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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Click PLAY to hear mating calls from Cameroonian frogs in quarantine at Cal Academy: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" mediaid=\"59563\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent June evening, herpetologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/heroes/dblackburn/\">David Blackburn\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> was knee-deep in a west African lake hoping to capture a critically endangered frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cold, clear water of Cameroon’s Lake Oku, hundreds of brown and gray frogs with webbed feet were paddling around looking for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake Oku clawed frog, found nowhere else but in this lake, is like other frogs across the globe that are fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of frog species worldwide are losing habitat due to deforestation and an amphibian disease caused by a type of fungus called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/\">\u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.” The fungus grows on the frogs’ skin and causes sloughing skin and extreme lethargy. The changes to the frogs’ skin can be deadly, because frogs absorb water, salts and other nutrients get through their skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a third of the world's amphibians are threatened with extinction. The disease is a leading cause of frog population declines worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59629\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59629 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\" width=\"258\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-400x600.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-960x1440.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Frogs are the canaries in the coal mine,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/staff/smith_thomas.html\">Tom Smith\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/\">Center for Tropical Research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California - Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “They tell us about the health of ecosystems like no other organism. When their populations decline it’s time to pay attention because what is affecting frogs may ultimately affect us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of an expedition to the mountains of northern \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html\">Cameroon\u003c/a> this summer, Blackburn led a group of students and colleagues to collect the clawed frog and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hoped the fragile amphibians would survive the 10,000-mile journey back to San Francisco where the team will breed the species in captivity at the California Academy of Sciences in \u003ca href=\"http://www.golden-gate-park.com/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By breeding the amphibians and learning about the frogs’ biology and reproduction habits, Blackburn and his team expect to gain key insights that could help save the frogs – and other species like them – in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know so little about some of these species,” Blackburn said. “We'd like to figure out what it would take to be able to breed these frogs in captivity should they suddenly become under serious threat in the only place they're known to occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/issues/invasivespecies.cfm\">invasive species\u003c/a> or predator entered the lake, it would be difficult for scientists to save the frogs because they don’t fully understand their lifecycle and what they need in order to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackburn and his team took video of their expedition. As he knelt close to the water and bagged 25 frogs, he said, “the clock started ticking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once they are out of the lake, we want them back at the Academy in clean and cool water as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59631\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\" alt=\"Bamboutos_camp\" width=\"344\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg 1194w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-400x343.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-800x686.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-1180x1012.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-960x823.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Blackburn's team surveyed frogs in the highlands of Cameroon, they camped in the Bamboutos Mountains, a region with several endemic frog species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to the clawed frog, Blackburn and his colleagues also collected four other species: Riggenbach’s Reed Frog, Bamenda Reed Frog, Rio Benito Long-fingered Frog and the Black Long-fingered Frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the species they brought back, including the clawed frogs, are considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frogs, which are roughly the size of a quarter, were fed a diet of fish or termites before they were placed in a box aboard an international flight bound for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, we had the frogs for two weeks before we traveled back so we had to feed them in the field,” said Cal Academy Senior Biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/aquarium/staff/bfreiermuth/\">Brian Freiermuth\u003c/a>. “One of the things we actually did was use termites; we found nests and could break them open and feed the frogs. Termites are actually really high in fat so it’s good if you want to fatten up an animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than 30 hours in transit, 54 of the 56 captured frogs survived and now sit in quarantine at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of the frogs tested positive for \u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>, which Blackburn said he expected based on his studies of the same species in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t a surprise to me to find [the fungus] in the frogs that we brought back,” Blackburn said. “It just reiterates why our work is so important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From late August to early September, the frogs will be treated with a fungicide that will work to clear the disease. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a third of the world's amphibians are threatened with extinction. The disease is a leading cause of frog population declines worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59629\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59629 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\" width=\"258\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-400x600.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-960x1440.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Frogs are the canaries in the coal mine,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/staff/smith_thomas.html\">Tom Smith\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/\">Center for Tropical Research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California - Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “They tell us about the health of ecosystems like no other organism. When their populations decline it’s time to pay attention because what is affecting frogs may ultimately affect us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of an expedition to the mountains of northern \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html\">Cameroon\u003c/a> this summer, Blackburn led a group of students and colleagues to collect the clawed frog and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hoped the fragile amphibians would survive the 10,000-mile journey back to San Francisco where the team will breed the species in captivity at the California Academy of Sciences in \u003ca href=\"http://www.golden-gate-park.com/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By breeding the amphibians and learning about the frogs’ biology and reproduction habits, Blackburn and his team expect to gain key insights that could help save the frogs – and other species like them – in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know so little about some of these species,” Blackburn said. “We'd like to figure out what it would take to be able to breed these frogs in captivity should they suddenly become under serious threat in the only place they're known to occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/issues/invasivespecies.cfm\">invasive species\u003c/a> or predator entered the lake, it would be difficult for scientists to save the frogs because they don’t fully understand their lifecycle and what they need in order to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackburn and his team took video of their expedition. As he knelt close to the water and bagged 25 frogs, he said, “the clock started ticking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once they are out of the lake, we want them back at the Academy in clean and cool water as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59631\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\" alt=\"Bamboutos_camp\" width=\"344\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg 1194w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-400x343.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-800x686.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-1180x1012.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-960x823.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Blackburn's team surveyed frogs in the highlands of Cameroon, they camped in the Bamboutos Mountains, a region with several endemic frog species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to the clawed frog, Blackburn and his colleagues also collected four other species: Riggenbach’s Reed Frog, Bamenda Reed Frog, Rio Benito Long-fingered Frog and the Black Long-fingered Frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the species they brought back, including the clawed frogs, are considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frogs, which are roughly the size of a quarter, were fed a diet of fish or termites before they were placed in a box aboard an international flight bound for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, we had the frogs for two weeks before we traveled back so we had to feed them in the field,” said Cal Academy Senior Biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/aquarium/staff/bfreiermuth/\">Brian Freiermuth\u003c/a>. “One of the things we actually did was use termites; we found nests and could break them open and feed the frogs. Termites are actually really high in fat so it’s good if you want to fatten up an animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than 30 hours in transit, 54 of the 56 captured frogs survived and now sit in quarantine at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of the frogs tested positive for \u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>, which Blackburn said he expected based on his studies of the same species in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t a surprise to me to find [the fungus] in the frogs that we brought back,” Blackburn said. “It just reiterates why our work is so important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From late August to early September, the frogs will be treated with a fungicide that will work to clear the disease. After that, Blackburn and his team will begin breeding these species as Academy staff build an exhibit in the facility’s aquarium so the public can finally meet the frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One huge part of our goal was public awareness,” Blackburn said. “We really can’t conserve what we don’t know. I’m excited that we can celebrate biodiversity at the Academy’s aquarium. That diversity is threatened and it’s exactly what we’re hoping to conserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Wind Energy and Wildlife: Nebraska Strives for Coexistence",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59170 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"brokenbow1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wind turbine towers above a typical Nebraska landscape near the small, centrally-located city of Broken Bow. Photo by Caroline Jezierski\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Caroline Jezierski, Project Coordinator - Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development has increased substantially in the United States in recent years, from 2,742 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity in 1999 to more than 60,000 MW in 2012. You might expect that the windiest states would be the ones making the greatest strides in harnessing this renewable energy resource, but that isn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska, in the center of the country and the heart of the Great Plains, ranks fourth nationally in terms of wind resources, but development has been noticeably slower than in neighboring states with fewer wind resources, such as Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that if Nebraska had 1,000 MW of wind energy (more than 500 large-scale wind turbines), the carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) reduction would be 4.1 million tons per year. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html\">That 4.1 million tons of CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>is equivalent\u003c/a> to the annual greenhouse gas emissions from 854,167 passenger vehicles, or the amount of carbon sequestered annually by 3,360,656 acres of U.S. forests. Numbers like these make it easy to understand why concerned citizens of the world are advocating for more renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But developing wind energy resources is a complicated process no matter where they are. A series of steps must be taken in order for a project to succeed, including identifying suitable wind resource and transmission capacity, contracting with landowners, signing power purchase agreements, securing financial backing, conducting environmental and historical preservation surveys, investigating zoning regulations, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, developing a \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">wind energy project\u003c/a> also depends on some unique variables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59058 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside-640x239.png\" alt=\"sidebyside\" width=\"640\" height=\"239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the left is a map of developed wind-generated megawatts of power per state (as of 2012), on the right is a map of average wind speeds 80 meters above ground-level. How much wind is your state harnessing for energy? Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the ideal location for wind power facilities is in remote areas, and the energy produced needs to reach population centers that can be hundreds of miles away. Available transmission in these remote areas can be challenging to locate. Since Nebraska is the only state with 100 percent publicly owned power, the transmission lines are mostly constructed, owned, and operated by public entities. This makes for a very efficient grid with little excess capacity on the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska also hosts hundreds of resident and migratory wildlife species, some of which could be adversely impacted by wind energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59115 \" style=\"margin: 5px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA-539x360.jpg\" alt=\"WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/41284017@N08/6885949371\">US Department of Agriculture\u003c/a> shows the endangered whooping crane in flight. The population of this majestic bird has seen a resurgence since a brush with extinction in the 1940s, but wind farms on their migration routes through the Unites States' midsection could pose serious risks to their safety.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59035 \" style=\"margin: 20px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\" alt=\"wind:wildlife impact map\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map from the \u003ca href=\"http://outdoornebraska.ne.gov/wildlife/pdfs/wildlifewind.pdf\">Nebraska Game and Parks Commission\u003c/a> shows biologically sensitive areas in the state. It was designed to assist developers as they determine environmentally prudent locations for potential wind energy facilities. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wind and Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential impacts of wind energy development and operation on wildlife and habitats are not fully understood. They vary greatly depending on the location of the facility. Some of the direct impacts include deaths that result when birds and bats collide with wind turbines, and habitat loss from the construction of roads, turbine pads, and other structures. According to a recent study, it’s estimated that more than 570,000 birds and 880,000 bats were killed in one year with 51,630 MW of installed wind energy capacity in the U.S. Indirect impacts can include the displacement of wildlife as a result of habitat fragmentation, or animals being forced to alter migration and/or movement patterns to avoid the turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development within the Central Flyway is a particular concern in Nebraska. The Flyway is a major international migratory corridor that passes through the center of the state. In the Rainwater Basin and on the Platte River to the north, millions of migrating waterfowl, cranes, and shorebirds rest and feed in the wetlands, croplands, and river channels during their biannual journeys. The sheer number of birds during the spring migration, including the endangered whooping crane (\u003cem>Grus americana\u003c/em>), makes developing wind energy in the area a great concern for conservation groups and fish and wildlife management agencies. Because whooping cranes are protected by the Endangered Species Act, killing them carries the threat of serious fines and/or imprisonment. This worries wind energy developers as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To minimize, and ideally avoid, collisions, developers are urged to meet with state and federal fish and wildlife agencies and not place turbines in areas heavily used by birds and bats. Researchers are also finding ways to help reduce the incidence of collisions in areas where bat fatalities occur. These include feathering the turbine blades when they aren’t producing energy and increasing the wind speed at which the turbines start to turn. This minimizes the amount of time the blades are turning at lower wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proceeding Carefully\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A transition from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources is being championed as a way to help minimize the impacts of climate change and save plant and wildlife species. However, development of these energy sources should proceed carefully. Research to evaluate the impacts of wind energy on wildlife has been conducted throughout the country. It can help inform wind energy development decisions in Nebraska and beyond. Through careful evaluation of the location and operation of each wind energy facility, this renewable resource can be developed while also protecting wildlife and habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59418\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"THORST1034\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov\">US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a> photograph shows migrating snow geese in central Nebraska. Together, Nebraskans and renewable energy developers are working to ensure that scenes like these are not disrupted by wind turbines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nebraska Wind Energy and Wildlife Project: \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59170 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"brokenbow1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wind turbine towers above a typical Nebraska landscape near the small, centrally-located city of Broken Bow. Photo by Caroline Jezierski\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Caroline Jezierski, Project Coordinator - Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development has increased substantially in the United States in recent years, from 2,742 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity in 1999 to more than 60,000 MW in 2012. You might expect that the windiest states would be the ones making the greatest strides in harnessing this renewable energy resource, but that isn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska, in the center of the country and the heart of the Great Plains, ranks fourth nationally in terms of wind resources, but development has been noticeably slower than in neighboring states with fewer wind resources, such as Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that if Nebraska had 1,000 MW of wind energy (more than 500 large-scale wind turbines), the carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) reduction would be 4.1 million tons per year. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html\">That 4.1 million tons of CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>is equivalent\u003c/a> to the annual greenhouse gas emissions from 854,167 passenger vehicles, or the amount of carbon sequestered annually by 3,360,656 acres of U.S. forests. Numbers like these make it easy to understand why concerned citizens of the world are advocating for more renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But developing wind energy resources is a complicated process no matter where they are. A series of steps must be taken in order for a project to succeed, including identifying suitable wind resource and transmission capacity, contracting with landowners, signing power purchase agreements, securing financial backing, conducting environmental and historical preservation surveys, investigating zoning regulations, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, developing a \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">wind energy project\u003c/a> also depends on some unique variables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59058 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside-640x239.png\" alt=\"sidebyside\" width=\"640\" height=\"239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the left is a map of developed wind-generated megawatts of power per state (as of 2012), on the right is a map of average wind speeds 80 meters above ground-level. How much wind is your state harnessing for energy? Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the ideal location for wind power facilities is in remote areas, and the energy produced needs to reach population centers that can be hundreds of miles away. Available transmission in these remote areas can be challenging to locate. Since Nebraska is the only state with 100 percent publicly owned power, the transmission lines are mostly constructed, owned, and operated by public entities. This makes for a very efficient grid with little excess capacity on the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska also hosts hundreds of resident and migratory wildlife species, some of which could be adversely impacted by wind energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59115 \" style=\"margin: 5px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA-539x360.jpg\" alt=\"WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/41284017@N08/6885949371\">US Department of Agriculture\u003c/a> shows the endangered whooping crane in flight. The population of this majestic bird has seen a resurgence since a brush with extinction in the 1940s, but wind farms on their migration routes through the Unites States' midsection could pose serious risks to their safety.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59035 \" style=\"margin: 20px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\" alt=\"wind:wildlife impact map\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map from the \u003ca href=\"http://outdoornebraska.ne.gov/wildlife/pdfs/wildlifewind.pdf\">Nebraska Game and Parks Commission\u003c/a> shows biologically sensitive areas in the state. It was designed to assist developers as they determine environmentally prudent locations for potential wind energy facilities. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wind and Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential impacts of wind energy development and operation on wildlife and habitats are not fully understood. They vary greatly depending on the location of the facility. Some of the direct impacts include deaths that result when birds and bats collide with wind turbines, and habitat loss from the construction of roads, turbine pads, and other structures. According to a recent study, it’s estimated that more than 570,000 birds and 880,000 bats were killed in one year with 51,630 MW of installed wind energy capacity in the U.S. Indirect impacts can include the displacement of wildlife as a result of habitat fragmentation, or animals being forced to alter migration and/or movement patterns to avoid the turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development within the Central Flyway is a particular concern in Nebraska. The Flyway is a major international migratory corridor that passes through the center of the state. In the Rainwater Basin and on the Platte River to the north, millions of migrating waterfowl, cranes, and shorebirds rest and feed in the wetlands, croplands, and river channels during their biannual journeys. The sheer number of birds during the spring migration, including the endangered whooping crane (\u003cem>Grus americana\u003c/em>), makes developing wind energy in the area a great concern for conservation groups and fish and wildlife management agencies. Because whooping cranes are protected by the Endangered Species Act, killing them carries the threat of serious fines and/or imprisonment. This worries wind energy developers as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To minimize, and ideally avoid, collisions, developers are urged to meet with state and federal fish and wildlife agencies and not place turbines in areas heavily used by birds and bats. Researchers are also finding ways to help reduce the incidence of collisions in areas where bat fatalities occur. These include feathering the turbine blades when they aren’t producing energy and increasing the wind speed at which the turbines start to turn. This minimizes the amount of time the blades are turning at lower wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proceeding Carefully\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A transition from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources is being championed as a way to help minimize the impacts of climate change and save plant and wildlife species. However, development of these energy sources should proceed carefully. Research to evaluate the impacts of wind energy on wildlife has been conducted throughout the country. It can help inform wind energy development decisions in Nebraska and beyond. Through careful evaluation of the location and operation of each wind energy facility, this renewable resource can be developed while also protecting wildlife and habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59418\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"THORST1034\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov\">US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a> photograph shows migrating snow geese in central Nebraska. Together, Nebraskans and renewable energy developers are working to ensure that scenes like these are not disrupted by wind turbines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nebraska Wind Energy and Wildlife Project: \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ohio’s Bald Eagle Comeback",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photographer Al Freeman caught this bald eagle family at home in a tree behind Old Dutch Tavern in Sandusky, Ohio, near Lake Erie, in 2009. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.acfreeman.com/Wildlife/BALD-EAGLE/i-3qrs8f7\">Al Freeman\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The appearance of three new bald eagle nests made headlines in Ohio this summer. Why is this newsworthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of bald eagles, you might imagine these national birds diving into rivers in America’s Pacific Northwest or perched atop a tall pine tree in Florida. In Alaska, the giant raptors seem to be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Ohio and other parts of the Midwest that were once home to many of these majestic creatures, populations are a far cry from what they once were -- a remnant of the bald eagle’s brush with extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58766\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58766 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Quest-bald-eagle-on-cedar-point-causeway-erie-2013-al-freeman-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before settlers arrived, bald eagles were plentiful all along Ohio’s Lake Erie coast, but population growth on the shoreline took away habitat and reduced their numbers. In the 1970s bald eagles nearly disappeared from Ohio and the rest of the lower 48 states, mainly because of the insecticide DDT. As a result of years of heavy spraying, DDT built up in the environment and in small animals like rodents and fish. When the eagles ate these small animals, DDT accumulated in their bodies, too. As a result, female eagles laid eggs with very thin shells. The weight of the nesting bird would crack the eggs, killing the chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although DDT was banned in 1972, it took some time for eagle populations to rebound. Only four nesting pairs of bald eagles could be found in the Buckeye State in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1995 the birds had recovered so well that they were removed from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/recovery/qandas.html\">Endangered Species List\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/midwestbird/eaglepermits/bagepa.html\">The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act\u003c/a>, first written in 1940 and amended many times since, continues to help ensure their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58764\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58764 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-abundance-1999-2013-ODNR-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio’s bald eagle population continues to grow steadily today, thanks to the careful management of habitat and protection of nests, but local wildlife experts remain vigilant. Each new nest is a cause for celebration among bird and nature lovers. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/wild_resourcessubhomepage/ResearchandSurveys/resourceseagleeagleviewmap/BaldEagleResources/tabid/15488/Default.aspx\">Bald Eagle Nesting Survey\u003c/a> by the Ohio Division of Wildlife estimates that there are 190 nests in the state in 2013. Eagle watchers have always found the greatest number of these birds along the shore of Lake Erie and the adjacent marshes of northwest Ohio, but now the number of nests is increasing farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.com/news/new-bald-eagle-nests-confirmed-in-gorge-metro-park-clinton-conservation-area-bath-township-1.403382\">nests that made headlines\u003c/a> this summer are in Summit County, about 20 miles south of Lake Erie. It’s the home of Akron, Ohio’s fifth largest city with nearly 200,000 people. But the county also contains a large portion of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Bald-Eagles-2011_for-web.pdf\">Cuyahoga Valley National Park\u003c/a> plus 9,000 acres of metropolitan parks. Park officials there say they knew about the new nests for months, but waited to announce the discoveries until nature disguised the locations with leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the waiting period?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mike Johnson, Chief of Natural Resources Management for \u003ca href=\"http://www.summitmetroparks.org/\">Metro Parks, Serving Summit County\u003c/a>, humans pose the greatest threat to the success of nesting eagles. The reason is simple. Eggs and hatchlings need to be kept warm, and babies need to be fed constantly. Curious humans who venture too close to a nest can keep the parents away from their duties, jeopardizing the health of the baby eagles. Too many humans nearby can even cause bald eagles to abandon a nest completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58767\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58767 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-near-Columbus-Tim-Daniel-ODNR-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\" width=\"310\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge is a human challenge,” says Johnson, “trying to educate people about why we need to leave [the eagles] alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While delivering a recent update, Johnson said that they saw bald eagles sitting on the nest in Gorge Metro Park, but they never saw chicks, and now that nest has been abandoned. But two chicks did make a recent appearance in a nest near a towpath in the town of Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did one nest do well while the other nest failed? Just as in real estate, the answer might be location, location, location. Gorge Metro Park is on the edge of Akron. It is a small park with many visitors and close to a noisy highway. Mike thought it was a bad site for bald eagles, although the birds did manage to pick the one spot that you couldn’t see from the trail. The Clinton nest is more rural and close to a water source and an abundant food supply. It is less frequented by people and a better fit for the eagles’ habitat needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although only one of the nests yielded chicks, park officials are thrilled. “Every new nest is a victory for conservation and recovery,” says Johnson. “It shows what can be achieved through recovery efforts -- the ultimate success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=6AK1YgSAlzs%3D&tabid=6542\">Ohio Division of Wildlife Life History Notes: Bald Eagle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/population/chtofprs.html\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Chart and Table of Bald Eagle Breeding Pairs in Lower 48 States\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/\">American Bald Eagle Information\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photographer Al Freeman caught this bald eagle family at home in a tree behind Old Dutch Tavern in Sandusky, Ohio, near Lake Erie, in 2009. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.acfreeman.com/Wildlife/BALD-EAGLE/i-3qrs8f7\">Al Freeman\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The appearance of three new bald eagle nests made headlines in Ohio this summer. Why is this newsworthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of bald eagles, you might imagine these national birds diving into rivers in America’s Pacific Northwest or perched atop a tall pine tree in Florida. In Alaska, the giant raptors seem to be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Ohio and other parts of the Midwest that were once home to many of these majestic creatures, populations are a far cry from what they once were -- a remnant of the bald eagle’s brush with extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58766\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58766 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Quest-bald-eagle-on-cedar-point-causeway-erie-2013-al-freeman-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before settlers arrived, bald eagles were plentiful all along Ohio’s Lake Erie coast, but population growth on the shoreline took away habitat and reduced their numbers. In the 1970s bald eagles nearly disappeared from Ohio and the rest of the lower 48 states, mainly because of the insecticide DDT. As a result of years of heavy spraying, DDT built up in the environment and in small animals like rodents and fish. When the eagles ate these small animals, DDT accumulated in their bodies, too. As a result, female eagles laid eggs with very thin shells. The weight of the nesting bird would crack the eggs, killing the chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although DDT was banned in 1972, it took some time for eagle populations to rebound. Only four nesting pairs of bald eagles could be found in the Buckeye State in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1995 the birds had recovered so well that they were removed from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/recovery/qandas.html\">Endangered Species List\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/midwestbird/eaglepermits/bagepa.html\">The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act\u003c/a>, first written in 1940 and amended many times since, continues to help ensure their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58764\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58764 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-abundance-1999-2013-ODNR-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio’s bald eagle population continues to grow steadily today, thanks to the careful management of habitat and protection of nests, but local wildlife experts remain vigilant. Each new nest is a cause for celebration among bird and nature lovers. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/wild_resourcessubhomepage/ResearchandSurveys/resourceseagleeagleviewmap/BaldEagleResources/tabid/15488/Default.aspx\">Bald Eagle Nesting Survey\u003c/a> by the Ohio Division of Wildlife estimates that there are 190 nests in the state in 2013. Eagle watchers have always found the greatest number of these birds along the shore of Lake Erie and the adjacent marshes of northwest Ohio, but now the number of nests is increasing farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.com/news/new-bald-eagle-nests-confirmed-in-gorge-metro-park-clinton-conservation-area-bath-township-1.403382\">nests that made headlines\u003c/a> this summer are in Summit County, about 20 miles south of Lake Erie. It’s the home of Akron, Ohio’s fifth largest city with nearly 200,000 people. But the county also contains a large portion of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Bald-Eagles-2011_for-web.pdf\">Cuyahoga Valley National Park\u003c/a> plus 9,000 acres of metropolitan parks. Park officials there say they knew about the new nests for months, but waited to announce the discoveries until nature disguised the locations with leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the waiting period?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mike Johnson, Chief of Natural Resources Management for \u003ca href=\"http://www.summitmetroparks.org/\">Metro Parks, Serving Summit County\u003c/a>, humans pose the greatest threat to the success of nesting eagles. The reason is simple. Eggs and hatchlings need to be kept warm, and babies need to be fed constantly. Curious humans who venture too close to a nest can keep the parents away from their duties, jeopardizing the health of the baby eagles. Too many humans nearby can even cause bald eagles to abandon a nest completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58767\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58767 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-near-Columbus-Tim-Daniel-ODNR-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\" width=\"310\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge is a human challenge,” says Johnson, “trying to educate people about why we need to leave [the eagles] alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While delivering a recent update, Johnson said that they saw bald eagles sitting on the nest in Gorge Metro Park, but they never saw chicks, and now that nest has been abandoned. But two chicks did make a recent appearance in a nest near a towpath in the town of Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did one nest do well while the other nest failed? Just as in real estate, the answer might be location, location, location. Gorge Metro Park is on the edge of Akron. It is a small park with many visitors and close to a noisy highway. Mike thought it was a bad site for bald eagles, although the birds did manage to pick the one spot that you couldn’t see from the trail. The Clinton nest is more rural and close to a water source and an abundant food supply. It is less frequented by people and a better fit for the eagles’ habitat needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although only one of the nests yielded chicks, park officials are thrilled. “Every new nest is a victory for conservation and recovery,” says Johnson. “It shows what can be achieved through recovery efforts -- the ultimate success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=6AK1YgSAlzs%3D&tabid=6542\">Ohio Division of Wildlife Life History Notes: Bald Eagle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/population/chtofprs.html\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Chart and Table of Bald Eagle Breeding Pairs in Lower 48 States\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/\">American Bald Eagle Information\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Students Take Action to Restore Biodiversity and Revitalize a Community",
"title": "Students Take Action to Restore Biodiversity and Revitalize a Community",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57612 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sarah Krauskopf.\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sara Krauskopf.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a struggling neighborhood in Madison, Wisconsin, a charter school focused on environmental education has become a wellspring of community revitalization—thanks in large part, to the students themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientcities.org/Resilient_Cities/PROFILE.html\">Center for Resilient Cities\u003c/a>, Badger Rock Middle School’s inaugural class spent its first year in a rented warehouse, using donated secondhand furniture. The school now has four semesters under its belt and a brand new eco-friendly building outfitted with solar tubes and geothermal heating. Future plans for the school’s grounds include a gymnasium, meeting spaces, and retail shops, creating a hub for community interaction in an area currently without a grocery store, coffee shop, or church.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57610\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57610 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The students -- 65 percent of whom qualify for free or reduced-price meals -- spend one morning a week working in the school’s garden and turn their harvest into lunch. Other weekly activities include hands-on ecology investigations with a field biologist, outdoor projects like monitoring bird boxes, and indoor study sessions where they learn about the school’s rainwater-collection system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the students added another activity to their roster: park rehabilitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea originated one day when the sixth-grade class were in the field, checking out local biodiversity. The students tossed hula hoops into Badger Park, which lies next to the school, and counted the number of species corralled in each one. When they compared their tally with numbers from a dedicated conservation park nearby, they realized that there should have been three or four times as many species in Badger Park. Sixth-grader Elise Marquardt remembers thinking, “This isn’t good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by ecologist Aldo Leopold’s Depression-era \u003ca href=\"http://www.aldoleopold.org/programs/shack.shtml\">rehabilitation\u003c/a> of an abandoned farm, the students decided to take action to restore the park’s diverse ecosystem. Their science teacher, Aaron Kaio, called the Parks Department to ask if the students could work on remediating the area. Skeptical at first, officials eventually agreed to send someone out to evaluate the students’ plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create the rehabilitation plan, students picked species they wanted to see in the park and researched their habitat requirements to figure out how to attract them. They also reached beyond the student body and sought input from local residents. Badger Park is a community space, but no one was using it -- everyone went to another park farther away. The students went door to door to find out what people would like to see in the space. They then incorporated some of those ideas -- like nature trails -- into the plan they presented to the Parks Department in November 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the presentation, the Parks Department agreed to collaborate with the students on restoring the area. Says Kaio, “It wasn’t until the kids were able to present to them that they were like, ‘These kids do kind of know what they’re talking about, and they’re passionate about it, so okay, let’s give them a shot.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57606\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 239px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57606 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2-239x360.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock students comb through the park for different plant species.\" width=\"239\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock students comb through a local park, looking for different plant species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first testament to the students’ thoughtful planning and unremitting enthusiasm is a 1,000-square-foot prairie full of native species like brown fox sedge and blue flag iris bordering a drainage basin adjacent to the park. It’s the fruit of collaboration with the seventh graders, who had spent the year studying water flow on the property. More than just a diverse and locally adapted ecosystem, the prairie also functions as a \u003ca href=\"http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/GWQ037.pdf\">rain garden\u003c/a>, filtering water that washes in from the street and defending against erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall of 2013 will bring another round of planting to expand the prairie and create habitats for species like the American toad -- plentiful right across the street but nowhere to be found at the school. In the years ahead, bike paths, nature trails, and a pond will slowly transform Badger Park into a thriving community space with a robust ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Badger Rock’s students are changing the landscape, but it seems that the transformation goes both ways. “When I first came here, I had no idea what ‘biodiversity’ meant, explains sixth-grader Majenta Stuntebeck. \"When I go to a park now, I can see the difference between one park and another park.” Seventh-grader Jesse Dickrell agrees, “When you come out of this school, you look at things a different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are the students’ hopes for the land and the larger community five or ten years from now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being in full bloom all year, having it be as beautiful as we can have it,” says Elise. “And having the community happy, because that’s what it’s about. Our whole school wants this to be a better place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more projects like this one, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://uwarboretum.org/eps/\">Earth Partnership for Schools Program\u003c/a> of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, which helped the students select native plants for their prairie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57612 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sarah Krauskopf.\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sara Krauskopf.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a struggling neighborhood in Madison, Wisconsin, a charter school focused on environmental education has become a wellspring of community revitalization—thanks in large part, to the students themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientcities.org/Resilient_Cities/PROFILE.html\">Center for Resilient Cities\u003c/a>, Badger Rock Middle School’s inaugural class spent its first year in a rented warehouse, using donated secondhand furniture. The school now has four semesters under its belt and a brand new eco-friendly building outfitted with solar tubes and geothermal heating. Future plans for the school’s grounds include a gymnasium, meeting spaces, and retail shops, creating a hub for community interaction in an area currently without a grocery store, coffee shop, or church.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57610\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57610 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The students -- 65 percent of whom qualify for free or reduced-price meals -- spend one morning a week working in the school’s garden and turn their harvest into lunch. Other weekly activities include hands-on ecology investigations with a field biologist, outdoor projects like monitoring bird boxes, and indoor study sessions where they learn about the school’s rainwater-collection system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the students added another activity to their roster: park rehabilitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea originated one day when the sixth-grade class were in the field, checking out local biodiversity. The students tossed hula hoops into Badger Park, which lies next to the school, and counted the number of species corralled in each one. When they compared their tally with numbers from a dedicated conservation park nearby, they realized that there should have been three or four times as many species in Badger Park. Sixth-grader Elise Marquardt remembers thinking, “This isn’t good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by ecologist Aldo Leopold’s Depression-era \u003ca href=\"http://www.aldoleopold.org/programs/shack.shtml\">rehabilitation\u003c/a> of an abandoned farm, the students decided to take action to restore the park’s diverse ecosystem. Their science teacher, Aaron Kaio, called the Parks Department to ask if the students could work on remediating the area. Skeptical at first, officials eventually agreed to send someone out to evaluate the students’ plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create the rehabilitation plan, students picked species they wanted to see in the park and researched their habitat requirements to figure out how to attract them. They also reached beyond the student body and sought input from local residents. Badger Park is a community space, but no one was using it -- everyone went to another park farther away. The students went door to door to find out what people would like to see in the space. They then incorporated some of those ideas -- like nature trails -- into the plan they presented to the Parks Department in November 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the presentation, the Parks Department agreed to collaborate with the students on restoring the area. Says Kaio, “It wasn’t until the kids were able to present to them that they were like, ‘These kids do kind of know what they’re talking about, and they’re passionate about it, so okay, let’s give them a shot.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57606\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 239px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57606 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2-239x360.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock students comb through the park for different plant species.\" width=\"239\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock students comb through a local park, looking for different plant species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first testament to the students’ thoughtful planning and unremitting enthusiasm is a 1,000-square-foot prairie full of native species like brown fox sedge and blue flag iris bordering a drainage basin adjacent to the park. It’s the fruit of collaboration with the seventh graders, who had spent the year studying water flow on the property. More than just a diverse and locally adapted ecosystem, the prairie also functions as a \u003ca href=\"http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/GWQ037.pdf\">rain garden\u003c/a>, filtering water that washes in from the street and defending against erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall of 2013 will bring another round of planting to expand the prairie and create habitats for species like the American toad -- plentiful right across the street but nowhere to be found at the school. In the years ahead, bike paths, nature trails, and a pond will slowly transform Badger Park into a thriving community space with a robust ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Badger Rock’s students are changing the landscape, but it seems that the transformation goes both ways. “When I first came here, I had no idea what ‘biodiversity’ meant, explains sixth-grader Majenta Stuntebeck. \"When I go to a park now, I can see the difference between one park and another park.” Seventh-grader Jesse Dickrell agrees, “When you come out of this school, you look at things a different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are the students’ hopes for the land and the larger community five or ten years from now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being in full bloom all year, having it be as beautiful as we can have it,” says Elise. “And having the community happy, because that’s what it’s about. Our whole school wants this to be a better place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more projects like this one, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://uwarboretum.org/eps/\">Earth Partnership for Schools Program\u003c/a> of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, which helped the students select native plants for their prairie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Penguin Sentinels",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Penguin Sentinels\" was produced by QUEST Northwest's Jo Ardinger.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say “penguin” and the images that come to mind are of frost-covered penguin couples struggling to raise their chicks in sub-zero temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, these aquatic flightless birds thrive in temperate -- even equatorial -- climates as well. For these temperate penguin communities, it isn’t the extreme cold of the Antarctic but the extreme sun and El Niño events that most affect their ability to survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Boersma\">Biologist Dee Boersma \u003c/a>has spent much of her career working with temperate penguins. This video features Boersma’s work with Galapagos penguins, which inhabit the legendary islands of the same name that lie some 600 miles off the Ecuadorian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galapagos penguins represent only one of the four temperate penguin species that Boersma studies. Her research also takes her to Argentina where she studies Magellanic penguins, South Africa to study African penguins, and Peru to study Humboldts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57903\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Native to the west coast of South America, this species is named for the cold Humboldt Current that ensures the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>of nutrients from the ocean floor along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A professor at the University of Washington, Boersma also brings her college students to \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1722\">Woodland Park Zoo\u003c/a>, in Seattle, where they can observe \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1855#.UebWxFO9zxs\">Humboldt penguins\u003c/a> in person. The Humboldts that reside at this zoo are able to stay cool and healthy with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=151\">an innovative “green” habitat featuring a geothermal heating and cooling system\u003c/a>. Water is continually recycled and cleaned through a “constructed wetland” modeled on a natural ecosystem. Plant roots and microbes absorb the nutrients in penguin wastewater and return it, purified, to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/penguin-sentinels/wpz-flow-diagram-rvsd-apr-10-11-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-58003\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/WPZ-flow-diagram-rvsd-Apr-10-11-300.jpg\" alt=\"WPZ flow diagram-rvsd Apr 10-11-300\" width=\"542\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodland Park Zoo's \"green\" penguin exhibit saves approximately 3,000,000 gallons of water and 22,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year. That's 24 million pints of drinking water and heat for five, new two-bedroom townhouses per year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green habitat is meant to spark visitors’ curiosity about techniques for using natural processes to live more lightly on the earth -- techniques that can benefit animal and human communities alike. This simulated ecosystem also demonstrates how the health of any species is directly tied to the health of its habitat. Like the zoo’s captive penguin community, the world’s wild penguins can only thrive if the marine ecosystems they inhabit remain healthy and intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Boersma, “Penguins are ocean sentinels, telling us how climate variation, petroleum pollution, fishing, and habitat modifications are impacting penguins as well as humans. Penguins can be our ambassadors so that humans make better choices that improve the quality of life for penguins and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Galapagos Penguin\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood WATCH\u003c/a> suggestions for eco-certified, “penguin friendly” seafood choices\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Penguin Sentinels\" was produced by QUEST Northwest's Jo Ardinger.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say “penguin” and the images that come to mind are of frost-covered penguin couples struggling to raise their chicks in sub-zero temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, these aquatic flightless birds thrive in temperate -- even equatorial -- climates as well. For these temperate penguin communities, it isn’t the extreme cold of the Antarctic but the extreme sun and El Niño events that most affect their ability to survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Boersma\">Biologist Dee Boersma \u003c/a>has spent much of her career working with temperate penguins. This video features Boersma’s work with Galapagos penguins, which inhabit the legendary islands of the same name that lie some 600 miles off the Ecuadorian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galapagos penguins represent only one of the four temperate penguin species that Boersma studies. Her research also takes her to Argentina where she studies Magellanic penguins, South Africa to study African penguins, and Peru to study Humboldts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57903\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Native to the west coast of South America, this species is named for the cold Humboldt Current that ensures the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>of nutrients from the ocean floor along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A professor at the University of Washington, Boersma also brings her college students to \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1722\">Woodland Park Zoo\u003c/a>, in Seattle, where they can observe \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1855#.UebWxFO9zxs\">Humboldt penguins\u003c/a> in person. The Humboldts that reside at this zoo are able to stay cool and healthy with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=151\">an innovative “green” habitat featuring a geothermal heating and cooling system\u003c/a>. Water is continually recycled and cleaned through a “constructed wetland” modeled on a natural ecosystem. Plant roots and microbes absorb the nutrients in penguin wastewater and return it, purified, to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/penguin-sentinels/wpz-flow-diagram-rvsd-apr-10-11-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-58003\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/WPZ-flow-diagram-rvsd-Apr-10-11-300.jpg\" alt=\"WPZ flow diagram-rvsd Apr 10-11-300\" width=\"542\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodland Park Zoo's \"green\" penguin exhibit saves approximately 3,000,000 gallons of water and 22,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year. That's 24 million pints of drinking water and heat for five, new two-bedroom townhouses per year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green habitat is meant to spark visitors’ curiosity about techniques for using natural processes to live more lightly on the earth -- techniques that can benefit animal and human communities alike. This simulated ecosystem also demonstrates how the health of any species is directly tied to the health of its habitat. Like the zoo’s captive penguin community, the world’s wild penguins can only thrive if the marine ecosystems they inhabit remain healthy and intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Boersma, “Penguins are ocean sentinels, telling us how climate variation, petroleum pollution, fishing, and habitat modifications are impacting penguins as well as humans. Penguins can be our ambassadors so that humans make better choices that improve the quality of life for penguins and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Galapagos Penguin\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood WATCH\u003c/a> suggestions for eco-certified, “penguin friendly” seafood choices\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Are Wetlands Nature's Best Defense Against Sea Level Rise?",
"title": "Are Wetlands Nature's Best Defense Against Sea Level Rise?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57690 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide. Photo by Michael Filippoff\" width=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg 1672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1672px) 100vw, 1672px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide in December 2012. Photo by Michael Filippoff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Northern California coordinating producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lindseyhoshaw/\">Lindsey Hoshaw\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://woods.stanford.edu/news-events/news/best-defense-against-catastrophic-storms-mother-nature\">new report\u003c/a> from Stanford University indicates that conserving wetlands is critical to defending coastal communities from a rising sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nearly 50 percent of the nation’s population projected to live in coastal counties by 2020, sea level rise could affect millions of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level is rising because the ocean is warming, which increases the ocean volume, and also because ice sheets and glaciers are melting. Storm surges and ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/resources/\">king tides\u003c/a>,’ the highest tides of the year, can contribute to short-term coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global sea level is predicted to rise 3 feet by 2100, but that number can vary widely in \u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Videos/Sea-level-Rise\">different geographic locations\u003c/a> where the land is either rising or sinking and may be tectonically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, sea level is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13389&page=89\">predicted to rise\u003c/a> by at least 1 foot, and could rise by \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/sea-level-rise.html\">up to 5 feet\u003c/a>, since it is situated on several fault lines. Over the last century, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/30/bay-area-wetlands-slowly-drowning-as-seas-rise/\">sea level in the Bay Area\u003c/a> has already increased by 7 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need to look in the future, Highway 101 is flooded every year,” Heidi Nutters from the San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On-ramps to Highway 101 in Sausalito are flooded every year by king tides. “Sea level rise and storms that cause flooding will only get worse in the future because of climate change,” Nutters said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-57717\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\" alt=\"horizontal levee\" width=\"480\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nTo prepare for the deluge, land managers, planners, scientists and engineers are already working to explore and develop possible solutions. One option involves using wetlands as natural buffers against sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128113664\">Wetlands\u003c/a> have been shown to be really effective at buffering sea level rise and flooding,” said Hilary Papendick, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> Coastal Management Fellow. “Not only do they have benefits for water quality but they also provide habitat for different species,” Papendick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, more than 80 percent of intertidal habitat around the bay, that might have been useful as a buffer to rising tides, has been lost to development. It has been diked and drained for salt production and farming, or filled, paved and turned into highways, railroads, and sewage treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy Lowe, a wetlands scientist with consulting firm \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science Associates website\" href=\"http://esassoc.com/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Science Associates,\u003c/a> is working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/\">Bay Institute\u003c/a> to evaluate the concept of \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levees, San Francisco Estuary Institute\" href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/estuary-news/the-laid-back-levee/\" target=\"_blank\">“horizontal levees”\u003c/a> in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\" alt='The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit by the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com' width=\"400\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg 1586w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-800x500.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit from the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A “horizontal levee” is an expanded marshland in front of a manmade levee. By maintaining a wide tidal marsh in front of a manmade levee, urban areas are buffered from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the marshland on the seaside of the levee can decrease the size and power of the incoming waves. It can also serve to buffer the incoming water and decrease the wear and tear on the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowlands, wetlands and mud flats have formed a resilient shoreline for a long time,” Lowe said. “We’re trying to incorporate these features into our planning of an urban estuary in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe’s firm, along with state agencies, utilities, universities and other consulting groups are collaborating on a \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levee, Oro Loma Sanitary District\" href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/engineering/projects/Treatment%20Wetland%20and%20Ecotone%20Project%20-%20Feasibility%20Study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">demonstration project\u003c/a> for a horizontal levee led by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/\">Oro Loma Sanitary District\u003c/a>. Though it’s still in the developmental phase, Lowe hopes that such demonstrations will allow this and similar concepts to be tested, refined and implemented on a larger scale in the next couple of decades. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered species, such as California Clapper Rail and Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, could also benefit from the additional habitat, helping to improve their chances of rebuilding sustainable populations.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-07-11T11:45\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the horizontal levee moves from concept to demonstration, it becomes one more tool in the toolbox to consider in preparing for sea level rise. But Lowe notes that it will take more than wetland restoration to fully combat sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a silver bullet, but it buys us some time,” Lowe said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Restoring marshlands along the shore of San Francisco Bay may be the key to protecting communities from rising sea level and it may lend a helping hand to some endangered species, too. \r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57690 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide. Photo by Michael Filippoff\" width=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg 1672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1672px) 100vw, 1672px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide in December 2012. Photo by Michael Filippoff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Northern California coordinating producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lindseyhoshaw/\">Lindsey Hoshaw\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://woods.stanford.edu/news-events/news/best-defense-against-catastrophic-storms-mother-nature\">new report\u003c/a> from Stanford University indicates that conserving wetlands is critical to defending coastal communities from a rising sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nearly 50 percent of the nation’s population projected to live in coastal counties by 2020, sea level rise could affect millions of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level is rising because the ocean is warming, which increases the ocean volume, and also because ice sheets and glaciers are melting. Storm surges and ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/resources/\">king tides\u003c/a>,’ the highest tides of the year, can contribute to short-term coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global sea level is predicted to rise 3 feet by 2100, but that number can vary widely in \u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Videos/Sea-level-Rise\">different geographic locations\u003c/a> where the land is either rising or sinking and may be tectonically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, sea level is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13389&page=89\">predicted to rise\u003c/a> by at least 1 foot, and could rise by \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/sea-level-rise.html\">up to 5 feet\u003c/a>, since it is situated on several fault lines. Over the last century, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/30/bay-area-wetlands-slowly-drowning-as-seas-rise/\">sea level in the Bay Area\u003c/a> has already increased by 7 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need to look in the future, Highway 101 is flooded every year,” Heidi Nutters from the San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On-ramps to Highway 101 in Sausalito are flooded every year by king tides. “Sea level rise and storms that cause flooding will only get worse in the future because of climate change,” Nutters said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-57717\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\" alt=\"horizontal levee\" width=\"480\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nTo prepare for the deluge, land managers, planners, scientists and engineers are already working to explore and develop possible solutions. One option involves using wetlands as natural buffers against sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128113664\">Wetlands\u003c/a> have been shown to be really effective at buffering sea level rise and flooding,” said Hilary Papendick, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> Coastal Management Fellow. “Not only do they have benefits for water quality but they also provide habitat for different species,” Papendick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, more than 80 percent of intertidal habitat around the bay, that might have been useful as a buffer to rising tides, has been lost to development. It has been diked and drained for salt production and farming, or filled, paved and turned into highways, railroads, and sewage treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy Lowe, a wetlands scientist with consulting firm \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science Associates website\" href=\"http://esassoc.com/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Science Associates,\u003c/a> is working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/\">Bay Institute\u003c/a> to evaluate the concept of \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levees, San Francisco Estuary Institute\" href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/estuary-news/the-laid-back-levee/\" target=\"_blank\">“horizontal levees”\u003c/a> in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\" alt='The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit by the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com' width=\"400\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg 1586w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-800x500.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit from the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A “horizontal levee” is an expanded marshland in front of a manmade levee. By maintaining a wide tidal marsh in front of a manmade levee, urban areas are buffered from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the marshland on the seaside of the levee can decrease the size and power of the incoming waves. It can also serve to buffer the incoming water and decrease the wear and tear on the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowlands, wetlands and mud flats have formed a resilient shoreline for a long time,” Lowe said. “We’re trying to incorporate these features into our planning of an urban estuary in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe’s firm, along with state agencies, utilities, universities and other consulting groups are collaborating on a \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levee, Oro Loma Sanitary District\" href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/engineering/projects/Treatment%20Wetland%20and%20Ecotone%20Project%20-%20Feasibility%20Study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">demonstration project\u003c/a> for a horizontal levee led by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/\">Oro Loma Sanitary District\u003c/a>. Though it’s still in the developmental phase, Lowe hopes that such demonstrations will allow this and similar concepts to be tested, refined and implemented on a larger scale in the next couple of decades. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered species, such as California Clapper Rail and Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, could also benefit from the additional habitat, helping to improve their chances of rebuilding sustainable populations.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-07-11T11:45\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the horizontal levee moves from concept to demonstration, it becomes one more tool in the toolbox to consider in preparing for sea level rise. But Lowe notes that it will take more than wetland restoration to fully combat sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a silver bullet, but it buys us some time,” Lowe said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sustainable Spirits: Liquor for the Locavore",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-56782\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340.jpg\" alt=\"deaths door bottle\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340-400x200.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">Liquor may not be the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the term \"eating local.\" But distilleries in the Madison, Wisconsin area are helping to expand our notions of what can be made and consumed locally. These artisanal distillers are crafting spirits using locally-sourced ingredients like wheat for whiskey, apples for brandy and juniper for gin. Similar to area chefs that seek out homegrown foods for their recipes or the organizers of Madison's bustling farmers market, these spirit-makers are committed to supporting the region's small agricultural producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even knowing that, I was surprised to find a booth promoting community-supported agriculture at one of these distilleries during a recent visit. But there it was, right next to the kombucha stand, at \u003ca href=\"http://deathsdoorspirits.com/\">Death’s Door Distillery \u003c/a>in Middleton, WI. The occasion was the one year anniversary party for this state of the art facility that makes fine alcohols from locally-sourced organic grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve just been a really big supporter of our farms and of our organization as we try to connect growers and eaters,” Erika Jones of \u003ca href=\"http://www.csacoalition.org/\">Fair Share CSA Coalition \u003c/a>told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And drinkers!” she added when I reminded her of the setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56786\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 144px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Brian-Ellison001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Brian-Ellison001-144x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brian Ellison, Founder, Death's Door Distillery\" width=\"144\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brian Ellison, Founder, Death's Door Distillery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Supporting local farms is at the heart of Death’s Door’s mission. “My background is in economic development — rural economic development,” explains founder Brian Ellison. “I got involved in this project to help restore agriculture back to Washington Island as part of a sustainable economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington Island lies just off the tip of Wisconsin’s Door County Peninsula, the “thumb” of Wisconsin that juts into Lake Michigan. Death’s Door is the name of the sometimes treacherous passage between the two. Door County is sometimes called Wisconsin’s Cape Cod, which makes Washington Island something like Nantucket. And like that more famous island, Washington Island’s economy has become ever more dependent on tourism. But it wasn’t always this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56792\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 186px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/250px-DEATHS_DOOR1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/250px-DEATHS_DOOR1-186x169.png\" alt=\"Death's Door passage, Washington Island, Wisconsin\" width=\"186\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Death's Door passage, Washington Island, Wisconsin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At one time, the island had a thriving agricultural economy based on potatoes that were well known up and down the Lake Michigan coast. As transportation systems improved and produce was moved easily and cheaply across country, the island-grown potatoes couldn’t compete. The potato fields became vacation home lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are at least 1,200 acres that won’t go into development anytime soon, however. Those are the fields where brothers Tom and Ken Koyne, fifth-generation islanders, grow organic red wheat for use in Death’s Door whiskey, gin and vodka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using organic ingredients for alcohol presents special challenges according to chief distiller John Jeffrey, “Because it’s organic, it tends to come in with a much higher microbial load than commercial grain.” Without the chemical pesticides used on many commercial crops, microbes are free to flourish. Those microbes sometimes compete with Death's Door's signature yeast, which is added to a mash made of island wheat and other grains during the fermentation process. It’s the yeast’s job to feast on the sugars in the grain mash and produce ethanol, the chemical compound that gives liquor its intoxicating punch. But other microbes may also be eating those sugars, making it more difficult for the mixture to reach the required alcohol content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56785\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/graph001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56785\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/graph001-258x169.jpg\" alt=\" Liquid chromatography measures ethanol and sugar peaks during fermentation. Click to enlarge.\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liquid chromatography measures ethanol and sugar peaks during fermentation. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To ensure the consistency of each batch, Jeffrey carefully monitors the process using liquid chromatography, a chemistry technique that allows him to separate and measure each chemical component of the fermenting mixture. “We’re watching our ethanol peak go up and our sugar peak go down and making decisions about whether it’s time to pull it out because the bacteria are out-competing our yeast,” Jeffrey explains. “We run that line in every fermentation because we’re committed to this grain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that commitment to Washington Island grain that founder Ellison says sets Death’s Door apart. There are artisanal distilleries sprouting up all over the country, many of which are using locally-sourced ingredients. But it’s unlikely that many have such a strong association with a particular place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are relieved when they hear that Death’s Door is named after a real place and that there’s real people involved and real farming,” says Ellison. “It’s a story of real growth and a story of real rebirth in a rural place in America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57338\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57338\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg\" alt=\"Wheat growing on Washington Island\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wheat growing on Washington Island. Photo Courtesy of Death's Door Distillery.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-56782\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340.jpg\" alt=\"deaths door bottle\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340-400x200.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">Liquor may not be the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the term \"eating local.\" But distilleries in the Madison, Wisconsin area are helping to expand our notions of what can be made and consumed locally. These artisanal distillers are crafting spirits using locally-sourced ingredients like wheat for whiskey, apples for brandy and juniper for gin. Similar to area chefs that seek out homegrown foods for their recipes or the organizers of Madison's bustling farmers market, these spirit-makers are committed to supporting the region's small agricultural producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even knowing that, I was surprised to find a booth promoting community-supported agriculture at one of these distilleries during a recent visit. But there it was, right next to the kombucha stand, at \u003ca href=\"http://deathsdoorspirits.com/\">Death’s Door Distillery \u003c/a>in Middleton, WI. The occasion was the one year anniversary party for this state of the art facility that makes fine alcohols from locally-sourced organic grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve just been a really big supporter of our farms and of our organization as we try to connect growers and eaters,” Erika Jones of \u003ca href=\"http://www.csacoalition.org/\">Fair Share CSA Coalition \u003c/a>told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And drinkers!” she added when I reminded her of the setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56786\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 144px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Brian-Ellison001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Brian-Ellison001-144x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brian Ellison, Founder, Death's Door Distillery\" width=\"144\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brian Ellison, Founder, Death's Door Distillery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Supporting local farms is at the heart of Death’s Door’s mission. “My background is in economic development — rural economic development,” explains founder Brian Ellison. “I got involved in this project to help restore agriculture back to Washington Island as part of a sustainable economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington Island lies just off the tip of Wisconsin’s Door County Peninsula, the “thumb” of Wisconsin that juts into Lake Michigan. Death’s Door is the name of the sometimes treacherous passage between the two. Door County is sometimes called Wisconsin’s Cape Cod, which makes Washington Island something like Nantucket. And like that more famous island, Washington Island’s economy has become ever more dependent on tourism. But it wasn’t always this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56792\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 186px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/250px-DEATHS_DOOR1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/250px-DEATHS_DOOR1-186x169.png\" alt=\"Death's Door passage, Washington Island, Wisconsin\" width=\"186\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Death's Door passage, Washington Island, Wisconsin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At one time, the island had a thriving agricultural economy based on potatoes that were well known up and down the Lake Michigan coast. As transportation systems improved and produce was moved easily and cheaply across country, the island-grown potatoes couldn’t compete. The potato fields became vacation home lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are at least 1,200 acres that won’t go into development anytime soon, however. Those are the fields where brothers Tom and Ken Koyne, fifth-generation islanders, grow organic red wheat for use in Death’s Door whiskey, gin and vodka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using organic ingredients for alcohol presents special challenges according to chief distiller John Jeffrey, “Because it’s organic, it tends to come in with a much higher microbial load than commercial grain.” Without the chemical pesticides used on many commercial crops, microbes are free to flourish. Those microbes sometimes compete with Death's Door's signature yeast, which is added to a mash made of island wheat and other grains during the fermentation process. It’s the yeast’s job to feast on the sugars in the grain mash and produce ethanol, the chemical compound that gives liquor its intoxicating punch. But other microbes may also be eating those sugars, making it more difficult for the mixture to reach the required alcohol content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56785\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/graph001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56785\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/graph001-258x169.jpg\" alt=\" Liquid chromatography measures ethanol and sugar peaks during fermentation. Click to enlarge.\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liquid chromatography measures ethanol and sugar peaks during fermentation. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To ensure the consistency of each batch, Jeffrey carefully monitors the process using liquid chromatography, a chemistry technique that allows him to separate and measure each chemical component of the fermenting mixture. “We’re watching our ethanol peak go up and our sugar peak go down and making decisions about whether it’s time to pull it out because the bacteria are out-competing our yeast,” Jeffrey explains. “We run that line in every fermentation because we’re committed to this grain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that commitment to Washington Island grain that founder Ellison says sets Death’s Door apart. There are artisanal distilleries sprouting up all over the country, many of which are using locally-sourced ingredients. But it’s unlikely that many have such a strong association with a particular place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are relieved when they hear that Death’s Door is named after a real place and that there’s real people involved and real farming,” says Ellison. “It’s a story of real growth and a story of real rebirth in a rural place in America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57338\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57338\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg\" alt=\"Wheat growing on Washington Island\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wheat growing on Washington Island. Photo Courtesy of Death's Door Distillery.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56673 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 045_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenhouse plants are used to help filter wastewater from toilets at an Oberlin College building.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the small liberal arts campus of Oberlin College in Northeast Ohio, you would expect to see some funky hairdos, a smattering of fixed-gear bikes, and certainly some people strolling barefoot to class. But you might not expect to find their bathroom stalls peppered with “Poop Haikus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies\u003c/a>, musings on human excrement dominate the toilet landscape.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-56672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788-233x169.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 033\" width=\"233\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">One student writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>“Normally I hate\u003cbr>\nPooping in a public place\u003cbr>\nHere I feel proud”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Why the sense of pride? Because the building is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingmachines.com/About-Living-Machine/Water-Reuse.aspx\">Living Machine\u003c/a>. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">It’s an in-house wastewater treatment and reuse system that mimics the processes of natural wetlands. Student (and faculty) poop fuels the machine, and the water used to flush it down is recycled over and over, after passing through an elaborate cleaning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">An \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">electronic dashboard\u003c/a> displays the amount of recycled vs. city water used at any given moment in the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I toured “the machine” with biologist John Peterson and building manager Sean Hayes. We set out to follow the flush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first stop is an underground tank, full of—you guessed it—poop.“I think I just saw something coming in!” exclaimed Peterson after lifting the lid of the tank, and Hayes crouched down to confirm the turd sighting. This first tank is where the anaerobic action happens—microbes that don’t dig oxygen live here and start breaking down and converting the organic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the sludge travels to another underground tank, this one with a bubbler that aerates the system. A different set of bacteria hang out here and greedily munch on the carbs and proteins, further breaking down the mess. They’re also helping convert a key element, nitrogen, into a plant-friendly form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56725\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56725\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots. \" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After this, the mixture heads indoors, into a series of open tanks in a greenhouse. You can watch the greenhouse live on a \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">webcam\u003c/a> (though I can’t say it’s compelling television). Big tropical plants sprout from the tanks; Calla Lilies are in bloom during my visit. The plants suck up nitrogen and their roots house more beneficial bacteria. In addition to burning up organic matter and removing pathogens, it’s important for \u003ca href=\"http://water.worldbank.org/shw-resource-guide/infrastructure/menu-technical-options/wastewater-treatment\">wastewater treatment\u003c/a> schemes to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, which if released into the environment, contribute to harmful \u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/faqs_causes_habs.html\">algal blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next stop is a gurgle through the clarifier basin—where the sludge settles and is sent back to the underground tanks to keep the microbe levels high—and then the clear water is piped underneath the gravel bed of the greenhouse. This is referred to as the “marsh.” Here, more anaerobic microbes finish the cleaning job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a toilet needs refilling—or the landscaping needs watering—the clean, treated water is passed through an ultraviolet light to kill any lingering pathogens, and then it’s put into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Living Machine technology was invented by biologist John Todd in the late nineties (\u003ca href=\"http://permaculturenews.org/2013/04/29/john-todd-living-machines-lecture/\">hear\u003c/a> him talk about it), and versions of it are now in place in several buildings across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The usefulness of the technology here in Oberlin, where water isn’t scarce, is less about its practical benefits and more about the educational ones. Local schools organize field trips to see the machine at work, and college students organize campaigns to promote on-campus pooping. Even internet gazers get involved with interactive tools and webcams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It introduces the concept of internal recycling and systems-thinking, says Peterson. “It challenges people to think: what’s waste vs. what’s resource?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson says coming to this building is an experience—an experience that starts with a trip to the bathroom. As a friend of mine who had visited the campus proudly told me, “Yep, I made a contribution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Explore a waterless way to deal with human excrement: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/home/composting-toilet1.htm\">\u003cem>the composting toilet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Engineered to mimic a wetland, an innovative system at Oberlin College uses plants and microbes to recycle wastewater—a process that begins with a trip to the bathroom.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56673 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 045_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenhouse plants are used to help filter wastewater from toilets at an Oberlin College building.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the small liberal arts campus of Oberlin College in Northeast Ohio, you would expect to see some funky hairdos, a smattering of fixed-gear bikes, and certainly some people strolling barefoot to class. But you might not expect to find their bathroom stalls peppered with “Poop Haikus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies\u003c/a>, musings on human excrement dominate the toilet landscape.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-56672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788-233x169.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 033\" width=\"233\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">One student writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>“Normally I hate\u003cbr>\nPooping in a public place\u003cbr>\nHere I feel proud”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Why the sense of pride? Because the building is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingmachines.com/About-Living-Machine/Water-Reuse.aspx\">Living Machine\u003c/a>. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">It’s an in-house wastewater treatment and reuse system that mimics the processes of natural wetlands. Student (and faculty) poop fuels the machine, and the water used to flush it down is recycled over and over, after passing through an elaborate cleaning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">An \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">electronic dashboard\u003c/a> displays the amount of recycled vs. city water used at any given moment in the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I toured “the machine” with biologist John Peterson and building manager Sean Hayes. We set out to follow the flush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first stop is an underground tank, full of—you guessed it—poop.“I think I just saw something coming in!” exclaimed Peterson after lifting the lid of the tank, and Hayes crouched down to confirm the turd sighting. This first tank is where the anaerobic action happens—microbes that don’t dig oxygen live here and start breaking down and converting the organic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the sludge travels to another underground tank, this one with a bubbler that aerates the system. A different set of bacteria hang out here and greedily munch on the carbs and proteins, further breaking down the mess. They’re also helping convert a key element, nitrogen, into a plant-friendly form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56725\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56725\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots. \" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After this, the mixture heads indoors, into a series of open tanks in a greenhouse. You can watch the greenhouse live on a \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">webcam\u003c/a> (though I can’t say it’s compelling television). Big tropical plants sprout from the tanks; Calla Lilies are in bloom during my visit. The plants suck up nitrogen and their roots house more beneficial bacteria. In addition to burning up organic matter and removing pathogens, it’s important for \u003ca href=\"http://water.worldbank.org/shw-resource-guide/infrastructure/menu-technical-options/wastewater-treatment\">wastewater treatment\u003c/a> schemes to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, which if released into the environment, contribute to harmful \u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/faqs_causes_habs.html\">algal blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next stop is a gurgle through the clarifier basin—where the sludge settles and is sent back to the underground tanks to keep the microbe levels high—and then the clear water is piped underneath the gravel bed of the greenhouse. This is referred to as the “marsh.” Here, more anaerobic microbes finish the cleaning job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a toilet needs refilling—or the landscaping needs watering—the clean, treated water is passed through an ultraviolet light to kill any lingering pathogens, and then it’s put into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Living Machine technology was invented by biologist John Todd in the late nineties (\u003ca href=\"http://permaculturenews.org/2013/04/29/john-todd-living-machines-lecture/\">hear\u003c/a> him talk about it), and versions of it are now in place in several buildings across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The usefulness of the technology here in Oberlin, where water isn’t scarce, is less about its practical benefits and more about the educational ones. 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As a friend of mine who had visited the campus proudly told me, “Yep, I made a contribution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Explore a waterless way to deal with human excrement: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/home/composting-toilet1.htm\">\u003cem>the composting toilet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Work Begins on Largest Dam Removal Project in California History",
"title": "Work Begins on Largest Dam Removal Project in California History",
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"content": "\u003cp>CARMEL VALLEY -- A ceremonial groundbreaking in Carmel Valley on Friday marks the beginning of the end for the 92-year-old San Clemente Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org/\">dam removal project\u003c/a> in California history comes nearly 20 years after state inspectors declared the 106-foot-tall concrete structure unsafe and at risk of collapse in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an earthquake were to cause it to have any breaks it would collapse quickly,” said Trish Chapman, regional manager for the state \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservancy.org/\">Coastal Conservancy\u003c/a>, which is helping fund the $84 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most dams, the reservoir has accumulated sediment over the years, so much that it’s now 95 percent silted up and no longer provides water to the Monterey Peninsula. Altogether, 2.5 million cubic yards of sand, gravel and other sediment – enough to fill 767 Olympic swimming pools – has piled up behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-57020 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"steelhead trout\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-400x442.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-1180x1305.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-960x1062.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam’s owner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/\">California American Water Company\u003c/a>, based in Coronado, will pay $49 million toward the project, funded through rate increases on Monterey water customers that amount to about $2.55 a month for average residential users over the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam demolition “is a similar situation to how you plan for decommissioning a nuclear plant,” said California American Water President Robert MacLean. “It’s a matter of ‘when’ not ‘if.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will 1,500 homes and structures downstream be safer after the three-year project is completed, but removing the dam also will help restore habitat for red-legged frogs and steelhead trout whose numbers have plummeted in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 has dwindled to 249 this year, in part because the dam blocks the fish’s migration to and from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited because we’ve been relocating these frogs and fish—now we’re going to let nature take over and let her do what she does best,” said Brian Stranko, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, which contributed $1 million to the removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the project, construction crews will permanently reroute the Carmel River for about half a mile around the sediment, then tear the dam down over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57056 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-800x716.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-400x358.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project, which also received some funding from federal grants, is being watched as a possible model for other dam removals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of where the community came together and recognized there is a reason why people and river would benefit from taking [the dam] down,” said William Irvin, president of \u003ca href=\"www.americanrivers.org/%E2%80%8E\">American Rivers\u003c/a>, an environmental group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest dam removal project in the country was the demolition of the 108-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam\u003c/a> and the 210-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/removal-of-the-glines-canyon-dam.htm\">Glines Canyon Dam\u003c/a> near Port Angeles, Washington, a project that began in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That demolition released more than 24 million cubic yards of silt and other debris downstream. Ecologists are still waiting to find out how it will affect fish and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irvin said that projects like the San Clemente are part of a broader movement, one that favors dam removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are approximately 79,000 dams in the U.S., according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a>. Thousands of them are obsolete, silted up or otherwise suited for removal, although finding the funding to remove them and figuring out what to do with the millions of tons of sediment behind them often pose major challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a while we were building dams all the time, but our understanding of rivers has evolved and we know the value of them,” Irvin said. “It’s a golden age for river restoration and we’re just at the beginning of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "Work Begins on Largest Dam Removal Project in California History",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>CARMEL VALLEY -- A ceremonial groundbreaking in Carmel Valley on Friday marks the beginning of the end for the 92-year-old San Clemente Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org/\">dam removal project\u003c/a> in California history comes nearly 20 years after state inspectors declared the 106-foot-tall concrete structure unsafe and at risk of collapse in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an earthquake were to cause it to have any breaks it would collapse quickly,” said Trish Chapman, regional manager for the state \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservancy.org/\">Coastal Conservancy\u003c/a>, which is helping fund the $84 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most dams, the reservoir has accumulated sediment over the years, so much that it’s now 95 percent silted up and no longer provides water to the Monterey Peninsula. Altogether, 2.5 million cubic yards of sand, gravel and other sediment – enough to fill 767 Olympic swimming pools – has piled up behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-57020 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"steelhead trout\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-400x442.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-1180x1305.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-960x1062.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam’s owner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/\">California American Water Company\u003c/a>, based in Coronado, will pay $49 million toward the project, funded through rate increases on Monterey water customers that amount to about $2.55 a month for average residential users over the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam demolition “is a similar situation to how you plan for decommissioning a nuclear plant,” said California American Water President Robert MacLean. “It’s a matter of ‘when’ not ‘if.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will 1,500 homes and structures downstream be safer after the three-year project is completed, but removing the dam also will help restore habitat for red-legged frogs and steelhead trout whose numbers have plummeted in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 has dwindled to 249 this year, in part because the dam blocks the fish’s migration to and from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited because we’ve been relocating these frogs and fish—now we’re going to let nature take over and let her do what she does best,” said Brian Stranko, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, which contributed $1 million to the removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the project, construction crews will permanently reroute the Carmel River for about half a mile around the sediment, then tear the dam down over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57056 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-800x716.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-400x358.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project, which also received some funding from federal grants, is being watched as a possible model for other dam removals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of where the community came together and recognized there is a reason why people and river would benefit from taking [the dam] down,” said William Irvin, president of \u003ca href=\"www.americanrivers.org/%E2%80%8E\">American Rivers\u003c/a>, an environmental group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest dam removal project in the country was the demolition of the 108-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam\u003c/a> and the 210-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/removal-of-the-glines-canyon-dam.htm\">Glines Canyon Dam\u003c/a> near Port Angeles, Washington, a project that began in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That demolition released more than 24 million cubic yards of silt and other debris downstream. Ecologists are still waiting to find out how it will affect fish and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irvin said that projects like the San Clemente are part of a broader movement, one that favors dam removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are approximately 79,000 dams in the U.S., according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a>. Thousands of them are obsolete, silted up or otherwise suited for removal, although finding the funding to remove them and figuring out what to do with the millions of tons of sediment behind them often pose major challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a while we were building dams all the time, but our understanding of rivers has evolved and we know the value of them,” Irvin said. “It’s a golden age for river restoration and we’re just at the beginning of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "With Condors on the Brink, California Considers a Lead-Bullet Ban for Hunters",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-17-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56773\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After teetering on the brink of extinction 30 years ago, the California condor has made a gradual recovery in the state. But scientists say hunters are hampering a full recovery – not because they’re shooting at condors, but because the giant scavenger birds swallow lead bullet fragments when hunters leave an animal carcass behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legislature is considering a bill that would ban the use of lead bullets in hunting across the state. It would be the first statewide ban in the country and in the midst of a tense national debate over gun rights, the bill, AB 711, is raising controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slow Progress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The condor’s incremental recovery has taken longer than many expected, demanding substantial resources. “There’s plenty of other species to be focusing on,” said Kelly Sorenson, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ventanaws.org/\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>. “But instead we’re entrenched in this very intensive effort to save this species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson is ensconced in a spot along the Pacific Coast Highway, overlooking a large, rotting gray whale carcass, washed up on a beach. The windswept stretch of Big Sur coast is prime condor country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56800\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56800\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"condor-biobox-1200\" width=\"353\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Oh yeah, from a condor point of view this is a smorgasbord,” Sorenson says. “This is dinner for months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over the hill, two condors come soaring out of the trees. “This might be a breeding pair,” he says. “They’re both adults, I can tell from here. They have a bright red head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condors resemble turkey vultures, but dominate the skies with an imposing nine-foot wingspan. Sorenson scans their wings with binoculars, looking for numbers. “I can almost make it out. It looks like it might be 51.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t many condors without numbered tags, because most were born in captivity. Centuries ago, condors ranged from Canada to Texas. But by 1982, under pressure from hunting and habitat loss, only 22 remained. Scientists took them out of the wild in a last-ditch effort to save the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fortunately they bred very well in captivity and we started reintroducing condors to Big Sur in 1997,” Sorenson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a slow recovery since. Today, there are about 400 condors in California, Arizona and Mexico, including a large portion in captivity. On California’s central coast, just 70 live in the wild. It could be why Sorenson is having trouble shaking what happened the day before we met. His team found one of those condors dead, a male that Sorensen had been tracking for 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s what makes it especially hard when one of those birds dies,” he says. “But if it’s what it usually is, which is lead poisoning, it makes it even harder to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson’s team traps condors twice a year to test for lead poisoning. If they catch a case in time, the bird is taken to a treatment center in Southern California. Ten condors have already been treated this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Condor Forensics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56804\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56804 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200-576x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"403\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The problem is really epidemic,” says toxicologist Myra Finkelstein. “These California condors are exposed to chronic harmful levels of lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lab at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Finkelstein holds up a vial with a small shard of metal: a lead bullet fragment found in the digestive system of a dead condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is enough lead to poison and potentially kill a condor,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, condors will feed on any dead animal, including carcasses or partial carcasses left by hunters or ranchers. “They’ll come to eat it and they inadvertently will also ingest these fragments,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through tests on hundreds of condor blood samples and feathers, Finkelstein’s lab has worked to trace the source of lead. In the majority of cases, she says it matches the \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/condors-and-lead.html\">chemical profile of lead bullets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, former Governor Arnold Schwarzengger banned the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/condor/\">lead bullets in hunting\u003c/a> in 1997, but only in condor territory. Condors are still showing high levels of lead, which can shut down their digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It only takes one meal so that’s why the problem is so severe,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the California legislature is considering taking the ban a step further by banning lead bullets for hunting statewide. Lead ammunition could still be used at shooting ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Casting Doubt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know exactly what the source of the soluble lead is,” says Chuck Michel, an attorney for the National Rifle Association. “There are multiple sources of soluble lead in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56808 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200-585x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"410\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The NRA and other gun groups have targeted the scientific research, saying the lead could be coming from paint or garbage dumps. Hunters could use copper ammunition as an alternative, but it’s often twice as expensive. A box of 20 rounds that costs $25 for lead, goes for around $50 for copper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It prices a lot of people out of the market,” says Michel. “If it’s mandatory, there’s really going to be a lot less people that can afford to go hunting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why gun groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.huntfortruth.org/site/\">see the bill as a threat\u003c/a>. “This is a way to bring a cultural attack on hunting and sportsmen and women,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We heard all the same arguments in the late 80s and early 90s,” says Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society of the United States, referring to when lead shot was banned in duck-and-goose hunting nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually restrains very little about activities with guns,” she says. “It just requires that a bullet be made of one metal rather than another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead was phased out of paint and gasoline decades ago. While AB 711 wouldn’t prohibit the sale of lead bullets, Fearing believes it would still be effective and could help other wildlife that also scavenge, like eagles and hawks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just going to take some time, quite frankly, for ranchers and others to switch the ammunition they use on their properties and just for the culture within the hunting community to move to a place where they accept their responsibility,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lead ammunition bill has already passed the California Assembly and is now being considered by the state Senate, where its chances look favorable.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-17-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56773\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After teetering on the brink of extinction 30 years ago, the California condor has made a gradual recovery in the state. But scientists say hunters are hampering a full recovery – not because they’re shooting at condors, but because the giant scavenger birds swallow lead bullet fragments when hunters leave an animal carcass behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legislature is considering a bill that would ban the use of lead bullets in hunting across the state. It would be the first statewide ban in the country and in the midst of a tense national debate over gun rights, the bill, AB 711, is raising controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slow Progress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The condor’s incremental recovery has taken longer than many expected, demanding substantial resources. “There’s plenty of other species to be focusing on,” said Kelly Sorenson, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ventanaws.org/\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>. “But instead we’re entrenched in this very intensive effort to save this species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson is ensconced in a spot along the Pacific Coast Highway, overlooking a large, rotting gray whale carcass, washed up on a beach. The windswept stretch of Big Sur coast is prime condor country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56800\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56800\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"condor-biobox-1200\" width=\"353\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Oh yeah, from a condor point of view this is a smorgasbord,” Sorenson says. “This is dinner for months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over the hill, two condors come soaring out of the trees. “This might be a breeding pair,” he says. “They’re both adults, I can tell from here. They have a bright red head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condors resemble turkey vultures, but dominate the skies with an imposing nine-foot wingspan. Sorenson scans their wings with binoculars, looking for numbers. “I can almost make it out. It looks like it might be 51.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t many condors without numbered tags, because most were born in captivity. Centuries ago, condors ranged from Canada to Texas. But by 1982, under pressure from hunting and habitat loss, only 22 remained. Scientists took them out of the wild in a last-ditch effort to save the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fortunately they bred very well in captivity and we started reintroducing condors to Big Sur in 1997,” Sorenson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a slow recovery since. Today, there are about 400 condors in California, Arizona and Mexico, including a large portion in captivity. On California’s central coast, just 70 live in the wild. It could be why Sorenson is having trouble shaking what happened the day before we met. His team found one of those condors dead, a male that Sorensen had been tracking for 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s what makes it especially hard when one of those birds dies,” he says. “But if it’s what it usually is, which is lead poisoning, it makes it even harder to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson’s team traps condors twice a year to test for lead poisoning. If they catch a case in time, the bird is taken to a treatment center in Southern California. Ten condors have already been treated this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Condor Forensics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56804\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56804 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200-576x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"403\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The problem is really epidemic,” says toxicologist Myra Finkelstein. “These California condors are exposed to chronic harmful levels of lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lab at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Finkelstein holds up a vial with a small shard of metal: a lead bullet fragment found in the digestive system of a dead condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is enough lead to poison and potentially kill a condor,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, condors will feed on any dead animal, including carcasses or partial carcasses left by hunters or ranchers. “They’ll come to eat it and they inadvertently will also ingest these fragments,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through tests on hundreds of condor blood samples and feathers, Finkelstein’s lab has worked to trace the source of lead. In the majority of cases, she says it matches the \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/condors-and-lead.html\">chemical profile of lead bullets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, former Governor Arnold Schwarzengger banned the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/condor/\">lead bullets in hunting\u003c/a> in 1997, but only in condor territory. Condors are still showing high levels of lead, which can shut down their digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It only takes one meal so that’s why the problem is so severe,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the California legislature is considering taking the ban a step further by banning lead bullets for hunting statewide. Lead ammunition could still be used at shooting ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Casting Doubt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know exactly what the source of the soluble lead is,” says Chuck Michel, an attorney for the National Rifle Association. “There are multiple sources of soluble lead in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56808 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200-585x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"410\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The NRA and other gun groups have targeted the scientific research, saying the lead could be coming from paint or garbage dumps. Hunters could use copper ammunition as an alternative, but it’s often twice as expensive. A box of 20 rounds that costs $25 for lead, goes for around $50 for copper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It prices a lot of people out of the market,” says Michel. “If it’s mandatory, there’s really going to be a lot less people that can afford to go hunting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why gun groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.huntfortruth.org/site/\">see the bill as a threat\u003c/a>. “This is a way to bring a cultural attack on hunting and sportsmen and women,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We heard all the same arguments in the late 80s and early 90s,” says Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society of the United States, referring to when lead shot was banned in duck-and-goose hunting nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually restrains very little about activities with guns,” she says. “It just requires that a bullet be made of one metal rather than another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead was phased out of paint and gasoline decades ago. While AB 711 wouldn’t prohibit the sale of lead bullets, Fearing believes it would still be effective and could help other wildlife that also scavenge, like eagles and hawks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just going to take some time, quite frankly, for ranchers and others to switch the ammunition they use on their properties and just for the culture within the hunting community to move to a place where they accept their responsibility,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lead ammunition bill has already passed the California Assembly and is now being considered by the state Senate, where its chances look favorable.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Green Side of Drones: Science and Environmental Apps Abound",
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"content": "\u003cp>It appears that “drones” are here to stay. And Silicon Valley drone makers are going beyond military and spy applications, creating new environmental uses for unmanned aerial vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday afternoons, you’ll usually find Chris Anderson out by the Berkeley Marina, tinkering with his squadron of drones. Looking up at the sky as one of his creations buzzes about, he can’t help blurting out, \"So that’s just freakin’ cool, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Anderson, this is serious stuff. He quit his job as editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine to build \u003ca href=\"http://3drobotics.com/\">3D Robotics\u003c/a>. The do-it-yourself drone company based in San Diego, won’t do military projects. That's part of a compact it has with about 40 thousand developers in its \u003ca href=\"http://diydrones.com/\">online community\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few of them are here today, testing a 2-pound fixed-wing airplane that’s carrying a pocket-sized near-infrared camera, which is nothing more than a regular point-and-shoot model, with the plastic filter popped off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our eyes are like the worst eyes in the animal kingdom,” Anderson says. “The cameras have been sort of crippled, to resemble the human eye. So we ‘un-cripple’ these cameras, to see the world the way an insect would see it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpMn1-qgGQo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Photo: Systems Program, UC Berkeley Engineering \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mini-airplane with a 2-and-half foot wingspan is different from conventional remote-controlled planes because it’s flying without a human operator. It’s following GPS coordinates plugged in before take-off. Other drones track moving objects on the ground using sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more autonomous, the more drone-like they are,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drone darts back and forth in a lawnmower pattern, 150 feet above the grass. It’s reporting its position to a laptop, and snapping pictures to stitch together a high-resolution map of the marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That image may not be something the world desperately needs but Anderson says farmers could use this kind of data gathering and image processing for crop surveys, to figure out what plants need water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A healthy plant will absorb the red light, but reflect the infrared,” he explains. “But as chlorophyll is damaged, it'll start to reflect the red as well. So the ratio of the infrared and the red tells you the health of the plant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application isn’t quite ready to go wheels-up. Anderson is still working on getting his drones to tell up from down. The accelerators, the gyroscopes, the magnetometers and GPS have to get better at correcting each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, it's illegal to fly drones for profit. The Federal Aviation Administration is expected to issue regulations by 2015. Anderson points out that a camera on a drone is far more regulated than the one in his iPhone. \"We've seen what camera phones have done to spread cameras everywhere, except for in the sky. The sky's empty.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 415px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints-415x253.jpg\" alt=\"This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo courtesy of 3D Robotics\" width=\"415\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo: 3D Robotics\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unforeseen Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley technology forecaster \u003ca href=\"http://www.saffo.com/\">Paul Saffo\u003c/a> says one man’s drone utopia could be another’s dystopia. \"There are going to be people upset enough by these drones, that they're going to figure out counter-measures,” he predicts, “whether it's shining lasers into their sensor systems, or perhaps a shotgun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could be used for \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/28/uvs-avia/\">search and rescue\u003c/a>, to \u003ca href=\"http://opencanada.org/features/the-think-tank/essays/the-case-for-humanitarian-drones/\">drop medicine in remote villages\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebrisblog.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/looking-for-debris-from-the-sky/\">to scout debris from tsunamis\u003c/a>, or to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/04/25/179017548/from-battle-to-birds-drones-get-second-life-counting-critters\">count wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental and scientific uses may end up \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> being the most popular. Saffo says drones could also be the next killer app for police spying on homes and teenage boys peeking into the girls' locker room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs of civilian conflict. The animal rights group PETA is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/us/animal-rights-drones\">shopping for drones\u003c/a> to prevent illegal hunting while hunters \u003ca href=\"http://westernfarmpress.com/blog/peta-drones-trophy-prize-us-hunters\">vow to shoot down\u003c/a> those eyes in the sky. Lawmakers in California and other states that embrace self-driving cars are \u003ca href=\"http://legiscan.com/CA/bill/SB15\">drafting bills\u003c/a> to limit self-driving aerial vehicles, out of privacy concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saffo isn't convinced just yet that privacy will emerge as the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>main issue. He likens the current state of drones to when automobiles first arrived a century ago. “There were cities that required somebody walking in front of the automobile with a red flag, warning off horses and riders,” he recounted. “Turned out that wasn’t an issue. But traffic jams were an issue, and nobody imagined traffic jams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Low-Cost Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raja Sengupta is the go-to drones professor at \u003ca href=\"http://c3uv.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley’s engineering school\u003c/a>. On a recent day, he and three of his students gathered at Oakland’s Lake Merritt, to test a small drone that could help merchant ships avoid collisions with whales or icebergs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just imagine if the Titanic had had a drone in front of it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta gets to skirt some of the tough issues like privacy, by taking his drones out to sea. His team did a project with Shell Oil using drones last year. Sengupta says drones could save oil companies a lot of money. “As I understand it, they pay people to sit in Cessnas and fly around and count whales,” he tells me, then adds, “I mean, this is some part of the money we are putting into the gas tank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading industry group estimates that drones will generate \u003ca href=\"http://www.auvsi.org/econreport\">$82 billion and 100,000 jobs\u003c/a> in the decade after they go commercial. Sengupata says the more important number may be the cost of building a drone. It's relatively cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His student Hao Chen mounts a digital camera on a small, beat-up drone made of ice cream sticks and Styrofoam. “This whole thing is probably about 600 or 700 hundred dollars,” Chen estimates. And Sengupta estimates the data it collects is worth five thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen programs GPS coordinates into the drone and it takes off over the lake. Geese flutter away, sounding frazzled. And in two minutes, the drone vanishes. It’s completely out of sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fortunately it’s a very harmless drone,” Sengupta laughs. “It has no weapons system on it. It’s nothing like President Obama’s drones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can sort of see the drone's position on Google maps. It's stuck in a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation, which has invested $25 million in drone science over the last five years, gave Sengupta an NSF-sponsored graduate student. He climbs the tree to rescue the drone, as though it were a stranded cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta keeps laughing, \"This is exactly the kind of doctoral student one wants -- does everything from solving a differential equation to climbing a tree.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The propeller is broken. But the pictures -- the data -- survived. Sengupta says that's proof civilian drones will take off: crashing doesn't put a deep dent in anyone's wallet.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It appears that “drones” are here to stay. And Silicon Valley drone makers are going beyond military and spy applications, creating new environmental uses for unmanned aerial vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday afternoons, you’ll usually find Chris Anderson out by the Berkeley Marina, tinkering with his squadron of drones. Looking up at the sky as one of his creations buzzes about, he can’t help blurting out, \"So that’s just freakin’ cool, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Anderson, this is serious stuff. He quit his job as editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine to build \u003ca href=\"http://3drobotics.com/\">3D Robotics\u003c/a>. The do-it-yourself drone company based in San Diego, won’t do military projects. That's part of a compact it has with about 40 thousand developers in its \u003ca href=\"http://diydrones.com/\">online community\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few of them are here today, testing a 2-pound fixed-wing airplane that’s carrying a pocket-sized near-infrared camera, which is nothing more than a regular point-and-shoot model, with the plastic filter popped off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our eyes are like the worst eyes in the animal kingdom,” Anderson says. “The cameras have been sort of crippled, to resemble the human eye. So we ‘un-cripple’ these cameras, to see the world the way an insect would see it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpMn1-qgGQo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Photo: Systems Program, UC Berkeley Engineering \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mini-airplane with a 2-and-half foot wingspan is different from conventional remote-controlled planes because it’s flying without a human operator. It’s following GPS coordinates plugged in before take-off. Other drones track moving objects on the ground using sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more autonomous, the more drone-like they are,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drone darts back and forth in a lawnmower pattern, 150 feet above the grass. It’s reporting its position to a laptop, and snapping pictures to stitch together a high-resolution map of the marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That image may not be something the world desperately needs but Anderson says farmers could use this kind of data gathering and image processing for crop surveys, to figure out what plants need water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A healthy plant will absorb the red light, but reflect the infrared,” he explains. “But as chlorophyll is damaged, it'll start to reflect the red as well. So the ratio of the infrared and the red tells you the health of the plant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application isn’t quite ready to go wheels-up. Anderson is still working on getting his drones to tell up from down. The accelerators, the gyroscopes, the magnetometers and GPS have to get better at correcting each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, it's illegal to fly drones for profit. The Federal Aviation Administration is expected to issue regulations by 2015. Anderson points out that a camera on a drone is far more regulated than the one in his iPhone. \"We've seen what camera phones have done to spread cameras everywhere, except for in the sky. The sky's empty.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 415px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints-415x253.jpg\" alt=\"This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo courtesy of 3D Robotics\" width=\"415\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo: 3D Robotics\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unforeseen Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley technology forecaster \u003ca href=\"http://www.saffo.com/\">Paul Saffo\u003c/a> says one man’s drone utopia could be another’s dystopia. \"There are going to be people upset enough by these drones, that they're going to figure out counter-measures,” he predicts, “whether it's shining lasers into their sensor systems, or perhaps a shotgun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could be used for \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/28/uvs-avia/\">search and rescue\u003c/a>, to \u003ca href=\"http://opencanada.org/features/the-think-tank/essays/the-case-for-humanitarian-drones/\">drop medicine in remote villages\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebrisblog.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/looking-for-debris-from-the-sky/\">to scout debris from tsunamis\u003c/a>, or to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/04/25/179017548/from-battle-to-birds-drones-get-second-life-counting-critters\">count wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental and scientific uses may end up \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> being the most popular. Saffo says drones could also be the next killer app for police spying on homes and teenage boys peeking into the girls' locker room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs of civilian conflict. The animal rights group PETA is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/us/animal-rights-drones\">shopping for drones\u003c/a> to prevent illegal hunting while hunters \u003ca href=\"http://westernfarmpress.com/blog/peta-drones-trophy-prize-us-hunters\">vow to shoot down\u003c/a> those eyes in the sky. Lawmakers in California and other states that embrace self-driving cars are \u003ca href=\"http://legiscan.com/CA/bill/SB15\">drafting bills\u003c/a> to limit self-driving aerial vehicles, out of privacy concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saffo isn't convinced just yet that privacy will emerge as the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>main issue. He likens the current state of drones to when automobiles first arrived a century ago. “There were cities that required somebody walking in front of the automobile with a red flag, warning off horses and riders,” he recounted. “Turned out that wasn’t an issue. But traffic jams were an issue, and nobody imagined traffic jams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Low-Cost Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raja Sengupta is the go-to drones professor at \u003ca href=\"http://c3uv.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley’s engineering school\u003c/a>. On a recent day, he and three of his students gathered at Oakland’s Lake Merritt, to test a small drone that could help merchant ships avoid collisions with whales or icebergs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just imagine if the Titanic had had a drone in front of it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta gets to skirt some of the tough issues like privacy, by taking his drones out to sea. His team did a project with Shell Oil using drones last year. Sengupta says drones could save oil companies a lot of money. “As I understand it, they pay people to sit in Cessnas and fly around and count whales,” he tells me, then adds, “I mean, this is some part of the money we are putting into the gas tank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading industry group estimates that drones will generate \u003ca href=\"http://www.auvsi.org/econreport\">$82 billion and 100,000 jobs\u003c/a> in the decade after they go commercial. Sengupata says the more important number may be the cost of building a drone. It's relatively cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His student Hao Chen mounts a digital camera on a small, beat-up drone made of ice cream sticks and Styrofoam. “This whole thing is probably about 600 or 700 hundred dollars,” Chen estimates. And Sengupta estimates the data it collects is worth five thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen programs GPS coordinates into the drone and it takes off over the lake. Geese flutter away, sounding frazzled. And in two minutes, the drone vanishes. It’s completely out of sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fortunately it’s a very harmless drone,” Sengupta laughs. “It has no weapons system on it. It’s nothing like President Obama’s drones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can sort of see the drone's position on Google maps. It's stuck in a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation, which has invested $25 million in drone science over the last five years, gave Sengupta an NSF-sponsored graduate student. He climbs the tree to rescue the drone, as though it were a stranded cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta keeps laughing, \"This is exactly the kind of doctoral student one wants -- does everything from solving a differential equation to climbing a tree.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/scrape4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-55660\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/scrape4-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"scrape4\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday is trash/recycling day at my house. That means whatever is cleaned up in the kitchen after dinner goes right into the garbage and then out to the trash bin at the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55664\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bin3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-55664 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bin3-338x253.jpg\" alt='\"American families throw out approximately 25 percent of the food and beverages they buy,\" according to the NRDC' width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"American families throw out approximately 25 percent of the food and beverages they buy,\" according to the NRDC\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scraps of food from plates, pieces of fat from the meat, the hard part from the head of lettuce, the coffee filter filled with grounds, the “icky looking” piece of carrot the kids didn’t want, etc. It all goes into the trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not like I was throwing away a lot of food scraps. But I’ve got to admit, as I rolled out the trash and recycling bins, I started wondering what else I could do with that food waste. My family already recycles. So do a lot of people in North Carolina. In fact, a new \u003ca title=\"Recycle North Carolina\" href=\"http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=4649434&folderId=9377383&name=DLFE-65922.pdf\">report \u003c/a>shows nearly 500,000 tons of household recyclables were diverted from North Carolina landfills last fiscal year. That’s about 300 pounds per capita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But my family, and the state, could still do more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to food waste, composting is an option. But let’s face it; composting is more complicated than recycling. For home composting to be effective and turn food waste into soil, it needs to be turned and treated. There’s also the smell issue as the food waste decomposes. In addition, some food wastes, such as bones, just won’t break down in small compost piles in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently, people around the country have the same questions and companies are cropping up to provide answers—and solutions. From Atlanta to Brooklyn entrepreneurs are pioneering services that make it simpler for people to compost. Fortunately for me, there’s a company based near my home in Raleigh, NC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Bucket3HQ.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-55584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Bucket3HQ-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bucket3HQ\" width=\"223\" height=\"182\">\u003c/a>It’s called \u003ca title=\"Compost Now\" href=\"http://compostnow.org\">CompostNow\u003c/a> and it is one of the first full-service, weekly doorstep compost services in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: For $25/month, CompostNow picks up its customers' compost once a week and drops off two clean compost bins . For every 100 pounds of compost picked up a customer earns 50 pounds of soil. Customers can track how much soil has been earned on the company’s website. If a customer doesn’t need the soil it can be donated to a local community garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55458\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55458 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"614\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Images Courtesy CompostNow\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re here to intercept food scraps from going to the landfill where it truly becomes waste, and redirect it to create the rich soil people have a hard time finding,” co-founder Dominique Bischof told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company estimates it has intercepted almost 50,000 pounds of compostable material since it launched about one year ago. That’s led to the creation of 25,000 pounds of Black Gold—or premium, nutrient-rich compost soil for its customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CompostNow has about 200 customers throughout North Carolina’s Triangle communities. And it is adding new customers every week. Bischof says the biggest challenge is explaining why composting is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people figure food scraps will decompose in a landfill so why bother to compost,” explained Bischof. “But landfill trash is so tightly compressed, food scraps won’t decompose properly. Without much air and water, food waste turns to methane gas, which is a major problem with green house emissions and global warming. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, methane gas has five times the green house effect of carbon dioxide gas. Bischof adds that even if it the food scraps did decompose, all that nutrient rich soil is trapped in a landfill where it is lost forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDrD2fLwsKE?feature=player_detailpage]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what can be composted, Natalie Ross, a soil scientist with North Carolina State University has a good rule to follow:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/compst.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-55658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/compst-309x253.jpg\" alt=\"compst\" width=\"309\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>“If it came from life it can be composted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means food scraps, fruit and vegetable skins, coffee grounds, paper towels, and tissues are all eligible to be dumped into the bins left by CompostNow drivers. An avid composter, Ross can personally vouch for the way compost soil makes her backyard garden grow. She also allays concerns about using soil made from household garbage:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compost soil is moist and crumbly, it doesn’t smell and doesn’t contain any recognizable material, which is something people worry about,” says Ross.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/scrape4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-55660\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/scrape4-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"scrape4\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday is trash/recycling day at my house. That means whatever is cleaned up in the kitchen after dinner goes right into the garbage and then out to the trash bin at the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55664\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bin3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-55664 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bin3-338x253.jpg\" alt='\"American families throw out approximately 25 percent of the food and beverages they buy,\" according to the NRDC' width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"American families throw out approximately 25 percent of the food and beverages they buy,\" according to the NRDC\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scraps of food from plates, pieces of fat from the meat, the hard part from the head of lettuce, the coffee filter filled with grounds, the “icky looking” piece of carrot the kids didn’t want, etc. It all goes into the trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not like I was throwing away a lot of food scraps. But I’ve got to admit, as I rolled out the trash and recycling bins, I started wondering what else I could do with that food waste. My family already recycles. So do a lot of people in North Carolina. In fact, a new \u003ca title=\"Recycle North Carolina\" href=\"http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=4649434&folderId=9377383&name=DLFE-65922.pdf\">report \u003c/a>shows nearly 500,000 tons of household recyclables were diverted from North Carolina landfills last fiscal year. That’s about 300 pounds per capita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But my family, and the state, could still do more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to food waste, composting is an option. But let’s face it; composting is more complicated than recycling. For home composting to be effective and turn food waste into soil, it needs to be turned and treated. There’s also the smell issue as the food waste decomposes. In addition, some food wastes, such as bones, just won’t break down in small compost piles in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently, people around the country have the same questions and companies are cropping up to provide answers—and solutions. From Atlanta to Brooklyn entrepreneurs are pioneering services that make it simpler for people to compost. Fortunately for me, there’s a company based near my home in Raleigh, NC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Bucket3HQ.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-55584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Bucket3HQ-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bucket3HQ\" width=\"223\" height=\"182\">\u003c/a>It’s called \u003ca title=\"Compost Now\" href=\"http://compostnow.org\">CompostNow\u003c/a> and it is one of the first full-service, weekly doorstep compost services in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: For $25/month, CompostNow picks up its customers' compost once a week and drops off two clean compost bins . For every 100 pounds of compost picked up a customer earns 50 pounds of soil. Customers can track how much soil has been earned on the company’s website. If a customer doesn’t need the soil it can be donated to a local community garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55458\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55458 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"614\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Images Courtesy CompostNow\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re here to intercept food scraps from going to the landfill where it truly becomes waste, and redirect it to create the rich soil people have a hard time finding,” co-founder Dominique Bischof told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company estimates it has intercepted almost 50,000 pounds of compostable material since it launched about one year ago. That’s led to the creation of 25,000 pounds of Black Gold—or premium, nutrient-rich compost soil for its customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CompostNow has about 200 customers throughout North Carolina’s Triangle communities. And it is adding new customers every week. Bischof says the biggest challenge is explaining why composting is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people figure food scraps will decompose in a landfill so why bother to compost,” explained Bischof. “But landfill trash is so tightly compressed, food scraps won’t decompose properly. Without much air and water, food waste turns to methane gas, which is a major problem with green house emissions and global warming. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, methane gas has five times the green house effect of carbon dioxide gas. Bischof adds that even if it the food scraps did decompose, all that nutrient rich soil is trapped in a landfill where it is lost forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/sDrD2fLwsKE?feature=player_detailpage'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/sDrD2fLwsKE?feature=player_detailpage'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what can be composted, Natalie Ross, a soil scientist with North Carolina State University has a good rule to follow:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/compst.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-55658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/compst-309x253.jpg\" alt=\"compst\" width=\"309\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>“If it came from life it can be composted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means food scraps, fruit and vegetable skins, coffee grounds, paper towels, and tissues are all eligible to be dumped into the bins left by CompostNow drivers. 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"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
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