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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg\" alt=\"graywhale\" title=\"graywhale\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-27417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>One of the more remarkable migrations among marine animals occurs each year right outside the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late fall, the California gray whales passes south along our shoreline to the warm waters of the Sea of Cortez and the lagoons of Baja California, Mexico. Leaving the rich feeding grounds of the Bering and Chukchi seas off Alaska, these baleen whales travel along the coastal margins traveling a distance of approximately 6000 miles to breed and give birth. This round trip of 10,000 to 14,000 miles is considered among the longest annual migration of any mammal. Frequently these whales can be seen from our shoreline with great viewing site off the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ptreyes.org/index.shtml\" href=\"http://www.ptreyes.org/index.shtml\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a> or off Point Montara to the south. The whale is considered a conservation success story because protections instituted in the early 1930's have allowed populations to rebound from possibly less than 1000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading my last wildlife trip of the year with SF Bay Whale watching last weekend, we spotted a resident gray whale at the southeast Farallon Island, likely an individual among the two hundred or so considered to be resident. These whales are generally juveniles who do not participate in the migration but feed along the shores of California. As opportunistic feeders, the whales scrape along the bottom filtering out crustaceans with their baleen, or scoops krill from the water or even in kelp beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an undergraduate I studied these whales in Laguna Ojo de Liebre (also known as \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ontheroadin.com/baja/bajarvparks/scammonslagoon.htm\" href=\"http://www.ontheroadin.com/baja/bajarvparks/scammonslagoon.htm\">Scammon’s Lagoon\u003c/a> after the infamous whaler of the name) and \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.miramar-adventures.com/BajaMap.html#CentralBaja\" href=\"http://www.miramar-adventures.com/BajaMap.html#CentralBaja\">Guerrero Negro\u003c/a> in the Baja Peninsula. Camping along the margins of an estuary, we counted and identified whales, monitored movements and even dived the lagoon to observe behavior and collect bottom samples. At that time it was believed that the whales did not feed during their visit to Baja, or along the way, but relied instead on the fat stored from the rich feeding grounds to the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our observations of feeding whales, the verification of food in the lagoons, and other observations of feeding along the coast helped disprove that theory. Gray whales are opportunists, and this opportunism of feeding, migrations and non-migration may have helped the survival of the species. Back in the day before tighter restrictions were in place in Mexico, we commonly paddled our longboards across the lagoon to the sand dunes separating the calm waters from the sea. Juvenile whales would bump our boards and adults 40 feet long passed a hand's breadth beneath us -- with a grapefruit-sized eye staring back at us. Friendly whales frequently rubbed their parasites alongside our inflatable dinghy, as whales spy-hopped, breached and spouted all around us as we collected our data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall surfing the lagoon mouth as whales passed through the narrow channel nearby, and slid on breaking waves from the shallow sand into the deeper channel, gliding over the whales' backs. Large tuna and sharks also shared the waters and it was not unusual to see a beached baby whale with the large serrated gnaw marks of white sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diving in the lagoon to collect bottom samples, whales would appear and disappear like grey ghosts or slide along creating a muck cloud. In addition to feeding on planktonic shrimp, gray whales bottom feed, skidding along the soft sediment, collecting mouthfuls of muck and loads of crabs, shrimps, isopods and other crustaceans and invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like people, these whales are right or left sided, and older whales actually become blind in one eye from the continued contact with sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time around the American Civil War, the gray whale population was dramatically reduced by hunting in the lagoons. Especially vulnerable because of their coastal navigation, and exposure in what became called the “whaling lagoons,” the eastern Pacific gray whale population dwindled. Over 150 years ago, whalers like Charles Scammon slaughtered whales with abandon like fish in a barrel until the lagoons were described as vacant. Today, whale watch tours take tourists onto the Mexican lagoons to watch hundreds of these gentle whales. The old pier on Guererro Negro Lagoon still serves as a prime viewing ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/hOcxWkK0KQ8\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Mexico to Canada, whalers hunted the California gray. In fact, a whaling station operated in the San Francisco Bay near Point Molate in Richmond to hunt and process gray whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/Goo2MHirBLs\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sister population in the North Atlantic was pushed to extinction and a remnant population of a few hundred individuals lives further west in the Sea of Okhotsk and near Korea. After less than 75 years of systematic whaling the Eastern Pacific gray whale population had been reduced to numbers endangering their survival as a species. The gray whale was given partial protection in 1937 and full protection in 1947 by the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://iwcoffice.org/index.htm\" href=\"http://iwcoffice.org/index.htm\">International Whaling Commission (IWC).\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the gray whale is a conservation success story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once estimated at less than 1000 individuals, the population of gray whales is currently between 20,000 and 22,000. Historically, this population is estimated to have been far greater. In 2007, S. Elizabeth Alter and \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.stanfordscientific.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:a-passion-for-service&catid=42:volume-6-issue-2&Itemid=59\" href=\"http://www.stanfordscientific.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:a-passion-for-service&catid=42:volume-6-issue-2&Itemid=59\">Dr. Steven Palumbi\u003c/a> of Stanford University used a genetic approach to estimate pre-whaling abundance based on samples from 42 California gray whales. The researchers reported DNA variability consistent with a population size of 76,000–118,000 individuals, three to five times larger than the average census size as measured through 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean ecosystem has very likely changed since the pre-whaling era including direct impacts from fishing the ocean and other indirect impacts making a return to pre-whaling numbers infeasible. Not all gray whales migrate. A population of about 200 resident gray whales stay along the eastern Pacific coast from Canada to California throughout the summer, avoiding the farther trip to Alaska waters. One of these resident whales has been regularly seen off Southeast Farallon Island in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research has questioned past paradigms regarding gray whale migratory and feeding behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/07/06/gray-whales-likely-survived-the-ice-ages-by-changing-their-diets/\" href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/07/06/gray-whales-likely-survived-the-ice-ages-by-changing-their-diets/\">study\u003c/a> recently published by Dr. David Lindberg, a UC Berkeley professor of integrative biology with his former student Nicholas D. Pyenson, suggests that the whales appear to have more evolutionary plasticity than previously imagined. Gray whales survived many cycles of global cooling and warming over the past few million years, likely by exploiting a more varied diet than they do today, according to the paleontologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it appears that gray whales may be highly resilient to environmental changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oldest gray whale fossils date back 2.5 million years, and since then, the Earth has gone through more than 40 major cycles of warming and cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists propose that gray whales survived the disappearance of their primary feeding ground by employing generalist filter-feeding modes, similar to the resident gray whales found between northern Washington State and Vancouver Island. These whales filter feed for krill and other crustaceans similar to other baleen whales like humpbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new assessment is hopeful for the gray whales survival, and may help them survive the potential impacts of climate change over the next few centuries where an expected sea level rise of several meters, and where alterations in current patterns and temperatures are predicted. Let's hope that increased protections for these and other whales that visit our sanctuary waters, and protecting whale food like \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/jointplan/mb_krill.html#description\" href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/jointplan/mb_krill.html#description\">krill from commercial harvest\u003c/a>, will help these magnificent marine mammals continue to survive the environmental change in the coming century.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg\" alt=\"graywhale\" title=\"graywhale\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-27417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>One of the more remarkable migrations among marine animals occurs each year right outside the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late fall, the California gray whales passes south along our shoreline to the warm waters of the Sea of Cortez and the lagoons of Baja California, Mexico. Leaving the rich feeding grounds of the Bering and Chukchi seas off Alaska, these baleen whales travel along the coastal margins traveling a distance of approximately 6000 miles to breed and give birth. This round trip of 10,000 to 14,000 miles is considered among the longest annual migration of any mammal. Frequently these whales can be seen from our shoreline with great viewing site off the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ptreyes.org/index.shtml\" href=\"http://www.ptreyes.org/index.shtml\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a> or off Point Montara to the south. The whale is considered a conservation success story because protections instituted in the early 1930's have allowed populations to rebound from possibly less than 1000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading my last wildlife trip of the year with SF Bay Whale watching last weekend, we spotted a resident gray whale at the southeast Farallon Island, likely an individual among the two hundred or so considered to be resident. These whales are generally juveniles who do not participate in the migration but feed along the shores of California. As opportunistic feeders, the whales scrape along the bottom filtering out crustaceans with their baleen, or scoops krill from the water or even in kelp beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an undergraduate I studied these whales in Laguna Ojo de Liebre (also known as \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ontheroadin.com/baja/bajarvparks/scammonslagoon.htm\" href=\"http://www.ontheroadin.com/baja/bajarvparks/scammonslagoon.htm\">Scammon’s Lagoon\u003c/a> after the infamous whaler of the name) and \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.miramar-adventures.com/BajaMap.html#CentralBaja\" href=\"http://www.miramar-adventures.com/BajaMap.html#CentralBaja\">Guerrero Negro\u003c/a> in the Baja Peninsula. Camping along the margins of an estuary, we counted and identified whales, monitored movements and even dived the lagoon to observe behavior and collect bottom samples. At that time it was believed that the whales did not feed during their visit to Baja, or along the way, but relied instead on the fat stored from the rich feeding grounds to the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our observations of feeding whales, the verification of food in the lagoons, and other observations of feeding along the coast helped disprove that theory. Gray whales are opportunists, and this opportunism of feeding, migrations and non-migration may have helped the survival of the species. Back in the day before tighter restrictions were in place in Mexico, we commonly paddled our longboards across the lagoon to the sand dunes separating the calm waters from the sea. Juvenile whales would bump our boards and adults 40 feet long passed a hand's breadth beneath us -- with a grapefruit-sized eye staring back at us. Friendly whales frequently rubbed their parasites alongside our inflatable dinghy, as whales spy-hopped, breached and spouted all around us as we collected our data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall surfing the lagoon mouth as whales passed through the narrow channel nearby, and slid on breaking waves from the shallow sand into the deeper channel, gliding over the whales' backs. Large tuna and sharks also shared the waters and it was not unusual to see a beached baby whale with the large serrated gnaw marks of white sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diving in the lagoon to collect bottom samples, whales would appear and disappear like grey ghosts or slide along creating a muck cloud. In addition to feeding on planktonic shrimp, gray whales bottom feed, skidding along the soft sediment, collecting mouthfuls of muck and loads of crabs, shrimps, isopods and other crustaceans and invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like people, these whales are right or left sided, and older whales actually become blind in one eye from the continued contact with sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time around the American Civil War, the gray whale population was dramatically reduced by hunting in the lagoons. Especially vulnerable because of their coastal navigation, and exposure in what became called the “whaling lagoons,” the eastern Pacific gray whale population dwindled. Over 150 years ago, whalers like Charles Scammon slaughtered whales with abandon like fish in a barrel until the lagoons were described as vacant. Today, whale watch tours take tourists onto the Mexican lagoons to watch hundreds of these gentle whales. The old pier on Guererro Negro Lagoon still serves as a prime viewing ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/hOcxWkK0KQ8\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Mexico to Canada, whalers hunted the California gray. In fact, a whaling station operated in the San Francisco Bay near Point Molate in Richmond to hunt and process gray whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/Goo2MHirBLs\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sister population in the North Atlantic was pushed to extinction and a remnant population of a few hundred individuals lives further west in the Sea of Okhotsk and near Korea. After less than 75 years of systematic whaling the Eastern Pacific gray whale population had been reduced to numbers endangering their survival as a species. The gray whale was given partial protection in 1937 and full protection in 1947 by the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://iwcoffice.org/index.htm\" href=\"http://iwcoffice.org/index.htm\">International Whaling Commission (IWC).\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the gray whale is a conservation success story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once estimated at less than 1000 individuals, the population of gray whales is currently between 20,000 and 22,000. Historically, this population is estimated to have been far greater. In 2007, S. Elizabeth Alter and \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.stanfordscientific.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:a-passion-for-service&catid=42:volume-6-issue-2&Itemid=59\" href=\"http://www.stanfordscientific.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:a-passion-for-service&catid=42:volume-6-issue-2&Itemid=59\">Dr. Steven Palumbi\u003c/a> of Stanford University used a genetic approach to estimate pre-whaling abundance based on samples from 42 California gray whales. The researchers reported DNA variability consistent with a population size of 76,000–118,000 individuals, three to five times larger than the average census size as measured through 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean ecosystem has very likely changed since the pre-whaling era including direct impacts from fishing the ocean and other indirect impacts making a return to pre-whaling numbers infeasible. Not all gray whales migrate. A population of about 200 resident gray whales stay along the eastern Pacific coast from Canada to California throughout the summer, avoiding the farther trip to Alaska waters. One of these resident whales has been regularly seen off Southeast Farallon Island in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research has questioned past paradigms regarding gray whale migratory and feeding behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/07/06/gray-whales-likely-survived-the-ice-ages-by-changing-their-diets/\" href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/07/06/gray-whales-likely-survived-the-ice-ages-by-changing-their-diets/\">study\u003c/a> recently published by Dr. David Lindberg, a UC Berkeley professor of integrative biology with his former student Nicholas D. Pyenson, suggests that the whales appear to have more evolutionary plasticity than previously imagined. Gray whales survived many cycles of global cooling and warming over the past few million years, likely by exploiting a more varied diet than they do today, according to the paleontologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it appears that gray whales may be highly resilient to environmental changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oldest gray whale fossils date back 2.5 million years, and since then, the Earth has gone through more than 40 major cycles of warming and cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists propose that gray whales survived the disappearance of their primary feeding ground by employing generalist filter-feeding modes, similar to the resident gray whales found between northern Washington State and Vancouver Island. These whales filter feed for krill and other crustaceans similar to other baleen whales like humpbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new assessment is hopeful for the gray whales survival, and may help them survive the potential impacts of climate change over the next few centuries where an expected sea level rise of several meters, and where alterations in current patterns and temperatures are predicted. Let's hope that increased protections for these and other whales that visit our sanctuary waters, and protecting whale food like \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/jointplan/mb_krill.html#description\" href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/jointplan/mb_krill.html#description\">krill from commercial harvest\u003c/a>, will help these magnificent marine mammals continue to survive the environmental change in the coming century.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As a media producer, one of the great things about my career is I'm always learning. That is definitely the case with this \"Growing Skin\" story. Wound healing and tissue regeneration is not something I've thought a lot about before. Research occurring in this field is high-tech and to me, at least, approaches a science fiction feeling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we interviewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nebraskasurgicalresearch.com/\">Dr. Mark Carlson\u003c/a> about the research he's conducting to develop a liquid bandage, he had some interesting things to say about tissue regeneration. As we all know, humans and other mammals don't 're-grow' skin or other parts of the body, but other creatures can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you get a burn and the skin is burned away, your body cannot regenerate that lost skin. You get a scar instead,” said Carlson. “There are a lot of lower animals, salamanders, for instance, that can regenerate lost body parts. So elsewhere in the animal kingdom, the ability to regenerate does exist. But in the mammals and in humans, the ability to regenerate lost tissue, whether from an injury trauma or a cancer or loss of blood supply, whatever the mechanism of tissue injury is, a human cannot replace, except in a very small number of cases, lost tissue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why is that? I'd think we 'advanced' creatures would be the ones that would regenerate tissue, while the 'lower' ones like a salamander would be the ones running around without a leg or tail after losing it. Carlson explains that it might be an evolutionary sort of thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get an injury, typically the quickest way to cover that injury up to get it to seal from the environment is by healing with a scar. And this is very important in the wild because you have to have that wound covered quickly or else it’ll get infected. So in nature, a large animal like a wolf or something gets an injury, they heal quickly with scar and that protects them in the short run. Smaller animals like salamanders etc., they’ve maintained this ability to regenerate possibly because the need to get the wound covered right away isn’t as great. This is a theory. This is not fact. But, when people try to piece together why large mammals like us don’t regenerate and small animals can, this is one of the things that commonly comes up is that there were evolutionary pressures on the large animals to recover from a wound as fast as possible, so that they would survive. So somewhere, we’ve lost the ability to regenerate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The liquid bandage Carlson is hoping to develop is designed to stop bleeding quickly. That could be a life-saver in battlefield situations or other incidents of trauma. But he's thinking about a bigger picture too. He says one of the other research goals of regenerative medicine is to try to figure out the reasons why some creatures (mammals) react to injury with an inflammatory response and others (salamanders) take the path of regeneration. Then maybe someday, humans will 're-grow' tissue and recovery from injury could be more complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\u003ca href=\"http://www.saintelizabethonline.com/burn-and-wound-care.html\">St. Elizabeth Regional Medical Center Burn Center\u003c/a>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.natx.com/%20\">Nature Technology Corporation\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a media producer, one of the great things about my career is I'm always learning. That is definitely the case with this \"Growing Skin\" story. Wound healing and tissue regeneration is not something I've thought a lot about before. Research occurring in this field is high-tech and to me, at least, approaches a science fiction feeling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we interviewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nebraskasurgicalresearch.com/\">Dr. Mark Carlson\u003c/a> about the research he's conducting to develop a liquid bandage, he had some interesting things to say about tissue regeneration. As we all know, humans and other mammals don't 're-grow' skin or other parts of the body, but other creatures can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you get a burn and the skin is burned away, your body cannot regenerate that lost skin. You get a scar instead,” said Carlson. “There are a lot of lower animals, salamanders, for instance, that can regenerate lost body parts. So elsewhere in the animal kingdom, the ability to regenerate does exist. But in the mammals and in humans, the ability to regenerate lost tissue, whether from an injury trauma or a cancer or loss of blood supply, whatever the mechanism of tissue injury is, a human cannot replace, except in a very small number of cases, lost tissue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why is that? I'd think we 'advanced' creatures would be the ones that would regenerate tissue, while the 'lower' ones like a salamander would be the ones running around without a leg or tail after losing it. Carlson explains that it might be an evolutionary sort of thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get an injury, typically the quickest way to cover that injury up to get it to seal from the environment is by healing with a scar. And this is very important in the wild because you have to have that wound covered quickly or else it’ll get infected. So in nature, a large animal like a wolf or something gets an injury, they heal quickly with scar and that protects them in the short run. Smaller animals like salamanders etc., they’ve maintained this ability to regenerate possibly because the need to get the wound covered right away isn’t as great. This is a theory. This is not fact. But, when people try to piece together why large mammals like us don’t regenerate and small animals can, this is one of the things that commonly comes up is that there were evolutionary pressures on the large animals to recover from a wound as fast as possible, so that they would survive. So somewhere, we’ve lost the ability to regenerate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The liquid bandage Carlson is hoping to develop is designed to stop bleeding quickly. That could be a life-saver in battlefield situations or other incidents of trauma. But he's thinking about a bigger picture too. He says one of the other research goals of regenerative medicine is to try to figure out the reasons why some creatures (mammals) react to injury with an inflammatory response and others (salamanders) take the path of regeneration. Then maybe someday, humans will 're-grow' tissue and recovery from injury could be more complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\u003ca href=\"http://www.saintelizabethonline.com/burn-and-wound-care.html\">St. Elizabeth Regional Medical Center Burn Center\u003c/a>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.natx.com/%20\">Nature Technology Corporation\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Twinsburg John Doe: Forensic Reconstruction",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe1-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" title=\"twinsburg_ohio_john_doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27074\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe case is an especially tough one, and the Summit County Police Department and the Medical Examiner’s office need help identifying this man. No dental records have been found that match his teeth. I hope my facial reconstruction will jog someone’s memory, and that he will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Background for Twinsburg Case\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The remains of a young adult male were found behind a small factory in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. The bones and body parts had been cut up and wrapped in plastic garbage bags and buried. It was believed the man had been dead several years when the remains were discovered. There have never been any leads in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Angel, of the Smithsonian Institution, was the first physical anthropologist to examine the bones. He determined the victim was an African American man in his early 20s to mid-30s. He was about 5 feet, 5 inches tall with a slight but muscular build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serial killer \u003ca href=\"http://www.biography.com/people/jeffrey-dahmer-9264755\">Jeffrey Dahmer\u003c/a> of Bath Township was questioned as a possible suspect for two days in 1991 by investigators from Bath Township Police Department and the Summit County sheriff.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Preparing the skull\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27081\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-1skull/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-1skull-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull\" title=\"JD-1skull\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull with tissue depth markers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe skeleton was only partial, and the skull was badly damaged on the forehead, nose, back of the head and both mastoid processes (lumps of bone near the ear). It looked like the bones had been injured. Imagining that someone may have died a violent death is very troubling, but this should not influence you to make the subject look ‘sad’ in your facial reconstruction. The people who knew this man probably knew a young, energetic person and shared happier times with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had to reconstruct the bridge of the nose. Luckily some of the surrounding bone was undamaged, so it was possible to estimate the slope of the nasal bones. The bridge of the nose is where tissue depth marker #4 is glued, so it’s important to reconstruct the anatomy here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for one molar tooth the mandible was missing. A new mandible had to be reconstructed, one that fit well with the upper teeth and the region of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Tissue depth markers #7 – 10 and 18, 20 and 21 are on the mandible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27086\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-skull2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27086\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-skull2-306x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\" title=\"JD-skull2\" width=\"306\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27086\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I measured, on the John Doe skull, how wide the mandible would have been and then found one just that wide (an adult, African American male) from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a> and roughed out a clay copy, using some of the dimensions from the actual bony mandible, and the width of the TMJ region of the John Doe skull. I inserted the real molar tooth that was found at the crime scene into its proper place in the clay mandible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A colleague, Anne Sanford, made a plaster cast of some anterior mandibular teeth from an adult male in the Osteological Collection, and I embedded these into the clay mandible so that they articulated with the upper teeth of John Doe in the way they would in a normal dentition (no marked overbite or underbite). Unless we have evidence to the contrary, we always make the guess that the individual was ‘normal’. If the proportions (evident in the skull) are reflected in the features the artist creates, this should produce a likeness that friends and relatives will recognize. You would never want to make extra big ears, or really bushy eyebrows, or an elaborate hairstyle (unless there was some evidence for them) because this would be distracting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been more than 30 years since this man died. I dearly hope that by sharing this information, and the images of his face, someone will recognize him and we can finally determine his identity.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe1-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" title=\"twinsburg_ohio_john_doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27074\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe case is an especially tough one, and the Summit County Police Department and the Medical Examiner’s office need help identifying this man. No dental records have been found that match his teeth. I hope my facial reconstruction will jog someone’s memory, and that he will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Background for Twinsburg Case\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The remains of a young adult male were found behind a small factory in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. The bones and body parts had been cut up and wrapped in plastic garbage bags and buried. It was believed the man had been dead several years when the remains were discovered. There have never been any leads in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Angel, of the Smithsonian Institution, was the first physical anthropologist to examine the bones. He determined the victim was an African American man in his early 20s to mid-30s. He was about 5 feet, 5 inches tall with a slight but muscular build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serial killer \u003ca href=\"http://www.biography.com/people/jeffrey-dahmer-9264755\">Jeffrey Dahmer\u003c/a> of Bath Township was questioned as a possible suspect for two days in 1991 by investigators from Bath Township Police Department and the Summit County sheriff.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Preparing the skull\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27081\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-1skull/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-1skull-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull\" title=\"JD-1skull\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull with tissue depth markers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe skeleton was only partial, and the skull was badly damaged on the forehead, nose, back of the head and both mastoid processes (lumps of bone near the ear). It looked like the bones had been injured. Imagining that someone may have died a violent death is very troubling, but this should not influence you to make the subject look ‘sad’ in your facial reconstruction. The people who knew this man probably knew a young, energetic person and shared happier times with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had to reconstruct the bridge of the nose. Luckily some of the surrounding bone was undamaged, so it was possible to estimate the slope of the nasal bones. The bridge of the nose is where tissue depth marker #4 is glued, so it’s important to reconstruct the anatomy here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for one molar tooth the mandible was missing. A new mandible had to be reconstructed, one that fit well with the upper teeth and the region of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Tissue depth markers #7 – 10 and 18, 20 and 21 are on the mandible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27086\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-skull2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27086\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-skull2-306x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\" title=\"JD-skull2\" width=\"306\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27086\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I measured, on the John Doe skull, how wide the mandible would have been and then found one just that wide (an adult, African American male) from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a> and roughed out a clay copy, using some of the dimensions from the actual bony mandible, and the width of the TMJ region of the John Doe skull. I inserted the real molar tooth that was found at the crime scene into its proper place in the clay mandible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A colleague, Anne Sanford, made a plaster cast of some anterior mandibular teeth from an adult male in the Osteological Collection, and I embedded these into the clay mandible so that they articulated with the upper teeth of John Doe in the way they would in a normal dentition (no marked overbite or underbite). Unless we have evidence to the contrary, we always make the guess that the individual was ‘normal’. If the proportions (evident in the skull) are reflected in the features the artist creates, this should produce a likeness that friends and relatives will recognize. You would never want to make extra big ears, or really bushy eyebrows, or an elaborate hairstyle (unless there was some evidence for them) because this would be distracting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been more than 30 years since this man died. I dearly hope that by sharing this information, and the images of his face, someone will recognize him and we can finally determine his identity.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As Director of Human Health at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, Dr. Linda Spurlock’s job is to educate the public through exhibits, programming, and health education classes. But, from time to time, she is asked to utilize her unique scientific training as a biological anthropologist and forensic artist to help law enforcement identify the remains of a murder victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead/hamman-todd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27037\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27037\" title=\"hamman-todd\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/hamman-todd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We met Linda in the Main Osteology Lab of the Physical Anthropology Department of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. This facility is home to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a>; the largest well-documented human skeletal collection in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to “resurrect the dead” Linda uses the skull of an individual to either sculpt or sketch an image of what the person may have looked like in life. While she sculpts 3-dimensional models on occasion, this method is not often the best approach in forensic reconstruction cases. It is more time-consuming and is sometimes impractical, especially if the skull is fragile. Most of the time, she creates a 2-dimensional sketch for the police department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at certain features of a skull, a biological anthropologist can determine the approximate age, gender, and ethnicity of an individual but it is up to forensic artists like Linda to “narrow down the possibilities” in order to trigger recognition by relatives and loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first forensic sketch she did for law enforcement was based on the bones of a girl that were found in Portage County, Ohio in 1994. The sketch was seen and recognized by a police officer working on a case of a missing girl from Rochester, Pennsylvania. This led to the DNA testing of the missing girl’s family in western Pennsylvania and the bones found in Ohio. It turned out that they were a perfect match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After obtaining the bones from the police department, Linda prepares the skull by gluing the lower jaw into position. Next, she takes careful measurements to determine specific characteristics of the skull. She then cuts and glues on markers fashioned from mechanical erasers. These “tissue depth markers” indicate how far the soft tissue and skin would have extended out in life. Next, a colleague takes two photographs of the skull: one from the front and another from the side. These are then printed at exactly life-size and taped to a board over which tracing vellum is then attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27040\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27040\" title=\"spurlock3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/spurlock3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Linda Spurlock\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Spurlock putting the finishing touches on a forensic sketch.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To start a sketch, Dr. Spurlock draws the outline of the face based on the tissue depth markers. She then draws in eyeballs, the widest part of the nose, and marks the dimensions of the mouth. On the profile, she determines the projection of the nose and sketches in the forehead, nose and lips. Next, she adds ears, hair, some shading, and fills in some of the features based-once again-on the unique qualities of the skull. She considers herself lucky if there are a few hair samples remaining on the skull from which she can determine length, texture and color. It also helps if there are articles of clothing or a belt found with the remains. These can help determine the size and weight of an individual, and informs her decision about which standard of tissue depth markers to cut (slender, normal or obese).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Spurlock admits that even her best sketch will not be evidence enough to identify a person in a court of law. Additional information including DNA samples, dental records, and unique medical hardware (like an artificial hip) may lead to the “positive ID” of an individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older a case, the less likely it is that the individual will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, she works on cold cases in which the victim has been dead for several years or even several decades. In 2009, Linda was asked to sketch the likeness of a man whose bones were found in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. Even though it has been more than 30 years since this man was killed, Dr. Spurlock hopes that someday he will be recognized- the first step in solving the crime and catching the murderer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27058\" title=\"twinsburg ohio john doe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Web Extra - Linda Spurlock's First Forensic Reconstructions and Sketches\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Linda shares how she first learned to do forensic work, both for anthropology and law enforcement.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY5egMtaWEo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "QUEST travels to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History to meet Linda Spurlock, an anatomist and forensic reconstruction artist who uses clay to re-construct the faces of ancient humans in order to show what they looked like when alive. She also sketches more recently deceased people using only their remains in order to help police solve crimes. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As Director of Human Health at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, Dr. Linda Spurlock’s job is to educate the public through exhibits, programming, and health education classes. But, from time to time, she is asked to utilize her unique scientific training as a biological anthropologist and forensic artist to help law enforcement identify the remains of a murder victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead/hamman-todd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27037\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27037\" title=\"hamman-todd\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/hamman-todd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We met Linda in the Main Osteology Lab of the Physical Anthropology Department of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. This facility is home to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a>; the largest well-documented human skeletal collection in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to “resurrect the dead” Linda uses the skull of an individual to either sculpt or sketch an image of what the person may have looked like in life. While she sculpts 3-dimensional models on occasion, this method is not often the best approach in forensic reconstruction cases. It is more time-consuming and is sometimes impractical, especially if the skull is fragile. Most of the time, she creates a 2-dimensional sketch for the police department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at certain features of a skull, a biological anthropologist can determine the approximate age, gender, and ethnicity of an individual but it is up to forensic artists like Linda to “narrow down the possibilities” in order to trigger recognition by relatives and loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first forensic sketch she did for law enforcement was based on the bones of a girl that were found in Portage County, Ohio in 1994. The sketch was seen and recognized by a police officer working on a case of a missing girl from Rochester, Pennsylvania. This led to the DNA testing of the missing girl’s family in western Pennsylvania and the bones found in Ohio. It turned out that they were a perfect match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After obtaining the bones from the police department, Linda prepares the skull by gluing the lower jaw into position. Next, she takes careful measurements to determine specific characteristics of the skull. She then cuts and glues on markers fashioned from mechanical erasers. These “tissue depth markers” indicate how far the soft tissue and skin would have extended out in life. Next, a colleague takes two photographs of the skull: one from the front and another from the side. These are then printed at exactly life-size and taped to a board over which tracing vellum is then attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27040\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27040\" title=\"spurlock3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/spurlock3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Linda Spurlock\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Spurlock putting the finishing touches on a forensic sketch.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To start a sketch, Dr. Spurlock draws the outline of the face based on the tissue depth markers. She then draws in eyeballs, the widest part of the nose, and marks the dimensions of the mouth. On the profile, she determines the projection of the nose and sketches in the forehead, nose and lips. Next, she adds ears, hair, some shading, and fills in some of the features based-once again-on the unique qualities of the skull. She considers herself lucky if there are a few hair samples remaining on the skull from which she can determine length, texture and color. It also helps if there are articles of clothing or a belt found with the remains. These can help determine the size and weight of an individual, and informs her decision about which standard of tissue depth markers to cut (slender, normal or obese).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Spurlock admits that even her best sketch will not be evidence enough to identify a person in a court of law. Additional information including DNA samples, dental records, and unique medical hardware (like an artificial hip) may lead to the “positive ID” of an individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older a case, the less likely it is that the individual will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, she works on cold cases in which the victim has been dead for several years or even several decades. In 2009, Linda was asked to sketch the likeness of a man whose bones were found in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. Even though it has been more than 30 years since this man was killed, Dr. Spurlock hopes that someday he will be recognized- the first step in solving the crime and catching the murderer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27058\" title=\"twinsburg ohio john doe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Web Extra - Linda Spurlock's First Forensic Reconstructions and Sketches\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Linda shares how she first learned to do forensic work, both for anthropology and law enforcement.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zY5egMtaWEo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zY5egMtaWEo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/whyy-bat-muscles640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"whyy-bat-muscles640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26830\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a hunting bat closes in on a flying insect, its \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation\">echolocation\u003c/a> calls get closer and closer together, and shorter and shorter in duration. The calls, more than 160 per second, give the bat rapid-fire information on the location of its ever-moving prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the human ear, the calls register as one continuous sound. Researchers call it the “terminal buzz,” and until recently, scientists did not fully understand how bats produced it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats use muscles in the larynx to produce sound, just like humans, but scientists had never found a mammal muscle that could turn on and off that quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can tap your finger on a table, and you can try to tap your finger as fast as you possibly can,\" said Andy Mead, a biology graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania. Eventually, your muscles seize up and you can’t tap any faster, Mead said. “You can probably tap five, six, seven times a second if you really try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of a research team led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdu.dk/?sc_lang=en\">Coen Elemans from the University of Southern Denmark\u003c/a> , Mead found muscles in a bat larynx that could turn on and off in less than one one-hundredth of a second, firing up to 180 times a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was instantaneously really shocking and exciting to see yes, this is a very, very fast muscle,\" Mead said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery marked the first evidence of a “superfast” muscle in a mammal. Superfast muscles are responsible for the rattle of a rattlesnake and the mating call of the bottom-dwelling \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/08/science/08angi.html\">toadfish\u003c/a> and some songbirds, but the discovery of the muscles in mammals leads researchers to believe they may be more common than they thought. They are also key to the evolutionary success of bats, which are the only flying mammals to use echolocation to hunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/health-science/item/27485-bats\">original story\u003c/a> from our partners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/\">WHYY\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/health-science/item/8641-bats\">Scientific community unites to save bats\u003c/a>: Bats are dying at rapid rates of the mysterious white nose syndrome. Learn about efforts in Pennsylvania to study the disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/whyy-bat-muscles640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"whyy-bat-muscles640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26830\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a hunting bat closes in on a flying insect, its \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation\">echolocation\u003c/a> calls get closer and closer together, and shorter and shorter in duration. The calls, more than 160 per second, give the bat rapid-fire information on the location of its ever-moving prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the human ear, the calls register as one continuous sound. Researchers call it the “terminal buzz,” and until recently, scientists did not fully understand how bats produced it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats use muscles in the larynx to produce sound, just like humans, but scientists had never found a mammal muscle that could turn on and off that quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can tap your finger on a table, and you can try to tap your finger as fast as you possibly can,\" said Andy Mead, a biology graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania. Eventually, your muscles seize up and you can’t tap any faster, Mead said. “You can probably tap five, six, seven times a second if you really try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of a research team led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdu.dk/?sc_lang=en\">Coen Elemans from the University of Southern Denmark\u003c/a> , Mead found muscles in a bat larynx that could turn on and off in less than one one-hundredth of a second, firing up to 180 times a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was instantaneously really shocking and exciting to see yes, this is a very, very fast muscle,\" Mead said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery marked the first evidence of a “superfast” muscle in a mammal. Superfast muscles are responsible for the rattle of a rattlesnake and the mating call of the bottom-dwelling \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/08/science/08angi.html\">toadfish\u003c/a> and some songbirds, but the discovery of the muscles in mammals leads researchers to believe they may be more common than they thought. They are also key to the evolutionary success of bats, which are the only flying mammals to use echolocation to hunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/health-science/item/27485-bats\">original story\u003c/a> from our partners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/\">WHYY\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/health-science/item/8641-bats\">Scientific community unites to save bats\u003c/a>: Bats are dying at rapid rates of the mysterious white nose syndrome. Learn about efforts in Pennsylvania to study the disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Your Photos on QUEST: Mike Forsberg",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Michael Farrell\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/michaelfarrell\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Farrell\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>. Map by \u003ca title=\"Abram Lueders\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/abramlueders\" target=\"_blank\">Abram Lueders\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first became aware of \u003ca title=\"mike forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Mike Forsberg\u003c/a>’s \u003cem> work Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/em> two years ago when I was asked to introduce him and his slideshow presentation of images from his book at our \u003ca title=\"audubon \" href=\"http://springcreekprairie.audubon.org/\" target=\"_blank\">local Audubon preserve\u003c/a> where I was board chairman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year and a half, I traveled through ten states following Mike with a video production crew to some of the most remote, endangered and stimulating environments to produce the PBS documentary, \u003cem>\u003ca title=\"pbs doc\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEH7nZpNSL8\" target=\"_blank\">Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. Today’s wildlife photographer has to be proficient with all sorts of new technology -- such as walkie-talkie triggered cameras and infrared camera traps -- that didn’t even exist just a few years ago in order to create striking images that can compete for the shrinking print market. To illustrate this, there is a scene in producer Gary Hochman’s \u003cem>Your Photos on QUEST: Great Plains Photographer \u003c/em>story where you see Mike setting up a camera trap in the Black Hills of South Dakota. A month later, Mike returned to the scene and retrieved the digital photos stored on his camera, captured when the mountain lion and deer shown in the story set off the traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When most of us think about the Great Plains, we think of very long, flat and boring stretches of interstate highway – endless concrete slabs running east to west. Or we think about flying over the patchwork quilt of vast stretches of irrigated corn, wheat and milo fields or cross-fenced prairie cattle country dotted by windmills, stock tanks and two-track jeep roads that look like ant tracks from above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26968\" title=\"BIS_080506_002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"634\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg 634w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lone bull bison in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to Mike Forsberg and the scientists, land-owners, conservationists and educators who helped him achieve his goal of publishing striking images and words about the last remnants of the wild and untamed prairie, there is much more to and much more at stake in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hidden away in remote, nearly inaccessible places are remarkable creatures most of us will never see or even know exist: black-footed ferrets emerging from their underground dens at dawn; a million \u003ca title=\"bats\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-bats-beneath-us/\" target=\"_blank\">Mexican free-tailed bats\u003c/a> exiting a gypsum cave at dusk; nesting willets in the vast pot-holed Missouri Coteau region; prairie grizzlies and mountain lions caught at night in Mike’s ingenious camera traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26980\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26980\" title=\"MLN_110407_002A\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg 638w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lion walking through camera trap, Black Hills, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And for each of the species Mike captures with digital photography, there are also the people who have dedicated their lives to caring for and about them. We met Jill Morrison and her husband Dave Clarendon who have spent the past three decades \u003ca title=\"fighting\" href=\"http://www.powderriverbasin.org\" target=\"_blank\">fighting\u003c/a> to keep the not-so-habitat-friendly coal-bed methane wells off their ranch near Sheridan, Wyoming. Jill and Dave have seen the water quality decline and the wildlife that supported a secondary outfitting and guided hunting business retreat much higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spent a night from dusk to dawn with Travis Livieri four-wheeling around a massive prairie dog town in the \u003ca title=\"contata\" href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/southdakota/placesweprotect/conata-basin.xml\" target=\"_blank\">Conata Basin\u003c/a> near Badlands National Park in South Dakota trying to capture and inoculate the elusive black-footed ferret. Ferrets, who prey on prairie dogs, were thought to be extinct until a rancher’s dog brought in a dead one a few decades ago, setting off a massive effort to live trap the few remaining individuals. After a few failed tries, a captive breeding program finally resulted in success. Travis, then a graduate biology student, was on the first team that reintroduced the ferrets to their natural habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Forsberg is enormously dedicated to his self-imposed task of photographing everything of meaning and consequence in the remaining natural world of the Great Plains. He hears birds when no one else does and knows them by their call. He has remarkable distance vision. He clambers up steep hills like a mountain goat with a load of photo gear. He dresses in camouflage and blends in with his surroundings, keeping still for hours at a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I learned from this experience of a lifetime is that “the lingering wild” is as much a part of Mike Forsberg as it is a part of this rare, beautiful landscape that has once more come into stunning focus for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&source=embed\">A Portrait Of The Plains\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A documentary team led by NET Television producer Mike Farrell and photographer Mike Forsberg spent over a year exploring the vast landscape of the Great Plains, meeting people and exploring problems that are having an impact on the area. What they found was both hopeful and troubling. These are just a few of the things they found on their journey, which will eventually become the PBS documentary Great Plains: America's Lingering Wild. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Michael Farrell\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/michaelfarrell\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Farrell\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>. Map by \u003ca title=\"Abram Lueders\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/abramlueders\" target=\"_blank\">Abram Lueders\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"quest nebraska\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/nebraska/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Nebraska\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first became aware of \u003ca title=\"mike forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Mike Forsberg\u003c/a>’s \u003cem> work Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/em> two years ago when I was asked to introduce him and his slideshow presentation of images from his book at our \u003ca title=\"audubon \" href=\"http://springcreekprairie.audubon.org/\" target=\"_blank\">local Audubon preserve\u003c/a> where I was board chairman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year and a half, I traveled through ten states following Mike with a video production crew to some of the most remote, endangered and stimulating environments to produce the PBS documentary, \u003cem>\u003ca title=\"pbs doc\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEH7nZpNSL8\" target=\"_blank\">Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. Today’s wildlife photographer has to be proficient with all sorts of new technology -- such as walkie-talkie triggered cameras and infrared camera traps -- that didn’t even exist just a few years ago in order to create striking images that can compete for the shrinking print market. To illustrate this, there is a scene in producer Gary Hochman’s \u003cem>Your Photos on QUEST: Great Plains Photographer \u003c/em>story where you see Mike setting up a camera trap in the Black Hills of South Dakota. A month later, Mike returned to the scene and retrieved the digital photos stored on his camera, captured when the mountain lion and deer shown in the story set off the traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When most of us think about the Great Plains, we think of very long, flat and boring stretches of interstate highway – endless concrete slabs running east to west. Or we think about flying over the patchwork quilt of vast stretches of irrigated corn, wheat and milo fields or cross-fenced prairie cattle country dotted by windmills, stock tanks and two-track jeep roads that look like ant tracks from above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26968\" title=\"BIS_080506_002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"634\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919.jpg 634w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/BIS_080506_002-e1320711996919-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lone bull bison in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to Mike Forsberg and the scientists, land-owners, conservationists and educators who helped him achieve his goal of publishing striking images and words about the last remnants of the wild and untamed prairie, there is much more to and much more at stake in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hidden away in remote, nearly inaccessible places are remarkable creatures most of us will never see or even know exist: black-footed ferrets emerging from their underground dens at dawn; a million \u003ca title=\"bats\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-bats-beneath-us/\" target=\"_blank\">Mexican free-tailed bats\u003c/a> exiting a gypsum cave at dusk; nesting willets in the vast pot-holed Missouri Coteau region; prairie grizzlies and mountain lions caught at night in Mike’s ingenious camera traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26980\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-26980\" title=\"MLN_110407_002A\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778.jpg 638w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/MLN_110407_002A1-e1320711367778-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lion walking through camera trap, Black Hills, South Dakota Credit: Mike Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And for each of the species Mike captures with digital photography, there are also the people who have dedicated their lives to caring for and about them. We met Jill Morrison and her husband Dave Clarendon who have spent the past three decades \u003ca title=\"fighting\" href=\"http://www.powderriverbasin.org\" target=\"_blank\">fighting\u003c/a> to keep the not-so-habitat-friendly coal-bed methane wells off their ranch near Sheridan, Wyoming. Jill and Dave have seen the water quality decline and the wildlife that supported a secondary outfitting and guided hunting business retreat much higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spent a night from dusk to dawn with Travis Livieri four-wheeling around a massive prairie dog town in the \u003ca title=\"contata\" href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/southdakota/placesweprotect/conata-basin.xml\" target=\"_blank\">Conata Basin\u003c/a> near Badlands National Park in South Dakota trying to capture and inoculate the elusive black-footed ferret. Ferrets, who prey on prairie dogs, were thought to be extinct until a rancher’s dog brought in a dead one a few decades ago, setting off a massive effort to live trap the few remaining individuals. After a few failed tries, a captive breeding program finally resulted in success. Travis, then a graduate biology student, was on the first team that reintroduced the ferrets to their natural habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Forsberg is enormously dedicated to his self-imposed task of photographing everything of meaning and consequence in the remaining natural world of the Great Plains. He hears birds when no one else does and knows them by their call. He has remarkable distance vision. He clambers up steep hills like a mountain goat with a load of photo gear. He dresses in camouflage and blends in with his surroundings, keeping still for hours at a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I learned from this experience of a lifetime is that “the lingering wild” is as much a part of Mike Forsberg as it is a part of this rare, beautiful landscape that has once more come into stunning focus for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218445645608412477546.0004ad6243bcbde47a58b&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.574361,-102.304687&spn=21.013305,28.081055&z=5&source=embed\">A Portrait Of The Plains\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A documentary team led by NET Television producer Mike Farrell and photographer Mike Forsberg spent over a year exploring the vast landscape of the Great Plains, meeting people and exploring problems that are having an impact on the area. What they found was both hopeful and troubling. These are just a few of the things they found on their journey, which will eventually become the PBS documentary Great Plains: America's Lingering Wild. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sniffing Out Mr. Right",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/07/sniffing-out-mr-right/sniffingdogs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26726\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SniffingDogs\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-26726\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Lots of animals pick their mate at least partly by how they smell. And a bunch of studies show that it may not be that different in people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite ones are those where women \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/29/the-nose-knows/\">sniff the shirts of various men\u003c/a> and pick out the ones that smell the best to them. The ones they like best are usually from men whose immune systems are most different from theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes some sense if you think about it. The strongest immune system is a varied one. It can fight off lots of different kinds of bacteria, parasites, and viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since our immune system is programmed by our genes and our genes come from mom and dad, the more different mom and dad’s genes are, the more varied your immune system will be. So ideally you would choose a mate that would give your children the stronger immune system. That mate would have an immune system very different from yours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way you might be able to find that particular mate is if different immune systems have different odors. The stinky guys share your immune system; the pleasant smelling ones have a different one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seems to be what is happening in these armpit smelling experiments. So at least some amount of attraction between people is happening with the nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what I found even more interesting was that oral contraceptives mess with this system. Women on the pill tend to prefer the smell of men with similar immune systems. Some scientists think this is because pregnant women prefer family around them and family tends to have a similar immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first read this I thought, “Wow, this is going to really mess up future generations’ immune systems. Maybe it even helps to explain the recent rise in allergies and autoimmune diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then I caught myself and thought a little harder. It is probably not that likely that the recent increases in allergies and autoimmune diseases would have happened so quickly if the pill were the main culprit. And besides, there is undoubtedly more to human mate selection than smell!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are complicated. There are all sorts of cues that cause someone to fall in love. Pheromones may play a role but they are certainly not the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some studies use photos and ask women which men are the most attractive. The women in these studies tend to pick men with more similar immune systems (apparently there is some correlation between facial symmetry and the immune system).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when scientists look at couples who actually have children together, they get mixed results. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">early study\u003c/a> pointed to Europeans having children with partners with different immune system genes. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000925\">deeper look at that data\u003c/a> and looking at a larger group of couples showed that this didn’t seem to be the case. Differing immune systems had little impact on who women chose to have children with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most that could be said was that women tended to avoid men with really similar immune systems. A bit similar was OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course we could already be seeing the effects of the pill in these studies. Maybe if the women in these studies hadn’t been on the pill when they met their partners, they might have chosen someone with a more dissimilar immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists need to look at people who did not meet while women were on the pill. Then we will have a better idea of how big a role your nose plays in choosing your soul mate. And how worried we should be about the pill’s effect on that selection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_08.html\">Nice PBS video about the t-shirt smelling experiments.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Biology may have made it so that women prefer the smell of men with different immune systems from their own. Disturbingly, the pill may turn this on its head so that women like the way men with similar immune systems smell. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/07/sniffing-out-mr-right/sniffingdogs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26726\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SniffingDogs\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-26726\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Lots of animals pick their mate at least partly by how they smell. And a bunch of studies show that it may not be that different in people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite ones are those where women \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/29/the-nose-knows/\">sniff the shirts of various men\u003c/a> and pick out the ones that smell the best to them. The ones they like best are usually from men whose immune systems are most different from theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes some sense if you think about it. The strongest immune system is a varied one. It can fight off lots of different kinds of bacteria, parasites, and viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since our immune system is programmed by our genes and our genes come from mom and dad, the more different mom and dad’s genes are, the more varied your immune system will be. So ideally you would choose a mate that would give your children the stronger immune system. That mate would have an immune system very different from yours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way you might be able to find that particular mate is if different immune systems have different odors. The stinky guys share your immune system; the pleasant smelling ones have a different one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seems to be what is happening in these armpit smelling experiments. So at least some amount of attraction between people is happening with the nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what I found even more interesting was that oral contraceptives mess with this system. Women on the pill tend to prefer the smell of men with similar immune systems. Some scientists think this is because pregnant women prefer family around them and family tends to have a similar immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first read this I thought, “Wow, this is going to really mess up future generations’ immune systems. Maybe it even helps to explain the recent rise in allergies and autoimmune diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then I caught myself and thought a little harder. It is probably not that likely that the recent increases in allergies and autoimmune diseases would have happened so quickly if the pill were the main culprit. And besides, there is undoubtedly more to human mate selection than smell!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are complicated. There are all sorts of cues that cause someone to fall in love. Pheromones may play a role but they are certainly not the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some studies use photos and ask women which men are the most attractive. The women in these studies tend to pick men with more similar immune systems (apparently there is some correlation between facial symmetry and the immune system).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when scientists look at couples who actually have children together, they get mixed results. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">early study\u003c/a> pointed to Europeans having children with partners with different immune system genes. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000925\">deeper look at that data\u003c/a> and looking at a larger group of couples showed that this didn’t seem to be the case. Differing immune systems had little impact on who women chose to have children with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most that could be said was that women tended to avoid men with really similar immune systems. A bit similar was OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course we could already be seeing the effects of the pill in these studies. Maybe if the women in these studies hadn’t been on the pill when they met their partners, they might have chosen someone with a more dissimilar immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists need to look at people who did not meet while women were on the pill. Then we will have a better idea of how big a role your nose plays in choosing your soul mate. And how worried we should be about the pill’s effect on that selection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_08.html\">Nice PBS video about the t-shirt smelling experiments.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Swords to Test Tubes: The Million Veteran Program",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-07-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"schuler_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26844\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Schuler is one of 10,000 vets to have donated blood samples to the Million Veteran Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, on Veterans Day, we hear stories about bravery on the battlefield, or the challenges returning veterans face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story is about a different type of military service: It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">a project\u003c/a> where veterans help scientists learn more about conditions like cancer and post-traumatic stress disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's what brought Carl Schuler to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto one sunny October morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler served in the military for ten years, completing two tours in Iraq. The second tour was in Fallujah, where he oversaw a batallion of 18 soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What haunts him about his time in Iraq is the fact that he came home largely unscathed. That was not the case for his best friend, who was badly injured by an IED. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You start thinking, well, how fair is that?\" says Schuler. \"Here's my friend, 88 percent burned, two people in his battalion killed. And here I am in a similar situation and we're all OK. It's a tough thing to deal with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the States, Schuler struggled with problems that will sound familiar to a lot of returning vets. He's had to tame his road rage. And sometimes, he can be a bit withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's gotten him through this is helping other returning soldiers. He is now a fellow for a group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.missioncontinues.org/\">The Mission Continues\u003c/a>. His placement is with a group called \u003ca href=\"https://app01.usatogether.org/\">USA Together\u003c/a>, counseling Bay Area vets who are having financial problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that same impulse -- to help vets – that brought him down to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto on a recent morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler came to take part in something called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">Million Veterans Program\u003c/a>, or MVP. It is a project to build the largest database of medical information in the world, with both medical histories and blood samples from one million US vets. The Medical Center in Palo Alto is one of 33 VA hospitals across the country taking part, with the ultimate goal of making participation available to all veterans enrolled in the VA healthcare system. The recruitment will last between five and seven years. In 2012 alone, the program is projected to cost $19.8 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this program possible is something that puts the VA well ahead of the curve, when it comes to health care: electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when virtually every other sector of the economy has gone online, medicine has lagged behind. Most American doctors still carry paper files when they go into see a patient. Less than a third of hospitals have digitized records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But VA abounds in electronic data, says the VA’s Dr. Jennifer Hoblyn. She says in addition to clinical records of its 8.6 million patients, the VA also has annual assessments that it uses to track patients, including evaluations of depression, PTSD, alcoholic substances, traumatic brain injury, and other conditions. All of the information is digitized and available to VA doctors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an amazing medical record,\" says Hoblyn, \"and it stretches back 25 years.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the VA wants to pair that information -- detached from individual names -- with anonymous blood samples from a million vets. It would be the biggest medical database in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's an exciting prospect for people like Robert Hiatt, who chairs the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatisticsis at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiatt says when he started out in his field, researchers would send staff with clipboards from doctor’s office to doctor’s office, pulling folders from shelves and manually tallying up the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electronic databases have made this type of research vastly faster and more powerful. A massive database like what the VA is building would allow Hiatt to compare thousands of anonymous medical records with just a few keystrokes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would help him and other researchers look for genetic explanations to the mystery of why some people get sick with diseases like lung cancer, and others don't. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know smoking leads to lung cancer, but not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer,\" says Hiatt. \"And some people who get lung cancer don't smoke. Is that because of some genetic predisposition? Or some large genetic protective effect?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those types of questions are common in epidemiology, as well as in drug development, where researchers try and understand why some drugs work for some people, but not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the VA, one major focus of research is on PTSD, which is relatively common, but hard to predict. Some soldiers suffer terribly. Others don't. To understand why, you need to look for patterns, across large numbers of vets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Kupersmith, the VA's Chief Research and Development Officer, says the MVP will allow VA researchers to compare the genes of people who have PTSD with others who don't. They’ll also take environmental factors into consideration: Where a vet lives, what other conditions he or she has, what he or she might have been exposed to in the service. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It gets to be very complicated,\" says Kupersmith, \"and you need large numbers to sort it out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like an impressionist painting that only comes into focus when you stand far away from it. The more data, says UCSF’s Robert Hiatt, the stronger your conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Big numbers are important because effects are small. In order to see effects and have some confidence in them, you need large numbers.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the Million Veteran Project signed on its ten thousandth participant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Flier\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26846\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The VA's Kupersmith believes that in 18 months they’ll pass the half-million mark. That would put them well ahead of the other medical databases currently available to researchers, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.dor.kaiser.org/external/DORExternal/rpgeh/index.aspx\">Kaiser Permanete's biobank\u003c/a>, which includes anonymous saliva samples -- containing DNA -- from 170,000 Kaiser patients, and is aiming for 500,000 participants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reach its goal, VA staff will have to convince hundreds of thousands of veterans to come in and donate blood. They'll also have to reassure them that the information will be kept private.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The info is totally de-identified,\" says the VA's Jennifer Hoblyn. \"Each sample gets a unique study info number. So actually it won’t be connected with your name whatsoever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler says he knows this information isn't likely to improve his own health, or even that of the soldiers he served with. But he considers it an extension of his work to help other vets, \"another piece of the puzzle,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a way to continue his service, even now that he's back home.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-07-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"schuler_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26844\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Schuler is one of 10,000 vets to have donated blood samples to the Million Veteran Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, on Veterans Day, we hear stories about bravery on the battlefield, or the challenges returning veterans face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story is about a different type of military service: It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">a project\u003c/a> where veterans help scientists learn more about conditions like cancer and post-traumatic stress disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's what brought Carl Schuler to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto one sunny October morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler served in the military for ten years, completing two tours in Iraq. The second tour was in Fallujah, where he oversaw a batallion of 18 soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What haunts him about his time in Iraq is the fact that he came home largely unscathed. That was not the case for his best friend, who was badly injured by an IED. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You start thinking, well, how fair is that?\" says Schuler. \"Here's my friend, 88 percent burned, two people in his battalion killed. And here I am in a similar situation and we're all OK. It's a tough thing to deal with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the States, Schuler struggled with problems that will sound familiar to a lot of returning vets. He's had to tame his road rage. And sometimes, he can be a bit withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's gotten him through this is helping other returning soldiers. He is now a fellow for a group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.missioncontinues.org/\">The Mission Continues\u003c/a>. His placement is with a group called \u003ca href=\"https://app01.usatogether.org/\">USA Together\u003c/a>, counseling Bay Area vets who are having financial problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that same impulse -- to help vets – that brought him down to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto on a recent morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler came to take part in something called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">Million Veterans Program\u003c/a>, or MVP. It is a project to build the largest database of medical information in the world, with both medical histories and blood samples from one million US vets. The Medical Center in Palo Alto is one of 33 VA hospitals across the country taking part, with the ultimate goal of making participation available to all veterans enrolled in the VA healthcare system. The recruitment will last between five and seven years. In 2012 alone, the program is projected to cost $19.8 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this program possible is something that puts the VA well ahead of the curve, when it comes to health care: electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when virtually every other sector of the economy has gone online, medicine has lagged behind. Most American doctors still carry paper files when they go into see a patient. Less than a third of hospitals have digitized records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But VA abounds in electronic data, says the VA’s Dr. Jennifer Hoblyn. She says in addition to clinical records of its 8.6 million patients, the VA also has annual assessments that it uses to track patients, including evaluations of depression, PTSD, alcoholic substances, traumatic brain injury, and other conditions. All of the information is digitized and available to VA doctors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an amazing medical record,\" says Hoblyn, \"and it stretches back 25 years.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the VA wants to pair that information -- detached from individual names -- with anonymous blood samples from a million vets. It would be the biggest medical database in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's an exciting prospect for people like Robert Hiatt, who chairs the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatisticsis at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiatt says when he started out in his field, researchers would send staff with clipboards from doctor’s office to doctor’s office, pulling folders from shelves and manually tallying up the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electronic databases have made this type of research vastly faster and more powerful. A massive database like what the VA is building would allow Hiatt to compare thousands of anonymous medical records with just a few keystrokes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would help him and other researchers look for genetic explanations to the mystery of why some people get sick with diseases like lung cancer, and others don't. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know smoking leads to lung cancer, but not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer,\" says Hiatt. \"And some people who get lung cancer don't smoke. Is that because of some genetic predisposition? Or some large genetic protective effect?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those types of questions are common in epidemiology, as well as in drug development, where researchers try and understand why some drugs work for some people, but not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the VA, one major focus of research is on PTSD, which is relatively common, but hard to predict. Some soldiers suffer terribly. Others don't. To understand why, you need to look for patterns, across large numbers of vets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Kupersmith, the VA's Chief Research and Development Officer, says the MVP will allow VA researchers to compare the genes of people who have PTSD with others who don't. They’ll also take environmental factors into consideration: Where a vet lives, what other conditions he or she has, what he or she might have been exposed to in the service. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It gets to be very complicated,\" says Kupersmith, \"and you need large numbers to sort it out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like an impressionist painting that only comes into focus when you stand far away from it. The more data, says UCSF’s Robert Hiatt, the stronger your conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Big numbers are important because effects are small. In order to see effects and have some confidence in them, you need large numbers.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the Million Veteran Project signed on its ten thousandth participant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Flier\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26846\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The VA's Kupersmith believes that in 18 months they’ll pass the half-million mark. That would put them well ahead of the other medical databases currently available to researchers, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.dor.kaiser.org/external/DORExternal/rpgeh/index.aspx\">Kaiser Permanete's biobank\u003c/a>, which includes anonymous saliva samples -- containing DNA -- from 170,000 Kaiser patients, and is aiming for 500,000 participants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reach its goal, VA staff will have to convince hundreds of thousands of veterans to come in and donate blood. They'll also have to reassure them that the information will be kept private.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The info is totally de-identified,\" says the VA's Jennifer Hoblyn. \"Each sample gets a unique study info number. So actually it won’t be connected with your name whatsoever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler says he knows this information isn't likely to improve his own health, or even that of the soldiers he served with. But he considers it an extension of his work to help other vets, \"another piece of the puzzle,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Update on the Salt Creek Tiger Beetles: Q & A with Stephen Spomer ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SpomerBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SpomerBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26704\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Salt Creek tiger beetle (Cicindela nevadica lincolniana). Photo credit: Mitch Paine. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Steve Spomer is a Research Technologist with the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of Entomology. He's been involved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/invertebrates/saltcreektiger/\">Salt Creek Tiger Beetle\u003c/a> research for more than two decades. Spomer is now working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in a capture and recovery program to save the species.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: How has the Salt Creek Tiger Beetle habitat changed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: Originally, the salt marsh around Lincoln was huge, probably 15 thousand acres or so. We assume that the beetle was a lot more common back around the turn-of-the century. The habitat originally was salt flats with seeps running through the flats. And now, most of the habitat is creek banks along Little Salt Creek. So a lot of things have changed in a hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: Let’s talk about the \u003ca href=\"http://quest.netnebraska.org/2011/07/salt-creek-tiger-beetle-recovery.html\">recovery project\u003c/a> that U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service spearheads. How will that help the species? Or do we even really know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: Well, we don’t really know for sure. There’ve been a lot of recovery projects like this with insects and some of them have worked and some of them haven’t. But the problem is when the population is this low, it’s kind of a desperation move. You want to try to bolster that population up as much as you can and so this seemed to be a reasonable way to do it is by propagating them in the lab where they don’t have natural enemies to kill them. What we have to get worked out is how to successfully rear them from egg to adult without losing very many. There are a lot of variables involved. Temperature, humidity, soil moisture, how often you feed them. All kinds of things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: The numbers of beetles are so small if it doesn’t work this first time around, will we try it again?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: This is something we’ve been experimenting with for probably seven or eight years. We started out using an aquarium full of soil and had pretty good luck getting eggs and larvae, but then we found out that the burrows would sometimes intersect each other and the larvae would kill each other. So then we started rearing them in these plastic tubes individually, the method we’re using right now. Hopefully, this will be a long-term project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: Recently it came out in the news about an \u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_48c90f32-4930-55f3-abc8-f6188fb5a6de.html\">accidental dumping\u003c/a> of fill dirt in some of the habitat. What kind of damage happened in that area?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: The Salt Creek tiger beetle has a two-year life cycle and that happened a year ago. So it would take a couple of years to see the results. If it covered up the larvae or the eggs to the point where they couldn’t burrow out, we don’t know. This year, I did find one adult there where that soil was dumped so potentially, there still might be a population there, I hadn’t seen any beetles there for almost ten years. So to find that pair of beetles there in 2010, I felt pretty outstanding. And then to see one there again this year was still hopeful that the population is going be okay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: Tell me a little bit about what you see is the value of the Salt Creek tiger beetle. And of course, the habitat that goes along with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: Well, I think you have to look at the bigger picture. You have to look at the salt marsh in general and what is there and how unique that habitat is to this part of the country, an inland salt marsh like that. You’ve got a lot of species there that aren’t found other places. There’s a rare damsel fly, the Desert Forktail (Ischnura barberi) that’s found only in the salt marshes around Lincoln here. You’ve got the endangered salt wort plant out here, called the red swampfire (Salicornia rubra). I think you kind of have to look at the whole ecosystem and not just focus on one insect or one plant. It would be a shame to lose a treasure like this, something that basically put Lincoln on the map. The salt industry was what attracted people to Lincoln and before that, the native people had been using the salt here for years before the white settlers came in so I think it’s important we keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: And how hopeful are you that the species will survive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: I still have hope, but the last couple of years the population has been pretty low although this year, it was up a little bit. 2010 and 2009, we had some flooding that really damaged part of the population. And when you have a population in such a small area, you can have a catastrophic event like that and it could wipe everything out and that’s the goal of recovery too is to try to not just bolster the numbers, but bolster the number of populations. So an event like that wouldn’t destroy everything.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26678\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26678\" title=\"leatherbackturtle\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"leatherbackturtle\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leatherback turtle offshore of Moss Landing, California. Photographed by Michael Sack, Sanctuary Cruises\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was another incredible weekend visually foraging for wildlife out on the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the season is in transition between the productive upwelling season and the storms of winter, the weather is fine and the wildlife a reflection of the mixture of the seasons. This weekend we were fortunate to see a minke whale, a species not often seen in these waters. The shy black whale swam north along the Pt. Bonita Channel not far from the Marin Headlands as we steamed north towards Bolinas. At a maximum length of 35 feet, the Northern minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are the second smallest baleen whale, and the smallest in the Northern Hemisphere. Minke whales are widely distributed throughout the world, commonly found from the poles to the tropics, but they prefer the open sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minke whales have been exploited by whalers since at least the 1930s, but were previously overlooked by hunters due to their relatively small size. Since these whales have been targeted by commercial whalers, several thousand have been hunted in the Northern Hemisphere and at least 100,000 have been killed in the Southern Hemisphere. In the past, these whales have been commercially hunted by China, Iceland, Korea, Russia and Taiwan. Today, they are still taken by whaling countries such as Greenland, Japan and Norway as a source of food and for ‘scientific research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California/Oregon/Washington population is estimated to be 500-1,000 animals, so we were fortunate to watch the whale as she shallow dived in the characteristic “head up, roll and dive” without showing the fluke’s pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean had barely a mild bump and little wind and the sun glittered on the surface as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsportfishing.com/outerlimits.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outer Limits\u003c/a> headed west on the journey to the islands. En route we spotted a number of unusual seabirds with the help of two biologists who were hitching a ride as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.farallonpatrol.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farallones Patrol\u003c/a>. This voluntary program incorporates private yachts and fishing boats like the Outer limits to transport people and supplies to aid the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prbo.org/cms/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Point Reyes Bird Observatory\u003c/a> who work on the island. Abe is a graduate student, while Matthew is a post-doctoral researcher at UC Santa Cruz. They’re recording the calls of storm petrels on the island and with the help of computer algorithms are able to distinguish individuals among all the cacophony of nesting seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the most important nesting sites for seabirds in North America, hundreds of thousands of seabirds visit the Farallones each year. One thing I can attest to on a visit is the sheer overwhelming noise of the birds calling, courting and generally raising a ruckus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s incredible that the scientists can isolate these sound signatures from the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the island, we see \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-footed_Albatross\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">black-footed albatross\u003c/a> surfing the airwaves and rhinoceros and Cassin’s auklets skittering along the surface — so fat they can barely fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The humpbacks are taking their exit but we are still fortunate enough to steer a parallel path alongside as she steadily sails south. The pace is so even that the captain is able to set a speed and course so that every five minutes the whale rises nearby as she surfaces to breath before diving again. Some dives last nine minutes but most are between five and six minutes. We track the whale for over 45 minutes until the passengers are as somnolent as the whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alongside the island, we encounter our resident California gray whale off the southern end. Also present were two of the white shark cage diving operations that were hoping a shark would swim by. We idled along transferring our passengers as we talked about white sharks, hoping to see the enigmatic predator. We didn’t see a shark but we did see \u003ca href=\"http://topp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tagging of Pacific Pelagic\u003c/a> (TOPP) researcher Scott Anderson out listening for tagged sharks with his acoustic monitoring device in a whaler the size of a female white shark. These biologists tag sharks and follow their movements to learn more about individual behavior, mobility and the shark population in general. As one of the early members of the shark watch program on the island, Scott is extremely knowledgeable and can identify individuals from their scars and markings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We circle the island watching the California sea lions frolic near shore, while steller sea lions and elephant seals bask in the warm sunlight on the rocks of Fisherman’s Cove. On the radio, we hear that my colleague, Dr. Chris Pincetech, who is leading a trip with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanicsociety.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oceanic Society\u003c/a> has had the good fortune to see white shark investigating an object at the surface. Chris is with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sea Turtle Restoration Project\u003c/a> and is conducting a Leatherback watch program along the California coast. This project uses wildlife biologist on tours like ours and other voluntary citizen scientists to identify and record observations of these endangered sea turtles. The largest of the sea turtle species, leatherbacks visit our coastal waters to feed on the abundance of jellyfish each summer. In the late fall, the turtles leave the Sanctuary and head west three thousand miles to Japan and Indonesia where they nest. These sea turtles can weigh as much as a ton and can dive nearly 4000 feet! Industrial fishing practices combined with illegal poaching, deadly vessel strikes, and ocean pollution have driven leatherbacks towards extinction. For over 20 years, the Sea Turtle Restoration Project has worked to protect leatherback sea turtles from slipping closer to extinction. The largest and most majestic of all sea turtles survived the extinction of the dinosaurs over 65 million years ago but is now struggling to survive more than another few decades due to deadly industrial fishing, illegal poaching, and threats from vessel strikes and ocean pollution. One of the campaigns by STRP is to help establish our nearshore waters in the Sanctuary and adjacent waters as critical habitat. This designation would increase protection from gill net fisheries and give these incredible animals a chance to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Chris didn’t see a sea turtle (although he did see a shark), but the Leatherback Watch Project successfully reported 20 sightings of leatherbacks this season. The STRP and now the Shark Stewards project I’ll be leading with The \u003ca href=\"http://www.tirn.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Turtle Island Restoration Network\u003c/a> will continue studying, advocating and protecting endangered sea life in the future. To sharks, it’s still Sharktober. Weather permitting, we will continue our expeditions through \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbaywhalewatching.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SF Bay Whale Watching\u003c/a> over the next few weekends looking for turtles and sharks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "To sharks, it's still Sharktober. Weather permitting, we will continue our expeditions through SF Bay Whale Watching over the next few weekends looking for turtles and sharks.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26678\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26678\" title=\"leatherbackturtle\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"leatherbackturtle\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leatherback turtle offshore of Moss Landing, California. Photographed by Michael Sack, Sanctuary Cruises\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was another incredible weekend visually foraging for wildlife out on the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the season is in transition between the productive upwelling season and the storms of winter, the weather is fine and the wildlife a reflection of the mixture of the seasons. This weekend we were fortunate to see a minke whale, a species not often seen in these waters. The shy black whale swam north along the Pt. Bonita Channel not far from the Marin Headlands as we steamed north towards Bolinas. At a maximum length of 35 feet, the Northern minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are the second smallest baleen whale, and the smallest in the Northern Hemisphere. Minke whales are widely distributed throughout the world, commonly found from the poles to the tropics, but they prefer the open sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minke whales have been exploited by whalers since at least the 1930s, but were previously overlooked by hunters due to their relatively small size. Since these whales have been targeted by commercial whalers, several thousand have been hunted in the Northern Hemisphere and at least 100,000 have been killed in the Southern Hemisphere. In the past, these whales have been commercially hunted by China, Iceland, Korea, Russia and Taiwan. Today, they are still taken by whaling countries such as Greenland, Japan and Norway as a source of food and for ‘scientific research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California/Oregon/Washington population is estimated to be 500-1,000 animals, so we were fortunate to watch the whale as she shallow dived in the characteristic “head up, roll and dive” without showing the fluke’s pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean had barely a mild bump and little wind and the sun glittered on the surface as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsportfishing.com/outerlimits.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outer Limits\u003c/a> headed west on the journey to the islands. En route we spotted a number of unusual seabirds with the help of two biologists who were hitching a ride as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.farallonpatrol.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farallones Patrol\u003c/a>. This voluntary program incorporates private yachts and fishing boats like the Outer limits to transport people and supplies to aid the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prbo.org/cms/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Point Reyes Bird Observatory\u003c/a> who work on the island. Abe is a graduate student, while Matthew is a post-doctoral researcher at UC Santa Cruz. They’re recording the calls of storm petrels on the island and with the help of computer algorithms are able to distinguish individuals among all the cacophony of nesting seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the most important nesting sites for seabirds in North America, hundreds of thousands of seabirds visit the Farallones each year. One thing I can attest to on a visit is the sheer overwhelming noise of the birds calling, courting and generally raising a ruckus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s incredible that the scientists can isolate these sound signatures from the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the island, we see \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-footed_Albatross\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">black-footed albatross\u003c/a> surfing the airwaves and rhinoceros and Cassin’s auklets skittering along the surface — so fat they can barely fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The humpbacks are taking their exit but we are still fortunate enough to steer a parallel path alongside as she steadily sails south. The pace is so even that the captain is able to set a speed and course so that every five minutes the whale rises nearby as she surfaces to breath before diving again. Some dives last nine minutes but most are between five and six minutes. We track the whale for over 45 minutes until the passengers are as somnolent as the whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alongside the island, we encounter our resident California gray whale off the southern end. Also present were two of the white shark cage diving operations that were hoping a shark would swim by. We idled along transferring our passengers as we talked about white sharks, hoping to see the enigmatic predator. We didn’t see a shark but we did see \u003ca href=\"http://topp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tagging of Pacific Pelagic\u003c/a> (TOPP) researcher Scott Anderson out listening for tagged sharks with his acoustic monitoring device in a whaler the size of a female white shark. These biologists tag sharks and follow their movements to learn more about individual behavior, mobility and the shark population in general. As one of the early members of the shark watch program on the island, Scott is extremely knowledgeable and can identify individuals from their scars and markings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We circle the island watching the California sea lions frolic near shore, while steller sea lions and elephant seals bask in the warm sunlight on the rocks of Fisherman’s Cove. On the radio, we hear that my colleague, Dr. Chris Pincetech, who is leading a trip with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanicsociety.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oceanic Society\u003c/a> has had the good fortune to see white shark investigating an object at the surface. Chris is with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sea Turtle Restoration Project\u003c/a> and is conducting a Leatherback watch program along the California coast. This project uses wildlife biologist on tours like ours and other voluntary citizen scientists to identify and record observations of these endangered sea turtles. The largest of the sea turtle species, leatherbacks visit our coastal waters to feed on the abundance of jellyfish each summer. In the late fall, the turtles leave the Sanctuary and head west three thousand miles to Japan and Indonesia where they nest. These sea turtles can weigh as much as a ton and can dive nearly 4000 feet! Industrial fishing practices combined with illegal poaching, deadly vessel strikes, and ocean pollution have driven leatherbacks towards extinction. For over 20 years, the Sea Turtle Restoration Project has worked to protect leatherback sea turtles from slipping closer to extinction. The largest and most majestic of all sea turtles survived the extinction of the dinosaurs over 65 million years ago but is now struggling to survive more than another few decades due to deadly industrial fishing, illegal poaching, and threats from vessel strikes and ocean pollution. One of the campaigns by STRP is to help establish our nearshore waters in the Sanctuary and adjacent waters as critical habitat. This designation would increase protection from gill net fisheries and give these incredible animals a chance to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Chris didn’t see a sea turtle (although he did see a shark), but the Leatherback Watch Project successfully reported 20 sightings of leatherbacks this season. The STRP and now the Shark Stewards project I’ll be leading with The \u003ca href=\"http://www.tirn.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Turtle Island Restoration Network\u003c/a> will continue studying, advocating and protecting endangered sea life in the future. To sharks, it’s still Sharktober. Weather permitting, we will continue our expeditions through \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbaywhalewatching.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SF Bay Whale Watching\u003c/a> over the next few weekends looking for turtles and sharks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Work to Measure, Understand Jersey Jellyfish Explosion ",
"title": "Scientists Work to Measure, Understand Jersey Jellyfish Explosion ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26658\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/jellyfish640x360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bucket of jellies\" title=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26658\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea nettles (Chrysaora quinquecirrha), a type of stinging jellyfish, are present in the waters of the Barnegat Bay and other coastal waterways of New Jersey. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A global explosion in jellyfish populations is raising alarm in the scientific community around the world. The proliferation has threatened to shut down power plants in Israel and has tripped up commercial fishing operations in Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-%20US:official&client=firefox-a&q=map+barnegat+bay&um=1&ie=UTF-%208&hq=&hnear=0x89c198cb149883c5:0x75c8061884d5f0dd,Barnegat+Bay&gl=us&ei%20=yEGcTsqrGab20gHr_5mRDA&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=image&resnum=1&ved%20=0CB8Q8gEwAA\" target=\"_top\">Barnegat Bay\u003c/a>, separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Barrier Islands of the New Jersey shore, the consequences are a bit more mundane: swelling numbers of stinging \u003ca href=\"http://bbp.ocean.edu/pages/323.asp\" target=\"_top\">sea nettles\u003c/a> over the past decade has made swimming on some beaches impossible, and bayside homeowners are complaining that rentals are down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teams of researchers are mapping the DNA of the small, saucer-shaped sea nettles, and collecting water samples to track the conditions in which they do best. But they are also trying to answer a more basic question: how much populations are actually growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, researchers with the \u003ca href=\"http://bbp.ocean.edu/pages/1.asp\" target=\"_top\">Barnegat Bay Partnership\u003c/a> began screening local beaches with a fifty-foot net four times a week to establish population numbers. In the largest haul, they captured (and threw back) an estimated 1,400 sea nettles in one sweep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It tells us that things have changed, that something's out of balance, something is out of whack,\" said Jim Vasslides, a scientist with the environmental group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vasslides said a handful of factors are likely contributing: rising water temperatures means jellyfish in their larveal stage are surviving and thriving over the winters. Changes in water salinity is also likely a factor, as is a lack of predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nitrogen runoff in the densely populated northern areas of the watershed causes low dissolved oxygen levels in the bay and surrounding waterways, which kills off many types of fish but leave jellyfish thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/jellyfish-net-640-360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"jellyfish-net-640-360\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26659\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers recently captured (and threw back) an estimated 1,400 sea nettles along the shore in one sweep of a 50-foot net. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Finally, an increase in man-made structures in the bay, including docks and bulkheads, gives jellyfish polyps an ideal place to attach, overwinter and multiply. Ironically, the jellyfish seem to do better on plastic surfaces that started replacing pressurized wood when concerns were raised about harmful chemicals leeching into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea nettles are not just an annoyance, but can alter the balance of the entire bay ecosystem, changing the dissolved oxygen content in the water and affecting microbial communities and more visible species, Vasslides said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They'll also eat a lot of the smaller prey...that are food for bigger fish, so they could really wipe out some of these smaller fish populations,” Vasslides said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vasslides said the group hopes to expand its monitoring efforts to additional beaches next summer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/health-science/item/24354-jellyfish-explosion-in-barnegat-bay-worries-scientists-%20\">Visit WHYY's Newsworks for further coverage\u003c/a> on how the proliferation of sea nettles are affecting locals.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26658\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/jellyfish640x360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bucket of jellies\" title=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26658\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea nettles (Chrysaora quinquecirrha), a type of stinging jellyfish, are present in the waters of the Barnegat Bay and other coastal waterways of New Jersey. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A global explosion in jellyfish populations is raising alarm in the scientific community around the world. The proliferation has threatened to shut down power plants in Israel and has tripped up commercial fishing operations in Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-%20US:official&client=firefox-a&q=map+barnegat+bay&um=1&ie=UTF-%208&hq=&hnear=0x89c198cb149883c5:0x75c8061884d5f0dd,Barnegat+Bay&gl=us&ei%20=yEGcTsqrGab20gHr_5mRDA&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=image&resnum=1&ved%20=0CB8Q8gEwAA\" target=\"_top\">Barnegat Bay\u003c/a>, separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Barrier Islands of the New Jersey shore, the consequences are a bit more mundane: swelling numbers of stinging \u003ca href=\"http://bbp.ocean.edu/pages/323.asp\" target=\"_top\">sea nettles\u003c/a> over the past decade has made swimming on some beaches impossible, and bayside homeowners are complaining that rentals are down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teams of researchers are mapping the DNA of the small, saucer-shaped sea nettles, and collecting water samples to track the conditions in which they do best. But they are also trying to answer a more basic question: how much populations are actually growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, researchers with the \u003ca href=\"http://bbp.ocean.edu/pages/1.asp\" target=\"_top\">Barnegat Bay Partnership\u003c/a> began screening local beaches with a fifty-foot net four times a week to establish population numbers. In the largest haul, they captured (and threw back) an estimated 1,400 sea nettles in one sweep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It tells us that things have changed, that something's out of balance, something is out of whack,\" said Jim Vasslides, a scientist with the environmental group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vasslides said a handful of factors are likely contributing: rising water temperatures means jellyfish in their larveal stage are surviving and thriving over the winters. Changes in water salinity is also likely a factor, as is a lack of predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nitrogen runoff in the densely populated northern areas of the watershed causes low dissolved oxygen levels in the bay and surrounding waterways, which kills off many types of fish but leave jellyfish thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/jellyfish-net-640-360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"jellyfish-net-640-360\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26659\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers recently captured (and threw back) an estimated 1,400 sea nettles along the shore in one sweep of a 50-foot net. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Finally, an increase in man-made structures in the bay, including docks and bulkheads, gives jellyfish polyps an ideal place to attach, overwinter and multiply. Ironically, the jellyfish seem to do better on plastic surfaces that started replacing pressurized wood when concerns were raised about harmful chemicals leeching into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea nettles are not just an annoyance, but can alter the balance of the entire bay ecosystem, changing the dissolved oxygen content in the water and affecting microbial communities and more visible species, Vasslides said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They'll also eat a lot of the smaller prey...that are food for bigger fish, so they could really wipe out some of these smaller fish populations,” Vasslides said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vasslides said the group hopes to expand its monitoring efforts to additional beaches next summer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/health-science/item/24354-jellyfish-explosion-in-barnegat-bay-worries-scientists-%20\">Visit WHYY's Newsworks for further coverage\u003c/a> on how the proliferation of sea nettles are affecting locals.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26395\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 259px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/01/asian-carp-an-alien-threat-to-lake-erie/lsi_poster/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26395\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-26395\" title=\"lsi_poster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/lsi_poster-259x360.jpg\" alt='\"Attack of the Alien Invaders,\" produced by WVIZ/PBS, was first created as an educational series called \"LSI: Life Science Investigation.\"' width=\"259\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"Attack of the Alien Invaders,\" produced by WVIZ/PBS, was first created as an educational series called \"LSI: Life Science Investigation.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Erie is considered to be the most productive of all five of the Great Lakes.Within its waters are diverse and interdependent plants and animals that make up an intricate web of life. Mostly due to human carelessness, the lake has become home to an increasing number of non-native plants, animals, and micro-organisms which threaten the balance of the entire ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the WVIZ/PBS program, \u003ca title=\"Attack of the Alien Invaders\" href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/programs/attack\" target=\"_blank\">Attack of the Alien Invaders\u003c/a>, Dante Centuori, Director of Creative Productions at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatscience.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Great Lakes Science Center\u003c/a> in Cleveland, Ohio, traveled in and around Lake Erie visiting with scientists and government officials who are investigating Lake Erie’s ecosystem, the challenges it has faced in the past, as well as those it may face in the future. Of particular interest was one of the biggest potential threats to the lake- a voracious invasive species collectively called “Asian carp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/asiancarp/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bighead carp\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis\u003c/em>) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/asiancarp/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Silver carp\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix\u003c/em>) were first introduced to the U.S. in the 1970s as a chemical-free and “environmentally friendly” way of cleaning up algae in southern fish farms and water treatment plants. During the Mississippi River floods of the early 1990s, these fish escaped into “The Big River” and its tributaries. Since then, these big, hungry, and prolific fish have made their way north all the way up to the back door of the Great Lakes. If they enter the Great Lakes, it is feared that these fish will continue on to Lake Erie where they could further disrupt the Great Lakes’ most productive ecosystem, with unknown long-term consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26419\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/01/asian-carp-an-alien-threat-to-lake-erie/dante_hageman/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26419\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-26419\" title=\"dante_hageman\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/dante_hageman-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dante and John Hageman\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Hageman from Ohio State's Stone Laboratory shows Dante Centuori an invasive Silver Carp.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dante first visited \u003ca href=\"http://stonelab.osu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stone Laboratory\u003c/a>, a research facility located in the Western Basin of Lake Erie in Put-in-Bay, Ohio. There, he met John Hageman who displayed, and dissected a Silver carp; revealing an anatomical structure that makes these fish particularly threatening to the food energy balance so important to Lake Erie’s native inhabitants. Dante then accompanied another Stone Lab researcher on a good old fashioned Lake Erie “fish trawl” where he came across many of the lake’s native and invasive species-- such as the omnipresent \u003ca href=\"http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_invasive_zebramussel&title=Invasive%20Invertebrates0&menu=research_invasive_invertebrates\" target=\"_blank\">zebra mussel\u003c/a> and the abundant \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=95\" target=\"_blank\">quagga mussel\u003c/a>, two detrimental invasives brought in to the Great Lakes by the ballast water of ocean-going vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dante continued on to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/ExperienceWildlifeSubHomePage/where_to_viewwildlifelandingpage/OldWomanCreekDefault/tabid/15312/Default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Old Woman Creek\u003c/a>, a national research center and fresh water estuary in nearby Huron, Ohio, where he encountered some frisky \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/commoncarp/tabid/6589/Default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>common\u003c/em> carp\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Cyprinus carpio\u003c/em>) whose behavior may help scientists predict what may happen to Ohio’s interior rivers and streams, if their distant relatives from the east choose to join them. Next, he returned to Stone Lab to investigate how the Bighead and Silver carp have influenced and impacted the native species of the Mississippi and Illinois River ecosystems. He next traveled to Lake Erie’s Central Basin- to Cleveland, Ohio for a rendezvous with a federal employee who explained how Asian carp are being monitored and controlled in one of the most probable points of entry into the Great Lakes, Chicago’s \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal\" target=\"_blank\">Shipping and Sanitary Canal\u003c/a> at the southern end of Lake Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, Dante returned to Put-In-Bay where he talked with Jeff Tyson of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohiodnr.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Department of Natural Resources\u003c/a>, who described the management techniques used to control one of the harmful invasive species in Lake Erie; the \u003ca href=\"http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_lamprey&title=...nu=research_invasive_fish\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Lamprey\u003c/a>. Could techniques similar to those used to control the Lamprey be applied in the event of an Asian carp invasion? What other plans are in place if these strange and dangerous \"jumping fish\" make it to Lake Erie? If they do, and these strategies don’t work, what’s next? Even though each expert interviewed had his or her own theory, in the end, they all agreed that it is not a scenario that they’d want to see play out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/programs/attack\" target=\"_blank\">Attack of the Alien Invaders\u003c/a>\u003c/em> was broadcasted to a general audience in January of 2011, WVIZ Education produced “\u003ca href=\"http://www.wviz.org/lsi\" target=\"_blank\">LSI: Life Science Investigation\u003c/a>,” a multi-media resource created for the classroom. Scott Barber, a teacher in Berea, Ohio, explained how this “fish story,” presented as an interactive mystery, and accompanying classroom resources on the web, has helped his students learn core life science concepts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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Mostly due to human carelessness, the lake has become home to an increasing number of non-native plants, animals, and micro-organisms which threaten the balance of the entire ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the WVIZ/PBS program, \u003ca title=\"Attack of the Alien Invaders\" href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/programs/attack\" target=\"_blank\">Attack of the Alien Invaders\u003c/a>, Dante Centuori, Director of Creative Productions at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatscience.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Great Lakes Science Center\u003c/a> in Cleveland, Ohio, traveled in and around Lake Erie visiting with scientists and government officials who are investigating Lake Erie’s ecosystem, the challenges it has faced in the past, as well as those it may face in the future. Of particular interest was one of the biggest potential threats to the lake- a voracious invasive species collectively called “Asian carp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/asiancarp/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bighead carp\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis\u003c/em>) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/asiancarp/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Silver carp\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix\u003c/em>) were first introduced to the U.S. in the 1970s as a chemical-free and “environmentally friendly” way of cleaning up algae in southern fish farms and water treatment plants. During the Mississippi River floods of the early 1990s, these fish escaped into “The Big River” and its tributaries. Since then, these big, hungry, and prolific fish have made their way north all the way up to the back door of the Great Lakes. 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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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