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"content": "\u003ch3>Environmental DNA Questions Answered\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\nEnvironmental DNA or eDNA is a surveillance tool used by scientists at the University of Notre Dame in conjunction with the Nature Conservancy to determine whether silver carp and bighead carp are present in rivers, lakes and waterways. Because there may only be a few of the carp in a large body of water, this process allows the scientists to determine the presence of these invasive species without positive visual identification. Take a look at these links for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/AsianCarp/background.htm\">Background & Risks of Asian Carp\u003c/a> \u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This US Army Corps of Engineers page is a good place to get answers to questions about Asian carp. Find out why this species was imported to the United States, why the carp are a problem, and how you can help to keep them from spreading to other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://asiancarp.org/\">Asian Carp Control\u003c/a>: The official website of the Asian Carp Regional Coordinating Committee\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spend some time clicking around on this site—it’s a treasure trove of information. You’ll find the schedule for the sampling locations and results from previous trips. There is a handy list of all the state and federal agencies involved with the Asian carp project. There’s even a poster to help you identify an Asian carp with instructions on what to do if you find one and much, much more.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nEnvironmental DNA Research in the Center for Aquatic Conservation at the University of Notre Dame\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the homepage of the eDNA research center QUEST Wisconsin visited for the story. Find out about other research going on in the field, meet the scientists and see what they’ve published on the subject.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nEnvironmental DNA Elicits Rapid Response, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/FWSJournal/regmap.cfm?arskey=30221\">US Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> journal entry\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heather Calkins writes about her experience assisting the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers by searching for silver carp after a positive “hit” of eDNA in Lake Calumet.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00158.x/pdf\">“Sight-unseen” detection of rare aquatic species using environmental DNA\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dig in deep with this scholarly letter written by the University of Notre Dame scientists in the forefront of eDNA research. Christopher Jerde, Andrew Mahon, Lindsay Chatterton, and David Lodge discuss their detailed game plan for finding elusive Asian carp in the Chicago area waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/AsianCarp/eDNA.htm\">eDNA Monitoring results\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This US Army Corps of Engineer site links you to the results from specific eDNA sample collecting trips. The Surveillance Status Map indicates where there was Asian carp eDNA found in each of the locations visited and whether it was silver or bighead carp.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nFor more information, view our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake\">Cool Critters: Lake Erie Water Snake\u003c/a> video segment. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Share additional websites you’ve found helpful in the comment section.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Back from the Brink of Extinction: Habitat Map for the Lake Erie Watersnake",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=208024940467549961124.0004aef4d7bca01f23305&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.708804,-82.76001&spn=0.246051,0.438766&z=11&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=208024940467549961124.0004aef4d7bca01f23305&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.708804,-82.76001&spn=0.246051,0.438766&z=11&source=embed\">Lake Erie watersnake Habitat\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"George Viebranz\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\" target=\"_blank\">George Viebranz\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"QUEST Ohio\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Snakes! Why’d it have to be snakes?”\u003c/em> – Indiana Jones\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 16, 2011 the Lake Erie watersnake became only the 23\u003csup>rd\u003c/sup> species to ever be removed, or “de-listed,” from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s list of endangered and threatened wildlife. For the nearly 2,500 species on the list, the odds are stacked against recovery once a species starts a rapid decrease in numbers. So how did the \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=255809\">Lake Erie watersnake\u003c/a>, or LEWS, beat the odds? It took some scientists, a plan, and quite a bit of unexpected luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Lake Erie Islands were commercially developed for recreational water sports and vacation homes, the snakes’ shoreline habitat and much of its food source were drastically altered. Because the snakes have one of the smallest geographic ranges in the world – only found in about 100 square miles of Lake Erie in the U.S. and Canada – their survival was threatened. Their summer basking areas and winter hibernation places were disturbed, as was their food supply of bottom dwelling fishes. Add to that peoples’ general dislike of snakes, and a desire to remove them from the Lake Erie resort area, and you can see why these animals were in trouble. In the early 1990s the snakes’ population had been estimated at fewer than 2,000. They were first placed on the \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/boxScore.jsp\">Federal Endangered and Threatened Species List\u003c/a> in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Placement on the list meant that a monitoring and recovery plan had to be implemented. Kristin Stanford, a herpetologist with Northern Illinois University, became the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the LEWS. For the first several years of the recovery plan the focus was on answering several unknowns about the snake. Were the populations still decreasing? How much shoreline habitat do Lake Erie watersnakes need? Where do they hibernate in the winter? Despite the intensive efforts of the scientists assigned to the recovery project, the outlook for the LEWS was still uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then a remarkable change took place. By monitoring the populations, the scientists began to find more and more of a relatively new non-native fish species, the Eurasian \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=713\">round goby\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Neogobius melanstomus\u003c/em>), in the snakes’ diet. The gobies accidentally came to Lake Erie in the ballast water of ocean-going cargo ships during the mid-1990s. To navigate the St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes, cargo ships had to pump out ballast water to float higher in the shallow waters. With the ballast came the gobies. The gobies had been taken up when the ships pumped in ballast water from ports in the Caspian and Black Seas. The ballast water helped to stabilize the ships as they navigated the rougher and deeper Atlantic Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The round gobies’ diet consisted of the non-native zebra mussels, but also native fish eggs and small fry (very young fish). The Western Basin of Lake Erie, filled with yellow perch, smallmouth bass, walleye, and other native game fish, became a favorite eating stop for the gobies. Schools of gobies were capable of devouring entire nests of unprotected eggs in less than a half-hour, and the future of the native sport fish was being threatened by this new invader. In just 5 years, the Lake Erie water snakes were able to adapt to the changing conditions in the lake and they put the gobies on \u003cem>their\u003c/em> dinner table! In fact, more than 90% of the Lake Erie watersnakes diet is now made up of round gobies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2004, the Lake Erie water snakes have thrived because of their protected status and the abundant food source that the gobies provided. They increased their survivorship rate, their reproduction rate, their physical growth rate, and their population numbers – now estimated at 12,000 – 15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what next for the LEWS? They will be monitored for at least five more years under a “post de-listing” monitoring plan. More than 300 miles of Lake Erie shoreline has been marked as protected nature preserve. And their new neighbors – humans – are learning to ‘Respect the Snake’ after they came back from the brink of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Placement on the list meant that a monitoring and recovery plan had to be implemented. Kristin Stanford, a herpetologist with Northern Illinois University, became the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the LEWS. For the first several years of the recovery plan the focus was on answering several unknowns about the snake. Were the populations still decreasing? How much shoreline habitat do Lake Erie watersnakes need? Where do they hibernate in the winter? Despite the intensive efforts of the scientists assigned to the recovery project, the outlook for the LEWS was still uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then a remarkable change took place. By monitoring the populations, the scientists began to find more and more of a relatively new non-native fish species, the Eurasian \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=713\">round goby\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Neogobius melanstomus\u003c/em>), in the snakes’ diet. The gobies accidentally came to Lake Erie in the ballast water of ocean-going cargo ships during the mid-1990s. To navigate the St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes, cargo ships had to pump out ballast water to float higher in the shallow waters. With the ballast came the gobies. The gobies had been taken up when the ships pumped in ballast water from ports in the Caspian and Black Seas. The ballast water helped to stabilize the ships as they navigated the rougher and deeper Atlantic Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The round gobies’ diet consisted of the non-native zebra mussels, but also native fish eggs and small fry (very young fish). The Western Basin of Lake Erie, filled with yellow perch, smallmouth bass, walleye, and other native game fish, became a favorite eating stop for the gobies. Schools of gobies were capable of devouring entire nests of unprotected eggs in less than a half-hour, and the future of the native sport fish was being threatened by this new invader. In just 5 years, the Lake Erie water snakes were able to adapt to the changing conditions in the lake and they put the gobies on \u003cem>their\u003c/em> dinner table! In fact, more than 90% of the Lake Erie watersnakes diet is now made up of round gobies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2004, the Lake Erie water snakes have thrived because of their protected status and the abundant food source that the gobies provided. They increased their survivorship rate, their reproduction rate, their physical growth rate, and their population numbers – now estimated at 12,000 – 15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what next for the LEWS? They will be monitored for at least five more years under a “post de-listing” monitoring plan. More than 300 miles of Lake Erie shoreline has been marked as protected nature preserve. And their new neighbors – humans – are learning to ‘Respect the Snake’ after they came back from the brink of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“You’re taking your life in your own hands if you go waterskiing on some parts of the Illinois River,” observes aquatic invasive species expert \u003ca href=\"http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=538\">Phil Moy\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=538\">University of Wisconsin Sea Grant\u003c/a>. He’s talking about the Silver Asian Carp that have infiltrated much of the Mississippi River System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threat to life and limb comes from the carp leaping out of the water when startled by loud noise, like the roar of an engine. It’s changed life and culture in communities along the Illinois River south of Peoria. Bath, Illinois, hosts an annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.redneckfishingtournament.net/\">Redneck Fishing Tournament\u003c/a> where fisherman compete for the largest haul of Silver Carp either by catching them mid-air with a net or just letting them flop into the boat. The most recent competition netted nearly nine thousand of the invasive fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in the river have been much more dramatic, and destructive, for native species. The Silver carp and the related Bighead carp are crowding out more desirable fish. “They are quite prolific and they can compete directly with other fish that eat the plant plankton or animal plankton. And animal plankton forms the first food for essentially every sport fish species,” says Moy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That voracious appetite for plankton is the reason Asian carp were first imported to the United States. Commercial catfish farmers in the South employed them to keep their ponds clean and clear. But flooding allowed the fish entry into the Mississippi ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asian_Carp_300.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24927\" title=\"Asian_Carp_300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asian_Carp_300-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"asian carp\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>As carp populations have expanded northward, the fish have gotten closer and closer to Lake Michigan. If they become established in the Great Lakes, they have the potential to wipe out a seven billion dollar fishery. “The commercial fishery regularly refers to itself as the largest fresh water fishery in the world” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatlakeswaterwars.com/about.htm\">Peter Annin\u003c/a>, author of \u003ca href=\"http://greatlakeswaterwars.com/\">The Great Lakes Water Wars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once the toothpaste is outside the tube, it's really hard to put it back in. And so, there's a lot of effort, energy going into preventing these Asian carp from ever entering the Great Lakes,” says Annin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most direct route for the carp to reach Lake Michigan is through the Chicago Sanitary and Shipping Canal which connects to the Des Plaines River which flows into the Illinois. The canal is a man-made link between the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems constructed over one hundred years ago. It was a way for Chicago to flush its sewage away from Lake Michigan, the source of its drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create a chokepoint to prevent the fish from getting any closer, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/\">US Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> has maintained an electric barrier on the canal. “Like a cattle fence that keeps those fish from moving to the next basin,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/fieldstations/ltrm/kevin.html\">Kevin Irons\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/Pages/default.aspx\">Illinois Department of Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The barrier works by sending electrical waves into the water that repel fish. While it has been proven effective on test fish with transmitters, evidence of Asian carp upstream of the barrier has raised questions and a call to close the canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For years, environmentalists have called for the closure of the Chicago artificial connection,” says Annin. “They were kind of laughed away. The laughter has subsided somewhat in recent years because of the threat of the Asian carp knocking on the door of the Great Lakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“You’re taking your life in your own hands if you go waterskiing on some parts of the Illinois River,” observes aquatic invasive species expert \u003ca href=\"http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=538\">Phil Moy\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=538\">University of Wisconsin Sea Grant\u003c/a>. He’s talking about the Silver Asian Carp that have infiltrated much of the Mississippi River System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threat to life and limb comes from the carp leaping out of the water when startled by loud noise, like the roar of an engine. It’s changed life and culture in communities along the Illinois River south of Peoria. Bath, Illinois, hosts an annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.redneckfishingtournament.net/\">Redneck Fishing Tournament\u003c/a> where fisherman compete for the largest haul of Silver Carp either by catching them mid-air with a net or just letting them flop into the boat. The most recent competition netted nearly nine thousand of the invasive fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in the river have been much more dramatic, and destructive, for native species. The Silver carp and the related Bighead carp are crowding out more desirable fish. “They are quite prolific and they can compete directly with other fish that eat the plant plankton or animal plankton. And animal plankton forms the first food for essentially every sport fish species,” says Moy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That voracious appetite for plankton is the reason Asian carp were first imported to the United States. Commercial catfish farmers in the South employed them to keep their ponds clean and clear. But flooding allowed the fish entry into the Mississippi ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asian_Carp_300.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24927\" title=\"Asian_Carp_300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asian_Carp_300-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"asian carp\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>As carp populations have expanded northward, the fish have gotten closer and closer to Lake Michigan. If they become established in the Great Lakes, they have the potential to wipe out a seven billion dollar fishery. “The commercial fishery regularly refers to itself as the largest fresh water fishery in the world” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatlakeswaterwars.com/about.htm\">Peter Annin\u003c/a>, author of \u003ca href=\"http://greatlakeswaterwars.com/\">The Great Lakes Water Wars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once the toothpaste is outside the tube, it's really hard to put it back in. And so, there's a lot of effort, energy going into preventing these Asian carp from ever entering the Great Lakes,” says Annin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most direct route for the carp to reach Lake Michigan is through the Chicago Sanitary and Shipping Canal which connects to the Des Plaines River which flows into the Illinois. The canal is a man-made link between the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems constructed over one hundred years ago. It was a way for Chicago to flush its sewage away from Lake Michigan, the source of its drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create a chokepoint to prevent the fish from getting any closer, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/\">US Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> has maintained an electric barrier on the canal. “Like a cattle fence that keeps those fish from moving to the next basin,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/fieldstations/ltrm/kevin.html\">Kevin Irons\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/Pages/default.aspx\">Illinois Department of Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The barrier works by sending electrical waves into the water that repel fish. While it has been proven effective on test fish with transmitters, evidence of Asian carp upstream of the barrier has raised questions and a call to close the canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For years, environmentalists have called for the closure of the Chicago artificial connection,” says Annin. “They were kind of laughed away. The laughter has subsided somewhat in recent years because of the threat of the Asian carp knocking on the door of the Great Lakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cool Critters: Lake Erie Water Snake",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Jean O'Malley\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"QUEST Ohio\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within and along the waters of Lake Erie (one of the five Great Lakes), there is a daily struggle for survival between natives and unwelcome invasive species. Most times, these unwanted invaders have negative consequences for the lake’s long-standing residents. However, there are rare occasions when the \u003cem>native\u003c/em> actually benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Stanford, herpetologist, researcher, and snake lover from Northern Illinois University, has been observing this struggle for over ten years as the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the Lake Erie water snake. She works out of \u003ca href=\"http://stonelab.osu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ohio State University’s Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> on South Bass Island in western Lake Erie. An expert on these snakes, Kristin, aka “The Island Snake Lady,” works hard to educate students and the public about them, and encourages the islanders to co-exist peacefully with their slithery neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-23858 \" title=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS4-395x253.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" width=\"395\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of six species of snake found on South Bass Island, \u003ca href=\"http://respectthesnake.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Erie water snakes\u003c/a> (or LEWS for short) are a species found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, in Ohio and southern Ontario, Canada. The reason the water snakes were listed as a state endangered, federally threatened species in 1999 was due to three primary threats to their population – low population size, habitat destruction, and human persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.visitputinbay.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Bass Island\u003c/a> is a very popular spot for vacationers, with homes built along the shore, boats in the harbor, and hundreds of visitors rattling around the island on golf carts every day. It’s not too far across the water from nearby Cedar Point Amusement Park. Kristin invited us out to the island, one of a series of three small islands – South, Middle and North Bass Islands – to search for snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does one count snakes? Kristin takes a group of five to ten hardy volunteers to fourteen different study sites on the island, to – as she says – “scour the shore line” for all of the adult snakes that they are able to catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin’s prime hunting ground is the Scheeff East Point Nature Preserve on the northern point of the island. Our production crew arrived on a hot and humid June morning to find that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayflynews.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mayflies \u003c/a>had invaded the island, adding to the gross factor of our visit. These insects flew up out of the grass and covered our heads, clothes, and equipment. Luckily, they don’t bite as they don’t even have mouths! Their only career goal is to mate, lay eggs in the lake and die within three days. Once we got used to the mayflies, we turned our attention to snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23855\" title=\"Hunting for LEWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS3-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Hunting for LEWS\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hunting for LEWS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some of their study sites, the researchers place heavy black mats on the ground. The snakes love to snuggle under the mats to keep warm. Kristin warned us that one mat in particular has been doing really well. “When I lift it up, there’s probably going to be about forty snakes underneath.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YIKES! She wasn’t kidding. There were a bunch, and she gamely grabbed two handfuls of the writhing reptiles. Normally she has several people to help her. Today, she struggled by herself, and managed to get a few into a pillowcase she had brought along as a snake catching bag. And yes, they bite, but they’re not poisonous. She does get bitten in the course of gathering snakes, but they’re usually gone by the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin and her colleagues estimate the number of water snakes by utilizing “mark and recapture techniques.” They insert a small microchip called a pit tag under the skin of the adult snakes they capture, and use the ratio of marked animals to unmarked animals to generate population and density estimates for the Lake Erie water snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin plucks a snake out of the grass near the lake shore, and points out the green mark on its back that means it’s been captured and given a pit tag recently. “So what we can do then is scan it and get the pit tag number and re-release it relatively quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After we catch the animals, we take some appropriate and annual regular data on them including snout to vent length, mass, we score them for sex and color pattern, and then we also look for the presence of recently consumed prey items. And all that involves is looking for a little bulge inside the snake’s belly. When we see that, we slowly and gently regurgitate that and then we will bring those samples back to the laboratory for further analysis and we identify them to species and that’s how we’re able to determine that the water snakes are eating about 90% round gobies now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are\u003ca href=\"http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_invasive_goby&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> round gobies\u003c/a>? No, they’re not fancy marbles. They are a small invasive fish species to Lake Erie, from the Black and Caspian Seas, arriving in the ballast of cargo ships about the mid-1990s. They are considered a very harmful species because they are voracious nest predators for many of Lake Erie’s bottom-dwelling fish and game fish. They gobble up all of the eggs and fry in a very short period of time. And there are BILLIONS of them in Lake Erie now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-23854\" title=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS2-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, normally there is not much good to say about an invasive species. But Kristin explained, “It was about the mid to late 1990s when we started seeing gobies pop up in Lake Erie water snake diet samples.” As they continued to study the snakes, they started seeing more and more gobies popping up in their diet samples, and now, Kristin tells us, round gobies are about 90% of the water snake’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what effect is this new menu item having on the Lake Erie water snake? Kristin and her colleagues have been able to show that, since the water snakes have been eating round gobies, “they have increased their growth rate, they’ve increased their maximum body size, so they can grow bigger than they ever could before, they’ve increased their reproductive rate, as well as their survival rate, and population growth rate.” The result – a population explosion of water snakes on the Lake Erie Islands, and also the nearby mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due in part to the impact of the round gobies, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/lews/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service\u003c/a> announced on August 15 that the Lake Erie water snake has been removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife. And that is – at least from the point of view of the snakes AND the Island Snake Lady – “a really great ending to our story.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Jean O'Malley\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"QUEST Ohio\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within and along the waters of Lake Erie (one of the five Great Lakes), there is a daily struggle for survival between natives and unwelcome invasive species. Most times, these unwanted invaders have negative consequences for the lake’s long-standing residents. However, there are rare occasions when the \u003cem>native\u003c/em> actually benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Stanford, herpetologist, researcher, and snake lover from Northern Illinois University, has been observing this struggle for over ten years as the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the Lake Erie water snake. She works out of \u003ca href=\"http://stonelab.osu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ohio State University’s Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> on South Bass Island in western Lake Erie. An expert on these snakes, Kristin, aka “The Island Snake Lady,” works hard to educate students and the public about them, and encourages the islanders to co-exist peacefully with their slithery neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-23858 \" title=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS4-395x253.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" width=\"395\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of six species of snake found on South Bass Island, \u003ca href=\"http://respectthesnake.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Erie water snakes\u003c/a> (or LEWS for short) are a species found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, in Ohio and southern Ontario, Canada. The reason the water snakes were listed as a state endangered, federally threatened species in 1999 was due to three primary threats to their population – low population size, habitat destruction, and human persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.visitputinbay.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Bass Island\u003c/a> is a very popular spot for vacationers, with homes built along the shore, boats in the harbor, and hundreds of visitors rattling around the island on golf carts every day. It’s not too far across the water from nearby Cedar Point Amusement Park. Kristin invited us out to the island, one of a series of three small islands – South, Middle and North Bass Islands – to search for snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does one count snakes? Kristin takes a group of five to ten hardy volunteers to fourteen different study sites on the island, to – as she says – “scour the shore line” for all of the adult snakes that they are able to catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin’s prime hunting ground is the Scheeff East Point Nature Preserve on the northern point of the island. Our production crew arrived on a hot and humid June morning to find that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayflynews.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mayflies \u003c/a>had invaded the island, adding to the gross factor of our visit. These insects flew up out of the grass and covered our heads, clothes, and equipment. Luckily, they don’t bite as they don’t even have mouths! Their only career goal is to mate, lay eggs in the lake and die within three days. Once we got used to the mayflies, we turned our attention to snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23855\" title=\"Hunting for LEWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS3-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Hunting for LEWS\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hunting for LEWS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some of their study sites, the researchers place heavy black mats on the ground. The snakes love to snuggle under the mats to keep warm. Kristin warned us that one mat in particular has been doing really well. “When I lift it up, there’s probably going to be about forty snakes underneath.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YIKES! She wasn’t kidding. There were a bunch, and she gamely grabbed two handfuls of the writhing reptiles. Normally she has several people to help her. Today, she struggled by herself, and managed to get a few into a pillowcase she had brought along as a snake catching bag. And yes, they bite, but they’re not poisonous. She does get bitten in the course of gathering snakes, but they’re usually gone by the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin and her colleagues estimate the number of water snakes by utilizing “mark and recapture techniques.” They insert a small microchip called a pit tag under the skin of the adult snakes they capture, and use the ratio of marked animals to unmarked animals to generate population and density estimates for the Lake Erie water snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin plucks a snake out of the grass near the lake shore, and points out the green mark on its back that means it’s been captured and given a pit tag recently. “So what we can do then is scan it and get the pit tag number and re-release it relatively quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After we catch the animals, we take some appropriate and annual regular data on them including snout to vent length, mass, we score them for sex and color pattern, and then we also look for the presence of recently consumed prey items. And all that involves is looking for a little bulge inside the snake’s belly. When we see that, we slowly and gently regurgitate that and then we will bring those samples back to the laboratory for further analysis and we identify them to species and that’s how we’re able to determine that the water snakes are eating about 90% round gobies now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are\u003ca href=\"http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_invasive_goby&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> round gobies\u003c/a>? No, they’re not fancy marbles. They are a small invasive fish species to Lake Erie, from the Black and Caspian Seas, arriving in the ballast of cargo ships about the mid-1990s. They are considered a very harmful species because they are voracious nest predators for many of Lake Erie’s bottom-dwelling fish and game fish. They gobble up all of the eggs and fry in a very short period of time. And there are BILLIONS of them in Lake Erie now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-23854\" title=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS2-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, normally there is not much good to say about an invasive species. But Kristin explained, “It was about the mid to late 1990s when we started seeing gobies pop up in Lake Erie water snake diet samples.” As they continued to study the snakes, they started seeing more and more gobies popping up in their diet samples, and now, Kristin tells us, round gobies are about 90% of the water snake’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what effect is this new menu item having on the Lake Erie water snake? Kristin and her colleagues have been able to show that, since the water snakes have been eating round gobies, “they have increased their growth rate, they’ve increased their maximum body size, so they can grow bigger than they ever could before, they’ve increased their reproductive rate, as well as their survival rate, and population growth rate.” The result – a population explosion of water snakes on the Lake Erie Islands, and also the nearby mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due in part to the impact of the round gobies, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/lews/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service\u003c/a> announced on August 15 that the Lake Erie water snake has been removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife. And that is – at least from the point of view of the snakes AND the Island Snake Lady – “a really great ending to our story.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/fruit-fly.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/fruit-fly-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fruit fly\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26504\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from UC Berkeley sheds light on how our bodies respond to food, making room for more when it is available and shrinking the gut when food is scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers investigated how stem cells in the gut of the fruit fly respond when different amounts of food are present. They found that when food is abundant, stem cells in the gut divide more rapidly, increasing the size of the gut as long as food continues to be available. When food is removed, the cells stop dividing and the gut shrinks down again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real surprise was that the fruit fly intestine is capable of secreting its own insulin,” said principle investigator David Bilder in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/26562\">press release\u003c/a>. “This intestinal insulin spikes immediately after feeding and talks directly to stem cells, so the intestine controls its own adaptation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insulin is also the primary signaling molecule for converting blood sugar into usable energy in muscles, and storing it as fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the current findings mean for human physiology or chronic overeating is still unknown, but it raises many new questions regarding the role of intestinal stem cells and metabolism.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/fruit-fly.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/fruit-fly-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fruit fly\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26504\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from UC Berkeley sheds light on how our bodies respond to food, making room for more when it is available and shrinking the gut when food is scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers investigated how stem cells in the gut of the fruit fly respond when different amounts of food are present. They found that when food is abundant, stem cells in the gut divide more rapidly, increasing the size of the gut as long as food continues to be available. When food is removed, the cells stop dividing and the gut shrinks down again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real surprise was that the fruit fly intestine is capable of secreting its own insulin,” said principle investigator David Bilder in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/26562\">press release\u003c/a>. “This intestinal insulin spikes immediately after feeding and talks directly to stem cells, so the intestine controls its own adaptation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insulin is also the primary signaling molecule for converting blood sugar into usable energy in muscles, and storing it as fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sanctuary for Whales, Sanctuary for Sharks ",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26250\" title=\"sharksanctuary640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"sharksanctuary\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Yesterday I led another expedition out into the Gulf of the Farallones on the Outer Limits with Captain Jimmy. These wildlife tours transit the waters of the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> and visit the southeast Farallon Island, then continue on to the continental shelf where the coastal plane drops into the abyss of the deep sea. Primarily billed as whale watching, these trips are really about the entire ecosystem, and when I’m aboard, we talk shark, because sharks are what I love, study, advocate and protect through my non-profit Sea Stewards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m always amazed at how many San Franciscans are aboard and who have never been on the waters of the Sanctuary, much less out to the islands. The trips start with some trepidation about the weather, the wind and waves and the 27-mile transit to the islands. The nervousness fades as we immediately see several small harbor porpoises before we even cross beneath the Golden Gate. There are more of these shy cetaceans than I have ever seen, and local researcher \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ggcetacean.org/\" href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/\">Bill Keener of Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a> confirms that the small dolphins have returned to the San Francisco Bay after an absence of approximately 65 years. Their recent foraging in the bay may be an indicator of the health of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearing Point Bonita, we enter the shipping channel and begin our search for whales, but it is the pelagic seabirds that first greet us. We are currently experiencing a changing of the guard in the transition between seasons. The productive ecosystem off the coast of California has three oceanographic seasons: upwelling season in the spring and early summer; relaxation in the late summer and fall; the storm season in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the upwelling season (March-July), strong northwest winds and the south flowing California current combine with the earth's rotation to drive surface waters away from the shore. These surface waters are replaced by an upwelling of nutrient-rich deeper water from offshore. The nutrients become available for surface dwelling phytoplankton (microscopic marine algae). Phytoplankton form the foundation of this oceanic food web and the combination of nutrients and increased sunlight in spring initiates a bloom of life that radiates up the food web from small shrimp called krill to the great whales. An abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and young fish are food for animals at higher levels of the marine food web. During the summer months endangered blue, humpback and other species of whales visit our National Marine Sanctuaries of Monterey, the Gulf of the Farallones and the Cordell Bank to feed on this abundance of krill. Here's a video from a summer trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/qfNu54GBOHU\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the season is in the relaxation mode, and the calm seas and sunny skies help relax the passengers as we watch pelagic and double-crested cormorants, arctic terns and marbled murrelets wing past. The islands are in sight, but no whales so far. With less food, the humpback whales are making their exit as the California gray whales enter our waters in their annual migration from the feeding grounds near Alaska to the warm lagoons of Baja California Mexico where they calve. The gray whale is a success story. Hunted to extinction in the Atlantic, and with a few hundred individuals in the eastern Pacific, protections afforded under the Marine Mammal Protection Act has allowed this population to increase to well over 20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mid-channel, we are alerted by another vessel, The Salty Lady, that they are onto humpback whales. Captain Jimmy turns back towards the mainland and we see four humpback whales slowly swimming south. After a half hour, we head back to the islands and soon sea a California gray whale engaging in what looks like feeding near the south side of the Island. Nearby are two \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\" href=\"http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\">shark-watching\u003c/a> boats and I wonder if the divers inside the cage witness the whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out near the continental shelf, we are joined by over one hundred Pacific white-sided dolphins and among them northern right whale dolphins. The large pod of dolphins swim alongside us, surfing the bow wave as they head north past Middle Rock and north Farallon Islands towards Point Reyes and the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\" href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\">Cordell Bank\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the great whales migrate, so too do the great white sharks which visit the islands during this season to feed. As we discuss sharks on our way back to San Francisco, I reflect that like the whales. We can protect them in our sanctuary, but we can't protect them as they transit the open sea in their great migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the whales, sharks need protection locally and internationally and require shark sanctuaries, protection from fisheries on the high seas and at home, and shark finning banned worldwide. Perhaps one of the most important things we can do is to protect sharks that are reproducing and to protect nurseries like the southern California bight for white sharks and the San Francisco Bay for sevengill sharks, soupfin sharks and the smaller hound sharks that pup there. Through our Shark Steward program with \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.tirn.net/\" href=\"http://www.tirn.net/\">The Turtle Island Restoration Network\u003c/a>, we are now developing a \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\" href=\"http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\">San Francisco Shark Sanctuary\u003c/a> to protect local sharks reproducing in the bay so that sharks will continue to swim the waters of California.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26250\" title=\"sharksanctuary640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"sharksanctuary\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Yesterday I led another expedition out into the Gulf of the Farallones on the Outer Limits with Captain Jimmy. These wildlife tours transit the waters of the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> and visit the southeast Farallon Island, then continue on to the continental shelf where the coastal plane drops into the abyss of the deep sea. Primarily billed as whale watching, these trips are really about the entire ecosystem, and when I’m aboard, we talk shark, because sharks are what I love, study, advocate and protect through my non-profit Sea Stewards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m always amazed at how many San Franciscans are aboard and who have never been on the waters of the Sanctuary, much less out to the islands. The trips start with some trepidation about the weather, the wind and waves and the 27-mile transit to the islands. The nervousness fades as we immediately see several small harbor porpoises before we even cross beneath the Golden Gate. There are more of these shy cetaceans than I have ever seen, and local researcher \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ggcetacean.org/\" href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/\">Bill Keener of Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a> confirms that the small dolphins have returned to the San Francisco Bay after an absence of approximately 65 years. Their recent foraging in the bay may be an indicator of the health of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearing Point Bonita, we enter the shipping channel and begin our search for whales, but it is the pelagic seabirds that first greet us. We are currently experiencing a changing of the guard in the transition between seasons. The productive ecosystem off the coast of California has three oceanographic seasons: upwelling season in the spring and early summer; relaxation in the late summer and fall; the storm season in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the upwelling season (March-July), strong northwest winds and the south flowing California current combine with the earth's rotation to drive surface waters away from the shore. These surface waters are replaced by an upwelling of nutrient-rich deeper water from offshore. The nutrients become available for surface dwelling phytoplankton (microscopic marine algae). Phytoplankton form the foundation of this oceanic food web and the combination of nutrients and increased sunlight in spring initiates a bloom of life that radiates up the food web from small shrimp called krill to the great whales. An abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and young fish are food for animals at higher levels of the marine food web. During the summer months endangered blue, humpback and other species of whales visit our National Marine Sanctuaries of Monterey, the Gulf of the Farallones and the Cordell Bank to feed on this abundance of krill. Here's a video from a summer trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/qfNu54GBOHU\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the season is in the relaxation mode, and the calm seas and sunny skies help relax the passengers as we watch pelagic and double-crested cormorants, arctic terns and marbled murrelets wing past. The islands are in sight, but no whales so far. With less food, the humpback whales are making their exit as the California gray whales enter our waters in their annual migration from the feeding grounds near Alaska to the warm lagoons of Baja California Mexico where they calve. The gray whale is a success story. Hunted to extinction in the Atlantic, and with a few hundred individuals in the eastern Pacific, protections afforded under the Marine Mammal Protection Act has allowed this population to increase to well over 20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mid-channel, we are alerted by another vessel, The Salty Lady, that they are onto humpback whales. Captain Jimmy turns back towards the mainland and we see four humpback whales slowly swimming south. After a half hour, we head back to the islands and soon sea a California gray whale engaging in what looks like feeding near the south side of the Island. Nearby are two \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\" href=\"http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\">shark-watching\u003c/a> boats and I wonder if the divers inside the cage witness the whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out near the continental shelf, we are joined by over one hundred Pacific white-sided dolphins and among them northern right whale dolphins. The large pod of dolphins swim alongside us, surfing the bow wave as they head north past Middle Rock and north Farallon Islands towards Point Reyes and the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\" href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\">Cordell Bank\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the great whales migrate, so too do the great white sharks which visit the islands during this season to feed. As we discuss sharks on our way back to San Francisco, I reflect that like the whales. We can protect them in our sanctuary, but we can't protect them as they transit the open sea in their great migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the whales, sharks need protection locally and internationally and require shark sanctuaries, protection from fisheries on the high seas and at home, and shark finning banned worldwide. Perhaps one of the most important things we can do is to protect sharks that are reproducing and to protect nurseries like the southern California bight for white sharks and the San Francisco Bay for sevengill sharks, soupfin sharks and the smaller hound sharks that pup there. Through our Shark Steward program with \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.tirn.net/\" href=\"http://www.tirn.net/\">The Turtle Island Restoration Network\u003c/a>, we are now developing a \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\" href=\"http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\">San Francisco Shark Sanctuary\u003c/a> to protect local sharks reproducing in the bay so that sharks will continue to swim the waters of California.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/festival.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/festival-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"festival\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26227\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/\">The Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a>, a 10-day celebration of science, starts this week. There are over 50 exciting events throughout the Bay Area, including hikes, lectures, and concerts. From a day of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/stanford-the-tech/\">hands-on activities with Stanford’s Genetics department\u003c/a> to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/hawk-talk-banding-demonstration/\">hawk talk\u003c/a> in the Marin Headlands, from an \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/explore-what-you-eat-hands-on-science-at-east-bay-farmers%E2%80%99-markets/\">exploration of food at the farmers’ market\u003c/a> to a screening of the movie \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/02/are-we-alone-a-special-screening-of-contact-with-jill-tarter/\">Contact\u003c/a> with astronomer Jill Tarter (on whom Jodie Foster’s character was based), there is something for everyone.\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the highlights: MythBuster Adam Savage will talk with author Mary Roach about her book \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/02/packing-for-mars/\">Packing for Mars\u003c/a>. Science writer Carl Zimmer will talk with two UCSF scientists about tiny friends and foes in \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/04/gut-check-the-hidden-world-of-microbes-in-your-body/\">Gut Check: The Hidden World of Microbes\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/04/radiolablive-2/\">RadioLab\u003c/a> will be live at Berkeley’s Zellerbach Hall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/dinosvsrobots.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/dinosvsrobots-275x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dinosvsrobots\" width=\"275\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Check out Dinosaurs vs. Robots at the Lawrence Hall of Science on Sunday, October 30.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/30/robots-vs-dinosaurs/\">Dinosaurs vs. Robots\u003c/a> at the Lawrence Hall of Science, you can do hands-on activities to see for yourself which is the most awesome: paleontology or engineering. KQED will moderate a discussion, \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/events/#challenge-promise-artificial-intelligence-bay\">The Challenge and Promise of Artificial Intelligence\u003c/a>, with researchers from Microsoft and Google at the Computer History Museum in San Jose. And there are three Discovery Days, packed with free shows, exhibits, and games. The Discovery Days are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/discovery-days-at-cal-state-east-bay/\">Cal State East Bay\u003c/a> (10/29), \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/05/discovery-days-at-infineon-raceway/\">Infineon Raceway\u003c/a> (11/5), and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/06/dd-at-att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a> (11/6). If you go, keep an eye out for QUEST’s table! Find more fun stuff on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/schedule/month/\">calendar\u003c/a>—be sure to click over to see the events in November, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Science Festival is part of a growing movement to celebrate science in the community. The festivals bring together different organizations and individuals to engage diverse audiences in science. The Bay Area Science Festival is organized by the \u003ca href=\"http://biochemistry.ucsf.edu/programs/sep/\">Science and Heath Education Partnership\u003c/a> at the University of California, San Francisco—along with dozens of partners. \u003ca href=\"http://sciencefestivals.org/about-/what-is-a-science-festival.html\">Science festivals\u003c/a> started in the UK; now there are annual festivals in Philadelphia and Cambridge, Mass. And last year the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.usasciencefestival.org/\">USA Science and Engineering Festival\u003c/a> descended on the National Mall in Washington DC. To find a science festival near you, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://sciencefestivals.org/index.php/go-to-a-festival.html\">map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ll be representing the Lawrence Hall of Science at the Discovery Day in AT&T Park on Sunday November 6—the Festival’s finale. Hope to see you there! \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/festival.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/festival-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"festival\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26227\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/\">The Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a>, a 10-day celebration of science, starts this week. There are over 50 exciting events throughout the Bay Area, including hikes, lectures, and concerts. From a day of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/stanford-the-tech/\">hands-on activities with Stanford’s Genetics department\u003c/a> to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/hawk-talk-banding-demonstration/\">hawk talk\u003c/a> in the Marin Headlands, from an \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/explore-what-you-eat-hands-on-science-at-east-bay-farmers%E2%80%99-markets/\">exploration of food at the farmers’ market\u003c/a> to a screening of the movie \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/02/are-we-alone-a-special-screening-of-contact-with-jill-tarter/\">Contact\u003c/a> with astronomer Jill Tarter (on whom Jodie Foster’s character was based), there is something for everyone.\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the highlights: MythBuster Adam Savage will talk with author Mary Roach about her book \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/02/packing-for-mars/\">Packing for Mars\u003c/a>. Science writer Carl Zimmer will talk with two UCSF scientists about tiny friends and foes in \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/04/gut-check-the-hidden-world-of-microbes-in-your-body/\">Gut Check: The Hidden World of Microbes\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/04/radiolablive-2/\">RadioLab\u003c/a> will be live at Berkeley’s Zellerbach Hall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/dinosvsrobots.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/dinosvsrobots-275x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dinosvsrobots\" width=\"275\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Check out Dinosaurs vs. Robots at the Lawrence Hall of Science on Sunday, October 30.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/30/robots-vs-dinosaurs/\">Dinosaurs vs. Robots\u003c/a> at the Lawrence Hall of Science, you can do hands-on activities to see for yourself which is the most awesome: paleontology or engineering. KQED will moderate a discussion, \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/events/#challenge-promise-artificial-intelligence-bay\">The Challenge and Promise of Artificial Intelligence\u003c/a>, with researchers from Microsoft and Google at the Computer History Museum in San Jose. And there are three Discovery Days, packed with free shows, exhibits, and games. The Discovery Days are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/discovery-days-at-cal-state-east-bay/\">Cal State East Bay\u003c/a> (10/29), \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/05/discovery-days-at-infineon-raceway/\">Infineon Raceway\u003c/a> (11/5), and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/06/dd-at-att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a> (11/6). If you go, keep an eye out for QUEST’s table! Find more fun stuff on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/schedule/month/\">calendar\u003c/a>—be sure to click over to see the events in November, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Science Festival is part of a growing movement to celebrate science in the community. The festivals bring together different organizations and individuals to engage diverse audiences in science. The Bay Area Science Festival is organized by the \u003ca href=\"http://biochemistry.ucsf.edu/programs/sep/\">Science and Heath Education Partnership\u003c/a> at the University of California, San Francisco—along with dozens of partners. \u003ca href=\"http://sciencefestivals.org/about-/what-is-a-science-festival.html\">Science festivals\u003c/a> started in the UK; now there are annual festivals in Philadelphia and Cambridge, Mass. And last year the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.usasciencefestival.org/\">USA Science and Engineering Festival\u003c/a> descended on the National Mall in Washington DC. To find a science festival near you, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://sciencefestivals.org/index.php/go-to-a-festival.html\">map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ll be representing the Lawrence Hall of Science at the Discovery Day in AT&T Park on Sunday November 6—the Festival’s finale. Hope to see you there! \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Will He Have My Nose?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26088\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/24/will-he-have-my-nose/silcouple/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26088\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SilCouple\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26088\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Or my eyes? Or my smile? Or…? \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I get these kinds of questions all the time. And except for a few traits, I have to pretty much say I don’t know. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is that most traits have not been studied in very much detail. Which makes sense in a world of finite research dollars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is right, we spend most of the limited money on trying to understand and find cures for diseases. Very little goes toward figuring out the chances that Junior will have grandpa’s nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big reason we can’t make good predictions is that the genetics behind most traits are surprisingly complex. Except maybe \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=44\">red hair\u003c/a>, there really aren’t any simple dominant-recessive traits. Which means we don’t even have the parents with recessive traits to fall back on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you probably already know, we have two copies of each of our genes – one from mom and one from dad. These genes can come in different versions and some versions are dominant and some recessive. The dominant ones trump the recessive ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that if you have a recessive trait, then both of your copies of the gene in question should be the recessive version. So if two parents each had a recessive trait, then their child should end up with a recessive trait too. Because that is all the parents have to share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why we can predict that two red haired parents will pretty much \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=189\">always have red haired kids\u003c/a> (J.K. Rowling got the Weasleys right!). None of the other traits out there are so simple though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous studies have shown that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=372\">ear lobe attachment\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=47\">cleft chin\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=125\">tongue rolling\u003c/a> and whatever else you learned in high school biology are way more complicated than advertised. None of them are a simple, single gene, dominant/recessive trait. Even eye color is complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty much everyone knows that blue eyes are recessive to brown eyes. And so blue-eyed parents can’t have a brown eyed-child. Heck, one group of scientists even used this as a basis for an \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-2-804099-0\">evolutionary model\u003c/a>. Too bad it is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue-eyed parents can have brown-eyed kids. It isn’t as common as the other way around but it can and does happen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is hard to guess what a child will look like just by seeing the parents. But if we could look at their DNA we could predict what their child might look like, right? No. In fact, we couldn’t predict what \u003cem>they \u003c/em>looked like from their DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are often surprised to learn that even if scientists are given a complete genetic readout of a person, they would not be able to predict what he or she looks like. We could guess ethnic background and have a good shot at predicting if they had red hair. And that is pretty much it. Oh, except for eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are starting to make real progress on figuring out eye color from a person’s DNA. By looking at six different markers \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090309121933.htm\">they can predict\u003c/a> whether someone has blue or brown eyes around 90% of the time. They are only right about hazel, green and other colors about 75% of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can see that even “simple” eye color takes six genes to make any good predictions. How can anyone make a good prediction just from looking at two brown eyed people? They can’t without a good family history and even then, they can be fooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that is with a well-studied trait where we have the markers and understand what is going on. All bets are off for the other traits. For now anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26088\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/24/will-he-have-my-nose/silcouple/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26088\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SilCouple\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26088\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Or my eyes? Or my smile? Or…? \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I get these kinds of questions all the time. And except for a few traits, I have to pretty much say I don’t know. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is that most traits have not been studied in very much detail. Which makes sense in a world of finite research dollars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is right, we spend most of the limited money on trying to understand and find cures for diseases. Very little goes toward figuring out the chances that Junior will have grandpa’s nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big reason we can’t make good predictions is that the genetics behind most traits are surprisingly complex. Except maybe \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=44\">red hair\u003c/a>, there really aren’t any simple dominant-recessive traits. Which means we don’t even have the parents with recessive traits to fall back on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you probably already know, we have two copies of each of our genes – one from mom and one from dad. These genes can come in different versions and some versions are dominant and some recessive. The dominant ones trump the recessive ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that if you have a recessive trait, then both of your copies of the gene in question should be the recessive version. So if two parents each had a recessive trait, then their child should end up with a recessive trait too. Because that is all the parents have to share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why we can predict that two red haired parents will pretty much \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=189\">always have red haired kids\u003c/a> (J.K. Rowling got the Weasleys right!). None of the other traits out there are so simple though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous studies have shown that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=372\">ear lobe attachment\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=47\">cleft chin\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=125\">tongue rolling\u003c/a> and whatever else you learned in high school biology are way more complicated than advertised. None of them are a simple, single gene, dominant/recessive trait. Even eye color is complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty much everyone knows that blue eyes are recessive to brown eyes. And so blue-eyed parents can’t have a brown eyed-child. Heck, one group of scientists even used this as a basis for an \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-2-804099-0\">evolutionary model\u003c/a>. Too bad it is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue-eyed parents can have brown-eyed kids. It isn’t as common as the other way around but it can and does happen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is hard to guess what a child will look like just by seeing the parents. But if we could look at their DNA we could predict what their child might look like, right? No. In fact, we couldn’t predict what \u003cem>they \u003c/em>looked like from their DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are often surprised to learn that even if scientists are given a complete genetic readout of a person, they would not be able to predict what he or she looks like. We could guess ethnic background and have a good shot at predicting if they had red hair. And that is pretty much it. Oh, except for eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are starting to make real progress on figuring out eye color from a person’s DNA. By looking at six different markers \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090309121933.htm\">they can predict\u003c/a> whether someone has blue or brown eyes around 90% of the time. They are only right about hazel, green and other colors about 75% of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can see that even “simple” eye color takes six genes to make any good predictions. How can anyone make a good prediction just from looking at two brown eyed people? They can’t without a good family history and even then, they can be fooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that is with a well-studied trait where we have the markers and understand what is going on. All bets are off for the other traits. For now anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing eucalyptus trees is labor intensive and expensive. But then, so are fires.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WSAngle.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WSAngle-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WSAngle\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-25893\">\u003c/a>The shark slides effortlessly upwards, the gunmetal back blending imperceptibly from the backdrop of the deep blue sea. It isn’t until the animal turns sideways, revealing the broad fin and the great white grin that I realize a white shark is upon me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first time I visited Guadalupe Island-aka The Island of the great white shark-was under sail in the early nineteen eighties. A rugged and desert island one hundred fifty miles off the coast of Baja California, the island itself was then only inhabited by goats and a fish camp. The deepwater anchorage provided little shelter from the swell and above water the island felt remote and spooky. But beneath the surface I experienced a rich marine ecosystem from abalone to giant kelp to Guadalupe Fur Seals. During that voyage we didn’t experience a white shark, but on a recent last trip aboard a Mexican ecotourism boat we experienced five in one dive. Like the Farrallon Islands off San Francisco, Guadalupe is as an aggregation site for white sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I joined four Italian photographers, three Japanese and six Americans on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jTtKDFYkWw&feature=youtu.be\">Mexican Shark watching vessel\u003c/a> to enter cages and experience what it is like to be in the water with a great white shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All trained SCUBA divers, I was surprised at how little my fellow passengers- all educated and experienced divers- knew about sharks, threats to sharks and shark conservation. During our five days aboard I was able to raise awareness via video and shorts talks peppered by the real action in the water. Seeing a white shark swim is like nothing else and the sharks made a clear impression on us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can look at the statistics. For example, millions of sharks are killed each year for their fins. Countless millions of others harks are killed as bycatch in longline fishery. As many as ninety percent of some pelagic sharks are now missing from the ocean, and one third of these are on the IUCN Red List and threatened with extinction. Great white sharks are one of the few species internationally protected with trade restrictions, yet white shark fins are coveted and the Pacific population hovers around 1000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet sharks get a bad rap. My colleague at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, Dr. John McCosker points out that in the last one hundred years, there have been round 100 white shark attacks in our State waters, with a 10% fatality. The odds of getting killed (if you even enter the water) are greater by simply crossing the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How many people actually ever get to see a white shark?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statistics pale when watching a white shark swim. You are left with the feeling that these sharks belong and we are the interlopers. Unless we reconsider our views on sharks, white sharks could easily go extinct in our lifetimes. But tourists like these might hold the hope. Click, click, the shutters fire as sharks swim past an arm’s reach. Click click fire the synapses as the mind wonders at the size and power of this amazingly adapted beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interacting with wildlife, especially top predators can be thrilling, but can it also be dangerous.\u003cbr>\nWildlife tourism has been long established in the terrestrial environment, but not without problems. Animals and tourists have been killed through negligence and greed. Eventually, guidelines have been established in many regions to protect both the tourists and the wildlife such as tigers and elephants from harm. Many have strict rules like the tours lead through \u003ca href=\"http://www.seethewild.org/57/see-wild-cats.html\">SEEtheWILD\u003c/a>. Profits raised through the tourism are directed towards enforcement or conservation but just as important, local jobs are created. Some of these jobs go to the very people who once harvested or poached the animals after protective laws were established. In Baja, Grey Whale Expeditions lead by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acs-sfbay.org/index.html\">American Cetacean Society\u003c/a> or events lead by local naturalists of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocr.org/\">Ocean Conservation Society\u003c/a> allow people an enjoyable first hand experience and provides a valuable economic influx to areas without other options outside of fishing.\u003cbr>\nLast year I accompanied a sea turtle operation lead through \u003ca href=\"http://www.seeturtles.org/\">SEE Turtles\u003c/a> tagging and tracking sea turtles in Baja. \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/KWvGVZTyQmY\">The tourists\u003c/a> benefit from hands on experience and learn about the ecology of the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guides benefit by employment. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/\">turtle populations\u003c/a> benefit by more eyes and hearts looking out for their population. Scientists benefit through more data provided by the citizen scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Valuable Alive the Dead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the terrestrial analogue, shark watching operations have experienced a few glitches along the way. These include an over saturation of operations in South Africa leading to overuse of chum and feed impacting the local ecology, altering the shark’s behavior, impacts of sharks with cages and boats and allegations of increased shark attacks. Some non-cage operations in the Bahamas have lead to the accidental death of photographers by Tiger sharks. This has lead to serious restrictions/elimination of chumming and shark/object interactions. However, through government and self regulation my experience at the Farallones and Guadalupe Island is that operators are cleaning up their acts and working for shark conservation. Increasingly via first- hand experience people are observing the beauty and power of sharks, and understanding their importance through shark and shark cage diving. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/farallon_details.html\">white shark watching\u003c/a> occurs off the Farallon Islands under permit by the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary requiring trained naturalists and using strict best watching practices. Many countries like Palau and the Bahamas are banning not only shark finning, but all shark fishing and are benefiting form shark tourism. Sharks are worth more alive than dead. A recent study on the economics of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/science/earth/02shark.html\">shark tourism\u003c/a> suggests one reef shark may bring up to two million dollars in its lifetime through tourism.\u003cbr>\nOn my recent trip to Guadalupe Island, the crew was entirely Mexican and their families helped with activities like provisioning and the vessel preparation. We also helped a local shark scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.tiburonblanco.org/aboutus.html\">Mauricio Hoyos\u003c/a> who is engaged in research on the island, and the cage operators contribute to his non profit Tiburon Blanco. Our international team of divers were as amazed by the beauty of the sharks as they were incredulous of the travesty sharks are experiencing worldwide. Each walked away with increased respect both for the majesty of the shark and also for the need to protect them. In our home waters, white sharks are returning to the Sanctuary after migrating thousands of miles and tourists are starting to head west to visit them. We call it \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/news/sharktober-celebrating-sharks/\">Sharktober\u003c/a> and all month Sea Stewards and partners will be celebrating sharks and all wildlife. More on learning about and celebrating the shark can be found at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seastewards.org/\">Sea Stewards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let sharks live.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Last week I joined four Italian photographers, three Japanese and six Americans on a Mexican Shark watching vessel to enter underwater cages, and experience what it is like to be in the water with a Great White Shark.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WSAngle.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WSAngle-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WSAngle\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-25893\">\u003c/a>The shark slides effortlessly upwards, the gunmetal back blending imperceptibly from the backdrop of the deep blue sea. It isn’t until the animal turns sideways, revealing the broad fin and the great white grin that I realize a white shark is upon me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first time I visited Guadalupe Island-aka The Island of the great white shark-was under sail in the early nineteen eighties. A rugged and desert island one hundred fifty miles off the coast of Baja California, the island itself was then only inhabited by goats and a fish camp. The deepwater anchorage provided little shelter from the swell and above water the island felt remote and spooky. But beneath the surface I experienced a rich marine ecosystem from abalone to giant kelp to Guadalupe Fur Seals. During that voyage we didn’t experience a white shark, but on a recent last trip aboard a Mexican ecotourism boat we experienced five in one dive. Like the Farrallon Islands off San Francisco, Guadalupe is as an aggregation site for white sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I joined four Italian photographers, three Japanese and six Americans on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jTtKDFYkWw&feature=youtu.be\">Mexican Shark watching vessel\u003c/a> to enter cages and experience what it is like to be in the water with a great white shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All trained SCUBA divers, I was surprised at how little my fellow passengers- all educated and experienced divers- knew about sharks, threats to sharks and shark conservation. During our five days aboard I was able to raise awareness via video and shorts talks peppered by the real action in the water. Seeing a white shark swim is like nothing else and the sharks made a clear impression on us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can look at the statistics. For example, millions of sharks are killed each year for their fins. Countless millions of others harks are killed as bycatch in longline fishery. As many as ninety percent of some pelagic sharks are now missing from the ocean, and one third of these are on the IUCN Red List and threatened with extinction. Great white sharks are one of the few species internationally protected with trade restrictions, yet white shark fins are coveted and the Pacific population hovers around 1000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet sharks get a bad rap. My colleague at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, Dr. John McCosker points out that in the last one hundred years, there have been round 100 white shark attacks in our State waters, with a 10% fatality. The odds of getting killed (if you even enter the water) are greater by simply crossing the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How many people actually ever get to see a white shark?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statistics pale when watching a white shark swim. You are left with the feeling that these sharks belong and we are the interlopers. Unless we reconsider our views on sharks, white sharks could easily go extinct in our lifetimes. But tourists like these might hold the hope. Click, click, the shutters fire as sharks swim past an arm’s reach. Click click fire the synapses as the mind wonders at the size and power of this amazingly adapted beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interacting with wildlife, especially top predators can be thrilling, but can it also be dangerous.\u003cbr>\nWildlife tourism has been long established in the terrestrial environment, but not without problems. Animals and tourists have been killed through negligence and greed. Eventually, guidelines have been established in many regions to protect both the tourists and the wildlife such as tigers and elephants from harm. Many have strict rules like the tours lead through \u003ca href=\"http://www.seethewild.org/57/see-wild-cats.html\">SEEtheWILD\u003c/a>. Profits raised through the tourism are directed towards enforcement or conservation but just as important, local jobs are created. Some of these jobs go to the very people who once harvested or poached the animals after protective laws were established. In Baja, Grey Whale Expeditions lead by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acs-sfbay.org/index.html\">American Cetacean Society\u003c/a> or events lead by local naturalists of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocr.org/\">Ocean Conservation Society\u003c/a> allow people an enjoyable first hand experience and provides a valuable economic influx to areas without other options outside of fishing.\u003cbr>\nLast year I accompanied a sea turtle operation lead through \u003ca href=\"http://www.seeturtles.org/\">SEE Turtles\u003c/a> tagging and tracking sea turtles in Baja. \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/KWvGVZTyQmY\">The tourists\u003c/a> benefit from hands on experience and learn about the ecology of the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guides benefit by employment. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/\">turtle populations\u003c/a> benefit by more eyes and hearts looking out for their population. Scientists benefit through more data provided by the citizen scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Valuable Alive the Dead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the terrestrial analogue, shark watching operations have experienced a few glitches along the way. These include an over saturation of operations in South Africa leading to overuse of chum and feed impacting the local ecology, altering the shark’s behavior, impacts of sharks with cages and boats and allegations of increased shark attacks. Some non-cage operations in the Bahamas have lead to the accidental death of photographers by Tiger sharks. This has lead to serious restrictions/elimination of chumming and shark/object interactions. However, through government and self regulation my experience at the Farallones and Guadalupe Island is that operators are cleaning up their acts and working for shark conservation. Increasingly via first- hand experience people are observing the beauty and power of sharks, and understanding their importance through shark and shark cage diving. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/farallon_details.html\">white shark watching\u003c/a> occurs off the Farallon Islands under permit by the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary requiring trained naturalists and using strict best watching practices. Many countries like Palau and the Bahamas are banning not only shark finning, but all shark fishing and are benefiting form shark tourism. Sharks are worth more alive than dead. A recent study on the economics of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/science/earth/02shark.html\">shark tourism\u003c/a> suggests one reef shark may bring up to two million dollars in its lifetime through tourism.\u003cbr>\nOn my recent trip to Guadalupe Island, the crew was entirely Mexican and their families helped with activities like provisioning and the vessel preparation. We also helped a local shark scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.tiburonblanco.org/aboutus.html\">Mauricio Hoyos\u003c/a> who is engaged in research on the island, and the cage operators contribute to his non profit Tiburon Blanco. Our international team of divers were as amazed by the beauty of the sharks as they were incredulous of the travesty sharks are experiencing worldwide. Each walked away with increased respect both for the majesty of the shark and also for the need to protect them. In our home waters, white sharks are returning to the Sanctuary after migrating thousands of miles and tourists are starting to head west to visit them. We call it \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/news/sharktober-celebrating-sharks/\">Sharktober\u003c/a> and all month Sea Stewards and partners will be celebrating sharks and all wildlife. More on learning about and celebrating the shark can be found at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seastewards.org/\">Sea Stewards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/10/sequencing-within-reach/costofgenome/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25788\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/CostofGenome.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CostofGenome\" width=\"640\" height=\"432\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-25788\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/CostofGenome.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/CostofGenome-400x270.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>As you can see from the graph, the cost of figuring out what someone’s DNA looks like is dropping like a stone. You can get your DNA sequenced for somewhere between 10 and 20 thousand dollars. When I started \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/11/26/getting-to-know-your-dna/\">writing this blog\u003c/a> back in 2007, it would cost you around 350 thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it is even cheaper than this if you want to focus on just your genes. 23andMe is offering that \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/exome/\">very service\u003c/a> for less than 1,000 dollars. Your DNA is finally within your grasp! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This drop in price is great news for scientists. They can now get more DNA sequenced for less money. This is driving genetics forward at breakneck speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will probably also be great news for patients. For example, in the near future cancer patients will get the DNA in their tumors sequenced so they get prescribed the right medicine. We aren’t there yet, but if costs keep dropping, we will be soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For casual consumers, though, affordable DNA sequencing is much less useful. In fact, it might even make a difficult situation worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now we can get the results of a million or so of our bits of DNA. Some of these \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/snps.html\">SNPs\u003c/a> are within genes and some are outside of genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These SNPs have been looked at in lots of experiments. This means we have at least some idea about how each relates to various diseases. The same won’t be true of the new data that will be made available to you. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are going to be changes in your genes that scientists haven’t seen before. And in many cases they won’t be able to tell you whether a certain change matters or not. You will end up with a bunch of differences for which there is little or no information. If you’re a worrier, this is going to cause problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s take an easy example, cystic fibrosis (CF). Most of the time CF is caused by one or more of a defined set of DNA differences in the CFTR gene. Genetic testing now looks for changes known to cause CF. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, CFTR is a gene with a lot of changes, many of which have no effect. What this means is that many of us will have differences in our CFTR gene that haven’t been seen before. Will they cause cystic fibrosis? For many differences, we won’t know for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This information may ultimately be helpful for scientists if they find enough people with particular differences. But it may not be that helpful to you. In fact, if you’re a worrier, you may be unnecessarily concerned about your kids ending up with CF because of your unique version of the CFTR gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is the easy example. Other diseases happen when many different gene versions all work together in a certain way. Some combinations of these gene versions will lead to disease or increased risk of disease and some won’t. If you pile on enough genes, you suddenly have so many combinations that it becomes very difficult to make any really predictions with only a few people’s DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now I think it is safe to say that with genetics, we have lots of data but little understanding. To increase our understanding of human genetics, everyone should probably throw their DNA into the ring for scientists to study. The question is when do you want to know the results of what scientists are finding. At an early stage when everything is muddled or at a more defined, later stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"420\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/5raJePXu0OQ\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/10/sequencing-within-reach/costofgenome/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25788\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/CostofGenome.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CostofGenome\" width=\"640\" height=\"432\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-25788\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/CostofGenome.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/CostofGenome-400x270.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>As you can see from the graph, the cost of figuring out what someone’s DNA looks like is dropping like a stone. You can get your DNA sequenced for somewhere between 10 and 20 thousand dollars. When I started \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/11/26/getting-to-know-your-dna/\">writing this blog\u003c/a> back in 2007, it would cost you around 350 thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it is even cheaper than this if you want to focus on just your genes. 23andMe is offering that \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/exome/\">very service\u003c/a> for less than 1,000 dollars. Your DNA is finally within your grasp! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This drop in price is great news for scientists. They can now get more DNA sequenced for less money. This is driving genetics forward at breakneck speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will probably also be great news for patients. For example, in the near future cancer patients will get the DNA in their tumors sequenced so they get prescribed the right medicine. We aren’t there yet, but if costs keep dropping, we will be soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For casual consumers, though, affordable DNA sequencing is much less useful. In fact, it might even make a difficult situation worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Red Tide Rising: Harmful Phytoplankton Blooms",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"abalone\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25647\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month ago, thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_abalone\">abalone\u003c/a> and other invertebrates \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/09/17/BA9J1L5B8P.DTL\">washed up along the Sonoma coast\u003c/a>, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/website/redtide/home\">harmful algal bloom\u003c/a>. Phytoplankton—photosynthetic organisms like algae and bacteria—can multiply in number, turning the water red with their bright-colored cells and wreaking havoc on marine organisms. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on along the Sonoma coast. Within a few weeks, they’d figured it out: sure enough, it was a red tide.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first time a red tide had widespread impact on wildlife along the coast of California. From Bodega Bay to Salt Point, 50 miles north, invertebrates like abalone, urchins, and gumboot chitons were affected by the red tide. I talked with Laura Rogers-Bennett, Senior Biologist Specialist with the California Department of Fish and Game and the UC Davis Wildlife Health Center, who did surveys to quantify the extent of the damage. She and her colleagues surveyed several sites and found a lot of dead abalone. At \u003ca href=\"http://rrparks.mcn.org/fortross/\">Fort Ross\u003c/a>, 30% of the abalone had died. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/DEFAULT.ASP?page_id=453\">Salt Point\u003c/a>, abalone mortality was 12%, and at \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Cove,_California\">Timber Cove\u003c/a>, mortality was 25%. They took tissue samples from abalone and other invertebrates, and they conducted underwater surveys to look at the geographic distribution of affected organisms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Red tides can kill marine life in two ways. The first way is by depleting the oxygen in the water, during the algal bloom and during the subsequent die-off and decomposition of the phytoplankton. With low levels of oxygen in the water, marine life suffocates. Red tide events that kill through oxygen depletion have particular characteristics. They are usually small and localized—the size of a large living room, says Rogers-Bennett. They often occur in areas with very little water movement, like the back of coves, and they affect all the organisms in the area, including the fish, which either die or swim away. Recent underwater surveys indicated that this red tide was not killing via oxygen depletion. For one, the area affected was far larger than a living room. And the red tide affected organisms in multiple patches, some of which were in very exposed areas, not just the still backwaters of coves. Plus, the fish did not seem to be affected. Because of this evidence, scientists suspected the phytoplankton bloom was releasing a biotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To identify the biotoxin, the researchers sent water and tissue samples to Rita Horner at the University of Washington and David Crane at Fish and Game’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response. They determined that the most abundant phytoplankton species was a dinoflagellate called Gonyaulax spinifera, which releases a toxin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessotoxin\">Yessotoxin\u003c/a>. However, the dinoflagellate and the toxin are poorly understood, says Rogers-Bennett. Yessotoxin was present in very low amounts—about one part per billion—and we don’t know how much toxin must be present for an organism to suffer ill effects. So we don’t know for sure whether Gonyaulax spinifera and its Yessotoxin are responsible for the death of the invertebrates, or whether the true guilty party is some other, unidentified toxin. Rogers-Bennett and her colleagues are seeking funding to do additional tests of the Yessotoxin, its toxicity, and its effects on the invertebrates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying this red tide is a team effort, involving researchers from UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, Sonoma State, the California Department of Public Health, and NOAA. Researchers have done bird surveys, which indicate that the toxin is not moving throughout the food web. And they’ve tested for \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=14279\">toxins that affect humans\u003c/a>, but thankfully none present. Next, researchers plan to look at archived satellite images of the red tide to see how it moved throughout the area, and they want to do more extensive subtidal surveys, to learn more about the geographic pattern of its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the recent mass mortality of abalone, the Fish and Game \u003ca href=\"http://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/abalone-fishery-closure/\">closed the Sonoma abalone fishery\u003c/a> in September. Normally, recreational abalone collectors can take abalone from the coast through November, but because the population took a big hit, it needs some time to recover. Rogers-Bennett hopes that the fishery and its managers will keep this in mind as the next abalone season approaches in April. The abalone fishery is not a commercial fishery; it is illegal to buy and sell abalone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is now a new red tide off the Sonoma coast. This one, called \u003ca href=\"http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ceratium\">Ceratium\u003c/a>, is not toxic, but it is lending the water a brownish red hue. Recent conditions have been perfect for a red tide: calm water and abundant sunshine, thanks to fog-free days. The conditions preceding last month’s deadly red tide were similar. Globally, red tides are on the rise, because of warmer sea surface temperatures and an increase nutrient in coastal waters because of human activity. However, neither of these red tides is tied to warm surface waters or higher-than-usual nutrient input. The causes of these recent red tides remain a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "About a month ago, thousands of abalone and other invertebrates washed up along the Sonoma coast, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a harmful algal bloom. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on. ",
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"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"jerrybrown": {
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"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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