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"content": "\u003cp>Are you looking for some science-related activities this summer? Why not help scientists with real research and have fun doing it? Citizen science is a fast-growing movement where members of the general public contribute to scientific research. Here’s a list of some fun citizen science projects in the Bay Area that you can get involved with. Check out resources from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/\">PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a> to learn more about the science behind the projects! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Citizen Science at the California Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_160192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1162px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1.jpg\" alt=\"Mt. Tamalpais watershed\" width=\"1162\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-full wp-image-160192\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1.jpg 1162w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1-800x529.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1-768x508.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1162px) 100vw, 1162px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mt. Tamalpais watershed from Mt. Tamalpais summit. \u003ccite>(Miguel Vieira/ Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right inside Golden Gate Park is the California Academy of Sciences, which offers \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/academy-citizen-science-projects\">multiple citizen science opportunities\u003c/a>. For example, you could help the Academy and the Marin Municipal Water District survey the Mt. Tamalpais watershed to document and collect every known plant species in the area. Or, you can head to Pillar Point and join the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary in documenting the area’s biodiversity. You can even do citizen science in your own backyard if you live in San Francisco to help document the diversity of plants and animals in the city. Learn more about the programs and how to join them \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/academy-citizen-science-projects\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBS LearningMedia Resource\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/kqedq11.sci.journeytothefarallones/journey-to-the-farallones/\">Journey to the Farallones\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn this video from KQED QUEST, find out how unexpected, recent climate change is affecting life on and around the Farallon Islands. The Farallon Islands aren’t just a unique habitat, they’re also a bellwether for climate change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Citizen Science at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_160193\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b.jpg\" alt=\"Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"size-full wp-image-160193\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge \u003ccite>(Allie_Caulfield/ Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has amazing opportunities for citizen scientists in the Bay Area. At the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge in Fremont, scientists are observing and documenting how climate change is affecting plants in the area. In order to fully understand this effect, the plants need to be monitored throughout the year. The timing of when plants flower and form fruit has direct consequences for migrating wildlife. The Refuge also monitors birds and has plans to restore the upland areas along the Marsh View Trail at the Environmental Educational Center in Alviso. They want citizen scientists to help them figure out which species of birds are using the habitat. For more information and to get involved in these projects you can visit their \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/don_edwards_san_francisco_bay/Citizen_Science.html\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBS LearningMedia Resource\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/kqedcl11.sci.ess.disappearingplants/disappearing-plants/\">Disappearing Plants\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn this video slideshow, learn how a slight change in average temperature in an area can result in different vegetation patterns and that climate models project widespread loss of habitat for about two-thirds of California’s plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Citizen Science at Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_160194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k.jpg\" alt=\"Redwoods\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1153\" class=\"size-full wp-image-160194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-1440x811.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwoods \u003ccite>(Cary Bass-Deschenes/ Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With Chabot, you can help investigate the coastal redwood ecosystem, which is unique to Northern California. Scientists at Chabot are interested in how global climate change could have negative consequences to this ecosystem. Monitoring the redwoods also helps inform scientists about how climate change affects the life cycles of salamanders, newts and ferns. Citizen scientists collect weather data and data on redwood forest indicators. \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/c3-citizen-science.htm\">Learn more\u003c/a> about how to help keep the redwoods thriving in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBS LearningMedia Resource\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/a9edd133-cf60-4272-82a7-e22fc626519d/redwoods-and-climate-change/\">Redwoods and Climate Change\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn this video, follow a group of UC Berkeley scientists to the top of a 320-foot redwood in Mendocino County. See how scientists are trying to predict how the remaining redwoods and their descendants might fare in the face of climate change in the decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to learn about other citizen science opportunities in the Bay Area? Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/bayareacitizenscience\">Bay Area Citizen Science Facebook group\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://calnat.ucanr.edu/California_PPSR/\">this list\u003c/a> compiled by the UC California Naturalist Program. Are you involved in any exciting citizen science activities? Share them in the comments below. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Are you looking for some science-related activities this summer? Why not help scientists with real research and have fun doing it? Citizen science is a fast-growing movement where members of the general public contribute to scientific research. Here’s a list of some fun citizen science projects in the Bay Area that you can get involved with. Check out resources from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/\">PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a> to learn more about the science behind the projects! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Citizen Science at the California Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_160192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1162px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1.jpg\" alt=\"Mt. Tamalpais watershed\" width=\"1162\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-full wp-image-160192\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1.jpg 1162w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1-800x529.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1-768x508.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/2440494686_e5119810cd_o-1-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1162px) 100vw, 1162px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mt. Tamalpais watershed from Mt. Tamalpais summit. \u003ccite>(Miguel Vieira/ Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right inside Golden Gate Park is the California Academy of Sciences, which offers \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/academy-citizen-science-projects\">multiple citizen science opportunities\u003c/a>. For example, you could help the Academy and the Marin Municipal Water District survey the Mt. Tamalpais watershed to document and collect every known plant species in the area. Or, you can head to Pillar Point and join the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary in documenting the area’s biodiversity. You can even do citizen science in your own backyard if you live in San Francisco to help document the diversity of plants and animals in the city. Learn more about the programs and how to join them \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/academy-citizen-science-projects\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBS LearningMedia Resource\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/kqedq11.sci.journeytothefarallones/journey-to-the-farallones/\">Journey to the Farallones\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn this video from KQED QUEST, find out how unexpected, recent climate change is affecting life on and around the Farallon Islands. The Farallon Islands aren’t just a unique habitat, they’re also a bellwether for climate change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Citizen Science at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_160193\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b.jpg\" alt=\"Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"size-full wp-image-160193\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/6376835767_3345df32d9_b-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge \u003ccite>(Allie_Caulfield/ Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has amazing opportunities for citizen scientists in the Bay Area. At the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge in Fremont, scientists are observing and documenting how climate change is affecting plants in the area. In order to fully understand this effect, the plants need to be monitored throughout the year. The timing of when plants flower and form fruit has direct consequences for migrating wildlife. The Refuge also monitors birds and has plans to restore the upland areas along the Marsh View Trail at the Environmental Educational Center in Alviso. They want citizen scientists to help them figure out which species of birds are using the habitat. For more information and to get involved in these projects you can visit their \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/don_edwards_san_francisco_bay/Citizen_Science.html\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBS LearningMedia Resource\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/kqedcl11.sci.ess.disappearingplants/disappearing-plants/\">Disappearing Plants\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn this video slideshow, learn how a slight change in average temperature in an area can result in different vegetation patterns and that climate models project widespread loss of habitat for about two-thirds of California’s plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Citizen Science at Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_160194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k.jpg\" alt=\"Redwoods\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1153\" class=\"size-full wp-image-160194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-1440x811.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/06/7966569602_38e48038d0_k-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwoods \u003ccite>(Cary Bass-Deschenes/ Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With Chabot, you can help investigate the coastal redwood ecosystem, which is unique to Northern California. Scientists at Chabot are interested in how global climate change could have negative consequences to this ecosystem. Monitoring the redwoods also helps inform scientists about how climate change affects the life cycles of salamanders, newts and ferns. Citizen scientists collect weather data and data on redwood forest indicators. \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/c3-citizen-science.htm\">Learn more\u003c/a> about how to help keep the redwoods thriving in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBS LearningMedia Resource\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/a9edd133-cf60-4272-82a7-e22fc626519d/redwoods-and-climate-change/\">Redwoods and Climate Change\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn this video, follow a group of UC Berkeley scientists to the top of a 320-foot redwood in Mendocino County. See how scientists are trying to predict how the remaining redwoods and their descendants might fare in the face of climate change in the decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to learn about other citizen science opportunities in the Bay Area? Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/bayareacitizenscience\">Bay Area Citizen Science Facebook group\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://calnat.ucanr.edu/California_PPSR/\">this list\u003c/a> compiled by the UC California Naturalist Program. Are you involved in any exciting citizen science activities? Share them in the comments below. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Into the Deep with Elephant Seals (updated)",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’re a resident of the Bay Area, chances are you’ve walked or biked across the Golden Gate Bridge, attended a San Francisco Giants game, marveled at the towering redwoods in Muir Woods, or savored a glass of Pinot Noir from the legendary vineyards of Napa or Sonoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another riveting attraction – coming up soon – that’s also a unique part of our Bay Area bucket list: the return every year of thousands of massive northern elephant seals to the beaches of Año Nuevo State Reserve, a jagged stretch of coastline 60 miles south of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74347\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74347\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg\" alt=\"Northern elephant seals on the beach at Año Nuevo State Reserve on the San Mateo Coast. Photo by Amy Miller for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Northern elephant seals on the beach at Año Nuevo on the San Mateo Coast. Photo by Amy Miller \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fifty thousand tourists from around the world flock to this state park every winter to see these one-of-a-kind marine mammals during their breeding season, which lasts from December through March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals are the largest seals in the world. Males can weigh up to 4,500 pounds – more than a mid-size car – and measure 16 feet from snout to tail flipper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State parks docents take visitors on a two-and-a-half-hour, three-and-a-half-mile-long hike along sandy dunes and coastal brush to view the seals mate, give birth to jet-black pups and catch the occasional bloody fight between massive males competing for breeding territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to see the action, reservations ahead of time are a must, and can be had by purchasing tickets through the \u003ca href=\"http://anonuevo.reserveamerica.com/\">California State Parks\u003c/a> web site. The fee is $7 per adult for the guided walks, which take place until March 20. Children ages three and under get in for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine biologists also descend on Año Nuevo year after year to study the returning elephant seals, making it a critical site for the study of this remarkable, resilient animal that was nearly hunted to extinction for its oily blubber a hundred years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Elephant seals are really animal Olympians,” said \u003ca href=\"http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/costa/research/\">Dan Costa\u003c/a>, a professor of biology at UC Santa Cruz. “They’re diving routinely between 1,500 and 2,000 feet of water, and occasionally, they’ll dive for almost two hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg\" alt=\"A student in Dan Costa's lab at UC Santa Cruz prepares to remove a satellite tag from a female elephant seal. Photo by Amy Miller for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>A student in Dan Costa's lab at UC Santa Cruz prepares to remove a satellite tag from a female elephant seal. Photo by Amy Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Costa has spent four decades studying elephant seals. He and his students have placed high-tech satellite tags and other instruments on more than 500 elephant seals at Año Nuevo to track the location and foraging strategies of the animals, which spend most of their lives at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sandy laboratory of Año Nuevo continues to offer new discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caroline Casey is a biology graduate student at UC Santa Cruz who studies the dominance hierarchy of male elephant seals at Año Nuevo. Recently, she found that the bellowing calls made by male seals are unique and differ in acoustic features such as frequency, tempo and duration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each call distinguishes one male from another male, like an acoustic fingerprint,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using professional-grade microphones, Casey recorded thousands of interactions between male seals at Año Nuevo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She then placed a speaker near a male elephant seal lying on the beach and played back a recording of another male seal. If the male on the beach had previously fought with the male and won, it moved toward the speaker, ready for another fight. If it had lost the previous encounter, it scampered away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re trying to defend females from other males, which is energetically demanding, so they have this system of calling to each other to avoid conflict most of the time,” Casey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, when they do fight, the encounters can be bloody, and serve as a visible reminder of just how wild much of the California coastline still is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video was originally produced and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. The original video can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/into-the-deep-with-elephant-seals/\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Thousands of northern elephant seals, some weighing up to 4,500 pounds, make a migration to breed each winter at Año Nuevo State Reserve, on the San Mateo County coast. They draw not only tourists but also scientists who use satellite tags to track these animals out at sea. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re a resident of the Bay Area, chances are you’ve walked or biked across the Golden Gate Bridge, attended a San Francisco Giants game, marveled at the towering redwoods in Muir Woods, or savored a glass of Pinot Noir from the legendary vineyards of Napa or Sonoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another riveting attraction – coming up soon – that’s also a unique part of our Bay Area bucket list: the return every year of thousands of massive northern elephant seals to the beaches of Año Nuevo State Reserve, a jagged stretch of coastline 60 miles south of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74347\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74347\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg\" alt=\"Northern elephant seals on the beach at Año Nuevo State Reserve on the San Mateo Coast. Photo by Amy Miller for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-183_SCALED-e1441237647108-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Northern elephant seals on the beach at Año Nuevo on the San Mateo Coast. Photo by Amy Miller \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fifty thousand tourists from around the world flock to this state park every winter to see these one-of-a-kind marine mammals during their breeding season, which lasts from December through March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals are the largest seals in the world. Males can weigh up to 4,500 pounds – more than a mid-size car – and measure 16 feet from snout to tail flipper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State parks docents take visitors on a two-and-a-half-hour, three-and-a-half-mile-long hike along sandy dunes and coastal brush to view the seals mate, give birth to jet-black pups and catch the occasional bloody fight between massive males competing for breeding territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to see the action, reservations ahead of time are a must, and can be had by purchasing tickets through the \u003ca href=\"http://anonuevo.reserveamerica.com/\">California State Parks\u003c/a> web site. The fee is $7 per adult for the guided walks, which take place until March 20. Children ages three and under get in for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine biologists also descend on Año Nuevo year after year to study the returning elephant seals, making it a critical site for the study of this remarkable, resilient animal that was nearly hunted to extinction for its oily blubber a hundred years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Elephant seals are really animal Olympians,” said \u003ca href=\"http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/costa/research/\">Dan Costa\u003c/a>, a professor of biology at UC Santa Cruz. “They’re diving routinely between 1,500 and 2,000 feet of water, and occasionally, they’ll dive for almost two hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg\" alt=\"A student in Dan Costa's lab at UC Santa Cruz prepares to remove a satellite tag from a female elephant seal. Photo by Amy Miller for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/501A-Elephant-Seals_-86_SCALED-e1441237818778-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>A student in Dan Costa's lab at UC Santa Cruz prepares to remove a satellite tag from a female elephant seal. Photo by Amy Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Costa has spent four decades studying elephant seals. He and his students have placed high-tech satellite tags and other instruments on more than 500 elephant seals at Año Nuevo to track the location and foraging strategies of the animals, which spend most of their lives at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sandy laboratory of Año Nuevo continues to offer new discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caroline Casey is a biology graduate student at UC Santa Cruz who studies the dominance hierarchy of male elephant seals at Año Nuevo. Recently, she found that the bellowing calls made by male seals are unique and differ in acoustic features such as frequency, tempo and duration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each call distinguishes one male from another male, like an acoustic fingerprint,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using professional-grade microphones, Casey recorded thousands of interactions between male seals at Año Nuevo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She then placed a speaker near a male elephant seal lying on the beach and played back a recording of another male seal. If the male on the beach had previously fought with the male and won, it moved toward the speaker, ready for another fight. If it had lost the previous encounter, it scampered away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re trying to defend females from other males, which is energetically demanding, so they have this system of calling to each other to avoid conflict most of the time,” Casey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, when they do fight, the encounters can be bloody, and serve as a visible reminder of just how wild much of the California coastline still is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video was originally produced and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. The original video can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/into-the-deep-with-elephant-seals/\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Giant Sequoias Struggle with Drought",
"title": "Giant Sequoias Struggle with Drought",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, biologist Nathan Stephenson was surveying giant sequoias in a clearing in Sequoia National Park. He looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 35 years studying giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada, Stephenson had never seen a mature giant sequoia with that many brown leaves. He looked in the park’s records, which go back 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one had ever reported that before,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Half a dozen giant sequoias, like the one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Half a dozen giant sequoias, like this one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, he and his team surveyed 4,300 of the approximately 160,000 giant sequoias in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. They found that one percent of them had shed half or more of their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trees lose foliage as a way to cope with drought,” said Stephenson, who works for the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only half a dozen giant sequoias have died in the Sierra Nevada’s Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought began, said the parks’ science coordinator Koren Nydick. But the fact that some giant sequoias started to show signs of stress last year caused concern among scientists because the trees are normally long-lived, with some known to be more than 3,000 years old. And all around them in the Sierra, some 6 million trees of other species have died, according to a U.S. Forest Service survey in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing firs, pines, incense cedars and oaks are all dying at a rate we’ve never seen before,” said Stephenson. “Even during the 1977 drought in California we didn’t see this many trees dying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97695\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The severity of the damage on some of the sequoias led him and other biologists to investigate further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, the USGS and the Carnegie Institution for Science counted the number of giant sequoias with brown leaves, climbed 50 of the trees to see if they were having trouble transporting water to their treetops and flew over giant sequoia groves to make images of their water content using special equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers’ conclusion: some giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park are showing signs of stress, but it’s unclear which trees might be at the highest risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant sequoias require more water than any other tree, said tree biologist Anthony Ambrose, of the University of California, Berkeley. On a hot summer day, they can suck up 500 to 800 gallons. That’s twice as much water as a California household uses in a day. And it’s not just any water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water comes primarily from snow that slowly melts during the spring and recharges the groundwater,” said Ambrose, “so that during the summer months they have sufficient water to sustain their growth and physiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that during California’s historic drought, little snow has been available to the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The last two winters here have been by far the warmest on record,” said Stephenson, “and what that’s meant is there’s been almost no snow on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August and September, Ambrose and Wendy Baxter, another UC biologist, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. They collected leaves from their treetops –sometimes the equivalent of 30 stories up-- using a simple rig that allows them to hoist themselves up on a rope while hardly touching the bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a beautiful view up here,” said Baxter, as she looked out over the top of the forest from her vantage point 300 feet up. She used small shears to cut a clump of leaves from the treetop and stuffed them in plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great heights, giant sequoias are able to draw water up to leaves at their treetops. Inside each of the trees’ cells, water gets pulled up to the top of the tree as if it were being sucked up through a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we clip it, the water retracts back into the stem, kind of like a rubber band,” said Baxter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97697\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back on the ground, she handed the bags to UC Berkeley technician Ken Schwab, who placed a group of leaves inside a round metal device called a pressure chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we put our stem into the pressure chamber,” said Baxter, “the amount of pressure that it takes to force the water back out is an indication of how much tension it was under.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher the pressure required to push the water out, the more stressed the tree is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the trees are definitely as stressed as we’ve ever measured giant sequoia,” said Ambrose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Ambrose and Baxter took measurements in two sites in the forest where some of the giant sequoias had lost half of their leaves in 2014 and in two sites where trees had looked healthier. They found that the most water-stressed trees and the least stressed ones could be found in all sites. Perhaps, Ambrose said, some trees within a particular site have more access to groundwater, their roots reaching deep underground into cracks and crevices that other trees can’t get to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In comparison with the summer of 2014, fewer giant sequoias lost half of their leaves this summer, said Stephenson. He thinks that perhaps the trees “did all the hard work of adjusting to the drought last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out what trees will succumb to drought is a difficult business, said Greg Asner, of Stanford University and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Sometimes, Asner said, trees lose lots of leaves and later rebound when they have access to water. Other times, trees look healthy, but are in fact water-stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asner designed the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars in trees using a technology called laser-guided spectral imaging. This summer he flew over and made images of the giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. On the resulting map, the sequoias on the west side of Giant Forest appear orange and red, a sign that they’re doing worst in terms of their water content. The trees on the east side of the forest appear in blue, a sign that they have more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \u003ccite>(Greg Asner/Carnegie Institution for Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But only repeated flights can accurately pinpoint the most vulnerable giant sequoias, said Asner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot tell if a tree is improving or declining in a single mapping,” he said. “By re-flying we can see the total amount of water change in each canopy, and that will be the best possible measure of how each tree is doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists say, they can’t draw conclusions about just how stressed the iconic giant sequoia trees are after four years of severe drought, or how many might be at risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the research, however, is important in establishing a baseline that will allow them to monitor giant sequoias for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our main concern isn’t necessarily the current drought right now; it’s looking to the future,” said Stephenson. “If the climate continues to warm, it will put more stress on the giant sequoias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97694\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the drought continues, or if the trees show significant decline as the climate continues to warm, giant sequoias might need some human intervention in the future to survive climate change. That could take the form of prescribed burns to reduce competition for water from surrounding trees. Parks officials could even decide to irrigate some of their most famous giant sequoias, such as the General Sherman, billed as the world’s largest tree, said Nydick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If temperatures continue to increase, as they’re almost certain to,” said Ambrose, “at what point will they reach a threshold where they can’t recover?”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, biologist Nathan Stephenson was surveying giant sequoias in a clearing in Sequoia National Park. He looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 35 years studying giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada, Stephenson had never seen a mature giant sequoia with that many brown leaves. He looked in the park’s records, which go back 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one had ever reported that before,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Half a dozen giant sequoias, like the one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Half a dozen giant sequoias, like this one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, he and his team surveyed 4,300 of the approximately 160,000 giant sequoias in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. They found that one percent of them had shed half or more of their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trees lose foliage as a way to cope with drought,” said Stephenson, who works for the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only half a dozen giant sequoias have died in the Sierra Nevada’s Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought began, said the parks’ science coordinator Koren Nydick. But the fact that some giant sequoias started to show signs of stress last year caused concern among scientists because the trees are normally long-lived, with some known to be more than 3,000 years old. And all around them in the Sierra, some 6 million trees of other species have died, according to a U.S. Forest Service survey in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing firs, pines, incense cedars and oaks are all dying at a rate we’ve never seen before,” said Stephenson. “Even during the 1977 drought in California we didn’t see this many trees dying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97695\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The severity of the damage on some of the sequoias led him and other biologists to investigate further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, the USGS and the Carnegie Institution for Science counted the number of giant sequoias with brown leaves, climbed 50 of the trees to see if they were having trouble transporting water to their treetops and flew over giant sequoia groves to make images of their water content using special equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers’ conclusion: some giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park are showing signs of stress, but it’s unclear which trees might be at the highest risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant sequoias require more water than any other tree, said tree biologist Anthony Ambrose, of the University of California, Berkeley. On a hot summer day, they can suck up 500 to 800 gallons. That’s twice as much water as a California household uses in a day. And it’s not just any water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water comes primarily from snow that slowly melts during the spring and recharges the groundwater,” said Ambrose, “so that during the summer months they have sufficient water to sustain their growth and physiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that during California’s historic drought, little snow has been available to the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The last two winters here have been by far the warmest on record,” said Stephenson, “and what that’s meant is there’s been almost no snow on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August and September, Ambrose and Wendy Baxter, another UC biologist, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. They collected leaves from their treetops –sometimes the equivalent of 30 stories up-- using a simple rig that allows them to hoist themselves up on a rope while hardly touching the bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a beautiful view up here,” said Baxter, as she looked out over the top of the forest from her vantage point 300 feet up. She used small shears to cut a clump of leaves from the treetop and stuffed them in plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great heights, giant sequoias are able to draw water up to leaves at their treetops. Inside each of the trees’ cells, water gets pulled up to the top of the tree as if it were being sucked up through a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we clip it, the water retracts back into the stem, kind of like a rubber band,” said Baxter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97697\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back on the ground, she handed the bags to UC Berkeley technician Ken Schwab, who placed a group of leaves inside a round metal device called a pressure chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we put our stem into the pressure chamber,” said Baxter, “the amount of pressure that it takes to force the water back out is an indication of how much tension it was under.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher the pressure required to push the water out, the more stressed the tree is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the trees are definitely as stressed as we’ve ever measured giant sequoia,” said Ambrose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Ambrose and Baxter took measurements in two sites in the forest where some of the giant sequoias had lost half of their leaves in 2014 and in two sites where trees had looked healthier. They found that the most water-stressed trees and the least stressed ones could be found in all sites. Perhaps, Ambrose said, some trees within a particular site have more access to groundwater, their roots reaching deep underground into cracks and crevices that other trees can’t get to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In comparison with the summer of 2014, fewer giant sequoias lost half of their leaves this summer, said Stephenson. He thinks that perhaps the trees “did all the hard work of adjusting to the drought last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out what trees will succumb to drought is a difficult business, said Greg Asner, of Stanford University and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Sometimes, Asner said, trees lose lots of leaves and later rebound when they have access to water. Other times, trees look healthy, but are in fact water-stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asner designed the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars in trees using a technology called laser-guided spectral imaging. This summer he flew over and made images of the giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. On the resulting map, the sequoias on the west side of Giant Forest appear orange and red, a sign that they’re doing worst in terms of their water content. The trees on the east side of the forest appear in blue, a sign that they have more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \u003ccite>(Greg Asner/Carnegie Institution for Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But only repeated flights can accurately pinpoint the most vulnerable giant sequoias, said Asner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot tell if a tree is improving or declining in a single mapping,” he said. “By re-flying we can see the total amount of water change in each canopy, and that will be the best possible measure of how each tree is doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists say, they can’t draw conclusions about just how stressed the iconic giant sequoia trees are after four years of severe drought, or how many might be at risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the research, however, is important in establishing a baseline that will allow them to monitor giant sequoias for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our main concern isn’t necessarily the current drought right now; it’s looking to the future,” said Stephenson. “If the climate continues to warm, it will put more stress on the giant sequoias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97694\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the drought continues, or if the trees show significant decline as the climate continues to warm, giant sequoias might need some human intervention in the future to survive climate change. That could take the form of prescribed burns to reduce competition for water from surrounding trees. Parks officials could even decide to irrigate some of their most famous giant sequoias, such as the General Sherman, billed as the world’s largest tree, said Nydick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If temperatures continue to increase, as they’re almost certain to,” said Ambrose, “at what point will they reach a threshold where they can’t recover?”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dr. Jane Hightower’s sick patients weren’t getting better, and she wanted to know why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the California Pacific Medical Center physician’s well-heeled patients were coming into her clinic complaining of fatigue, or trouble thinking – an on-and-off feeling of not being well. Sometimes it was problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, or a metallic taste in the mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, she began keeping a tally of what they ate. Fish, it turned out – a lot of it. Specifically large fish, like shark, tuna, swordfish, cod and ahi tuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A possible cause began to emerge for their ailments: mercury, a potent neurotoxin that builds up in fish and can cause serious illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a Pacific Heights practice,” said Hightower. “They’re not fishing in Martinez. They’re fishing at Bryans and Whole Foods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another at-risk population in the Bay Area, she said, are lower income folks, who do spend time fishing out on the piers in Martinez, Berkeley, Pinole and other East Bay cities every season not only for recreation, but to supplement the family dinner table. The striped bass, sturgeon and halibut they bring home can be loaded with mercury, which is widespread in the bay but impossible to detect with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82595\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Mercury is invisible and prevalent throughout the bay system,” said Sejal Choksi, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that works to reduce pollution in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once known as “mad hatter disease” after the afflicted Victorian hatmakers who used mercury to produce the felt in their wares, the creeping symptoms of mercury include tremors, problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, as well as stranger effects like pathological shyness and irritability. The toxin can cause permanent damage to the central nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with an immune-compromised system is at greater risk for deleterious effects of mercury, which is also neurotoxic to developing brains, making it especially dangerous for pregnant and nursing women, babies, and small children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury is found primarily around the bay in a red rock known as cinnabar. When it settles in waterways, bacteria transform it into a highly toxic form known as methyl mercury, which is easily absorbed by marine plants and the tiny aquatic organisms that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82596\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82596\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In wildlife, mercury in high concentrations can cause developmental problems, just as it does in humans,” said Choksi. “If you’ve got mercury impairing wildlife and their immune systems, then they’re more susceptible to infectious diseases; they can have cancerous growths. It’s pretty much the same as in the human population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take much to constitute a problem. Mercury pollution is measured in parts per billion – the amount contained in a drop of water in a backyard swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the amount you might find in an old thermometer is enough to cause significant contamination,” said Bruce Wolfe, executive officer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterboards_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a>, the state agency that oversees water pollution in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does all this mercury come from? Mercury enters the bay watershed from a number of sources, including stormwater and wastewater runoff from local oil refineries and cement kilns. Significant quantities also drift through the air from coal-burning power plants in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest culprit can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/18/mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/\">at very root of California’s history and prosperity\u003c/a>. In the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, Gold Rush miners also mined mercury in copious amounts in the cinnabar-rich hills just south of San Jose. To extract mercury, crushed ore was heated in furnaces and transformed into a vapor. As the gas cooled and condensed, it turned into a liquid form known as quicksilver, which is naturally attracted to gold. Sierra miners used it to separate gold from crushed rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82597\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82597\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \u003ccite>(Painting by Charles Christian Nahl and August Wenderoth, 1851/1852. Photograph by Ad Meskens.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the early 1900s, miners had switched to cyanide to extract gold, but mercury still had many uses – in industry, medicine, dentistry (it was used for fillings) and common household products. Even though the mines in the Almaden Hills near San Jose closed decades ago, all that mining left behind a legacy -- rocky deposits from the old furnaces are still leaching mercury into the surrounding creeks and rivers, which eventually drain into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82598\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roughly 2,000 pounds of mercury enter the bay each year from all these different sources. The bay is slowly cleaning itself, washing an estimated 3,100 pounds a year out to sea. But at the present rate, it will take generations for the bay to flush out so much mercury that fish are no longer contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To speed up the process, in 2008 the regional water board launched an ambitious, multi-billion dollar cleanup plan called a Total Daily Maximum Load. \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/TMDLs/sfbaymercury/sfbaymercurytmdl_info_sheet.pdf\">The multifaceted plan\u003c/a> aimed to reduce both the mercury entering the bay and the amount of the toxin that converts to its poisonous methylmercury form. The plan also provided for advanced monitoring to better understand how mercury makes its way through the watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years after the TMDL plan went into effect, progress has been made in reducing urban wastewater runoff. Most of the contaminated South Bay mining waste sites have been, or are being, cleaned up, and efforts are underway to remove toxic sediment within the Guadalupe River and its tributaries and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82599\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But this accounts for only a small fraction of the total load entering the Bay. The greatest source is the legacy poison on the bay floor, which steadily erodes over time and is nearly impossible to clean up. Seven years after the TMDL went into effect, toxic levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a tentative revision of the TMDL planned for 2018. In the meantime, the Water Board estimates that it will take more than 100 years for the Bay to recover. At a minimum, three generations will be impacted by the potent and long-lasting poison still lingering in the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that’s too long to wait for cleaner waters. They want to see enforceable urban stormwater limits for mercury, an accounting of mercury pollution from crude oil refineries, and a full inventory of old mining sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This process gets you a lot of planning and paperwork but not tangible reduction of mercury in the bay,” said Choksi. “We want to see zero mercury in the bay and we want to see it soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/2011SFbay.html\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for the state’s advisory on eating fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/24/mercury-poisoning-interview-with-dr-jane-hightower-web-only/\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to listen to tips from Dr. Jane Hightower about how to avoid mercury in your diet. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/pdf/SFBayAdvisory21May2011.pdf\">here\u003c/a> to learn more about mercury contamination in the bay. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There's a hidden danger that has been lurking in the San Francisco Bay since the days of Gold Rush mining: mercury. In 2008, the regional Water Board launched a multi-billion-dollar plan to clean up this potent neurotoxin, but mercury levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Jane Hightower’s sick patients weren’t getting better, and she wanted to know why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the California Pacific Medical Center physician’s well-heeled patients were coming into her clinic complaining of fatigue, or trouble thinking – an on-and-off feeling of not being well. Sometimes it was problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, or a metallic taste in the mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, she began keeping a tally of what they ate. Fish, it turned out – a lot of it. Specifically large fish, like shark, tuna, swordfish, cod and ahi tuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A possible cause began to emerge for their ailments: mercury, a potent neurotoxin that builds up in fish and can cause serious illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a Pacific Heights practice,” said Hightower. “They’re not fishing in Martinez. They’re fishing at Bryans and Whole Foods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another at-risk population in the Bay Area, she said, are lower income folks, who do spend time fishing out on the piers in Martinez, Berkeley, Pinole and other East Bay cities every season not only for recreation, but to supplement the family dinner table. The striped bass, sturgeon and halibut they bring home can be loaded with mercury, which is widespread in the bay but impossible to detect with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82595\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Mercury is invisible and prevalent throughout the bay system,” said Sejal Choksi, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that works to reduce pollution in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once known as “mad hatter disease” after the afflicted Victorian hatmakers who used mercury to produce the felt in their wares, the creeping symptoms of mercury include tremors, problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, as well as stranger effects like pathological shyness and irritability. The toxin can cause permanent damage to the central nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with an immune-compromised system is at greater risk for deleterious effects of mercury, which is also neurotoxic to developing brains, making it especially dangerous for pregnant and nursing women, babies, and small children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury is found primarily around the bay in a red rock known as cinnabar. When it settles in waterways, bacteria transform it into a highly toxic form known as methyl mercury, which is easily absorbed by marine plants and the tiny aquatic organisms that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82596\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82596\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In wildlife, mercury in high concentrations can cause developmental problems, just as it does in humans,” said Choksi. “If you’ve got mercury impairing wildlife and their immune systems, then they’re more susceptible to infectious diseases; they can have cancerous growths. It’s pretty much the same as in the human population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take much to constitute a problem. Mercury pollution is measured in parts per billion – the amount contained in a drop of water in a backyard swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the amount you might find in an old thermometer is enough to cause significant contamination,” said Bruce Wolfe, executive officer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterboards_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a>, the state agency that oversees water pollution in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does all this mercury come from? Mercury enters the bay watershed from a number of sources, including stormwater and wastewater runoff from local oil refineries and cement kilns. Significant quantities also drift through the air from coal-burning power plants in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest culprit can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/18/mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/\">at very root of California’s history and prosperity\u003c/a>. In the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, Gold Rush miners also mined mercury in copious amounts in the cinnabar-rich hills just south of San Jose. To extract mercury, crushed ore was heated in furnaces and transformed into a vapor. As the gas cooled and condensed, it turned into a liquid form known as quicksilver, which is naturally attracted to gold. Sierra miners used it to separate gold from crushed rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82597\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82597\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \u003ccite>(Painting by Charles Christian Nahl and August Wenderoth, 1851/1852. Photograph by Ad Meskens.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the early 1900s, miners had switched to cyanide to extract gold, but mercury still had many uses – in industry, medicine, dentistry (it was used for fillings) and common household products. Even though the mines in the Almaden Hills near San Jose closed decades ago, all that mining left behind a legacy -- rocky deposits from the old furnaces are still leaching mercury into the surrounding creeks and rivers, which eventually drain into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82598\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roughly 2,000 pounds of mercury enter the bay each year from all these different sources. The bay is slowly cleaning itself, washing an estimated 3,100 pounds a year out to sea. But at the present rate, it will take generations for the bay to flush out so much mercury that fish are no longer contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To speed up the process, in 2008 the regional water board launched an ambitious, multi-billion dollar cleanup plan called a Total Daily Maximum Load. \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/TMDLs/sfbaymercury/sfbaymercurytmdl_info_sheet.pdf\">The multifaceted plan\u003c/a> aimed to reduce both the mercury entering the bay and the amount of the toxin that converts to its poisonous methylmercury form. The plan also provided for advanced monitoring to better understand how mercury makes its way through the watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years after the TMDL plan went into effect, progress has been made in reducing urban wastewater runoff. Most of the contaminated South Bay mining waste sites have been, or are being, cleaned up, and efforts are underway to remove toxic sediment within the Guadalupe River and its tributaries and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82599\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But this accounts for only a small fraction of the total load entering the Bay. The greatest source is the legacy poison on the bay floor, which steadily erodes over time and is nearly impossible to clean up. Seven years after the TMDL went into effect, toxic levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a tentative revision of the TMDL planned for 2018. In the meantime, the Water Board estimates that it will take more than 100 years for the Bay to recover. At a minimum, three generations will be impacted by the potent and long-lasting poison still lingering in the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that’s too long to wait for cleaner waters. They want to see enforceable urban stormwater limits for mercury, an accounting of mercury pollution from crude oil refineries, and a full inventory of old mining sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This process gets you a lot of planning and paperwork but not tangible reduction of mercury in the bay,” said Choksi. “We want to see zero mercury in the bay and we want to see it soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/2011SFbay.html\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for the state’s advisory on eating fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/24/mercury-poisoning-interview-with-dr-jane-hightower-web-only/\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to listen to tips from Dr. Jane Hightower about how to avoid mercury in your diet. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/pdf/SFBayAdvisory21May2011.pdf\">here\u003c/a> to learn more about mercury contamination in the bay. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sidelined: Sports Concussions",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s football season, but this fall there won’t be as many hard-hitting practices in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a new state law, signed last year by Gov. Jerry Brown, took effect, limiting full-contact practice for middle and high-school students to twice per week, and requiring any student who suffered a concussion to wait at least a week before returning to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law is in part a reflection of the increasing concern over concussions, brain injuries caused by a blow to the head or a rapid acceleration and deceleration to the head which could occur during a car accident, collision during a sporting event, or other traumatic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, two million people in the U.S. suffer a concussion, according to the Centers for Disease Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74376\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74376\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\" alt=\"Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The brain hits these bony structures inside of the skull, and that causes damage to occur,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdiablomemorycenter.com/about-us/\">Eric Freitag\u003c/a>, a neuropsychologist based in Walnut Creek who administers cognitive testing to high school students who play contact sports such as football and soccer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common symptoms of concussions include fatigue, headache, nausea, blurriness of vision, memory loss and occasionally, loss of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most people recover from concussions within a week to 10 days, a significant number of patients may have difficulty returning to work or school weeks or months after their head injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a subset of these individuals, at least 15 percent, that go on to have persistent problems,” said\u003ca href=\"http://neurosurgery.ucsf.edu/index.php/about_us_faculty_manley.html\"> Dr. Geoffrey Manley\u003c/a>, Chief of Neurosurgery at San Francisco General Hospital. “These aren’t simply having your bell rung, these are life-changing events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors often grade traumatic brain injuries according to whether they are considered “mild,” “moderate” or “severe.” Manley believes more precision is needed to better define, diagnose and treat these injuries, which can vary widely from patient to patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, he received funding from the National Institutes of Health to launch a pilot study that recruited 600 concussion patients from several national trauma centers, and tracked their progress for up to six months following their injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the patients had a CT scan, an imaging technique that Manley calls “the gold standard” of evaluating brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients also had an MRI scan which detected the presence of micro-bleeds and bruising in the brain for nearly 30 percent of patients who otherwise had normal CT scans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74339\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74339\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\" alt=\"An MRI scan reveals a micro-bleed in the brain of a concussion patient. Image courtesy of Blake McHugh for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>An MRI scan with an arrow indicating a micro-bleed in the brain of a patient who suffered a concussion. Image by Blake McHugh \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These patients with these abnormalities on their MRI scan took much longer to recover and did worse at three months,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he received additional NIH funding to expand \u003ca href=\"http://www.brainandspinalinjury.org/research.php?id=189\">the study \u003c/a>by recruiting 3,000 concussion patients across the United States. In addition to traditional MRI scans, the research team is also using an advanced MRI imaging technique that helps visualize structural damage to white matter fiber tracts that provide long-range communication between different parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and his colleagues at UC San Francisco are looking for genetic differences in dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter in the brain, which may make some people particularly susceptible to longer recovery times following concussions. The research team has also identified a blood-based protein that appears to be released from the brain following a traumatic brain injury. The research may one day yield a blood test that could help diagnose a concussion if imaging techniques aren’t readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This way, we can develop a more personalized approach to the treatment, because there’s no one-size-fits-all for something as complicated as a brain injury,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A special thanks to Dr. Alexander Leemans for the kind use of his 3D tractography brain imagery and animations. This video story was originally produced and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Dr. Geoffrey Manley, Chief of Neurosurgery at San Francisco General Hospital, is exploring new ways to better diagnose and treat concussions, a brain injury suffered by two million people each year in the U.S. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s football season, but this fall there won’t be as many hard-hitting practices in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a new state law, signed last year by Gov. Jerry Brown, took effect, limiting full-contact practice for middle and high-school students to twice per week, and requiring any student who suffered a concussion to wait at least a week before returning to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law is in part a reflection of the increasing concern over concussions, brain injuries caused by a blow to the head or a rapid acceleration and deceleration to the head which could occur during a car accident, collision during a sporting event, or other traumatic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, two million people in the U.S. suffer a concussion, according to the Centers for Disease Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74376\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74376\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg\" alt=\"Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_soccer-e1441307785189-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Concussions are common in contact sports such as soccer and football. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The brain hits these bony structures inside of the skull, and that causes damage to occur,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdiablomemorycenter.com/about-us/\">Eric Freitag\u003c/a>, a neuropsychologist based in Walnut Creek who administers cognitive testing to high school students who play contact sports such as football and soccer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common symptoms of concussions include fatigue, headache, nausea, blurriness of vision, memory loss and occasionally, loss of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most people recover from concussions within a week to 10 days, a significant number of patients may have difficulty returning to work or school weeks or months after their head injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_Geoff_Manley-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Dr. Geoffrey Manley looks at CT and MRI scans at the Brain and Spinal Injury Center in San Francisco. Image by Blake McHugh\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a subset of these individuals, at least 15 percent, that go on to have persistent problems,” said\u003ca href=\"http://neurosurgery.ucsf.edu/index.php/about_us_faculty_manley.html\"> Dr. Geoffrey Manley\u003c/a>, Chief of Neurosurgery at San Francisco General Hospital. “These aren’t simply having your bell rung, these are life-changing events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors often grade traumatic brain injuries according to whether they are considered “mild,” “moderate” or “severe.” Manley believes more precision is needed to better define, diagnose and treat these injuries, which can vary widely from patient to patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, he received funding from the National Institutes of Health to launch a pilot study that recruited 600 concussion patients from several national trauma centers, and tracked their progress for up to six months following their injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the patients had a CT scan, an imaging technique that Manley calls “the gold standard” of evaluating brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients also had an MRI scan which detected the presence of micro-bleeds and bruising in the brain for nearly 30 percent of patients who otherwise had normal CT scans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74339\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-74339\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg\" alt=\"An MRI scan reveals a micro-bleed in the brain of a concussion patient. Image courtesy of Blake McHugh for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Concussions_brain-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>An MRI scan with an arrow indicating a micro-bleed in the brain of a patient who suffered a concussion. Image by Blake McHugh \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These patients with these abnormalities on their MRI scan took much longer to recover and did worse at three months,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he received additional NIH funding to expand \u003ca href=\"http://www.brainandspinalinjury.org/research.php?id=189\">the study \u003c/a>by recruiting 3,000 concussion patients across the United States. In addition to traditional MRI scans, the research team is also using an advanced MRI imaging technique that helps visualize structural damage to white matter fiber tracts that provide long-range communication between different parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and his colleagues at UC San Francisco are looking for genetic differences in dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter in the brain, which may make some people particularly susceptible to longer recovery times following concussions. The research team has also identified a blood-based protein that appears to be released from the brain following a traumatic brain injury. The research may one day yield a blood test that could help diagnose a concussion if imaging techniques aren’t readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This way, we can develop a more personalized approach to the treatment, because there’s no one-size-fits-all for something as complicated as a brain injury,” Manley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A special thanks to Dr. Alexander Leemans for the kind use of his 3D tractography brain imagery and animations. This video story was originally produced and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Amy Pickering is an environmental health engineer. She works as a research associate at Stanford University in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and at Woods Institute for the Environment. Her work combines social science, microbiology and engineering to study ways people in low-income countries can access safer water and better sanitation. People living in developing countries are often exposed to higher levels of bacteria and other germs, usually because of contaminated water and poor sanitation conditions. Pickering tries to reduce the spread of disease by coming up with low-cost and low-tech solutions that can help minimize illnesses in areas with poor water quality. She also runs research studies to test and evaluate how effective various interventions are at preventing the spread of disease. Pickering spends about 20% of her time traveling and the rest at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pickering did not always know she wanted to do this type of work. In high school, one of her math teachers suggested that she go into a career involving numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I knew that I loved the outdoors and the environment so I decided to do engineering, and specifically environmental engineering. And I also wanted to do something that challenged me and I thought that engineering would provide that challenge,\" explains Pickering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After she graduated from college with a degree in biological and environmental engineering from Cornell University, she went on to get a master's degree in environmental engineering with an emphasis on water quality from University of California, Berkeley. There, she worked on a low-cost UV water disinfection device used in Mexico to help clean contaminated water. After graduate school, Pickering wanted to work at the intersection of science and policy, so she began a job at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I liked working at the EPA a lot, but I was in a cubicle and I quickly became restless just sitting in a cubicle all day,\" says Pickering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Pickering was growing restless with cubicle work, a tsunami struck and destroyed large parts of South Asia. She and some colleagues from graduate school decided to go to Sri Lanka to help with the tsunami relief effort. To provide residents with clean drinking water, they installed the UV water disinfection devices that they had worked on at UC Berkeley. That's when she realized she wanted to work on global water quality. She then received a Fulbright scholarship to teach English, math and photography, and completed a photo essay about how people in different parts of the world interact with water. She eventually ended up completing a Ph.D. in the Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is featured in our \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind one of Amy Pickering's projects - a device that purifies drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone_Poops\">Taro Gomi\u003c/a>, we all know that everybody poops. Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff including tons of microbes, like bacteria. Depending on our own health, our poop can harbor both helpful and harmful microbes. And as a result, poop can spread disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where do microbes in poop come from? Poop is a waste product formed in our intestines during digestion. Lots of different species of bacteria and other microscopic organisms like fungi and yeast live in our gut and they help our bodies break down food, make vitamins (like vitamin B and K), and fend off harmful bacteria. Some of these microbes living in our gut actually get passed in our poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re sick, our poop can also contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause illnesses. In fact there are a lot of diseases that are spread in poop. For example, in the United States every now and then you may hear of E.coli outbreaks. E.coli is a type of bacteria that has lots of different varieties. Most are harmless and live in the gut of healthy people and animals and are passed in our poop. However, there are a couple of types of E.coli that can make people sick and cause diarrhea and vomiting if you ingest them. In the U.S. people sometimes get E.coli by eating undercooked beef that’s been contaminated by E.coli from the gut of cows, or from raw fruits or veggies contaminated by cattle poop from runoff from cattle fields. If you get E.coli you could pass it to another person if you don’t properly wash your hands after going to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also get sick if poop contaminates drinking water. In the U.S. and other developed countries this doesn’t happen often because we have sewage treatment plants and water treatment processes set up to make sure our drinking water is clean and free of harmful microbes. However, many places throughout the world, particularly developing countries, don’t have sewage and water treatment so it’s really easy for bacteria and other microbes from poop to contaminate drinking water. Some common diseases spread this way include \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/\">cholera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/typhoid_fever/en/\">typhoid fever\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/basics/definition/con-20024686\">giardiasis\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/rotavirus_infections/en/\">rotavirus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But poop isn’t all bad. In fact, doctors are starting to use healthy poop to treat some types of intestinal diseases, such as a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/clostridium-difficile-colitis-overview\"> C.diff colitis\u003c/a>. Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNU6hOwiGcs\"> Gross Science video \u003c/a> by our friends at NOVA that explains all about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind a device designed by scientists and engineers at Stanford University that purifies drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"disqusTitle": "E-book: Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02.png\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-02\" width=\"641\" height=\"361\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02.png 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>View the E-book\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to diagnose malaria, schistosomiasis and African sleeping sickness can be the difference between life and death for people afflicted with those diseases. And while diagnosis is easily done with microscopes, in many parts of the world, lack of access to these tools means these diseases are often misdiagnosed and patients go untreated. What is the solution? A $1 origami microscope, of course, called a \u003ca href=\"http://www.foldscope.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Foldscope\u003c/a>, that can be shipped and used anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a>, tells the story of how Stanford University bioengineer \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~manup/\" target=\"_blank\">Manu Prakash\u003c/a> and his colleagues designed a lightweight, inexpensive, robust, paper microscope in order to help people in developing countries and remote areas diagnose diseases. The book explores optics and how microscopes work--including the Foldscope--through video and animation, and shows how Foldscopes are inspiring students around the world to ask questions and make discoveries. It also contains a career spotlight video of a graduate student who uses microscopes in his research on heart cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a> is the third e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny.jpg\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74125\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discover how engineers developed a $1 paper microscope to help diagnose diseases in remote areas.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02.png\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-02\" width=\"641\" height=\"361\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02.png 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>View the E-book\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to diagnose malaria, schistosomiasis and African sleeping sickness can be the difference between life and death for people afflicted with those diseases. And while diagnosis is easily done with microscopes, in many parts of the world, lack of access to these tools means these diseases are often misdiagnosed and patients go untreated. What is the solution? A $1 origami microscope, of course, called a \u003ca href=\"http://www.foldscope.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Foldscope\u003c/a>, that can be shipped and used anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a>, tells the story of how Stanford University bioengineer \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~manup/\" target=\"_blank\">Manu Prakash\u003c/a> and his colleagues designed a lightweight, inexpensive, robust, paper microscope in order to help people in developing countries and remote areas diagnose diseases. The book explores optics and how microscopes work--including the Foldscope--through video and animation, and shows how Foldscopes are inspiring students around the world to ask questions and make discoveries. It also contains a career spotlight video of a graduate student who uses microscopes in his research on heart cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a> is the third e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny.jpg\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74125\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discover how engineers developed a $1 paper microscope to help diagnose diseases in remote areas.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Manu Prakash, a bioengineer at Stanford has designed an origami paper microscope called a Foldscope. He hopes students and life-long learners throughout the world will use them to explore and answer their own questions.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>What would you want to explore with a Foldscope? \u003cstrong>#DoNowMicro\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or post your response on social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr, Vine, Flickr, Google +, etc. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003ci>#DoNowMicro \u003c/i>in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go here for\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Learn More about Foldscopes \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have you ever wondered what is in a drop of pond or ocean water? What the inside of a worm looks like? What dust is made of? What pollen looks like? What other questions do you have about the microscopic world?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manu Prakash, a bioengineer at Stanford University, has designed an inexpensive, origami microscope to allow people from around the world to explore, make discoveries and answer questions like these. The microscopes are made out of waterproof paper, assembled by the end-user, lightweight, small enough to fit in your pocket and cost less than $1 to produce. Prakash calls them Foldscopes, and they were born out of a desire to make scientific tools accessible to all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2015/07/Mau-Prakash.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18183\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2015/07/Mau-Prakash-640x352.jpg\" alt=\"Manu Prakash shows how to use his Foldscope.\" width=\"353\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a> Manu Prakash shows health care workers in developing countries how to use his Foldscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In designing the Foldscope, Prakash wanted to create an instrument that could be used both by healthcare workers in developing countries and remote areas, as well as by people who might not otherwise get the opportunity to look at the microscopic world. Foldscopes are currently in trials to be approved as diagnostic tools for diseases like malaria and African sleeping sickness. And, through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foldscope.com/\">Ten Thousand Microscope project\u003c/a>, Prakash has shipped approximately 50,000 Foldscopes to students and lifelong learners in more than 130 countries who submitted ideas for experiments or questions that they would like to answer using the Foldscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2015/05/10Kmicroscopes-e1438149637808.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18169 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2015/05/10Kmicroscopes-479x360.jpg\" alt=\"10K Microscopes: an experiment to crowd-source a biology microscopy manual\" width=\"271\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a> 10K Microscopes: experiment to crowd-source a biology microscopy manual\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many recipients are already reporting their findings on Prakash’s \u003ca href=\"http://microcosmos.foldscope.com/\"> website\u003c/a>. He hopes that this will create a network of learners asking questions, sharing experiments and getting inspired by science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the basic level, the Foldscope requires no external power or light source; you simply insert a sample slide into the Foldscope, hold it up to a light source and look through the tiny, salt grain-size lens. However, the Foldscope can be modified. For example, Prakash’s team has added external watch batteries, lights, filters and different lenses to make different versions of the Foldscope. You can even attach a smartphone to the microscope in order to record images. He hopes that children, hackers and tinkerers around the world will add to the Foldscope and explore new modes of microscopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"http://sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Exploring-with-Microscopes/NZ-Research/Exploring-with-Microscopes\">Exploring with Microscopes\u003c/a> (Science Learning)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis article provides an overview of how microscopes can be used and includes links to examples of how scientists are using microscopes in their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>VIDEO: \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope/\">Science Spotlight:Bending Light with a New Kind of Microscope?\u003c/a> (KQED QUEST)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLearn how microscopes work by using lenses to bend light to magnify objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE:\u003ca href=\"http://www.gizmag.com/smartphone-lens-microscope-university-houston/37394/\"> Smartphone Microscope Lens that Costs Just Pennies to Make\u003c/a> (gizmag)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers at University of Houston have created cheap lenses that attach to your smartphone to turn it into a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE:\u003ca href=\"http://www.examiner.com/article/50-things-to-look-at-under-a-microscope\"> 50 Things to Look at Under a Microscope \u003c/a> (Examiner.com)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHere are 50 ideas for things you could look at under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE:\u003ca href=\"http://www.hometrainingtools.com/a/microscope-slide-making-ideas\"> Microscope Slide Making Ideas \u003c/a> (Home Science Tools)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis article provides tips on making slides and ideas for various objects to view underneath a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Trouble viewing the video? Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/727416dd-b83b-4cfb-abbc-27ec2651629b/diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What if you could drop microscopes literally around the world from an airplane?” Manu Prakash, a professor of bioengineering at Stanford University would often joke with his team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This musing actually heavily influenced the design of their new microscope, a paper origami microscope. They call it a Foldscope. The microscope is printed on waterproof paper. The user punches out the pieces and folds them together to create a fully functional microscope. It works with standard microscope slides and requires no batteries or electricity to operate. 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And even when remote places do have microscopes, there is little support to maintain them or parts available to fix them if they break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humidity and tropics are terrible for optics… Most of the time when we’re in the field there is fungus growing on the lenses… There were times when we were imaging there, we saw an insect colony come out of the microscope,” Prakash describes some of the challenges of doing field microscopy in remote tropical areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prakash was determined to build a cheap, robust, easy-to-use and easy-to-fix microscope that required no power and worked with traditional microscope slides. After prototyping with simple supplies like paper, tape and scissors, he and his team came up with a design that worked. The base level requires no external power source and relies on the sun as the primary light source. 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