rather than engineering interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas fault is a laboratory for slow-event research; the area around Parkfield, east of Paso Robles, has been intensively instrumented since the 1970s. Recently, persistent clusters of tremor have been mapped there at depths below the earthquake zone. A paper by U.S. Geological Survey seismologist \u003ca href=\"https://profile.usgs.gov/dshelly/\">David Shelly\u003c/a> and others \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ngeo1141.html\">published this week in \u003ci>Nature Geoscience\u003c/i>\u003c/a> notes that these ticklish spots of \"ambient tremor\" are sensitive to large, distant earthquakes in the right circumstances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/chiletremor2.png\" alt=\"chile triggered tremor\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>Frame from Supplementary Movie 3, Shelly et al., \u003ci>Nature Geoscience\u003c/i> doi:10.1038/ngeo1141. North-south profile of San Andreas fault; shaded zone and star represent slip in and hypocenter of the 28 Sept 2008 Parkfield earthquake; blue dots are earthquake events, crosses are ambient tremor locations; depth grid is 10-km intervals.\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's an example grabbed from a Quicktime movie file showing these ambient tremor spots \"lighting up\" after passage of the surface waves from the February 27 2010 Chile earthquake (magnitude 8.8). Surface waves are the strongest, most damaging and slowest-moving vibrations of an earthquake; they are what makes the entire planet reverberate as long as weeks afterward. What interested the researchers about this triggered tremor is that it lasted long after the triggering waves had passed. Something was moving very slowly after the trigger left, something that continued to set off tremor until the stresses finally dissipated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What moves slowest of all the new seismic slow events? It is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">creep, which I described in last week's post\u003c/a>. Creep is known to be variable—some parts of a fault have it while others don't; its speed also varies in different locations. It's known to change speed, too. In fact, you might think of it as just an extremely slow earthquake with a frequency of years instead of seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelly and his coauthors therefore suggest a new kind of triggered event to go along with triggered earthquakes and triggered tremor: triggered creep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 35.899 -120.433\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFintro.jpg\" alt=\"hayward fault\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Suburbia is warped in downtown Hayward, where fault creep is steadily distorting curbs, walls and pavement. All photos by Andrew Alden except where noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my first post on KQED Quest Science, I invited you to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/17/befriend-your-local-fault/\">make friends with your local earthquake faults\u003c/a>. The best place to do so, in my opinion, is in Hayward, where the Hayward fault runs right through downtown. You can start at the Hayward BART station and enjoy a good meal while you're in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes Hayward special is that the fault moves steadily there, even without earthquakes, in the process that geologists call aseismic slip, or fault creep. Very few faults are known to creep, but in the Bay Area we have three: the Hayward fault, the Calaveras fault in Hollister, and the San Andreas fault south of Gilroy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love my copy of U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1992/2196/\">Map MF-2196\u003c/a>, \"Recently Active Traces of the Hayward Fault,\" published in 1992 on a topographic map base. But the Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/177/index.html\">online database\u003c/a>, updated twice since then, costs nothing and is projected on aerial photos. Here's how downtown Hayward looks in it; click the image for a larger version. North is to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFmap.png\" width=\"500\" alt=\"hayward fault map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BART station is at the bottom between A and D Streets. If you can, walk through the new City Hall on your way to Mission Boulevard; it's highly engineered for earthquake resistance, and the apron of stone around it hides a base-isolation system that lets the building shimmy like a surfer to ease the stress on it from a magnitude-7 event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mission it's simply a matter of walking in either direction and going up each side street. The annotations have a simple code: C1 and C2 denote excellent and good creep evidence, respectively. Here are examples of the codes that follow them. First is \"ec,\" for echelon cracks, like this set from Oakland's Lake Temescal where the fault has its own exhibit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFechelons.jpg\" alt=\"echelon cracks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we go any farther I should point out that Hayward is not proud of its fault. Many homes and properties were built upon the fault trace before creep was first recognized in 1956. It's best not to stand and point. Geology teachers tell their classes the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The code \"rc\" stands for right-offset curb. These are easy to spot. I photographed this example a few years ago; since then the construction site has become a structure, but the curb still takes its rightward jog. The Hayward fault is classified as right-lateral, meaning that when you look across it, the other side moves to the right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFrc.jpg\" alt=\"offset curb\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The curb on Sunset Street, near Prospect Street, is a clearer example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFsunset.jpg\" alt=\"sunset street offset curb\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The codes \"rb\" and \"rw\" mean offset buildings and walls, respectively. You'll see a lot of damaged brick buildings, or recent repairs, in line with the bent curbs. The code \"jo\" means open joints or cracks in concrete. This example shows a steadily opening gap that has been patched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFjo.jpg\" alt=\"concrete joint\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Localities marked \"so\" have had their offsets surveyed. The most commonly visited site is the corner of Rose and Prospect Streets, the yellow circle on the map. The corner curb has had a constant stream of visitors since it was built in 1971. This is how it looked in 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFrose1.jpg\" alt=\"offset curb\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/misspudding/\">misspudding\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Common license\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see from my photo taken in 2007 that it has moved further since then. The street here has a good set of echelon cracks too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFrose2.jpg\" alt=\"offset curb\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prospect Street got its name because it runs along a low ridge with a nice view west. The ridge is a pressure ridge, thrown up during thousands of years of creep and earthquakes. That's one natural sign of fault activity. Another is offset streams, which are just like offset curbs only much larger. You'll see one on the map where a stream flows down from the top (east), turns sharply to its right, then jogs leftward on the other side of the fault. It's marked \"G1, rs\" meaning excellent geomorphic evidence consisting of a right-offset stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another natural fault sign appears about 2 miles south on Mission at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery, where you can look up on the hillside just to the south and see another natural sign of the fault: a line of springs. It really stands out in the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFsprings.jpg\" alt=\"line of springs\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a beginning of what geologists learn to see, but you can follow in their footsteps as far as you care by visiting the USGS's \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/\">Northern California earthquake home\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.67981 -122.09122\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFintro.jpg\" alt=\"hayward fault\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Suburbia is warped in downtown Hayward, where fault creep is steadily distorting curbs, walls and pavement. All photos by Andrew Alden except where noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my first post on KQED Quest Science, I invited you to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/17/befriend-your-local-fault/\">make friends with your local earthquake faults\u003c/a>. The best place to do so, in my opinion, is in Hayward, where the Hayward fault runs right through downtown. You can start at the Hayward BART station and enjoy a good meal while you're in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes Hayward special is that the fault moves steadily there, even without earthquakes, in the process that geologists call aseismic slip, or fault creep. Very few faults are known to creep, but in the Bay Area we have three: the Hayward fault, the Calaveras fault in Hollister, and the San Andreas fault south of Gilroy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love my copy of U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1992/2196/\">Map MF-2196\u003c/a>, \"Recently Active Traces of the Hayward Fault,\" published in 1992 on a topographic map base. But the Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/177/index.html\">online database\u003c/a>, updated twice since then, costs nothing and is projected on aerial photos. Here's how downtown Hayward looks in it; click the image for a larger version. North is to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFmap.png\" width=\"500\" alt=\"hayward fault map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BART station is at the bottom between A and D Streets. If you can, walk through the new City Hall on your way to Mission Boulevard; it's highly engineered for earthquake resistance, and the apron of stone around it hides a base-isolation system that lets the building shimmy like a surfer to ease the stress on it from a magnitude-7 event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mission it's simply a matter of walking in either direction and going up each side street. The annotations have a simple code: C1 and C2 denote excellent and good creep evidence, respectively. Here are examples of the codes that follow them. First is \"ec,\" for echelon cracks, like this set from Oakland's Lake Temescal where the fault has its own exhibit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFechelons.jpg\" alt=\"echelon cracks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we go any farther I should point out that Hayward is not proud of its fault. Many homes and properties were built upon the fault trace before creep was first recognized in 1956. It's best not to stand and point. Geology teachers tell their classes the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The code \"rc\" stands for right-offset curb. These are easy to spot. I photographed this example a few years ago; since then the construction site has become a structure, but the curb still takes its rightward jog. The Hayward fault is classified as right-lateral, meaning that when you look across it, the other side moves to the right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFrc.jpg\" alt=\"offset curb\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The curb on Sunset Street, near Prospect Street, is a clearer example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFsunset.jpg\" alt=\"sunset street offset curb\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The codes \"rb\" and \"rw\" mean offset buildings and walls, respectively. You'll see a lot of damaged brick buildings, or recent repairs, in line with the bent curbs. The code \"jo\" means open joints or cracks in concrete. This example shows a steadily opening gap that has been patched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFjo.jpg\" alt=\"concrete joint\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Localities marked \"so\" have had their offsets surveyed. The most commonly visited site is the corner of Rose and Prospect Streets, the yellow circle on the map. The corner curb has had a constant stream of visitors since it was built in 1971. This is how it looked in 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFrose1.jpg\" alt=\"offset curb\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/misspudding/\">misspudding\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Common license\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see from my photo taken in 2007 that it has moved further since then. The street here has a good set of echelon cracks too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFrose2.jpg\" alt=\"offset curb\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prospect Street got its name because it runs along a low ridge with a nice view west. The ridge is a pressure ridge, thrown up during thousands of years of creep and earthquakes. That's one natural sign of fault activity. Another is offset streams, which are just like offset curbs only much larger. You'll see one on the map where a stream flows down from the top (east), turns sharply to its right, then jogs leftward on the other side of the fault. It's marked \"G1, rs\" meaning excellent geomorphic evidence consisting of a right-offset stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another natural fault sign appears about 2 miles south on Mission at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery, where you can look up on the hillside just to the south and see another natural sign of the fault: a line of springs. It really stands out in the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/HFsprings.jpg\" alt=\"line of springs\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a beginning of what geologists learn to see, but you can follow in their footsteps as far as you care by visiting the USGS's \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/\">Northern California earthquake home\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.67981 -122.09122\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Solar and wind power may get the headlines when it comes to renewable energy. But another type of clean power is heating up in the hills just north of Sonoma wine country. Geothermal power uses heat from deep inside the Earth to generate electricity. The Geysers, the world's largest power-producing geothermal field, has been providing electricity for roughly 850,000 Northern California households, and is set to expand even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Find out more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/18/producers-notes-geothermal-heats-up/\" target=\"_blank\">geothermal energy and the video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" alt=\"bay area volcanoes\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Former volcano Mount Konocti overlooks Clear Lake. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/snakphotography/\">Stephen Nakatami\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license; all other photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has been very familiar with earthquakes for at least 20 million years. Volcanoes might seem more remote, but their traces can be seen in many places. Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. And while the nearest active volcanoes are beyond the Sierra Nevada, they're close enough to keep an eye on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has three major sources of volcanism and one minor one. The minor one is what we have in the Bay Area, but let me mention the others first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The classic type of California volcanism arises from subduction. This diagram shows how it looks for northernmost California today, with an oceanic plate traveling beneath North America. Water and sediment on top of the downgoing plate acts like a flux, promoting melting in the overlying plate. That's how volcanoes are produced all around the Pacific \"ring of fire,\" and all of California used to look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/CAsubduction2.gif\" alt=\"subduction\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Cross-section from US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Cascade Range volcanoes are produced by this mechanism. California members of the Cascades include Mount Lassen, which last erupted in 1917, and Mount Shasta, which may have erupted in the 1700s. South of that, this system was interrupted when the San Andreas fault system formed and began extending northward (now the boundary between the two tectonic regimes is a triple junction at Cape Mendocino). An example of Cascade volcanic deposits crops out south of Ocean Beach near San Francisco, a prominent ash bed in the seacliffs of the Merced Formation. It's known as the Rockland ash and came from an ancestor of Lassen volcano, called Mount Tehama, about 600,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-OBeachash2.jpg\" alt=\"ash bed\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second major kind of California volcanism is beyond the Sierra, in the Mammoth Lakes area and points south. The last \"supervolcano\" eruption from that area was about 700,000 years ago, and ash from it (the Bishop Tuff) fell here although I don't know where to point you to it. That volcanism is related to stretching of the crust in the Basin and Range province, which basically includes all of Nevada and surrounding counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third type of volcanism is related to Yellowstone, of all places. The geysers and lava flows of Yellowstone are the current location of an eruptive center that began about 16 million years ago in Oregon and slowly burned its way eastward across Idaho, leaving enormous plains of solid lava behind. Northeastern California has a lot of it. One of the first eruptions in that series came from California, sending a glowing flood of basalt lava our way. It flowed more than 200 kilometers as far as Vacaville, where it's mapped as the Putnam Peak Basalt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-putnam2.jpg\" alt=\"putnam peak basalt\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Boulders of basalt akin to that in Yellowstone and Idaho lie west of Winters.\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can inspect this rock at leisure \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop6blackrocks.htm\">on Route 128 west of Winters\u003c/a>, about 2 miles west of Pleasants Valley Road. It's the location given at the top of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, on to our own local volcanism. As the San Andreas fault system cut northward through our region, it cut off the preexisting subducting plate like a letter opener slicing across an envelope. The plate continued to descend, leaving behind it a traveling \"slab window\" that briefly allowed the hot underlying rocks of the Earth's mantle to send up magma. In the Bay Area, slab-window volcanic rocks came in three pulses. The first pulse dates from 11 to 8.5 million years ago. Its lavas have been dismembered by motion along the San Andreas and related faults, and now it occurs east of Hollister (the Quien Sabe Volcanics), in the East Bay Hills (well exposed in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>), at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bahiker.com/northbayhikes/burdell.html\">Burdell Mountain\u003c/a> in Marin County, and the Tolay Volcanics between Petaluma and Santa Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-sibley2.jpg\" alt=\"sibley lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Mineral-filled bubbles in lava beds at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next pulse of slab-window volcanism produced the large Sonoma Volcanics between 8 and 2.5 million years ago. A good place to see these is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a> park west of Calistoga, where whole redwood trunks have been fossilized in the silica-rich ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-petforest2.jpg\" alt=\"petrified forest\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, slab-window volcanism has migrated north to the Clear Lake/Geysers region. Mount Konocti, overlooking the lake, is a recent volcanic construction. The famous hot springs get their heat from this volcanism. And the huge geothermal power complex at \u003ca href=\"http://www.geysers.com/\">The Geysers\u003c/a>, based on natural steam heated by underlying magma, supplies electricity to the Bay Area, helping you read this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.5175 -122.0561\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" alt=\"bay area volcanoes\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Former volcano Mount Konocti overlooks Clear Lake. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/snakphotography/\">Stephen Nakatami\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license; all other photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has been very familiar with earthquakes for at least 20 million years. Volcanoes might seem more remote, but their traces can be seen in many places. Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. And while the nearest active volcanoes are beyond the Sierra Nevada, they're close enough to keep an eye on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has three major sources of volcanism and one minor one. The minor one is what we have in the Bay Area, but let me mention the others first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The classic type of California volcanism arises from subduction. This diagram shows how it looks for northernmost California today, with an oceanic plate traveling beneath North America. Water and sediment on top of the downgoing plate acts like a flux, promoting melting in the overlying plate. That's how volcanoes are produced all around the Pacific \"ring of fire,\" and all of California used to look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/CAsubduction2.gif\" alt=\"subduction\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Cross-section from US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Cascade Range volcanoes are produced by this mechanism. California members of the Cascades include Mount Lassen, which last erupted in 1917, and Mount Shasta, which may have erupted in the 1700s. South of that, this system was interrupted when the San Andreas fault system formed and began extending northward (now the boundary between the two tectonic regimes is a triple junction at Cape Mendocino). An example of Cascade volcanic deposits crops out south of Ocean Beach near San Francisco, a prominent ash bed in the seacliffs of the Merced Formation. It's known as the Rockland ash and came from an ancestor of Lassen volcano, called Mount Tehama, about 600,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-OBeachash2.jpg\" alt=\"ash bed\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second major kind of California volcanism is beyond the Sierra, in the Mammoth Lakes area and points south. The last \"supervolcano\" eruption from that area was about 700,000 years ago, and ash from it (the Bishop Tuff) fell here although I don't know where to point you to it. That volcanism is related to stretching of the crust in the Basin and Range province, which basically includes all of Nevada and surrounding counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third type of volcanism is related to Yellowstone, of all places. The geysers and lava flows of Yellowstone are the current location of an eruptive center that began about 16 million years ago in Oregon and slowly burned its way eastward across Idaho, leaving enormous plains of solid lava behind. Northeastern California has a lot of it. One of the first eruptions in that series came from California, sending a glowing flood of basalt lava our way. It flowed more than 200 kilometers as far as Vacaville, where it's mapped as the Putnam Peak Basalt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-putnam2.jpg\" alt=\"putnam peak basalt\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Boulders of basalt akin to that in Yellowstone and Idaho lie west of Winters.\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can inspect this rock at leisure \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop6blackrocks.htm\">on Route 128 west of Winters\u003c/a>, about 2 miles west of Pleasants Valley Road. It's the location given at the top of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, on to our own local volcanism. As the San Andreas fault system cut northward through our region, it cut off the preexisting subducting plate like a letter opener slicing across an envelope. The plate continued to descend, leaving behind it a traveling \"slab window\" that briefly allowed the hot underlying rocks of the Earth's mantle to send up magma. In the Bay Area, slab-window volcanic rocks came in three pulses. The first pulse dates from 11 to 8.5 million years ago. Its lavas have been dismembered by motion along the San Andreas and related faults, and now it occurs east of Hollister (the Quien Sabe Volcanics), in the East Bay Hills (well exposed in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>), at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bahiker.com/northbayhikes/burdell.html\">Burdell Mountain\u003c/a> in Marin County, and the Tolay Volcanics between Petaluma and Santa Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-sibley2.jpg\" alt=\"sibley lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Mineral-filled bubbles in lava beds at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next pulse of slab-window volcanism produced the large Sonoma Volcanics between 8 and 2.5 million years ago. A good place to see these is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a> park west of Calistoga, where whole redwood trunks have been fossilized in the silica-rich ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-petforest2.jpg\" alt=\"petrified forest\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, slab-window volcanism has migrated north to the Clear Lake/Geysers region. Mount Konocti, overlooking the lake, is a recent volcanic construction. The famous hot springs get their heat from this volcanism. And the huge geothermal power complex at \u003ca href=\"http://www.geysers.com/\">The Geysers\u003c/a>, based on natural steam heated by underlying magma, supplies electricity to the Bay Area, helping you read this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.5175 -122.0561\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadthumb2.jpg\" alt=\"marin headlands\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A ridge of deep-sea chert sets off the Golden Gate and its signature bridge. Photos by Andrew Alden except where noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people, tourists and locals alike, come here to gaze over the Golden Gate. But if you turn your back to it, the Marin Headlands are a textbook location to see some classic rocks of the Franciscan Complex. Rocks like these set apart the landscapes that incorporate them, literally shaping San Francisco's worldview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin Headlands have such a distinctive set of Franciscan rocks that their geologic package is named the Marin Headlands terrane, a geologist's word that means a well-defined piece of land and the closely related rocks that underlie it. The Franciscan has about a dozen terranes represented in the Bay Area, and while the Marin Headlands terrane appears in several places, this is where to see it best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Headlands couldn't be easier to get to—the entrance is just north of the Golden Gate Bridge. Head west and start on Conzelman Road, and stop at the first turnout (Battery Spencer) if you can find a parking spot; if there isn't try the next, because all display the same rocks. The roadcuts on Conzelman Road have just been renewed as the roadway is improved, so it's a great time to study them. (Road work goes on during the week; check \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectheadlands.gov/\">projectheadlands.gov\u003c/a> for updates.) Here's what you'll be looking at. Remember that no hammering or collecting is allowed in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/marin-headlands.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz12.jpg\" alt=\"conzelman road chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reddish-brown, swirly rock is ribbon chert. This hard sedimentary stone started out in the Pacific as deep-sea clay full of the microscopic shells of radiolarians, lying on the volcanic rocks of the seafloor. It was once flat beds, but as the seafloor was subducted beneath California the chert was crumpled into a picturesque state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz22.jpg\" alt=\"folded ribbon chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crust itself was also crumpled, sliced into ribbons and stacked up. That accounts for the look of the geologic map of the Headlands (click it to see it bigger).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmap2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"marin headlands geologic map\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>From \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2918/\">USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2918\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map depicts three main rock types from the Franciscan: the oldest lava of the ancient seabed of Jurassic age (Jfv), the deep-sea chert that sifted down onto it over a period of some 100 million years (JKfc), and the sandstone that collected on top of that as the seafloor approached California during the Cretaceous Period (Kfs). Melange, as I've explained \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">in my post about Shell Beach\u003c/a>, is an intimate mixture of all three (and more) Franciscan rock types. Alluvium is the young sediment that lies in river valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lava that once underlay the chert now crops out next to it. At the end of Conzelman Road, at Point Bonita (south of the \"Kfs\" label), there's a spot where you can see spectacularly preserved pillow lava, looking as pristine as it did 150 million years ago when it erupted into the deep sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpillows2.jpg\" alt=\"pillow lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/edbierman/\">Ed Bierman\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see this lava close up on the south end of Rodeo Beach (northwest of \"Kfs\") in its mildly metamorphosed form known as greenstone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're at the beach, take care NOT to resist the excellent pebbles, sourced from the whole range of the Franciscan. I'm told that Kirby Cove's pebble beach is just as good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpebbles2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach pebbles\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're up for some hiking, there's a lot more to see. For instance, north of Rodeo Beach the view up the coast shows off the sandstone and melange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadnorth2.jpg\" alt=\"marin coast\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you keep your eyes on the ground, you may spot black manganese minerals coating the chert. Parts of the Headlands were exploited for this strategic mineral during World War II. The most likely source for the material is the formation of manganese nodules, back when this chert was abyssal mud. To impress your friends, be sure to call out, \"Look! Psilomelane!\" when you find some. That's the name of this sooty-looking mixture of manganese oxides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmang2.jpg\" alt=\"psilomelane\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you still must admire the Golden Gate instead of the rocks, let my colleague Brian Romans show you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\">some of the wonderful geology under that impressive strait\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.829 -122.483\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadthumb2.jpg\" alt=\"marin headlands\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A ridge of deep-sea chert sets off the Golden Gate and its signature bridge. Photos by Andrew Alden except where noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people, tourists and locals alike, come here to gaze over the Golden Gate. But if you turn your back to it, the Marin Headlands are a textbook location to see some classic rocks of the Franciscan Complex. Rocks like these set apart the landscapes that incorporate them, literally shaping San Francisco's worldview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin Headlands have such a distinctive set of Franciscan rocks that their geologic package is named the Marin Headlands terrane, a geologist's word that means a well-defined piece of land and the closely related rocks that underlie it. The Franciscan has about a dozen terranes represented in the Bay Area, and while the Marin Headlands terrane appears in several places, this is where to see it best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Headlands couldn't be easier to get to—the entrance is just north of the Golden Gate Bridge. Head west and start on Conzelman Road, and stop at the first turnout (Battery Spencer) if you can find a parking spot; if there isn't try the next, because all display the same rocks. The roadcuts on Conzelman Road have just been renewed as the roadway is improved, so it's a great time to study them. (Road work goes on during the week; check \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectheadlands.gov/\">projectheadlands.gov\u003c/a> for updates.) Here's what you'll be looking at. Remember that no hammering or collecting is allowed in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/marin-headlands.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz12.jpg\" alt=\"conzelman road chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reddish-brown, swirly rock is ribbon chert. This hard sedimentary stone started out in the Pacific as deep-sea clay full of the microscopic shells of radiolarians, lying on the volcanic rocks of the seafloor. It was once flat beds, but as the seafloor was subducted beneath California the chert was crumpled into a picturesque state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz22.jpg\" alt=\"folded ribbon chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crust itself was also crumpled, sliced into ribbons and stacked up. That accounts for the look of the geologic map of the Headlands (click it to see it bigger).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmap2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"marin headlands geologic map\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>From \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2918/\">USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2918\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map depicts three main rock types from the Franciscan: the oldest lava of the ancient seabed of Jurassic age (Jfv), the deep-sea chert that sifted down onto it over a period of some 100 million years (JKfc), and the sandstone that collected on top of that as the seafloor approached California during the Cretaceous Period (Kfs). Melange, as I've explained \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">in my post about Shell Beach\u003c/a>, is an intimate mixture of all three (and more) Franciscan rock types. Alluvium is the young sediment that lies in river valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lava that once underlay the chert now crops out next to it. At the end of Conzelman Road, at Point Bonita (south of the \"Kfs\" label), there's a spot where you can see spectacularly preserved pillow lava, looking as pristine as it did 150 million years ago when it erupted into the deep sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpillows2.jpg\" alt=\"pillow lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/edbierman/\">Ed Bierman\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see this lava close up on the south end of Rodeo Beach (northwest of \"Kfs\") in its mildly metamorphosed form known as greenstone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're at the beach, take care NOT to resist the excellent pebbles, sourced from the whole range of the Franciscan. I'm told that Kirby Cove's pebble beach is just as good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpebbles2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach pebbles\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're up for some hiking, there's a lot more to see. For instance, north of Rodeo Beach the view up the coast shows off the sandstone and melange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadnorth2.jpg\" alt=\"marin coast\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you keep your eyes on the ground, you may spot black manganese minerals coating the chert. Parts of the Headlands were exploited for this strategic mineral during World War II. The most likely source for the material is the formation of manganese nodules, back when this chert was abyssal mud. To impress your friends, be sure to call out, \"Look! Psilomelane!\" when you find some. That's the name of this sooty-looking mixture of manganese oxides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmang2.jpg\" alt=\"psilomelane\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you still must admire the Golden Gate instead of the rocks, let my colleague Brian Romans show you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\">some of the wonderful geology under that impressive strait\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.829 -122.483\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerathumb.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A disjointed body of rock called the Calera Limestone shows its typical colors, white to gray to black, at Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. It has an interesting history and prehistory. Photos by Andrew Alden except where otherwise noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limestone has always been a useful rock, but we have relatively little of it around here. The first settlers sought it out to burn, because roasted limestone becomes lime, the crucial ingredient in mortar. Small operators would stake a claim on an outcrop of limestone, build a lime kiln, and supply local customers as long as the rock or the fuel (local firewood) held out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today many country roads around here still bear the name \"Limekiln.\" And one of the Bay Area's more interesting rocks is a limestone named for the Spanish word for limekiln, \u003ci>calera\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone was named in 1914. Its so-called type locality, the place where its formal description was taken, was a quarry on a hill just north of Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. The name comes from Calera Valley, from which we can presume that a limekiln operated there before the gold rush. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former quarry is in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area today, and that's where my photos come from. Limestone stands out from other rocks in its color palette, usually white and gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraquarry.jpg\" alt=\"rockaway quarry\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quarry exposure shows that the limestone beds are tilted almost upright. Studies of microfossils date the Calera at 88 to 105 million years old, in the middle of the long Cretaceous Period. Parts of the limestone are quite dark, thanks to a few percent of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabeds.jpg\" alt=\"limestone bedding\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone is not a big, thick bed of stone; rather, it's one ingredient in the disjointed Franciscan Complex that I described at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach\u003c/a>. It's found in pods, lenses and stringers along the San Andreas fault between Pacifica and Gilroy in a group of Franciscan rocks called the Permanente terrane. Indeed, more of this terrane occurs at Parkfield, some 350 kilometers south of here. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fault motion over the last 25 million years or so has carried this limestone north to the ocean's edge today, one earthquake at a time. You can see signs of the disruption in the rocks of Rockaway Quarry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabrec.jpg\" alt=\"brecciation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural process that shattered and recemented this rock is called brecciation. If you see a rock like this, with jagged pieces in a finer groundmass, you may call it breccia (BRET-cha).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraslick.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another sign of disruption is this slickenside, the polished surface made by faulting. It's not often found in limestone, but the Rockaway Quarry has good examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another body of Calera Limestone crops out west of Cupertino, where Henry Kaiser began his entry into the concrete business in 1939 with a quarry. Whereas the Rockaway Quarry produced mainly crushed rock, the Permanente Quarry (now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lehighpermanente.com/#/henry-kaiser/4537948194\">Lehigh Permanente Quarry\u003c/a>) processes high-quality limestone into portland cement. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/04/cement-a-dirty-business/\">QUEST featured this quarry in 2008\u003c/a>, including this picture of the excavation. It supplies about half of the Bay Area's cement today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerapermanente.jpg\" alt=\"permanente quarry\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/kqedquest/\">KQED QUEST\u003c/a> under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have studied the Calera Limestone for many years, taking advantage of the excellent exposures in the quarry. They have learned that the limestone formed in tropical seas, far from land, as the calcium carbonate shells of microorganisms rained onto the seafloor from highly productive surface waters. The waters were shallow for an ocean basin, which means that the limestone formed on a sunken volcanic plateau or ridge rather than the flat deep seafloor. The typical limestone of the Midwest is very different, having formed in huge sheets in very shallow waters when the sea was much higher than today. In geo-speak, they are epicontinental whereas the Calera is pelagic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone plateau was carried by plate-tectonic motion from the tropical Pacific and plastered onto North America, where it remained without being pulled downward by subduction. The Calera is in pieces today not because it was torn apart during subduction, but because it formed in separate basins on a volcanic plateau and was torn apart much later by the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot is that this limestone carries a precious record of conditions in the shallow Cretaceous tropical Pacific, a place and time for which we have little other evidence because subduction has removed the deep seafloor rocks. Those dark streaks in the limestone, rich in organic matter, record periods when the world ocean went stagnant and dead. They match well with similar rocks from other ocean basins, enabling us to place a signpost in time from a world now lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraclass.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003cem>Students and professional groups visit the Permanente Quarry for open-air lessons. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/paleololigo/\">Penny Higgins\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/em>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.614 -122.494\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerathumb.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A disjointed body of rock called the Calera Limestone shows its typical colors, white to gray to black, at Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. It has an interesting history and prehistory. Photos by Andrew Alden except where otherwise noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limestone has always been a useful rock, but we have relatively little of it around here. The first settlers sought it out to burn, because roasted limestone becomes lime, the crucial ingredient in mortar. Small operators would stake a claim on an outcrop of limestone, build a lime kiln, and supply local customers as long as the rock or the fuel (local firewood) held out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today many country roads around here still bear the name \"Limekiln.\" And one of the Bay Area's more interesting rocks is a limestone named for the Spanish word for limekiln, \u003ci>calera\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone was named in 1914. Its so-called type locality, the place where its formal description was taken, was a quarry on a hill just north of Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. The name comes from Calera Valley, from which we can presume that a limekiln operated there before the gold rush. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former quarry is in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area today, and that's where my photos come from. Limestone stands out from other rocks in its color palette, usually white and gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraquarry.jpg\" alt=\"rockaway quarry\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quarry exposure shows that the limestone beds are tilted almost upright. Studies of microfossils date the Calera at 88 to 105 million years old, in the middle of the long Cretaceous Period. Parts of the limestone are quite dark, thanks to a few percent of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabeds.jpg\" alt=\"limestone bedding\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone is not a big, thick bed of stone; rather, it's one ingredient in the disjointed Franciscan Complex that I described at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach\u003c/a>. It's found in pods, lenses and stringers along the San Andreas fault between Pacifica and Gilroy in a group of Franciscan rocks called the Permanente terrane. Indeed, more of this terrane occurs at Parkfield, some 350 kilometers south of here. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fault motion over the last 25 million years or so has carried this limestone north to the ocean's edge today, one earthquake at a time. You can see signs of the disruption in the rocks of Rockaway Quarry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabrec.jpg\" alt=\"brecciation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural process that shattered and recemented this rock is called brecciation. If you see a rock like this, with jagged pieces in a finer groundmass, you may call it breccia (BRET-cha).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraslick.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another sign of disruption is this slickenside, the polished surface made by faulting. It's not often found in limestone, but the Rockaway Quarry has good examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another body of Calera Limestone crops out west of Cupertino, where Henry Kaiser began his entry into the concrete business in 1939 with a quarry. Whereas the Rockaway Quarry produced mainly crushed rock, the Permanente Quarry (now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lehighpermanente.com/#/henry-kaiser/4537948194\">Lehigh Permanente Quarry\u003c/a>) processes high-quality limestone into portland cement. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/04/cement-a-dirty-business/\">QUEST featured this quarry in 2008\u003c/a>, including this picture of the excavation. It supplies about half of the Bay Area's cement today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerapermanente.jpg\" alt=\"permanente quarry\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/kqedquest/\">KQED QUEST\u003c/a> under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have studied the Calera Limestone for many years, taking advantage of the excellent exposures in the quarry. They have learned that the limestone formed in tropical seas, far from land, as the calcium carbonate shells of microorganisms rained onto the seafloor from highly productive surface waters. The waters were shallow for an ocean basin, which means that the limestone formed on a sunken volcanic plateau or ridge rather than the flat deep seafloor. The typical limestone of the Midwest is very different, having formed in huge sheets in very shallow waters when the sea was much higher than today. In geo-speak, they are epicontinental whereas the Calera is pelagic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone plateau was carried by plate-tectonic motion from the tropical Pacific and plastered onto North America, where it remained without being pulled downward by subduction. The Calera is in pieces today not because it was torn apart during subduction, but because it formed in separate basins on a volcanic plateau and was torn apart much later by the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot is that this limestone carries a precious record of conditions in the shallow Cretaceous tropical Pacific, a place and time for which we have little other evidence because subduction has removed the deep seafloor rocks. Those dark streaks in the limestone, rich in organic matter, record periods when the world ocean went stagnant and dead. They match well with similar rocks from other ocean basins, enabling us to place a signpost in time from a world now lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraclass.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003cem>Students and professional groups visit the Permanente Quarry for open-air lessons. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/paleololigo/\">Penny Higgins\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/em>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.614 -122.494\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/earthquake3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Loma Prieta earthquake, Marina Diistrict of San Francisco, 1989. Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/californiawatch/5572600126/\">California Watch.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would a California earthquake early warning look like? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rU1bYspMyQw\">this clip from Japanese TV\u003c/a>, which shows a session in Japan’s parliament when last months’ 9.0 earthquake struck. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese earthquake early warning system had some bugs. For one thing, the sensors under-estimated the size of the massive earthquake. They also misjudged how much of the country would feel it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, to researchers who work on earthquake warning systems, what happened in Japan was proof: The systems work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/04/2011-04-11-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/earthquake-warning\">Earthquake Warning\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The Sendai area, which was hardest hit, received about ten seconds. In Tokyo, farther from the epicenter, residents had 30 to 60 seconds before the worst of the shaking took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in California, we have no such system, which means if an earthquake were to hit here residents would have no warning at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been sort of percolating along in the seismological community for a long, long time,” says Douglas Given, a geophysicist with the United States Geological Survey. “But it’s only since about 2007 that we started working on it seriously here in the US.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groundwork for a system is already in place. It’s a network of about 400 seismic monitoring sites, scattered across California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them is near UC Berkeley, in a vault dug into the side of a hill. The vault was built during the cold war, to try and detect the vibrations of other countries’ nuclear tests. Today it houses instruments so sensitive that they can pick up shaking on the other side of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple years ago, I got a tour from Richard Allen, the assistant director of UC Berkeley’s Seismological Laboratory. (You can see photos of the vault in the slide show, below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way the early warning system works,” explained Allen, “is it makes use of the fact that the energy that radiates during an earthquake, there’s two types of energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first are called P waves. They travel fast but are relatively weak. Then come S waves, which are sluggish but do a lot more damage. Once you know how fast the S waves are traveling, you can calculate when they’ll reach other parts of the state, and quickly send out a warning before the S waves arrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here in California, that might not be a lot of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” says Allen, “our faults go right beneath the metropolitan regions. If you’re right above the quake, even with an early warning system, you probably won’t get any warning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the farther away the epicenter, the more warning you get. Allen says if we’d had an early-warning system back in 1989, during the Loma Prieta quake, Oakland residents could have had 15 seconds of warning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s enough time to close the toll plaza on the Bay Bridge, or to open up fire station doors, so they don’t jam shut during the earthquake. David Oppenheimer, a seismologist with the USGS in Menlo Park, says there’s a lot you can do with just few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really need to think about automatic applications,” he says, “elevators stopping at the next floor, doors opening, alarms in schools saying duck and cover with a voice telling you what to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of, course, consider major surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One example that I always like to give because people cringe is what if someone’s performing cataract surgery on you, and obviously you’d like the surgeon to remove the scalpel away from your face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Japan, the alarm system automatically triggered a slow down of the country’s bullet trains. That’s probably why none of them derailed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McPartland who represents BART District 5, made the case last week at a meeting in Berkeley of earthquake early warning advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have this warning system,” he said, “and we’ve got trains that are traveling at 60-70 miles per hour, and we end up derailing 20 to 30 trains, that’s going to end up [causing] one heck of a doggone toll in injuries and misery.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, arguments like these have fallen on deaf ears in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, the program gets about 500 thousand dollars, barely enough to continue basic research. Now, that line item has been cut entirely from the President’s latest budget proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless Congress reinstates the funding, the early warning program will stay where it is, says Given, “held together with duct tape and bailing wire. It’s not a reliable system, or a complete system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting the system up to speed would cost $80 million, over five years. Given and others who work on the program say it’s been a tough sell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan, after all, didn’t start building its warning system until after the devastating Kobe quake in 1995. Same thing in Mexico, says Given. “After the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, there was suddenly — for some strange reason, maybe 8K fatalities? — a public will to move forward with the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be wise, he says, not to repeat that pattern here in the States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our hope that we can get sufficient interest and build a system without first having to have a killer earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the USGS, the chance of a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake shaking California over the next 30 years is greater than 99 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.457396 -122.169681\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/04/2011-04-11-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/earthquake-warning\">Earthquake Warning\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The Sendai area, which was hardest hit, received about ten seconds. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/radio4-1_earthquake300.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/04/07/7-4-earthquake-hits-japan/\">7.4 aftershock has occurred in Japan\u003c/a> following the 9.0 earthquake that the country a month earlier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to learn more about these geologic events, QUEST has produced many stories about earthquakes over the years, from videos about the Bay Bridge receiving an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-new-bay-bridge-earthquake-makeover\">earthquake makeover\u003c/a> and an in-depth look at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril\">The Hayward Fault\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also radio stories that have covered \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/predicting-the-next-big-one\">earthquake prediction\u003c/a>, along with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lessons-from-chile\">building infrastructure lessons learned from the earthquake in Chile last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our bloggers have written about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/23/earthquake-preparedness-in-the-bay-area-2/\">earthquake preparedness\u003c/a>, what went \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/02/05/what-went-wrong-with-the-buildings-in-haiti/\">wrong with the buildings after the Haitian earthquake\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/17/befriend-your-local-fault/\">faults in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/14/earthquake-warning-signs-in-tiny-marine-fossils/\">earthquake warnings that can be found in tiny fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/download/62/Radio3_2BAFaultsandEarthquakes.pdf\">earthquake educator guide\u003c/a> for teachers and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/san-andreas-fault-trail-exploration\">science hike of the San Andreas Fault\u003c/a> in the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out the QUEST story, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/earthquakes-breaking-new-ground\">Breaking New Ground”\u003c/a> and search \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/results.html?cx=016903106374557566950%3Avyimzdoztua&cof=FORID%3A11&q=earthquake&sa=\">kqed.org/quest \u003c/a>for more related content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> Public Media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/radio4-1_earthquake300.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/04/07/7-4-earthquake-hits-japan/\">7.4 aftershock has occurred in Japan\u003c/a> following the 9.0 earthquake that the country a month earlier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to learn more about these geologic events, QUEST has produced many stories about earthquakes over the years, from videos about the Bay Bridge receiving an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-new-bay-bridge-earthquake-makeover\">earthquake makeover\u003c/a> and an in-depth look at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril\">The Hayward Fault\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also radio stories that have covered \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/predicting-the-next-big-one\">earthquake prediction\u003c/a>, along with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lessons-from-chile\">building infrastructure lessons learned from the earthquake in Chile last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our bloggers have written about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/23/earthquake-preparedness-in-the-bay-area-2/\">earthquake preparedness\u003c/a>, what went \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/02/05/what-went-wrong-with-the-buildings-in-haiti/\">wrong with the buildings after the Haitian earthquake\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/17/befriend-your-local-fault/\">faults in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/14/earthquake-warning-signs-in-tiny-marine-fossils/\">earthquake warnings that can be found in tiny fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/download/62/Radio3_2BAFaultsandEarthquakes.pdf\">earthquake educator guide\u003c/a> for teachers and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/san-andreas-fault-trail-exploration\">science hike of the San Andreas Fault\u003c/a> in the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out the QUEST story, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/earthquakes-breaking-new-ground\">Breaking New Ground”\u003c/a> and search \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/results.html?cx=016903106374557566950%3Avyimzdoztua&cof=FORID%3A11&q=earthquake&sa=\">kqed.org/quest \u003c/a>for more related content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> Public Media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksig2.jpg\" alt=\"hot springs\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mineral springs, fresh air, and a cross-section of South Bay history—not to mention its rocks—are all on display at Alum Rock Park. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sjparks.org/regional/alumrock.asp\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a> occupies the small, steep valley of Penitencia Creek carved into the hills east of San Jose. The city has owned it since 1872, when it became California's first city park. For a generation it was a major regional attraction for its warm mineral springs and the entertainment complex surrounding them, of which only traces remain today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today it's a great place to get away from the city's hustle while pretending you're still at the office (except on Mondays, when it's closed). But if you put away the phone and pay attention to your surroundings, Alum Rock Park can show you some of San Jose's deep history and the Bay Area's rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing else, the park provides good views to the west over the Santa Clara Valley from its higher trails. You can choose from a warm south-facing slope and a cool north-facing one, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockview2.jpg\" alt=\"santa clara valley view\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have a look at the geologic map of the area (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Open-File Map 98-795\u003c/a>) below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockmap2.png\" alt=\"alum rock park geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penitencia Creek comes downhill from the right center and exits on the lower left. The park entrance is right at the edge of bedrock (Kbc, conglomerate of the Berryessa Formation), and the uppermost parking area is at the Tcc (Claremont Formation) mark. Hiking trails run along both sides of the creek giving you a good look at all the rock units from the park entrance to the Briones Formation (Tbr) on the right. Let's see some, starting with the conglomerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockcong2.jpg\" alt=\"conglomerate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This very coarse grained rock and its related sandstone in the Berryessa Formation are part of the Great Valley Sequence, thick beds of sedimentary rock built up while the Sierra Nevada was intruding all that granite, back around 100 million years ago in Cretaceous time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind the boulder is Eagle Rock, which corresponds to the pinkish blob surrounded by landslides to the right of the \"Kbc\" label. You can climb up there or stroll through the other outcrop labeled Jbk. The rock itself is well-traveled volcanic material that has been permeated and altered by hot mineralizing fluids. Here's a chunk of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alum-rock2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large outcrop along the creek gives the park its name. An early visitor mistook the whitish crust on these rocks as alum, which would have been a nice find at the time. It's actually sulfate minerals, but the name stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther upstream, just past the visitor center, is where the mineral spring zone begins. On the geologic map, it corresponds to the exposure of Claremont Formation (Tcc), a belt of ribbon chert of Miocene age (about 10 million years) familiar in the East Bay Hills. Here the chert is dark with organic matter and its beds are upturned almost to vertical. That combination of chemistry and structure has given rise to warm upwellings of chemically interesting groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksprings2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock springs\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are more than 20 different springs here, each with a nice stone housing. The ones I dipped my fingers into were bathtub-warm, and the water is sulfur-scented. A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown. That was when the stonework was done. You can see where seepage has built up cones of minerals on the lower wall. All of the springs issue from the Claremont chert—here's a closeup of the chert and the mineral crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert and crust\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all that excitement you may want to continue upstream, into the structurally overlying and younger Briones Formation. This set of rocks is coarser grained than the Claremont, deposited nearer to shore. The other way to look at it is that the shoreline grew closer to this spot as geologic time progressed. This is a well-scrubbed outcrop in the stream bed that shows its bedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrionescrop2.jpg\" alt=\"briones formation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Briones are so full of fossils that the rock is best described as shell hash. You'll see this same stone at Lime Ridge in Walnut Creek and other places in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrioneshash2.jpg\" alt=\"shell hash\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole belt of rocks lies in the zone where the Hayward fault merges with the Calaveras fault. On the map above, the Calaveras runs down the right edge of the Briones Formation, between the Calaveras and Anderson Reservoirs. The Hayward fault formally ends a few miles northwest, but the many smaller faults marked as heavy lines are of the same ilk and reflect the same tectonics. Friction along the faults may account for the warmth of the springs, just one more way that the deep Earth affects us in our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/alum-rock-exploration\">Alum Rock Science Hike\u003c/a> for more info.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.397 -121.798\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown to the warm mineral springs. Today the springs still run among the upturned rocks between the Hayward and Calaveras faults.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksig2.jpg\" alt=\"hot springs\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mineral springs, fresh air, and a cross-section of South Bay history—not to mention its rocks—are all on display at Alum Rock Park. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sjparks.org/regional/alumrock.asp\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a> occupies the small, steep valley of Penitencia Creek carved into the hills east of San Jose. The city has owned it since 1872, when it became California's first city park. For a generation it was a major regional attraction for its warm mineral springs and the entertainment complex surrounding them, of which only traces remain today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today it's a great place to get away from the city's hustle while pretending you're still at the office (except on Mondays, when it's closed). But if you put away the phone and pay attention to your surroundings, Alum Rock Park can show you some of San Jose's deep history and the Bay Area's rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing else, the park provides good views to the west over the Santa Clara Valley from its higher trails. You can choose from a warm south-facing slope and a cool north-facing one, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockview2.jpg\" alt=\"santa clara valley view\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have a look at the geologic map of the area (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Open-File Map 98-795\u003c/a>) below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockmap2.png\" alt=\"alum rock park geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penitencia Creek comes downhill from the right center and exits on the lower left. The park entrance is right at the edge of bedrock (Kbc, conglomerate of the Berryessa Formation), and the uppermost parking area is at the Tcc (Claremont Formation) mark. Hiking trails run along both sides of the creek giving you a good look at all the rock units from the park entrance to the Briones Formation (Tbr) on the right. Let's see some, starting with the conglomerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockcong2.jpg\" alt=\"conglomerate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This very coarse grained rock and its related sandstone in the Berryessa Formation are part of the Great Valley Sequence, thick beds of sedimentary rock built up while the Sierra Nevada was intruding all that granite, back around 100 million years ago in Cretaceous time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind the boulder is Eagle Rock, which corresponds to the pinkish blob surrounded by landslides to the right of the \"Kbc\" label. You can climb up there or stroll through the other outcrop labeled Jbk. The rock itself is well-traveled volcanic material that has been permeated and altered by hot mineralizing fluids. Here's a chunk of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alum-rock2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large outcrop along the creek gives the park its name. An early visitor mistook the whitish crust on these rocks as alum, which would have been a nice find at the time. It's actually sulfate minerals, but the name stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther upstream, just past the visitor center, is where the mineral spring zone begins. On the geologic map, it corresponds to the exposure of Claremont Formation (Tcc), a belt of ribbon chert of Miocene age (about 10 million years) familiar in the East Bay Hills. Here the chert is dark with organic matter and its beds are upturned almost to vertical. That combination of chemistry and structure has given rise to warm upwellings of chemically interesting groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksprings2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock springs\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are more than 20 different springs here, each with a nice stone housing. The ones I dipped my fingers into were bathtub-warm, and the water is sulfur-scented. A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown. That was when the stonework was done. You can see where seepage has built up cones of minerals on the lower wall. All of the springs issue from the Claremont chert—here's a closeup of the chert and the mineral crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert and crust\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all that excitement you may want to continue upstream, into the structurally overlying and younger Briones Formation. This set of rocks is coarser grained than the Claremont, deposited nearer to shore. The other way to look at it is that the shoreline grew closer to this spot as geologic time progressed. This is a well-scrubbed outcrop in the stream bed that shows its bedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrionescrop2.jpg\" alt=\"briones formation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Briones are so full of fossils that the rock is best described as shell hash. You'll see this same stone at Lime Ridge in Walnut Creek and other places in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrioneshash2.jpg\" alt=\"shell hash\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole belt of rocks lies in the zone where the Hayward fault merges with the Calaveras fault. On the map above, the Calaveras runs down the right edge of the Briones Formation, between the Calaveras and Anderson Reservoirs. The Hayward fault formally ends a few miles northwest, but the many smaller faults marked as heavy lines are of the same ilk and reflect the same tectonics. Friction along the faults may account for the warmth of the springs, just one more way that the deep Earth affects us in our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/alum-rock-exploration\">Alum Rock Science Hike\u003c/a> for more info.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.397 -121.798\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Landslide Season",
"headTitle": "Landslide Season | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/landslideintro2.jpg\" alt=\"landslides\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>\u003cbr>\nLandslides are widespread in the Bay Area by the end of wet winters like this year’s rainy season. They range from minor disturbances like these to large, ancient movements that awaken in the wettest years. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every rainy season this happens: Bay Area homes are threatened by ground movement. While each landslide that damages someone’s home is a tragedy, as a general phenomenon landslides are interesting. So first let me commiserate with landslide victims; I’ve suffered land displacement in my home too. It’s no fun dealing with the upheaval, the neighbors look askance and worry about their own situations, and things are even worse when lawyers and the news media get involved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now I’d like to show you some landslides and help you recognize their signs and symptoms. Landslides can result from human misjudgement, but they also occur on their own, quite naturally. It’s usually hard to tell the difference or assign blame. The state licenses geologists to ensure that the right expertise is available. In any case, I am keeping the locations anonymous. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslides happen when gravity overcomes the natural cohesion of a slope—the slope becomes too steep, the material becomes weak, or (usually) a combination of both. In the Bay Area, streams dig downward, earthquakes push the hills upward, and they reach an uneasy balance. At that point landslides are inevitable, and we can talk about the specific changes that \u003ci>cause\u003c/i> them, natural and artificial. Natural ones include changes in long-term climate and short-term weather. Artificial ones include oversteepening slopes by excavation and land-use changes that alter the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s an example, a slump, with a clearly artificial cause: A road has been cut into and built out over a steep slope, and rain runoff from the road was concentrated into weak places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/roadslump2.jpg\" alt=\"roadside landslide\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the causes are in place, something has to \u003ci>trigger\u003c/i> landslides. The trigger at this point in 2011 is a long wet season. Early heavy rains seep into the landslide mass and fill up its pore spaces. Later heavy rains overload it through two physical mechanisms. The first is simply the weight of the extra water, which tends to push everything downhill. The second is more important: the extra water raises the water pressure inside the pores of the landslide mass. That actively works to lift the mass, the way that stepping into waist-high water makes it harder to keep your footing. This can work at quite shallow levels, as this earthflow shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/earthslump.jpg\" alt=\"earthflow\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notice the poppies in the newly exposed ground. Vegetation is very sensitive to these changes. In both of these simple examples you’ll see that the top of the slide is a scalloped shape; it’s called a headscarp. In the large, complex slide below the hillside was littered with them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/slidehead2.jpg\" alt=\"headscarps\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of our landslides are actually old—they have moved previously, and this year the rains reactivated them. A practiced eye can readily pick out the resulting topography, which is hummocky rather than smooth. The photo below (click for full size) shows the whole length of a complex slide. On the right are scarps from activity in previous years. At the far left is the scar of an earthflow. On the crest, in the middle, is a brand-new headscarp from last week. And the landscape along the whole facing slope is hummocky, with different vegetation taking advantage of temporary high water tables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/landslidescarps2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/landslidescarps2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"complex landslide\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about landslides at these links.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca>Landslide terminology and classification\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1064/\">Rainfall and landslide forecasting\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://landslides.usgs.gov/regional/sanfrancisco.php\">Bay Area landslide info from the US Geological Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.894 -122.252\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Landslides are widespread in the Bay Area by the end of wet winters like this year's rainy season. You can learn their signs for any time of year.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/landslideintro2.jpg\" alt=\"landslides\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>\u003cbr>\nLandslides are widespread in the Bay Area by the end of wet winters like this year’s rainy season. They range from minor disturbances like these to large, ancient movements that awaken in the wettest years. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every rainy season this happens: Bay Area homes are threatened by ground movement. While each landslide that damages someone’s home is a tragedy, as a general phenomenon landslides are interesting. So first let me commiserate with landslide victims; I’ve suffered land displacement in my home too. It’s no fun dealing with the upheaval, the neighbors look askance and worry about their own situations, and things are even worse when lawyers and the news media get involved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now I’d like to show you some landslides and help you recognize their signs and symptoms. Landslides can result from human misjudgement, but they also occur on their own, quite naturally. It’s usually hard to tell the difference or assign blame. The state licenses geologists to ensure that the right expertise is available. In any case, I am keeping the locations anonymous. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslides happen when gravity overcomes the natural cohesion of a slope—the slope becomes too steep, the material becomes weak, or (usually) a combination of both. In the Bay Area, streams dig downward, earthquakes push the hills upward, and they reach an uneasy balance. At that point landslides are inevitable, and we can talk about the specific changes that \u003ci>cause\u003c/i> them, natural and artificial. Natural ones include changes in long-term climate and short-term weather. Artificial ones include oversteepening slopes by excavation and land-use changes that alter the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s an example, a slump, with a clearly artificial cause: A road has been cut into and built out over a steep slope, and rain runoff from the road was concentrated into weak places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/roadslump2.jpg\" alt=\"roadside landslide\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the causes are in place, something has to \u003ci>trigger\u003c/i> landslides. The trigger at this point in 2011 is a long wet season. Early heavy rains seep into the landslide mass and fill up its pore spaces. Later heavy rains overload it through two physical mechanisms. The first is simply the weight of the extra water, which tends to push everything downhill. The second is more important: the extra water raises the water pressure inside the pores of the landslide mass. That actively works to lift the mass, the way that stepping into waist-high water makes it harder to keep your footing. This can work at quite shallow levels, as this earthflow shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/earthslump.jpg\" alt=\"earthflow\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notice the poppies in the newly exposed ground. Vegetation is very sensitive to these changes. In both of these simple examples you’ll see that the top of the slide is a scalloped shape; it’s called a headscarp. In the large, complex slide below the hillside was littered with them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/slidehead2.jpg\" alt=\"headscarps\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of our landslides are actually old—they have moved previously, and this year the rains reactivated them. A practiced eye can readily pick out the resulting topography, which is hummocky rather than smooth. The photo below (click for full size) shows the whole length of a complex slide. On the right are scarps from activity in previous years. At the far left is the scar of an earthflow. On the crest, in the middle, is a brand-new headscarp from last week. And the landscape along the whole facing slope is hummocky, with different vegetation taking advantage of temporary high water tables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/landslidescarps2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/landslidescarps2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"complex landslide\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about landslides at these links.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca>Landslide terminology and classification\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1064/\">Rainfall and landslide forecasting\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://landslides.usgs.gov/regional/sanfrancisco.php\">Bay Area landslide info from the US Geological Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.894 -122.252\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachintro2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well exposed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big swatch of the Coast Range is a set of rocks that once baffled generations of California geologists. It's a dog's breakfast of different things, most of them familiar in the region, mixed together with no pattern that anyone could make sense of. The geologists who explored California were no slouches, but all they could do was to map these suites of rocks in a catch-all category called \u003ci>Franciscan melange\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1970 the new theory of plate tectonics found just the place for Franciscan melange, and Shell Beach is just the place to ponder and admire it. I've made several visits there and don't recall any shells—maybe a better name for it is Melange Beach. And right nearby is another mystery from the ice ages. For anyone into geology, Shell Beach is a great workout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melange, we now know, is what happens to rocks in subduction zones, which is where one tectonic plate plunges beneath another. Before the San Andreas fault began carrying coastal California sideways to the north, the plate west of us was being subducted directly eastward against North America. (A remnant, called the Juan de Fuca plate, is still doing that off the Pacific Northwest.) Rocks and sediments caught between the plates were mixed and tumbled like snow in front of a snowplow. And that's what melange represents, and that's how the Franciscan got so scrambled. Shell Beach shows us the whole range of the Franciscan in one compact site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First let's get oriented on the geologic map (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">U.S. Geological Survey map MF-2402\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachmap2.png\" alt=\"shell beach geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top, the Russian River enters the sea at Jenner. Shell Beach is due south of the \"Qt\" symbol, part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\">Sonoma Coast State Beach\u003c/a>. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=12464&mode=sequential\">see it from offshore\u003c/a> on the California Coastal Records Project site. \"Qt\" stands for Quaternary terraces, which \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">I told you about down at Pebble Beach\u003c/a>. Up here there are only two terraces mapped, but subtle signs indicate more of them higher up. \"KJfs\" stands for Cretaceous-Jurassic Franciscan sandstone, but it includes a large share of melange. The tiny orange dot represents Mammoth Rock, which we'll talk about later. Here's the view from the terrace looking south. That's Bodega Head in the farthest distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachterracesouth2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach terrace\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs are all melange. Most of it is a shale and sandstone matrix that has been thoroughly disrupted by tectonic mixing. The sea stacks out in the water are chunks of hard rock within the melange that have resisted erosion. Where these crop out of our rounded oak-dotted hillsides, the local geologists call them knockers. But resistant blocks occur in all sizes, both larger and smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstair2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach stair\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stairs down to Shell Beach pass by a big greenish body of serpentinite, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">our state rock\u003c/a>, in the gully. It's worth a detour to inspect them. This soft rock type doesn't form knockers. (I should remind you that all collecting or defacing of rocks is prohibited in this state park.) The beach is small, with dark sand and not much of it, and the coast is cool and breezy—not a place for surfing, picnics or volleyball. What's special about it is the range of rock colors in one place. I'll give you a small sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachcolors2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The palette does cluster around green and blue. Greenstone, shown below, is ancient seafloor lava that has been changed by time and pressure, but not enough to hide its original pillow shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chert is a flinty rock that acquires subtle translucent colors, setting off its waxy luster, during subduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What excites geologists, and may catch your eye, is that Shell Beach also exposes the soft matrix rocks that held and polished these boulders during subduction. Matrix is seldom seen elsewhere because it quickly turns to soil or washes away. In addition to all these is eye candy, things you just want to turn into background images or jigsaw puzzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgleam2.jpg\" alt=\"blue chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have time, take the trail north from the beach toward these two ancient sea stacks. The first, Mammoth Rock, is in the center and the second behind it to the right is Sunset Rocks. Some 125,000 years ago, these stood among the waves and endured until the land rose and the sea fell away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstacks2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stacks are a mixture of rock types that is largely blueschist, a tough stone formed by high-pressure metamorphism. At Shell Beach, chunks of it extend the palette all the way to indigo. The second stack has a real treat—polished spots that have been interpreted as marks left by ice age mammoths that used the rock as rubbing posts, just as cattle do today. KQED showed you these in its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/12/ice-age-bay-area/\">Ice Age Bay Area\u003c/a> series in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachpolish2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have presented \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/mammothrocks/\">more detail about the polish here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/CAshellbeach/\">more about the rocks here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.4180 -123.1045\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachintro2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well exposed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big swatch of the Coast Range is a set of rocks that once baffled generations of California geologists. It's a dog's breakfast of different things, most of them familiar in the region, mixed together with no pattern that anyone could make sense of. The geologists who explored California were no slouches, but all they could do was to map these suites of rocks in a catch-all category called \u003ci>Franciscan melange\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1970 the new theory of plate tectonics found just the place for Franciscan melange, and Shell Beach is just the place to ponder and admire it. I've made several visits there and don't recall any shells—maybe a better name for it is Melange Beach. And right nearby is another mystery from the ice ages. For anyone into geology, Shell Beach is a great workout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melange, we now know, is what happens to rocks in subduction zones, which is where one tectonic plate plunges beneath another. Before the San Andreas fault began carrying coastal California sideways to the north, the plate west of us was being subducted directly eastward against North America. (A remnant, called the Juan de Fuca plate, is still doing that off the Pacific Northwest.) Rocks and sediments caught between the plates were mixed and tumbled like snow in front of a snowplow. And that's what melange represents, and that's how the Franciscan got so scrambled. Shell Beach shows us the whole range of the Franciscan in one compact site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First let's get oriented on the geologic map (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">U.S. Geological Survey map MF-2402\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachmap2.png\" alt=\"shell beach geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top, the Russian River enters the sea at Jenner. Shell Beach is due south of the \"Qt\" symbol, part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\">Sonoma Coast State Beach\u003c/a>. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=12464&mode=sequential\">see it from offshore\u003c/a> on the California Coastal Records Project site. \"Qt\" stands for Quaternary terraces, which \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">I told you about down at Pebble Beach\u003c/a>. Up here there are only two terraces mapped, but subtle signs indicate more of them higher up. \"KJfs\" stands for Cretaceous-Jurassic Franciscan sandstone, but it includes a large share of melange. The tiny orange dot represents Mammoth Rock, which we'll talk about later. Here's the view from the terrace looking south. That's Bodega Head in the farthest distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachterracesouth2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach terrace\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs are all melange. Most of it is a shale and sandstone matrix that has been thoroughly disrupted by tectonic mixing. The sea stacks out in the water are chunks of hard rock within the melange that have resisted erosion. Where these crop out of our rounded oak-dotted hillsides, the local geologists call them knockers. But resistant blocks occur in all sizes, both larger and smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstair2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach stair\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stairs down to Shell Beach pass by a big greenish body of serpentinite, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">our state rock\u003c/a>, in the gully. It's worth a detour to inspect them. This soft rock type doesn't form knockers. (I should remind you that all collecting or defacing of rocks is prohibited in this state park.) The beach is small, with dark sand and not much of it, and the coast is cool and breezy—not a place for surfing, picnics or volleyball. What's special about it is the range of rock colors in one place. I'll give you a small sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachcolors2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The palette does cluster around green and blue. Greenstone, shown below, is ancient seafloor lava that has been changed by time and pressure, but not enough to hide its original pillow shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chert is a flinty rock that acquires subtle translucent colors, setting off its waxy luster, during subduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What excites geologists, and may catch your eye, is that Shell Beach also exposes the soft matrix rocks that held and polished these boulders during subduction. Matrix is seldom seen elsewhere because it quickly turns to soil or washes away. In addition to all these is eye candy, things you just want to turn into background images or jigsaw puzzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgleam2.jpg\" alt=\"blue chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have time, take the trail north from the beach toward these two ancient sea stacks. The first, Mammoth Rock, is in the center and the second behind it to the right is Sunset Rocks. Some 125,000 years ago, these stood among the waves and endured until the land rose and the sea fell away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstacks2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stacks are a mixture of rock types that is largely blueschist, a tough stone formed by high-pressure metamorphism. At Shell Beach, chunks of it extend the palette all the way to indigo. The second stack has a real treat—polished spots that have been interpreted as marks left by ice age mammoths that used the rock as rubbing posts, just as cattle do today. KQED showed you these in its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/12/ice-age-bay-area/\">Ice Age Bay Area\u003c/a> series in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachpolish2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have presented \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/mammothrocks/\">more detail about the polish here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/CAshellbeach/\">more about the rocks here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.4180 -123.1045\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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