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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Banquet_WS_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73251 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Banquet_WS_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"More than 70 guests celebrated the 80th birthday of Helen Hong (not pictured) at Koi Palace, in Daly City, on Aug. 17. Her daughter-in-law Gloria So, in orange dress, organized the party. (Photos by Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 70 guests celebrated the 80th birthday of Helen Hong (not pictured) at Koi Palace, in Daly City, on Aug. 17. Her daughter-in-law Gloria So, in orange dress, organized the party. (Photos by Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City, more than 70 members of Gloria So’s family are raucously celebrating her mother-in-law’s 80th birthday. The Chinese banquet is a nine-dish affair, in which servers bring in one mouth-watering plate after another. There are shiny shiitake mushrooms, over a bed of mustard greens; noodles, which represent longevity; a whole fish, for a plentiful future, and an exotic – and expensive – soup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the steaming chicken and pork broth would most likely have been topped with brownish, crunchy shark fin, and would have cost anywhere between $20 and $100 per bowl, depending on the size of the fin pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The person that’s serving shark fin soup to their guests is really showing them that they have wealth and that they treat their guests with respect,” said So.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73241\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Elephant-fish-fin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73241 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Elephant-fish-fin-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The fins from elephant fish, left, which are fished in Australian waters, can be used as a substitute for shark fin. The owner of Koi Palace restaurant, in Daly City, said that his guests aren’t interested in elephant fish fins, which are much smaller than shark fins and also come in a shredded presentation, right.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fins from elephant fish, left, which are fished in Australian waters, can be used as a substitute for shark fin. The owner of Koi Palace restaurant, in Daly City, said that his guests aren’t interested in elephant fish fins, which are much smaller than shark fins and also come in a shredded presentation, right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But since a ban on shark fin sales in California went into effect in July of last year, chefs and restaurant owners have replaced the controversial delicacy with ingredients that are equivalent in texture and price – with mixed results. At Koi Palace, owner Willy Ng said that he was unable to get patrons excited over a shark fin substitute made out of gelatin. And his attempt to substitute shark fins with the fins of elephant fish, which come from Australian waters, failed as well. Elephant fish fins just don’t pack a punch the way that the large, fan-shaped shark fins did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re tiny,” he said. “It’s like they’re from a goldfish,” he added with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When shark fins were legal in California, Ng prided himself in offering his patrons something “rare and sophisticated,” he said. Some species of shark were so difficult to catch that their sun-dried fins fetched prices that made them almost “a collectible item.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like wine; same thing,” said Ng.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73240\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_soup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73240 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_soup-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"At Koi Palace, in Daly City, a chicken and pork broth is topped with a translucent paste made with rehydrated swallows' nests. The dish, called bird's nest soup, has replaced shark fin soup at banquets.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Koi Palace, in Daly City, a chicken and pork broth is topped with a translucent paste made with rehydrated swallows' nests. The dish, called bird's nest soup, has replaced shark fin soup at banquets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Precisely because sharks were becoming rare, environmentalists pushed to ban the sale of their fins, said Peter Knights, the executive director of the San Francisco-based group WildAid. His organization estimates that some 73 million sharks are caught each year exclusively for their fins. Video provided by WildAid shows fishermen on board a boat in Costa Rican waters cutting off the fins of a writhing shark, then dumping it back into the water, where the animals sink and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We always see this with these products, be it elephant ivory or rhino horn or shark fin,” said Knights. “When one particular component of an animal becomes very valuable all the rules go out the window and it’s a free-for-all. And those animals are going to be in serious trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have found that close to half of the world’s 500 shark species are threatened, and their decline is already impacting marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, the skates and rays have increased because the shark numbers have gone down. And that’s led to shellfish declines, because they eat the shellfish,” said Knights. “Tuna might reduce in certain areas because the animals preying on the tuna, like sea birds and other species, were being kept down and kept in check by sharks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of nine U.S. states that have implemented a ban on shark fin sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_CU.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73239 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_CU-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bird’s nests have replaced shark fin as an ingredient in a celebratory soup served at Chinese restaurants. The nests, made by swallows with their own spittle, are harvested in Indonesia and Vietnam. The cook soaks the nests in water before adding them to the soup.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bird’s nests have replaced shark fin as an ingredient in a celebratory soup served at Chinese restaurants. The nests, made by swallows with their own spittle, are harvested in Indonesia and Vietnam. The cook soaks the nests in water before adding them to the soup.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The ban closes off the borders to the shark's fin trade,” said Paul Fong, former California assemblymember from San José who co-sponsored AB376, which banned shark fin sale, distribution and consumption. “California is the port that it comes into. And so we close off the port, and we close off the shark's fin trade to North America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When California Gov. Jerry Brown signed the bill into law in 2011, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington had passed similar laws. Since then, New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, Delaware and Maryland have also approved bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But state bans, by themselves, aren’t enough to curb demand, said environmentalists. Groups like WildAid have focused their attention on mainland China, where economic growth since the 1990s has created a middle class 300 million strong that can afford luxury items like shark fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To counter demand, WildAid has been running public service announcements starring famous Chinese figures. In one, former NBA player Yao Ming pushes away a bowl of shark fin soup as he says, “When the buying stops, the killing can too.” And larger forces in China are also helping to reduce shark fin sales. In 2013, the Chinese government banned shark fin soup from government banquets, in an effort to reduce corruption. Businesses would serve the soup as a way to curry favor with officials. WildAid believes the PSAs and the ban in China have brought down the price of shark fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73242\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Happy_birthday_singing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73242\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Happy_birthday_singing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Helen Hong’s family celebrated her 80th birthday with a banquet at Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City on Aug. 17. Her grandchildren Lauryn Horita, Nicole Horita, Emily Hong and Dylan Hong sang “Happy Birthday,” while KQED’s Blake McHugh filmed.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Helen Hong’s family celebrated her 80th birthday with a banquet at Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City on Aug. 17. Her grandchildren Lauryn Horita, Nicole Horita, Emily Hong and Dylan Hong sang “Happy Birthday,” while KQED’s Blake McHugh filmed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We had people go undercover to fishing villages in Indonesia,” said Knights, “and what we found there was that between 2007 and 2014 the price that the fishermen were being paid for the shark fin had dropped by 80 percent. And therefore the fishermen were deciding not to target sharks anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Koi Palace, Gloria So’s guests sipped bird’s nest soup, made with dehydrated swallows’ nests, which are harvested from caves in Indonesia and Vietnam. Restaurant owner Ng has replaced all his business in shark fin soup with bird’s nest soup. Because the nests are harvested by hand, in the wild, they’re pricey, and thus bird’s nest soup, at $35 to $50 per bowl, fulfills the role that shark fin soup once did as a way to show respect for one’s guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bird’s nest soup isn’t devoid of controversy. For starters, swallows make the nests with their spittle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask my children, they’ll tell you that’s really gross,” said So with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harvesting of bird’s nests might impact swallow populations, but the impact to swallows is nowhere as negative as the impact of shark fin soup on sharks, said Knights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73244\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Leo_Leong_holds_birds_nest.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73244 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Leo_Leong_holds_birds_nest-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Leo Leong, restaurant manager at Koi Palace, holds a dehydrated swallow’s nest. The restaurant adds the expensive nests to a soup they serve during celebratory banquets. The nests have replaced shark fins.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leo Leong, restaurant manager at Koi Palace, holds a dehydrated swallow’s nest. The restaurant adds the expensive nests to a soup they serve during celebratory banquets. The nests have replaced shark fins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloria So said her family was OK not serving shark fin soup at her mother-in-law’s banquet, and that they understood the need to protect shark species. But she said that she wished that instead of banning shark fins, lawmakers had focused on educating the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restaurant’s owner is even more unhappy with the ban. Although Ng is complying with the law, he supports the Chinese Neighborhood Association’s efforts to overturn the ban. The San Francisco nonprofit group argues that California allows every other part of the shark except the fin to be sold in the state, and that nearly 170,000 pounds of shark were legally caught in the state’s waters in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There shouldn’t be a reason why they can’t use the fins from sharks that are legally caught in California and U.S. waters,” said Joseph Breall, the group’s lawyer. “My clients have no problem with the objective of stopping finning in foreign waters. But the fact that fins legally caught in U.S. waters have to be discarded, it makes no sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73245\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Willy_Ng_in_kitchen_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73245 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Willy_Ng_in_kitchen_02-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Willy Ng, right, in the kitchen of his Daly City restaurant Koi Palace.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Willy Ng, right, in the kitchen of his Daly City restaurant Koi Palace.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group also argues that the ban discriminates against Chinese-Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shark fin has been a gourmet, prestigious ingredient for Chinese banquets,” said Ng. “So when they ban shark fins, I feel like it’s discrimination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal judge ruled in 2014 that the ban isn’t discriminatory. Breall said the group is appealing the judge’s decision before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ng said he hopes that shark fins will one day be legal in California again. Meanwhile, when patrons ask him where they can get shark fin soup, he recommends they visit Nevada, where it’s still legal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-white-shark-meet-the-man-in-the-gray-suit/\">was originally produced by Christopher Bauer\u003c/a>\u003cem> and was updated by Gabriela Quirós and Monica Lam.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Banquet_WS_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73251 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Banquet_WS_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"More than 70 guests celebrated the 80th birthday of Helen Hong (not pictured) at Koi Palace, in Daly City, on Aug. 17. Her daughter-in-law Gloria So, in orange dress, organized the party. (Photos by Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 70 guests celebrated the 80th birthday of Helen Hong (not pictured) at Koi Palace, in Daly City, on Aug. 17. Her daughter-in-law Gloria So, in orange dress, organized the party. (Photos by Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City, more than 70 members of Gloria So’s family are raucously celebrating her mother-in-law’s 80th birthday. The Chinese banquet is a nine-dish affair, in which servers bring in one mouth-watering plate after another. There are shiny shiitake mushrooms, over a bed of mustard greens; noodles, which represent longevity; a whole fish, for a plentiful future, and an exotic – and expensive – soup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the steaming chicken and pork broth would most likely have been topped with brownish, crunchy shark fin, and would have cost anywhere between $20 and $100 per bowl, depending on the size of the fin pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The person that’s serving shark fin soup to their guests is really showing them that they have wealth and that they treat their guests with respect,” said So.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73241\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Elephant-fish-fin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73241 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Elephant-fish-fin-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The fins from elephant fish, left, which are fished in Australian waters, can be used as a substitute for shark fin. The owner of Koi Palace restaurant, in Daly City, said that his guests aren’t interested in elephant fish fins, which are much smaller than shark fins and also come in a shredded presentation, right.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fins from elephant fish, left, which are fished in Australian waters, can be used as a substitute for shark fin. The owner of Koi Palace restaurant, in Daly City, said that his guests aren’t interested in elephant fish fins, which are much smaller than shark fins and also come in a shredded presentation, right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But since a ban on shark fin sales in California went into effect in July of last year, chefs and restaurant owners have replaced the controversial delicacy with ingredients that are equivalent in texture and price – with mixed results. At Koi Palace, owner Willy Ng said that he was unable to get patrons excited over a shark fin substitute made out of gelatin. And his attempt to substitute shark fins with the fins of elephant fish, which come from Australian waters, failed as well. Elephant fish fins just don’t pack a punch the way that the large, fan-shaped shark fins did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re tiny,” he said. “It’s like they’re from a goldfish,” he added with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When shark fins were legal in California, Ng prided himself in offering his patrons something “rare and sophisticated,” he said. Some species of shark were so difficult to catch that their sun-dried fins fetched prices that made them almost “a collectible item.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like wine; same thing,” said Ng.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73240\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_soup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73240 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_soup-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"At Koi Palace, in Daly City, a chicken and pork broth is topped with a translucent paste made with rehydrated swallows' nests. The dish, called bird's nest soup, has replaced shark fin soup at banquets.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Koi Palace, in Daly City, a chicken and pork broth is topped with a translucent paste made with rehydrated swallows' nests. The dish, called bird's nest soup, has replaced shark fin soup at banquets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Precisely because sharks were becoming rare, environmentalists pushed to ban the sale of their fins, said Peter Knights, the executive director of the San Francisco-based group WildAid. His organization estimates that some 73 million sharks are caught each year exclusively for their fins. Video provided by WildAid shows fishermen on board a boat in Costa Rican waters cutting off the fins of a writhing shark, then dumping it back into the water, where the animals sink and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We always see this with these products, be it elephant ivory or rhino horn or shark fin,” said Knights. “When one particular component of an animal becomes very valuable all the rules go out the window and it’s a free-for-all. And those animals are going to be in serious trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have found that close to half of the world’s 500 shark species are threatened, and their decline is already impacting marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, the skates and rays have increased because the shark numbers have gone down. And that’s led to shellfish declines, because they eat the shellfish,” said Knights. “Tuna might reduce in certain areas because the animals preying on the tuna, like sea birds and other species, were being kept down and kept in check by sharks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of nine U.S. states that have implemented a ban on shark fin sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_CU.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73239 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_CU-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bird’s nests have replaced shark fin as an ingredient in a celebratory soup served at Chinese restaurants. The nests, made by swallows with their own spittle, are harvested in Indonesia and Vietnam. The cook soaks the nests in water before adding them to the soup.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bird’s nests have replaced shark fin as an ingredient in a celebratory soup served at Chinese restaurants. The nests, made by swallows with their own spittle, are harvested in Indonesia and Vietnam. The cook soaks the nests in water before adding them to the soup.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The ban closes off the borders to the shark's fin trade,” said Paul Fong, former California assemblymember from San José who co-sponsored AB376, which banned shark fin sale, distribution and consumption. “California is the port that it comes into. And so we close off the port, and we close off the shark's fin trade to North America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When California Gov. Jerry Brown signed the bill into law in 2011, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington had passed similar laws. Since then, New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, Delaware and Maryland have also approved bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But state bans, by themselves, aren’t enough to curb demand, said environmentalists. Groups like WildAid have focused their attention on mainland China, where economic growth since the 1990s has created a middle class 300 million strong that can afford luxury items like shark fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To counter demand, WildAid has been running public service announcements starring famous Chinese figures. In one, former NBA player Yao Ming pushes away a bowl of shark fin soup as he says, “When the buying stops, the killing can too.” And larger forces in China are also helping to reduce shark fin sales. In 2013, the Chinese government banned shark fin soup from government banquets, in an effort to reduce corruption. Businesses would serve the soup as a way to curry favor with officials. WildAid believes the PSAs and the ban in China have brought down the price of shark fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73242\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Happy_birthday_singing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73242\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Happy_birthday_singing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Helen Hong’s family celebrated her 80th birthday with a banquet at Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City on Aug. 17. Her grandchildren Lauryn Horita, Nicole Horita, Emily Hong and Dylan Hong sang “Happy Birthday,” while KQED’s Blake McHugh filmed.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Helen Hong’s family celebrated her 80th birthday with a banquet at Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City on Aug. 17. Her grandchildren Lauryn Horita, Nicole Horita, Emily Hong and Dylan Hong sang “Happy Birthday,” while KQED’s Blake McHugh filmed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We had people go undercover to fishing villages in Indonesia,” said Knights, “and what we found there was that between 2007 and 2014 the price that the fishermen were being paid for the shark fin had dropped by 80 percent. And therefore the fishermen were deciding not to target sharks anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Koi Palace, Gloria So’s guests sipped bird’s nest soup, made with dehydrated swallows’ nests, which are harvested from caves in Indonesia and Vietnam. Restaurant owner Ng has replaced all his business in shark fin soup with bird’s nest soup. Because the nests are harvested by hand, in the wild, they’re pricey, and thus bird’s nest soup, at $35 to $50 per bowl, fulfills the role that shark fin soup once did as a way to show respect for one’s guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bird’s nest soup isn’t devoid of controversy. For starters, swallows make the nests with their spittle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask my children, they’ll tell you that’s really gross,” said So with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harvesting of bird’s nests might impact swallow populations, but the impact to swallows is nowhere as negative as the impact of shark fin soup on sharks, said Knights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73244\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Leo_Leong_holds_birds_nest.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73244 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Leo_Leong_holds_birds_nest-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Leo Leong, restaurant manager at Koi Palace, holds a dehydrated swallow’s nest. The restaurant adds the expensive nests to a soup they serve during celebratory banquets. The nests have replaced shark fins.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leo Leong, restaurant manager at Koi Palace, holds a dehydrated swallow’s nest. The restaurant adds the expensive nests to a soup they serve during celebratory banquets. The nests have replaced shark fins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloria So said her family was OK not serving shark fin soup at her mother-in-law’s banquet, and that they understood the need to protect shark species. But she said that she wished that instead of banning shark fins, lawmakers had focused on educating the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restaurant’s owner is even more unhappy with the ban. Although Ng is complying with the law, he supports the Chinese Neighborhood Association’s efforts to overturn the ban. The San Francisco nonprofit group argues that California allows every other part of the shark except the fin to be sold in the state, and that nearly 170,000 pounds of shark were legally caught in the state’s waters in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There shouldn’t be a reason why they can’t use the fins from sharks that are legally caught in California and U.S. waters,” said Joseph Breall, the group’s lawyer. “My clients have no problem with the objective of stopping finning in foreign waters. But the fact that fins legally caught in U.S. waters have to be discarded, it makes no sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73245\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Willy_Ng_in_kitchen_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73245 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Willy_Ng_in_kitchen_02-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Willy Ng, right, in the kitchen of his Daly City restaurant Koi Palace.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Willy Ng, right, in the kitchen of his Daly City restaurant Koi Palace.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group also argues that the ban discriminates against Chinese-Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shark fin has been a gourmet, prestigious ingredient for Chinese banquets,” said Ng. “So when they ban shark fins, I feel like it’s discrimination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal judge ruled in 2014 that the ban isn’t discriminatory. Breall said the group is appealing the judge’s decision before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ng said he hopes that shark fins will one day be legal in California again. Meanwhile, when patrons ask him where they can get shark fin soup, he recommends they visit Nevada, where it’s still legal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Sea Without Stars",
"title": "A Sea Without Stars",
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"content": "\u003cp>In this QUEST video, we travel to the shores of Washington’s Puget Sound and join a group of scientists and volunteer divers as they shimmy into wetsuits and double check their air tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They move with the urgency of a group on a mission -- and they are. They’re trying to solve a marine mystery. “We need to collect sick ones as well as individuals that appear healthy,” Ben Miner tells the divers as they head into the water. Miner, a biology professor at Western Washington University, is conducting experiments with hope of figuring out how and why starfish, or sea stars as scientists prefer to call the echinoderms, are wasting away by the millions up and down North America’s Pacific shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">\"sea star wasting syndrome.”\u003c/a> When afflicted, the sick stars begin to look deflated and are unable to hold onto rocks. Sometimes lesions form on their skin, and within a day or two of showing symptoms, they melt into piles of mush. Scientists first started noticing sick and dying sea stars in the summer of 2013 at a place called Starfish Point on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\">Reports have since surfaced of it along the coasts of Oregon and California and as far north as Alaska\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, more than 20 species of sea stars are dying from the disease. “This is the largest disease outbreak that we know of ever in the oceans in terms of the numbers of species affected, in terms of the geographic scale, and in terms of the mortality that’s associate with it,\" said Drew Harvell, a marine epidemiologist at Cornell University who has been leading nationwide efforts to understand these outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday Nov. 17, a team of more than a dozen researchers, including Harvell and Miner, published a paper reporting that the cause of the die-off appears to be a previously unknown virus. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/11/17/scientists-suspect-a-virus-is-causing-sea-star-die-off/\">Their research\u003c/a>, which was featured in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that the apparent culprit, a type of densovirus distantly related to parvovirus, which can infect dogs and cats, actually was present in museum specimens of starfish dating back to 1942. What caused the virus to explode out of control now, and “go rogue” as one scientist said, will be studied further in the months and years ahead. It could be a natural occurrence, such as overpopulation, or a human-caused trigger, like pollution or warming oceans from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also found that the virus spreads through the water, as well as via physical contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-e1412967628851.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72221 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-341x253.png\" alt=\"Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen. Credit: Laura James\" width=\"341\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food\u003cbr> source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen.\u003cbr> Credit: Laura James\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea stars have few predators in the intertidal zone where they dwell, but are voracious predators themselves. They gobble up mussels, clams, sea cucumbers, crab and even other starfish. That’s why they’re called a keystone species, meaning they have a disproportionate impact on an ecosystem, shaping the biodiversity of the seascape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are ecologically important species,” Harvell said. “To remove them changes the entire dynamics of the marine ecosystem. When you lose this many sea stars it will certainly change the seascape underneath our waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvell’s team used DNA sequencing from samples of sick stars to discover the virus. Now that the virus has been identified, scientists say they will be able to better understand whether West Coast starfish will be able to recover, and if so, how many years it might take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the rocky shores of Orcas Island, Harvell picks up a tiny young ochre star and looks carefully for symptoms of the disease. In recent months, young sea stars have been taking hold in record numbers along parts of the California coast such as Big Sur, and scientists say this is an encouraging sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72216\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72216\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\" alt=\"Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209-400x244.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If these juvenile stars can find a way to resist the virus, Harvell explained, local extinction could be avoided. “We would really love the sign of hope that maybe they’ll pull through,” Harvell said. “We’re going to be watching them very closely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*With thousands of miles of Pacific shoreline, scientists can’t be everywhere at once to keep an eye out for sick and dying starfish. To find out how to help, \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/water/article/calling-all-citizen-scientists-in-search-for-sicks/\">click here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the plight of West Coast sea stars and the newly published study, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/flora-and-fauna/article/scientists-find-out-whats-killing-west-coast-starf/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In this QUEST video, we travel to the shores of Washington’s Puget Sound and join a group of scientists and volunteer divers as they shimmy into wetsuits and double check their air tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They move with the urgency of a group on a mission -- and they are. They’re trying to solve a marine mystery. “We need to collect sick ones as well as individuals that appear healthy,” Ben Miner tells the divers as they head into the water. Miner, a biology professor at Western Washington University, is conducting experiments with hope of figuring out how and why starfish, or sea stars as scientists prefer to call the echinoderms, are wasting away by the millions up and down North America’s Pacific shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">\"sea star wasting syndrome.”\u003c/a> When afflicted, the sick stars begin to look deflated and are unable to hold onto rocks. Sometimes lesions form on their skin, and within a day or two of showing symptoms, they melt into piles of mush. Scientists first started noticing sick and dying sea stars in the summer of 2013 at a place called Starfish Point on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\">Reports have since surfaced of it along the coasts of Oregon and California and as far north as Alaska\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, more than 20 species of sea stars are dying from the disease. “This is the largest disease outbreak that we know of ever in the oceans in terms of the numbers of species affected, in terms of the geographic scale, and in terms of the mortality that’s associate with it,\" said Drew Harvell, a marine epidemiologist at Cornell University who has been leading nationwide efforts to understand these outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday Nov. 17, a team of more than a dozen researchers, including Harvell and Miner, published a paper reporting that the cause of the die-off appears to be a previously unknown virus. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/11/17/scientists-suspect-a-virus-is-causing-sea-star-die-off/\">Their research\u003c/a>, which was featured in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that the apparent culprit, a type of densovirus distantly related to parvovirus, which can infect dogs and cats, actually was present in museum specimens of starfish dating back to 1942. What caused the virus to explode out of control now, and “go rogue” as one scientist said, will be studied further in the months and years ahead. It could be a natural occurrence, such as overpopulation, or a human-caused trigger, like pollution or warming oceans from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also found that the virus spreads through the water, as well as via physical contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-e1412967628851.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72221 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-341x253.png\" alt=\"Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen. Credit: Laura James\" width=\"341\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food\u003cbr> source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen.\u003cbr> Credit: Laura James\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea stars have few predators in the intertidal zone where they dwell, but are voracious predators themselves. They gobble up mussels, clams, sea cucumbers, crab and even other starfish. That’s why they’re called a keystone species, meaning they have a disproportionate impact on an ecosystem, shaping the biodiversity of the seascape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are ecologically important species,” Harvell said. “To remove them changes the entire dynamics of the marine ecosystem. When you lose this many sea stars it will certainly change the seascape underneath our waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvell’s team used DNA sequencing from samples of sick stars to discover the virus. Now that the virus has been identified, scientists say they will be able to better understand whether West Coast starfish will be able to recover, and if so, how many years it might take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the rocky shores of Orcas Island, Harvell picks up a tiny young ochre star and looks carefully for symptoms of the disease. In recent months, young sea stars have been taking hold in record numbers along parts of the California coast such as Big Sur, and scientists say this is an encouraging sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72216\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72216\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\" alt=\"Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209-400x244.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If these juvenile stars can find a way to resist the virus, Harvell explained, local extinction could be avoided. “We would really love the sign of hope that maybe they’ll pull through,” Harvell said. “We’re going to be watching them very closely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*With thousands of miles of Pacific shoreline, scientists can’t be everywhere at once to keep an eye out for sick and dying starfish. To find out how to help, \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/water/article/calling-all-citizen-scientists-in-search-for-sicks/\">click here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the plight of West Coast sea stars and the newly published study, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/flora-and-fauna/article/scientists-find-out-whats-killing-west-coast-starf/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Secrets of the Spider Web",
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"content": "\u003cp>Todd Blackledge admits that he sometimes gets called Spider-Man, but he’s not scaling any walls or slinging webs at bad guys. An evolutionary biologist at the University of Akron, Blackledge studies spiders and their webs, a topic that he finds endlessly fascinating. According to Blackledge, spiders get a bad rap. “In the United States, I think we’re kind of taught as children that we’re supposed to be afraid of them,” he says. “But they’re just an incredibly diverse group of animals that play incredibly important roles in our ecosystems as predators of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72180 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\" alt=\"blackledge_walk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge walks through the Bath Nature Preserve in Akron, OH, where he conducts field research. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spiders are some of the most diverse animals on the planet -- there are nearly 44,000 known species, all spinning a variety of different types of webs. For Blackledge, these webs are the key to his research. “They leave a record in their web of many different behavioral decisions about how to catch food, how to protect themselves from predators -- all in this web that can be photographed, measured, and even manipulated for experiments,” Blackledge explains. Although his research focuses mainly on how different spiders use their silk to survive in the wild, it also aids the effort to make biomimetic materials. A hot topic in materials science, biomimicry is a discipline that draws inspiration from nature’s best ideas to produce innovative, new materials -- and the silk spiders spin is certainly worth imitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72181 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"microscope\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge uses a microscope to visualize a spider and its silk. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There are spiders that spin more than eight different kinds of silks, and some of those silks are stronger than steel, ounce for ounce, while others are stretchy as a rubber band”, Blackledge says. “Some of them are even adhesive like glues, so this means that they have a tool kit of different types of biological materials that could be used in many different ways for human technology.” \u003ca href=\"http://www.dw.de/dutch-artist-creates-bulletproof-skin-with-spider-silk/a-15330421-1\">Sensational\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/The-Amazing-Spider-Man-160279395.html\">headlines\u003c/a> about how humans might harness the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/8686-itsy-bitsy-spider-web-10-times-stronger-kevlar.html\">strength\u003c/a> of spider silk have been floating around for years, but the most popular potential product -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/med-tech/6-spider-silk-superpowers#slide-2\">a bulletproof vest made from spider silk\u003c/a> – is unlikely, says Blackledge. “Yes, the silk is tough enough to be woven into a shirt to stop a bullet, but it does so by also being very stretchy,” he says. “This means it would stop the bullet after the shirt already stretched through a body. Not a very useful way to stop a bullet, unfortunately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackledge is focused solely on research, but his work is at the foundation of creating new materials that could help us heal better and faster, and may even save lives. He has high hopes for synthesized spider silk being used in the medical industry because the silk is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699289/\">bio-compatible with human tissue\u003c/a>. “That means you can make devices like sutures or replacement tendons that could be put inside humans to repair damage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Todd Blackledge admits that he sometimes gets called Spider-Man, but he’s not scaling any walls or slinging webs at bad guys. An evolutionary biologist at the University of Akron, Blackledge studies spiders and their webs, a topic that he finds endlessly fascinating. According to Blackledge, spiders get a bad rap. “In the United States, I think we’re kind of taught as children that we’re supposed to be afraid of them,” he says. “But they’re just an incredibly diverse group of animals that play incredibly important roles in our ecosystems as predators of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72180 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\" alt=\"blackledge_walk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge walks through the Bath Nature Preserve in Akron, OH, where he conducts field research. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spiders are some of the most diverse animals on the planet -- there are nearly 44,000 known species, all spinning a variety of different types of webs. For Blackledge, these webs are the key to his research. “They leave a record in their web of many different behavioral decisions about how to catch food, how to protect themselves from predators -- all in this web that can be photographed, measured, and even manipulated for experiments,” Blackledge explains. Although his research focuses mainly on how different spiders use their silk to survive in the wild, it also aids the effort to make biomimetic materials. A hot topic in materials science, biomimicry is a discipline that draws inspiration from nature’s best ideas to produce innovative, new materials -- and the silk spiders spin is certainly worth imitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72181 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"microscope\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge uses a microscope to visualize a spider and its silk. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There are spiders that spin more than eight different kinds of silks, and some of those silks are stronger than steel, ounce for ounce, while others are stretchy as a rubber band”, Blackledge says. “Some of them are even adhesive like glues, so this means that they have a tool kit of different types of biological materials that could be used in many different ways for human technology.” \u003ca href=\"http://www.dw.de/dutch-artist-creates-bulletproof-skin-with-spider-silk/a-15330421-1\">Sensational\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/The-Amazing-Spider-Man-160279395.html\">headlines\u003c/a> about how humans might harness the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/8686-itsy-bitsy-spider-web-10-times-stronger-kevlar.html\">strength\u003c/a> of spider silk have been floating around for years, but the most popular potential product -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/med-tech/6-spider-silk-superpowers#slide-2\">a bulletproof vest made from spider silk\u003c/a> – is unlikely, says Blackledge. “Yes, the silk is tough enough to be woven into a shirt to stop a bullet, but it does so by also being very stretchy,” he says. “This means it would stop the bullet after the shirt already stretched through a body. Not a very useful way to stop a bullet, unfortunately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackledge is focused solely on research, but his work is at the foundation of creating new materials that could help us heal better and faster, and may even save lives. He has high hopes for synthesized spider silk being used in the medical industry because the silk is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699289/\">bio-compatible with human tissue\u003c/a>. “That means you can make devices like sutures or replacement tendons that could be put inside humans to repair damage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Sweet Science of Chocolate",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a> and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate is the solid gold of sweets, providing a standard of delectability that’s been upheld around the globe for more than 2,000 years. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs even used the pods of the cacao tree, which produces chocolate, as currency. They also used cacao as a tonic to improve overall health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72953\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72953 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript. Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript.\u003cbr> Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s scientists agree with the ancients: chocolate, in small doses, is not just delicious -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/healthy-chocolate/faq-20058044\">it’s actually good for you\u003c/a>. This is particularly true of dark chocolate, which is rich in compounds called flavanols. Also found in red wine, tea and berries, \u003ca href=\"http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavonoids-good-for-3158.html\">flavanols have an antioxidant effect\u003c/a>, reducing cell damage and heart disease. Research also strongly suggests that they support healthy blood pressure and reduce the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really good at really scavenging or sopping up these free radicals that can damage your cells,” said Mary Engler, a senior clinician and training director at the National Institutes of Health, NINR, in Bethesda, MD. Engler has studied the health effects of chocolate and other flavonols since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800-282x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day. Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\" width=\"282\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day.\u003cbr>Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should take special note: Regular intake of chocolate -- the darker the better -- during pregnancy appears to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901253/\">lower the risk of pre-eclampsia\u003c/a>, a dangerous complication. A 2013 study at the University of Helsinki, Finland also showed that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3604275.stm\">women who eat chocolate every day during pregnancy report calmer, happier babies\u003c/a> six months after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk and white chocolate lovers, you're out of luck: you’ll get all the butter, fat, and sugar, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360761873X/fulltext\">no circulation-boosting flavanols\u003c/a>. Even dark chocolate is rich and should be eaten in moderation, and beware: some manufacturers artificially darken their product and remove the bitter cacao solids, which contain the healthy compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72948\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72948 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist hope that advanced genomics will help to minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree. Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are using advanced genomics to help minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree.\u003cbr> Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As beloved as it is, it’s not surprising that chocolate is an important crop for farmers around the world. Roughly 70 percent of cacao is produced in equatorial Africa, where two million small-scale farms depend on the crop. But cocoa production has long suffered from serious losses due to pests, drought and diseases. A third of the cocoa produced in Africa -- $800 million’s worth -- is lost each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s relief in sight for cacao farmers and the consumers who depend on them. In 2010, scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and universities partnered with IBM and the candy company Mars to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">se\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">quence the genome of cacao\u003c/a>, in order to help identify the markers of a more sustainable crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72947 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800-280x169.jpg\" alt=\"A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\" width=\"280\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cacao genome sequence has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacaogenomedb.org/\">released for free on the internet\u003c/a>, where it can be accessed by researchers who can use it to improve cacao breeding techniques. Farmers can also use the cacao database to select the breeds that will flourish best under changing local conditions. And that’s sweet news for the future of one of the world’s favorite treats.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Everybody loves chocolate, but did you know that small daily doses of dark chocolate are good for your health? Read the story and watch the video to learn about the precision engineering and chemistry behind the beloved treat. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a> and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate is the solid gold of sweets, providing a standard of delectability that’s been upheld around the globe for more than 2,000 years. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs even used the pods of the cacao tree, which produces chocolate, as currency. They also used cacao as a tonic to improve overall health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72953\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72953 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript. Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript.\u003cbr> Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s scientists agree with the ancients: chocolate, in small doses, is not just delicious -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/healthy-chocolate/faq-20058044\">it’s actually good for you\u003c/a>. This is particularly true of dark chocolate, which is rich in compounds called flavanols. Also found in red wine, tea and berries, \u003ca href=\"http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavonoids-good-for-3158.html\">flavanols have an antioxidant effect\u003c/a>, reducing cell damage and heart disease. Research also strongly suggests that they support healthy blood pressure and reduce the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really good at really scavenging or sopping up these free radicals that can damage your cells,” said Mary Engler, a senior clinician and training director at the National Institutes of Health, NINR, in Bethesda, MD. Engler has studied the health effects of chocolate and other flavonols since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800-282x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day. Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\" width=\"282\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day.\u003cbr>Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should take special note: Regular intake of chocolate -- the darker the better -- during pregnancy appears to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901253/\">lower the risk of pre-eclampsia\u003c/a>, a dangerous complication. A 2013 study at the University of Helsinki, Finland also showed that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3604275.stm\">women who eat chocolate every day during pregnancy report calmer, happier babies\u003c/a> six months after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk and white chocolate lovers, you're out of luck: you’ll get all the butter, fat, and sugar, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360761873X/fulltext\">no circulation-boosting flavanols\u003c/a>. Even dark chocolate is rich and should be eaten in moderation, and beware: some manufacturers artificially darken their product and remove the bitter cacao solids, which contain the healthy compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72948\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72948 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist hope that advanced genomics will help to minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree. Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are using advanced genomics to help minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree.\u003cbr> Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As beloved as it is, it’s not surprising that chocolate is an important crop for farmers around the world. Roughly 70 percent of cacao is produced in equatorial Africa, where two million small-scale farms depend on the crop. But cocoa production has long suffered from serious losses due to pests, drought and diseases. A third of the cocoa produced in Africa -- $800 million’s worth -- is lost each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s relief in sight for cacao farmers and the consumers who depend on them. In 2010, scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and universities partnered with IBM and the candy company Mars to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">se\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">quence the genome of cacao\u003c/a>, in order to help identify the markers of a more sustainable crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72947 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800-280x169.jpg\" alt=\"A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\" width=\"280\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cacao genome sequence has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacaogenomedb.org/\">released for free on the internet\u003c/a>, where it can be accessed by researchers who can use it to improve cacao breeding techniques. Farmers can also use the cacao database to select the breeds that will flourish best under changing local conditions. And that’s sweet news for the future of one of the world’s favorite treats.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Catching Up on Sleep Science",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/sheraz-sadiq/\">Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/a> and was updated by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\"> Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/acurry/\">Arwen Curry.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be honest – do you ever brag about how little sleep you get? If so, you’re not alone. Humans are the only species that seems to deliberately deprive themselves of sleep. But if you’ve ever uttered a phrase like “I’ll sleep when I’m dead,” it’s time for a wake-up call, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72675\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long known that adequate sleep is critical for good health. Insufficient sleep \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/lack-of-sleep/faq-20057757\">impairs the immune system\u003c/a>, and is associated with everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/sleep/\">obesity\u003c/a> to cardiovascular disease, stroke to cancer, depression to schizophrenia and \u003ca href=\"http://news.temple.edu/news/2014-03-18/chronic-sleep-disturbance-might-trigger-onset-alzheimer%E2%80%99s\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a>. Now scientists are several steps closer to knowing how sleep keeps us healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important clue about sleep’s function surfaced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n2/full/nn.3303.html\">a 2013 study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a> \u003c/em>and conducted at the University of California-Berkeley. The study, by neuroscience professor Matthew Walker and his colleagues, showed that the structural changes the brain experiences as we age damage the quality of deep sleep. This hinders the brain’s ongoing ability to store memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72671 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800-264x169.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley Photo by Arwen Curry.\" width=\"264\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003cbr> Photo by Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists were already aware of a connection between sleep and memory – now they are developing a working hypothesis about how the mechanism actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though your learning system is like a USB stick,” Walker said. “During the day you’re acquiring lots of information rapidly.” This information is lodged in an area of the brain called the hippocampus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we sleep, this data is exported to “the hard drive of our brain,” a larger storage space called the cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we wake up the next day, our USB stick has now been cleared out, so we can start to learn new information anew,” Walker said. “We’ve refreshed our learning capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that we need less sleep as we age is a fallacy, he added. It now appears that the brain is physically unable to achieve the amount of slow-wave, non-rapid-eye-movement sleep needed to consolidate memories as we grow older. By the time we’re 50 years old, non-REM sleep has reduced by half compared to when we were 18 years old. By the time we’re 70, deep sleep is down to about 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72668 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists use electric pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use electrical pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This research suggests that improving slow-wave sleep, which takes up about a quarter of the night, could slow the decline of memory as we age. Scientists are investigating \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016643289390140L\">ways to use electrical stimulation to improve deep sleep in older people\u003c/a> by attaching electrodes to the scalp to create a mild current that mimics the pattern of slow-wave sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sleep has traditionally been abstract, but advances in imaging technology now allow scientists to peek inside the sleeping brain. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3956\">a groundbreaking 2013 study\u003c/a>, researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center injected dyes into the brains of sleeping mice, and watched in real-time as the neurons in their brains shrank dramatically by about 60 percent. This increased the spaces between the brain cells, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to easily flow through and cleanse the brain of naturally occurring toxic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72672 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse. Photo courtesy of the University of Rochester Medical Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though you’re sort of walking past one of those delightful posh hotels and during the day there’s lots of dirt that happens on the sidewalk,” said Walker. “And then at night, someone comes out with one of those pressure-jet washers and cleans it all out, so that it’s fresh and functional the next day. That’s exactly what we think is now happening during sleep at night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular note is that chronic sleep deprivation contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887018\">the buildup of a toxic protein called beta-amyloid\u003c/a>, which is a predictor of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker’s research also suggests strong connections between sleep and creativity and emotional regulation. But with all we’ve learned about sleep, there remains much more to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about it,” said Walker, “we’ve understood the other three main biological drives – eating, drinking and reproducing – for many tens, if not hundreds, of years. But the fourth main biological drive, common across all species that we’ve studied, which is to sleep, remains that quintessential mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx\">People are sleeping demonstrably less than they did 70 years ago\u003c/a>. An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic sleep disorder, and 40 percent get less than the recommended amount of sleep – seven and a half to eight hours a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contributing factors include multi-tasking, the invasion of technology in the bedroom and long commute times, which rob us of precious free hours, Walker said. But the biggest culprit may be our own attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think where we’re at in modern-day society is a problematic relationship with sleep,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that sleep is fundamentally important at the most basic of biological levels,” he said. “But something strange has happened – sleep has received a stigma. There’s some kind of intonation which suggests that getting sufficient sleep is equivalent to being lazy. We wear this badge of sleep deprivation like some kind of honor emblem on our arm, and that’s profoundly misguided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408261000\">Forum with Michael Krasny: sleep expert Matthew Walker\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/08/27/sleep-apps-myths-and-more-strategies-for-a-good-nights-rest/\">Sleep Apps, Myths and More: Strategies for a Good Night’s Rest\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311270930\">Forum with Dave Iverson: sleep therapy as a treatment for depression\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/sheraz-sadiq/\">Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/a> and was updated by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\"> Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/acurry/\">Arwen Curry.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be honest – do you ever brag about how little sleep you get? If so, you’re not alone. Humans are the only species that seems to deliberately deprive themselves of sleep. But if you’ve ever uttered a phrase like “I’ll sleep when I’m dead,” it’s time for a wake-up call, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72675\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long known that adequate sleep is critical for good health. Insufficient sleep \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/lack-of-sleep/faq-20057757\">impairs the immune system\u003c/a>, and is associated with everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/sleep/\">obesity\u003c/a> to cardiovascular disease, stroke to cancer, depression to schizophrenia and \u003ca href=\"http://news.temple.edu/news/2014-03-18/chronic-sleep-disturbance-might-trigger-onset-alzheimer%E2%80%99s\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a>. Now scientists are several steps closer to knowing how sleep keeps us healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important clue about sleep’s function surfaced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n2/full/nn.3303.html\">a 2013 study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a> \u003c/em>and conducted at the University of California-Berkeley. The study, by neuroscience professor Matthew Walker and his colleagues, showed that the structural changes the brain experiences as we age damage the quality of deep sleep. This hinders the brain’s ongoing ability to store memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72671 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800-264x169.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley Photo by Arwen Curry.\" width=\"264\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003cbr> Photo by Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists were already aware of a connection between sleep and memory – now they are developing a working hypothesis about how the mechanism actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though your learning system is like a USB stick,” Walker said. “During the day you’re acquiring lots of information rapidly.” This information is lodged in an area of the brain called the hippocampus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we sleep, this data is exported to “the hard drive of our brain,” a larger storage space called the cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we wake up the next day, our USB stick has now been cleared out, so we can start to learn new information anew,” Walker said. “We’ve refreshed our learning capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that we need less sleep as we age is a fallacy, he added. It now appears that the brain is physically unable to achieve the amount of slow-wave, non-rapid-eye-movement sleep needed to consolidate memories as we grow older. By the time we’re 50 years old, non-REM sleep has reduced by half compared to when we were 18 years old. By the time we’re 70, deep sleep is down to about 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72668 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists use electric pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use electrical pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This research suggests that improving slow-wave sleep, which takes up about a quarter of the night, could slow the decline of memory as we age. Scientists are investigating \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016643289390140L\">ways to use electrical stimulation to improve deep sleep in older people\u003c/a> by attaching electrodes to the scalp to create a mild current that mimics the pattern of slow-wave sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sleep has traditionally been abstract, but advances in imaging technology now allow scientists to peek inside the sleeping brain. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3956\">a groundbreaking 2013 study\u003c/a>, researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center injected dyes into the brains of sleeping mice, and watched in real-time as the neurons in their brains shrank dramatically by about 60 percent. This increased the spaces between the brain cells, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to easily flow through and cleanse the brain of naturally occurring toxic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72672 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse. Photo courtesy of the University of Rochester Medical Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though you’re sort of walking past one of those delightful posh hotels and during the day there’s lots of dirt that happens on the sidewalk,” said Walker. “And then at night, someone comes out with one of those pressure-jet washers and cleans it all out, so that it’s fresh and functional the next day. That’s exactly what we think is now happening during sleep at night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular note is that chronic sleep deprivation contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887018\">the buildup of a toxic protein called beta-amyloid\u003c/a>, which is a predictor of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker’s research also suggests strong connections between sleep and creativity and emotional regulation. But with all we’ve learned about sleep, there remains much more to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about it,” said Walker, “we’ve understood the other three main biological drives – eating, drinking and reproducing – for many tens, if not hundreds, of years. But the fourth main biological drive, common across all species that we’ve studied, which is to sleep, remains that quintessential mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx\">People are sleeping demonstrably less than they did 70 years ago\u003c/a>. An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic sleep disorder, and 40 percent get less than the recommended amount of sleep – seven and a half to eight hours a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contributing factors include multi-tasking, the invasion of technology in the bedroom and long commute times, which rob us of precious free hours, Walker said. But the biggest culprit may be our own attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think where we’re at in modern-day society is a problematic relationship with sleep,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that sleep is fundamentally important at the most basic of biological levels,” he said. “But something strange has happened – sleep has received a stigma. There’s some kind of intonation which suggests that getting sufficient sleep is equivalent to being lazy. We wear this badge of sleep deprivation like some kind of honor emblem on our arm, and that’s profoundly misguided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408261000\">Forum with Michael Krasny: sleep expert Matthew Walker\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/08/27/sleep-apps-myths-and-more-strategies-for-a-good-nights-rest/\">Sleep Apps, Myths and More: Strategies for a Good Night’s Rest\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311270930\">Forum with Dave Iverson: sleep therapy as a treatment for depression\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Diving Into the Twilight Zone",
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"content": "\u003cp>Through centuries of exploration, humans have climbed the highest peaks and hacked through the densest jungles. From pole to pole, there isn’t a continent left unexplored, and very little land on earth that has not been set foot on by a human being. Yet only 10 percent of the world’s vast oceans have been truly explored. And among the least explored regions of our watery world are the mesophotic reefs, an area that scientists refer to as “the twilight zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72795 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone. Photo:Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At 150 to 500 feet deep, this region is too deep to safely reach using conventional scuba, but thought too shallow to justify the use of expensive submersibles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To understand what is really down there, you need to actually go there -- you need to witness it and collect,”said Bart Shepherd, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco\u003c/a>. “Exploring the mesophotic zone with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rov.org/\">Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)\u003c/a> would be like exploring the rainforest with a remote control helicopter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with recent advances in diving methods and technology, such as closed-circuit rebreathers, mixed gases and propelled scooters, trained divers can now venture into these deeper reefs. Recently a team from the California Academy of Sciences made up of Shepherd, diving safety officer Elliott Jessup, and ichthyologist Luiz Rocha, began to explore this mysterious place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge with that depth is just getting there and getting back,” said Shepherd. “It’s not unusual for us to have a dive last five hours long. But that only gives us 45 minutes below 160 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72797 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Shepherd, the divers must slowly ascend from the twilight zone, systematically stopping at depth intervals, to avoid contracting the bends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to penetrate down to the depths of the twilight zone and have enough time to work and collect, we need a lot of decompression time,” he said. “But even during that decompression time, we are exploring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each time they dive, the researchers are seeing and discovering places and things never before seen by human eyes. It’s been estimated that these scientists are discovering nearly a dozen new species per hour in the twilight zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2014, the twilight zone dive team was part of a large, month-long \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-2014-philippine-biodiversity-expedition\">expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a>. Researchers from all over the world joined Academy scientists to study the Verde Island Passage. This relatively small area of the ocean south of Manila has been referred to as the “center of the center or marine biodiversity.” In fact, it is thought that more unique species live there than on the entire Great Barrier Reef. The scientists, along with fishery managers in the Philippines, want to better understand why this region is so unique and resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72798 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature-450x253.jpg\" alt='The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity.' width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Why is it such a biodiverse place?” said Shepherd. “It certainly has to do with the location in the Pacific. It’s in the center of what we call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle\">Coral Triangle\u003c/a>. And it probably has to do with the proximity to the deeper water there. There’s a lot of nutrients that come up out of that deep water and sort of feed that marine community. There’s just an incredible amount of diversity. And it’s certainly very interesting to think about why there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the California Academy of Sciences have been studying the Philippine marine environment and documenting their findings for 20 years. They have found huge numbers of reef fishes, corals and other marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just seems like that spot has more types of animals living in these really, really rich and dynamic communities than anywhere else on the planet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that the deeper regions have never been explored there, and the possibilities for new discovery jump to mind-boggling levels. Or as one expedition diver said, “Science is adventure. Science is discovery. There is a lot more science to do here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Through centuries of exploration, humans have climbed the highest peaks and hacked through the densest jungles. From pole to pole, there isn’t a continent left unexplored, and very little land on earth that has not been set foot on by a human being. Yet only 10 percent of the world’s vast oceans have been truly explored. And among the least explored regions of our watery world are the mesophotic reefs, an area that scientists refer to as “the twilight zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72795 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone. Photo:Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At 150 to 500 feet deep, this region is too deep to safely reach using conventional scuba, but thought too shallow to justify the use of expensive submersibles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To understand what is really down there, you need to actually go there -- you need to witness it and collect,”said Bart Shepherd, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco\u003c/a>. “Exploring the mesophotic zone with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rov.org/\">Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)\u003c/a> would be like exploring the rainforest with a remote control helicopter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with recent advances in diving methods and technology, such as closed-circuit rebreathers, mixed gases and propelled scooters, trained divers can now venture into these deeper reefs. Recently a team from the California Academy of Sciences made up of Shepherd, diving safety officer Elliott Jessup, and ichthyologist Luiz Rocha, began to explore this mysterious place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge with that depth is just getting there and getting back,” said Shepherd. “It’s not unusual for us to have a dive last five hours long. But that only gives us 45 minutes below 160 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72797 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Shepherd, the divers must slowly ascend from the twilight zone, systematically stopping at depth intervals, to avoid contracting the bends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to penetrate down to the depths of the twilight zone and have enough time to work and collect, we need a lot of decompression time,” he said. “But even during that decompression time, we are exploring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each time they dive, the researchers are seeing and discovering places and things never before seen by human eyes. It’s been estimated that these scientists are discovering nearly a dozen new species per hour in the twilight zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2014, the twilight zone dive team was part of a large, month-long \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-2014-philippine-biodiversity-expedition\">expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a>. Researchers from all over the world joined Academy scientists to study the Verde Island Passage. This relatively small area of the ocean south of Manila has been referred to as the “center of the center or marine biodiversity.” In fact, it is thought that more unique species live there than on the entire Great Barrier Reef. The scientists, along with fishery managers in the Philippines, want to better understand why this region is so unique and resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72798 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature-450x253.jpg\" alt='The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity.' width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Why is it such a biodiverse place?” said Shepherd. “It certainly has to do with the location in the Pacific. It’s in the center of what we call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle\">Coral Triangle\u003c/a>. And it probably has to do with the proximity to the deeper water there. There’s a lot of nutrients that come up out of that deep water and sort of feed that marine community. There’s just an incredible amount of diversity. And it’s certainly very interesting to think about why there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the California Academy of Sciences have been studying the Philippine marine environment and documenting their findings for 20 years. They have found huge numbers of reef fishes, corals and other marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just seems like that spot has more types of animals living in these really, really rich and dynamic communities than anywhere else on the planet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that the deeper regions have never been explored there, and the possibilities for new discovery jump to mind-boggling levels. Or as one expedition diver said, “Science is adventure. Science is discovery. There is a lot more science to do here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Condors vs. Lead Bullets",
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"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2013, California Gov. Jerry Brown signed a new law banning the use of lead bullets for hunting anywhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\">AB 711\u003c/a>, say it was created to protect wildlife, especially the endangered California condor, an iconic native species that was brought back from the brink of extinction in the early 1980s with a captive breeding program that today has resulted in more than 420 condors in a range that encompasses parts of California, Arizona, Utah and Baja, Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, wild condors can be sickened, or killed, by lead poisoning when they eat the carcasses of animals that have been shot with lead bullets, and ingest the bullet fragments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72481\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg\" alt=\"Condors can get lead poisoning when ingesting carcasses shot with lead bullets and left by hunters, ranchers or poachers. Image courtesy of Tim Huntington / Ventana Wilderness Society. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Condors can get lead poisoning when ingesting carcasses shot with lead bullets and left by hunters, ranchers or poachers. Image courtesy of Tim Huntington / Ventana Wilderness Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When lead enters the bloodstream, it blocks neurological receptors that control the digestive system,” said Kelly Sorenson, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ventanaws.org/\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that rehabilitates condors along California’s central coast. “So literally what happens is the bird starves to death because it doesn’t know that it’s hungry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condors sickened by lead poisoning can be treated with chelation, a medical procedure that removes lead in the birds’ bloodstream by binding it to heavy metals that the birds can then excrete. Scientific labs at the University of California, Santa Cruz and other institutions have matched lead removed from sickened birds to lead used in traditional hunting ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental and wildlife organizations such as \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/banning-lead-ammunition-condor-habitat\">Audubon California\u003c/a> and The Humane Society of the United States supported AB 711, while the\u003ca href=\"http://home.nra.org\"> National Rifle Association\u003c/a> and hunting groups opposed it. Critics noted the extra cost of non-lead ammunition, which can be twice as expensive or more than traditional hunting ammunition. In response to this argument, the bill authorized the California Fish and Game Commission to implement the state-wide lead bullet ban by 2019, which would allow ammunition manufacturers time to ramp up the production of bullets made with non-toxic metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Gaines, a Sacramento-based hunter and lobbyist, said the ban is unnecessary because a 2007 state law already bans the use of lead ammunition in the condors’ California range, which extends roughly from Monterey to Ventura county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to the rest of the state where the condors aren’t, there’s really nothing we can do to benefit the condors in those parts of the state, and hunters should be allowed to use lead ammunition in those parts of the state” Gaines said. He also said he believes that “the jury is still out” on the source of the lead poisoning the condors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the new law, however, note that condors eat dozens of dead deer, wild pigs and other animals every year, and can be poisoned if just one has lead in it from a poacher, rancher or hunter who ignored the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72480\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72480 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg\" alt=\"In 2014, officials at Zion National Park in southern Utah recorded the birth of the first condor chick hatched in the wild in Utah. This is an image of one of the parents. Image courtesy of Eric Newmark / National Park Service\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2014, officials at Zion National Park recorded the birth of the first condor chick hatched to a pair of adults in the wild in southern Utah. Image courtesy of Eric Newmark / National Park Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lead poisoning is the leading cause of death among California condors, with more than 50 wild condors dying from it since 1992. For organizations working to save the California condor, conservation efforts are yielding results: the bird’s range today appears to be expanding. In June of 2014, for the first time in more than 100 years, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25959192/first-california-condor-spotted-san-mateo-county-since\">a wild California condor was spotted in San Mateo county\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2014, National Park Service officials reported the birth of Utah’s first condor chick in the wild in \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.utah.gov/wildlife-news/1460-biologists-catch-glimpse-of-utah-condor-chick.html\">Zion National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a wingspan that can reach nearly 10 feet, the California condor is the largest flying bird in North America. As tagged condors spread their wings and expand their range, their chances for survival in the wild still remain uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Once nearly extinct, California condors are making a steady recovery. But a new threat-- lead poisoning from old bullets-- is slowing progress, leaving scientists between wildlife preservation and the politics of hunting.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2013, California Gov. Jerry Brown signed a new law banning the use of lead bullets for hunting anywhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\">AB 711\u003c/a>, say it was created to protect wildlife, especially the endangered California condor, an iconic native species that was brought back from the brink of extinction in the early 1980s with a captive breeding program that today has resulted in more than 420 condors in a range that encompasses parts of California, Arizona, Utah and Baja, Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, wild condors can be sickened, or killed, by lead poisoning when they eat the carcasses of animals that have been shot with lead bullets, and ingest the bullet fragments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72481\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg\" alt=\"Condors can get lead poisoning when ingesting carcasses shot with lead bullets and left by hunters, ranchers or poachers. Image courtesy of Tim Huntington / Ventana Wilderness Society. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Condors can get lead poisoning when ingesting carcasses shot with lead bullets and left by hunters, ranchers or poachers. Image courtesy of Tim Huntington / Ventana Wilderness Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When lead enters the bloodstream, it blocks neurological receptors that control the digestive system,” said Kelly Sorenson, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ventanaws.org/\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that rehabilitates condors along California’s central coast. “So literally what happens is the bird starves to death because it doesn’t know that it’s hungry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condors sickened by lead poisoning can be treated with chelation, a medical procedure that removes lead in the birds’ bloodstream by binding it to heavy metals that the birds can then excrete. Scientific labs at the University of California, Santa Cruz and other institutions have matched lead removed from sickened birds to lead used in traditional hunting ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental and wildlife organizations such as \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/banning-lead-ammunition-condor-habitat\">Audubon California\u003c/a> and The Humane Society of the United States supported AB 711, while the\u003ca href=\"http://home.nra.org\"> National Rifle Association\u003c/a> and hunting groups opposed it. Critics noted the extra cost of non-lead ammunition, which can be twice as expensive or more than traditional hunting ammunition. In response to this argument, the bill authorized the California Fish and Game Commission to implement the state-wide lead bullet ban by 2019, which would allow ammunition manufacturers time to ramp up the production of bullets made with non-toxic metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Gaines, a Sacramento-based hunter and lobbyist, said the ban is unnecessary because a 2007 state law already bans the use of lead ammunition in the condors’ California range, which extends roughly from Monterey to Ventura county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to the rest of the state where the condors aren’t, there’s really nothing we can do to benefit the condors in those parts of the state, and hunters should be allowed to use lead ammunition in those parts of the state” Gaines said. He also said he believes that “the jury is still out” on the source of the lead poisoning the condors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the new law, however, note that condors eat dozens of dead deer, wild pigs and other animals every year, and can be poisoned if just one has lead in it from a poacher, rancher or hunter who ignored the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72480\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72480 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg\" alt=\"In 2014, officials at Zion National Park in southern Utah recorded the birth of the first condor chick hatched in the wild in Utah. This is an image of one of the parents. Image courtesy of Eric Newmark / National Park Service\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2014, officials at Zion National Park recorded the birth of the first condor chick hatched to a pair of adults in the wild in southern Utah. Image courtesy of Eric Newmark / National Park Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lead poisoning is the leading cause of death among California condors, with more than 50 wild condors dying from it since 1992. For organizations working to save the California condor, conservation efforts are yielding results: the bird’s range today appears to be expanding. In June of 2014, for the first time in more than 100 years, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25959192/first-california-condor-spotted-san-mateo-county-since\">a wild California condor was spotted in San Mateo county\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2014, National Park Service officials reported the birth of Utah’s first condor chick in the wild in \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.utah.gov/wildlife-news/1460-biologists-catch-glimpse-of-utah-condor-chick.html\">Zion National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a wingspan that can reach nearly 10 feet, the California condor is the largest flying bird in North America. As tagged condors spread their wings and expand their range, their chances for survival in the wild still remain uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "On GMO Labeling, Oregon and Colorado Learn from California Ballot Defeat",
"title": "On GMO Labeling, Oregon and Colorado Learn from California Ballot Defeat",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, Oregon voters narrowly rejected Measure 92, which would have required the labeling of foods containing genetically engineered ingredients. The measure lost by a 51 to 49 percent vote. Coloradans also rejected a similar ballot initiative, Proposition 105, by a 66 to 34 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 28:\u003c/strong> Voters in Oregon will head to the polls Nov. 4 to decide whether to require foods made with genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled. In doing so, they’ll be voting on an initiative shaped in part by the experience of activists in California, who watched a similar measure fail two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon’s Measure 92 would require manufacturers, distributors and grocery owners to label raw and packaged foods produced entirely or partially through genetic engineering. If it passes, the measure will go into effect in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado also is voting on a labeling initiative Nov. 4. If it or the Oregon measure passes, the states will be following Vermont’s lead. In May, Vermont Gov. Peter Shumlin signed a new law making that state the first in the country to mandate labels for genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates in Oregon are hoping that their measure doesn’t face the same fate as a labeling measure in California. In November 2012, Californians narrowly voted down Proposition 37, by a 51 to 49 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72423 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign in California, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.noprop37.com/\">opposition to Prop. 37\u003c/a>, led by seed companies like Monsanto and food manufacturers such as Pepsico, spent $46 million to defeat \u003ca href=\"http://www.carighttoknow.org/\">the proposition\u003c/a>,which received $9 million from organic food companies and supplement manufacturers like Mercola. The disparity in funding is repeating itself again this year in Oregon, though this time around, the difference is smaller: as of Oct. 23, the \u003ca href=\"http://votenoon92.com/\">No on 92\u003c/a> campaign had raised $11 million and the \u003ca href=\"http://oregonrighttoknow.org/\">Yes on 92\u003c/a> campaign almost $6.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the difference in funding didn’t account entirely for the defeat of the California labeling campaign, its supporters say, and they’ve tried to apply their lessons from 2012 in Oregon today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California ballot initiative allowed for citizen lawsuits that could be brought by anybody at any time, and there was a lot of concern that this would be a boon for trial lawyers,” said Elisa Odabashian, director of the West Coast office of \u003ca href=\"http://consumersunion.org/\">Consumers Union\u003c/a>, the policy arm of Consumer Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72420\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72420 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food. Photo: Arwen Curry. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food.\u003cbr> Photo: Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union has supported the idea of labeling genetically engineered foods since the 1990s, said Odabashian, who is based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California campaign, No on 37 television ads played up the possibility of lawsuits hobbling small business owners. So in Oregon, labeling advocates have limited the ability for citizens to bring lawsuits against grocery stores that might be selling unlabeled foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are no monetary damages allowed under Measure 92 in Oregon,” said Odabashian. “So it will not be a big money-maker for trial lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters argue that labeling gives shoppers important information about their food, and that the United States should follow the lead of more than 60 countries, including France and Japan, that require some form of labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of labeling contend that consumers who want to avoid genetically engineered ingredients can choose organic foods, which are already labeled. Federal guidelines prohibit organic farmers from using genetically engineered seeds, or feeding their animals engineered feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72424\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72424 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived. Photo: Adrian Dubock \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived.\u003cbr> Photo: Adrian Dubock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also argue that labeling requirements would hike food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well of course the costs are going to go up,” said Dana Bieber, spokesperson for No on 92 during \u003ca href=\"http://www.katu.com/politics/Your-Voice-Your-Vote-Oregons-GMO-labeling-debate-270064221.html\">a televised debate\u003c/a> on Oregon’s KATU station in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cost isn’t in the relabeling. That’s nominal,” she said. “The cost to the consumer comes from the fact that food companies will have to remake their food with higher-priced GE ingredients to avoid having to put this label on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility that labeling could increase food prices has been a point of contention in every vote on the issue. In California’s 2012 campaign, the No on 37 camp argued that a typical family’s food expenses would increase by up to $400 annually if the initiative passed. In Oregon, Consumers Union commissioned a report that found that food prices would increase by slightly over $2 per person a year. This estimate is based on the assumption that even if labeling were required, companies would continue to sell foods with genetically engineered ingredients, and consumers would continue to buy them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72422 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change.\u003cbr> Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Labeling advocates also argue that the advent of genetically engineered crops has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.enveurope.com/content/24/1/24\">an increase in pesticide use\u003c/a>. One category of genetically engineered crops, created in the mid-1990s by the Missouri-based seed company Monsanto, allows farmers to spray the weed killer glyphosate -- known as Roundup -- without damaging their crops. This allowed growers to replace other more toxic herbicides with Roundup, which is cheaper and less toxic, said Los Banos alfalfa grower Philip Bowles. A \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12804\">2010 report by the National Academies\u003c/a> found that insecticide use had declined since GE crops were introduced, and farmers who grew GE crops used fewer insecticides and herbicides that linger in soil and waterways. A second category of GE crops include a bacterium that makes crops like cotton resistant to pests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But weed resistance to glyphosate has led seed companies to develop new GE crops that can tolerate other weed killers. The USDA approved in September soybeans and corn engineered by the Indiana-based Dow AgroSciences \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.dowagro.com/press-release/epa-registers-enlist-duo-herbicide-enlist-weed-control-system-now-approved\">to tolerate the weed killer 2,4-D\u003c/a>. A coalition of environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3560/coalition-of-farmers-and-environmental-groups-to-challenge-epa-over-herbicide-approval\">is suing the EPA\u003c/a> over its approval in October of the use of 2,4-D for the spraying of GE corn and soybeans, arguing that the agency didn’t adequately study its health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of GE crops point out that \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3536/epa-approves-new-24-d-herbicide-blend-paving-way-for-controversial-ge-crops\">2,4-D was one of the ingredients in Agent Orange\u003c/a>, the herbicide the U.S. military used during the Vietnam War to destroy crops and trees. Agent Orange has been associated with health problems in U.S. veterans and the Vietnamese population, but these were caused mainly by an extremely toxic dioxin compound that contaminated Agent Orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, more than 90 percent of the cotton, corn and soybeans, and more than 80 percent of the sugar beets grown in the United States are genetically engineered. GE canola and alfalfa are also grown in the US. These crops are used mainly as animal feed, or added to soda, snacks, cereals and other processed foods. Some yellow crookneck squash, sweet corn and zucchini, and some varieties of Hawaiian papayas are also genetically engineered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization and the National Academies have stated that the genetically engineered foods available today are safe to eat. Companies that sell genetically engineered seeds in the United States need approval from the EPA and USDA for most seeds. They also regularly go before the FDA, though that process is voluntary, which has drawn criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that’s not enough,” said Odabashian. “We think an unbiased governmental body should be looking at the safety of these foods before they reach the marketplace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zIp5rWfv9w#t=1598\">Watch the full episode of Science at the Ballot Box, a joint KQED Newsroom and QUEST report that examines the science behind some of the key issues on the November ballot\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As Oregon and Colorado vote on GMO labeling, advocates say they learned from the defeat of a similar measure in California in 2012. Watch the video to learn more. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, Oregon voters narrowly rejected Measure 92, which would have required the labeling of foods containing genetically engineered ingredients. The measure lost by a 51 to 49 percent vote. Coloradans also rejected a similar ballot initiative, Proposition 105, by a 66 to 34 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 28:\u003c/strong> Voters in Oregon will head to the polls Nov. 4 to decide whether to require foods made with genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled. In doing so, they’ll be voting on an initiative shaped in part by the experience of activists in California, who watched a similar measure fail two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon’s Measure 92 would require manufacturers, distributors and grocery owners to label raw and packaged foods produced entirely or partially through genetic engineering. If it passes, the measure will go into effect in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado also is voting on a labeling initiative Nov. 4. If it or the Oregon measure passes, the states will be following Vermont’s lead. In May, Vermont Gov. Peter Shumlin signed a new law making that state the first in the country to mandate labels for genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates in Oregon are hoping that their measure doesn’t face the same fate as a labeling measure in California. In November 2012, Californians narrowly voted down Proposition 37, by a 51 to 49 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72423 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign in California, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.noprop37.com/\">opposition to Prop. 37\u003c/a>, led by seed companies like Monsanto and food manufacturers such as Pepsico, spent $46 million to defeat \u003ca href=\"http://www.carighttoknow.org/\">the proposition\u003c/a>,which received $9 million from organic food companies and supplement manufacturers like Mercola. The disparity in funding is repeating itself again this year in Oregon, though this time around, the difference is smaller: as of Oct. 23, the \u003ca href=\"http://votenoon92.com/\">No on 92\u003c/a> campaign had raised $11 million and the \u003ca href=\"http://oregonrighttoknow.org/\">Yes on 92\u003c/a> campaign almost $6.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the difference in funding didn’t account entirely for the defeat of the California labeling campaign, its supporters say, and they’ve tried to apply their lessons from 2012 in Oregon today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California ballot initiative allowed for citizen lawsuits that could be brought by anybody at any time, and there was a lot of concern that this would be a boon for trial lawyers,” said Elisa Odabashian, director of the West Coast office of \u003ca href=\"http://consumersunion.org/\">Consumers Union\u003c/a>, the policy arm of Consumer Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72420\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72420 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food. Photo: Arwen Curry. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food.\u003cbr> Photo: Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union has supported the idea of labeling genetically engineered foods since the 1990s, said Odabashian, who is based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California campaign, No on 37 television ads played up the possibility of lawsuits hobbling small business owners. So in Oregon, labeling advocates have limited the ability for citizens to bring lawsuits against grocery stores that might be selling unlabeled foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are no monetary damages allowed under Measure 92 in Oregon,” said Odabashian. “So it will not be a big money-maker for trial lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters argue that labeling gives shoppers important information about their food, and that the United States should follow the lead of more than 60 countries, including France and Japan, that require some form of labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of labeling contend that consumers who want to avoid genetically engineered ingredients can choose organic foods, which are already labeled. Federal guidelines prohibit organic farmers from using genetically engineered seeds, or feeding their animals engineered feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72424\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72424 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived. Photo: Adrian Dubock \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived.\u003cbr> Photo: Adrian Dubock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also argue that labeling requirements would hike food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well of course the costs are going to go up,” said Dana Bieber, spokesperson for No on 92 during \u003ca href=\"http://www.katu.com/politics/Your-Voice-Your-Vote-Oregons-GMO-labeling-debate-270064221.html\">a televised debate\u003c/a> on Oregon’s KATU station in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cost isn’t in the relabeling. That’s nominal,” she said. “The cost to the consumer comes from the fact that food companies will have to remake their food with higher-priced GE ingredients to avoid having to put this label on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility that labeling could increase food prices has been a point of contention in every vote on the issue. In California’s 2012 campaign, the No on 37 camp argued that a typical family’s food expenses would increase by up to $400 annually if the initiative passed. In Oregon, Consumers Union commissioned a report that found that food prices would increase by slightly over $2 per person a year. This estimate is based on the assumption that even if labeling were required, companies would continue to sell foods with genetically engineered ingredients, and consumers would continue to buy them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72422 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change.\u003cbr> Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Labeling advocates also argue that the advent of genetically engineered crops has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.enveurope.com/content/24/1/24\">an increase in pesticide use\u003c/a>. One category of genetically engineered crops, created in the mid-1990s by the Missouri-based seed company Monsanto, allows farmers to spray the weed killer glyphosate -- known as Roundup -- without damaging their crops. This allowed growers to replace other more toxic herbicides with Roundup, which is cheaper and less toxic, said Los Banos alfalfa grower Philip Bowles. A \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12804\">2010 report by the National Academies\u003c/a> found that insecticide use had declined since GE crops were introduced, and farmers who grew GE crops used fewer insecticides and herbicides that linger in soil and waterways. A second category of GE crops include a bacterium that makes crops like cotton resistant to pests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But weed resistance to glyphosate has led seed companies to develop new GE crops that can tolerate other weed killers. The USDA approved in September soybeans and corn engineered by the Indiana-based Dow AgroSciences \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.dowagro.com/press-release/epa-registers-enlist-duo-herbicide-enlist-weed-control-system-now-approved\">to tolerate the weed killer 2,4-D\u003c/a>. A coalition of environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3560/coalition-of-farmers-and-environmental-groups-to-challenge-epa-over-herbicide-approval\">is suing the EPA\u003c/a> over its approval in October of the use of 2,4-D for the spraying of GE corn and soybeans, arguing that the agency didn’t adequately study its health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of GE crops point out that \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3536/epa-approves-new-24-d-herbicide-blend-paving-way-for-controversial-ge-crops\">2,4-D was one of the ingredients in Agent Orange\u003c/a>, the herbicide the U.S. military used during the Vietnam War to destroy crops and trees. Agent Orange has been associated with health problems in U.S. veterans and the Vietnamese population, but these were caused mainly by an extremely toxic dioxin compound that contaminated Agent Orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, more than 90 percent of the cotton, corn and soybeans, and more than 80 percent of the sugar beets grown in the United States are genetically engineered. GE canola and alfalfa are also grown in the US. These crops are used mainly as animal feed, or added to soda, snacks, cereals and other processed foods. Some yellow crookneck squash, sweet corn and zucchini, and some varieties of Hawaiian papayas are also genetically engineered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization and the National Academies have stated that the genetically engineered foods available today are safe to eat. Companies that sell genetically engineered seeds in the United States need approval from the EPA and USDA for most seeds. They also regularly go before the FDA, though that process is voluntary, which has drawn criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that’s not enough,” said Odabashian. “We think an unbiased governmental body should be looking at the safety of these foods before they reach the marketplace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zIp5rWfv9w#t=1598\">Watch the full episode of Science at the Ballot Box, a joint KQED Newsroom and QUEST report that examines the science behind some of the key issues on the November ballot\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>PORT HUENEME -- Frank Oakes is betting his future on a snail. Thousands are suctioned onto the walls of 19 outdoor aquaculture tanks behind his office in Port Hueneme, California, south of Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaped like oblong cinnamon rolls, the black, tan, and striped snails may live up to 60 years, although their population may be dwindling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs,” said Oakes, who is the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/\">Stellar Biotechnologies Inc.\u003c/a>, a biomedical company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets contain a valuable protein called KLH, or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_limpet_hemocyanin\">keyhole limpet hemocyanin\u003c/a>, which is being tested in more than 20 different types of cancer vaccines and on autoimmune diseases like Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72272\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and automimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"365\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The copper-based blood protein carries oxygen through the snail’s body, as hemoglobin does in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s, immunologists found that inserting KLH into patients triggered a powerful immune response. Such responses are critical in helping the body fight cancer and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of situations where we wish we could elicit an immune response,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxy.edu/\">Occidental College\u003c/a> biology professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.oxy.edu/faculty/gary-martin\">Gary Martin\u003c/a>. “Cancer, for example, doesn’t stimulate a strong response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have figured out how to take markers for a specific type of cancer and attach KLH before inserting them into a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once administered, KLH wakes up the immune system and the patient’s antibodies see the markers. Like a signpost, the markers point toward the patient’s cancer. This process trains the immune system to fight the patient’s specific type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope with the cancer vaccines that contain KLH is that one day they will be preventative, much like the vaccines for measles and polio are today,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/about-stellar/leadership/management-team\">Catherine Brisson\u003c/a>, chief operating officer of Stellar Biotechnologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff8000\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs\" -- Frank Oakes, CEO Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KLH-based vaccines are in phase III clinical trials, the last stage before a drug receives commercial approval from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/\">Food and Drug Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other countries, including South Korea, China, and the Netherlands, have already approved KLH-based cancer vaccines. Stellar sells the purified blood protein to international companies for $50,000 per gram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But generating a steady supply of KLH is tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets only live off the California coast and no one knows how many exist in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most international pharmaceutical companies collect mollusks from the ocean, which are frozen and shipped overseas or bled to death and thrown back into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"225\" height=\"339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is sold to pharmaceutical companies for $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have been working in our kelp forest since 1970 and have seen [them] become much more rare over the years,” \u003ca href=\"http://daytonlab.ucsd.edu/\">Paul Dayton\u003c/a>, a marine ecologist at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a>, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the market value for the blood protein, Dayton said, “it makes sense that they might be disappearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s important, he said, is preserving a marine habitat that is vastly under studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think it is appropriate to have a commercial harvest…without first doing some research on the population biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton argued for restrictions on the number of snails that can be removed, since there are no catch limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Stellar is no longer taking limpets from the wild, it is relying on a supply that may not last if KLH-based treatments are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Should any of these clinical trials hit the jackpot, we don’t have a huge reservoir of these animals to supply the need for further clinical trials and treatments,” said Martin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>This story was made possible, in part, by support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijnr.org/\">Institute for Journalism & Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>PORT HUENEME -- Frank Oakes is betting his future on a snail. Thousands are suctioned onto the walls of 19 outdoor aquaculture tanks behind his office in Port Hueneme, California, south of Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaped like oblong cinnamon rolls, the black, tan, and striped snails may live up to 60 years, although their population may be dwindling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs,” said Oakes, who is the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/\">Stellar Biotechnologies Inc.\u003c/a>, a biomedical company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets contain a valuable protein called KLH, or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_limpet_hemocyanin\">keyhole limpet hemocyanin\u003c/a>, which is being tested in more than 20 different types of cancer vaccines and on autoimmune diseases like Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72272\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and automimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"365\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The copper-based blood protein carries oxygen through the snail’s body, as hemoglobin does in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s, immunologists found that inserting KLH into patients triggered a powerful immune response. Such responses are critical in helping the body fight cancer and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of situations where we wish we could elicit an immune response,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxy.edu/\">Occidental College\u003c/a> biology professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.oxy.edu/faculty/gary-martin\">Gary Martin\u003c/a>. “Cancer, for example, doesn’t stimulate a strong response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have figured out how to take markers for a specific type of cancer and attach KLH before inserting them into a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once administered, KLH wakes up the immune system and the patient’s antibodies see the markers. Like a signpost, the markers point toward the patient’s cancer. This process trains the immune system to fight the patient’s specific type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope with the cancer vaccines that contain KLH is that one day they will be preventative, much like the vaccines for measles and polio are today,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/about-stellar/leadership/management-team\">Catherine Brisson\u003c/a>, chief operating officer of Stellar Biotechnologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff8000\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs\" -- Frank Oakes, CEO Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KLH-based vaccines are in phase III clinical trials, the last stage before a drug receives commercial approval from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/\">Food and Drug Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other countries, including South Korea, China, and the Netherlands, have already approved KLH-based cancer vaccines. Stellar sells the purified blood protein to international companies for $50,000 per gram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But generating a steady supply of KLH is tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets only live off the California coast and no one knows how many exist in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most international pharmaceutical companies collect mollusks from the ocean, which are frozen and shipped overseas or bled to death and thrown back into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"225\" height=\"339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is sold to pharmaceutical companies for $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have been working in our kelp forest since 1970 and have seen [them] become much more rare over the years,” \u003ca href=\"http://daytonlab.ucsd.edu/\">Paul Dayton\u003c/a>, a marine ecologist at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a>, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the market value for the blood protein, Dayton said, “it makes sense that they might be disappearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s important, he said, is preserving a marine habitat that is vastly under studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think it is appropriate to have a commercial harvest…without first doing some research on the population biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton argued for restrictions on the number of snails that can be removed, since there are no catch limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Stellar is no longer taking limpets from the wild, it is relying on a supply that may not last if KLH-based treatments are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Should any of these clinical trials hit the jackpot, we don’t have a huge reservoir of these animals to supply the need for further clinical trials and treatments,” said Martin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>This story was made possible, in part, by support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijnr.org/\">Institute for Journalism & Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Will Recycling Phosphorus Help Stop Algae Blooms?",
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"content": "\u003cp>We depend on big farms for our food. For crops, that means a lot of fertilizer; for animals, that means a lot of waste. For the lakes near these farms, that means a lot of phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phosphorus washes into lakes with manure and fertilizer and the erosion of phosphorus-rich, fertilized soil. Cyanobacteria feast on that glut of nutrients and their populations explode, with dramatic consequences for the aquatic life in the lake and the people who depend on it. The toxic bloom of cyanobacteria that made Toledo’s water undrinkable in the summer of 2014 is just one example of what can happen when the biochemistry of a lake drifts out of balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Carpenter, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the director of its \u003ca href=\"http://limnology.wisc.edu\">Center for Limnology\u003c/a>, describes phosphorus management as the “keystone” issue for healthy lakes. “If we can get phosphorus under control,” he said, “we have a much better shot at dealing with all of the other problems that the lakes have,” like invasive species, which can swoop in when a lake’s nutrient levels are unbalanced. There are ways to slow the gush of phosphorus into nearby lakes, such as contour plowing and winter cover crops, but Carpenter explains that the phosphorus load has \u003ca href=\"http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/writers/jessica_vanegeren/q-a-steve-carpenter-is-optimistic-about-solving-madison-s/article_dcfc6c15-953e-5ca2-b80e-80439dfe194d.html\">gotten so high\u003c/a> that those kinds of strategies “almost don’t matter anymore.” Instead, we have to remove phosphorus from the system entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer Madison, Wisconsin, \u003ca href=\"http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/environment/new-technology-extracts-valuable-fertilizer-from-waste/article_3223b32e-408c-5aea-8680-c06992216e59.html\">unveiled\u003c/a> its new phosphorus recycling facility, the state’s first. It’s part of a strategy by the city’s wastewater-treatment utility to reduce the amount of phosphorus that ends up in the lakes. The recycling program takes most of the phosphorus out of the agricultural fertilizer that the plant produces and puts it in a lake-friendly fertilizer designed to be used on urban lawns and gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72157\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72157\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg\" alt=\"A gravity-belt thickener separates a sludgy solid full of plant nutrients from phosphorus-rich water. Image courtesy of Michael Mucha.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gravity-belt thickener separates a sludgy solid full of plant nutrients from phosphorus-rich water. Image courtesy of Michael Mucha.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Steve Reusser, an operations engineer who helped develop the phosphorus harvesting process, explains that it relies on a careful combination of engineering and biology. Certain species of bacteria, which, like plants, also need phosphorus to survive, either absorb or release phosphorus depending on whether there is oxygen present or not. Wastewater is full of phosphorus from human waste. At the treatment facility, it’s stocked with what Reusser characterizes as “a zoo of different kinds of bacteria.” As it wends its way through the facility’s tanks and filters, the oxygen concentration and filtration systems are manipulated in concert to yield two separate products: a sludgy solid that contains a lot of bacteria and not much phosphorus, and water that is phosphorus rich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The liquid is combined with two other chemicals that pull that phosphorus out of the water to form tiny particles of a mineral called struvite. These tiny particles are built up layer by layer, like a pearl. The end product is more than a ton of smooth, cream-colored struvite pellets--a ton and a half of them every day. Struvite contains nitrogen and magnesium as well as phosphorus. All three are important nutrients for plants, so a company called Ostara (which helped develop the recycling process) buys back the pellets from the Madison Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) and turns them into a special \u003ca href=\"http://www.crystalgreen.com/about-crystal-green\">plant-activated fertilizer\u003c/a> that releases phosphorus only when it is near growing roots. In other words, it won’t feed algae blooms in lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72159\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72159\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg\" alt=\"The wastewater-derived fertilizer is applied to thousands of acres in Wisconsin. Photo courtesy of Michael Mucha. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wastewater-derived fertilizer is applied to thousands of acres in Wisconsin. Photo courtesy of Michael Mucha.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The gray, smelly, sludgy solid left behind at the treatment facility is trucked to farms where it’s used as fertilizer. Despite thoughtfully designed application methods that keep much of it below ground, sooner or later that fertilizer will reach Madison’s lakes. Since the implementation of the phosphorus recovery program, the amount of phosphorus in the fertilizer has been reduced by 85 percent. That means that the thousands of acres where this fertilizer is applied will be sending much less phosphorus into the watershed than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to cleaning up the water and providing a new income stream, deliberately recycling phosphorus into struvite pellets also keeps the struvite from building up in pipes and tanks, where it had been a perpetual nuisance. MMSD Director Michael Mucha explains that this is becoming a common theme: the environmentally responsible thing to do turns out to be cost-effective, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Mucha isn’t stopping there. He is also working with farmers to help develop methods that will keep phosphorus out of the lakes. Reducing phosphorus in fertilizer isn’t the only issue: manure is a major piece of the puzzle. Mucha is advocating that farmers use holding tanks and manure digesters. “Our industry is changing,” he said. “As engineers, the way we would always solve a problem is build a bigger treatment plant, [but] actually, the better solution many times is not building at all. It’s working with people to change behavior.” He admits, though, that it typically takes longer, and, he laughs, “There’s no spec book.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in the meantime, a ton and a half a day of phosphorus pellets is a good place to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on how water affects communities, and where we might be 50 years from now, check out the QUEST video “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/picturing-a-future-wrought-by-climate-change/\">Picturing a Future Wrought by Climate Change\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We depend on big farms for our food. For crops, that means a lot of fertilizer; for animals, that means a lot of waste. For the lakes near these farms, that means a lot of phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phosphorus washes into lakes with manure and fertilizer and the erosion of phosphorus-rich, fertilized soil. Cyanobacteria feast on that glut of nutrients and their populations explode, with dramatic consequences for the aquatic life in the lake and the people who depend on it. The toxic bloom of cyanobacteria that made Toledo’s water undrinkable in the summer of 2014 is just one example of what can happen when the biochemistry of a lake drifts out of balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Carpenter, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the director of its \u003ca href=\"http://limnology.wisc.edu\">Center for Limnology\u003c/a>, describes phosphorus management as the “keystone” issue for healthy lakes. “If we can get phosphorus under control,” he said, “we have a much better shot at dealing with all of the other problems that the lakes have,” like invasive species, which can swoop in when a lake’s nutrient levels are unbalanced. There are ways to slow the gush of phosphorus into nearby lakes, such as contour plowing and winter cover crops, but Carpenter explains that the phosphorus load has \u003ca href=\"http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/writers/jessica_vanegeren/q-a-steve-carpenter-is-optimistic-about-solving-madison-s/article_dcfc6c15-953e-5ca2-b80e-80439dfe194d.html\">gotten so high\u003c/a> that those kinds of strategies “almost don’t matter anymore.” Instead, we have to remove phosphorus from the system entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer Madison, Wisconsin, \u003ca href=\"http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/environment/new-technology-extracts-valuable-fertilizer-from-waste/article_3223b32e-408c-5aea-8680-c06992216e59.html\">unveiled\u003c/a> its new phosphorus recycling facility, the state’s first. It’s part of a strategy by the city’s wastewater-treatment utility to reduce the amount of phosphorus that ends up in the lakes. The recycling program takes most of the phosphorus out of the agricultural fertilizer that the plant produces and puts it in a lake-friendly fertilizer designed to be used on urban lawns and gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72157\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72157\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg\" alt=\"A gravity-belt thickener separates a sludgy solid full of plant nutrients from phosphorus-rich water. Image courtesy of Michael Mucha.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gravity-belt thickener separates a sludgy solid full of plant nutrients from phosphorus-rich water. Image courtesy of Michael Mucha.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Steve Reusser, an operations engineer who helped develop the phosphorus harvesting process, explains that it relies on a careful combination of engineering and biology. Certain species of bacteria, which, like plants, also need phosphorus to survive, either absorb or release phosphorus depending on whether there is oxygen present or not. Wastewater is full of phosphorus from human waste. At the treatment facility, it’s stocked with what Reusser characterizes as “a zoo of different kinds of bacteria.” As it wends its way through the facility’s tanks and filters, the oxygen concentration and filtration systems are manipulated in concert to yield two separate products: a sludgy solid that contains a lot of bacteria and not much phosphorus, and water that is phosphorus rich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The liquid is combined with two other chemicals that pull that phosphorus out of the water to form tiny particles of a mineral called struvite. These tiny particles are built up layer by layer, like a pearl. The end product is more than a ton of smooth, cream-colored struvite pellets--a ton and a half of them every day. Struvite contains nitrogen and magnesium as well as phosphorus. All three are important nutrients for plants, so a company called Ostara (which helped develop the recycling process) buys back the pellets from the Madison Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) and turns them into a special \u003ca href=\"http://www.crystalgreen.com/about-crystal-green\">plant-activated fertilizer\u003c/a> that releases phosphorus only when it is near growing roots. In other words, it won’t feed algae blooms in lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72159\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72159\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg\" alt=\"The wastewater-derived fertilizer is applied to thousands of acres in Wisconsin. Photo courtesy of Michael Mucha. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wastewater-derived fertilizer is applied to thousands of acres in Wisconsin. Photo courtesy of Michael Mucha.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The gray, smelly, sludgy solid left behind at the treatment facility is trucked to farms where it’s used as fertilizer. Despite thoughtfully designed application methods that keep much of it below ground, sooner or later that fertilizer will reach Madison’s lakes. Since the implementation of the phosphorus recovery program, the amount of phosphorus in the fertilizer has been reduced by 85 percent. That means that the thousands of acres where this fertilizer is applied will be sending much less phosphorus into the watershed than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to cleaning up the water and providing a new income stream, deliberately recycling phosphorus into struvite pellets also keeps the struvite from building up in pipes and tanks, where it had been a perpetual nuisance. MMSD Director Michael Mucha explains that this is becoming a common theme: the environmentally responsible thing to do turns out to be cost-effective, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Mucha isn’t stopping there. He is also working with farmers to help develop methods that will keep phosphorus out of the lakes. Reducing phosphorus in fertilizer isn’t the only issue: manure is a major piece of the puzzle. Mucha is advocating that farmers use holding tanks and manure digesters. “Our industry is changing,” he said. “As engineers, the way we would always solve a problem is build a bigger treatment plant, [but] actually, the better solution many times is not building at all. It’s working with people to change behavior.” He admits, though, that it typically takes longer, and, he laughs, “There’s no spec book.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in the meantime, a ton and a half a day of phosphorus pellets is a good place to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on how water affects communities, and where we might be 50 years from now, check out the QUEST video “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/picturing-a-future-wrought-by-climate-change/\">Picturing a Future Wrought by Climate Change\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Glowing Plants? City Streets Lit by Trees",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the basement of a startup lab in San Francisco, scientist Kyle Taylor stands in a dark, windowless room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I kind of like to have a big reveal,” he said, taking out a small plant that shined like a nightlight. The mouse-ear cress had been injected with firefly DNA so it emitted a soft green glow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like it’s getting brighter, but actually your eyes are adjusting,” he said, “although one day we hope to make the plants emit more light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor is the biotechnologist behind \u003ca href=\"http://www.glowingplant.com/\">Glowing Plants\u003c/a>, a synthetic-biology startup company that plans to sell engineered seeds to the public in December.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A kid who grows up with a glowing plant in his bedroom won’t have a fear of technology --Glowing Plants founder Antony Evans\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To create the glow, Taylor uses a gene gun filled with high-pressure helium to blast a DNA sequence into small plant cells on a petri dish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sequence contains luciferase, the light-emitting compound found in fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 1 percent of the tiny plants accept the genes, but the successful ones mature and start emitting light after two months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CEO Antony Evans’ end goal is to create glowing trees that could replace street lamps to illuminate cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can get trees bright enough to be used for lighting, that would be awesome and mean less carbon dioxide emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees also can also live for hundreds of years, he added, meaning they wouldn’t need to be replaced as often as roadside lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans’ vision for the trees and shrubs centers around a paradigm shift about genetically modified organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Glowing-plants-Antony.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-72091\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Glowing-plants-Antony-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Glowing Plants CEO Antony Evans holding plants that have been engineered with firefly DNA.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glowing Plants CEO Antony Evans holds sprouted mouse-ear cress. The plant has been engineered to glow with firefly DNA. (Glowing Plants)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We want to change the perception around GMOs,” said Evans. “We want to make them cool and interesting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To achieve this, Evans wants to create glowing aromatic plants and plants that repel bugs, or even plants that produce milk. He sees this as a way to dispel the public skepticism and controversy directed at genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A kid who grows up with a glowing plant in his bedroom won’t have a fear of technology,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans and Taylor aren’t the only ones who hope to see glowing plants on bedside tables or lighting up rooftop gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 8,000 people backed Evans’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.kickstarter.com/\">Kickstarter \u003c/a>campaign, which raised nearly $500,000 in a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is also receiving support from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycombinator.com/\">Y Combinator\u003c/a>, a prominent venture capital fund in Mountain View, CA, that pumped $120,000 into the project in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans’ company is taking pre-orders, which are priced at $40 for a batch of 50 to 100 seeds. But the idea of turning plants into virtual light bulbs has raised concern among some environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72094\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/glowing-plants-bacteria.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72094 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/glowing-plants-bacteria-384x253.png\" alt=\" Courtesy Glowing Plants.\" width=\"384\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The team engineered bacteria with custom DNA derived from bioluminescent marine bacteria. Once the DNA is inserted into a plant it will eventually start to glow. (Glowing Plants)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a new technology we haven’t seen before,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.foe.org/about-us/our-team\">Dana Perls\u003c/a>, a food and technology Campaigner for \u003ca href=\"http://www.foe.org/\">Friends of the Earth\u003c/a> in Berkeley. “There’s no assessment about the potential impact on the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state laws pertaining to bioengineered plants are inadequate, according to Perls. “These plants are virtually unregulated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Protection_Act\">Plant Protection Act\u003c/a>, a federal law, requires that organisms which might harm plants may not be engineered or inserted into plants and distributed without regulatory approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mouse-ear cress and luciferase are not considered harmful according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome\">United States Department of Agriculture\u003c/a>. However, agrobacterium, bacteria the company initially used to insert firefly DNA, is considered a plant pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans said he is unsure whether he’ll use agrobacterium in the final product, but if he does, the company will need to apply for a permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.etcgroup.org/users/jim-thomas\">Jim Thomas\u003c/a>, research program manager for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.etcgroup.org/\">ETC Group\u003c/a>, an international technology watchdog group, said Glowing Plants is operating with little oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Glowing Plants guys ran a truck through scant regulations around genetic engineering,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics are worried that the plants will spread with unknown effects on soil, pollinators, native plants and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year ETC Group and Friends of the Earth sent a letter to Kickstarter and the USDA asking them to shut the project down. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kickstarter.com/\">Kickstarter\u003c/a> has since banned GMOs being given out as rewards for project backers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responses from the USDA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/home/\">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service\u003c/a>, which has jurisdiction over the plants, have been vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked for comment, APHIS spokesperson Ed Curlett said in an email, “If plants are not plant pests, then APHIS would have no reason to regulate these plants. Without knowing exactly how these plants are being developed, we cannot say at this point if they fall into the category of being a plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the opposition, Evans believes that glowing plants are a rare opportunity for scientific advancement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plant isn’t just a plant,” said Evans. “We see it as a symbol of an enlightened new future where humanity can use biotechnology to achieve both fun, creative aims but also solve big challenges around food, energy, and water security.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the basement of a startup lab in San Francisco, scientist Kyle Taylor stands in a dark, windowless room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I kind of like to have a big reveal,” he said, taking out a small plant that shined like a nightlight. The mouse-ear cress had been injected with firefly DNA so it emitted a soft green glow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like it’s getting brighter, but actually your eyes are adjusting,” he said, “although one day we hope to make the plants emit more light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor is the biotechnologist behind \u003ca href=\"http://www.glowingplant.com/\">Glowing Plants\u003c/a>, a synthetic-biology startup company that plans to sell engineered seeds to the public in December.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A kid who grows up with a glowing plant in his bedroom won’t have a fear of technology --Glowing Plants founder Antony Evans\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To create the glow, Taylor uses a gene gun filled with high-pressure helium to blast a DNA sequence into small plant cells on a petri dish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sequence contains luciferase, the light-emitting compound found in fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 1 percent of the tiny plants accept the genes, but the successful ones mature and start emitting light after two months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CEO Antony Evans’ end goal is to create glowing trees that could replace street lamps to illuminate cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can get trees bright enough to be used for lighting, that would be awesome and mean less carbon dioxide emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees also can also live for hundreds of years, he added, meaning they wouldn’t need to be replaced as often as roadside lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans’ vision for the trees and shrubs centers around a paradigm shift about genetically modified organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Glowing-plants-Antony.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-72091\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Glowing-plants-Antony-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Glowing Plants CEO Antony Evans holding plants that have been engineered with firefly DNA.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glowing Plants CEO Antony Evans holds sprouted mouse-ear cress. The plant has been engineered to glow with firefly DNA. (Glowing Plants)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We want to change the perception around GMOs,” said Evans. “We want to make them cool and interesting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To achieve this, Evans wants to create glowing aromatic plants and plants that repel bugs, or even plants that produce milk. He sees this as a way to dispel the public skepticism and controversy directed at genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A kid who grows up with a glowing plant in his bedroom won’t have a fear of technology,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans and Taylor aren’t the only ones who hope to see glowing plants on bedside tables or lighting up rooftop gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 8,000 people backed Evans’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.kickstarter.com/\">Kickstarter \u003c/a>campaign, which raised nearly $500,000 in a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is also receiving support from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycombinator.com/\">Y Combinator\u003c/a>, a prominent venture capital fund in Mountain View, CA, that pumped $120,000 into the project in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans’ company is taking pre-orders, which are priced at $40 for a batch of 50 to 100 seeds. But the idea of turning plants into virtual light bulbs has raised concern among some environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72094\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/glowing-plants-bacteria.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72094 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/glowing-plants-bacteria-384x253.png\" alt=\" Courtesy Glowing Plants.\" width=\"384\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The team engineered bacteria with custom DNA derived from bioluminescent marine bacteria. Once the DNA is inserted into a plant it will eventually start to glow. (Glowing Plants)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a new technology we haven’t seen before,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.foe.org/about-us/our-team\">Dana Perls\u003c/a>, a food and technology Campaigner for \u003ca href=\"http://www.foe.org/\">Friends of the Earth\u003c/a> in Berkeley. “There’s no assessment about the potential impact on the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state laws pertaining to bioengineered plants are inadequate, according to Perls. “These plants are virtually unregulated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Protection_Act\">Plant Protection Act\u003c/a>, a federal law, requires that organisms which might harm plants may not be engineered or inserted into plants and distributed without regulatory approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mouse-ear cress and luciferase are not considered harmful according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome\">United States Department of Agriculture\u003c/a>. However, agrobacterium, bacteria the company initially used to insert firefly DNA, is considered a plant pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans said he is unsure whether he’ll use agrobacterium in the final product, but if he does, the company will need to apply for a permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.etcgroup.org/users/jim-thomas\">Jim Thomas\u003c/a>, research program manager for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.etcgroup.org/\">ETC Group\u003c/a>, an international technology watchdog group, said Glowing Plants is operating with little oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Glowing Plants guys ran a truck through scant regulations around genetic engineering,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics are worried that the plants will spread with unknown effects on soil, pollinators, native plants and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year ETC Group and Friends of the Earth sent a letter to Kickstarter and the USDA asking them to shut the project down. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kickstarter.com/\">Kickstarter\u003c/a> has since banned GMOs being given out as rewards for project backers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responses from the USDA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/home/\">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service\u003c/a>, which has jurisdiction over the plants, have been vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked for comment, APHIS spokesperson Ed Curlett said in an email, “If plants are not plant pests, then APHIS would have no reason to regulate these plants. Without knowing exactly how these plants are being developed, we cannot say at this point if they fall into the category of being a plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the opposition, Evans believes that glowing plants are a rare opportunity for scientific advancement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plant isn’t just a plant,” said Evans. “We see it as a symbol of an enlightened new future where humanity can use biotechnology to achieve both fun, creative aims but also solve big challenges around food, energy, and water security.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Great Plains didn't evolve in a vacuum. Ancient rodents helped shape the ecosystem we know today. Fossil burrows are helping scientists figure out how.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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