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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_nyla.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Nyla - found safe and sound\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, a 10:00 a.m. Text Message from friend stated:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>My Dog Nyla had disappeared. I could use some help.\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My reply:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>Whatever you need.\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know what it is like to have a missing pet. When my cat Tucker slipped out two years ago around the winter holidays, I was distraught. I feared he was stuck in the garage of a vacationing family, hit by a car, starving in an alley, wet, cold and crying for me somewhere in the streets. I did everything to find him, creating a 'CSI Oakland' headquarters at my house. Though I did not find Tucker, I did feel at peace with my efforts and felt able to advise my friend on his search. The trick is to turn your guilt, fear and sadness into positive energy and to take immediate action!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Reach out to Friends and Family:\u003c/strong> Right away, reach out and ask for help. You would be surprised who steps up and offers their time, so give them the chance to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Create an e-mail list\u003c/strong> of your team and keep them updated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Flyers, postcards and business cards:\u003c/strong> It is PR time. Arm yourself with the flyers, tape, staplers and tacks and hit up the neighborhood. Use your most current photo of your dog and create bright-colored flyers, as well as smaller postcards or business cards. Post your flyers right away and everywhere within 1 mile of where the pet went missing. Post in coffee shops, store windows, video stores, parks, pools, churches and local hangouts. State clearly, \"MISSING DOG\". Include what neighborhood the dog is missing from and when he/she was last seen, as well as your phone number and a description of the dog. If you are offering a reward leave out one detail of the description (eye color or odd patch on belly) in order to weed through responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Network:\u003c/strong> Set out in teams and talk to people. Give out the cards to your neighbors, dog walkers, bus drivers, taxi drivers, local police, neighborhood youth, the postman, garbage woman and everyone you meet. Give them away at the farmer's market, shopping center and BART station, wherever you can encounter the most local people. Almost everyone can relate to a lost pet and most will be sympathetic to your mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Contact Pet Places:\u003c/strong> visit your local Animal Control, Humane Society, rescue places, veterinary offices, pet stores and pet supply places. Check their found dogs and give them flyers to post. With Animal Control, you must go in immediately and visit often. You can post in their Lost Dog binder and check the Found Dog one. Staff will show you current found dogs and, sadly, the police deceased animal cards. Bay Area Shelters are at www.animalservices.org/uploaded_files/shelterlist.pdf or www.labrescue.org/Pages/bayareashelters.htm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. Craigslist:\u003c/strong> As always, a fantastic resource. Use Craigslist to list your missing pet, but also use it to check for found dogs. Try the newspaper, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. Call the Police:\u003c/strong> Most officers are quite willing to take a card and keep an eye out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>8. Look:\u003c/strong> With a friend, look for your dog in his/her favorite places, like a friends' yard or the local dog park. Call to them, rattle their leash, squeak their favorite toy or use an Acme dog whistle as you walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>9. Stay Positive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>10. Do Not Give Up!\u003c/strong> Pets have been known to find their way back home after being lost for several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the good news: thanks to flyers (#2 above), someone called with a lead late last night and \u003cstrong>Nyla was found\u003c/strong>. Hey, it works!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know what it is like to have a missing pet. When my cat Tucker slipped out two years ago around the winter holidays, I was distraught. I feared he was stuck in the garage of a vacationing family, hit by a car, starving in an alley, wet, cold and crying for me somewhere in the streets. I did everything to find him, creating a 'CSI Oakland' headquarters at my house. Though I did not find Tucker, I did feel at peace with my efforts and felt able to advise my friend on his search. The trick is to turn your guilt, fear and sadness into positive energy and to take immediate action!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Reach out to Friends and Family:\u003c/strong> Right away, reach out and ask for help. You would be surprised who steps up and offers their time, so give them the chance to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Create an e-mail list\u003c/strong> of your team and keep them updated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Flyers, postcards and business cards:\u003c/strong> It is PR time. Arm yourself with the flyers, tape, staplers and tacks and hit up the neighborhood. Use your most current photo of your dog and create bright-colored flyers, as well as smaller postcards or business cards. Post your flyers right away and everywhere within 1 mile of where the pet went missing. Post in coffee shops, store windows, video stores, parks, pools, churches and local hangouts. State clearly, \"MISSING DOG\". Include what neighborhood the dog is missing from and when he/she was last seen, as well as your phone number and a description of the dog. If you are offering a reward leave out one detail of the description (eye color or odd patch on belly) in order to weed through responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Network:\u003c/strong> Set out in teams and talk to people. Give out the cards to your neighbors, dog walkers, bus drivers, taxi drivers, local police, neighborhood youth, the postman, garbage woman and everyone you meet. Give them away at the farmer's market, shopping center and BART station, wherever you can encounter the most local people. Almost everyone can relate to a lost pet and most will be sympathetic to your mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Contact Pet Places:\u003c/strong> visit your local Animal Control, Humane Society, rescue places, veterinary offices, pet stores and pet supply places. Check their found dogs and give them flyers to post. With Animal Control, you must go in immediately and visit often. You can post in their Lost Dog binder and check the Found Dog one. Staff will show you current found dogs and, sadly, the police deceased animal cards. Bay Area Shelters are at www.animalservices.org/uploaded_files/shelterlist.pdf or www.labrescue.org/Pages/bayareashelters.htm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. Craigslist:\u003c/strong> As always, a fantastic resource. Use Craigslist to list your missing pet, but also use it to check for found dogs. Try the newspaper, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. Call the Police:\u003c/strong> Most officers are quite willing to take a card and keep an eye out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>8. Look:\u003c/strong> With a friend, look for your dog in his/her favorite places, like a friends' yard or the local dog park. Call to them, rattle their leash, squeak their favorite toy or use an Acme dog whistle as you walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>9. Stay Positive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>10. Do Not Give Up!\u003c/strong> Pets have been known to find their way back home after being lost for several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the good news: thanks to flyers (#2 above), someone called with a lead late last night and \u003cstrong>Nyla was found\u003c/strong>. Hey, it works!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_cells.jpg\">\u003cem>Scientists can now turn skin cells into embryonic\u003cbr>\nstem cells like these.(Image: Nissim Benvenisty)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It is amazing how fast stem cell research is accelerating. Six months ago, we had to destroy embryos to get at their precious embryonic stem (ES) cells. Or we had to at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=23\">steal them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as 2008 begins, we can turn skin cells into ES cells in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=57\">mice\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">humans\u003c/a>. This is huge and here's why:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1)\tNo embryos need to be destroyed\u003cbr>\n2)\tNo one needs to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=68\">cloned\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n3)\tES cells derived from skin cells won't be rejected by the body\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how'd the researchers do it? As with any important new finding, this one started out as basic research. And like many other findings, this one also started out not in humans but in an animal model system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Japanese group had been studying how a mouse ES cell eventually gets turned into a skin cell. In the end, they identified around 20 genes that were turned on to reprogram a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 20 genes the Japanese group identified are really \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=241\">master control genes\u003c/a>. They are responsible for affecting how lots of other genes work. So, all a scientist would have to do is turn on these 20 genes in a skin cell and you'd get back to an ES cell. Sounds simple, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists aren't very good at all at turning on a specific gene in a cell let alone 20. To get around this limitation, the scientists decided to add the genes to a skin cell using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">gene therapy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists can't easily add 20 genes to a cell with gene therapy either. This meant they had to find the bare minimum that might work. After much research, the group settled on four genes that could turn a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, this was all in mice. Now this same group (and another from the U.S.) has accomplished the same thing with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">human cell\u003c/a>. Both groups have taken a human skin cell, added four genes, and changed it into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We aren't going to be curing diseases with these cells quite yet though. When the Japanese group put the mouse cells back into a mouse, 20% of them developed cancer. This is probably due to one of the genes they used (myc), as well as the way they did their gene therapy (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">viral mediated\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. researchers who converted the human skin cell were able to do it without the myc gene. This tells us there are different sets of genes that can work in this process. Hopefully scientists can discover a set of genes and a way to get them into cells that won't cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work got me to thinking. I wonder if scientists would have worked this hard to make ES cells from skin cells without George Bush's ban on ES cell research. They certainly would have got there eventually but would they have gotten there so quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 20 genes the Japanese group identified are really \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=241\">master control genes\u003c/a>. They are responsible for affecting how lots of other genes work. So, all a scientist would have to do is turn on these 20 genes in a skin cell and you'd get back to an ES cell. Sounds simple, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists aren't very good at all at turning on a specific gene in a cell let alone 20. To get around this limitation, the scientists decided to add the genes to a skin cell using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">gene therapy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists can't easily add 20 genes to a cell with gene therapy either. This meant they had to find the bare minimum that might work. After much research, the group settled on four genes that could turn a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, this was all in mice. Now this same group (and another from the U.S.) has accomplished the same thing with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">human cell\u003c/a>. Both groups have taken a human skin cell, added four genes, and changed it into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We aren't going to be curing diseases with these cells quite yet though. When the Japanese group put the mouse cells back into a mouse, 20% of them developed cancer. This is probably due to one of the genes they used (myc), as well as the way they did their gene therapy (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">viral mediated\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. researchers who converted the human skin cell were able to do it without the myc gene. This tells us there are different sets of genes that can work in this process. Hopefully scientists can discover a set of genes and a way to get them into cells that won't cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work got me to thinking. I wonder if scientists would have worked this hard to make ES cells from skin cells without George Bush's ban on ES cell research. They certainly would have got there eventually but would they have gotten there so quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the North Bay, a new nursery is lending Mother Nature a hand.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_nursery.jpg\">\u003c/span>On a recent foggy morning, I drove up to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=11644\">San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a> to tour their native plant nursery with biologist Giselle Block and nursery manager Leia Giambastiani. The Refuge hugs the northern reaches of the Bay (If you've driven across Highway 37, you've seen some of it). Historically this was part of one of the most extensive wetland systems on the West Coast. Here at the Bay's ecologically rich fringes, habitats shaded one to the next, from open water, to mudflat, to tidal marsh, to upland. During extreme high tides, marsh inhabitants like salt marsh harvest mouse and California clapper rail--both now endangered--sought refuge in the marsh-upland transition zone, where native plants provided cover from predation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 150 years, the marsh-upland transition zone has, so to speak, gone the way of the wetlands. Now, with plans to restore 100,000 acres of the Bay's lost wetlands in the coming decades, scientists also are turning their attention to the critical habitat just above tide line. These days, as a result of our radical re-engineering of the Bay landscape, the transition zone is often on man made levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once reconnected to the Bay, tidal marshes can do a lot of the work of restoring themselves, as seeds and nutrients travel in on the tides. But the transition zone is not so lucky. Without sources nearby, many seeds don't have a way to get there. Even if they manage the journey, native plants face stiff competition on levees from weedy invaders. Here's where the Refuge's nursery comes in, raising from seed native plants such as yarrow (\u003cem>Achillea millefolium\u003c/em>), blue wildrye (\u003cem>Elymus glaucus\u003c/em>), seaside woolly sunflower (\u003cem>Eriophyllum staechadifolium\u003c/em>), and western goldenrod (\u003cem>Euthamia occidentalis\u003c/em>), then marshaling volunteers to help remove invasives and plant the natives. In 2007--just its second year--the nursery propagated over 4,000 plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this restoration work particularly exciting is that it is truly science in action, an ongoing experiment still working to answer a variety of questions: what's the best way to get rid of invasives? (Different projects around the Bay have experimented with using a plastic sheeting to \"cook\" the weed seeds--\u003cem>solarization\u003c/em>--and using concentrated salt water from salt ponds to poison them--\u003cem>salinization\u003c/em>). Which native plants fare best on the levees, a relatively harsh environment with soils that may differ from natural transition zones? Should the new plantings be left to do their thing, or do survival rates significantly improve with mulching or fertilizer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what happens when, as a result of climate change and sea level rise, you run out of levee? Giselle Block points out that no doubt there will be new levees in new places. By working now to create habitat, there will be local sources for seeding new transitions zones, and--hopefully--there will still be clapper rails and salt marsh harvest mice to seek refuge there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Refuge and The Bay Institute are partnering to develop more opportunities for volunteers to assist with propagation of native plants at the nursery, invasive removal, and restoration plantings. For more information, contact Leia Giambastiani (707-769-4200, \u003ca href=\"mailto:giambastiani@bay.org\">giambastiani@bay.org\u003c/a>).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_annd.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Ann Dickinson\u003c/strong> is Communications Manager for The Bay Institute (\u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org\">www.bay.org\u003c/a>), a nonprofit research, education, and advocacy organization dedicated to protecting and restoring San Francisco Bay and its watershed, \"from the Sierra to the sea.\"\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">38.1528\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.492\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the North Bay, a new nursery is lending Mother Nature a hand.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_nursery.jpg\">\u003c/span>On a recent foggy morning, I drove up to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=11644\">San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a> to tour their native plant nursery with biologist Giselle Block and nursery manager Leia Giambastiani. The Refuge hugs the northern reaches of the Bay (If you've driven across Highway 37, you've seen some of it). Historically this was part of one of the most extensive wetland systems on the West Coast. Here at the Bay's ecologically rich fringes, habitats shaded one to the next, from open water, to mudflat, to tidal marsh, to upland. During extreme high tides, marsh inhabitants like salt marsh harvest mouse and California clapper rail--both now endangered--sought refuge in the marsh-upland transition zone, where native plants provided cover from predation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 150 years, the marsh-upland transition zone has, so to speak, gone the way of the wetlands. Now, with plans to restore 100,000 acres of the Bay's lost wetlands in the coming decades, scientists also are turning their attention to the critical habitat just above tide line. These days, as a result of our radical re-engineering of the Bay landscape, the transition zone is often on man made levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once reconnected to the Bay, tidal marshes can do a lot of the work of restoring themselves, as seeds and nutrients travel in on the tides. But the transition zone is not so lucky. Without sources nearby, many seeds don't have a way to get there. Even if they manage the journey, native plants face stiff competition on levees from weedy invaders. Here's where the Refuge's nursery comes in, raising from seed native plants such as yarrow (\u003cem>Achillea millefolium\u003c/em>), blue wildrye (\u003cem>Elymus glaucus\u003c/em>), seaside woolly sunflower (\u003cem>Eriophyllum staechadifolium\u003c/em>), and western goldenrod (\u003cem>Euthamia occidentalis\u003c/em>), then marshaling volunteers to help remove invasives and plant the natives. In 2007--just its second year--the nursery propagated over 4,000 plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this restoration work particularly exciting is that it is truly science in action, an ongoing experiment still working to answer a variety of questions: what's the best way to get rid of invasives? (Different projects around the Bay have experimented with using a plastic sheeting to \"cook\" the weed seeds--\u003cem>solarization\u003c/em>--and using concentrated salt water from salt ponds to poison them--\u003cem>salinization\u003c/em>). Which native plants fare best on the levees, a relatively harsh environment with soils that may differ from natural transition zones? Should the new plantings be left to do their thing, or do survival rates significantly improve with mulching or fertilizer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what happens when, as a result of climate change and sea level rise, you run out of levee? Giselle Block points out that no doubt there will be new levees in new places. By working now to create habitat, there will be local sources for seeding new transitions zones, and--hopefully--there will still be clapper rails and salt marsh harvest mice to seek refuge there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Refuge and The Bay Institute are partnering to develop more opportunities for volunteers to assist with propagation of native plants at the nursery, invasive removal, and restoration plantings. For more information, contact Leia Giambastiani (707-769-4200, \u003ca href=\"mailto:giambastiani@bay.org\">giambastiani@bay.org\u003c/a>).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_annd.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Ann Dickinson\u003c/strong> is Communications Manager for The Bay Institute (\u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org\">www.bay.org\u003c/a>), a nonprofit research, education, and advocacy organization dedicated to protecting and restoring San Francisco Bay and its watershed, \"from the Sierra to the sea.\"\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">38.1528\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.492\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Mollusk Madness: can we collect shells responsibly?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen! You can hear the sounds of the ocean, but is it getting quieter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_conch.jpg\">\u003c/span>Last week while snorkeling in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roat%C3%A1n\">Roatan, Hondoruas\u003c/a>, I came face to face with a Conch. Not a shiny shell in a gift shop, but a moving creature, shuffling along the sea floor, munching on grasses and just being a mollusk. I was in awe. My crew was still digesting the Conch Soup from the previous night and would soon tap our feet to a Garifuna performance complete with Conch Shell blowing. And haven't we all picked one up off of someone’s coffee table and listened to sounds of the ocean? I am sure I am not the only one who associates the Conch Shell, and so many shells, with jewelry, lamps, ash trays, picture frames, instruments, Bo Derek, and at times, dinner. But this, this was a living creature, using the shell for what it was created for; a home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study of shells, both amateur and professional, is called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchology\">Conchology\u003c/a>. There are millions of Conchology practitioners, or collectors, who feel drawn to collect shells. They are inspired by their spirals, blown away by their beauty, and drawn to keep them in their desire to connect with the earth. Many study shells scientifically and their findings can lead to conservation awareness, medical advances and my favorite, \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2005/03/abalone_shell_s.php\">biomimicry ideas\u003c/a>. I do not aim to deny anyone these experiences, but do wish to know how to collect shells, and all items from nature, responsibly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a conservation teacher, I have often talked to kids about picking flowers, etc. At times I will teach the ditty, \"\u003cem>One for the butterflies, one for the bees, one for the beetles and one for me,\u003c/em>\" honoring the deep need to be close to nature, while teaching that other creatures need these treasures for survival. Therefore, we share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tips for collection shells might be:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Adhere to the environmental regulations of the state and country you are in (for California, go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/fishing\">www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/fishing\u003c/a>)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Put things back where you found them as you look\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take only shells with nobody home\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Be aware of your source and their conservation practices before you buy\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Join a club that practices responsible collection\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Other ideas would be appreciated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the boat on the way back from the snorkeling, one woman could not resist. She had a shiny, pink Conch Shell on her lap. The guide attempted to explain why tourists are not allowed to take the shells directly from the ocean. As the woman protested, a hermit crab popped out of the shell and gave the woman a surprising poke. Over the edge and into the sea went the shell and its guest. When we listen to the ocean, it sometimes speaks for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amyg.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Gotliffe\u003c/strong> is Conservation Manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Oakland Zoo\">The Oakland Zoo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7502\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.148\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the boat on the way back from the snorkeling, one woman could not resist. She had a shiny, pink Conch Shell on her lap. The guide attempted to explain why tourists are not allowed to take the shells directly from the ocean. As the woman protested, a hermit crab popped out of the shell and gave the woman a surprising poke. Over the edge and into the sea went the shell and its guest. When we listen to the ocean, it sometimes speaks for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amyg.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Gotliffe\u003c/strong> is Conservation Manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Oakland Zoo\">The Oakland Zoo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7502\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.148\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/crissy-field-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field is a stunning park site within the Golden Gate National Parks. Crissy Field's 100 acres of wild, windswept shoreline are a favorite place for walkers, joggers, boardsailors, bicyclists, thousands of birds and the occasional seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally a rich salt marsh and gathering ground for native people, Crissy Field was later the landing site of Spanish explorers and Russian, English and Boston traders. In 1915, the Panama Pacific International Exposition was held here, and shortly after, the area became one of the country’s foremost military airfields and part of a U.S. army post. With generous community support, Crissy Field has been transformed into a spectacular national parkland. The 100-acre site is included within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Presidio of San Francisco. Along with the entire Presidio, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the site restoration effort in 1998-2000, individuals and groups from schools, corporations and civic organizations put in more than 100,000 native plants to help restore natural systems at Crissy Field. Community volunteers continue to play an important role in sustaining long-term stewardship of this national parkland.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>603 Mason Street, Presidio\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco, CA 94129\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/trip-planner.html?to=Crissy+Field+Center:294776522\">Driving Directions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/map/#/programs/crissy-field-center/?coords=14:37.8061:-122.4494&date=1450230964731\">[Map]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Center Hours of Operation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Monday through Sunday\u003cbr>\n9 AM - 5 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Administrative Phones\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>General Office (415) 561-7690\u003cbr>\nFax (415) 561-7695\u003cbr>\nBookstore (415) 561-7761\u003cbr>\nCafé (415) 561-7756\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Charity Maybury and Kristen Ward at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">The Crissy Field Center\u003c/a> for their participation in this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Crissy Field: Changing Landscapes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"DSC_0049.JPG by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895513447/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2251/1895513447_bfe24bce41_m.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0049.JPG\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a> With a view of the Golden Gate bridge, Crissy Field is a fine example of preserving nature in an urban environment. Along the northern edge of the San Francisco peninsula is a 100-acre park with a storied past. Crissy Field is a recently restored section of the Presidio in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It stretches from the foot of the Golden Gate bridge to the city’s Marina District, granting public beach access along much of the bay inlet known as the Golden Gate and providing walking trails along which visitors can admire native plants, watch for birds, or just sit and marvel at the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field hasn't always looked like this. Change is a constant here. Along the beach, waves continually deposit sand and wash away footprints. Return a week after your last visit and the tides will have shifted the sandbar’s shape and carved new curves into the dunes. Even larger changes take place over longer periods of time, making this recently re-created urban shoreline an illustration of how dynamic living systems can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Picture 145.jpg by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895374818/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2288/1895374818_eba39ac3d8_m.jpg\" alt=\"Picture 145.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> The abundance of plant life and waterfowl belie Crissy Field's previous life as a military post and airfield. Humans and nature both contribute to the shifts in Crissy Field's landscape and environment. An oil spill in November 2007 may be one of the most recent human-caused events to affect the area, but it certainly isn’t the largest or most damaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field has had many previous incarnations. Before it became a Spanish military post in 1776, the native Ohlone people took advantage of the area’s abundance of plant and animal life. In 1848, the site became a U.S. military post, and an airfield was added in 1921. During the Vietnam war, this airfield was a landing spot for wounded soldiers being transported from Travis Air Force Base northeast of San Francisco to Letterman Hospital. The airfield closed to fixed-wing aircraft in 1974, but continued as a U.S. Army post until the National Park Service assumed management in 1994. Three years later, planners began to recreate Crissy Field back to its pre-military state. By the time the new park was completed in 2000, over 3000 volunteers had planted 100,000 native plants in the dunes, where they’ve flourished. Nowadays a visitor would be hard pressed to imagine the area under blacktop, surrounded by airline hangars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the park claims 130 documented species of birds and 105 species of plants. The original salt marsh, which drew Native Americans here before the area was developed, has been restored, along with a small plot of freshwater habitat called dune swale. With its tall grasses and occasional cattails, dune swale was once a very common environment in the area now occupied by San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Fence Line by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1894281361/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2068/1894281361_3769455ea2_m.jpg\" alt=\"Fence Line\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Fences around Crissy Field's beach dunes often need to be rebuilt as wind, waves, and human interactions reshape the sands. Observing Crissy Field as a protected area now, its Park Ranger caretakers can point out how nature exerts its own dramatic changes here. Some animal populations come and go as the seasons change. Wind and waves are forever rearranging the shoreline, shifting the sands and shaping the plant communities. Occasionally, the surf deposits enough sand on the shore to close off the inlet to the park’s salt marsh, which rangers then have to dredge to reopen. Near the beach, wind and water (and the occasional canine friend of humans) combine to reshape the dunes, leaving them in need of ever-new fences to protect them from these elements. At Crissy Field, park planners and rangers must strike a delicate balance between preservation and recreation. Human efforts have both assaulted this shoreline and helped it recover. Nature has its hand in healing as well, the terrain’s capacity for change lending it resilience. Now paths and beaches provide opportunity for visitors to appreciate how the two forces can work together to revive a landscape that once seemed lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are many kinds of volunteering opportunities at Crissy Field and in other parts of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Volunteers help with habitat restoration, wildlife protection and monitoring, maintaining native plant nurseries, seed collecting and invasive plant control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the ground, this can mean planting, cutting, counting, observing and collecting. Call (415)561-3034 x3429 / TTY (415)561-3020 to talk to someone about what volunteering activity would best suit your interests and schedule. For volunteering in other parts of the GGNRA, call the volunteer hotline number at (415) 561-4755.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/606294@N21\">Crissy Field photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy -- Crissy Field Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/crissy-field-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field is a stunning park site within the Golden Gate National Parks. Crissy Field's 100 acres of wild, windswept shoreline are a favorite place for walkers, joggers, boardsailors, bicyclists, thousands of birds and the occasional seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally a rich salt marsh and gathering ground for native people, Crissy Field was later the landing site of Spanish explorers and Russian, English and Boston traders. In 1915, the Panama Pacific International Exposition was held here, and shortly after, the area became one of the country’s foremost military airfields and part of a U.S. army post. With generous community support, Crissy Field has been transformed into a spectacular national parkland. The 100-acre site is included within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Presidio of San Francisco. Along with the entire Presidio, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the site restoration effort in 1998-2000, individuals and groups from schools, corporations and civic organizations put in more than 100,000 native plants to help restore natural systems at Crissy Field. Community volunteers continue to play an important role in sustaining long-term stewardship of this national parkland.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>603 Mason Street, Presidio\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco, CA 94129\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/trip-planner.html?to=Crissy+Field+Center:294776522\">Driving Directions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/map/#/programs/crissy-field-center/?coords=14:37.8061:-122.4494&date=1450230964731\">[Map]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Center Hours of Operation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Monday through Sunday\u003cbr>\n9 AM - 5 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Administrative Phones\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>General Office (415) 561-7690\u003cbr>\nFax (415) 561-7695\u003cbr>\nBookstore (415) 561-7761\u003cbr>\nCafé (415) 561-7756\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Charity Maybury and Kristen Ward at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">The Crissy Field Center\u003c/a> for their participation in this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Crissy Field: Changing Landscapes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"DSC_0049.JPG by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895513447/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2251/1895513447_bfe24bce41_m.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0049.JPG\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a> With a view of the Golden Gate bridge, Crissy Field is a fine example of preserving nature in an urban environment. Along the northern edge of the San Francisco peninsula is a 100-acre park with a storied past. Crissy Field is a recently restored section of the Presidio in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It stretches from the foot of the Golden Gate bridge to the city’s Marina District, granting public beach access along much of the bay inlet known as the Golden Gate and providing walking trails along which visitors can admire native plants, watch for birds, or just sit and marvel at the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field hasn't always looked like this. Change is a constant here. Along the beach, waves continually deposit sand and wash away footprints. Return a week after your last visit and the tides will have shifted the sandbar’s shape and carved new curves into the dunes. Even larger changes take place over longer periods of time, making this recently re-created urban shoreline an illustration of how dynamic living systems can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Picture 145.jpg by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895374818/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2288/1895374818_eba39ac3d8_m.jpg\" alt=\"Picture 145.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> The abundance of plant life and waterfowl belie Crissy Field's previous life as a military post and airfield. Humans and nature both contribute to the shifts in Crissy Field's landscape and environment. An oil spill in November 2007 may be one of the most recent human-caused events to affect the area, but it certainly isn’t the largest or most damaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field has had many previous incarnations. Before it became a Spanish military post in 1776, the native Ohlone people took advantage of the area’s abundance of plant and animal life. In 1848, the site became a U.S. military post, and an airfield was added in 1921. During the Vietnam war, this airfield was a landing spot for wounded soldiers being transported from Travis Air Force Base northeast of San Francisco to Letterman Hospital. The airfield closed to fixed-wing aircraft in 1974, but continued as a U.S. Army post until the National Park Service assumed management in 1994. Three years later, planners began to recreate Crissy Field back to its pre-military state. By the time the new park was completed in 2000, over 3000 volunteers had planted 100,000 native plants in the dunes, where they’ve flourished. Nowadays a visitor would be hard pressed to imagine the area under blacktop, surrounded by airline hangars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the park claims 130 documented species of birds and 105 species of plants. The original salt marsh, which drew Native Americans here before the area was developed, has been restored, along with a small plot of freshwater habitat called dune swale. With its tall grasses and occasional cattails, dune swale was once a very common environment in the area now occupied by San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Fence Line by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1894281361/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2068/1894281361_3769455ea2_m.jpg\" alt=\"Fence Line\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Fences around Crissy Field's beach dunes often need to be rebuilt as wind, waves, and human interactions reshape the sands. Observing Crissy Field as a protected area now, its Park Ranger caretakers can point out how nature exerts its own dramatic changes here. Some animal populations come and go as the seasons change. Wind and waves are forever rearranging the shoreline, shifting the sands and shaping the plant communities. Occasionally, the surf deposits enough sand on the shore to close off the inlet to the park’s salt marsh, which rangers then have to dredge to reopen. Near the beach, wind and water (and the occasional canine friend of humans) combine to reshape the dunes, leaving them in need of ever-new fences to protect them from these elements. At Crissy Field, park planners and rangers must strike a delicate balance between preservation and recreation. Human efforts have both assaulted this shoreline and helped it recover. Nature has its hand in healing as well, the terrain’s capacity for change lending it resilience. Now paths and beaches provide opportunity for visitors to appreciate how the two forces can work together to revive a landscape that once seemed lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are many kinds of volunteering opportunities at Crissy Field and in other parts of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Volunteers help with habitat restoration, wildlife protection and monitoring, maintaining native plant nurseries, seed collecting and invasive plant control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the ground, this can mean planting, cutting, counting, observing and collecting. Call (415)561-3034 x3429 / TTY (415)561-3020 to talk to someone about what volunteering activity would best suit your interests and schedule. For volunteering in other parts of the GGNRA, call the volunteer hotline number at (415) 561-4755.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/snakeblog.JPG\">\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, an Academy biologist or docent will bring out one of the snakes for guests to see and touch. There are many common questions when a guest comes up close and personal with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.anapsid.org/ball.html\" target=\"_blank\">Ball Python\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ReptilesAmphibians/Facts/FactSheets/Boaconstrictor.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Boa Constrictor\u003c/a>. The most common question asked is – is this snake poisonous? And it is not only children asking if the snake is poisonous but adults as well. Many people think snakes are poisonous animals, however, snakes cannot actually be poisonous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although both poison and venom are toxic, they differ in the method of delivery. Poison is only effective if ingested orally or absorbed; venom, on the other hand, is always injected. So snakes are not poisonous, but they can be venomous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many telltale indications that an animal is poisonous or venomous. Toxic animals usually advertise by color, behavior, or sound. Take, for example, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bristolzoo.org.uk/learning/animals/reptiles/poison-arrow-frog\" target=\"_blank\">Poison Dart Frog\u003c/a> - it secretes poison through its skin. These frogs are brightly colored, which acts as a visual deterrent for predators. Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, will signal their toxicity through threatening behavior and sound. When threatened, rattlesnakes will ready themselves in a striking pose and rattle their tails. Additionally\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt\">\u003c/span>, rattlesnake venom is kept in two venom sacs in the snake's mouth, which alters the shape of the mouth. Non-venomous snakes have a circular mouths while venomous snakes, like rattlesnakes, have triangular mouths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venom is a highly effective survival tool for many different species. Venomous animals are found throughout the world and are most often very distinctive. Along with being able to defend themselves from many predators, venomous animals are also able to take down prey which are larger and faster than themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being venomous is so advantageous in the animal world in that many animals will fake it. Known as mimicry, the mimic will take on the coloration or characteristic of the model. Both the venomous \u003ca href=\"http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/eastern-coral-snake.html\" target=\"_blank\">Eastern coral snake\u003c/a> and non-venomous \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_Kingsnake\" target=\"_blank\">scarlet king snake\u003c/a> are banded red, yellow, and black; however; the order of the colors differs just slightly. Though both are striking in color, only the coral snake is toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in many instances color, behavior, or sound can let you know if an animal is poisonous or venomous. You can never be one hundred percent sure, however, as toxicity is an adaptation that many other species will copycat. When in nature it is better to be safe and keep a distance. For more information about toxic animals, to take a venom quiz, or to learn about different toxic species visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/venoms/html/venoms_101.html#\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/venoms/html/venoms_101.html#\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to the original question – is this snake poisonous? No. Is it venomous? Again the answer is no. We do not have any venomous programming animals. The most common type of programming snake we have at the Academy is a constrictor. A constrictor will squeeze its prey causing death through \u003ca href=\"http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/asphyxia.htm\" target=\"_blank\">asphyxia\u003c/a> or cardiac arrest. The majority of constrictors are non-venomous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_cata.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Cat Aboudara\u003c/strong> is the Special Projects Manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> and works in the public programs division. The Academy is a wonderful fit for her because of her curiosity about the natural world and her experience in working with native California wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7819\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.404\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/snakeblog.JPG\">\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, an Academy biologist or docent will bring out one of the snakes for guests to see and touch. There are many common questions when a guest comes up close and personal with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.anapsid.org/ball.html\" target=\"_blank\">Ball Python\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ReptilesAmphibians/Facts/FactSheets/Boaconstrictor.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Boa Constrictor\u003c/a>. The most common question asked is – is this snake poisonous? And it is not only children asking if the snake is poisonous but adults as well. Many people think snakes are poisonous animals, however, snakes cannot actually be poisonous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although both poison and venom are toxic, they differ in the method of delivery. Poison is only effective if ingested orally or absorbed; venom, on the other hand, is always injected. So snakes are not poisonous, but they can be venomous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many telltale indications that an animal is poisonous or venomous. Toxic animals usually advertise by color, behavior, or sound. Take, for example, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bristolzoo.org.uk/learning/animals/reptiles/poison-arrow-frog\" target=\"_blank\">Poison Dart Frog\u003c/a> - it secretes poison through its skin. These frogs are brightly colored, which acts as a visual deterrent for predators. Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, will signal their toxicity through threatening behavior and sound. When threatened, rattlesnakes will ready themselves in a striking pose and rattle their tails. Additionally\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt\">\u003c/span>, rattlesnake venom is kept in two venom sacs in the snake's mouth, which alters the shape of the mouth. Non-venomous snakes have a circular mouths while venomous snakes, like rattlesnakes, have triangular mouths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venom is a highly effective survival tool for many different species. Venomous animals are found throughout the world and are most often very distinctive. Along with being able to defend themselves from many predators, venomous animals are also able to take down prey which are larger and faster than themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being venomous is so advantageous in the animal world in that many animals will fake it. Known as mimicry, the mimic will take on the coloration or characteristic of the model. Both the venomous \u003ca href=\"http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/eastern-coral-snake.html\" target=\"_blank\">Eastern coral snake\u003c/a> and non-venomous \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_Kingsnake\" target=\"_blank\">scarlet king snake\u003c/a> are banded red, yellow, and black; however; the order of the colors differs just slightly. Though both are striking in color, only the coral snake is toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in many instances color, behavior, or sound can let you know if an animal is poisonous or venomous. You can never be one hundred percent sure, however, as toxicity is an adaptation that many other species will copycat. When in nature it is better to be safe and keep a distance. For more information about toxic animals, to take a venom quiz, or to learn about different toxic species visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/venoms/html/venoms_101.html#\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/venoms/html/venoms_101.html#\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to the original question – is this snake poisonous? No. Is it venomous? Again the answer is no. We do not have any venomous programming animals. The most common type of programming snake we have at the Academy is a constrictor. A constrictor will squeeze its prey causing death through \u003ca href=\"http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/asphyxia.htm\" target=\"_blank\">asphyxia\u003c/a> or cardiac arrest. The majority of constrictors are non-venomous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_cata.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Cat Aboudara\u003c/strong> is the Special Projects Manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> and works in the public programs division. The Academy is a wonderful fit for her because of her curiosity about the natural world and her experience in working with native California wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7819\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.404\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can DNA Ancestry Tests Really Tell You?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_ug.jpg\">\u003c/span>A lot of DNA companies are now offering ancestry testing so you can find out more about your ancestors. Overall they can be useful if you have a specific question. But for an overall look at your family's history, they tend to fall short. Let's look at an example to get a feel for what you can and can't find out from most of these tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you wanted to figure out if you were related to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson\">Thomas Jefferson\u003c/a>. This is what descendants of Sally Hemmings wanted to do. Hemmings was one of Jefferson's slaves and there were rumors that he had fathered a son with her. Using DNA tests, scientists figured out that Thomas Jefferson (or at least one of his male relatives) and Sally Hemmings \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v396/n6706/full/396027a0.html\">did have kids\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes DNA testing sound very powerful. But in some ways, these folks got lucky. To be able to trace a line back that far, you need to have an unbroken line of males or females. In this case, there was an unbroken line of males to Thomas Jefferson's brother and an unbroken line of males to Sally Hemmings' son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that Jefferson's brother had a son who had a son who had a son, etc. If anyone in that line had not had a son or if all the sons in a generation had died before they had kids, then the test would not have worked. Same thing for Sally Hemmings' family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why are these tests so picky?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What these tests look for are small DNA differences between people with different ancestors. These DNA differences exist because our DNA slowly builds up mutations over time. And these changes are specific to certain groups because there wasn't much mixing in the old days. So what changed in Europe, stayed in Europe. Or West Africa. Or Australia. Or…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the trouble comes in is with something called recombination. Remember we all have two copies of most of our chromosomes--one from mom and one from dad. Before an egg or sperm is made, the two chromosomes in each pair mix and match pieces with each other. This is recombination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that your chromosome 1 from your mom is really a mix of both of her chromosome 1's. The same is true for most of the rest of her chromosomes. And for most of the chromosomes you got from your dad too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of thing is wonderful for diversity and is one of the big reasons why each generation is different from the last. But it can wreak havoc on DNA ancestry testing. With each generation more and more DNA gets mixed up. What this means is that the genetic trail is lost pretty quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why scientists often focus on the two kinds of chromosomes that don't recombine--mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Y chromosome. The mtDNA is found in a cell's mitochodrion instead of in the nucleus (where all the rest of our DNA is). This cool relic from our evolutionary past \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=165\">comes only from mom\u003c/a>. The Y chromosome is the only unpaired chromosome in the nucleus. If a person has a Y chromosome, they are almost always male. Which means this chromosome passes only from dad to sons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since neither of these chromosomes have a partner, there isn't any mixing between generations. This means you can really follow them back for long periods of time. In fact, this is how they found \u003ca href=\"http://www.chartsgraphsdiagrams.com/evolution/mitochondrial-eve.html\">ancestral Adam and Eve\u003c/a>--by following the trail back to the one person we all have an unbroken paternal or maternal link back to. (Remember, there were people before these folks, they just don't have an unbroken maternal or paternal line.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_lineage.gif\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all very cool but isn't necessarily that helpful if you want to learn about your ancestors. This is because you are really only learning about one ancestor (or a set along a very defined line). For example, in a Y test, you don't see any of the female relatives (or any of their male or female relatives). So the son of a European mom and an African-American dad would only see his dad's roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about what this means for the Hemmings. If they just did a DNA ancestry test with the Y chromosome, they would conclude that they were of European descent. While this is strictly true along one very specific line, after so many generations most of their other chromosomes are not. So what did they learn about their true ancestry?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why are these tests so picky?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What these tests look for are small DNA differences between people with different ancestors. These DNA differences exist because our DNA slowly builds up mutations over time. And these changes are specific to certain groups because there wasn't much mixing in the old days. So what changed in Europe, stayed in Europe. Or West Africa. Or Australia. Or…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the trouble comes in is with something called recombination. Remember we all have two copies of most of our chromosomes--one from mom and one from dad. Before an egg or sperm is made, the two chromosomes in each pair mix and match pieces with each other. This is recombination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that your chromosome 1 from your mom is really a mix of both of her chromosome 1's. The same is true for most of the rest of her chromosomes. And for most of the chromosomes you got from your dad too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of thing is wonderful for diversity and is one of the big reasons why each generation is different from the last. But it can wreak havoc on DNA ancestry testing. With each generation more and more DNA gets mixed up. What this means is that the genetic trail is lost pretty quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why scientists often focus on the two kinds of chromosomes that don't recombine--mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Y chromosome. The mtDNA is found in a cell's mitochodrion instead of in the nucleus (where all the rest of our DNA is). This cool relic from our evolutionary past \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=165\">comes only from mom\u003c/a>. The Y chromosome is the only unpaired chromosome in the nucleus. If a person has a Y chromosome, they are almost always male. Which means this chromosome passes only from dad to sons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since neither of these chromosomes have a partner, there isn't any mixing between generations. This means you can really follow them back for long periods of time. In fact, this is how they found \u003ca href=\"http://www.chartsgraphsdiagrams.com/evolution/mitochondrial-eve.html\">ancestral Adam and Eve\u003c/a>--by following the trail back to the one person we all have an unbroken paternal or maternal link back to. (Remember, there were people before these folks, they just don't have an unbroken maternal or paternal line.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_lineage.gif\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all very cool but isn't necessarily that helpful if you want to learn about your ancestors. This is because you are really only learning about one ancestor (or a set along a very defined line). For example, in a Y test, you don't see any of the female relatives (or any of their male or female relatives). So the son of a European mom and an African-American dad would only see his dad's roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about what this means for the Hemmings. If they just did a DNA ancestry test with the Y chromosome, they would conclude that they were of European descent. While this is strictly true along one very specific line, after so many generations most of their other chromosomes are not. So what did they learn about their true ancestry?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/11/blog_rosetta2.jpg\">\u003cem>Image source: \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Chris_73\">Chris 73\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>If you could know more about your DNA, would you want to? And if you want to know more, is now the time to find out?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think so given the flurry of company launches in the last few days. These companies promise to help \"decode\" your genetics (\u003ca href=\"http://www.decodeme.com/\">deCODEme\u003c/a>). Or reveal vital information about your 23 chromosomes (\u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>). Or help you navigate your personal genomics (Navigenics).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes these companies different from older genetic testing companies is that they look at lots of DNA all at once instead of just a single gene. (They aren't looking at all of your DNA-- for that you need to contact \u003ca href=\"http://www.knome.com/\">Knome\u003c/a> who will do this for a mere $349,000.) This means they can look at many different genes and DNA markers at once giving a broader view of the genetic you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For around $1000, these companies will take this deep look at your DNA and tell you a bit about your ancestry. They will also be able to tell you a bit about your risk for some diseases. And maybe tell you how likely you are to have a child with blue eyes or red hair. They might even find a genetic reason why you hate Brussels sprouts (take that mom!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how little we know right now about our DNA, I am not sure if these results are worth $1000. A little bit of knowledge can be a dangerous thing. And scientists don't know much yet about our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You'd think they'd know more given that they sequenced the human genome back in 2003. But just because we have the six billion letters, it doesn't mean we know what they do. Or how different bits influence each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our DNA right now is a little like Egyptian hieroglyphics were before the Rosetta stone was found. We know a bit about our DNA but not a whole lot. Scientists probably won't find a magic stone that unlocks the secrets of our DNA in one fell swoop. Instead they'll need to painstakingly create their own Rosetta stone. This will take time and we are not very far along yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately since we won't find a magic decoder ring, we will find things out in fits and starts. And results will change over time. This means that there may be times when the incompleteness of our information means we have the wrong information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study might tell you that a certain version of gene X increases your risk for breast cancer. Later you find that you have a certain version of gene Y that cancels out that risk. So you were very worried before when you didn't need to be. And who knows if they’ll find gene Z that cancels out gene Y and puts you at risk again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possible results like these suggest to me that some of the older companies that look at single genes may be the best bet for now. It sounds stodgy, but if a strongly genetic disease runs in your family, then a genetic test that looks at a single gene may be right for you. Unless you want to do your bit for these new companies (and science).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies will learn from your DNA-- in essence you'll be funding their research. As they learn more, they'll be able to offer their customers (and hopefully science) more information. You'll need to decide if that combined with the broad but shallow information they offer is right for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You'd think they'd know more given that they sequenced the human genome back in 2003. But just because we have the six billion letters, it doesn't mean we know what they do. Or how different bits influence each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our DNA right now is a little like Egyptian hieroglyphics were before the Rosetta stone was found. We know a bit about our DNA but not a whole lot. Scientists probably won't find a magic stone that unlocks the secrets of our DNA in one fell swoop. Instead they'll need to painstakingly create their own Rosetta stone. This will take time and we are not very far along yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately since we won't find a magic decoder ring, we will find things out in fits and starts. And results will change over time. This means that there may be times when the incompleteness of our information means we have the wrong information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study might tell you that a certain version of gene X increases your risk for breast cancer. Later you find that you have a certain version of gene Y that cancels out that risk. So you were very worried before when you didn't need to be. And who knows if they’ll find gene Z that cancels out gene Y and puts you at risk again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possible results like these suggest to me that some of the older companies that look at single genes may be the best bet for now. It sounds stodgy, but if a strongly genetic disease runs in your family, then a genetic test that looks at a single gene may be right for you. Unless you want to do your bit for these new companies (and science).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies will learn from your DNA-- in essence you'll be funding their research. As they learn more, they'll be able to offer their customers (and hopefully science) more information. You'll need to decide if that combined with the broad but shallow information they offer is right for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/11/blog_wishbone.jpg\">\u003cem>A wishbone from a theropod and a turkey.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This week, many of us celebrated one of the most American of holidays: Thanksgiving. Following tradition, most of us probably had a bite or two of turkey -- if you were one of the fortunate to get your hands dirty, you may have used this \u003ca href=\"http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=c8e0efb6c6ee346c3c6bfc1c871d6f5c55e64f14\">New York Times video\u003c/a> as a guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What you may not know is that we can find homologies of many birds parts -- thigh bones, arm hones, and even wishbones -- in our own skeleton, and it's not happenstance. The ultimate reason for this similarity is ancestry: birds, mammals and all other \u003cstrong>tetrapods\u003c/strong> (four-legged, air-breathing vertebrates) share a common ancestor, over 300 million years old. And, as the descendents, we all exhibit the same basic body plan, with additional anatomical refinements specific to each evolutionary history. Whether a tetrapod's arm is a fin, a wing or a limb throwing a baseball, \u003ca href=\"http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0611/feature4/text3.html\">a common structure is shared among them\u003c/a> because of their evolutionary past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to turkeys: in your holiday meal, you may have come across a very particular y-shaped bone: the \u003cstrong>wishbone\u003c/strong>. (The one from my turkey is drying on the counter above the kitchen sink). Humans actually have homologues of wishbones, but we don't call them that -- they're our collarbones, or clavicles. These bones are long and slender, and they form a key part of complex of bones and muscles that allow us to move our arms. Living birds are unique among tetrapods in having clavicles that are fused together into the y-shaped structure called a furcula, and it plays a key roles in allowing birds to fly. Furculae stiffen the thoracic skeleton, and, in conjunction with a keeled breastbone (or sternum), they provide key muscle anchors for \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/flight/aves.html\">the unique flight stroke of the bird arm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how did two bones get fused into one? Birds are descended from one particular line of dinosaurs called \u003cstrong>theropods\u003c/strong>, which includes dinosaurs like \u003cem>T. rex\u003c/em> or \u003cem>Velociraptor\u003c/em>. Over the last 20 years, paleontologists have assembled a detailed picture of the family tree, or phylogeny, of these animals, showing the exact anatomical changes that occurred along the lineage of theropods to living birds. The changes in the furcula plays a key role in this evolutionary sequence: it turns out that relatives of \u003cem>T. rex\u003c/em> and many other theropods had fused furculae, but clearly these animals did not use the fused furcula to fly. Some paleontologists have suggested that fused furculae in theropods increased the mobility of the forelimbs. Then, as birds evolved flight, a fused furcula turned out to be wonderfully useful as a brace for a flapping limb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evolution often works in this manner: recruiting old structures to use in a new context, and many examples of such improvisation have been shown in the fossil record. Together, phylogeny and the fossil record reveal more about evolution that might not have been apparent when you were first biting into that savory chunk of turkey meat. To check \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/events/bigdinos2005/turkey.html\">find out more about your holiday dinosaur\u003c/a>, check out this link too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_nickp.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7819\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.286\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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},
"californiareport": {
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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