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"disqusTitle": "Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most drivers have had this experience: it’s late at night and out of nowhere an animal darts across the road. Thousands of animals are hit every year in California, taking a toll on both wildlife and drivers. Nationwide, wildlife collisions are estimated to cause $1 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several western states have built infrastructure to help wildlife cross under highways safely—projects known as “wildlife corridors.” Some experts say that while California officials know about the extent of the problem, the state is way behind in solving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers have recently become clear in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where mountain lions are crossing Highway 17, a winding, four-lane highway. The population is being studied by the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>, run out of the University of California-Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny, late-spring afternoon, field biologist Paul Houghtaling meets up with Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from California Houndsmen for Conservation, and his hound dogs. They tracked the scent of a mountain lion, now in a tree to avoid the barking dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s looking at us,” Houghtaling says, looking up at the lion. “He’s interested in us but just a little while ago he had his head down on the branch. He’s gonna wait us out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\" alt=\" Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\" width=\"400\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Houghtaling intends to put a radio and GPS tracking collar on the lion. The data will feed into a five-year project to document mountain lion movements in the area and study how they live around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had several lions that have crossed Highway 17 down near Santa Cruz many times,” he says. “One of them was hit and killed about a week before she was going to give birth to a single kitten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other lions have been killed on Highway 17 in the last few years. Houghtaling says the data show that most of them are trying to cross the highway at the same places, which makes those locations good candidates for wildlife corridor projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Circle of Death”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know it’s a problem and we know how to fix it,” said Fraser Shilling, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis. “Almost every place you have a highway near an open space area, we have hotspots. So it’s sort of a circle of death around the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s highway network fragments wildlife habitat, either forcing animals to cross freeways or isolating them in “islands” of habitat. Scientists say connecting habitat will be increasingly important with climate change, as animals and plants need to move with shifting conditions. A recent effort by conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealands.org/next-steps/linkages.php\">identified 14 places \u003c/a>where preserving land would connect the Bay Area's open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/\">Citizen scientists have documented\u003c/a> around 7,000 dead animals on Bay Area roads over the last four years, which Shilling says represents a fraction of the total number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map-278x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots.\" width=\"278\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots (\u003cstrong>click to enlarge\u003c/strong>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another road-kill hotspot is Interstate 280, a commuter favorite heading south out of San Francisco. The multi-lane freeway opens to rolling, grassy hills on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/07/30/103810/study_tracks_deer_movement_on_interstate_280?category=science\">tracked deer behavior around the freeway\u003c/a> for six months. “They’ll come right up to the edge of highway,” he says. “They’ll also try to cross the highway and because it’s so busy, they really can’t make it. They’ll get hit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions at freeway speeds are often fatal for the deer, and sometimes for the driver. Every year, drivers hit about 40 deer along I-280, but Shilling found some deer are going under the freeway through culverts and underpasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report he’s drafting for Caltrans, Shilling recommends putting up wildlife fencing that would funnel deer to the underpasses, keeping them off the freeway. Those underpasses could be made more attractive to wildlife by creating separate pathways for people and animals to use. Animals tend to avoid areas that are heavily used by people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building fences can be expensive—up to $100,000 per mile—but Shilling compares that to cost of collisions from vehicle damage and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On Interstate 280, there are places where the cost is about $10,000–40,000 per mile from collisions per year,” he says. “So when you add that up and say: what is that over ten years and would it be cost-effective to do something? Certainly, it would save society money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other western states like Colorado and Montana have put in fences and built underpasses on major highways, and the projects have proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says California is lagging behind. “We build about one wildlife underpass per year and the scale of the problem here is huge,” he says. “Because this is framed as an environmental issue, Caltrans seems to ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waiting for Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a problem,” says Bob Haus, spokesman for Caltrans District 4, representing the Bay Area. “It’s very difficult for humans and wildlife to mix. If we can cut down on human injuries and wildlife injuries, then we’ll do anything we can to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says Caltrans is building a culvert for wildlife near Napa \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/12jamesoncanyon/\">as Highway 12 is widened\u003c/a>. But that’s only one of five projects being built or designed specifically for wildlife in the Bay Area that Caltrans could name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62750\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\" width=\"360\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency also remains skeptical about using fencing as a guide path. “So, say if you have fencing that’s specifically designed for a deer, it might harm other species,” Haus says. “So if there’s anyway at all to avoid the fencing, we try to do that right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says his district has commissioned a report from UC Davis about Bay Area collision hotspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really depends on what they recommend. If it requires any changes to what our projects already are, we’ll go from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser Shilling wants to see legislation that requires Caltrans to make all highway projects more wildlife-safe. “The agency, Caltrans, has known about this problem for a long time,” he says. “They’ve heard about it from Fish and Game. They’ve heard about it from their peers. They’re not doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe there’s a lot more that can be done in California to make habitats more connected for wildlife, particularly across roads and other kinds of barriers,” says David Wright, who works on the Resource Assessment Program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that if we starting thinking about every project as it comes up and trying to make sure that we include something that improves connectivity for wildlife, then I think we’ll start seeing better habitat and more wildlife in our state,\" Wright says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Progress on Highway 17\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the Santa Cruz mountains, Paul Houghtaling loads his rifle with a dart to sedate the mountain lion in the tree above us. He takes aim and the dart hits square in the thigh. The mountain lion leaps down and runs by at full speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He catches up with her (turns out it’s a “she”) as she’s failing asleep under some bushes. Houghtaling takes her vitals and fits her with a radio collar, giving her the name \"\u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/30/meet-38f/\">38F\u003c/a>\" as the 38th mountain lion in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things could be looking up for the Santa Cruz lion population. Local land trusts, including the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County, and the Peninsula Open Space Trust, are working with another Caltrans district, District 5, to improve highway 17 by expanding culverts and putting up fencing in two locations. The group is using cameras to study animal movement in those corridors and is currently applying for state funding to complete the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the mountain lion capture in KQED's \"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas\":\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQyh13LOmnM&noredirect=1\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Drivers hit thousands of animals every year on California freeways, often killing the wildlife, and sometimes killing or injuring the human, too. Several western states have built fencing and other infrastructure to help wildlife cross freeways safely, and critics say California could be doing a lot more of the same.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most drivers have had this experience: it’s late at night and out of nowhere an animal darts across the road. Thousands of animals are hit every year in California, taking a toll on both wildlife and drivers. Nationwide, wildlife collisions are estimated to cause $1 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several western states have built infrastructure to help wildlife cross under highways safely—projects known as “wildlife corridors.” Some experts say that while California officials know about the extent of the problem, the state is way behind in solving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers have recently become clear in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where mountain lions are crossing Highway 17, a winding, four-lane highway. The population is being studied by the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>, run out of the University of California-Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny, late-spring afternoon, field biologist Paul Houghtaling meets up with Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from California Houndsmen for Conservation, and his hound dogs. They tracked the scent of a mountain lion, now in a tree to avoid the barking dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s looking at us,” Houghtaling says, looking up at the lion. “He’s interested in us but just a little while ago he had his head down on the branch. He’s gonna wait us out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\" alt=\" Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\" width=\"400\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Houghtaling intends to put a radio and GPS tracking collar on the lion. The data will feed into a five-year project to document mountain lion movements in the area and study how they live around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had several lions that have crossed Highway 17 down near Santa Cruz many times,” he says. “One of them was hit and killed about a week before she was going to give birth to a single kitten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other lions have been killed on Highway 17 in the last few years. Houghtaling says the data show that most of them are trying to cross the highway at the same places, which makes those locations good candidates for wildlife corridor projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Circle of Death”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know it’s a problem and we know how to fix it,” said Fraser Shilling, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis. “Almost every place you have a highway near an open space area, we have hotspots. So it’s sort of a circle of death around the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s highway network fragments wildlife habitat, either forcing animals to cross freeways or isolating them in “islands” of habitat. Scientists say connecting habitat will be increasingly important with climate change, as animals and plants need to move with shifting conditions. A recent effort by conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealands.org/next-steps/linkages.php\">identified 14 places \u003c/a>where preserving land would connect the Bay Area's open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/\">Citizen scientists have documented\u003c/a> around 7,000 dead animals on Bay Area roads over the last four years, which Shilling says represents a fraction of the total number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map-278x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots.\" width=\"278\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots (\u003cstrong>click to enlarge\u003c/strong>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another road-kill hotspot is Interstate 280, a commuter favorite heading south out of San Francisco. The multi-lane freeway opens to rolling, grassy hills on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/07/30/103810/study_tracks_deer_movement_on_interstate_280?category=science\">tracked deer behavior around the freeway\u003c/a> for six months. “They’ll come right up to the edge of highway,” he says. “They’ll also try to cross the highway and because it’s so busy, they really can’t make it. They’ll get hit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions at freeway speeds are often fatal for the deer, and sometimes for the driver. Every year, drivers hit about 40 deer along I-280, but Shilling found some deer are going under the freeway through culverts and underpasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report he’s drafting for Caltrans, Shilling recommends putting up wildlife fencing that would funnel deer to the underpasses, keeping them off the freeway. Those underpasses could be made more attractive to wildlife by creating separate pathways for people and animals to use. Animals tend to avoid areas that are heavily used by people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building fences can be expensive—up to $100,000 per mile—but Shilling compares that to cost of collisions from vehicle damage and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On Interstate 280, there are places where the cost is about $10,000–40,000 per mile from collisions per year,” he says. “So when you add that up and say: what is that over ten years and would it be cost-effective to do something? Certainly, it would save society money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other western states like Colorado and Montana have put in fences and built underpasses on major highways, and the projects have proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says California is lagging behind. “We build about one wildlife underpass per year and the scale of the problem here is huge,” he says. “Because this is framed as an environmental issue, Caltrans seems to ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waiting for Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a problem,” says Bob Haus, spokesman for Caltrans District 4, representing the Bay Area. “It’s very difficult for humans and wildlife to mix. If we can cut down on human injuries and wildlife injuries, then we’ll do anything we can to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says Caltrans is building a culvert for wildlife near Napa \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/12jamesoncanyon/\">as Highway 12 is widened\u003c/a>. But that’s only one of five projects being built or designed specifically for wildlife in the Bay Area that Caltrans could name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62750\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\" width=\"360\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency also remains skeptical about using fencing as a guide path. “So, say if you have fencing that’s specifically designed for a deer, it might harm other species,” Haus says. “So if there’s anyway at all to avoid the fencing, we try to do that right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says his district has commissioned a report from UC Davis about Bay Area collision hotspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really depends on what they recommend. If it requires any changes to what our projects already are, we’ll go from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser Shilling wants to see legislation that requires Caltrans to make all highway projects more wildlife-safe. “The agency, Caltrans, has known about this problem for a long time,” he says. “They’ve heard about it from Fish and Game. They’ve heard about it from their peers. They’re not doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe there’s a lot more that can be done in California to make habitats more connected for wildlife, particularly across roads and other kinds of barriers,” says David Wright, who works on the Resource Assessment Program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that if we starting thinking about every project as it comes up and trying to make sure that we include something that improves connectivity for wildlife, then I think we’ll start seeing better habitat and more wildlife in our state,\" Wright says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Progress on Highway 17\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the Santa Cruz mountains, Paul Houghtaling loads his rifle with a dart to sedate the mountain lion in the tree above us. He takes aim and the dart hits square in the thigh. The mountain lion leaps down and runs by at full speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He catches up with her (turns out it’s a “she”) as she’s failing asleep under some bushes. Houghtaling takes her vitals and fits her with a radio collar, giving her the name \"\u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/30/meet-38f/\">38F\u003c/a>\" as the 38th mountain lion in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things could be looking up for the Santa Cruz lion population. Local land trusts, including the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County, and the Peninsula Open Space Trust, are working with another Caltrans district, District 5, to improve highway 17 by expanding culverts and putting up fencing in two locations. The group is using cameras to study animal movement in those corridors and is currently applying for state funding to complete the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the mountain lion capture in KQED's \"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas\":\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lionfish, Pythons, and Garlic Mustard -- Oh My!",
"title": "Lionfish, Pythons, and Garlic Mustard -- Oh My!",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61223 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This invasive Burmese pythons was found in the Florida Everglades in the spring of 2012. Stretching 17 feet, 7 inches, she broke the records for length—7 feet, 7 inches—and the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This invasive Burmese python found in the Florida Everglades in 2012 broke records for length at 17 feet, 7 inches, and for the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The list of “America’s \u003cem>Least\u003c/em> Wanted” keeps growing. Garlic mustard was listed in 1991, red lionfish in 2000, and Burmese pythons in 2004. These three organisms join a long list of alien invaders to the Americas that began (according to the written record) with the arrival of the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. While many of us might find things to enjoy about aliens -- like the \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/31158841\">murmurations\u003c/a> of starlings, the fragrance of honeysuckle, or the Godzilla-like kudzu caricatures in our landscape -- ecologists are not amused. In fact, they're worried, wondering if the latest least-wanteds might be capable of triggering a cascading ecological collapse on a scale that will be visible in the future rock formations of our time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of a cascading collapse, when a minor incident unexpectedly triggers a major calamity, is not unique to the natural world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61220\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-61220 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure-227x253.gif\" alt=\"Networkfailure\" width=\"315\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see animated GIF. \u003cbr>Ecologists worry that niches are like electrical junctions, where the loss of one could halt energy flow and collapse the entire ecosystem. Courtesy of Stickulator via Wikipedia.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The summer of 2013 marked the 10-year anniversary of the\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/08/14/210620446/10-years-after-the-blackout-how-has-the-power-grid-changed\"> cascading collapse of the Northeast power grid.\u003c/a> A simple spot of contact between a drooping power line and a tree branch in Walton, Ohio, was able to halt all electrical activity across eight states because a software bug kept an alarm system from working. It took an hour for the first unnoticed failure to trigger a second, and 40 minutes for the second to trigger an additional 15 failures. It took another 28 minutes for officials to begin cutting ties to the flailing system in Ohio, but by then it was too late. Three minutes later, railroads, traffic, television, cell phones, air conditioning, and industry from Ontario to Philadelphia went silent. It took less than three hours to put 50 million people in the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could invasive species like lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard trigger a similar kind environmental “blackout”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61225\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61225 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Invasive Lionfish feed on practically anything that swims and can easily devour the young of important commercial fish species, such as snapper, grouper and sea bass. Photo courtesy NOAA. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lionfish are snapping up anything that swims reducing commercial fish species such as snapper, grouper and sea bass by 70%. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Red lionfish are dazzling, clothed in vibrant contrasting colors and armed with 13 neurotoxin-tipped spines. They add majesty to any home aquarium. But since lionfish were inadvertently released into the wild, they have spread from the tropical reefs off Florida to the temperate reefs off North Carolina. Vacuuming up lobsters, crabs, shrimp, wrasses, bogies, juvenile snapper, and juvenile grouper, they decimate the reef’s herbivores and leave the seaweed unchecked. Unbridled seaweed then flourishes and smothers the coral animals. Stifled corals eventually die and the physical structure of the reef community crumbles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61222\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61222 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burmese pythons sport an invisibility cloak of muted colors, come equipped with multiple rows of small, sharp teeth, and pack 150 pounds of muscle into a 21-foot ribbon of constricting skill. They impress the heck out of family and friends when draped across shoulders, but when they are inadvertently released into the Everglades they find a habitat they can plunder. Stomach analysis has revealed evidence of consumed mice, cotton rats, wrens, rabbits, squirrels, ibises, little blue herons, deer, bobcat, opossum, raccoon, and alligators. Pythons are squeezing the life out of the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61475\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\" alt=\"Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois. \" width=\"330\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Garlic mustard lives most of its two-year life in low, tight bunches of overlapping heart-shaped leaves. First collected in Long Island in 1868, it was thought settlers brought it from Europe for medicinal purposes. During its second spring it bolts, blooms, and sets hundreds of seeds. Thriving in low light, stinking of garlic, and distasteful to deer, garlic mustard smothers moss, ferns, flowers, and the seedlings of future pine, oak, maple, hickory, ash, and beech trees. Once established, the odiferous oils repel the beneficial fungi in the soil that ensure the regeneration of oaks, maples, and beeches in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yikes! Is there an app for that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is nothing intrinsically evil about lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard. A close look at their life histories reveals they have several generalist characteristics like humans -- prolific reproduction, broad food and terrain tolerances, and wide dispersal mechanisms. In their home habitats where these organisms evolved, they are kept in check by a host of competitors, predators, pests, or diseases with which they coevolved. It is only when they travel to new continents without those restraining relationships that havoc is wreaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is a post-Silent Spring, GMO-wary, sustainability-minded, globalized invasive species like us supposed to do to check these “pests”? Crop dust with poisons? Import diseases? Bioengineer infertility?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/kolbert-text\">anthropocene\u003c/a> -- the Age of Man -- where all the ecosystems are transforming, the temperatures are above average, and all the decisions are ours to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61223 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This invasive Burmese pythons was found in the Florida Everglades in the spring of 2012. Stretching 17 feet, 7 inches, she broke the records for length—7 feet, 7 inches—and the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This invasive Burmese python found in the Florida Everglades in 2012 broke records for length at 17 feet, 7 inches, and for the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The list of “America’s \u003cem>Least\u003c/em> Wanted” keeps growing. Garlic mustard was listed in 1991, red lionfish in 2000, and Burmese pythons in 2004. These three organisms join a long list of alien invaders to the Americas that began (according to the written record) with the arrival of the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. While many of us might find things to enjoy about aliens -- like the \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/31158841\">murmurations\u003c/a> of starlings, the fragrance of honeysuckle, or the Godzilla-like kudzu caricatures in our landscape -- ecologists are not amused. In fact, they're worried, wondering if the latest least-wanteds might be capable of triggering a cascading ecological collapse on a scale that will be visible in the future rock formations of our time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of a cascading collapse, when a minor incident unexpectedly triggers a major calamity, is not unique to the natural world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61220\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-61220 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure-227x253.gif\" alt=\"Networkfailure\" width=\"315\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see animated GIF. \u003cbr>Ecologists worry that niches are like electrical junctions, where the loss of one could halt energy flow and collapse the entire ecosystem. Courtesy of Stickulator via Wikipedia.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The summer of 2013 marked the 10-year anniversary of the\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/08/14/210620446/10-years-after-the-blackout-how-has-the-power-grid-changed\"> cascading collapse of the Northeast power grid.\u003c/a> A simple spot of contact between a drooping power line and a tree branch in Walton, Ohio, was able to halt all electrical activity across eight states because a software bug kept an alarm system from working. It took an hour for the first unnoticed failure to trigger a second, and 40 minutes for the second to trigger an additional 15 failures. It took another 28 minutes for officials to begin cutting ties to the flailing system in Ohio, but by then it was too late. Three minutes later, railroads, traffic, television, cell phones, air conditioning, and industry from Ontario to Philadelphia went silent. It took less than three hours to put 50 million people in the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could invasive species like lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard trigger a similar kind environmental “blackout”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61225\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61225 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Invasive Lionfish feed on practically anything that swims and can easily devour the young of important commercial fish species, such as snapper, grouper and sea bass. Photo courtesy NOAA. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lionfish are snapping up anything that swims reducing commercial fish species such as snapper, grouper and sea bass by 70%. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Red lionfish are dazzling, clothed in vibrant contrasting colors and armed with 13 neurotoxin-tipped spines. They add majesty to any home aquarium. But since lionfish were inadvertently released into the wild, they have spread from the tropical reefs off Florida to the temperate reefs off North Carolina. Vacuuming up lobsters, crabs, shrimp, wrasses, bogies, juvenile snapper, and juvenile grouper, they decimate the reef’s herbivores and leave the seaweed unchecked. Unbridled seaweed then flourishes and smothers the coral animals. Stifled corals eventually die and the physical structure of the reef community crumbles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61222\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61222 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burmese pythons sport an invisibility cloak of muted colors, come equipped with multiple rows of small, sharp teeth, and pack 150 pounds of muscle into a 21-foot ribbon of constricting skill. They impress the heck out of family and friends when draped across shoulders, but when they are inadvertently released into the Everglades they find a habitat they can plunder. Stomach analysis has revealed evidence of consumed mice, cotton rats, wrens, rabbits, squirrels, ibises, little blue herons, deer, bobcat, opossum, raccoon, and alligators. Pythons are squeezing the life out of the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61475\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\" alt=\"Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois. \" width=\"330\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Garlic mustard lives most of its two-year life in low, tight bunches of overlapping heart-shaped leaves. First collected in Long Island in 1868, it was thought settlers brought it from Europe for medicinal purposes. During its second spring it bolts, blooms, and sets hundreds of seeds. Thriving in low light, stinking of garlic, and distasteful to deer, garlic mustard smothers moss, ferns, flowers, and the seedlings of future pine, oak, maple, hickory, ash, and beech trees. Once established, the odiferous oils repel the beneficial fungi in the soil that ensure the regeneration of oaks, maples, and beeches in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yikes! Is there an app for that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is nothing intrinsically evil about lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard. A close look at their life histories reveals they have several generalist characteristics like humans -- prolific reproduction, broad food and terrain tolerances, and wide dispersal mechanisms. In their home habitats where these organisms evolved, they are kept in check by a host of competitors, predators, pests, or diseases with which they coevolved. It is only when they travel to new continents without those restraining relationships that havoc is wreaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is a post-Silent Spring, GMO-wary, sustainability-minded, globalized invasive species like us supposed to do to check these “pests”? Crop dust with poisons? Import diseases? Bioengineer infertility?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/kolbert-text\">anthropocene\u003c/a> -- the Age of Man -- where all the ecosystems are transforming, the temperatures are above average, and all the decisions are ours to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "An Oasis Grows in an Urban Food Desert",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61945\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-Will-Allen-taping-e1381183178580.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61945 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-Will-Allen-taping-e1381183178580-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Will Allen with shovel\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will Allen demonstrates how Growing Power \"grows\" its soil from compost.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Will Allen is on a mission that begins with feeding Milwaukee. Through \u003ca title=\"Growing Power\" href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/\">Growing Power\u003c/a>, his urban farm in Wisconsin’s largest city, the zealous Allen spreads a gospel of urban renewal through growing and selling fresh, healthy food in a neighborhood where nutritious options are limited. Foodies and wannabe city farmers make pilgrimages year-round to learn about his successful methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In certain circles Allen is referred to as the father of \"\u003ca title=\"Good Food Revolution book\" href=\"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9781592407101\">The Good Food Revolution\u003c/a>,\" which is also the title of his 2012 book. In it he recounts a very personal story of reconnecting with the earth -- a reconnection he would like to see made across urban America, and especially in African-American communities. He writes,\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 174px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Good-Food-Revolution-cover.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Good-Food-Revolution-cover-174x253.jpg\" alt=\"Good Food Revolution cover\" width=\"174\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Allen's 2012 book.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"[T]he Great Migration transformed the African-American experience from a rural to an urban one. The generation of African-Americans born in the wake of that migration -- my generation -- would live in a very different world from that of our ancestors. In that transition, we lost the agricultural skills that had once been our birthright.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents moved to Maryland, near Washington D.C., in 1934, glad to leave their sharecropping lives behind in the South. They settled on a small farm where, while working other jobs, they nurtured their own hobby gardens and passed their agricultural skills on to Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Allen was never enthused about taking on the hard work of a farmer, \"I said I would never go back to farming. I guess you should never say never.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After noteworthy careers in basketball and business, Allen did return to farming, where he has undoubtedly made his biggest mark. In 2008 he was granted a prestigious MacArthur Foundation “genius” grant for his contributions to the urban agricultural movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-5-story-greenhouse-21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62095\" title=\"Five story greenhouse\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-5-story-greenhouse-21-290x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quest Aquaponics 5 story greenhouse 2\" width=\"290\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Architectural rendering of a five story \"vertical farm\" planned for Growing Power's urban setting\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Growing Power now has a similar operation in Chicago. And Allen has bigger plans for scaling up agriculture in other urban areas, including a network of “vertical farms.” He already has a design in the works for a five-story greenhouse and education center in Milwaukee. “This is a very important building as a model that we can study to figure out how these cities then can build 50 to 100-story vertical farms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all Allen has done to transform his Milwaukee neighborhood, it seems like he’s only on the ground floor as he builds and broadens his efforts to spur what he calls “The Good Food Revolution.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In this video we meet former pro-basketball player and MacArthur “genius” award winner Will Allen, and explore the Milwaukee farm where he successfully cultivates food, including fish, to feed thousands of people.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61945\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-Will-Allen-taping-e1381183178580.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61945 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-Will-Allen-taping-e1381183178580-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Will Allen with shovel\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will Allen demonstrates how Growing Power \"grows\" its soil from compost.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Will Allen is on a mission that begins with feeding Milwaukee. Through \u003ca title=\"Growing Power\" href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/\">Growing Power\u003c/a>, his urban farm in Wisconsin’s largest city, the zealous Allen spreads a gospel of urban renewal through growing and selling fresh, healthy food in a neighborhood where nutritious options are limited. Foodies and wannabe city farmers make pilgrimages year-round to learn about his successful methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In certain circles Allen is referred to as the father of \"\u003ca title=\"Good Food Revolution book\" href=\"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9781592407101\">The Good Food Revolution\u003c/a>,\" which is also the title of his 2012 book. In it he recounts a very personal story of reconnecting with the earth -- a reconnection he would like to see made across urban America, and especially in African-American communities. He writes,\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 174px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Good-Food-Revolution-cover.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Good-Food-Revolution-cover-174x253.jpg\" alt=\"Good Food Revolution cover\" width=\"174\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Allen's 2012 book.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"[T]he Great Migration transformed the African-American experience from a rural to an urban one. The generation of African-Americans born in the wake of that migration -- my generation -- would live in a very different world from that of our ancestors. In that transition, we lost the agricultural skills that had once been our birthright.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents moved to Maryland, near Washington D.C., in 1934, glad to leave their sharecropping lives behind in the South. They settled on a small farm where, while working other jobs, they nurtured their own hobby gardens and passed their agricultural skills on to Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Allen was never enthused about taking on the hard work of a farmer, \"I said I would never go back to farming. I guess you should never say never.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After noteworthy careers in basketball and business, Allen did return to farming, where he has undoubtedly made his biggest mark. In 2008 he was granted a prestigious MacArthur Foundation “genius” grant for his contributions to the urban agricultural movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-5-story-greenhouse-21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62095\" title=\"Five story greenhouse\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-5-story-greenhouse-21-290x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quest Aquaponics 5 story greenhouse 2\" width=\"290\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Architectural rendering of a five story \"vertical farm\" planned for Growing Power's urban setting\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Growing Power now has a similar operation in Chicago. And Allen has bigger plans for scaling up agriculture in other urban areas, including a network of “vertical farms.” He already has a design in the works for a five-story greenhouse and education center in Milwaukee. “This is a very important building as a model that we can study to figure out how these cities then can build 50 to 100-story vertical farms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all Allen has done to transform his Milwaukee neighborhood, it seems like he’s only on the ground floor as he builds and broadens his efforts to spur what he calls “The Good Food Revolution.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?",
"title": "Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?",
"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Lake Tahoe’s famously blue waters – which make it the clearest lake of its size in the United States – attract three million visitors to California and Nevada each year. But decades of development, and now climate change, threaten this national treasure. This QUEST half-hour documentary takes you behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep the lake pristine and protect it for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lake Tahoe isn’t the only body of water that comes to mind when we think about America’s most treasured lakes. The Great Lakes, an interconnected set of five lakes which include lakes Erie, Superior, Huron, Michigan and Ontario, hold 18% of the water on the face of the Earth. Both Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes face environmental challenges, but are differently equipped to handle them because of their particular characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Similarities between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Potable Water Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tahoe dam\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe delivers millions of gallons of water every day for residents and farmers along the Truckee River. The Tahoe dam was built in 1909. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Great Lakes and Lake Tahoe provide potable water to surrounding populations, though at very different scales. The Great Lakes deliver 43 billion gallons per day, hundreds of times more than Lake Tahoe. Lake Michigan alone provides drinking water to 12 million residents. Around three quarters of the water taken from the Great Lakes is used to cool down power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warmer temperatures are nice for visitors, like these at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor, in Nevada. But they could lead the lake to move away from its famous indigo blue and more towards green. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes are warming up, just like all lakes around the world. “We’ve had some summers where the surface temperature is very, very warm, compared to 20, 25 years ago,” said Brant Allen, of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Although it’s nice for visitors, heat encourages the growth of microscopic algae that scatter the light off the lake’s surface and make it appear cloudy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up north, intense spring rains that washed fertilizer into Lake Erie, coupled with a warm summer, contributed to a 2011 algae bloom that covered the surface of the lake’s western basin with a bright green scum. “All of the factors that happened in 2011 are the types of factors that we expect to see more commonly in the future,” said Anna Michalak, a Great Lakes researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Invasive Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga mussels attached to pipes in Lake Mead\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels clog pipes, like these in Nevada's Lake Mead. Authorities are working hard to keep the mussels out of Lake Tahoe. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zebra mussels and quagga mussels have invaded the Great Lakes, damaging sport fisheries and clogging intake pipes with their hard shells, to the tune of $1 billion per year. The mussels have hitched rides out west on recreational boats. But so far they haven’t reached Lake Tahoe, and authorities there are fighting hard to keep them out by inspecting every boat before it goes into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first, I thought the public would be very resistant to the idea of paying fees for boat inspections,” said Geoff Schladow, director of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. “But the more people I talk to, they’re very accepting of the need for it.” Lake Tahoe is already dealing with \u003ca title=\"Information on Asian clams on UC Davis TERC's page\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">the invasive Asian clam\u003c/a>, which produces algae mats that wash up on its beaches, and an aquatic plant called milfoil, which sticks to boats’ propellers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Differences between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Depth v. Width\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62228\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Falls over Emerald Bay\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water pouring into Lake Tahoe doesn't carry many of the nutrients that algae feed on. This is one of the reasons why the lake is so clear. Eagle Falls flows into Emerald Bay, one of Lake Tahoe's most iconic spots on the California side of the lake. Photo: Gabriela Quirós / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is the eleventh \u003cem>deepest \u003c/em>lake in the world. Lake Erie is the tenth \u003cem>largest \u003c/em>lake in the world. At its deepest point, Lake Tahoe plunges to 1,645 feet – which makes it deeper than the Empire State building is tall. And this depth helps the lake stay clear, since its 39 trillion gallons of water are able to dilute the tiny dirt particles and nitrogen and phosphorus that threaten its transparency. By contrast, Lake Erie’s deepest point is only about 200 feet deep. With less water to dilute the nutrients that algae feed off, \u003ca title=\"Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie \" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to algae blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Watershed Size\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is fortunate in that its watershed is small and the soil around it is relatively nutrient-poor. The 63 rivers that feed Lake Tahoe travel through an area about the size of the lake itself. Most lakes have watersheds many times bigger, which give tributaries more of a chance to pick up pollutants as they flow towards the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/\">Lake Erie has suffered from a steady flow of phosphorus from agriculture\u003c/a>, which has contributed to bad algae blooms. Corn is planted widely in the Plains – partly to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel – and requires a lot of fertilizer. “The national biofuels program is what’s pushing more corn production,” said Stanford scientist Anna Michalak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\" alt=\"Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake. Brad Kohler watches as workers install a channel and sediment trap at the bottom of his driveway in Tahoe City, California. When it rains, this mechanism will trap dirt particles. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To keep their watersheds from becoming sources of pollutants, authorities at Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes have efforts underway to prevent dirt from running into nearby rivers (Tahoe), and reduce the amount of fertilizer used on crops (Great Lakes).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">University of California-Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tahoe Boat Inspections\" href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/welcome-to-tahoe-boat-inspections/\">Tahoe Boat Inspections\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lake Tahoe’s famously blue waters – which make it the clearest lake of its size in the United States – attract three million visitors to California and Nevada each year. But decades of development, and now climate change, threaten this national treasure. This QUEST half-hour documentary takes you behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep the lake pristine and protect it for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lake Tahoe isn’t the only body of water that comes to mind when we think about America’s most treasured lakes. The Great Lakes, an interconnected set of five lakes which include lakes Erie, Superior, Huron, Michigan and Ontario, hold 18% of the water on the face of the Earth. Both Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes face environmental challenges, but are differently equipped to handle them because of their particular characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Similarities between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Potable Water Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tahoe dam\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe delivers millions of gallons of water every day for residents and farmers along the Truckee River. The Tahoe dam was built in 1909. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Great Lakes and Lake Tahoe provide potable water to surrounding populations, though at very different scales. The Great Lakes deliver 43 billion gallons per day, hundreds of times more than Lake Tahoe. Lake Michigan alone provides drinking water to 12 million residents. Around three quarters of the water taken from the Great Lakes is used to cool down power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warmer temperatures are nice for visitors, like these at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor, in Nevada. But they could lead the lake to move away from its famous indigo blue and more towards green. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes are warming up, just like all lakes around the world. “We’ve had some summers where the surface temperature is very, very warm, compared to 20, 25 years ago,” said Brant Allen, of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Although it’s nice for visitors, heat encourages the growth of microscopic algae that scatter the light off the lake’s surface and make it appear cloudy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up north, intense spring rains that washed fertilizer into Lake Erie, coupled with a warm summer, contributed to a 2011 algae bloom that covered the surface of the lake’s western basin with a bright green scum. “All of the factors that happened in 2011 are the types of factors that we expect to see more commonly in the future,” said Anna Michalak, a Great Lakes researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Invasive Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga mussels attached to pipes in Lake Mead\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels clog pipes, like these in Nevada's Lake Mead. Authorities are working hard to keep the mussels out of Lake Tahoe. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zebra mussels and quagga mussels have invaded the Great Lakes, damaging sport fisheries and clogging intake pipes with their hard shells, to the tune of $1 billion per year. The mussels have hitched rides out west on recreational boats. But so far they haven’t reached Lake Tahoe, and authorities there are fighting hard to keep them out by inspecting every boat before it goes into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first, I thought the public would be very resistant to the idea of paying fees for boat inspections,” said Geoff Schladow, director of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. “But the more people I talk to, they’re very accepting of the need for it.” Lake Tahoe is already dealing with \u003ca title=\"Information on Asian clams on UC Davis TERC's page\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">the invasive Asian clam\u003c/a>, which produces algae mats that wash up on its beaches, and an aquatic plant called milfoil, which sticks to boats’ propellers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Differences between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Depth v. Width\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62228\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Falls over Emerald Bay\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water pouring into Lake Tahoe doesn't carry many of the nutrients that algae feed on. This is one of the reasons why the lake is so clear. Eagle Falls flows into Emerald Bay, one of Lake Tahoe's most iconic spots on the California side of the lake. Photo: Gabriela Quirós / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is the eleventh \u003cem>deepest \u003c/em>lake in the world. Lake Erie is the tenth \u003cem>largest \u003c/em>lake in the world. At its deepest point, Lake Tahoe plunges to 1,645 feet – which makes it deeper than the Empire State building is tall. And this depth helps the lake stay clear, since its 39 trillion gallons of water are able to dilute the tiny dirt particles and nitrogen and phosphorus that threaten its transparency. By contrast, Lake Erie’s deepest point is only about 200 feet deep. With less water to dilute the nutrients that algae feed off, \u003ca title=\"Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie \" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to algae blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Watershed Size\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is fortunate in that its watershed is small and the soil around it is relatively nutrient-poor. The 63 rivers that feed Lake Tahoe travel through an area about the size of the lake itself. Most lakes have watersheds many times bigger, which give tributaries more of a chance to pick up pollutants as they flow towards the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/\">Lake Erie has suffered from a steady flow of phosphorus from agriculture\u003c/a>, which has contributed to bad algae blooms. Corn is planted widely in the Plains – partly to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel – and requires a lot of fertilizer. “The national biofuels program is what’s pushing more corn production,” said Stanford scientist Anna Michalak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\" alt=\"Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake. Brad Kohler watches as workers install a channel and sediment trap at the bottom of his driveway in Tahoe City, California. When it rains, this mechanism will trap dirt particles. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To keep their watersheds from becoming sources of pollutants, authorities at Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes have efforts underway to prevent dirt from running into nearby rivers (Tahoe), and reduce the amount of fertilizer used on crops (Great Lakes).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">University of California-Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tahoe Boat Inspections\" href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/welcome-to-tahoe-boat-inspections/\">Tahoe Boat Inspections\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie",
"title": "Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>“Battling the Bloom” was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of people depend on Lake Erie for drinking water. Many others rely on it for commerce and recreation. The lake also provides critical habitat for fish and wildlife. Toxic algae blooms are now putting all of this at risk. In this QUEST video we set out to investigate the problem and talk to researchers and others looking for the cause on Ohio’s farm fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In shooting “Battling the Bloom,” our team traveled to South Bass Island, a hidden gem just off the north shore of Ohio in the western basin of Lake Erie. There are dozens of islands like this in Erie, left behind by the last glacier that scraped out the Great Lakes. Some of Lake Erie’s islands are populated year round by a small number of residents, but the numbers swell in the summer as more than a million visitors head for fun in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60187\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We were on the island to visit Dr. Jeff Reutter, who runs Ohio State University’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonelab.osu.edu\">Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> research center there. Established in 1895, Stone Lab is the oldest freshwater biological lab in the country. Reutter has been working on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, are caused by too many nutrients getting into the lake. When those extra nutrients combine with warm water in the lake’s shallow end at the end of summer, the result is an algal bloom that is toxic to humans and animals and can cause fish-killing conditions -- dead zones -- at the bottom of the lake. In the 1970s and ’80s, HABs were caused by excess sewage going into the lake. Today, sewage overflow still can cause HABs, but the primary culprit is nutrient runoff in the form of fertilizer and animal waste from farms in the Lake Erie watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59276\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Boat-in-harbor-Perry-monument-in-background-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Miller Ferry docked at the south end of South Bass Island and we headed up the narrow island to its main attraction, the town of Put in Bay. Put in Bay is the harbor as well as the island’s social and entertainment center. You can’t miss \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pevi/index.htm\">Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial\u003c/a>, which soars more than 350 feet over Lake Erie. The giant Doric column celebrates Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory during the \u003ca href=\"http://battleoflakeerie-bicentennial.com/\">Battle of Lake Erie\u003c/a> in September 1813 and the resulting peace among the U.S., Britain, and Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59273\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59273\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-interview-harbor-boat-in-bkgd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our camera crew set up shop at Stone Lab and interviewed Reutter at the water’s edge as boats and kayaks floated by in the distance and stable flies bit our ankles. We then boarded a Stone Lab research boat for a lunchtime excursion to Gibraltar Island, a smaller island just offshore in the harbor. Ohio State University owns Gibraltar Island, where it has another lab facility. Students live, study, and conduct research here during the summer. The island provides great views of the lake and many of the neighboring islands, especially from the stone cliffs of Perry’s Lookout on Gibraltar’s northeast corner. The lookout is named for Commodore Perry, who is said to have watched for British ships from here before the historic battle. Perry is a legend in northern Ohio -- there is even a beer named for him at Cleveland’s Great Lakes Brewery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59801\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59801\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/marina-wide-shot-algae-and-ODNR-boat-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schedule constraints meant we had to film this story in the spring, so we were unable to capture any footage of the harmful algal blooms that typically peak in late summer. Fortunately, we were able to include footage from Erie’s 2011 algal bloom, one of the worst in recent history. NOAA forecasters \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/news/?article=619\">predicted\u003c/a> that the 2013 bloom would be twice as bad as that in 2012 but not nearly as bad as 2011. Data are still coming in for the actual algal counts in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we returned to the dock at Put in Bay, a bald eagle swooped over the harbor. The majestic bird served as a reminder that the lake is so much more than a lovely summer tourist destination. Lake Erie and its shores are home to an amazing diversity of wildlife all year, including some species that are struggling -- or have had to struggle -- to survive. Today, a cleaner lake teeming with fish and an actively protected habitat have turned Lake Erie’s islands into a prime area for spotting \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/13/ohios-bald-eagle-comeback/\">bald eagles\u003c/a>, a species that nearly disappeared several decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake/\">Lake Erie watersnake\u003c/a>, found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, was removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife, thanks in part to active education efforts and protection of the islands’ shores where it makes its home. As an added bonus, the snakes have developed an appetite for an invasive fish called the round goby, helping to minimize the impacts of this non-native species on the lake’s ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake’s islands provide critical habitat for shorebirds, a major rest stop for migrating birds, a heavenly launch for fisherman, and a reminder that we need to continuously work to protect these important natural areas from the damage wrought by human activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/_documents/publications/GS/GS-025ExploretheLakeErieIslandsAGuidetoNatureandHistoryAlongtheLakeErieCoastalTrail.pdf\">Explore the Lake Erie Islands: A Guide to Nature and History along the Lake Erie Coastal Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.shoresandislands.com/\">Lake Erie Shores and Islands\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/\">Ohio Sea Grant\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/lake_erie_hab/lake_erie_hab.html\">NOAA’s Harmful Algal Blooms in Lake Erie Weekly Bulletin \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/09/10/220721622/remembering-a-brave-lucky-hero-in-the-war-of-1812\">NPR: Remembering a “Brave,” “Lucky” Hero in the War of 1812 (Re-enactment on Lake Erie)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Millions depend on Lake Erie for drinking water, business, and recreation. Toxic algae blooms put all of this at risk, and now researchers are trying to identify the cause and craft solutions.",
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"description": "Millions depend on Lake Erie for drinking water, business, and recreation. Toxic algae blooms put all of this at risk, and now researchers are trying to identify the cause and craft solutions.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>“Battling the Bloom” was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of people depend on Lake Erie for drinking water. Many others rely on it for commerce and recreation. The lake also provides critical habitat for fish and wildlife. Toxic algae blooms are now putting all of this at risk. In this QUEST video we set out to investigate the problem and talk to researchers and others looking for the cause on Ohio’s farm fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In shooting “Battling the Bloom,” our team traveled to South Bass Island, a hidden gem just off the north shore of Ohio in the western basin of Lake Erie. There are dozens of islands like this in Erie, left behind by the last glacier that scraped out the Great Lakes. Some of Lake Erie’s islands are populated year round by a small number of residents, but the numbers swell in the summer as more than a million visitors head for fun in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60187\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We were on the island to visit Dr. Jeff Reutter, who runs Ohio State University’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonelab.osu.edu\">Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> research center there. Established in 1895, Stone Lab is the oldest freshwater biological lab in the country. Reutter has been working on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, are caused by too many nutrients getting into the lake. When those extra nutrients combine with warm water in the lake’s shallow end at the end of summer, the result is an algal bloom that is toxic to humans and animals and can cause fish-killing conditions -- dead zones -- at the bottom of the lake. In the 1970s and ’80s, HABs were caused by excess sewage going into the lake. Today, sewage overflow still can cause HABs, but the primary culprit is nutrient runoff in the form of fertilizer and animal waste from farms in the Lake Erie watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59276\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Boat-in-harbor-Perry-monument-in-background-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Miller Ferry docked at the south end of South Bass Island and we headed up the narrow island to its main attraction, the town of Put in Bay. Put in Bay is the harbor as well as the island’s social and entertainment center. You can’t miss \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pevi/index.htm\">Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial\u003c/a>, which soars more than 350 feet over Lake Erie. The giant Doric column celebrates Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory during the \u003ca href=\"http://battleoflakeerie-bicentennial.com/\">Battle of Lake Erie\u003c/a> in September 1813 and the resulting peace among the U.S., Britain, and Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59273\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59273\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-interview-harbor-boat-in-bkgd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our camera crew set up shop at Stone Lab and interviewed Reutter at the water’s edge as boats and kayaks floated by in the distance and stable flies bit our ankles. We then boarded a Stone Lab research boat for a lunchtime excursion to Gibraltar Island, a smaller island just offshore in the harbor. Ohio State University owns Gibraltar Island, where it has another lab facility. Students live, study, and conduct research here during the summer. The island provides great views of the lake and many of the neighboring islands, especially from the stone cliffs of Perry’s Lookout on Gibraltar’s northeast corner. The lookout is named for Commodore Perry, who is said to have watched for British ships from here before the historic battle. Perry is a legend in northern Ohio -- there is even a beer named for him at Cleveland’s Great Lakes Brewery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59801\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59801\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/marina-wide-shot-algae-and-ODNR-boat-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schedule constraints meant we had to film this story in the spring, so we were unable to capture any footage of the harmful algal blooms that typically peak in late summer. Fortunately, we were able to include footage from Erie’s 2011 algal bloom, one of the worst in recent history. NOAA forecasters \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/news/?article=619\">predicted\u003c/a> that the 2013 bloom would be twice as bad as that in 2012 but not nearly as bad as 2011. Data are still coming in for the actual algal counts in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we returned to the dock at Put in Bay, a bald eagle swooped over the harbor. The majestic bird served as a reminder that the lake is so much more than a lovely summer tourist destination. Lake Erie and its shores are home to an amazing diversity of wildlife all year, including some species that are struggling -- or have had to struggle -- to survive. Today, a cleaner lake teeming with fish and an actively protected habitat have turned Lake Erie’s islands into a prime area for spotting \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/13/ohios-bald-eagle-comeback/\">bald eagles\u003c/a>, a species that nearly disappeared several decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake/\">Lake Erie watersnake\u003c/a>, found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, was removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife, thanks in part to active education efforts and protection of the islands’ shores where it makes its home. As an added bonus, the snakes have developed an appetite for an invasive fish called the round goby, helping to minimize the impacts of this non-native species on the lake’s ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake’s islands provide critical habitat for shorebirds, a major rest stop for migrating birds, a heavenly launch for fisherman, and a reminder that we need to continuously work to protect these important natural areas from the damage wrought by human activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/_documents/publications/GS/GS-025ExploretheLakeErieIslandsAGuidetoNatureandHistoryAlongtheLakeErieCoastalTrail.pdf\">Explore the Lake Erie Islands: A Guide to Nature and History along the Lake Erie Coastal Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.shoresandislands.com/\">Lake Erie Shores and Islands\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/\">Ohio Sea Grant\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/lake_erie_hab/lake_erie_hab.html\">NOAA’s Harmful Algal Blooms in Lake Erie Weekly Bulletin \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/09/10/220721622/remembering-a-brave-lucky-hero-in-the-war-of-1812\">NPR: Remembering a “Brave,” “Lucky” Hero in the War of 1812 (Re-enactment on Lake Erie)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Could Ants Teach the Biofuel Industry a Thing or Two? ",
"title": "Could Ants Teach the Biofuel Industry a Thing or Two? ",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61026\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 632px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61026 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\" alt=\"Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. \" width=\"632\" height=\"439\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. Photo courtesy of Alex Wild; used with permission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the lobby of the Microbial Sciences building at the University of Wisconsin, leafcutter ants in a \u003ca href=\"http://currielab.wisc.edu/antcam/\">display colony\u003c/a> hike back and forth. Improbably large leaf fragments wobble on their backs as the ants ferry them between a dwindling pile of oak leaves and a garden of fungus studded with leaves in assorted states of decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Made up of a single species of fungus and a handful of bacterial strains, the fungus garden breaks down the ants’ leafy harvest through an efficient natural process. It’s a process that researchers believe could be a model for producing biofuel in a more sustainable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we transition away from petroleum dependence, ethanol-based biofuel has risen to the forefront as one of the most accessible sources of renewable energy. It’s produced by fermenting plant sugars, which are strung together into long chains called polysaccharides. Before the fermentation process can begin, these chains have to be snipped apart, a process that varies in difficulty depending on the type of plant being used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polysaccharide chains found in corn kernels -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ethanol-domestic-fuel-supply-or-environmental-boondoggle\">primary biofuel crop\u003c/a> in the U.S. -- are relatively simple to break up. But corn depletes the soil and guzzles water and fertilizer, and using it for fuel siphons calories from the food supply to gas tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, perennial grasses and agricultural “waste” like cornstalks offer a biofuel source that has a lighter impact on the environment. But these woodier fibers -- referred to as \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomicscience.energy.gov/biofuels/placemat.shtml\">“cellulosic” biomass\u003c/a> -- are a tangle of robust polysaccharides that are trickier to deconstruct. Further complicating this problem, the molecular structure of plant biomass isn’t uniform. What breaks down the polysaccharides near the surface of a cornstalk or blade of grass might not work at all on those buried more deeply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61032 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0025\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward peers into one of the lab's many leafcutter ant colonies.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But finding efficient ways to extract energy from plants and other forms of biomass is not a new problem. In fact, it’s a problem that Earth’s plant eaters solved millions of years ago. And according to University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward, if you’re looking for a model system, you can’t do better than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/leafcutterants.jsp\">leafcutter ants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may not have the imposing mien of herbivores like giraffes or elephants, but in Central and South America, leafcutter ants dominate, munching through more of the region’s foliage than any other organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ants can’t digest leaves by themselves -- they have to rely on the garden’s microbes. “We sort of think of the fungus gardens as being an external gut,” Aylward explains. The garden digests biomass and reconstitutes its molecules in little nutrient packets holding a cocktail of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ants are essentially doing what we want to do with biofuel,” says Aylward. “They’re taking all of this recalcitrant plant biomass that’s full of all of these really complicated polymers and they’re degrading it and converting it into energy.” The transformation from leafy greens to energy source is mediated by hundreds of enzymes produced by the fungus garden’s microbes. If these enzymes chow down so efficiently on the leaves of Central America, Aylward and his coworkers wondered, could they be just as effective at breaking apart the sugars of cellulosic biomass in an industrial setting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One model for a commercial biofuel process patterned after the fungus garden could entail splicing the genetic codes for the garden’s most effective enzymes into other microbes, prompting them to churn out biomass-digesting proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, scientists needed to identify which enzymes the garden uses to digest leaves for the ants and which microbial residents produce them. By sequencing the genomes of the fungus and bacteria and comparing that data to the garden’s enzyme soup, Aylward and his coworkers were able to identify a fungus called \u003cstrong>Leucoagaricus gongylophorus\u003c/strong> as the garden’s biomass-degrading workhorse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61035 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down. \" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They also found that the fungus calibrates its enzyme cocktail for different stages of leaf decay. The biomass profile changes at each level in the garden -- the freshest leaves sit near the top and the mostly decomposed waste material at the bottom. And Aylward found that the garden’s enzymes changed, too. That insight could provide the biofuel industry with some clues about which enzymes might excel early in the polysaccharide-decomposition process and which ones to apply later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incidentally, this division of labor also reveals which enzymes the garden deploys together at each level. This is a huge boon to anyone designing industrial applications, since enzymes tend to work much better in specific combinations -- and the garden has had 50 million years of symbiosis with the ants to find the most efficient combinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aylward has already been approached by companies interested in synthesizing some of the garden’s enzymes and using them in biofuel production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's difficult to think that we can actually find a process that improves on nature,” Aylward points out, “so it probably makes sense to learn from it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61026\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 632px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61026 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\" alt=\"Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. \" width=\"632\" height=\"439\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. Photo courtesy of Alex Wild; used with permission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the lobby of the Microbial Sciences building at the University of Wisconsin, leafcutter ants in a \u003ca href=\"http://currielab.wisc.edu/antcam/\">display colony\u003c/a> hike back and forth. Improbably large leaf fragments wobble on their backs as the ants ferry them between a dwindling pile of oak leaves and a garden of fungus studded with leaves in assorted states of decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Made up of a single species of fungus and a handful of bacterial strains, the fungus garden breaks down the ants’ leafy harvest through an efficient natural process. It’s a process that researchers believe could be a model for producing biofuel in a more sustainable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we transition away from petroleum dependence, ethanol-based biofuel has risen to the forefront as one of the most accessible sources of renewable energy. It’s produced by fermenting plant sugars, which are strung together into long chains called polysaccharides. Before the fermentation process can begin, these chains have to be snipped apart, a process that varies in difficulty depending on the type of plant being used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polysaccharide chains found in corn kernels -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ethanol-domestic-fuel-supply-or-environmental-boondoggle\">primary biofuel crop\u003c/a> in the U.S. -- are relatively simple to break up. But corn depletes the soil and guzzles water and fertilizer, and using it for fuel siphons calories from the food supply to gas tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, perennial grasses and agricultural “waste” like cornstalks offer a biofuel source that has a lighter impact on the environment. But these woodier fibers -- referred to as \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomicscience.energy.gov/biofuels/placemat.shtml\">“cellulosic” biomass\u003c/a> -- are a tangle of robust polysaccharides that are trickier to deconstruct. Further complicating this problem, the molecular structure of plant biomass isn’t uniform. What breaks down the polysaccharides near the surface of a cornstalk or blade of grass might not work at all on those buried more deeply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61032 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0025\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward peers into one of the lab's many leafcutter ant colonies.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But finding efficient ways to extract energy from plants and other forms of biomass is not a new problem. In fact, it’s a problem that Earth’s plant eaters solved millions of years ago. And according to University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward, if you’re looking for a model system, you can’t do better than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/leafcutterants.jsp\">leafcutter ants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may not have the imposing mien of herbivores like giraffes or elephants, but in Central and South America, leafcutter ants dominate, munching through more of the region’s foliage than any other organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ants can’t digest leaves by themselves -- they have to rely on the garden’s microbes. “We sort of think of the fungus gardens as being an external gut,” Aylward explains. The garden digests biomass and reconstitutes its molecules in little nutrient packets holding a cocktail of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ants are essentially doing what we want to do with biofuel,” says Aylward. “They’re taking all of this recalcitrant plant biomass that’s full of all of these really complicated polymers and they’re degrading it and converting it into energy.” The transformation from leafy greens to energy source is mediated by hundreds of enzymes produced by the fungus garden’s microbes. If these enzymes chow down so efficiently on the leaves of Central America, Aylward and his coworkers wondered, could they be just as effective at breaking apart the sugars of cellulosic biomass in an industrial setting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One model for a commercial biofuel process patterned after the fungus garden could entail splicing the genetic codes for the garden’s most effective enzymes into other microbes, prompting them to churn out biomass-digesting proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, scientists needed to identify which enzymes the garden uses to digest leaves for the ants and which microbial residents produce them. By sequencing the genomes of the fungus and bacteria and comparing that data to the garden’s enzyme soup, Aylward and his coworkers were able to identify a fungus called \u003cstrong>Leucoagaricus gongylophorus\u003c/strong> as the garden’s biomass-degrading workhorse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61035 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down. \" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They also found that the fungus calibrates its enzyme cocktail for different stages of leaf decay. The biomass profile changes at each level in the garden -- the freshest leaves sit near the top and the mostly decomposed waste material at the bottom. And Aylward found that the garden’s enzymes changed, too. That insight could provide the biofuel industry with some clues about which enzymes might excel early in the polysaccharide-decomposition process and which ones to apply later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incidentally, this division of labor also reveals which enzymes the garden deploys together at each level. This is a huge boon to anyone designing industrial applications, since enzymes tend to work much better in specific combinations -- and the garden has had 50 million years of symbiosis with the ants to find the most efficient combinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aylward has already been approached by companies interested in synthesizing some of the garden’s enzymes and using them in biofuel production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's difficult to think that we can actually find a process that improves on nature,” Aylward points out, “so it probably makes sense to learn from it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60364\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 664px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927022563.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60364 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520.jpg\" alt=\"A grandfather in India enjoys the company of his grandson. \" width=\"664\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grandfather in India with his grandson. India is the second most populous country in the world and is projected to surpass China as the most populous country by 2050. Photo: Dibyendu Dey Choudhury, courtesy of Photoshare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Alan Weisman\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>On a cobblestone street in Buenos Aires, Argentina, journalist and professor \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Weisman\">Alan Weisman\u003c/a> stepped into a cafe to meet me for an interview. His book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-World-Without-Alan-Weisman/dp/0312347294/ref=pd_sim_b_4\">\u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>\u003c/a> had just hit Latin American book stands and as pedestrians navigated the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Telmo\">Bohemian neighborhood\u003c/a> outside, we discussed what a world without humans would look like. That was back in 2008. It’s five years later and I was just as anxious to discuss the sequel, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Countdown-Last-Best-Future-Earth/dp/031623981X\">\u003cem>Countdown\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which hits shelves today. His latest book suggests limiting population growth in a world that now harbors seven billion people. From his home in Western Massachusetts, he talked about women’s rights, culture, a global population that \u003ca href=\"http://esa.un.org/wpp/\">may reach 11 billion\u003c/a> by 2100 and what he sees as a reasonable path forward.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60359 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg\" alt=\"Alan Weisman examines a tree in Golestan National Park in Iran. Ecology is a central feature of his book Countdown, which asks which species do we need to keep around to ensure our survival? Photo: Beckie Kravetz\" width=\"288\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg 1111w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-400x510.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-800x1020.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-960x1224.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 288px) 100vw, 288px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alan Weisman examines a tree in Golestan National Park in Iran. Ecology is a central feature of his book Countdown, which asks which species are crucial to our survival? Photo: Beckie Kravetz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: In \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>, at the end you say, “every four days there are a million more people on this planet.” And you ask, “is there some way that we can have a restored earth and be part of it?” Can you talk more about this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t want to write \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em> because I want [a world without people]. I wanted us to see how beautiful the world is and [consider] if we could add ourselves back in the picture in a more harmonious way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might recall from \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>, an interview I did with a guy from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement\">Volunteer Human Extinction Movement\u003c/a>, and the best thing he said we could do is stop procreating. That we’re pushing so many species off the planet and we’re going to push something off [that we rely on] and we won’t realize it until it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to prevent against this, why don’t we stop procreating and we’ll become fewer and fewer and the last remaining humans will essentially see the Garden of Eden. I wanted to know, is there a happy medium between what he said and what’s realistic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At book signings everyone would ask me about the population thing and I really didn’t want to write about population but then I thought, what the heck, I’ll write it out. When I got into it, I had no idea how complicated it was, my fifty page proposal was so naïve. I knew so little about this. Five years and 21 countries later I had this book [Countdown].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: A \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/conservation-and-development/population-bomb-so-wrong/\">\u003cstrong>recent article\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> cited \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>a global trend of lower population growth, where the author said,\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> “\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>I find it extraordinary that the massive global drop in human fertility has been so little noticed by the media.” So how concerned should we really be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of experts would say, really there’s no problem, our growth rate is way down. On the one hand, those people are right. However, there are so many of us on the planet right now, and an average of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2127.html\">2.6 children\u003c/a> per female still means we’re growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even at a lower rate, the question is, are we still putting too much stress on the environment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to know, is there a way to convince a huge panorama of cultures that it might be in their best interest to encourage people, in some culturally acceptable way, to keep their reproduction on a sustainable level?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I had to go visit a whole wide variety of cultures to understand. So many of us immediately think of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy\">one child policy\u003c/a> and most people don’t like it because it’s so Draconian. But for all its imperfections it has functioned. It wouldn’t work in other cultures, so what are other alternatives?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60348 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg\" alt=\"Image courtesy: Benjamin Hennig\" width=\"374\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg 445w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100-400x318.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy: Benjamin Hennig\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: With a few exceptions, we are not good at planning for the future and by the future I mean for 250 years down the road. You ask, “might we benefit right now by bringing population down?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, we should cut ourselves some slack. The idea of having to manage our species because we’re running out of room is something we’ve never had to do before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, the benefits will come long term. Even if we did a policy like China’s it will take two generations to get back to levels in the 1900s, but the levels would come down in the first 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what is happening now in Japan. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.UikyZTash8E\">legalized abortion after WWII\u003c/a> because they had too many people. The result of cutting off their baby boom, 60 years later, is that they are seeing their population begin to drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: In a lot of ways, your book is ultimately about education and women’s rights.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m convinced; it’s the most hopeful thing in the world. Make access to contraception universal for women and it will solve enormous problems on this planet. It will bring down birthrates to a sustainable and manageable level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can educate all the women in the world, think of all the brilliant thinking and human ingenuity that will be added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Q. When we talked in 2008, after \u003cem>A World Without Us\u003c/em> came out, you were hopeful about the future. Are you still hopeful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think my species is facing imminent extinction, though frankly we’ve really rolled the dice with the atmosphere and the ocean in terms of climate, and none of us know how that will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re an incredibly adaptable species; we’ve figured out how to live from the poles to the equator. We’ll probably be moving to higher ground this century. That will require an adjustment. We’re going to lose food producing areas because of flooding or salt water intrusion. It’s going to be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s just my hope speaking but I expect my species to survive. This century is going to be a century of decisions for us in many ways.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60364\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 664px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927022563.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60364 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520.jpg\" alt=\"A grandfather in India enjoys the company of his grandson. \" width=\"664\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grandfather in India with his grandson. India is the second most populous country in the world and is projected to surpass China as the most populous country by 2050. Photo: Dibyendu Dey Choudhury, courtesy of Photoshare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Alan Weisman\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>On a cobblestone street in Buenos Aires, Argentina, journalist and professor \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Weisman\">Alan Weisman\u003c/a> stepped into a cafe to meet me for an interview. His book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-World-Without-Alan-Weisman/dp/0312347294/ref=pd_sim_b_4\">\u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>\u003c/a> had just hit Latin American book stands and as pedestrians navigated the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Telmo\">Bohemian neighborhood\u003c/a> outside, we discussed what a world without humans would look like. That was back in 2008. It’s five years later and I was just as anxious to discuss the sequel, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Countdown-Last-Best-Future-Earth/dp/031623981X\">\u003cem>Countdown\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which hits shelves today. His latest book suggests limiting population growth in a world that now harbors seven billion people. From his home in Western Massachusetts, he talked about women’s rights, culture, a global population that \u003ca href=\"http://esa.un.org/wpp/\">may reach 11 billion\u003c/a> by 2100 and what he sees as a reasonable path forward.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60359 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg\" alt=\"Alan Weisman examines a tree in Golestan National Park in Iran. Ecology is a central feature of his book Countdown, which asks which species do we need to keep around to ensure our survival? Photo: Beckie Kravetz\" width=\"288\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg 1111w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-400x510.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-800x1020.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-960x1224.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 288px) 100vw, 288px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alan Weisman examines a tree in Golestan National Park in Iran. Ecology is a central feature of his book Countdown, which asks which species are crucial to our survival? Photo: Beckie Kravetz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: In \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>, at the end you say, “every four days there are a million more people on this planet.” And you ask, “is there some way that we can have a restored earth and be part of it?” Can you talk more about this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t want to write \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em> because I want [a world without people]. I wanted us to see how beautiful the world is and [consider] if we could add ourselves back in the picture in a more harmonious way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might recall from \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>, an interview I did with a guy from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement\">Volunteer Human Extinction Movement\u003c/a>, and the best thing he said we could do is stop procreating. That we’re pushing so many species off the planet and we’re going to push something off [that we rely on] and we won’t realize it until it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to prevent against this, why don’t we stop procreating and we’ll become fewer and fewer and the last remaining humans will essentially see the Garden of Eden. I wanted to know, is there a happy medium between what he said and what’s realistic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At book signings everyone would ask me about the population thing and I really didn’t want to write about population but then I thought, what the heck, I’ll write it out. When I got into it, I had no idea how complicated it was, my fifty page proposal was so naïve. I knew so little about this. Five years and 21 countries later I had this book [Countdown].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: A \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/conservation-and-development/population-bomb-so-wrong/\">\u003cstrong>recent article\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> cited \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>a global trend of lower population growth, where the author said,\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> “\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>I find it extraordinary that the massive global drop in human fertility has been so little noticed by the media.” So how concerned should we really be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of experts would say, really there’s no problem, our growth rate is way down. On the one hand, those people are right. However, there are so many of us on the planet right now, and an average of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2127.html\">2.6 children\u003c/a> per female still means we’re growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even at a lower rate, the question is, are we still putting too much stress on the environment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to know, is there a way to convince a huge panorama of cultures that it might be in their best interest to encourage people, in some culturally acceptable way, to keep their reproduction on a sustainable level?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I had to go visit a whole wide variety of cultures to understand. So many of us immediately think of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy\">one child policy\u003c/a> and most people don’t like it because it’s so Draconian. But for all its imperfections it has functioned. It wouldn’t work in other cultures, so what are other alternatives?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60348 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg\" alt=\"Image courtesy: Benjamin Hennig\" width=\"374\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg 445w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100-400x318.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy: Benjamin Hennig\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: With a few exceptions, we are not good at planning for the future and by the future I mean for 250 years down the road. You ask, “might we benefit right now by bringing population down?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, we should cut ourselves some slack. The idea of having to manage our species because we’re running out of room is something we’ve never had to do before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, the benefits will come long term. Even if we did a policy like China’s it will take two generations to get back to levels in the 1900s, but the levels would come down in the first 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what is happening now in Japan. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.UikyZTash8E\">legalized abortion after WWII\u003c/a> because they had too many people. The result of cutting off their baby boom, 60 years later, is that they are seeing their population begin to drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: In a lot of ways, your book is ultimately about education and women’s rights.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m convinced; it’s the most hopeful thing in the world. Make access to contraception universal for women and it will solve enormous problems on this planet. It will bring down birthrates to a sustainable and manageable level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can educate all the women in the world, think of all the brilliant thinking and human ingenuity that will be added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Q. When we talked in 2008, after \u003cem>A World Without Us\u003c/em> came out, you were hopeful about the future. Are you still hopeful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think my species is facing imminent extinction, though frankly we’ve really rolled the dice with the atmosphere and the ocean in terms of climate, and none of us know how that will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re an incredibly adaptable species; we’ve figured out how to live from the poles to the equator. We’ll probably be moving to higher ground this century. That will require an adjustment. We’re going to lose food producing areas because of flooding or salt water intrusion. It’s going to be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s just my hope speaking but I expect my species to survive. This century is going to be a century of decisions for us in many ways.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat",
"title": "The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60196 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg\" alt=\"salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rockfish and salmon in the underwater dome at the Seattle Aquarium. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/62967061@N00/203572652/in/photolist-iZn4j-iZn4k-pjbZ5-pjbZ9-pmi4J-BrUgw-DvCRG-DvFos-Nd6Fo-Nd6JW-Nd6Nh-Nd6W1-Nd73d-Nd7bE-Nd7gm-Nd7hh-Nd7mb-Nd7Gb-Nda7K-NdabX-Ndaf6-Ndauc-NdaBv-NdaHB-NdaLF-Ndb2F-Ndb74-NdbdZ-258NyY-25J42r-25J42M-25J44B-25NmAC-25NmCo-2BTVxm-2Ws15T-2YQott-31kjTT-31pSWC-35Vduj-3buxmC-3dYszW-3eScNa-46WPBK-46WPE6-46WPGk-46WPJZ-471V59-471V7s-471Vaf-471Vmf/\">Merelymel13\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are keystone species that deliver vital nutrients to the soil and support the local economy. These fish have been a cultural icon since the earliest days of human settlement in the Pacific Northwest. But the salmon’s preservation has not always been a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://weber.s.uw.edu/research/publications/ms_phd/Goff_M_MS_Su10.pdf\">68 percent\u003c/a> of Seattle’s shoreline habitat was destroyed by the construction of the Elliott Bay Seawall. It was intended to prevent shore erosion and enable waterfront development, but the seawall also decimated salmon populations, reducing them by \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/illusion.htm#Introduction\">90 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a major urban reconstruction project, including the replacement of the seawall, offers hope for the salmon by creating a more hospitable migratory corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60230 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png\" alt=\"light penetration 03\" width=\"426\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png 875w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-400x278.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-800x556.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Sun penetrates the sidewalk and connects human and marine realms.\u003cbr>Right: Some wavelengths (colors) of light penetrate water deeper than others.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>“We needed to replace the seawall. It’s the face of our waterfront,” says Jessica Murphy, project manager of \u003ca href=\"http://waterfrontseattle.org/\">Waterfront Seattle\u003c/a>. “This is a unique opportunity to replace habitat that was lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy coordinates a team of marine scientists and engineers in Seattle developing an innovative construction plan to address three main problems that the migrating salmon currently face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shaded Shoreline Habitat\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/seawall/may11/Habitat%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Stakeholder%20Meeting%204.pdf\">can’t see well\u003c/a> in the dark, and piers, sidewalks, and other structures shroud about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/donor-newsletter/may-2013\">60 percent\u003c/a> of the downtown shoreline in darkness. To avoid swimming blindly, juveniles swim around these structures into deeper waters where they face food competition from larger fish and predation from harbor seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glass blocks inserted into the sidewalks offer a solution. The glass blocks will allow light to penetrate from the sidewalk into the water and create a safe, well-lit path for the salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60206\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60206 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Habitat-Bench-3.jpg\" alt=\"Habitat Bench (3)\" width=\"378\" height=\"442\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A salmon corridor along the seawall's edge affords juveniles a safe journey to the sea.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barren Shores\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon eat the zooplankton and other invertebrates that congregate near marine and shoreline plants. But few plants can grow in the shadow of waterfront structures, and there is little shoreline vegetation amid the bustling business landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New light-penetrating sidewalks will help plants grow underwater. Plans to create \u003ca href=\"http://www.sera17.ext.vt.edu/Documents/BMP_Riparian_Zones.pdf\">riparian zones\u003c/a> include planting trees and shrubs along the banks and planters along the walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the waterfront will not only support salmon but also reduce shoreline erosion, improve water quality, and add to the beauty of Seattle’s shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Waters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Much of Elliott Bay is very deep to allow ships to dock, but juvenile salmon prefer shallow water where they can find food and shelter. Engineers will manufacture a “bench” around the edge of the seawall, approximately two and one-half feet below the surface, creating a shallow migration corridor for returning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ambitious waterfront plans may take years to complete, but the design team is confident the changes will create a more prosperous future for the salmon that pass through Seattle’s Puget Sound. From the Duwamish River to the open ocean, salmon will have a safer and more suitable migration route, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/seawall.htm\">Elliot Bay Seawall Project\u003c/a> could become a model for urban waterfronts around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60196 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg\" alt=\"salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rockfish and salmon in the underwater dome at the Seattle Aquarium. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/62967061@N00/203572652/in/photolist-iZn4j-iZn4k-pjbZ5-pjbZ9-pmi4J-BrUgw-DvCRG-DvFos-Nd6Fo-Nd6JW-Nd6Nh-Nd6W1-Nd73d-Nd7bE-Nd7gm-Nd7hh-Nd7mb-Nd7Gb-Nda7K-NdabX-Ndaf6-Ndauc-NdaBv-NdaHB-NdaLF-Ndb2F-Ndb74-NdbdZ-258NyY-25J42r-25J42M-25J44B-25NmAC-25NmCo-2BTVxm-2Ws15T-2YQott-31kjTT-31pSWC-35Vduj-3buxmC-3dYszW-3eScNa-46WPBK-46WPE6-46WPGk-46WPJZ-471V59-471V7s-471Vaf-471Vmf/\">Merelymel13\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are keystone species that deliver vital nutrients to the soil and support the local economy. These fish have been a cultural icon since the earliest days of human settlement in the Pacific Northwest. But the salmon’s preservation has not always been a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://weber.s.uw.edu/research/publications/ms_phd/Goff_M_MS_Su10.pdf\">68 percent\u003c/a> of Seattle’s shoreline habitat was destroyed by the construction of the Elliott Bay Seawall. It was intended to prevent shore erosion and enable waterfront development, but the seawall also decimated salmon populations, reducing them by \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/illusion.htm#Introduction\">90 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a major urban reconstruction project, including the replacement of the seawall, offers hope for the salmon by creating a more hospitable migratory corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60230 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png\" alt=\"light penetration 03\" width=\"426\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png 875w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-400x278.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-800x556.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Sun penetrates the sidewalk and connects human and marine realms.\u003cbr>Right: Some wavelengths (colors) of light penetrate water deeper than others.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>“We needed to replace the seawall. It’s the face of our waterfront,” says Jessica Murphy, project manager of \u003ca href=\"http://waterfrontseattle.org/\">Waterfront Seattle\u003c/a>. “This is a unique opportunity to replace habitat that was lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy coordinates a team of marine scientists and engineers in Seattle developing an innovative construction plan to address three main problems that the migrating salmon currently face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shaded Shoreline Habitat\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/seawall/may11/Habitat%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Stakeholder%20Meeting%204.pdf\">can’t see well\u003c/a> in the dark, and piers, sidewalks, and other structures shroud about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/donor-newsletter/may-2013\">60 percent\u003c/a> of the downtown shoreline in darkness. To avoid swimming blindly, juveniles swim around these structures into deeper waters where they face food competition from larger fish and predation from harbor seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glass blocks inserted into the sidewalks offer a solution. The glass blocks will allow light to penetrate from the sidewalk into the water and create a safe, well-lit path for the salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60206\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60206 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Habitat-Bench-3.jpg\" alt=\"Habitat Bench (3)\" width=\"378\" height=\"442\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A salmon corridor along the seawall's edge affords juveniles a safe journey to the sea.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barren Shores\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon eat the zooplankton and other invertebrates that congregate near marine and shoreline plants. But few plants can grow in the shadow of waterfront structures, and there is little shoreline vegetation amid the bustling business landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New light-penetrating sidewalks will help plants grow underwater. Plans to create \u003ca href=\"http://www.sera17.ext.vt.edu/Documents/BMP_Riparian_Zones.pdf\">riparian zones\u003c/a> include planting trees and shrubs along the banks and planters along the walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the waterfront will not only support salmon but also reduce shoreline erosion, improve water quality, and add to the beauty of Seattle’s shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Waters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Much of Elliott Bay is very deep to allow ships to dock, but juvenile salmon prefer shallow water where they can find food and shelter. Engineers will manufacture a “bench” around the edge of the seawall, approximately two and one-half feet below the surface, creating a shallow migration corridor for returning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ambitious waterfront plans may take years to complete, but the design team is confident the changes will create a more prosperous future for the salmon that pass through Seattle’s Puget Sound. From the Duwamish River to the open ocean, salmon will have a safer and more suitable migration route, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/seawall.htm\">Elliot Bay Seawall Project\u003c/a> could become a model for urban waterfronts around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59531\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"081913buschlitecloseup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The zebra mussel that was found on a beer can in an Omaha lake in 2010.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It probably isn’t the only empty beer can to have found its way to the floor of Zorinsky Lake in Omaha, Nebraska, and it probably won’t be the last. But in the story of a domestic battle that has had wide-ranging ecological and economic consequences, it is certainly the most significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addison Krebs, the Omaha Boy Scout who found the beer can on November 9, 2010, quickly became a hero to local biologists, ecologists, and water recreation enthusiasts -- not just because of his efforts to clean the lake of litter but also because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/article/20101125/NEWS01/711249794\">what he discovered in the process\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attached to the top rim of the beer can was the first zebra mussel ever found in a publicly accessible Nebraska lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relentlessly efficient breeders, zebra mussels have been spreading from the Great Lakes to waterways in eastern states and throughout the Rust Belt since 1986. Over the last decade they have steadily encroached upon the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" \" style=\"border: 10px;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px\" src=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"242\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> map shows annual distribution of confirmed zebra and quagga mussel occurences in United States waters between 1986 and 2011. Click on the image to view an enlarged version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Officials quickly reacted to Krebs’s discovery, draining the lake and freezing out any remaining threat. In the three years since (and despite exploding populations in the neighboring states of Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa), no established zebra mussel populations have been found within Nebraska’s borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabled, mussel-sporting beer can from Omaha is now a trophy of sorts at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Nebraska-Invasive-Species-Project/356557141125\">Nebraska Invasive Species Project\u003c/a> headquarters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The project works to increase public awareness of invasive species, which fosters the possibility of early detection and rapid eradication like that accomplished at \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=zorinsky+lake+omaha+ne&ll=41.22005,-96.161785&spn=0.056103,0.131922&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Zorinsky+Lake&gl=us&t=h&z=14\">Zorinsky Lake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Verhoeff coordinated the project during Nebraska’s spring and summer boating season of 2013. He says that when future generations reflect on the health and stability of native ecosystems, current efforts to control invasive species like zebra mussels will be a part of our generation’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’re in this age of information, we know better. So, given the fact that we’ve done the research and have the knowledge, I’d say we have the responsibility, even the obligation, to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s at stake if we don’t? Lots of money, for one thing. Unchecked populations of mussels can quickly colonize the insides of pipes and attach to the hard surfaces of water-based infrastructures, problems that potentially cost millions of dollars to fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the real victims are the native species that normally support functional, productive ecosystems. Verhoeff warns that an invasive species like the zebra mussel can throw off an entire ecosystem’s balance, or “biological homeostasis.” One of his biggest concerns is that even the professionals who pay close attention to the intricacies of ecosystems don’t know all the consequences of an invasive species running wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60251 \" style=\"border: 1px solid orange;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 5px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe-640x360.gif\" alt=\"shoe\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shoe encrusted by quagga mussels--a relative to the zebra mussel--at the Nebraska Invasive Species Project headquarters. Quagga mussels behave similarly to zebra mussels and are another a major concern in the United States. See \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/current_zm_quag_map.jpg\">this USGS map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you take something so complex, like a web, and you pluck one little part out, you think it has no impact, but it could have huge, huge impacts elsewhere,” Verhoeff explains. “So, it’s much better to take a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides public education, the Nebraska Invasive Species Project takes a proactive approach by regularly gathering water samples from Nebraska lakes and searching for microscopic zebra mussel veligers (the zebra mussel’s larval stage). Evidence of veligers would trigger a rapid and thorough response at the lake from which it was pulled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None have been found yet, but with so many nearby lakes impacted and the relatively low levels of state-funded resources available to fight these invasives, it’s hard to imagine that Nebraska’s streak of luck will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verhoeff wants to see an expanded state policy, such as mandatory boat inspections like \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.state.co.us/Fishing/Management/MandatoryBoatInspections/Pages/MandatoryBoatInspections.aspx\">those implemented in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says there is great support for that because, “people on the water understand that this is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are economically driven and some are recreationally driven because they know what this could do to our fisheries,” he says. “And then there’s another group that just understands that it’s our job to be good stewards of the environment, that it’s our obligation to take care of these natural communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"60213,60211,60214,60212,60216,60217\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabled, mussel-sporting beer can from Omaha is now a trophy of sorts at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Nebraska-Invasive-Species-Project/356557141125\">Nebraska Invasive Species Project\u003c/a> headquarters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The project works to increase public awareness of invasive species, which fosters the possibility of early detection and rapid eradication like that accomplished at \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=zorinsky+lake+omaha+ne&ll=41.22005,-96.161785&spn=0.056103,0.131922&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Zorinsky+Lake&gl=us&t=h&z=14\">Zorinsky Lake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Verhoeff coordinated the project during Nebraska’s spring and summer boating season of 2013. He says that when future generations reflect on the health and stability of native ecosystems, current efforts to control invasive species like zebra mussels will be a part of our generation’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’re in this age of information, we know better. So, given the fact that we’ve done the research and have the knowledge, I’d say we have the responsibility, even the obligation, to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s at stake if we don’t? Lots of money, for one thing. Unchecked populations of mussels can quickly colonize the insides of pipes and attach to the hard surfaces of water-based infrastructures, problems that potentially cost millions of dollars to fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the real victims are the native species that normally support functional, productive ecosystems. Verhoeff warns that an invasive species like the zebra mussel can throw off an entire ecosystem’s balance, or “biological homeostasis.” One of his biggest concerns is that even the professionals who pay close attention to the intricacies of ecosystems don’t know all the consequences of an invasive species running wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60251 \" style=\"border: 1px solid orange;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 5px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe-640x360.gif\" alt=\"shoe\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shoe encrusted by quagga mussels--a relative to the zebra mussel--at the Nebraska Invasive Species Project headquarters. Quagga mussels behave similarly to zebra mussels and are another a major concern in the United States. See \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/current_zm_quag_map.jpg\">this USGS map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you take something so complex, like a web, and you pluck one little part out, you think it has no impact, but it could have huge, huge impacts elsewhere,” Verhoeff explains. “So, it’s much better to take a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides public education, the Nebraska Invasive Species Project takes a proactive approach by regularly gathering water samples from Nebraska lakes and searching for microscopic zebra mussel veligers (the zebra mussel’s larval stage). Evidence of veligers would trigger a rapid and thorough response at the lake from which it was pulled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None have been found yet, but with so many nearby lakes impacted and the relatively low levels of state-funded resources available to fight these invasives, it’s hard to imagine that Nebraska’s streak of luck will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verhoeff wants to see an expanded state policy, such as mandatory boat inspections like \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.state.co.us/Fishing/Management/MandatoryBoatInspections/Pages/MandatoryBoatInspections.aspx\">those implemented in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says there is great support for that because, “people on the water understand that this is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are economically driven and some are recreationally driven because they know what this could do to our fisheries,” he says. “And then there’s another group that just understands that it’s our job to be good stewards of the environment, that it’s our obligation to take care of these natural communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/bumblebee-feature-photo-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-60292\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60292 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Bumblebee-Feature-Photo1-e1378847280791.jpg\" alt=\"Bumblebee Feature Photo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Bumblebee-Feature-Photo1-e1378847280791.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Bumblebee-Feature-Photo1-e1378847280791-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bensonkua/2888168589/\">Benson Kua\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the world, bees are dying in unprecedented numbers. While scientists hypothesize pesticides and habitat loss are to blame, the exact causes are still unclear. Gardeners and farmers are concerned about the fate of their bee-pollinated food and looking to the scientific community for information about how and why the bee populations are declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, money is tight as scientists struggle to gain the funding and resources for extensive bee studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marie Clifford and Susan Waters, graduate researchers at the University of Washington in Seattle, have found a way to get around scarce research funding: citizen scientists. The \u003ca href=\"http://nwpollination.org/\">Urban Pollination Project\u003c/a> (UPP), co-founded in 2011, takes Seattle community gardeners and trains them to collect data on local bees. Tapping into citizen scientist efforts, Clifford and Waters can gather data from 35 \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/ppatch/\">Seattle community gardens\u003c/a> – a scale of research otherwise outside of their resources and funding capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Citizen science,” Clifford says, “allows scientists to address much broader scale questions than they might be able to address themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The citizen scientist gardeners at the Urban Pollination Project measure, count, and weigh tomatoes to understand how varying degrees of pollination affect tomato growth. They also pollinate the tomato flowers using a tuning fork, and are trained in bee identification. Their observations provide insight into what species of bees visit various Seattle community gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfRvQ9UU8Z0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations like these led to a sighting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.xerces.org/western-bumble-bee/\">Western Bumblebee\u003c/a> -- a native bumblebee thought to be extinct-- by bee enthusiast, Will Peterman. With citizen scientists performing observations around the city, Clifford and Waters hope to better understand which bees are pollinating our cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In about five years, Clifford and Waters hope to have enough data to make conclusions about what bumblebees need to survive in urban environments, like how much and what kind of habitat availability is required. As the project continues, Clifford and Waters want to get more gardeners involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60446\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 498px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60446 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV.jpg\" alt=\"Tuning Fork SV\" width=\"498\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both bumblebees and a 128 Hertz tuning fork vibrate at the perfect frequency to pollinate tomato plants. The vibration can literally “shake” the pollen out of tomato plant flowers. Photo credit: Sarah Vaira.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While UPP works with Seattle gardeners to track where bumblebees nest and forage, other citizen projects such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">eBird\u003c/a>, allow anyone with a smartphone or digital camera to help identify plants and animals. These kinds of identification projects can help scientists predict animal and plant behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[With citizen science] you can achieve things that you would never be able to achieve with a more standard set of funds and time and energy,” says Waters, “[This is] a kind of knowledge that is ultimately really useful … and it connects people to their local environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60024 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo.jpg\" alt=\"UPP Logo\" width=\"187\" height=\"193\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo.jpg 1237w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-400x411.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-800x823.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-1180x1213.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-960x987.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 187px) 100vw, 187px\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/FfRvQ9UU8Z0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/FfRvQ9UU8Z0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations like these led to a sighting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.xerces.org/western-bumble-bee/\">Western Bumblebee\u003c/a> -- a native bumblebee thought to be extinct-- by bee enthusiast, Will Peterman. With citizen scientists performing observations around the city, Clifford and Waters hope to better understand which bees are pollinating our cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In about five years, Clifford and Waters hope to have enough data to make conclusions about what bumblebees need to survive in urban environments, like how much and what kind of habitat availability is required. As the project continues, Clifford and Waters want to get more gardeners involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60446\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 498px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60446 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV.jpg\" alt=\"Tuning Fork SV\" width=\"498\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both bumblebees and a 128 Hertz tuning fork vibrate at the perfect frequency to pollinate tomato plants. The vibration can literally “shake” the pollen out of tomato plant flowers. Photo credit: Sarah Vaira.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While UPP works with Seattle gardeners to track where bumblebees nest and forage, other citizen projects such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">eBird\u003c/a>, allow anyone with a smartphone or digital camera to help identify plants and animals. These kinds of identification projects can help scientists predict animal and plant behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[With citizen science] you can achieve things that you would never be able to achieve with a more standard set of funds and time and energy,” says Waters, “[This is] a kind of knowledge that is ultimately really useful … and it connects people to their local environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60024 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo.jpg\" alt=\"UPP Logo\" width=\"187\" height=\"193\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo.jpg 1237w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-400x411.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-800x823.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-1180x1213.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-960x987.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 187px) 100vw, 187px\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Great Escape: How Soil Protects Us from Carbon Emissions",
"title": "The Great Escape: How Soil Protects Us from Carbon Emissions",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60124\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\" alt=\"XBD201108-01182-110.TIF\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soil scientist Margaret Torn conducting fieldwork on microbes in the soil near Council, Alaska. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Jennifer Huber— Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the northernmost city of the United States—Barrow, Alaska—the treeless, flat tundra looks stark and forbidding to many people. The permafrost (permanently frozen soil) is only capable of supporting plants like moss, heather, and lichen, and the temperatures can drop to minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">However, this tundra is a mecca for climate scientists like Margaret Torn, co-lead of the Climate and Carbon Sciences Program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> (Berkeley Lab).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>\"[Alaskan permafrost] has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right\" --soil scientist Margaret Torn\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Torn just returned from performing field experiments near Barrow. She is part of the 10-year \u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment\u003c/a>, a large collaboration among scientists and engineers who are trying to better understand the Arctic’s terrestrial ecosystem so they can improve vital climate predictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists are finding \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10040-012-0939-y\">new ways\u003c/a> to study this complex ecosystem, including looking deep into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Soil is a big mystery,” explains Torn. “We don’t understand why soil holds so much carbon. And we don’t understand how a warming climate will affect soils, the question being whether a warming climate will result in carbon transferring from soils to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, creating additional global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are an important part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bAuCfaNYNE\">carbon cycle\u003c/a>. In the natural carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is taken up by plants and photosynthesized. If the plants aren’t harvested for food or fuel, they decay and their organic matter makes its way to the soil. There, it is processed by tiny microbes—bacteria and fungi—that release the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are critical because they store about 2.3 \u003cem>trillion\u003c/em> tons of carbon—more than twice as much as the atmosphere or vegetation. In comparison, burning fossil fuels releases about 9 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are also a long-term reservoir of carbon. Carbon cycles very slowly deep in the soil, where it can remain for 50,000 years. So, a critical question is, how long will soils contain these rich deposits of carbon? Will the carbon stay put or will it enter the atmosphere in the near future, greatly amplifying climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic’s tundra is an area that is particularly worrisome. Cold temperatures suppress microbial growth, which helps trap the vast stores of carbon in the soil. But global warming is causing the permafrost to thaw, triggering the microbes to become active and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\" alt=\"Equipment that measures greenhouse gas fluxes from the tundra into the atmosphere.\" width=\"277\" height=\"369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equipment Torn and her team use to sample greenhouse gases flowing from the land to the atmosphere. They later determine how old the carbon is in these gas samples using carbon-14 dating. Photo: Margaret Torn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Torn’s group drills wells in the Alaskan ground to directly measure the flow of carbon dioxide and methane from the land to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They measure these gas flows in areas where the permafrost is intact and where it is thawing, trying to understand the environmental variables that are controlling the release of greenhouse gases. They see very high methane concentrations in areas where the permafrost is thawing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this summer they found that in some areas specialized microbes consume this methane before it is released, so carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is good news for the environment because carbon dioxide is a less potent greenhouse gas than methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also take soil core samples from different regions in Barrow and then incubate them at different temperatures at Berkeley Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They find that each handful of soil has thousands of different kinds of microbes and billions of cells that respond differently to the environment. They also determine the age of the carbon in the samples by using \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geology/carbon-14.htm\">carbon-14 dating\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing we’ve seen this summer is that the carbon that is being decomposed just above the permafrost is more than 2,500 years old,” says Torn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, this place that we’re studying has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results have been validated by other recent experiments, but they contradict the old belief that carbon hidden deep in soil will remain there forever due to the soil’s material properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The field is evolving rapidly. We’re trying to unravel the mystery of why we see older carbon in the soil, trying to create a more realistic view,” explains Torn. “It is more complex. It’s the interaction between the entire ecosystem and the material properties that’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the more complicated, realistic view makes climate modeling more challenging. Climate models are computer programs that simulate how the climate has changed in the past and how it will change in the future. They are critical to understanding our planet and how to limit the impact of human activity upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists know that their climate models are wrong when it comes to soil carbon. This is why scientists need new data, like the data they’re acquiring in Alaska, to test and improve their models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can do so much better than we’re doing,” says Torn. “So, we feel pretty confident that we can make improvements. It may not be perfect, but our work is going to make predictions more robust and believable.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60124\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\" alt=\"XBD201108-01182-110.TIF\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soil scientist Margaret Torn conducting fieldwork on microbes in the soil near Council, Alaska. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Jennifer Huber— Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the northernmost city of the United States—Barrow, Alaska—the treeless, flat tundra looks stark and forbidding to many people. The permafrost (permanently frozen soil) is only capable of supporting plants like moss, heather, and lichen, and the temperatures can drop to minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">However, this tundra is a mecca for climate scientists like Margaret Torn, co-lead of the Climate and Carbon Sciences Program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> (Berkeley Lab).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>\"[Alaskan permafrost] has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right\" --soil scientist Margaret Torn\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Torn just returned from performing field experiments near Barrow. She is part of the 10-year \u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment\u003c/a>, a large collaboration among scientists and engineers who are trying to better understand the Arctic’s terrestrial ecosystem so they can improve vital climate predictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists are finding \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10040-012-0939-y\">new ways\u003c/a> to study this complex ecosystem, including looking deep into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Soil is a big mystery,” explains Torn. “We don’t understand why soil holds so much carbon. And we don’t understand how a warming climate will affect soils, the question being whether a warming climate will result in carbon transferring from soils to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, creating additional global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are an important part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bAuCfaNYNE\">carbon cycle\u003c/a>. In the natural carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is taken up by plants and photosynthesized. If the plants aren’t harvested for food or fuel, they decay and their organic matter makes its way to the soil. There, it is processed by tiny microbes—bacteria and fungi—that release the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are critical because they store about 2.3 \u003cem>trillion\u003c/em> tons of carbon—more than twice as much as the atmosphere or vegetation. In comparison, burning fossil fuels releases about 9 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are also a long-term reservoir of carbon. Carbon cycles very slowly deep in the soil, where it can remain for 50,000 years. So, a critical question is, how long will soils contain these rich deposits of carbon? Will the carbon stay put or will it enter the atmosphere in the near future, greatly amplifying climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic’s tundra is an area that is particularly worrisome. Cold temperatures suppress microbial growth, which helps trap the vast stores of carbon in the soil. But global warming is causing the permafrost to thaw, triggering the microbes to become active and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\" alt=\"Equipment that measures greenhouse gas fluxes from the tundra into the atmosphere.\" width=\"277\" height=\"369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equipment Torn and her team use to sample greenhouse gases flowing from the land to the atmosphere. They later determine how old the carbon is in these gas samples using carbon-14 dating. Photo: Margaret Torn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Torn’s group drills wells in the Alaskan ground to directly measure the flow of carbon dioxide and methane from the land to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They measure these gas flows in areas where the permafrost is intact and where it is thawing, trying to understand the environmental variables that are controlling the release of greenhouse gases. They see very high methane concentrations in areas where the permafrost is thawing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this summer they found that in some areas specialized microbes consume this methane before it is released, so carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is good news for the environment because carbon dioxide is a less potent greenhouse gas than methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also take soil core samples from different regions in Barrow and then incubate them at different temperatures at Berkeley Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They find that each handful of soil has thousands of different kinds of microbes and billions of cells that respond differently to the environment. They also determine the age of the carbon in the samples by using \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geology/carbon-14.htm\">carbon-14 dating\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing we’ve seen this summer is that the carbon that is being decomposed just above the permafrost is more than 2,500 years old,” says Torn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, this place that we’re studying has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results have been validated by other recent experiments, but they contradict the old belief that carbon hidden deep in soil will remain there forever due to the soil’s material properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The field is evolving rapidly. We’re trying to unravel the mystery of why we see older carbon in the soil, trying to create a more realistic view,” explains Torn. “It is more complex. It’s the interaction between the entire ecosystem and the material properties that’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the more complicated, realistic view makes climate modeling more challenging. Climate models are computer programs that simulate how the climate has changed in the past and how it will change in the future. They are critical to understanding our planet and how to limit the impact of human activity upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists know that their climate models are wrong when it comes to soil carbon. This is why scientists need new data, like the data they’re acquiring in Alaska, to test and improve their models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can do so much better than we’re doing,” says Torn. “So, we feel pretty confident that we can make improvements. It may not be perfect, but our work is going to make predictions more robust and believable.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Before I met \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/\">Claudio Gratton\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, my idea of a “bee” was a little striped insect that lives in a hive and makes honey, pollinating the flowers whose nectar it collects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Gratton, the honeybee that I’m imagining is only one of a huge, diverse -- and largely unknown -- set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/the-buzz-on-native-bees/\">bee species\u003c/a> on the planet. Despite their ubiquity in North America, honeybees are a European import.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of other pollinators out there,” explains Gratton. The 500 or 600 wild bee species that live in Wisconsin are only a fraction of the 4,000 native to the United States. But because they tend to be solitary, aren’t easily managed, and don’t produce honey, they’ve mostly flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw some of these native bees neatly pinned in glass cases in Gratton’s lab. They range from big, fluffy bumblebees to tiny creatures barely larger than the head of the pin skewering them. Some are iridescent -- almost otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59185\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59185 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h-414x360.jpg\" alt=\"Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program. \" width=\"331\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/\">USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much more than just eye-catching novelties, native bees could be the key to avoiding an impending agricultural crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We rely on honeybees to pollinate about three-quarters of the world’s food. Crops like almonds, apples, onions, and blueberries all need animals like insects and bats to ferry pollen from anther to stigma. Most commercial farmers rent honeybee hives each year to provide pollination services. But over the last decade the honeybee population has been devastated by an onslaught of agricultural chemicals, diseases, parasites, and climate-change-induced shifts in plant behavior. In combination, these forces cause \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/05/honeybee-decline.html\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, which has claimed a third of the nation’s honeybees every year for the last seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could wild, native bees step into the breach and offer the same agricultural support long provided by honeybees?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using native pollinators as a substitute for honeybees is something we’re looking at,” Gratton says. After all, before European settlers arrived with their straw beehives in the 17th century, wild bees and other native pollinators turned America’s flowers into food. Based on Gratton’s studies of cranberry farms in Wisconsin (the country’s largest cranberry producer), they may be doing it again. Some cranberry farmers can get a good yield without bringing in any honeybees at all. A study in New Jersey found similar results for watermelons. In fact, some recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/348685/description/Native_pollinators_boost_crop_yields_worldwide\">data\u003c/a> suggest that wild bees may be even more efficient pollinators than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can farmers encourage wild bees to pollinate crops? \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecology-Letters.pdf\">Studies\u003c/a> suggest that strategies like planting small patches of other flowering plants among crops, avoiding pesticides and herbicides, and planning crop rotations to ensure blossoms throughout the season can all encourage native-pollinator activity. But perhaps most critical, says Gratton, is keeping agricultural landscapes diverse. Because wild bees depend on natural landscapes for habitat and food, interspersing fields with uncultivated areas like grasslands and forests can actually increase crop yield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59053 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Gratton points out, “We often think of these areas as wastelands, as unproductive environments, when in fact they’re very productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if farmers are able to attract native bees, one of the key questions is whether or not these bees will be able to sidestep the challenges facing honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is “maybe.” In honeybee colonies, tens of thousands of bees pick up an array of pesticides and herbicides as the hives are trucked around the country chasing blooming crops. These chemicals get commingled and concentrated in the food fed to the queen bee and her young. This can create a toxic cocktail that wipes out generations of larvae. But most native bees tend to be loners. A single bee feeding only her own offspring might be able to avoid the disastrous effects of concentrating and combining agricultural chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these are new questions, and the answers won’t reveal themselves without much more data, which can be difficult for researchers to collect. Wild bees’ solitary habits make them especially challenging to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things I would love to do,” says Gratton, “is to have eyes everywhere in the landscape.” But even if you can find them, bee species are tricky to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yorku.ca/bugsrus/BFoW/Images/Introduction/Introduction.html\">tell apart\u003c/a> -- even for experts -- so Gratton is working with colleagues in the engineering department to develop a \u003ca href=\"http://idbee.ece.wisc.edu\">computer program\u003c/a> that can identify a bee’s species just by looking at the veins on its wings. He’s hoping that one day this technology will become a mobile app, so anyone anywhere could snap a cell phone picture and help entomologists like Gratton make sure that native pollinators keep on pollinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Gratton and his students troop into the landscape with low-tech equipment, trapping bees with insect nets, bowls of soapy water, and simulated nests made out of bamboo. They painstakingly catalog the insects they catch. And they hope that the data they collect will shed light on the promise that native pollinators can help build sustainable agricultural systems -- with or without honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The United States is home to some 4,000 native bee species. In this video, entomologist Claudio Gratton explores whether these wild pollinators can keep agriculture buzzing as honeybee populations struggle to survive. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Before I met \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/\">Claudio Gratton\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, my idea of a “bee” was a little striped insect that lives in a hive and makes honey, pollinating the flowers whose nectar it collects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Gratton, the honeybee that I’m imagining is only one of a huge, diverse -- and largely unknown -- set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/the-buzz-on-native-bees/\">bee species\u003c/a> on the planet. Despite their ubiquity in North America, honeybees are a European import.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of other pollinators out there,” explains Gratton. The 500 or 600 wild bee species that live in Wisconsin are only a fraction of the 4,000 native to the United States. But because they tend to be solitary, aren’t easily managed, and don’t produce honey, they’ve mostly flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw some of these native bees neatly pinned in glass cases in Gratton’s lab. They range from big, fluffy bumblebees to tiny creatures barely larger than the head of the pin skewering them. Some are iridescent -- almost otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59185\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59185 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h-414x360.jpg\" alt=\"Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program. \" width=\"331\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/\">USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much more than just eye-catching novelties, native bees could be the key to avoiding an impending agricultural crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We rely on honeybees to pollinate about three-quarters of the world’s food. Crops like almonds, apples, onions, and blueberries all need animals like insects and bats to ferry pollen from anther to stigma. Most commercial farmers rent honeybee hives each year to provide pollination services. But over the last decade the honeybee population has been devastated by an onslaught of agricultural chemicals, diseases, parasites, and climate-change-induced shifts in plant behavior. In combination, these forces cause \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/05/honeybee-decline.html\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, which has claimed a third of the nation’s honeybees every year for the last seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could wild, native bees step into the breach and offer the same agricultural support long provided by honeybees?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using native pollinators as a substitute for honeybees is something we’re looking at,” Gratton says. After all, before European settlers arrived with their straw beehives in the 17th century, wild bees and other native pollinators turned America’s flowers into food. Based on Gratton’s studies of cranberry farms in Wisconsin (the country’s largest cranberry producer), they may be doing it again. Some cranberry farmers can get a good yield without bringing in any honeybees at all. A study in New Jersey found similar results for watermelons. In fact, some recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/348685/description/Native_pollinators_boost_crop_yields_worldwide\">data\u003c/a> suggest that wild bees may be even more efficient pollinators than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can farmers encourage wild bees to pollinate crops? \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecology-Letters.pdf\">Studies\u003c/a> suggest that strategies like planting small patches of other flowering plants among crops, avoiding pesticides and herbicides, and planning crop rotations to ensure blossoms throughout the season can all encourage native-pollinator activity. But perhaps most critical, says Gratton, is keeping agricultural landscapes diverse. Because wild bees depend on natural landscapes for habitat and food, interspersing fields with uncultivated areas like grasslands and forests can actually increase crop yield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59053 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Gratton points out, “We often think of these areas as wastelands, as unproductive environments, when in fact they’re very productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if farmers are able to attract native bees, one of the key questions is whether or not these bees will be able to sidestep the challenges facing honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is “maybe.” In honeybee colonies, tens of thousands of bees pick up an array of pesticides and herbicides as the hives are trucked around the country chasing blooming crops. These chemicals get commingled and concentrated in the food fed to the queen bee and her young. This can create a toxic cocktail that wipes out generations of larvae. But most native bees tend to be loners. A single bee feeding only her own offspring might be able to avoid the disastrous effects of concentrating and combining agricultural chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these are new questions, and the answers won’t reveal themselves without much more data, which can be difficult for researchers to collect. Wild bees’ solitary habits make them especially challenging to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things I would love to do,” says Gratton, “is to have eyes everywhere in the landscape.” But even if you can find them, bee species are tricky to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yorku.ca/bugsrus/BFoW/Images/Introduction/Introduction.html\">tell apart\u003c/a> -- even for experts -- so Gratton is working with colleagues in the engineering department to develop a \u003ca href=\"http://idbee.ece.wisc.edu\">computer program\u003c/a> that can identify a bee’s species just by looking at the veins on its wings. He’s hoping that one day this technology will become a mobile app, so anyone anywhere could snap a cell phone picture and help entomologists like Gratton make sure that native pollinators keep on pollinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Gratton and his students troop into the landscape with low-tech equipment, trapping bees with insect nets, bowls of soapy water, and simulated nests made out of bamboo. They painstakingly catalog the insects they catch. And they hope that the data they collect will shed light on the promise that native pollinators can help build sustainable agricultural systems -- with or without honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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