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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/Shark-finning-1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is it about sharks that inspire such controversy? Sharks make good press. The very words, \"shark attack\" sends a chill up the spine and puts a gleam in the editor’s eye. Sharks are all over the news when there is a shark attack or when the Discovery Channel is re-enacting shark attacks on \"Shark Week\". But this spring, sharks are in the news for another reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks swim in our psyche. There is something mysterious, enigmatic and even deeply atavistic about sharks. The unmistakable shape of a shark, the open jaws lined with serrated teeth, and the shark fin is imprinted throughout human history up to modern times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From petroglyphs in European caves, carvings in Pacific Island volcanic rocks to shark masks in a West African dance, the image of the ocean's apex predator inspires power, fear and even virility. Cultures the world over have created myths and cults around sharks, deifying them and demonizing them. The Greek goddess \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia_(mythology)\">Lamia\u003c/a> was a daughter of the god Poseidon, a devourer of children and the mother of the sea-monsters Skylla and Akheilos. The Australian Aborigines have an oral history of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nma.gov.au/collections-search/display?irn=15542\">Bangudja\u003c/a>, the tiger-shark, which attacked the dolphin man in the Gulf of Carpenteria, leaving behind a large red spot on the rocks of Chasm Island. The Pacific Island peoples who live in close connection to sharks have elevated sharks to a God-like status. The Hawaiian \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumakua\">amuakua\u003c/a>\u003c/em> symbolizes an ancestor in the form of a shark. Countless Hawaiian myths refer to the shark god \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamohoalii\">Kamohoali’i\u003c/a> serving as protector of fishermen and guider of lost canoes. The indigenous people of Solomon believe that the bodies of sharks are inhabited by the souls of the dead people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern cultures, we continue to symbolize sharks: the ruthless lawyer; a cool calculating professional golfer; a quick and menacing professional hockey team. Until recent times shark encounters did not extend beyond local beach or fishing communities. With modern media and the immeasurable psychological impact of a Hollywood film, sharks rose from the subliminal depths into the forefront of our collective fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(film)\">Jaws\u003c/a>\u003c/em> was a good film. It struck a chord, but it was not good for sharks. Peter Benchley spent the last decades of his life trying to undo what the film sparked. The wave of horror initiated by \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> continues today: news stories of a single shark attack spread beyond proportion, when the true story should be man bites shark.\u003cbr>\nThe fact is we are removing all large predatory fish from the world ocean at an unsustainable rate. As the consummate oceanic predator, sharks are especially vulnerable to overfishing and are increasingly being wiped out as bycatch and for products like shark fin soup. Global demand for shark fin soup has pushed several shark populations to the brink of collapse. Shark finning is the cruel and wasteful practice of hacking off fins from live sharks, tossing the dead or dying animal overboard. Man bites shark at the rate of millions to one every year. In this respect man is winning, but in reality we are all losing. It has been demonstrated that sharks are essential members for a healthy ecosystem and removing them is causing an imbalance, even a collapse of complex marine communities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sharks are in the news for other reasons. States and countries are rising up and protecting sharks. Last year Hawaii banned shark fin soup and commercial shark fishing. The Marianas Islands, Guam and Palau have all banned shark fin sales and provide sanctuary for sharks. The Washington State Assembly just passed a bill to ban the sale of shark fin, and California has its own bill, \u003ca href=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/Bills/AB_376/20112012/\">AB 376\u003c/a> started right here in San Francisco to ban shark fin in our state. Other states and island nations are considering similar passage. The news is that sharks are important and we care enough to override cultural concerns about a delicacy. The news is that cultures can evolve so that the ocean can survive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks are a symbol of what is going wrong with the oceans and what can be right. Sharks are symbols of ocean health. It's time to dismiss the man-eater myths, push back the soup bowl and start protecting sharks for a healthy ocean and healthy humans. Living sharks are valuable to the ocean ecology and to human cultures across the Pacific. It's time think like a sea steward for all ocean life, including the shark. This is why sharks are the Sea Stewards symbol and the motivation behind the \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\">Shark Sanctuary Initiative\u003c/a>. It is why we are supporting AB 376 and will be celebrating sharks on \u003ca href=\"http://worldoceansday.org/\">World Oceans Day\u003c/a> in June 2011. Let sharks live!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more about what legislators are doing for shark protections and the passage of the \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/what-you-can-do-to-support-the-california-shark-fin-bill-ab-376/\">Shark Fin Bill\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/Shark-finning-1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is it about sharks that inspire such controversy? Sharks make good press. The very words, \"shark attack\" sends a chill up the spine and puts a gleam in the editor’s eye. Sharks are all over the news when there is a shark attack or when the Discovery Channel is re-enacting shark attacks on \"Shark Week\". But this spring, sharks are in the news for another reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks swim in our psyche. There is something mysterious, enigmatic and even deeply atavistic about sharks. The unmistakable shape of a shark, the open jaws lined with serrated teeth, and the shark fin is imprinted throughout human history up to modern times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From petroglyphs in European caves, carvings in Pacific Island volcanic rocks to shark masks in a West African dance, the image of the ocean's apex predator inspires power, fear and even virility. Cultures the world over have created myths and cults around sharks, deifying them and demonizing them. The Greek goddess \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia_(mythology)\">Lamia\u003c/a> was a daughter of the god Poseidon, a devourer of children and the mother of the sea-monsters Skylla and Akheilos. The Australian Aborigines have an oral history of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nma.gov.au/collections-search/display?irn=15542\">Bangudja\u003c/a>, the tiger-shark, which attacked the dolphin man in the Gulf of Carpenteria, leaving behind a large red spot on the rocks of Chasm Island. The Pacific Island peoples who live in close connection to sharks have elevated sharks to a God-like status. The Hawaiian \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumakua\">amuakua\u003c/a>\u003c/em> symbolizes an ancestor in the form of a shark. Countless Hawaiian myths refer to the shark god \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamohoalii\">Kamohoali’i\u003c/a> serving as protector of fishermen and guider of lost canoes. The indigenous people of Solomon believe that the bodies of sharks are inhabited by the souls of the dead people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern cultures, we continue to symbolize sharks: the ruthless lawyer; a cool calculating professional golfer; a quick and menacing professional hockey team. Until recent times shark encounters did not extend beyond local beach or fishing communities. With modern media and the immeasurable psychological impact of a Hollywood film, sharks rose from the subliminal depths into the forefront of our collective fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(film)\">Jaws\u003c/a>\u003c/em> was a good film. It struck a chord, but it was not good for sharks. Peter Benchley spent the last decades of his life trying to undo what the film sparked. The wave of horror initiated by \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> continues today: news stories of a single shark attack spread beyond proportion, when the true story should be man bites shark.\u003cbr>\nThe fact is we are removing all large predatory fish from the world ocean at an unsustainable rate. As the consummate oceanic predator, sharks are especially vulnerable to overfishing and are increasingly being wiped out as bycatch and for products like shark fin soup. Global demand for shark fin soup has pushed several shark populations to the brink of collapse. Shark finning is the cruel and wasteful practice of hacking off fins from live sharks, tossing the dead or dying animal overboard. Man bites shark at the rate of millions to one every year. In this respect man is winning, but in reality we are all losing. It has been demonstrated that sharks are essential members for a healthy ecosystem and removing them is causing an imbalance, even a collapse of complex marine communities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sharks are in the news for other reasons. States and countries are rising up and protecting sharks. Last year Hawaii banned shark fin soup and commercial shark fishing. The Marianas Islands, Guam and Palau have all banned shark fin sales and provide sanctuary for sharks. The Washington State Assembly just passed a bill to ban the sale of shark fin, and California has its own bill, \u003ca href=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/Bills/AB_376/20112012/\">AB 376\u003c/a> started right here in San Francisco to ban shark fin in our state. Other states and island nations are considering similar passage. The news is that sharks are important and we care enough to override cultural concerns about a delicacy. The news is that cultures can evolve so that the ocean can survive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks are a symbol of what is going wrong with the oceans and what can be right. Sharks are symbols of ocean health. It's time to dismiss the man-eater myths, push back the soup bowl and start protecting sharks for a healthy ocean and healthy humans. Living sharks are valuable to the ocean ecology and to human cultures across the Pacific. It's time think like a sea steward for all ocean life, including the shark. This is why sharks are the Sea Stewards symbol and the motivation behind the \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\">Shark Sanctuary Initiative\u003c/a>. It is why we are supporting AB 376 and will be celebrating sharks on \u003ca href=\"http://worldoceansday.org/\">World Oceans Day\u003c/a> in June 2011. Let sharks live!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more about what legislators are doing for shark protections and the passage of the \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/what-you-can-do-to-support-the-california-shark-fin-bill-ab-376/\">Shark Fin Bill\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003ctable align=\"left\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/AlzPetScan22.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"color: #999999\">My 23andMe test tells me I am less likely to end up\u003cbr>\nwith the brain on the left.\u003cbr>\nImage courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PiB_PET_Images_AD.jpg\">Klunkwe\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>I was having lunch with a colleague the other day and we got to talking about genetic testing (yes, we are that geeky). I told him about how my 23andMe test had missed my being prediabetic. This says a lot about what 23andMe’s test can tell me about my risk for diabetes. Not much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now as I have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/12/do-these-genes-make-me-look-diabetic/\">said before\u003c/a>, the fact that 23andMe can’t tell me that I’m likely to become diabetic from their DNA test isn’t their fault (other than, perhaps, some overselling on their part). Diabetes research just isn’t far enough along to be able to accurately predict whether someone will get diabetes or not. Or to make any really meaningful prediction about diabetes at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We then got to talking about Alzheimer’s. Turns out his family tree is littered with Alzheimer’s on both his mother’s and father’s side. He ran into a similar problem–23andMe doesn’t report anything for Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here the situation is a bit different than for diabetes. There are a couple of DNA markers that can tell us a lot about our future risk for late onset Alzheimer’s. It just so happens that 23andMe doesn’t report on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These markers deal with the APOE gene. This gene comes in three common versions: e2, e3, and e4. People with two copies of the e4 version are 15 times more likely to develop Alzheimer’s and if they do end up with the disease, it tends to come earlier. (One copy of e4 increases your risk about 3 times.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a little help from my colleague, I decided to dig a bit deeper into Alzheimer’s and see what I could figure out from what 23andMe did provide. Turns out I can figure out a whole lot about my APOE status. And that I can help other people figure out more from their results too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two markers (also called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/snps.html\">SNP\u003c/a>s) that deal with APOE and Alzheimer’s are rs429358 and rs7412. Here, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/ApoE\">SNPedia\u003c/a>, are the combinations of these markers that tell you your APOE status:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/APOEtable2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my surprise, 23andMe gives information on one of them, rs7412. Even though this isn’t usually enough to tell whether you have the dreaded e4 version or not, in my case it was. I almost certainly do not have any versions of e4 (yay!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, my results at rs7412 are TT*. If I am interpreting these results correctly, this means I almost certainly have two copies of the e2 version of the APOE gene. In terms of my Alzheimer’s risk this is great news as being e2/e2 actually lowers your risk for getting the disease. (There is a chance I could be e1 but this doesn’t seem to be a very common version at all.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this doesn’t mean I won’t get Alzheimer’s…I still might. After all, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_causes_risk_factors.asp#familyhistory\">risk \u003c/a>for someone over 85 getting Alzheimer’s is almost 50%. Even though this number lumps e4 and e2 folks together, e2 people do not have a 0% risk for Alzheimer’s nor do e4 people have a 100% chance. People with e4 are just more likely to have Alzheimer’s than e2 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might help to think about getting Alzheimer’s like drawing an inside straight in poker. Everyone might do it but people who are playing with wildcards are more likely to get it. These are the e4 folks. But it isn’t a for sure thing…you still may not draw the straight even with deuces wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Same thing with not having e4. Now I am less likely to draw that inside straight because there are no wild cards but it can still happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because I was TT at rs7412, my case was pretty easy to figure out. Next blog I’ll try to help people out who are TC or CC at rs7412.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*\u003cem>Remember, we have two copies of each of our genes. So I have a T at rs7412 in one copy and a T at rs7412 in my other copy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A video showing why knowing your APOE status isn’t necessarily a good thing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"425\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/oGuvzlD7Yx8\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about current Bay Area genetic research from \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201104050900\">KQED’s Forum. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ctable align=\"left\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/AlzPetScan22.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"color: #999999\">My 23andMe test tells me I am less likely to end up\u003cbr>\nwith the brain on the left.\u003cbr>\nImage courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PiB_PET_Images_AD.jpg\">Klunkwe\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>I was having lunch with a colleague the other day and we got to talking about genetic testing (yes, we are that geeky). I told him about how my 23andMe test had missed my being prediabetic. This says a lot about what 23andMe’s test can tell me about my risk for diabetes. Not much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now as I have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/12/do-these-genes-make-me-look-diabetic/\">said before\u003c/a>, the fact that 23andMe can’t tell me that I’m likely to become diabetic from their DNA test isn’t their fault (other than, perhaps, some overselling on their part). Diabetes research just isn’t far enough along to be able to accurately predict whether someone will get diabetes or not. Or to make any really meaningful prediction about diabetes at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We then got to talking about Alzheimer’s. Turns out his family tree is littered with Alzheimer’s on both his mother’s and father’s side. He ran into a similar problem–23andMe doesn’t report anything for Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here the situation is a bit different than for diabetes. There are a couple of DNA markers that can tell us a lot about our future risk for late onset Alzheimer’s. It just so happens that 23andMe doesn’t report on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These markers deal with the APOE gene. This gene comes in three common versions: e2, e3, and e4. People with two copies of the e4 version are 15 times more likely to develop Alzheimer’s and if they do end up with the disease, it tends to come earlier. (One copy of e4 increases your risk about 3 times.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a little help from my colleague, I decided to dig a bit deeper into Alzheimer’s and see what I could figure out from what 23andMe did provide. Turns out I can figure out a whole lot about my APOE status. And that I can help other people figure out more from their results too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two markers (also called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/snps.html\">SNP\u003c/a>s) that deal with APOE and Alzheimer’s are rs429358 and rs7412. Here, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/ApoE\">SNPedia\u003c/a>, are the combinations of these markers that tell you your APOE status:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/APOEtable2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my surprise, 23andMe gives information on one of them, rs7412. Even though this isn’t usually enough to tell whether you have the dreaded e4 version or not, in my case it was. I almost certainly do not have any versions of e4 (yay!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, my results at rs7412 are TT*. If I am interpreting these results correctly, this means I almost certainly have two copies of the e2 version of the APOE gene. In terms of my Alzheimer’s risk this is great news as being e2/e2 actually lowers your risk for getting the disease. (There is a chance I could be e1 but this doesn’t seem to be a very common version at all.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this doesn’t mean I won’t get Alzheimer’s…I still might. After all, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_causes_risk_factors.asp#familyhistory\">risk \u003c/a>for someone over 85 getting Alzheimer’s is almost 50%. Even though this number lumps e4 and e2 folks together, e2 people do not have a 0% risk for Alzheimer’s nor do e4 people have a 100% chance. People with e4 are just more likely to have Alzheimer’s than e2 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might help to think about getting Alzheimer’s like drawing an inside straight in poker. Everyone might do it but people who are playing with wildcards are more likely to get it. These are the e4 folks. But it isn’t a for sure thing…you still may not draw the straight even with deuces wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Same thing with not having e4. Now I am less likely to draw that inside straight because there are no wild cards but it can still happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because I was TT at rs7412, my case was pretty easy to figure out. Next blog I’ll try to help people out who are TC or CC at rs7412.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*\u003cem>Remember, we have two copies of each of our genes. So I have a T at rs7412 in one copy and a T at rs7412 in my other copy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A video showing why knowing your APOE status isn’t necessarily a good thing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"425\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/oGuvzlD7Yx8\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about current Bay Area genetic research from \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201104050900\">KQED’s Forum. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-california-bat-success-story\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/bats3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A Mexican free-tailed bat hunts a corn earworm moth.\u003c/em>\u003c/span> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard any news about bats lately, it’s probably been bad news. In the northeast, more than a million bats have been killed by a disease called white-nose syndrome. Slowly but surely, that disease it making its way out west. So, scientists here are keeping close watch on California’s 25 bat species, including one thriving colony not far from the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As many as ten, sometimes twenty thousand Mexican free-tailed bats live underneath a bridge in the town of Galt, about 20 miles south of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brown, furry bats hang in tight clusters. Each is about three inches long, with beady, wide-spaced eyes and a pronounced black snout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/04/2011-04-04-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-california-bat-success-story\">A California Bat Success Story \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This colony of bats is a local success story, says Dave Johnston, a biologist with the Western Bat Working Group, a collection of government agencies and non-profit groups from 13 states. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston says this bridge was originally built about 50 years ago. Like most bridges, it went into disrepair, he says. “They knew they had to replace the causeway and the bridge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that meant displacing one of the biggest bat colonies in Northern California. The county brought in wildlife biologists who came up with a design for bat houses, perched on stilts near the river. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bats didn’t like their bat houses, so, the biologists tried something simpler. Five redwood beams, fixed to the underside of the bridge. It worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two months later, says Johnston, the population went from about 2,000 in the area to 15,600.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story got a lot of news coverage, in part, because it’s such a stark contrast to what’s going on back east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, scientists in New York state discovered that a strange new disease was wiping out entire colonies of bats. White-nose syndrome, as it’s now known, is caused by a fungus that destroys the bats’ skin and eventually kills them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, white-nose syndrome is heading west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston believes white-nose syndrome will inevitably be introduced into California, probably by some unknowing visitor who has it on his or her shoes and clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once that happens, several species of bats in California are likely to get sick. The most vulnerable are the little brown bats living in the far north and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Those bats hibernate in caves, where the fungus thrives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in warmer parts of the state, like the Bay Area and Central valley, bats don’t hibernate, which means they might not fall prey to white-nose syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way of keeping close tabs on California’s bats is by listening to them. That’s a specialty of Winston Lancaster, a biologist at California State University, Sacramento. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To listen to bats, Lancaster uses what’s called a bat detector, which is about the size and shape of an old transistor radio. It can detect sounds that are too high frequency, and too fast for humans to hear, then convert and slow them so they’re audible to human ears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists keeping track of bats, listening to them is one of the best ways to know how the animals are doing. That’s because bats use sound to navigate, and to eat. You can hear those echolocation calls clearly in these bat detector recordings made by Winston Lancaster. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/batsounds.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to bat detector recordings made by Winston Lancaster.\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-california-bat-success-story\">\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“There’s a search phase of echolocation,” says Lancaster, in which the animal is just flying and making a sound, looking for insects in its area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the bat approaches its prey, the sounds get faster and faster, until they reach what Lancaster calls “the terminal phase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re essentially going as fast as they possibly can. So when you hear all this, you know that the animal has made an attempt to feed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From an economic perspective, feeding is exactly what makes these bats so important. During the summer, a lactating female bat may eat as much as her own body weight’s worth of insects, every single night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston says bats are some of the unsung heroes of California’s agricultural economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bat advocates are calling for strong federal action to try and stop the spread of white-nose syndrome. They say by limiting human access to caves and other places bats hibernate, white-nose syndrome can be stopped, or at least slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story is based on reporting by QUEST TV producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gabriela-quiros/\">Gabriela Quirós\u003c/a>. Tune in to \u003cb>Bats in Our Midst\u003c/b> later this spring.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.2546373 -121.2999485\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-california-bat-success-story\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/bats3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A Mexican free-tailed bat hunts a corn earworm moth.\u003c/em>\u003c/span> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard any news about bats lately, it’s probably been bad news. In the northeast, more than a million bats have been killed by a disease called white-nose syndrome. Slowly but surely, that disease it making its way out west. So, scientists here are keeping close watch on California’s 25 bat species, including one thriving colony not far from the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As many as ten, sometimes twenty thousand Mexican free-tailed bats live underneath a bridge in the town of Galt, about 20 miles south of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brown, furry bats hang in tight clusters. Each is about three inches long, with beady, wide-spaced eyes and a pronounced black snout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/04/2011-04-04-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-california-bat-success-story\">A California Bat Success Story \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This colony of bats is a local success story, says Dave Johnston, a biologist with the Western Bat Working Group, a collection of government agencies and non-profit groups from 13 states. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston says this bridge was originally built about 50 years ago. Like most bridges, it went into disrepair, he says. “They knew they had to replace the causeway and the bridge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that meant displacing one of the biggest bat colonies in Northern California. 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White-nose syndrome, as it’s now known, is caused by a fungus that destroys the bats’ skin and eventually kills them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, white-nose syndrome is heading west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston believes white-nose syndrome will inevitably be introduced into California, probably by some unknowing visitor who has it on his or her shoes and clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once that happens, several species of bats in California are likely to get sick. The most vulnerable are the little brown bats living in the far north and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Those bats hibernate in caves, where the fungus thrives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in warmer parts of the state, like the Bay Area and Central valley, bats don’t hibernate, which means they might not fall prey to white-nose syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way of keeping close tabs on California’s bats is by listening to them. That’s a specialty of Winston Lancaster, a biologist at California State University, Sacramento. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To listen to bats, Lancaster uses what’s called a bat detector, which is about the size and shape of an old transistor radio. It can detect sounds that are too high frequency, and too fast for humans to hear, then convert and slow them so they’re audible to human ears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists keeping track of bats, listening to them is one of the best ways to know how the animals are doing. That’s because bats use sound to navigate, and to eat. You can hear those echolocation calls clearly in these bat detector recordings made by Winston Lancaster. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/batsounds.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to bat detector recordings made by Winston Lancaster.\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-california-bat-success-story\">\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“There’s a search phase of echolocation,” says Lancaster, in which the animal is just flying and making a sound, looking for insects in its area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the bat approaches its prey, the sounds get faster and faster, until they reach what Lancaster calls “the terminal phase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re essentially going as fast as they possibly can. So when you hear all this, you know that the animal has made an attempt to feed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From an economic perspective, feeding is exactly what makes these bats so important. During the summer, a lactating female bat may eat as much as her own body weight’s worth of insects, every single night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston says bats are some of the unsung heroes of California’s agricultural economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bat advocates are calling for strong federal action to try and stop the spread of white-nose syndrome. They say by limiting human access to caves and other places bats hibernate, white-nose syndrome can be stopped, or at least slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story is based on reporting by QUEST TV producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gabriela-quiros/\">Gabriela Quirós\u003c/a>. Tune in to \u003cb>Bats in Our Midst\u003c/b> later this spring.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.2546373 -121.2999485\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Making Bisexual Mice",
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"content": "\u003ch6 style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/MouseBig2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/h6>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cspan style=\"”\">To turn bisexual, simply remove central serotonin receptors from brain.\u003c/span> Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lab_mouse_mg_3308.jpg\">Rama\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/10/29/gay-genes/\">blogged\u003c/a> about before, a big part of sexual preference is biological. Research shows that some people are hardwired to prefer the same sex. This is true in animals as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What scientists haven’t had much luck at yet is finding out why this is. There have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/X+chromosome+again+linked+to+homosexuality.-a017884162\">studies\u003c/a> that have implicated the X chromosome (although not convincingly). And \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7456588.stm\">others\u003c/a> that have pointed to brain structure. But none of these studies really gets at what is going on in these folks’ brains that makes them prefer relationships with the same sex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature09822.html\">study \u003c/a>out suggests that, at least in mice, the neurotransmitter serotonin may play a big role. Scientists created a strain of mice that lacked most of a certain kind of serotonin receptors in the brain (central serotonin receptors). These mice were \u003ca href=\"http://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/49/12781\">healthy and happy\u003c/a>. And the males were not at all fussy about whom they hooked up with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When scientists put wild type* male mice in a cage with other males, they mostly ignored the other mice. The male mice lacking their central serotonin receptors reacted differently. They got busy with the male mice almost every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mice aren’t homosexual though. Given a choice of a male or female, they didn’t really care; they went after both at about the same rate. The genetically altered mice were more bisexual than homosexual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers did lots of other experiments as well that showed that these mice were not oversexed or lacking anything in particular. They just liked the boys as much as the girls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this study tells us is that in mice, serotonin plays a big role in sexual preference through these particular brain neurons. What it doesn’t tell us is if the same thing is true in people. After all, picking a mate is very different in mice as compared to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are hints that serotonin works differently in the brains of bisexual and homosexual men. For example, certain \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/ssris/MH00066\">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors\u003c/a> (or SSRIs) have different effects in bisexual and homosexual men compared to heterosexual men. Still, this isn’t yet enough to finger serotonin use as the main driver of sexual preference in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What it does do though is provide scientists some direction for their research. Instead of wading through all 20,000+ genes, they can start out focusing on those that deal with serotonin. This will greatly simplify the research and if serotonin does play a role, then scientists will find the genetic variations involved sooner rather than later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And frankly, given the slow progress thus far, focusing on serotonin genes won’t set the field back too far. It is probably worth taking the research in this direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cem>Wild type just means a mouse (or any living thing) that hasn’t been tampered with. In this case, it is a run of the mill lab mouse.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/03/23/low-serotonin-mice-less-choosy-about-sex-of-partners/\">in depth look\u003c/a> at the story from blogger Ed Yong at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/\">Not Exactly Rocket Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "Making Bisexual Mice",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch6 style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/MouseBig2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/h6>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cspan style=\"”\">To turn bisexual, simply remove central serotonin receptors from brain.\u003c/span> Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lab_mouse_mg_3308.jpg\">Rama\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/10/29/gay-genes/\">blogged\u003c/a> about before, a big part of sexual preference is biological. Research shows that some people are hardwired to prefer the same sex. This is true in animals as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What scientists haven’t had much luck at yet is finding out why this is. There have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/X+chromosome+again+linked+to+homosexuality.-a017884162\">studies\u003c/a> that have implicated the X chromosome (although not convincingly). And \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7456588.stm\">others\u003c/a> that have pointed to brain structure. But none of these studies really gets at what is going on in these folks’ brains that makes them prefer relationships with the same sex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature09822.html\">study \u003c/a>out suggests that, at least in mice, the neurotransmitter serotonin may play a big role. Scientists created a strain of mice that lacked most of a certain kind of serotonin receptors in the brain (central serotonin receptors). These mice were \u003ca href=\"http://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/49/12781\">healthy and happy\u003c/a>. And the males were not at all fussy about whom they hooked up with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When scientists put wild type* male mice in a cage with other males, they mostly ignored the other mice. The male mice lacking their central serotonin receptors reacted differently. They got busy with the male mice almost every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mice aren’t homosexual though. Given a choice of a male or female, they didn’t really care; they went after both at about the same rate. The genetically altered mice were more bisexual than homosexual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers did lots of other experiments as well that showed that these mice were not oversexed or lacking anything in particular. They just liked the boys as much as the girls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this study tells us is that in mice, serotonin plays a big role in sexual preference through these particular brain neurons. What it doesn’t tell us is if the same thing is true in people. After all, picking a mate is very different in mice as compared to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are hints that serotonin works differently in the brains of bisexual and homosexual men. For example, certain \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/ssris/MH00066\">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors\u003c/a> (or SSRIs) have different effects in bisexual and homosexual men compared to heterosexual men. Still, this isn’t yet enough to finger serotonin use as the main driver of sexual preference in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What it does do though is provide scientists some direction for their research. Instead of wading through all 20,000+ genes, they can start out focusing on those that deal with serotonin. This will greatly simplify the research and if serotonin does play a role, then scientists will find the genetic variations involved sooner rather than later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And frankly, given the slow progress thus far, focusing on serotonin genes won’t set the field back too far. It is probably worth taking the research in this direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cem>Wild type just means a mouse (or any living thing) that hasn’t been tampered with. In this case, it is a run of the mill lab mouse.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/03/23/low-serotonin-mice-less-choosy-about-sex-of-partners/\">in depth look\u003c/a> at the story from blogger Ed Yong at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/\">Not Exactly Rocket Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Removing the Guesswork Out of Sustainable Sushi",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/resizedEdomaenigiri.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Unagi\u003c/em>, \u003cem>hamachi\u003c/em>, \u003cem>ebi\u003c/em>, \u003cem>sake\u003c/em>, \u003cem>shiromaguro\u003c/em>, \u003cem>ahi\u003c/em>....What do these names mean? If you are salivating just reading this, you know these popular Japanese sushi terms for eel (fresh water), yellowtail, shrimp, salmon, albacore tuna, and yellowfin tuna, respectively. The American appetite for sushi abounds. But which of these choices are sustainable to consume and which should be avoided? Which restaurants serve sustainable sushi? If you're retrieving your \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/download.aspx\">Seafood WATCH mobile phone app\u003c/a> (or your pocket guide), kudos to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/DragonRollresized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dragon Roll\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequenting a sushi restaurant is an artful and unique dining experience. Ornate sushi boats, deft \u003cem>Itamaes\u003c/em> (sushi chefs), hand-thrown cups of hot green tea and colorful and dazzling plates of sushi delight all senses. Great care is taken in the creation of each dish. Even the names of dishes are artfully crafted, i.e. the \"Dragon,\" the \"Spider,\" the \"Rainbow\" and \"Alaska\" and serve to ontologize their presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It comes as no surprise then that a discerning eye for the sustainability of these incredible edibles oftentimes is veiled by a sense of guilty pleasure. And even if you muster the courage to ask your \u003cem>Itamae\u003c/em> for the details of your \u003cem>maguro sashimi\u003c/em>, your \u003cem>Itamae\u003c/em> will often only be able to verify the species, cut, and grade of the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/seafoodwatch.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Seawatch Logo, Yellowfin Tuna\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWhile a quick glance at the Monterrey Bay Aquarium's Seafood WATCH sushi guide steers consumers clear of \u003cem>unagi\u003c/em> and \u003cem>hamachi\u003c/em> sushi, other items, namely tuna, can be very difficult to ascertain for sustainability. The complexity arises in the way items are listed on the menu. Menu offerings do not always specify type of fish and exclude how the fish was harvested. Notably, the five species of tuna used for sushi, aka \u003cem>maguro\u003c/em>, (yellowfin, bigeye, bluefin, albacore, and skipjack) are each harvested in different parts of the world and vary greatly in the way their stocks are managed. Most threatened of them all is wild bluefin tuna, quintessentially referred to as \u003cem>toro\u003c/em> - the belly of the fish. Bluefin stocks are over 90% depleted from 1950's levels and should be avoided entirely. And unfortunately, only higher-end sushi restaurants offer their customers 'sustainably' (\u003ca href=\"http://www.slashfood.com/2010/04/16/is-kindai-tuna-sustainable/\">controversial\u003c/a>) farmed \u003cem>Kindai maguro\u003c/em>. Albacore (\"white tuna\" or \u003cem>shiromaguro\u003c/em>), if harvested properly, is a good alternative to bluefin. The best option includes albacore harvested from the U.S. or Canadian Pacific via \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_gear.aspx#pole\">troll or pole-and-lines\u003c/a>, though albacore harvested from Hawaii using a \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_gear.aspx#longline\">longline\u003c/a> is a good alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/iphone3.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Project FishMap iPhone App\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all of this complexity, how do you find sushi bars that offer sustainably harvested fish? Enter \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch/web/sfw_fishmap.aspx\">Project FishMap\u003c/a>, the latest addition to the Seafood WATCH iPhone app. Project FishMap, in the words of Humberto Kam is a \"crowdsourced effort to help people find ocean-friendly seafood, no matter where they live.\" People can tag restaurants and markets across the United States when they find ocean-friendly seafood. With Project FishMap, now not only can you search mobilely for sustainable sushi bars near you, you can also easily contribute content to the growing database of sustainable seafood restaurants and markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/300pxSalmon_nigiri.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Salmon Nigiri\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If no sustainable sushi bars exist in your area, have no fear! Also new to Seafood WATCH sushi guide: recommended alternatives to items on the “Avoid” list, and highlights of “Super Green” seafood that is heart-healthy, low in contaminants, and caught or farmed in ways that are good for the oceans. Also, from their website you can \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_sushi.aspx\">explore new flavors\u003c/a>, like arctic char (\u003cem>iwana\u003c/em>) and geoduck(\u003cem>mirugai\u003c/em>), from the \"Green List\" that you've never tried before. Before indulging in your next hedonistic sushi delight, consider \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustainablesushi.net/\">informing yourself\u003c/a> about the fish you will inevitably be allured by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/resizedEdomaenigiri.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Unagi\u003c/em>, \u003cem>hamachi\u003c/em>, \u003cem>ebi\u003c/em>, \u003cem>sake\u003c/em>, \u003cem>shiromaguro\u003c/em>, \u003cem>ahi\u003c/em>....What do these names mean? If you are salivating just reading this, you know these popular Japanese sushi terms for eel (fresh water), yellowtail, shrimp, salmon, albacore tuna, and yellowfin tuna, respectively. The American appetite for sushi abounds. But which of these choices are sustainable to consume and which should be avoided? Which restaurants serve sustainable sushi? If you're retrieving your \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/download.aspx\">Seafood WATCH mobile phone app\u003c/a> (or your pocket guide), kudos to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/DragonRollresized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dragon Roll\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequenting a sushi restaurant is an artful and unique dining experience. Ornate sushi boats, deft \u003cem>Itamaes\u003c/em> (sushi chefs), hand-thrown cups of hot green tea and colorful and dazzling plates of sushi delight all senses. Great care is taken in the creation of each dish. Even the names of dishes are artfully crafted, i.e. the \"Dragon,\" the \"Spider,\" the \"Rainbow\" and \"Alaska\" and serve to ontologize their presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It comes as no surprise then that a discerning eye for the sustainability of these incredible edibles oftentimes is veiled by a sense of guilty pleasure. And even if you muster the courage to ask your \u003cem>Itamae\u003c/em> for the details of your \u003cem>maguro sashimi\u003c/em>, your \u003cem>Itamae\u003c/em> will often only be able to verify the species, cut, and grade of the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/seafoodwatch.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Seawatch Logo, Yellowfin Tuna\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWhile a quick glance at the Monterrey Bay Aquarium's Seafood WATCH sushi guide steers consumers clear of \u003cem>unagi\u003c/em> and \u003cem>hamachi\u003c/em> sushi, other items, namely tuna, can be very difficult to ascertain for sustainability. The complexity arises in the way items are listed on the menu. Menu offerings do not always specify type of fish and exclude how the fish was harvested. Notably, the five species of tuna used for sushi, aka \u003cem>maguro\u003c/em>, (yellowfin, bigeye, bluefin, albacore, and skipjack) are each harvested in different parts of the world and vary greatly in the way their stocks are managed. Most threatened of them all is wild bluefin tuna, quintessentially referred to as \u003cem>toro\u003c/em> - the belly of the fish. Bluefin stocks are over 90% depleted from 1950's levels and should be avoided entirely. And unfortunately, only higher-end sushi restaurants offer their customers 'sustainably' (\u003ca href=\"http://www.slashfood.com/2010/04/16/is-kindai-tuna-sustainable/\">controversial\u003c/a>) farmed \u003cem>Kindai maguro\u003c/em>. Albacore (\"white tuna\" or \u003cem>shiromaguro\u003c/em>), if harvested properly, is a good alternative to bluefin. The best option includes albacore harvested from the U.S. or Canadian Pacific via \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_gear.aspx#pole\">troll or pole-and-lines\u003c/a>, though albacore harvested from Hawaii using a \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_gear.aspx#longline\">longline\u003c/a> is a good alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/iphone3.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Project FishMap iPhone App\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all of this complexity, how do you find sushi bars that offer sustainably harvested fish? Enter \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch/web/sfw_fishmap.aspx\">Project FishMap\u003c/a>, the latest addition to the Seafood WATCH iPhone app. Project FishMap, in the words of Humberto Kam is a \"crowdsourced effort to help people find ocean-friendly seafood, no matter where they live.\" People can tag restaurants and markets across the United States when they find ocean-friendly seafood. With Project FishMap, now not only can you search mobilely for sustainable sushi bars near you, you can also easily contribute content to the growing database of sustainable seafood restaurants and markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/300pxSalmon_nigiri.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Salmon Nigiri\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If no sustainable sushi bars exist in your area, have no fear! Also new to Seafood WATCH sushi guide: recommended alternatives to items on the “Avoid” list, and highlights of “Super Green” seafood that is heart-healthy, low in contaminants, and caught or farmed in ways that are good for the oceans. Also, from their website you can \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_sushi.aspx\">explore new flavors\u003c/a>, like arctic char (\u003cem>iwana\u003c/em>) and geoduck(\u003cem>mirugai\u003c/em>), from the \"Green List\" that you've never tried before. Before indulging in your next hedonistic sushi delight, consider \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustainablesushi.net/\">informing yourself\u003c/a> about the fish you will inevitably be allured by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Protecting Sharks' Marine Protected Areas and "Paper Parks"",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/cocos.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> I'm currently with a team of Costa Rican biologists from the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.pretoma.org/\">Pretoma\u003c/a> on the vessel Sirneuse to film and tag turtles and sharks at Cocos Island. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pretoma.org/photo-gallery/?album=1&gallery=11\">Matt Potenski\u003c/a> and Pretoma.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the implementation of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/\">Marine Life Protection Act\u003c/a> in California, marine protected areas are in the news. Although we have protected over 10% of our land areas through parks, wilderness areas and nature reserves, the ocean is still hovering around 1% of area under some kind of protection. California is attempting to remedy this by setting aside a network of marine protected areas, protecting some 20-25% of the California coastline. The last stages are coming to the San Francisco Bay this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is not alone in attempting to establish marine protected areas also known as MPAs. Countries like New Zealand, Australia and Belize have been active in establishing MPAs.\u003cbr>\nWhat is a marine protected area anyway? There are as many definitions as there are ecosystems, but essentially it is an area of ocean with defined boundaries and defined protections that are legally enforceable. Some areas such as marine parks allow mixed use including fishing and recreation. Others such as marine reserves are defined in California to have some public use but no take of marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latter are the most controversial because they exclude fishermen from their recreation or trade. Whatever the controversy, the facts are clear that we are overfishing our ocean and destroying habitat faster than we are protecting it. There is some pretty solid science indicating the benefit of no-take reserves to the protected habitat and areas outside the protected region. Reserves act as sources of fish and invertebrates well beyond the boundaries. In Florida, where a closure near Cape Canaveral resulted in bigger and more abundant grouper and snapper, a phenomenon developed called “fishing the line,” meaning catching fish spilling at the edge of the protected boundary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same phenomenon occurs in New Zealand where lobster pots are so numerous along the protected zone’s edge they resemble a defined border like a swim zone. The fish and invertebrates protected inside the reserve are spilling out to the areas outside the protection.\u003cbr>\nLarval fish spread out in the current, casting seeds for future fish downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem in any case is observance and enforcement. There have been success in countries with resources to enforce and convict violators, but many of the areas on the global map are in name only - \"paper parks.\" Boats fish freely in world heritage sites and areas designated protected by governments. I am writing this from one such area outside Cocos Island approximately 400 miles off the coast of Costa Rica. I am currently with a team of Costa Rican biologists from the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.pretoma.org/\">Pretoma\u003c/a> on the vessel Sirneuse to film and tag turtles and sharks at Cocos Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cocos is a volcano rising from the deep sea and is an oasis of life from sharks and large fish to manta rays. The government has designated a no-take area 12 miles around Cocos Island over a decade ago, but there has been rampant poaching in the reserve. Recently Costa Rica created the Seamount Management Marine Area that will extend the Cocos Island protected area to 9640 Km2 (nearly 3700 square miles) has been established to protect pinnacles and migratory pathways for fish and sharks. The objective is to protect sharks and other species at risk such as sea turtles from the tuna fishery.\u003cbr>\nHowever, these areas are fished for tuna and even sharks with little fear of enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Protema biologists tell me that there are several challenges enforcing illegal fishing within the protected zone. The law says that the longlines set for fish must be attached to the boat and inside the reserve to be enforced. Costa Rica does not have a navy, and the Coast Guard primarily enforces against illegal drugs and not fishing. The rangers and the non profit located on Cocos (Marviva) can only report illegal activity to the authorities. If enforcement arrives, they generally find an abandoned longline filled with dead fish and sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite public denial by officials, sharks are being finned in Costa Rican waters. Finning is illegal in Costa Rica, yet it is common knowledge that shark fins have been unloaded at private docks behind guarded compounds. Two weeks ago Pretoma forced the courts to uphold the law requiring sharks to be landed at the public docks. Not long after the crew of a Taiwan flagged vessel was apprehended unloading shark fins at the public docks. \"The system is working\", said Randall Arauz, president of Pretoma. \"Clearly, the international fleet needs the privacy of its private docks to hide its shark finning activities, but now it must respect our laws\", added Arauz with satisfaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to protect marine resources we need to have the support of the public and vigilance by watchdogs like Pretoma. However, protecting the ocean from the impacts of fishing are difficult even with enforcement, Protecting the waters from impacts from the land such as run off and ocean acidification cannot be implemented by drawing a line on a map. In San Francisco the last\u003cbr>\nstage of the MLPA is now underway. With significant influence from\u003cbr>\nthe and, and with potential sea level rise, the best we can do is protect and restore damaged habitat and protect large enough areas such as ecosystems which include fish like our shark nurseries and habitat for sea grass and native oysters to flourish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting far ranging species like sharks through MPAS is also not easily attained. Sharks cross international borders and roam far past the protection of any single marine protected area. Open ocean MPA’s have been proposed but will take international agreement and the cooperation of the pelagic fishing fleet. At best we can protect nurseries such as the San Francisco Bay and Biodiversity hot spots in the ocean like the waters surrounding Cocos Island. Islands and submarine pinnacles such as Cocos and the new protected area are theoretically large enough to better protect the large migratory species like some species of sharks. However, we need to increase enforcement and alter consumption patterns to support sustainable fisheries. Clearly eating shark fin, or Bluefin tuna sushi is not sustainable. Even with good enforcement, there will be problems, but recognizing the need for marine protected areas is a place to start, even if it’s still only on paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/cocos.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> I'm currently with a team of Costa Rican biologists from the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.pretoma.org/\">Pretoma\u003c/a> on the vessel Sirneuse to film and tag turtles and sharks at Cocos Island. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pretoma.org/photo-gallery/?album=1&gallery=11\">Matt Potenski\u003c/a> and Pretoma.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the implementation of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/\">Marine Life Protection Act\u003c/a> in California, marine protected areas are in the news. Although we have protected over 10% of our land areas through parks, wilderness areas and nature reserves, the ocean is still hovering around 1% of area under some kind of protection. California is attempting to remedy this by setting aside a network of marine protected areas, protecting some 20-25% of the California coastline. The last stages are coming to the San Francisco Bay this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is not alone in attempting to establish marine protected areas also known as MPAs. Countries like New Zealand, Australia and Belize have been active in establishing MPAs.\u003cbr>\nWhat is a marine protected area anyway? There are as many definitions as there are ecosystems, but essentially it is an area of ocean with defined boundaries and defined protections that are legally enforceable. Some areas such as marine parks allow mixed use including fishing and recreation. Others such as marine reserves are defined in California to have some public use but no take of marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latter are the most controversial because they exclude fishermen from their recreation or trade. Whatever the controversy, the facts are clear that we are overfishing our ocean and destroying habitat faster than we are protecting it. There is some pretty solid science indicating the benefit of no-take reserves to the protected habitat and areas outside the protected region. Reserves act as sources of fish and invertebrates well beyond the boundaries. In Florida, where a closure near Cape Canaveral resulted in bigger and more abundant grouper and snapper, a phenomenon developed called “fishing the line,” meaning catching fish spilling at the edge of the protected boundary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same phenomenon occurs in New Zealand where lobster pots are so numerous along the protected zone’s edge they resemble a defined border like a swim zone. The fish and invertebrates protected inside the reserve are spilling out to the areas outside the protection.\u003cbr>\nLarval fish spread out in the current, casting seeds for future fish downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem in any case is observance and enforcement. There have been success in countries with resources to enforce and convict violators, but many of the areas on the global map are in name only - \"paper parks.\" Boats fish freely in world heritage sites and areas designated protected by governments. I am writing this from one such area outside Cocos Island approximately 400 miles off the coast of Costa Rica. I am currently with a team of Costa Rican biologists from the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.pretoma.org/\">Pretoma\u003c/a> on the vessel Sirneuse to film and tag turtles and sharks at Cocos Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cocos is a volcano rising from the deep sea and is an oasis of life from sharks and large fish to manta rays. The government has designated a no-take area 12 miles around Cocos Island over a decade ago, but there has been rampant poaching in the reserve. Recently Costa Rica created the Seamount Management Marine Area that will extend the Cocos Island protected area to 9640 Km2 (nearly 3700 square miles) has been established to protect pinnacles and migratory pathways for fish and sharks. The objective is to protect sharks and other species at risk such as sea turtles from the tuna fishery.\u003cbr>\nHowever, these areas are fished for tuna and even sharks with little fear of enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Protema biologists tell me that there are several challenges enforcing illegal fishing within the protected zone. The law says that the longlines set for fish must be attached to the boat and inside the reserve to be enforced. Costa Rica does not have a navy, and the Coast Guard primarily enforces against illegal drugs and not fishing. The rangers and the non profit located on Cocos (Marviva) can only report illegal activity to the authorities. If enforcement arrives, they generally find an abandoned longline filled with dead fish and sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite public denial by officials, sharks are being finned in Costa Rican waters. Finning is illegal in Costa Rica, yet it is common knowledge that shark fins have been unloaded at private docks behind guarded compounds. Two weeks ago Pretoma forced the courts to uphold the law requiring sharks to be landed at the public docks. Not long after the crew of a Taiwan flagged vessel was apprehended unloading shark fins at the public docks. \"The system is working\", said Randall Arauz, president of Pretoma. \"Clearly, the international fleet needs the privacy of its private docks to hide its shark finning activities, but now it must respect our laws\", added Arauz with satisfaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to protect marine resources we need to have the support of the public and vigilance by watchdogs like Pretoma. However, protecting the ocean from the impacts of fishing are difficult even with enforcement, Protecting the waters from impacts from the land such as run off and ocean acidification cannot be implemented by drawing a line on a map. In San Francisco the last\u003cbr>\nstage of the MLPA is now underway. With significant influence from\u003cbr>\nthe and, and with potential sea level rise, the best we can do is protect and restore damaged habitat and protect large enough areas such as ecosystems which include fish like our shark nurseries and habitat for sea grass and native oysters to flourish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting far ranging species like sharks through MPAS is also not easily attained. Sharks cross international borders and roam far past the protection of any single marine protected area. Open ocean MPA’s have been proposed but will take international agreement and the cooperation of the pelagic fishing fleet. At best we can protect nurseries such as the San Francisco Bay and Biodiversity hot spots in the ocean like the waters surrounding Cocos Island. Islands and submarine pinnacles such as Cocos and the new protected area are theoretically large enough to better protect the large migratory species like some species of sharks. However, we need to increase enforcement and alter consumption patterns to support sustainable fisheries. Clearly eating shark fin, or Bluefin tuna sushi is not sustainable. Even with good enforcement, there will be problems, but recognizing the need for marine protected areas is a place to start, even if it’s still only on paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 560px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/AlbinoBranch3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"402\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>It'll be a long time before scientists figure out why this branch is white.\u003cbr>And even longer before the public finds out.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any place to check in for updates on this research?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Jordan asked this question on Chris Bauer’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-admin/post.php?action=edit&post=12636\">blog\u003c/a> about figuring out the genetics of redwood albinism. Unfortunately, the answer is that there really isn’t any place to see how the research is going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because science is this weird combination of secrecy and openness. Research projects start out as proprietary but once finished, they become open source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that no results will be released until a good chunk of the research is done and it has been published in a peer-reviewed journal. This usually takes a year or more and albino redwoods will probably take even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is simple caution on the part of scientists. No one wants to release results so early that that they have to retract them later. Like everyone else, scientists don’t like to be proven wrong in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this only explains not communicating \u003cem>preliminary \u003c/em>results. Once a result is pretty solid, it should be OK to broadcast publicly. Except that it still isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the fault of many of the scientists doing the research. I remember wanting to shout my latest results from the mountaintops as soon as I got them. Lots of scientists I have talked to feel the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem has more to do with how science is funded. It simply isn’t designed to allow incremental progress to become public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists rely on the federal government for most of their funding. The NIH, NSF, DOE, and a few other agencies supply the lion’s share of research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labs are awarded these grants based on the work they have done. There is absolutely no incentive for sharing their work early. In fact, sharing work too soon can cost you grant money and maybe even (eventually) your lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/Graveyard2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The graveyard of the scientific careers of those scientists who released their data too soon. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unrelated_Tombstone.jpg\">Corpse Reviver.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be credible, scientific results must be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This is the “coin of the realm” in the scientific world. To succeed as a scientist, you need lots of these in the top journals and of course, successful scientists are the ones who get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These journals frown on releasing data before that data can make a big splash for their journal. This forces scientists to not release information to the general public (although they can talk about it at some point at scientific meetings). To keep from perishing, scientists need to keep their results under wraps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but scientists are not above stealing someone’s data and using it to get to the full story first. Smaller labs in particular are vulnerable to this sort of predation. Again, this forces scientists to keep their results to themselves rather than broadcasting it far and wide. Otherwise, they’ll have nothing to show for their work and they won’t get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to overcome these barriers and get results presented to the public in a more timely manner would be to change how science gets funded. Make it so there is lots of money to go around so that scientists will get money whether their lab makes the breakthrough or someone else uses your preliminary results to make the breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this won’t happen. For one thing, you wouldn’t be able to screen out the bad and/or lazy scientists nor reward the true go-getters. And besides, there are already way too many labs chasing way too few grants. Given that our government is sliding into insolvency, it is very unlikely that they will throw any more money at science so the public can get information any sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new way to fund science also wouldn’t change other aspects that keep our current system in place. For example, many scientists like to get a result first and beat the other guys. No funding tweaks are going to change this competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like we’ll have to stick with the current way that science is set up. It has done a great job of explaining our world and how it works. We just need to be patient and wait for the findings to eventually be released. As soon as they are, I’ll update you right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It will take a long time for scientists to figure out why those redwoods in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park are albino. And because of the way science is set up, it will take the public even longer to find out the answer.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is simple caution on the part of scientists. No one wants to release results so early that that they have to retract them later. Like everyone else, scientists don’t like to be proven wrong in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this only explains not communicating \u003cem>preliminary \u003c/em>results. Once a result is pretty solid, it should be OK to broadcast publicly. Except that it still isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the fault of many of the scientists doing the research. I remember wanting to shout my latest results from the mountaintops as soon as I got them. Lots of scientists I have talked to feel the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem has more to do with how science is funded. It simply isn’t designed to allow incremental progress to become public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists rely on the federal government for most of their funding. The NIH, NSF, DOE, and a few other agencies supply the lion’s share of research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labs are awarded these grants based on the work they have done. There is absolutely no incentive for sharing their work early. In fact, sharing work too soon can cost you grant money and maybe even (eventually) your lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/Graveyard2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The graveyard of the scientific careers of those scientists who released their data too soon. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unrelated_Tombstone.jpg\">Corpse Reviver.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be credible, scientific results must be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This is the “coin of the realm” in the scientific world. To succeed as a scientist, you need lots of these in the top journals and of course, successful scientists are the ones who get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These journals frown on releasing data before that data can make a big splash for their journal. This forces scientists to not release information to the general public (although they can talk about it at some point at scientific meetings). To keep from perishing, scientists need to keep their results under wraps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but scientists are not above stealing someone’s data and using it to get to the full story first. Smaller labs in particular are vulnerable to this sort of predation. Again, this forces scientists to keep their results to themselves rather than broadcasting it far and wide. Otherwise, they’ll have nothing to show for their work and they won’t get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to overcome these barriers and get results presented to the public in a more timely manner would be to change how science gets funded. Make it so there is lots of money to go around so that scientists will get money whether their lab makes the breakthrough or someone else uses your preliminary results to make the breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this won’t happen. For one thing, you wouldn’t be able to screen out the bad and/or lazy scientists nor reward the true go-getters. And besides, there are already way too many labs chasing way too few grants. Given that our government is sliding into insolvency, it is very unlikely that they will throw any more money at science so the public can get information any sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new way to fund science also wouldn’t change other aspects that keep our current system in place. For example, many scientists like to get a result first and beat the other guys. No funding tweaks are going to change this competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like we’ll have to stick with the current way that science is set up. It has done a great job of explaining our world and how it works. We just need to be patient and wait for the findings to eventually be released. As soon as they are, I’ll update you right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/holmanel.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Tiny shelled marine organisms called foraminifera can provide clues about earthquake occurrence in the past—and the future. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/holmanel.html\">UCMP\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels like the world is still shaking from the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that hit northern Japan on Friday. The 8.9 magnitude quake created enormous waves of water, which moved quickly through the ocean and hit the coast of Japan with waves that in some areas were over 10 feet high. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/11/world/asia/maps-of-earthquake-and-tsunami-damage-in-japan.html?ref=asia\">animation\u003c/a> shows how earthquakes give rise to tsunamis. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html\">When tsunamis hit shore\u003c/a>, they can carry with them sediment that they’ve picked up from the bottom of the ocean. This sediment differs from the sediment close to shore, leaving a long-term record of the tsunami’s occurrence. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists can look at the layers of sediment along the coast and see records of past tsunamis. They can also see that before tsunamis occur, the land along the coast often starts to subside, as one tectonic plate slips underneath another. The clue that tells paleontologists that the coastline tilts before an earthquake is a group of tiny marine organisms, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html\">foraminifera\u003c/a>. By studying these organisms in the sediment along the shore of the West Coast, scientists can learn how frequently tsunamis occurred here in the past, and whether we can predict a big quake in the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny marine organisms in the sediment are called foraminifera, or forams for short. They are protists—neither animals nor plants, protists are a grab bag of simple organisms that includes amoebas, seaweeds, and single-celled algae. Forams are unicellular, and they build a shell, called a test, out of calcium carbonate. The test has little opening from which pseudopods—thin strands of the cell’s cytoplasm—protrude. The pseudopods help the forams move around. However, it is the calcium carbonate tests that make forams so useful as records of geological events. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests of foraminifera are often well preserved in marine sediment, as fossils. Forams evolve relatively quickly, so micropaleontologists (folks who study tiny fossils) can determine the age of the sediment by identifying the species of foram that is preserved. Also, each species of foram can survive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions. If the water is too salty, a given species can’t survive; if the water is too fresh, that species won’t survive either. The salinity of the water has to be just right. This means that micropaleontologists can use foram fossils to estimate the salinity of the water in the past. (For similar reasons, forams are also good indicators of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramfr.html\">the proximity of oil deposits\u003c/a>, and a good \u003ca href=\"http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/proxies/paleoclimate.html\">proxy for past climates\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus Jere Lipps and a few colleagues, including Dalhousie University professor David Scott, travelled along the coast from Alaska to Baja, taking cores of coastal sediment along the way. They found that several years before a big earthquake and tsunami, the foram composition in the sediment changed slightly. The forams shifted from species that live in very slightly salty water to species that live in water that is even saltier. This is a sign that the land had begun to tilt downward towards the ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific plate is slowly sliding underneath the North American plate. But the plates stick together, and the edge of the North American plate gets pulled down slightly along with the Pacific plate. Suddenly, the plates will un-stick; the North American plate will release and move upwards again, and the Pacific plate will slide underneath. This kind if quake is called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake\u003c/a>. Dr. Lipps and his colleagues found that there have been three megathrust earthquakes, preceded by a tilt in the coastline, over the past 3000 years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forams are good measurements of past coastline tilt. But to measure coastlines in real time today, scientists can deploy \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer\">seismometers\u003c/a>. By placing seismometers in areas that have undergone a pre-earthquake tilt in the past, we may be able to detect early warning signs of potentially destructive megathrust earthquakes and resultant tsunamis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/holmanel.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Tiny shelled marine organisms called foraminifera can provide clues about earthquake occurrence in the past—and the future. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/holmanel.html\">UCMP\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels like the world is still shaking from the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that hit northern Japan on Friday. The 8.9 magnitude quake created enormous waves of water, which moved quickly through the ocean and hit the coast of Japan with waves that in some areas were over 10 feet high. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/11/world/asia/maps-of-earthquake-and-tsunami-damage-in-japan.html?ref=asia\">animation\u003c/a> shows how earthquakes give rise to tsunamis. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html\">When tsunamis hit shore\u003c/a>, they can carry with them sediment that they’ve picked up from the bottom of the ocean. This sediment differs from the sediment close to shore, leaving a long-term record of the tsunami’s occurrence. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists can look at the layers of sediment along the coast and see records of past tsunamis. They can also see that before tsunamis occur, the land along the coast often starts to subside, as one tectonic plate slips underneath another. The clue that tells paleontologists that the coastline tilts before an earthquake is a group of tiny marine organisms, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html\">foraminifera\u003c/a>. By studying these organisms in the sediment along the shore of the West Coast, scientists can learn how frequently tsunamis occurred here in the past, and whether we can predict a big quake in the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny marine organisms in the sediment are called foraminifera, or forams for short. They are protists—neither animals nor plants, protists are a grab bag of simple organisms that includes amoebas, seaweeds, and single-celled algae. Forams are unicellular, and they build a shell, called a test, out of calcium carbonate. The test has little opening from which pseudopods—thin strands of the cell’s cytoplasm—protrude. The pseudopods help the forams move around. However, it is the calcium carbonate tests that make forams so useful as records of geological events. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests of foraminifera are often well preserved in marine sediment, as fossils. Forams evolve relatively quickly, so micropaleontologists (folks who study tiny fossils) can determine the age of the sediment by identifying the species of foram that is preserved. Also, each species of foram can survive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions. If the water is too salty, a given species can’t survive; if the water is too fresh, that species won’t survive either. The salinity of the water has to be just right. This means that micropaleontologists can use foram fossils to estimate the salinity of the water in the past. (For similar reasons, forams are also good indicators of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramfr.html\">the proximity of oil deposits\u003c/a>, and a good \u003ca href=\"http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/proxies/paleoclimate.html\">proxy for past climates\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus Jere Lipps and a few colleagues, including Dalhousie University professor David Scott, travelled along the coast from Alaska to Baja, taking cores of coastal sediment along the way. They found that several years before a big earthquake and tsunami, the foram composition in the sediment changed slightly. The forams shifted from species that live in very slightly salty water to species that live in water that is even saltier. This is a sign that the land had begun to tilt downward towards the ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific plate is slowly sliding underneath the North American plate. But the plates stick together, and the edge of the North American plate gets pulled down slightly along with the Pacific plate. Suddenly, the plates will un-stick; the North American plate will release and move upwards again, and the Pacific plate will slide underneath. This kind if quake is called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake\u003c/a>. Dr. Lipps and his colleagues found that there have been three megathrust earthquakes, preceded by a tilt in the coastline, over the past 3000 years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forams are good measurements of past coastline tilt. But to measure coastlines in real time today, scientists can deploy \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer\">seismometers\u003c/a>. By placing seismometers in areas that have undergone a pre-earthquake tilt in the past, we may be able to detect early warning signs of potentially destructive megathrust earthquakes and resultant tsunamis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Life-Threatening Mushroom Poisoning",
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"content": "\u003cp>Since the beginning of mushroom season in Northern California last September, one person has required a liver transplant and three others have suffered life-threatening injuries after eating poisonous wild mushrooms that pop up in parks and gardens with the first rains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year on average, six to eight people in Northern California are severely poisoned by mushrooms they collect, cook and eat. The threat is more serious than many people realize, said Dr. Kent Olson, medical director of the San Francisco Division of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpoison.org\">California Poison Control System\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good news that the numbers are small,” Olson said. “But there’s a very high likelihood of death or liver injury that requires transplantation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, mushroom-collecting season runs from September through May. Hundreds of fungus aficionados fan out into open spaces to find highly sought edible mushrooms such as chanterelles and king boletes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients who suffer the most severe cases of mushroom poisoning require a liver transplant within a week in order to survive, Olson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the four poisoning victims this mushroom season, two were family members. The other two cases were unrelated. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_phalloides.html\">Death cap mushrooms\u003c/a> are suspected in all four cases, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-12774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/Death-cap-mushroom-for-article32.jpg\" alt=\"Death cap mushrooms, like this one on display at the recent Fungus Fair in Berkeley, are suspected in four poisonings since September\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Death cap mushrooms, like this one on display at the recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-fungus-fair\">Fungus Fair\u003c/a> in Berkeley, are suspected in four poisonings since September \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With its non-descript appearance, the death cap doesn’t announce itself as a toxic mushroom, but together with its relative, the destroying angel mushroom, it is responsible for all of the life-threatening mushroom poisonings in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known by its scientific name \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>, the death cap is whitish with green undertones and has a rounded cap. Across Northern California, it is often found under oak trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the Bay Area the numbers are exploding,” Olson said. “It has found a welcoming ecosystem to live in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death cap’s poisonous relative, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_ocreata.html\">destroying angel\u003c/a>, or \u003cem>Amanita ocreata\u003c/em>, is found mostly in the Los Angeles and Fresno areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms of death cap poisoning begin 8 to 12 hours after the mushrooms have been eaten, which delays treatment. Patients suffer from severe diarrhea, and as the toxins in the mushroom destroy their liver’s cells, their eyes and skin turn yellow and they become nauseous. If left untreated, victims can slip into a coma and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death cap can be mistaken for an edible wild mushroom called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_lanei.html\">coccora\u003c/a>, to which it’s related, said J.R. Blair, former president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\">Mycological Society of San Francisco\u003c/a>, a non-profit group that organizes an educational fungus fair each December in the East Bay, as well as wild mushroom identification workshops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prized coccora mushroom is usually a golden-brown color, while the death cap is generally greenish. Coccora has furrows on the edge of its cap, as well as a layer of tissue on top of it, which the death cap lacks, Blair said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one should be eating wild mushrooms without identification skills or without the affirmation of someone with sufficient knowledge,” said Blair. “There are no shortcuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of wild mushrooms, a little knowledge can be dangerous. Olson described the patient who required a liver transplant in November as someone “who frequently collected and ate wild mushrooms.” That has been true of many of the people who have poisoned themselves over the years, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically it is someone who has been mushroom picking before, who thinks they can tell the difference between dangerous and not,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the people who were poisoned this season were members of a family who went out mushroom collecting in the Sierra foothills in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grandmother picked them, grandpa cooked them and they brought them home to family,” Olson said. Two family members suffered life-threatening symptoms, but survived without the need of a transplant. Another family member suffered minor symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fourth victim this season was a homeless person who picked the mushrooms in Golden Gate Park in January, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mycological Society of San Francisco and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fungusfed.org/\">Fungus Federation of Santa Cruz \u003c/a>have experts who can help the public with the identification of mushrooms, said Blair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watch fungus expert J.R. Blair compare death cap and coccora mushrooms as part of this QUEST 6-minute video on the Fungus Fair in Berkeley last December.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/8ypvYG9knmo\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since the beginning of mushroom season in Northern California last September, one person has required a liver transplant and three others have suffered life-threatening injuries after eating poisonous wild mushrooms that pop up in parks and gardens with the first rains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year on average, six to eight people in Northern California are severely poisoned by mushrooms they collect, cook and eat. The threat is more serious than many people realize, said Dr. Kent Olson, medical director of the San Francisco Division of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpoison.org\">California Poison Control System\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good news that the numbers are small,” Olson said. “But there’s a very high likelihood of death or liver injury that requires transplantation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, mushroom-collecting season runs from September through May. Hundreds of fungus aficionados fan out into open spaces to find highly sought edible mushrooms such as chanterelles and king boletes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients who suffer the most severe cases of mushroom poisoning require a liver transplant within a week in order to survive, Olson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the four poisoning victims this mushroom season, two were family members. The other two cases were unrelated. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_phalloides.html\">Death cap mushrooms\u003c/a> are suspected in all four cases, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-12774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/Death-cap-mushroom-for-article32.jpg\" alt=\"Death cap mushrooms, like this one on display at the recent Fungus Fair in Berkeley, are suspected in four poisonings since September\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Death cap mushrooms, like this one on display at the recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-fungus-fair\">Fungus Fair\u003c/a> in Berkeley, are suspected in four poisonings since September \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With its non-descript appearance, the death cap doesn’t announce itself as a toxic mushroom, but together with its relative, the destroying angel mushroom, it is responsible for all of the life-threatening mushroom poisonings in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known by its scientific name \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>, the death cap is whitish with green undertones and has a rounded cap. Across Northern California, it is often found under oak trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the Bay Area the numbers are exploding,” Olson said. “It has found a welcoming ecosystem to live in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death cap’s poisonous relative, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_ocreata.html\">destroying angel\u003c/a>, or \u003cem>Amanita ocreata\u003c/em>, is found mostly in the Los Angeles and Fresno areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms of death cap poisoning begin 8 to 12 hours after the mushrooms have been eaten, which delays treatment. Patients suffer from severe diarrhea, and as the toxins in the mushroom destroy their liver’s cells, their eyes and skin turn yellow and they become nauseous. If left untreated, victims can slip into a coma and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death cap can be mistaken for an edible wild mushroom called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_lanei.html\">coccora\u003c/a>, to which it’s related, said J.R. Blair, former president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\">Mycological Society of San Francisco\u003c/a>, a non-profit group that organizes an educational fungus fair each December in the East Bay, as well as wild mushroom identification workshops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prized coccora mushroom is usually a golden-brown color, while the death cap is generally greenish. Coccora has furrows on the edge of its cap, as well as a layer of tissue on top of it, which the death cap lacks, Blair said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one should be eating wild mushrooms without identification skills or without the affirmation of someone with sufficient knowledge,” said Blair. “There are no shortcuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of wild mushrooms, a little knowledge can be dangerous. Olson described the patient who required a liver transplant in November as someone “who frequently collected and ate wild mushrooms.” That has been true of many of the people who have poisoned themselves over the years, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically it is someone who has been mushroom picking before, who thinks they can tell the difference between dangerous and not,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the people who were poisoned this season were members of a family who went out mushroom collecting in the Sierra foothills in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grandmother picked them, grandpa cooked them and they brought them home to family,” Olson said. Two family members suffered life-threatening symptoms, but survived without the need of a transplant. Another family member suffered minor symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fourth victim this season was a homeless person who picked the mushrooms in Golden Gate Park in January, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mycological Society of San Francisco and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fungusfed.org/\">Fungus Federation of Santa Cruz \u003c/a>have experts who can help the public with the identification of mushrooms, said Blair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watch fungus expert J.R. Blair compare death cap and coccora mushrooms as part of this QUEST 6-minute video on the Fungus Fair in Berkeley last December.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/8ypvYG9knmo\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/mushroom-larryflo2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>The fruiting body of a fungus—a.k.a. a mushroom. The gills are clearly visible. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/grassvalleylarry/302840789/\">larry&flo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this blog post is not about \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/athletes-foot/DS00317\">athlete’s foot\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/nail-fungus/DS00084\">toenail fungus\u003c/a> or any other infection you might inadvertently catch from the floor of a locker room or \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201103080931\">the seat of a BART train\u003c/a>. It’s about giant underground \u003ca href=\"http://tolweb.org/fungi\">fungi\u003c/a> and their reproductive parts—a.k.a. mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareamushrooms.org/mushroommonth/index.html\">mushroom\u003c/a> is not a stand-alone thing, growing on a hillside. It is attached to an underground network of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus\">hyphae\u003c/a>—the branching, threadlike filaments that make up the body of the fungus. The mushroom’s primary role in life is to make and spread the tiny spores of the fungus. Take your typical mushroom, a round disk (the cap) perched on a stem (the stipe). The underside of the cap has gills radiating from the center. The gills produce the spores. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/puffball_treeswing2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Spores stream out from a puffball mushroom. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sequoia/5361633567/\">treeswing\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spores can be dispersed as they fall from the gills or, in some species, when the mushroom actively ejects them into the air. Spores that are ejected are called \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZLM1ouhW1Y\">ballistospores\u003c/a>. In the case of the puffball mushroom, the spores are released when there is pressure on the outside of the puffball. This can happen as the puffball rolls across the landscape, or when raindrops fall onto the surface of the puffball. Spores can be spread by wind or small animals. If spores fall on suitable substrate, they grow into hyphae, which brings us back to the fungus’s underground life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threadlike hyphae of a fungus, together, are called the mycelium. This is the organism’s non-reproductive part. Fungi can grow to be gigantic—although we’d never know it, because they’re mostly underground. The largest known fungus is in eastern Oregon, and it underlies 2,200 acres of forest—an area equal to 1,665 football fields. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of the underground fungus explains why if you find some tasty porcinis in a particular spot, you’re likely to find more if you revisit the same spot on your next hike. It also explains the existence of fairy rings—mushrooms growing along the circumference of a circle. Hyphae grow from the tips outward, and mushrooms grow from the tips of the hyphae. All of those mushrooms in the ring are probably growing from the same fungi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, fungi reproduce asexually. However, sexual reproduction does happen. The hyphae of two different individuals can fuse, grow a stalk, and produce spores. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi are not plants. They do not get their energy from photosynthesis. Instead, they get their food from decaying organic matter (leaves, wood, the fruit you forgot in the bottom of your bag). They are ecologically important decomposers. Fungi can also get their food via parasitic or symbiotic relationships with other organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best thing about fungi, however, is that their fruiting bodies sure can be delicious. Check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-fungus-fair\">Science on the SPOT: Fungus Fair\u003c/a>, filmed at the Fungus Fair, held at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a> in December 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> Public Media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
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