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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/Osama1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>DNA tests were able to confirm with a 99.9% certainty that\u003cbr>Osama bin Laden has been killed.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key ways the U.S. government confirmed that they had killed Osama bin Laden was using genetic tests. What they did was take DNA from the corpse and compare it to known relatives of Osama bin Laden (or at the very least to his sister). From this they concluded that there was a 99.9% chance that the dead man was Osama bin Laden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless they had a sample of Osama’s DNA, these kinds of tests can’t necessarily prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the man killed was Osama. What it can do, for example, is say that the man killed was Osama’s sister’s brother. If all the other brothers are accounted for and there aren’t any unknown brothers out there, then this is him.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThis shows why it is so important to have lots of relatives to test. For example, if they also tested one or more of his children, then they could conclude that the man killed was the father of Osama’s children and the brother of Osama’s sister. Unless Osama had an unknown brother who fathered his children, then the dead man in Pakistan would certainly be Osama bin Laden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course they didn’t rely just on the DNA (although these results are very strong). They also used fancy biometric recognition software and eyewitness testimony to confirm that the dead man is Osama bin Laden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Testing DNA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how’d they do the actual DNA testing? They wouldn’t have had time to sequence all of his DNA but that’s not a big deal. No one would do that to identify a suspect anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely, they did a more extensive version of a run-of-the-mill paternity test. When given a high priority, these tests can easily be done in less than 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In paternity-like tests, scientists compare the DNA of the related people at multiple spots in the genome. They look at parts of our DNA that tend to be different between unrelated people. If people share a lot of them in common in the right ways, then they are related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These spots go by lots of different names--microsatellites, simple sequence repeats (SSRs), short tandem repeats (STRs), variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)--but we’ll call them STRs here. STRs are bits of DNA where the sequence is repeated over and over, back to back. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, DNA is made up of four chemical \"letters\" (or nucleotides) that are usually abbreviated as A, G, T, and C. So an STR is a string of letters that is repeated. What makes them useful here is that different people can have different numbers of these repeats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the set of DNA letters AGTC. One person might have 10 of these in a row. And another might have 11 or 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, lots of people will have 10 of these repeats. That is why scientists can't look at just one STR. Here in the U.S., forensic scientists have chosen 13 of them to tell people apart. Since the government only had a few relatives to compare Osama’s DNA to, they almost certainly looked at many more spots. The more spots you look at, the more solid is the evidence that two people are related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get enough DNA to see, scientists need to use something called the polymerase chain reaction or PCR. This technique is a really fast way to make lots of copies of a bit of someone’s DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In PCR, scientists use a special protein called a \"polymerase.\" Its job is to copy DNA. Scientists tell the protein what DNA to copy by giving it starting and ending points, called \"primers.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Primers are small segments of DNA that match the part of the DNA a scientist is interested in. The protein then copies everything between the two primers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here the government would have premade all of the primers on each side of the STRs they wanted to test. They would have also worked out all of the reaction conditions so they could get the results in just a few hours. A single PCR reaction would look something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/PCR11.gif\" align=\"center\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If someone has a different number of repeats, then they'll have a different size of copied DNA. Imagine our example above. If I have 10 copies of AGTC and you have 11, then my copied piece of DNA will be 4 letters shorter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osama’s sister’s DNA and the DNA from the man who died in the Pakistani compound must have shared lots of these STRs. So many in fact, that there was a 99.9% chance that they were brother and sister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/Osama1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>DNA tests were able to confirm with a 99.9% certainty that\u003cbr>Osama bin Laden has been killed.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key ways the U.S. government confirmed that they had killed Osama bin Laden was using genetic tests. What they did was take DNA from the corpse and compare it to known relatives of Osama bin Laden (or at the very least to his sister). From this they concluded that there was a 99.9% chance that the dead man was Osama bin Laden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless they had a sample of Osama’s DNA, these kinds of tests can’t necessarily prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the man killed was Osama. What it can do, for example, is say that the man killed was Osama’s sister’s brother. If all the other brothers are accounted for and there aren’t any unknown brothers out there, then this is him.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThis shows why it is so important to have lots of relatives to test. For example, if they also tested one or more of his children, then they could conclude that the man killed was the father of Osama’s children and the brother of Osama’s sister. Unless Osama had an unknown brother who fathered his children, then the dead man in Pakistan would certainly be Osama bin Laden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course they didn’t rely just on the DNA (although these results are very strong). They also used fancy biometric recognition software and eyewitness testimony to confirm that the dead man is Osama bin Laden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Testing DNA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how’d they do the actual DNA testing? They wouldn’t have had time to sequence all of his DNA but that’s not a big deal. No one would do that to identify a suspect anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely, they did a more extensive version of a run-of-the-mill paternity test. When given a high priority, these tests can easily be done in less than 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In paternity-like tests, scientists compare the DNA of the related people at multiple spots in the genome. They look at parts of our DNA that tend to be different between unrelated people. If people share a lot of them in common in the right ways, then they are related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These spots go by lots of different names--microsatellites, simple sequence repeats (SSRs), short tandem repeats (STRs), variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)--but we’ll call them STRs here. STRs are bits of DNA where the sequence is repeated over and over, back to back. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, DNA is made up of four chemical \"letters\" (or nucleotides) that are usually abbreviated as A, G, T, and C. So an STR is a string of letters that is repeated. What makes them useful here is that different people can have different numbers of these repeats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the set of DNA letters AGTC. One person might have 10 of these in a row. And another might have 11 or 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, lots of people will have 10 of these repeats. That is why scientists can't look at just one STR. Here in the U.S., forensic scientists have chosen 13 of them to tell people apart. Since the government only had a few relatives to compare Osama’s DNA to, they almost certainly looked at many more spots. The more spots you look at, the more solid is the evidence that two people are related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get enough DNA to see, scientists need to use something called the polymerase chain reaction or PCR. This technique is a really fast way to make lots of copies of a bit of someone’s DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In PCR, scientists use a special protein called a \"polymerase.\" Its job is to copy DNA. Scientists tell the protein what DNA to copy by giving it starting and ending points, called \"primers.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Primers are small segments of DNA that match the part of the DNA a scientist is interested in. The protein then copies everything between the two primers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here the government would have premade all of the primers on each side of the STRs they wanted to test. They would have also worked out all of the reaction conditions so they could get the results in just a few hours. A single PCR reaction would look something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/PCR11.gif\" align=\"center\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If someone has a different number of repeats, then they'll have a different size of copied DNA. Imagine our example above. If I have 10 copies of AGTC and you have 11, then my copied piece of DNA will be 4 letters shorter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osama’s sister’s DNA and the DNA from the man who died in the Pakistani compound must have shared lots of these STRs. So many in fact, that there was a 99.9% chance that they were brother and sister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Drive about thirty minutes south from San Francisco along Highway 1 and you will come to the town of Moss Beach. When you get there, look for a small sign on the right that says \"Marine Life Refuge\". At the end of the road you will find \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, a place where you can leave city life behind and experience an ephemeral world that is only available to humans when the gravitational pull of the moon and sun create a low tide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first ventured out onto the rocky algae covered reef of the FMR in 2004. At the time, I had made a life changing decision to give up a career in biology and venture into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.joshuacassidy.com/JoshuaCassidy.com/Home.html\">field of natural history filmmaking\u003c/a>. Excluding the countless hours I had spent watching nature shows on TV, I had no formal film production training. What I did have was a new video camera, a wool cap, and a child-like fascination with exploring nature. Over the next year, I spent every available daylight low tide at the reserve figuring out how to capture the feeling of coming face-to-face with a hermit crab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filming in a marine environment presents a host of special challenges. Electronics and saltwater are not friends, but I had decided to make a film entirely within one foot above and below the water line. To do so I would have to get creative. For the majority of the underwater shots, I used a homemade aquascope made out of a black plastic tube that I cut to fit on the end of my camera’s lens. I glued a piece of clear \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)\">Plexiglas \u003c/a>on the other end, which allowed me to film in inches of water without the glare produced by the sun reflecting off the surface. 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This sounds easy enough, but when sitting on cold wet rocks, it doesn’t take long before the shivers start to make your hands (and thus your camera) shake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the concerns with filming very small creatures on the rocky shore is the potential to forget where you are and have the tide sneak back in, trapping you far out on a rock. More dangerous is the potential of a rogue wave coming without warning and sweeping an unaware visitor out to sea. This leads to the adage \"Don’t turn your back to the sea.\" Keep that in mind when you make your own trip to Fitzgerald Marine Reserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The animals that live in the intertidal zone have adapted well to the demanding lifestyle of competing for space and resources in a rugged and fluctuating environment that is relentlessly pounded by the Pacific surf and surge. What they have not adapted to is having people step on them. When I am out on the rocks filming or introducing a friend to the reserve I always abide by the rules for tide pool etiquette: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tNo collecting! The reserve was formed to protect the intertidal inhabitants and even a short time in your pail will be detrimental to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tWatch where you step and be careful with the intertidal creatures. Don’t love the tide pools to death by inadvertently stepping on their residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tKeep your distance from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_seal\">Harbor seals\u003c/a> that haul out on the rocks to rest or sun themselves. It is illegal to harass the seals no matter how cute they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tDress the part. Wear layers, a hat, and some old tennis shoes. The rocks and barnacles are too sharp to comfortably walk barefoot. I find surfing booties to be ideal on the slick rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tKeep an eye on the waves so you don’t have to take an unplanned swim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tHave fun. Bring the family, friends, and anyone else who might be suffering from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nature-deficit-disorder\">Nature Deficit Disorder\u003c/a>. We have the power to protect what we love, and we only love that which we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, if you venture out to the pools but you don’t immediately see any wildlife don’t just move on. Many of the creatures are shy and skittish, and will hide at first sign of your footsteps and shadows. Just relax and wait for a couple minutes. You will soon see that the pools are teaming with a dazzling quantity of colorful snails, sculpins, anemones, and hermit crabs. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drive about thirty minutes south from San Francisco along Highway 1 and you will come to the town of Moss Beach. When you get there, look for a small sign on the right that says \"Marine Life Refuge\". At the end of the road you will find \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, a place where you can leave city life behind and experience an ephemeral world that is only available to humans when the gravitational pull of the moon and sun create a low tide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first ventured out onto the rocky algae covered reef of the FMR in 2004. At the time, I had made a life changing decision to give up a career in biology and venture into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.joshuacassidy.com/JoshuaCassidy.com/Home.html\">field of natural history filmmaking\u003c/a>. Excluding the countless hours I had spent watching nature shows on TV, I had no formal film production training. What I did have was a new video camera, a wool cap, and a child-like fascination with exploring nature. Over the next year, I spent every available daylight low tide at the reserve figuring out how to capture the feeling of coming face-to-face with a hermit crab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filming in a marine environment presents a host of special challenges. Electronics and saltwater are not friends, but I had decided to make a film entirely within one foot above and below the water line. To do so I would have to get creative. For the majority of the underwater shots, I used a homemade aquascope made out of a black plastic tube that I cut to fit on the end of my camera’s lens. I glued a piece of clear \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)\">Plexiglas \u003c/a>on the other end, which allowed me to film in inches of water without the glare produced by the sun reflecting off the surface. Later I stepped up to a \"splash bag\", which is basically a glorified Ziploc bag with a clear lens on one end. The splash bag seals the camera inside and has the added advantage of protecting the camera when you slip on a spot of slick algae and slide down some jagged rocks into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second most useful piece of equipment I acquired for the film was a close-up filter, which is basically a magnifying glass that screws onto the lens. This allowed me to get the detailed shots of the tide pool inhabitants. I like the idea of filming animals from their own perspective, which in this case meant sitting or lying on the rocks to get the camera at the same level as the subject. This sounds easy enough, but when sitting on cold wet rocks, it doesn’t take long before the shivers start to make your hands (and thus your camera) shake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the concerns with filming very small creatures on the rocky shore is the potential to forget where you are and have the tide sneak back in, trapping you far out on a rock. More dangerous is the potential of a rogue wave coming without warning and sweeping an unaware visitor out to sea. This leads to the adage \"Don’t turn your back to the sea.\" Keep that in mind when you make your own trip to Fitzgerald Marine Reserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The animals that live in the intertidal zone have adapted well to the demanding lifestyle of competing for space and resources in a rugged and fluctuating environment that is relentlessly pounded by the Pacific surf and surge. What they have not adapted to is having people step on them. When I am out on the rocks filming or introducing a friend to the reserve I always abide by the rules for tide pool etiquette: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tNo collecting! The reserve was formed to protect the intertidal inhabitants and even a short time in your pail will be detrimental to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tWatch where you step and be careful with the intertidal creatures. Don’t love the tide pools to death by inadvertently stepping on their residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tKeep your distance from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_seal\">Harbor seals\u003c/a> that haul out on the rocks to rest or sun themselves. It is illegal to harass the seals no matter how cute they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tDress the part. Wear layers, a hat, and some old tennis shoes. The rocks and barnacles are too sharp to comfortably walk barefoot. I find surfing booties to be ideal on the slick rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tKeep an eye on the waves so you don’t have to take an unplanned swim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tHave fun. Bring the family, friends, and anyone else who might be suffering from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nature-deficit-disorder\">Nature Deficit Disorder\u003c/a>. We have the power to protect what we love, and we only love that which we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, if you venture out to the pools but you don’t immediately see any wildlife don’t just move on. Many of the creatures are shy and skittish, and will hide at first sign of your footsteps and shadows. Just relax and wait for a couple minutes. You will soon see that the pools are teaming with a dazzling quantity of colorful snails, sculpins, anemones, and hermit crabs. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mars300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.”\u003c/strong> – \u003cem>Carl Sagan, Cosmos. (1980: New York, USA: Random House.) p. 106.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science to the side, Mars has meant many things to us earthlings. The Romans named the Red Planet after their god of war, and it has long been associated with masculinity. The symbol for the planet is the same circle extruding an arrow we use for the male gender. (Remember the 1992 self-help best-seller, \u003cem>Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus\u003c/em>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of Mars and Martians have also provided much grist for the mills of popular culture. When I interviewed the scientists we feature in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/searching-for-life-on-mars\">Searching for Life on Mars\u003c/a>, I asked them about their favorite appearances of Mars in popular culture. Their answers–Edgar Rice Burroughs’ pulp swashbuckler from 1917, \u003cem>A Princess of Mars\u003c/em>, and the 1960’s American sit-com, \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em>–represent the antipodes of the ways in which the modern imagination has regarded Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1917, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs\">Edgar Rice Burroughs\u003c/a> (best-remembered as the man who brought us Tarzan) published the first in what came to be a series of novels about the adventures of John Carter, a civil war veteran mysteriously transported to Mars in the midst of an Indian attack. Mars, called “Barsoon” by its inhabitants, is strictly divided along racial lines. Princess Dejah Toris belongs to the humanoid and civilized Red Martians, who are beset upon by the barbaric Green Martians, twelve feet tall, with four arms and huge eyes on the sides of their heads. As with Superman on Earth, the lower gravity on Mars endows Jon Carter with extraordinary powers, while his white skin, belonging to a noble race now extinct on Barsoon, gives him mythic status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, some authors imagined a more threatening Mars. \u003cem>War of the Worlds\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells\">H.G. Wells\u003c/a>’ science fiction novel from 1898, was one of the first to imagine a conflict between humankind and a superior alien race. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles\">Orson Welles\u003c/a>’ realistic 1938 radio adaptation triggered panic as listeners mistook the broadcast for live coverage of an actual invasion. Successful movie adaptations of War of the Worlds were produced in 1953 and 2005. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The period after World War II became the heyday for Mars in popular culture, as Red Scare anxieties about invasion or infiltration at the hands of godless communists were given form in the artifacts of the day, from movies to bubble gum trading cards. Some of the highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-Ray Bradbury’s \u003cem>The Martian Chronicles\u003c/em> (1950) which recounts the efforts of earthlings to colonize an ancient Martian civilization, inadvertently succeeding through the chicken pox virus they brought with them;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Red Planet Mars \u003c/em>(1952) where radio transmissions from Mars incite revolutions on Earth–climaxing in the installation of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church on the throne of the Tsar–and are eventually revealed to be the voice of God Himself;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Invaders from Mars\u003c/em> (1953) where a boy is awakened to see a flying saucer disappear into a sandpit behind his home, and later, noticing an unusual red cut beneath his father’s hairline, sees him turn cold and hostile; \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Devil Girl from Mars \u003c/em>(1954) in which a statuesque and dominating Martian, dressed head-to-toe in black vinyl, leads a mission to Earth to restock the vanishing male population on Mars;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-The 1962 Topps trading card series \u003cem>Mars Attacks\u003c/em>, which depicted an invasion by sadistic and hideous Martians with so much explicit gore and implied sexuality that a public outcry led the company to halt production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1960’s, the sci-fi movie cycle had generated into cheapies such as \u003cem>Santa Claus Conquers the Martians \u003c/em>(1964) and \u003cem>Mars Needs Women \u003c/em>(1966). In mainstream American culture, extraterrestrials from the Red Planet were sufficiently domesticated for Ray Walston to play Uncle Martin in \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em> (1963-1966). Martin’s ability to turn invisible when he raised his retractable antennae was played strictly for laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides nostalgia for the Martians of their youths, the scientists we interviewed, Chris McKay, David Blake, Nathalie Cabrol and Tori Hoehler, all offered speculation about a more serious consequence if life were confirmed on Mars. Christianity earlier embraced the geocentric views of Ptolemy and Aristotle where the Earth was the center of the universe, around which all else revolved, just as mankind was the center of God’s creation. The ideas that the Earth moved around the Sun, or that men evolved from apes were–and in some quarters still are–strenuously resisted as undermining the belief that life was created on Earth as part of a divine plan. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1917, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs\">Edgar Rice Burroughs\u003c/a> (best-remembered as the man who brought us Tarzan) published the first in what came to be a series of novels about the adventures of John Carter, a civil war veteran mysteriously transported to Mars in the midst of an Indian attack. Mars, called “Barsoon” by its inhabitants, is strictly divided along racial lines. Princess Dejah Toris belongs to the humanoid and civilized Red Martians, who are beset upon by the barbaric Green Martians, twelve feet tall, with four arms and huge eyes on the sides of their heads. As with Superman on Earth, the lower gravity on Mars endows Jon Carter with extraordinary powers, while his white skin, belonging to a noble race now extinct on Barsoon, gives him mythic status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, some authors imagined a more threatening Mars. \u003cem>War of the Worlds\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells\">H.G. Wells\u003c/a>’ science fiction novel from 1898, was one of the first to imagine a conflict between humankind and a superior alien race. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles\">Orson Welles\u003c/a>’ realistic 1938 radio adaptation triggered panic as listeners mistook the broadcast for live coverage of an actual invasion. Successful movie adaptations of War of the Worlds were produced in 1953 and 2005. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The period after World War II became the heyday for Mars in popular culture, as Red Scare anxieties about invasion or infiltration at the hands of godless communists were given form in the artifacts of the day, from movies to bubble gum trading cards. Some of the highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-Ray Bradbury’s \u003cem>The Martian Chronicles\u003c/em> (1950) which recounts the efforts of earthlings to colonize an ancient Martian civilization, inadvertently succeeding through the chicken pox virus they brought with them;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Red Planet Mars \u003c/em>(1952) where radio transmissions from Mars incite revolutions on Earth–climaxing in the installation of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church on the throne of the Tsar–and are eventually revealed to be the voice of God Himself;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Invaders from Mars\u003c/em> (1953) where a boy is awakened to see a flying saucer disappear into a sandpit behind his home, and later, noticing an unusual red cut beneath his father’s hairline, sees him turn cold and hostile; \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Devil Girl from Mars \u003c/em>(1954) in which a statuesque and dominating Martian, dressed head-to-toe in black vinyl, leads a mission to Earth to restock the vanishing male population on Mars;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-The 1962 Topps trading card series \u003cem>Mars Attacks\u003c/em>, which depicted an invasion by sadistic and hideous Martians with so much explicit gore and implied sexuality that a public outcry led the company to halt production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1960’s, the sci-fi movie cycle had generated into cheapies such as \u003cem>Santa Claus Conquers the Martians \u003c/em>(1964) and \u003cem>Mars Needs Women \u003c/em>(1966). In mainstream American culture, extraterrestrials from the Red Planet were sufficiently domesticated for Ray Walston to play Uncle Martin in \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em> (1963-1966). Martin’s ability to turn invisible when he raised his retractable antennae was played strictly for laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides nostalgia for the Martians of their youths, the scientists we interviewed, Chris McKay, David Blake, Nathalie Cabrol and Tori Hoehler, all offered speculation about a more serious consequence if life were confirmed on Mars. Christianity earlier embraced the geocentric views of Ptolemy and Aristotle where the Earth was the center of the universe, around which all else revolved, just as mankind was the center of God’s creation. The ideas that the Earth moved around the Sun, or that men evolved from apes were–and in some quarters still are–strenuously resisted as undermining the belief that life was created on Earth as part of a divine plan. If there were another, perhaps earlier creation, a second genesis–as proof of life on Mars would imply–what becomes of our starring role in history? What would be the effect on our pride, could our religions survive? For now, the answers to such questions are the province of the writers of science fiction, but if the scientists find what they’re looking for, that might not remain the case in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3785351 -122.086585\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/SeaFoam1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Sea foam on San Francisco’s Ocean Beach. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/v63/91723833/\">vision63\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, the wind and the waves whip the ocean into a lather. And that word—lather—is a pretty accurate description of sea foam. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_foam\">Sea foam\u003c/a> is made of dissolved organic matter, a substance that is so important in the world ocean that it gets its own acronym, DOM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.eoearth.org/article/Marine_dissolved_organic_matter\">DOM\u003c/a> consists primarily of the broken-down bodies of phytoplankton, including microalgae and bacteria. Algal blooms, when they start to die off, create lots of DOM. In sea foam, the DOM acts like soap, creating small bubbles that float on the water.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dissolved organic matter is full of proteins and lipids (plus lots of carbon, which we’ll get to later). The DOM molecules can act as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant\">surfactants\u003c/a>, similar to soap and other detergents. The molecules have a hydrophilic end that sticks to water and repels oil, and a hydrophobic end that sticks to oil and repels water. The DOM decreases water’s surface tension and promotes the creation of bubbles as the water is stirred by wind and waves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big storms can create huge amounts of sea foam. In 2007, the area north of Sydney, Australia was dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-478041/Cappuccino-Coast-The-day-Pacific-whipped-ocean-froth.html\">Cappuccino Coast\u003c/a>, as foam engulfed 30 miles of shoreline. All this foam can obscure things like rocks and sea snakes, so foam frolickers should frolic with caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best part about sea foam, in my opinion, is not these big foam events, but the fact that sea foam calls attention to dissolved organic matter. We rarely see it (it is dissolved, after all), and we rarely think about it, but DOM plays a massively important role on Earth. It is a key part of the marine food web, though it is hard to eat, because the particles are so tiny. Bacteria are some of the few organisms can eat DOM. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the DOM in the ocean is one of Earth’s largest carbon reservoirs. DOM is produced in the upper ocean, where the phytoplankton and zooplankton live—DOM is made of the spilled contents of their bodies and their cells. The DOM that is not consumed at the surface gradually drifts downward in the water column; it can be found in the deepest parts of the ocean, albeit at lower concentrations than at the surface. As we continue to pump carbon dioxide into the air, some of this carbon ends up as DOM, and it travels slowly throughout the ocean. Next time you see sea foam, think of the dissolved particles of organic matter and the important role they play in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.759458 -122.509881\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/SeaFoam1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Sea foam on San Francisco’s Ocean Beach. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/v63/91723833/\">vision63\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, the wind and the waves whip the ocean into a lather. And that word—lather—is a pretty accurate description of sea foam. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_foam\">Sea foam\u003c/a> is made of dissolved organic matter, a substance that is so important in the world ocean that it gets its own acronym, DOM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.eoearth.org/article/Marine_dissolved_organic_matter\">DOM\u003c/a> consists primarily of the broken-down bodies of phytoplankton, including microalgae and bacteria. Algal blooms, when they start to die off, create lots of DOM. In sea foam, the DOM acts like soap, creating small bubbles that float on the water.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dissolved organic matter is full of proteins and lipids (plus lots of carbon, which we’ll get to later). The DOM molecules can act as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant\">surfactants\u003c/a>, similar to soap and other detergents. The molecules have a hydrophilic end that sticks to water and repels oil, and a hydrophobic end that sticks to oil and repels water. The DOM decreases water’s surface tension and promotes the creation of bubbles as the water is stirred by wind and waves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big storms can create huge amounts of sea foam. In 2007, the area north of Sydney, Australia was dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-478041/Cappuccino-Coast-The-day-Pacific-whipped-ocean-froth.html\">Cappuccino Coast\u003c/a>, as foam engulfed 30 miles of shoreline. All this foam can obscure things like rocks and sea snakes, so foam frolickers should frolic with caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best part about sea foam, in my opinion, is not these big foam events, but the fact that sea foam calls attention to dissolved organic matter. We rarely see it (it is dissolved, after all), and we rarely think about it, but DOM plays a massively important role on Earth. It is a key part of the marine food web, though it is hard to eat, because the particles are so tiny. Bacteria are some of the few organisms can eat DOM. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the DOM in the ocean is one of Earth’s largest carbon reservoirs. DOM is produced in the upper ocean, where the phytoplankton and zooplankton live—DOM is made of the spilled contents of their bodies and their cells. The DOM that is not consumed at the surface gradually drifts downward in the water column; it can be found in the deepest parts of the ocean, albeit at lower concentrations than at the surface. As we continue to pump carbon dioxide into the air, some of this carbon ends up as DOM, and it travels slowly throughout the ocean. Next time you see sea foam, think of the dissolved particles of organic matter and the important role they play in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.759458 -122.509881\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/Redact2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>I might be better off NOT knowing some things about my genes.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/11/dna-diving-for-alzheimer%E2%80%99s/\">blog \u003c/a>I talked about how I was able to wrest information about my APOE gene from my 23andMe data. I wanted to know because of this gene’s link to late onset Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>APOE comes in three versions: e2, e3, and e4. People with two e4 versions are around 15 times more likely to end up with Alzheimer’s than are people with two e3 versions. And if these e4 folks do get the disease, it tends to come at an earlier age. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I found out that I actually have two e2 versions which protects me somewhat from getting late onset Alzheimer’s. Good news? I guess…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all of this, I didn’t ask whether this information is worth knowing. Being e2/e2 doesn’t mean I won’t get Alzheimer’s…it just means I am at a lower risk. But at least I didn’t find out I was e4/e4. Then I’d know I was more likely to get Alzheimer’s but not be able to do anything medically useful with that information. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being e4/e4 would not have meant that I would for sure end up with Alzheimer’s. So it wouldn’t be like having two copies of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/cftr.shtml\">delta-508\u003c/a> marker of the CFTR gene. In that case, I would almost certainly have developed cystic fibrosis. No, two copies of e4 would just mean that I was at a higher risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And knowing this wouldn’t be able to help me medically at all. There aren’t any good preventative measures I could take to stave off Alzheimer’s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this isn’t always true with these kinds of increased risk genetic markers—some are definitely worth knowing. Women who have certain \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA\">BRCA1/BRCA2\u003c/a> markers are at an increased risk for getting breast or ovarian cancer. They can choose to screen early (and often) in the hope of catching the cancer early when it is more treatable. Or, more drastically, they can choose to have their breasts and/or ovaries removed. Neither is really an option for Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So knowing my APOE status isn’t really that useful medically (at least not yet). I can’t do anything useful with the information other than wait and see if I end up with Alzheimer’s. Which is pretty much what I would have done without the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m bringing all of this up because 23andMe is now offering people their APOE information (with an upgrade to their new chip, of course). People can now find out their particular combination of e2, e3, and e4 markers*. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, the question was whether or not direct to consumer (DTC) genetic testing companies should offer such a test. That ship has either sailed or is getting ready to leave the harbor. The test will be made available to people who really want the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now the key question is whether knowing your APOE status is worth it. The answer to this question will be different for different people. Given this, the most important thing is for people to have the information they need to make the right choice about whether they want to know their APOE status or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to figure this out is with a genetic counselor but most DTC tests don’t mandate that you need to talk to one before you are tested. This means it is absolutely critical that the online information provided by DTC companies are presented in an easy to understand way that does not oversell the genetic test. The DTC companies need to be upfront in the fact that this test is not predictive and that there are no proven preventative measures that can keep Alzheimer’s at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ll let you all judge how well 23andMe has done at letting people know about what you can learn from the APOE test and what you can do with that knowledge. Click \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/health/alzheimers/\">here \u003c/a>to read what they have to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cem>You have always been able to get your APOE status with a more expensive genetic test from \u003ca href=\"http://www.decodeme.com/\">deCODEme\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=405\">Learn more about how genes and the environment work together to cause Alzheimer's.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I put this video in the last blog but it probably should have gone in this one. It shows the unintended consequences of finding out you are e4/e4.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003ciframe width=\"425\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/oGuvzlD7Yx8\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all of this, I didn’t ask whether this information is worth knowing. Being e2/e2 doesn’t mean I won’t get Alzheimer’s…it just means I am at a lower risk. But at least I didn’t find out I was e4/e4. Then I’d know I was more likely to get Alzheimer’s but not be able to do anything medically useful with that information. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being e4/e4 would not have meant that I would for sure end up with Alzheimer’s. So it wouldn’t be like having two copies of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/cftr.shtml\">delta-508\u003c/a> marker of the CFTR gene. In that case, I would almost certainly have developed cystic fibrosis. No, two copies of e4 would just mean that I was at a higher risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And knowing this wouldn’t be able to help me medically at all. There aren’t any good preventative measures I could take to stave off Alzheimer’s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this isn’t always true with these kinds of increased risk genetic markers—some are definitely worth knowing. Women who have certain \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA\">BRCA1/BRCA2\u003c/a> markers are at an increased risk for getting breast or ovarian cancer. They can choose to screen early (and often) in the hope of catching the cancer early when it is more treatable. Or, more drastically, they can choose to have their breasts and/or ovaries removed. Neither is really an option for Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So knowing my APOE status isn’t really that useful medically (at least not yet). I can’t do anything useful with the information other than wait and see if I end up with Alzheimer’s. Which is pretty much what I would have done without the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m bringing all of this up because 23andMe is now offering people their APOE information (with an upgrade to their new chip, of course). People can now find out their particular combination of e2, e3, and e4 markers*. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, the question was whether or not direct to consumer (DTC) genetic testing companies should offer such a test. That ship has either sailed or is getting ready to leave the harbor. The test will be made available to people who really want the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now the key question is whether knowing your APOE status is worth it. The answer to this question will be different for different people. Given this, the most important thing is for people to have the information they need to make the right choice about whether they want to know their APOE status or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to figure this out is with a genetic counselor but most DTC tests don’t mandate that you need to talk to one before you are tested. This means it is absolutely critical that the online information provided by DTC companies are presented in an easy to understand way that does not oversell the genetic test. The DTC companies need to be upfront in the fact that this test is not predictive and that there are no proven preventative measures that can keep Alzheimer’s at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ll let you all judge how well 23andMe has done at letting people know about what you can learn from the APOE test and what you can do with that knowledge. Click \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/health/alzheimers/\">here \u003c/a>to read what they have to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cem>You have always been able to get your APOE status with a more expensive genetic test from \u003ca href=\"http://www.decodeme.com/\">deCODEme\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=405\">Learn more about how genes and the environment work together to cause Alzheimer's.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I put this video in the last blog but it probably should have gone in this one. It shows the unintended consequences of finding out you are e4/e4.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003ciframe width=\"425\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/oGuvzlD7Yx8\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Toxic Algae on the Loose",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/fisherman31.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>California’s commercial shellfish growers say there’s something fishy going on.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another mysterious fish die-off happened in a southern California harbor last week. Scientists are still trying to figure out what caused six tons of sardines to go belly-up in Ventura. Just six weeks ago something similar happened off Newport Beach. Those sardines tested positive for a neurotoxin caused by algae blooms. Meanwhile, commercial shellfish growers say they’re noticing some strange patterns with the algae as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “depressing” problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Friedman \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbmariculture.com/\">grows oysters and mussels\u003c/a> about a mile off the coast of Santa Barbara. But he says over the last couple years, he says, something has been happening in the water that makes \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbmariculture.com/aboutpage.html\">what he does\u003c/a> nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just so frequent now, it’s just sort of here we go again,” he says, with a grim laugh. “It’s depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/algae3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Pseudonitzschia is the type of algae responsible for domoic acid, a neurotoxin.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman’s problem is something called domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that’s produced by a particular type of algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Friedman’s oysters and mussels get hit with a wave of domoic acid, he can’t harvest them, because the shellfish would make his customers sick. Friedman has nothing to sell. He says last year domoic acid cost his business about $30,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman thinks of himself as a canary in the coal mine, because out there in the ocean, he tends to see problems first. But scientists, like Raphael Kudela, a professor ocean sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz, are noticing the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past eleven years, Kudela and his team have been driving down to the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf once a week, to take water samples. Those samples get put under a microscope at the lab, back on campus. The team keeps detailed records of the kinds and amounts of algae they find. (All of this data – along with some very nice photos – is available \u003ca href=\"http://oceandatacenter.ucsc.edu/home/\">on their website\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/04/2011-04-25-quest.mp3″ ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/toxic-algae-on-the-loose\">Toxic Algae on the Loose\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“Because we measure every week,” Kudela says, “we can watch the toxins coming and going and get a good idea of what’s going on in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of information is important because even though these toxins don’t seem to harm shellfish, they can make people very sick. A mild case of domoic acid can cause vomiting and diarrhea. At its worst: seizures and memory loss. Domoic acid also takes a big toll on sea lions. (Marin’s Marine Mammal Center is \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity.html\">on the frontlines\u003c/a> of this problem.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the state takes toxic algae very seriously, with about 50 different testing sites up and down California’s coast. Kudela says this statewide monitoring program is the reason that no one has gotten seriously ill here from shellfish in over half a century, even though they have in other states like Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These 2006 satellite images show algae blooms along the California coast. Red indicates high levels of chlorophyll; blue is low. This kind of data could one day help predict toxic algae events. (Credit: Yi Chao, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Fei Chai, U. Maine.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/MjikNhj9noM\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"480\" height=\"390\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An oceanic mystery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, Kudela and others have noticed something rather curious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudela says in the past, domoic acid levels were pretty predictable. “For a long time,” he says, “it would come and go. It would be here in the Spring, then go away and come back in the Fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But about a year and a half ago, that pattern started to change. Kudela says over the last 13 months, pseudonitzchia, the algae that produces domoic acid, has been present in the water almost continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unusual,” says Kudela.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, and other strange algae patterns up and down the coast, California’s Department of Public Health recently took an unusual step. Authorities issued \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR11-017.aspx\">their annual quarantine on sport-harvested mussels\u003c/a> a month earlier than in normal years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is not just a California problem. In fact, around the world, algae is growing in places it didn’t used to, at different times of the year than in the past. And what everyone wants to know is: Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As scientists, we want proof,” says Kudela. “We want to be able to say it’s this and it’s not that, and we can tell you why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you’re talking about the entire ocean, he says, the biology is so complicated that it’s just incredibly hard to tease out causes and effects. Still, there are some theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is that increasing amounts of sewage and agricultural waste are seeping into the ocean, making algae grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s climate change. The ocean is clearly becoming more acidic, thanks to the increase in carbon dioxide. So it’s not a stretch to wonder what effect warming temperatures could be having on algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that if you warm the ocean,” Kudela says, “some of these dangerous algae really love those conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have only been sampling toxic algae for a few decades. Kudela says there’s just not enough data to make a definitive link between the algae blooms and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see evidence for that,” he says, “but people are very hesitant to say yes, that’s what’s happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, all this speculation about causes isn’t much use to commercial harvesters, like Kevin Lunny, who runs Drakes Bay Oyster Company, out in Point Reyes. He says worrying about toxic algae is part of the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even when you’re not thinking about, you need to be thinking about them a little.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunny’s crew tests for toxins at least once a week, first the water, and the meat of the oysters, themselves. Last year, they had to recall an entire shipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to verify that every single jar, bag of oysters, and account for every single one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> With a little warning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, Lunny says he can see the ocean change color, which alerts him to the fact that an algae bloom has entered the bay. But this time, he had no warning at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raphael Kudela, at Santa Cruz, says there should be a way to predict when these blooms are coming. By using computer modeling and satellite images, they should be able to \u003ca href=\"http://calpreempt.ucsc.edu/\">give harvesters enough warning\u003c/a> that they could pull their products early, before the toxins hit. But that technology is several years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Friedman, down in Santa Barbara, says he doesn’t think he can wait that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What am I gonna do? I don’t know,” he says. “I’m looking for another source of income.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>36.96246 -122.0233683\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just so frequent now, it’s just sort of here we go again,” he says, with a grim laugh. “It’s depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/algae3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Pseudonitzschia is the type of algae responsible for domoic acid, a neurotoxin.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman’s problem is something called domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that’s produced by a particular type of algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Friedman’s oysters and mussels get hit with a wave of domoic acid, he can’t harvest them, because the shellfish would make his customers sick. Friedman has nothing to sell. He says last year domoic acid cost his business about $30,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman thinks of himself as a canary in the coal mine, because out there in the ocean, he tends to see problems first. But scientists, like Raphael Kudela, a professor ocean sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz, are noticing the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past eleven years, Kudela and his team have been driving down to the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf once a week, to take water samples. Those samples get put under a microscope at the lab, back on campus. The team keeps detailed records of the kinds and amounts of algae they find. (All of this data – along with some very nice photos – is available \u003ca href=\"http://oceandatacenter.ucsc.edu/home/\">on their website\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/04/2011-04-25-quest.mp3″ ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/toxic-algae-on-the-loose\">Toxic Algae on the Loose\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“Because we measure every week,” Kudela says, “we can watch the toxins coming and going and get a good idea of what’s going on in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of information is important because even though these toxins don’t seem to harm shellfish, they can make people very sick. A mild case of domoic acid can cause vomiting and diarrhea. At its worst: seizures and memory loss. Domoic acid also takes a big toll on sea lions. (Marin’s Marine Mammal Center is \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity.html\">on the frontlines\u003c/a> of this problem.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the state takes toxic algae very seriously, with about 50 different testing sites up and down California’s coast. Kudela says this statewide monitoring program is the reason that no one has gotten seriously ill here from shellfish in over half a century, even though they have in other states like Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These 2006 satellite images show algae blooms along the California coast. Red indicates high levels of chlorophyll; blue is low. This kind of data could one day help predict toxic algae events. (Credit: Yi Chao, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Fei Chai, U. Maine.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/MjikNhj9noM\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"480\" height=\"390\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An oceanic mystery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, Kudela and others have noticed something rather curious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudela says in the past, domoic acid levels were pretty predictable. “For a long time,” he says, “it would come and go. It would be here in the Spring, then go away and come back in the Fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But about a year and a half ago, that pattern started to change. Kudela says over the last 13 months, pseudonitzchia, the algae that produces domoic acid, has been present in the water almost continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unusual,” says Kudela.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, and other strange algae patterns up and down the coast, California’s Department of Public Health recently took an unusual step. Authorities issued \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR11-017.aspx\">their annual quarantine on sport-harvested mussels\u003c/a> a month earlier than in normal years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is not just a California problem. In fact, around the world, algae is growing in places it didn’t used to, at different times of the year than in the past. And what everyone wants to know is: Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As scientists, we want proof,” says Kudela. “We want to be able to say it’s this and it’s not that, and we can tell you why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you’re talking about the entire ocean, he says, the biology is so complicated that it’s just incredibly hard to tease out causes and effects. Still, there are some theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is that increasing amounts of sewage and agricultural waste are seeping into the ocean, making algae grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s climate change. The ocean is clearly becoming more acidic, thanks to the increase in carbon dioxide. So it’s not a stretch to wonder what effect warming temperatures could be having on algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that if you warm the ocean,” Kudela says, “some of these dangerous algae really love those conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have only been sampling toxic algae for a few decades. Kudela says there’s just not enough data to make a definitive link between the algae blooms and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see evidence for that,” he says, “but people are very hesitant to say yes, that’s what’s happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, all this speculation about causes isn’t much use to commercial harvesters, like Kevin Lunny, who runs Drakes Bay Oyster Company, out in Point Reyes. He says worrying about toxic algae is part of the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even when you’re not thinking about, you need to be thinking about them a little.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunny’s crew tests for toxins at least once a week, first the water, and the meat of the oysters, themselves. Last year, they had to recall an entire shipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to verify that every single jar, bag of oysters, and account for every single one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> With a little warning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, Lunny says he can see the ocean change color, which alerts him to the fact that an algae bloom has entered the bay. But this time, he had no warning at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raphael Kudela, at Santa Cruz, says there should be a way to predict when these blooms are coming. By using computer modeling and satellite images, they should be able to \u003ca href=\"http://calpreempt.ucsc.edu/\">give harvesters enough warning\u003c/a> that they could pull their products early, before the toxins hit. But that technology is several years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Friedman, down in Santa Barbara, says he doesn’t think he can wait that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What am I gonna do? I don’t know,” he says. “I’m looking for another source of income.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/Slug-medium2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Banana slugs stick to the substrate, thanks to their slime. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/livenature/2114166442/\">Franco Folini\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch a \u003ca href=\"http://bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/courses/fall00projects/bananaslug.html\">banana slug\u003c/a> move across the leaf litter, or up a fencepost, and you’ll be surprised by the grace with which this shell-less snail can move its slimy little body. Banana slugs move via muscular waves, called pedal waves—contractions and relaxations of the body. The slugs’ occasional arboreal lifestyle (they can be found perched slimily in trees) is made possible by the \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/jul-sep-2002/why-banana-slugs-slimy\">mucus\u003c/a> they secrete, which acts like an adhesive. This mucus helps them move, but limits the distance they can travel in a day; slugs can produce only so much slime.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A slug’s muscular wave starts at its rear end and propagates forward. Slugs are incapable of moving backwards. First the tail moves forward. The wave travels along the body, inching the body forward. Finally, the head moves forward. At any given time, part of the body is contracted and possibly raised above the ground (the wave), and part of the body is relaxed and in contact with the ground (the interwave). The outside rim of the body is always in contact with the ground. The parts of the body in contact with the ground adhere to the ground, thanks to mucus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slugs produce two kinds of mucus: a thick mucus, secreted by a gland underneath the mouth, and a thin mucus, secreted along the length of the body. The mucus is made primarily of water, mixed with salts and a glycoprotein, which forms a gel network and gives the mucus its elastic properties. There is some debate about the role of mucus in locomotion. Mucus definitely provides adhesion, which allows slugs to climb trees. Mucus may also help to generate thrust, as it stiffens and deforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mucus is beneficial to slugs in other ways: it prevents slugs from drying out, and its taste and texture deter predators. However, making all this mucus is energetically expensive for slugs. They cannot produce unlimited slime, and the amount they produce may limit the distance they can travel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be sure to check out QUEST’s Science on the SPOT video, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled\">Banana Slugs Unpeeled\u003c/a>, to see slugs in (slow, graceful) action. And, on a different note, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bananaslugstringband.com/\">Banana Slug String Band\u003c/a>, a Santa Cruz band that sings songs about science for kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.040928 -122.065315\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/quest3.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientists are trying to mimic the ability of spiders to produce ultra-strong fibers without the use of heat or toxins.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwater glue, molecular-sized solar cells, self-assembly, insect communication, swarm behavior, genetic algorithms – what do these biological phenomena have in common? These are all inspiring innovation through a process called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/003625.html\">biomimicry\u003c/a>.” Biomimicry is budding in the Bay Area in the form of new business technologies, design think tanks, and K-university curriculum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By bringing biologists to the design table, biomimicry offers solutions for increasing sustainability of products, processes, and systems. \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/\">Popular Science \u003c/a>published an article in March interviewing \u003ca href=\"http://www.biomimicryguild.com/\">Biomimicry Guild\u003c/a>‘s Tim McGee on how \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-03/gallery-six-ways-biomimicry-reshaping-future\">bio-inspired design is reshaping the future\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biomimicry is gaining widespread recognition for its interdisciplinary approach to innovation. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/\">College of Environmental Design at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> hosted \u003ca href=\"http://webcast.berkeley.edu/event_details.php?seriesid=392134d0-4cbf-4495-accd-dad66bd017de\">Janine Benyus’s talk on biomimicry\u003c/a> and the future of architecture and environmental design last February. Recognizing the opportunities that abound through interdisciplinary collaboration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideo.com/work/reference-design-for-asknatureorg-website-portal\">IDEO\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/index?siteID=123112&id=12089947\">Autodesk\u003c/a> designed and built a digital library of nature’s strategy’s called \u003ca href=\"http://www.asknature.org\">AskNature\u003c/a>. Conventional businesses are even being challenged to address and improve organizational, IT, and design challenges using concepts and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fastcodesign.com/1661865/could-biomimicry-build-a-better-company-than-your-boss\">expertise from octopi and flamingos\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the buzz, actually designing and building things that are biomimetic is quite challenging. Stanford lecturer and designer \u003ca href=\"http://www.faludidesign.com/\">Jeremy Faludi\u003c/a> attests, “Most designers, engineers, architects, and other people who build things just don’t know that much about biology and the natural world, and when they do, there’s often a gap of capability in available materials manufacturing methods, and economic systems.” Even the most creative people can get stuck thinking along certain lines. Defining a design problem is challenging and finding \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/003680.html\">strategies in nature that inspire solutions\u003c/a> can be even trickier.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/swarm22.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/swarm22.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"swarm2\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/swarm22.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/swarm22-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Researchers study swarm behavior for more efficient computing.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new interdisciplinary course at UC Berkeley, “How Would Nature Do That?”, tackles these challenges through project-based learning. Students from architecture, engineering, business, science, and design disciplines learn from each other and nature to implement innovative solutions to sustainable design challenges. By offering case studies of biomimicry, along with guest lectures and a series of design challenges, instructors \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenr.com/blog/2010/01/13/the-year-in-biomimicry-by-tom-mckeag\">Tom McKeag\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/bin/view/PolyPEDAL/ProfessorsOffice\">Dr. Robert Full\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://epmb.berkeley.edu/facPage/dispFP.php?I=7\">Dr. Lewis Feldman\u003c/a> hope students will gain exposure to multiple methods for design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Robert Full uses bio-inspired design and established the UCB \u003ca href=\"http://ciber.berkeley.edu/cgi-bitwiki/view/CIBER/CenterContact\">Center for Interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research\u003c/a> (CIBER). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago I visited the class, which is held at the \u003ca>Cal Design Space\u003c/a>. Several student teams were previewing some of their ideas; one team was tasked with designing a sustainable humidity control system for a greenhouse. Discovering that the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_beetle\">Hercules beetle\u003c/a> changes color with changes in humidity, the team conceptualized a filtration membrane that activated upon sensing changes in color. In addition, I was delighted to hear renowned biomechanist \u003ca href=\"http://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/Biology/svogel\">Dr. Steven Vogel\u003c/a> of Duke University give a presentation on his previous work. His talk inspired students to consider designing passive \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC\">HVAC systems\u003c/a> based on his observations of limpets, sand dollars, fish nostrils, rhododendrons, desert spiders and many other examples. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The course is sponsored by \u003ca href=\"http://www.qualcomm.com/qmt/\">Qualcomm’s MEMS Technology Unit\u003c/a> and is a joint effort of the \u003ca href=\"http://cnr.berkeley.edu/site/index.php\">College of Natural Resources\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ls.berkeley.edu/\">College of Letters & Science\u003c/a>. Highlights from the course include guest lecturer Dr. Michael Weinstock from the Architectural Association of London and author of the “\u003ca>\u003c/a>Architecture of Emergence,” as well as visits to the CIBER lab, tidepooling at Duxbury Reef in Bolinas and a field trip to Qualcomm in San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biomimicry education can also be found in other sustainability courses and centers in the Bay Area. Cabrillo College’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cabrillo.edu/~mmerrill/anthr19g.htm\">sustainable cultures class\u003c/a> all incorporate biomimicry principles into design thinking. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> hosts the daily show \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-11-11/entertainment/24826084_1_humpback-whales-power-plant\">‘Whales to Windmills’: Inspiration from the Sea\u003c/a>, a Biomimicry Institute production. Biomimicry curriculum produced by \u003ca href=\"http://biodreammachine.org/\">BioDream Machine\u003c/a> teaches students at the Marine Science Institute in Redwood City to \u003ca href=\"http://sfbaymsi.org/schoolprograms/Biomimicry.html\">observe different adaptations and functions\u003c/a> within San Francisco Bay marine life. Even the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">Cal Academy of Sciences \u003c/a> devotes a website which introduces \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/sciencetoday/tag/biomimicry/\">bio-inspired technologies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/Blue_morpho_butterfly2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/Blue_morpho_butterfly2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Blue_morpho_butterfly\" width=\"230\" height=\"208\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-13909\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Qualcomm’s Mirasol display technology uses the same principle of light interference to produce color as does a butterfly wing.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is also a hub for biomimicry technology. Moss Landing-based company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.calera.com/\">Calera\u003c/a>, manufactures a concrete that \u003ca href=\"http://www.calera.com/\">sequesters CO2 by emulating sea coral\u003c/a>. San Rafael’s PAX Scientific developed \u003ca href=\"http://www.paxscientific.com/tech.html\">fluid-handling devices\u003c/a> based on the efficiencies of natural fluid flow. And in Napa, Aquagy uses \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquagy.net/sustainable_wastewater_treatment.html\">anaerobic digestion and microalgae\u003c/a> to treat wastewater in a carbon-negative process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any new method of design comes rounds of trial and error. But that’s not stopping investors and researchers. \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwt.com/\">JWT\u003c/a>, a prominent marketing communications brand, announced that \u003ca>biomimicry is the #11 thing to watch in 2011\u003c/a>. With its widespread recognition, biomimicry is certain to inspire real innovation to today’s design challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8729046 -122.2480704\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "By bringing biologists to the design table, biomimicry offers solutions for increasing sustainability of products, processes, and systems. A new UC Berkeley course, \"How Would Nature Do That?\" brings together students from architecture, engineering, business, science, and design disciplines to find solutions to sustainable design challenges.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/quest3.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientists are trying to mimic the ability of spiders to produce ultra-strong fibers without the use of heat or toxins.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwater glue, molecular-sized solar cells, self-assembly, insect communication, swarm behavior, genetic algorithms – what do these biological phenomena have in common? These are all inspiring innovation through a process called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/003625.html\">biomimicry\u003c/a>.” Biomimicry is budding in the Bay Area in the form of new business technologies, design think tanks, and K-university curriculum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By bringing biologists to the design table, biomimicry offers solutions for increasing sustainability of products, processes, and systems. \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/\">Popular Science \u003c/a>published an article in March interviewing \u003ca href=\"http://www.biomimicryguild.com/\">Biomimicry Guild\u003c/a>‘s Tim McGee on how \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-03/gallery-six-ways-biomimicry-reshaping-future\">bio-inspired design is reshaping the future\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biomimicry is gaining widespread recognition for its interdisciplinary approach to innovation. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/\">College of Environmental Design at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> hosted \u003ca href=\"http://webcast.berkeley.edu/event_details.php?seriesid=392134d0-4cbf-4495-accd-dad66bd017de\">Janine Benyus’s talk on biomimicry\u003c/a> and the future of architecture and environmental design last February. Recognizing the opportunities that abound through interdisciplinary collaboration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideo.com/work/reference-design-for-asknatureorg-website-portal\">IDEO\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/index?siteID=123112&id=12089947\">Autodesk\u003c/a> designed and built a digital library of nature’s strategy’s called \u003ca href=\"http://www.asknature.org\">AskNature\u003c/a>. Conventional businesses are even being challenged to address and improve organizational, IT, and design challenges using concepts and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fastcodesign.com/1661865/could-biomimicry-build-a-better-company-than-your-boss\">expertise from octopi and flamingos\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the buzz, actually designing and building things that are biomimetic is quite challenging. Stanford lecturer and designer \u003ca href=\"http://www.faludidesign.com/\">Jeremy Faludi\u003c/a> attests, “Most designers, engineers, architects, and other people who build things just don’t know that much about biology and the natural world, and when they do, there’s often a gap of capability in available materials manufacturing methods, and economic systems.” Even the most creative people can get stuck thinking along certain lines. Defining a design problem is challenging and finding \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/003680.html\">strategies in nature that inspire solutions\u003c/a> can be even trickier.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/swarm22.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/swarm22.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"swarm2\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/swarm22.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/swarm22-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Researchers study swarm behavior for more efficient computing.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new interdisciplinary course at UC Berkeley, “How Would Nature Do That?”, tackles these challenges through project-based learning. Students from architecture, engineering, business, science, and design disciplines learn from each other and nature to implement innovative solutions to sustainable design challenges. By offering case studies of biomimicry, along with guest lectures and a series of design challenges, instructors \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenr.com/blog/2010/01/13/the-year-in-biomimicry-by-tom-mckeag\">Tom McKeag\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/bin/view/PolyPEDAL/ProfessorsOffice\">Dr. Robert Full\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://epmb.berkeley.edu/facPage/dispFP.php?I=7\">Dr. Lewis Feldman\u003c/a> hope students will gain exposure to multiple methods for design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Robert Full uses bio-inspired design and established the UCB \u003ca href=\"http://ciber.berkeley.edu/cgi-bitwiki/view/CIBER/CenterContact\">Center for Interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research\u003c/a> (CIBER). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago I visited the class, which is held at the \u003ca>Cal Design Space\u003c/a>. Several student teams were previewing some of their ideas; one team was tasked with designing a sustainable humidity control system for a greenhouse. Discovering that the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_beetle\">Hercules beetle\u003c/a> changes color with changes in humidity, the team conceptualized a filtration membrane that activated upon sensing changes in color. In addition, I was delighted to hear renowned biomechanist \u003ca href=\"http://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/Biology/svogel\">Dr. Steven Vogel\u003c/a> of Duke University give a presentation on his previous work. His talk inspired students to consider designing passive \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC\">HVAC systems\u003c/a> based on his observations of limpets, sand dollars, fish nostrils, rhododendrons, desert spiders and many other examples. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The course is sponsored by \u003ca href=\"http://www.qualcomm.com/qmt/\">Qualcomm’s MEMS Technology Unit\u003c/a> and is a joint effort of the \u003ca href=\"http://cnr.berkeley.edu/site/index.php\">College of Natural Resources\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ls.berkeley.edu/\">College of Letters & Science\u003c/a>. Highlights from the course include guest lecturer Dr. Michael Weinstock from the Architectural Association of London and author of the “\u003ca>\u003c/a>Architecture of Emergence,” as well as visits to the CIBER lab, tidepooling at Duxbury Reef in Bolinas and a field trip to Qualcomm in San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biomimicry education can also be found in other sustainability courses and centers in the Bay Area. Cabrillo College’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cabrillo.edu/~mmerrill/anthr19g.htm\">sustainable cultures class\u003c/a> all incorporate biomimicry principles into design thinking. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> hosts the daily show \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-11-11/entertainment/24826084_1_humpback-whales-power-plant\">‘Whales to Windmills’: Inspiration from the Sea\u003c/a>, a Biomimicry Institute production. Biomimicry curriculum produced by \u003ca href=\"http://biodreammachine.org/\">BioDream Machine\u003c/a> teaches students at the Marine Science Institute in Redwood City to \u003ca href=\"http://sfbaymsi.org/schoolprograms/Biomimicry.html\">observe different adaptations and functions\u003c/a> within San Francisco Bay marine life. Even the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">Cal Academy of Sciences \u003c/a> devotes a website which introduces \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/sciencetoday/tag/biomimicry/\">bio-inspired technologies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/Blue_morpho_butterfly2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/Blue_morpho_butterfly2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Blue_morpho_butterfly\" width=\"230\" height=\"208\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-13909\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Qualcomm’s Mirasol display technology uses the same principle of light interference to produce color as does a butterfly wing.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is also a hub for biomimicry technology. Moss Landing-based company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.calera.com/\">Calera\u003c/a>, manufactures a concrete that \u003ca href=\"http://www.calera.com/\">sequesters CO2 by emulating sea coral\u003c/a>. San Rafael’s PAX Scientific developed \u003ca href=\"http://www.paxscientific.com/tech.html\">fluid-handling devices\u003c/a> based on the efficiencies of natural fluid flow. And in Napa, Aquagy uses \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquagy.net/sustainable_wastewater_treatment.html\">anaerobic digestion and microalgae\u003c/a> to treat wastewater in a carbon-negative process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any new method of design comes rounds of trial and error. But that’s not stopping investors and researchers. \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwt.com/\">JWT\u003c/a>, a prominent marketing communications brand, announced that \u003ca>biomimicry is the #11 thing to watch in 2011\u003c/a>. With its widespread recognition, biomimicry is certain to inspire real innovation to today’s design challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8729046 -122.2480704\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Producer's Notes: Science on the SPOT - Banana Slugs Unpeeled",
"title": "Producer's Notes: Science on the SPOT - Banana Slugs Unpeeled",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/WS210-BananaSlugsStill300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>QUEST treks into the old growth redwood forest in search of the Pacific Banana Slug, Ariolomax dolichophallus.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slow, small, but quite vibrant life on the forest floor can often go completely unnoticed as we hustle and bustle past on our hiking trips, picnics or family outings. Often times the little world on the ground is misinterpreted as insignificant. If noticed at all, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/science-on-the-spot-fungus-fair\">mushroom\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/muir-woods-national-monument-exploration\">snail\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/16/bay-area-herpetology-salamanders-part-1/\">salamander\u003c/a> might only capture our interest for a short while before the pull of seeing something new draws us away. Patience is not a trait most of us humans possess enough to truly appreciate the goings on in the tiny world of the seemingly unhurried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nA common misconception then is people just aren’t that interested in things that are little, sluggish and quiet. They want \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/elk-return-to-the-bay-area\">big\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/falcon-fascination-tv\">fast\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/hog-wild\">ferocious\u003c/a>! In the wildlife film world we see many movies about lions, cheetahs, grizzly bears, wolves or elephants. Heck, one cable channel devotes an entire week each year just on sharks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/the-great-white-shark-meet-the-man-in-the-gray-suit\">This isn’t a bad thing\u003c/a>. The charismatic mega-fauna and the world they inhabit fascinate us. It’s natural. But taking the time to discover the small world beneath our feet can have its benefits as well. And looking down through a different lens can provide some wonderful little surprises- a cluster of convergent \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/112\">ladybugs\u003c/a> beneath a fallen leaf, redwood sorrel opening with the shade, or a spinning spider’s elaborate web catching a breeze in the glistening sun. There is a whole community of life under each rock, little gems left for those who are careful and take the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is for this that we set out on our adventure into the misty redwood canopy in hunt of a slug - The Pacific banana slug to be exact. They are not fast but can be surprisingly elusive. Belonging to the genus \u003cem>Ariolomax\u003c/em>, there are three main species of banana slugs; \u003cem>columbianus\u003c/em>, \u003cem>californicus\u003c/em> and \u003cem>dolichophallus\u003c/em>, – as well as two other known subspecies. Most banana slugs live in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/science-on-the-spot-measuring-redwood-giants\">temperate rainforests\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">fog-zones\u003c/a> of the Pacific Coast. Banana slugs’ size, shape and coloring reflect their name as most tend to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/dale_hameister/8222188/\">long and yellow\u003c/a>, some having brown or \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/7383661@N08/3923672539/in/photostream/\">black spots\u003c/a>. However, they can also be \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/piezocuttlefish/2355459691/in/photostream/\">light-brown\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/theswirtproject/874054983/\">greenish\u003c/a>, perhaps \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/davidwhlloyd/1813046000/\">black\u003c/a>, or even \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/brewbooks/2559453857/\">white\u003c/a>. They are the second largest slug in the world and can grow up to ten inches long. Banana slugs serve an important role in the forest ecosystem. Feeding on detritus, (fallen leaves, mushrooms and even dead animals) they recycle nutrients and help replenish the soil\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the banana slug is the official mascot of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsc.edu/about/mascot.html\">UC Santa Cruz\u003c/a>, it seemed only fitting that we explore the mountains near campus for our quarry. The particular species in those parts is \u003cem>Ariolomax\u003c/em> \u003cem>dolichophallus\u003c/em>, which, as we learn in our story, stands out among other slugs in a number of different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people think slugs are kinda icky. And who wants to see a slow slimy boring slug anyway? Capturing the true character, movement and, yes, beauty of the slugs is a challenge. Luckily, QUEST has an expert in our ranks. Prior to joining the QUEST team, Associate Producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Joshua Cassidy\u003c/a> gained a lot of experience portraying the life and beauty of the creatures and places that are often overlooked. In his award-winning film \u003cem>Life By The Tide\u003c/em>, Josh was able to show the surprisingly vibrant life hidden among the small tide pools of Fitzgerald Marine Reserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josh took his experiences in the tide pools out into the forest on our hunt for slugs. Filming a sea star slowly crawling down a mussel bed has a lot of similarities to capturing a banana slug moving up a tree trunk. “One advantage to shooting these creatures is they’re not going to fly or run away,” says Josh. “But it will get startled and you can see that with the banana slugs. But in order to get a good shot, you have to get close. So, often I’ll set up in front of the animal and anticipate where it is going to go. It takes patience and you get failed shots but you get pretty good at predicting how they are going to move.” Josh says another key to getting a great shot is a willingness to get down on your belly in the mud. “Something like a banana slug from a human’s eye level, say 5 feet, doesn’t look like it’s moving- doesn’t look like it’s doing very much at all. But if you get down to the slug’s eye level and fill your frame, you see a lot more motion and activity.” “We used a close-up filter, which is basically a magnifying glass, which allows you to get really close and pick up great detail and the unusual anatomy… As if you were another banana slug running into this gentleman.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the lens of Josh’s camera we see the forest floor come alive. And through his patience we can see the life of a banana slug in a whole new light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> Josh’s film\u003ca href=\"http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=202#SWF\"> \u003cem>“Life By The Tide”\u003c/em> \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>or watch a shortened version\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> of \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>it here on QUEST TV, in a new feature called \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy\">“Your Videos On QUEST.”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.040928 -122.065315\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/WS210-BananaSlugsStill300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>QUEST treks into the old growth redwood forest in search of the Pacific Banana Slug, Ariolomax dolichophallus.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slow, small, but quite vibrant life on the forest floor can often go completely unnoticed as we hustle and bustle past on our hiking trips, picnics or family outings. Often times the little world on the ground is misinterpreted as insignificant. If noticed at all, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/science-on-the-spot-fungus-fair\">mushroom\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/muir-woods-national-monument-exploration\">snail\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/16/bay-area-herpetology-salamanders-part-1/\">salamander\u003c/a> might only capture our interest for a short while before the pull of seeing something new draws us away. Patience is not a trait most of us humans possess enough to truly appreciate the goings on in the tiny world of the seemingly unhurried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nA common misconception then is people just aren’t that interested in things that are little, sluggish and quiet. They want \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/elk-return-to-the-bay-area\">big\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/falcon-fascination-tv\">fast\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/hog-wild\">ferocious\u003c/a>! In the wildlife film world we see many movies about lions, cheetahs, grizzly bears, wolves or elephants. Heck, one cable channel devotes an entire week each year just on sharks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/the-great-white-shark-meet-the-man-in-the-gray-suit\">This isn’t a bad thing\u003c/a>. The charismatic mega-fauna and the world they inhabit fascinate us. It’s natural. But taking the time to discover the small world beneath our feet can have its benefits as well. And looking down through a different lens can provide some wonderful little surprises- a cluster of convergent \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/112\">ladybugs\u003c/a> beneath a fallen leaf, redwood sorrel opening with the shade, or a spinning spider’s elaborate web catching a breeze in the glistening sun. There is a whole community of life under each rock, little gems left for those who are careful and take the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is for this that we set out on our adventure into the misty redwood canopy in hunt of a slug - The Pacific banana slug to be exact. They are not fast but can be surprisingly elusive. Belonging to the genus \u003cem>Ariolomax\u003c/em>, there are three main species of banana slugs; \u003cem>columbianus\u003c/em>, \u003cem>californicus\u003c/em> and \u003cem>dolichophallus\u003c/em>, – as well as two other known subspecies. Most banana slugs live in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/science-on-the-spot-measuring-redwood-giants\">temperate rainforests\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">fog-zones\u003c/a> of the Pacific Coast. Banana slugs’ size, shape and coloring reflect their name as most tend to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/dale_hameister/8222188/\">long and yellow\u003c/a>, some having brown or \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/7383661@N08/3923672539/in/photostream/\">black spots\u003c/a>. However, they can also be \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/piezocuttlefish/2355459691/in/photostream/\">light-brown\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/theswirtproject/874054983/\">greenish\u003c/a>, perhaps \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/davidwhlloyd/1813046000/\">black\u003c/a>, or even \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/brewbooks/2559453857/\">white\u003c/a>. They are the second largest slug in the world and can grow up to ten inches long. Banana slugs serve an important role in the forest ecosystem. Feeding on detritus, (fallen leaves, mushrooms and even dead animals) they recycle nutrients and help replenish the soil\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the banana slug is the official mascot of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsc.edu/about/mascot.html\">UC Santa Cruz\u003c/a>, it seemed only fitting that we explore the mountains near campus for our quarry. The particular species in those parts is \u003cem>Ariolomax\u003c/em> \u003cem>dolichophallus\u003c/em>, which, as we learn in our story, stands out among other slugs in a number of different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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