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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27964\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/dickcissel.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27964\" title=\"dickcissel\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/dickcissel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dickcissel - a grassland bird. Photo Credit: Amy Larson \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dickcissel - a grassland bird. Photo Credit: Amy Larson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In an effort to improve the sustainability and health of their land, farmers are increasingly interested in taking a systems approach to farmland management. A systems approach acknowledges the key connections between ecological, economic, and social components. Given the ensuing complexity, measuring the health of a farm system requires good diagnostic tools. In addition, these tools need to be clear and straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current effort at the University of Nebraska Lincoln to develop a set of such indicators for farmers, the \u003ca href=\"http://hfi.unl.edu/hfi.shtml\">Healthy Farm Index\u003c/a>, focuses on biodiversity and ecosystem services at the farm scale. One indicator in the index is the presences of a given set of birds on the farm. Birds are a popular indicator because they are sensitive to change in farm practices, found broadly in the environment, and are easy to detect by sight and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to detect birds by sound has spurred our research group to develop resources to aid farmers and other people interested in the songs and calls of farmland birds. As researchers, we use auditory detections of birds as one of our primary monitoring tools. With acoustic recorders, we have recorded the songs and calls of our local bird communities. Back in the lab, we use software to identify and isolate the best songs and calls. These vocalizations have been posted to our website, \u003ca href=\"http://mediahub.unl.edu/channels/186\">Farmland Birds of Nebraska\u003c/a>, and distributed back to farmers and others interested on CDs. With the acoustic recordings, farmers can select a group of indicator species suitable for their area, learn its call, and listen for the bird while working in the field. This information can be used by the farmer in assessing their own farm or can be shared more broadly with researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recordings also allow farmers to share with consumers (many of whom are birders) an added environmental benefit of their farm. This spring we were able to take these recorded vocalizations back to one of our participating farms. In partnership with \u003ca href=\"http://www.commongoodfarm.com/\">Common Good Farm\u003c/a>, we hosted a “Birding on the Farm” tour. Local residents and other farmers spent the morning listening for and identifying the community of birds at the farm. New and experienced birders alike were surprised at the diversity found on the single farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming months, we are expanding our network of recorders. This winter we will be monitoring winter bird communities on participating farms and testing the influences that road noise may have on bird vocalization and communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "John Quinn, a researcher at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, explains how he collects and uses bird calls to establish an indicator for farm healthiness known as the Healthy Farm Index. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27964\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/dickcissel.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27964\" title=\"dickcissel\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/dickcissel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dickcissel - a grassland bird. Photo Credit: Amy Larson \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dickcissel - a grassland bird. Photo Credit: Amy Larson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In an effort to improve the sustainability and health of their land, farmers are increasingly interested in taking a systems approach to farmland management. A systems approach acknowledges the key connections between ecological, economic, and social components. Given the ensuing complexity, measuring the health of a farm system requires good diagnostic tools. In addition, these tools need to be clear and straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current effort at the University of Nebraska Lincoln to develop a set of such indicators for farmers, the \u003ca href=\"http://hfi.unl.edu/hfi.shtml\">Healthy Farm Index\u003c/a>, focuses on biodiversity and ecosystem services at the farm scale. One indicator in the index is the presences of a given set of birds on the farm. Birds are a popular indicator because they are sensitive to change in farm practices, found broadly in the environment, and are easy to detect by sight and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to detect birds by sound has spurred our research group to develop resources to aid farmers and other people interested in the songs and calls of farmland birds. As researchers, we use auditory detections of birds as one of our primary monitoring tools. With acoustic recorders, we have recorded the songs and calls of our local bird communities. Back in the lab, we use software to identify and isolate the best songs and calls. These vocalizations have been posted to our website, \u003ca href=\"http://mediahub.unl.edu/channels/186\">Farmland Birds of Nebraska\u003c/a>, and distributed back to farmers and others interested on CDs. With the acoustic recordings, farmers can select a group of indicator species suitable for their area, learn its call, and listen for the bird while working in the field. This information can be used by the farmer in assessing their own farm or can be shared more broadly with researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recordings also allow farmers to share with consumers (many of whom are birders) an added environmental benefit of their farm. This spring we were able to take these recorded vocalizations back to one of our participating farms. In partnership with \u003ca href=\"http://www.commongoodfarm.com/\">Common Good Farm\u003c/a>, we hosted a “Birding on the Farm” tour. Local residents and other farmers spent the morning listening for and identifying the community of birds at the farm. New and experienced birders alike were surprised at the diversity found on the single farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming months, we are expanding our network of recorders. This winter we will be monitoring winter bird communities on participating farms and testing the influences that road noise may have on bird vocalization and communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/seastar.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/seastar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seastar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28193\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">See sea stars in the intertidal during one of the upcoming super-low tides.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>QUEST blogger Andrew Alden’s recent post about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/\">Bay Area Tides\u003c/a> got me thinking about pulling on my rubber boots and heading out to the intertidal during an upcoming low tide. In the next few weeks, we’ll get some really low tides during daylight hours—a great opportunity to see the organisms that live on the narrow edge between the land and the ocean.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. (See \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides/\">Science on the Spot: Watching the Tides\u003c/a> for a nice, clear explanation.) The moon is a lot closer to the Earth than the sun is, so the moon’s influence on the tides is far greater than the sun’s. But sometimes, \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides06_variations.html\">the sun and the moon can join gravitational forces\u003c/a> and all that gravitational pull can create some really high (and really low) tides. Each year around January 2, Earth, in its elliptical orbit, is closest to the sun. Here, the sun’s gravitational pull on Earth (and Earth’s water) is strongest. The gravitational pull of the moon combines with the gravitational pull of the (relatively) nearby sun when the moon’s position is such that the Earth, sun, and moon are aligned in a straight line. This creates the highest high tides and the lowest low tides of the year. The exact dates vary each year, because it depends on where the moon is in its orbit. Usually we get these super high/super low sun-plus-moon tides, also called \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/01/18/king-tides-could-preview-sea-level-rise/\">King Tides\u003c/a>, in December and January. (When the earth is at the point in its orbit that is farthest from the sun, around July 2, and the moon is aligned just right, we also get super high and super low tides.) Super high tides can give us a preview of sea level rise and help us identify areas that are prone to submergence. And when the tide goes out, super low tides are a great opportunity to go tidepooling! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are quite a few great tidepooling spots in the Bay Area, including \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, near Half Moon Bay. QUEST producer Joshua Cassidy made a fantastic \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/03/producers-notes-your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy/\">short film\u003c/a> about intertidal life in the Reserve. \u003ca href=\"http://parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz is another great intertidal area. To see photos of some of its marine life, check out the QUEST Natural Bridges Tidepools Exploration (and see a fun audio slide show I made while I was an intern at QUEST). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My personal favorite place for tidepooling is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/planyourvisit/directions_inpark_highwayone.htm\">Duxbury Reef\u003c/a>, which is part of Point Reyes National Seashore and is close to Bolinas Lagoon. It has a really flat, rocky bench, and at low tide you can walk way out. Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org/pages/481567/overview\">turban snails\u003c/a> (there seem to be zillions at this site), and the different species of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/cannon/marinealgae.html\">seaweed\u003c/a> (my favorite intertidal inhabitants). If you’re into identifying things and learning about intertidal ecology, there are a lot of great books out there: \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Seashore-Life-Northern-Pacific-Coast/dp/0295960841/ref=sr_1_fkmr1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323067674&sr=1-1-fkmr1\">Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast\u003c/a> has nice color pictures, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Between-Pacific-Tides-Edward-Ricketts/dp/0804720681/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323067749&sr=1-1\">Between Pacific Tides\u003c/a> is a classic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wear rubber boots with a rugged sole (that seaweed is slippery) and maybe bring a magnifying glass or hand lens. Keep your wits about you, and look up and look around often so the tide doesn’t sneak in on you. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To choose a good day to go tidepooling, you need to look at a tide table, which lists the predicted times and tidal heights of all the high and low tides throughout the year. You can often get a tide table for your area at a local surf shop or bait shop. Or, check out \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/tide_predictions.shtml\">NOAA’s Tide Predictions\u003c/a>, which has tide tables for tidal stations throughout the country. (Tidal stations are places where the height of the water is measured regularly—often along with weather data. San Francisco’s tidal station is the oldest continuously operating tidal station in the western hemisphere, a fun fact I learned in the Watching the Tides video!) Find the tidal station closest to your tidepooling spot on NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/gmap3/index.shtml?type=TidePredictions®ion=\">map\u003c/a>. My favorite, Duxbury Reef, is closest to the Bolinas Lagoon station. From the \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/noaatidepredictions/viewDailyPredictions.jsp?Stationid=9414958\">Bolinas Lagoon Station’s tide predictions page\u003c/a>, download the station’s tide table—click on the Published Tide Tables Formats on the top right. Look for dates with a nice, low tide—something below 1.0 feet is generally pretty good, depending on the site. To time your visit, it is helpful to look at graph of the predicted height of the tide throughout the day. You can generate a graph for any day this year. In Northern California, wintertime low tides occur in the evening; find out what time the sun sets and plan to finish your intertidal excursion before it gets dark. We have some great low tides coming up on December 9, 23, 24, and 25—with heights at -0.9 feet—so ask for rubber boots for Christmas!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "QUEST blogger Andrew Alden’s recent post about Bay Area Tides got me thinking about pulling on my rubber boots and heading out to the intertidal during an upcoming low tide. In the next few weeks, we’ll get some really low tides during daylight hours—a great opportunity to see the organisms that live on the narrow edge between the land and the ocean.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/seastar.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/seastar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seastar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28193\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">See sea stars in the intertidal during one of the upcoming super-low tides.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>QUEST blogger Andrew Alden’s recent post about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/\">Bay Area Tides\u003c/a> got me thinking about pulling on my rubber boots and heading out to the intertidal during an upcoming low tide. In the next few weeks, we’ll get some really low tides during daylight hours—a great opportunity to see the organisms that live on the narrow edge between the land and the ocean.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. (See \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides/\">Science on the Spot: Watching the Tides\u003c/a> for a nice, clear explanation.) The moon is a lot closer to the Earth than the sun is, so the moon’s influence on the tides is far greater than the sun’s. But sometimes, \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides06_variations.html\">the sun and the moon can join gravitational forces\u003c/a> and all that gravitational pull can create some really high (and really low) tides. Each year around January 2, Earth, in its elliptical orbit, is closest to the sun. Here, the sun’s gravitational pull on Earth (and Earth’s water) is strongest. The gravitational pull of the moon combines with the gravitational pull of the (relatively) nearby sun when the moon’s position is such that the Earth, sun, and moon are aligned in a straight line. This creates the highest high tides and the lowest low tides of the year. The exact dates vary each year, because it depends on where the moon is in its orbit. Usually we get these super high/super low sun-plus-moon tides, also called \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/01/18/king-tides-could-preview-sea-level-rise/\">King Tides\u003c/a>, in December and January. (When the earth is at the point in its orbit that is farthest from the sun, around July 2, and the moon is aligned just right, we also get super high and super low tides.) Super high tides can give us a preview of sea level rise and help us identify areas that are prone to submergence. And when the tide goes out, super low tides are a great opportunity to go tidepooling! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are quite a few great tidepooling spots in the Bay Area, including \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, near Half Moon Bay. QUEST producer Joshua Cassidy made a fantastic \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/03/producers-notes-your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy/\">short film\u003c/a> about intertidal life in the Reserve. \u003ca href=\"http://parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz is another great intertidal area. To see photos of some of its marine life, check out the QUEST Natural Bridges Tidepools Exploration (and see a fun audio slide show I made while I was an intern at QUEST). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My personal favorite place for tidepooling is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/planyourvisit/directions_inpark_highwayone.htm\">Duxbury Reef\u003c/a>, which is part of Point Reyes National Seashore and is close to Bolinas Lagoon. It has a really flat, rocky bench, and at low tide you can walk way out. Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org/pages/481567/overview\">turban snails\u003c/a> (there seem to be zillions at this site), and the different species of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/cannon/marinealgae.html\">seaweed\u003c/a> (my favorite intertidal inhabitants). If you’re into identifying things and learning about intertidal ecology, there are a lot of great books out there: \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Seashore-Life-Northern-Pacific-Coast/dp/0295960841/ref=sr_1_fkmr1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323067674&sr=1-1-fkmr1\">Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast\u003c/a> has nice color pictures, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Between-Pacific-Tides-Edward-Ricketts/dp/0804720681/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323067749&sr=1-1\">Between Pacific Tides\u003c/a> is a classic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wear rubber boots with a rugged sole (that seaweed is slippery) and maybe bring a magnifying glass or hand lens. Keep your wits about you, and look up and look around often so the tide doesn’t sneak in on you. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To choose a good day to go tidepooling, you need to look at a tide table, which lists the predicted times and tidal heights of all the high and low tides throughout the year. You can often get a tide table for your area at a local surf shop or bait shop. Or, check out \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/tide_predictions.shtml\">NOAA’s Tide Predictions\u003c/a>, which has tide tables for tidal stations throughout the country. (Tidal stations are places where the height of the water is measured regularly—often along with weather data. San Francisco’s tidal station is the oldest continuously operating tidal station in the western hemisphere, a fun fact I learned in the Watching the Tides video!) Find the tidal station closest to your tidepooling spot on NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/gmap3/index.shtml?type=TidePredictions®ion=\">map\u003c/a>. My favorite, Duxbury Reef, is closest to the Bolinas Lagoon station. From the \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/noaatidepredictions/viewDailyPredictions.jsp?Stationid=9414958\">Bolinas Lagoon Station’s tide predictions page\u003c/a>, download the station’s tide table—click on the Published Tide Tables Formats on the top right. Look for dates with a nice, low tide—something below 1.0 feet is generally pretty good, depending on the site. To time your visit, it is helpful to look at graph of the predicted height of the tide throughout the day. You can generate a graph for any day this year. In Northern California, wintertime low tides occur in the evening; find out what time the sun sets and plan to finish your intertidal excursion before it gets dark. We have some great low tides coming up on December 9, 23, 24, and 25—with heights at -0.9 feet—so ask for rubber boots for Christmas!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/HarborPorpoise.htm\">Harbor porpoises\u003c/a> haven't been seen in San Francisco Bay for more than 60 years. But now, they're coming back through the Golden Gate in growing numbers and researchers are trying to understand why they’re returning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best place to look for them is 220 feet above the water on the pedestrian walkway across the Golden Gate Bridge. That's where Bill Keener of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Home_Page.html\">Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a> photographs them, holding a massive telephoto lens over the side of the railing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a porpoise right there, coming very, very close,\" he says pointing. A dark shape appears in the water. It's a harbor porpoise, coming up for air. \"And here's a mother and calf coming straight at us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The porpoises have dark gray backs and pale bellies. They're about five feet long, smaller than most of their dolphin relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Look at that! That one's on its side,\" Keener says. \"The porpoise turned on its side. It's spinning and it's feeding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porpoises spin as they go after schools of herring and anchovies, which means these porpoises are feeding in the middle of a heavily-trafficked shipping lane. \"The porpoises have found a way to not only avoid the ships, but it's also the noise they make,\" says Keener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying a Shy Marine Mammal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing this behavior is huge for Keener. Harbor porpoises are notoriously shy in the open ocean, so they're tough for researchers to study. Here in the bay, Keener and his colleagues have identified 250 individual porpoises with their photos by looking for \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Harbor_Porpoise.html\">unique scars and color patterns\u003c/a> on the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28094\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise-mating-bahvior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-28094\" title=\"Porpoise-mating-bahvior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise-mating-bahvior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"283\" height=\"215\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Porpoise mating display as seen from the bridge. (Photo: William Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When these researchers first started their work on the bridge, they caused a bit of a stir. \"You noticed there was a Golden Gate Bridge patrol officer here just a few minutes ago,\" says Keener. \"Well, we're staring down at the water for hours. They'd start getting worried about us. But they know us now. They know what we're doing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the big question is why harbor porpoises disappeared in the first place. Keener says the bay has historically been porpoise habitat. Their bones have been found from hundreds of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then there were reports in the 1930s. And then we don't really have reports from around World War II. And there were a lot of things going on during World War II that could have caused that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay became a wartime port and a major ship-building center. The Navy strung a \u003ca href=\"http://www.militarymuseum.org/Tiburon.html\">seven-mile-long net underwater\u003c/a> across the opening of the bay to keep out Japanese submarines. Hundreds of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/mines-and-submarines.htm\">mines were planted\u003c/a> in the waters outside the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener says all that activity certainly would have disturbed the porpoises. But there's a bigger change that may have driven them away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Changing Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Seeing Porpoises\u003c/strong>\n\u003cp>The best time to spot harbor porpoises from the Golden Gate Bridge walkway is an hour or two prior to a high tide. Check out a \u003ca href=\"http://cencoos.org/sections/conditions/tides.shtml\">tide table\u003c/a> to time your visit and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Contact_Us.html\">report your sightings\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To see it, we head toward the Golden Gate Bridge on a twenty-two foot boat with Jonathan Stern, a whale researcher at San Francisco State University. Stern was the first person to spot the porpoises in the bay three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just couldn't figure out what they were doing here. It's like when you see somebody you're used to seeing at work and you see them somewhere, in Hawaii or something. What are you doing here? You're out of place,\" says Stern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bay we're gliding over today is a far cry from the bay in the 1950s and 60s. As the Bay Area boomed, so did water pollution. Keener says raw sewage used to flow right into the bay. \"I remember coming across the Bay Bridge when I was very young and it would just smell. It would stink.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Clean Water Act was passed in 1972, the bay's water quality began to improve. But Stern says it took time for the food web to come back. \"It takes the biology a while to track the chemistry. So it's not surprising that it's taken years for this ecosystem to generate like this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stern says it's also possible that the porpoises had to rediscover the bay. \"Because over 60 years, we're talking about a number of generations of porpoises. So it's quite likely that San Francisco Bay as a location, as a habitat was out of the institutional memory of the harbor porpoises off the coast here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise2-web1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-28091\" title=\"Porpoise2-web\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise2-web1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Keener and Jonathan Stern search for porpoises in the bay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we slow down under the bridge's span, Keener keeps an eye out. \"There are porpoises between us and the south tower at 200 yards,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener and Stern have a special permit that allows them to approach the porpoises. We wait, listening for them to surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just heard one here. Here's a cow-calf pair close to the boat and we'll hear this puff,\" Keener says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We hear two loud puffs as the porpoises surface just off the bow. \"The old time sailors used to call them puffing pigs. That's the exhalation,\" says Keener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harbor porpoises seem calm around boats in the bay, which Stern says will let researchers study their life cycle and social structure, as well as how they might react to big events like the upcoming America's Cup race. Overall, he says it's a good sign that the porpoises are here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's one of those very few good news environmental stories. And it's in our backyard. You know, there was the will to get the bay cleaner and we're now starting to see the effects of that. It gives one hope.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Harbor porpoises haven’t been seen in San Francisco Bay for more than 60 years. Now, they’re returning in growing numbers and researchers are working to understand why.\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/HarborPorpoise.htm\">Harbor porpoises\u003c/a> haven't been seen in San Francisco Bay for more than 60 years. But now, they're coming back through the Golden Gate in growing numbers and researchers are trying to understand why they’re returning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best place to look for them is 220 feet above the water on the pedestrian walkway across the Golden Gate Bridge. That's where Bill Keener of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Home_Page.html\">Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a> photographs them, holding a massive telephoto lens over the side of the railing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a porpoise right there, coming very, very close,\" he says pointing. A dark shape appears in the water. It's a harbor porpoise, coming up for air. \"And here's a mother and calf coming straight at us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The porpoises have dark gray backs and pale bellies. They're about five feet long, smaller than most of their dolphin relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Look at that! That one's on its side,\" Keener says. \"The porpoise turned on its side. It's spinning and it's feeding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porpoises spin as they go after schools of herring and anchovies, which means these porpoises are feeding in the middle of a heavily-trafficked shipping lane. \"The porpoises have found a way to not only avoid the ships, but it's also the noise they make,\" says Keener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying a Shy Marine Mammal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing this behavior is huge for Keener. Harbor porpoises are notoriously shy in the open ocean, so they're tough for researchers to study. Here in the bay, Keener and his colleagues have identified 250 individual porpoises with their photos by looking for \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Harbor_Porpoise.html\">unique scars and color patterns\u003c/a> on the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28094\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise-mating-bahvior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-28094\" title=\"Porpoise-mating-bahvior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise-mating-bahvior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"283\" height=\"215\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Porpoise mating display as seen from the bridge. (Photo: William Keener/Golden Gate Cetacean Research)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When these researchers first started their work on the bridge, they caused a bit of a stir. \"You noticed there was a Golden Gate Bridge patrol officer here just a few minutes ago,\" says Keener. \"Well, we're staring down at the water for hours. They'd start getting worried about us. But they know us now. They know what we're doing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the big question is why harbor porpoises disappeared in the first place. Keener says the bay has historically been porpoise habitat. Their bones have been found from hundreds of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then there were reports in the 1930s. And then we don't really have reports from around World War II. And there were a lot of things going on during World War II that could have caused that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay became a wartime port and a major ship-building center. The Navy strung a \u003ca href=\"http://www.militarymuseum.org/Tiburon.html\">seven-mile-long net underwater\u003c/a> across the opening of the bay to keep out Japanese submarines. Hundreds of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/mines-and-submarines.htm\">mines were planted\u003c/a> in the waters outside the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener says all that activity certainly would have disturbed the porpoises. But there's a bigger change that may have driven them away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Changing Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Seeing Porpoises\u003c/strong>\n\u003cp>The best time to spot harbor porpoises from the Golden Gate Bridge walkway is an hour or two prior to a high tide. Check out a \u003ca href=\"http://cencoos.org/sections/conditions/tides.shtml\">tide table\u003c/a> to time your visit and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/Contact_Us.html\">report your sightings\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To see it, we head toward the Golden Gate Bridge on a twenty-two foot boat with Jonathan Stern, a whale researcher at San Francisco State University. Stern was the first person to spot the porpoises in the bay three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just couldn't figure out what they were doing here. It's like when you see somebody you're used to seeing at work and you see them somewhere, in Hawaii or something. What are you doing here? You're out of place,\" says Stern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bay we're gliding over today is a far cry from the bay in the 1950s and 60s. As the Bay Area boomed, so did water pollution. Keener says raw sewage used to flow right into the bay. \"I remember coming across the Bay Bridge when I was very young and it would just smell. It would stink.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Clean Water Act was passed in 1972, the bay's water quality began to improve. But Stern says it took time for the food web to come back. \"It takes the biology a while to track the chemistry. So it's not surprising that it's taken years for this ecosystem to generate like this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stern says it's also possible that the porpoises had to rediscover the bay. \"Because over 60 years, we're talking about a number of generations of porpoises. So it's quite likely that San Francisco Bay as a location, as a habitat was out of the institutional memory of the harbor porpoises off the coast here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise2-web1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-28091\" title=\"Porpoise2-web\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Porpoise2-web1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Keener and Jonathan Stern search for porpoises in the bay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we slow down under the bridge's span, Keener keeps an eye out. \"There are porpoises between us and the south tower at 200 yards,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keener and Stern have a special permit that allows them to approach the porpoises. We wait, listening for them to surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just heard one here. Here's a cow-calf pair close to the boat and we'll hear this puff,\" Keener says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We hear two loud puffs as the porpoises surface just off the bow. \"The old time sailors used to call them puffing pigs. That's the exhalation,\" says Keener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harbor porpoises seem calm around boats in the bay, which Stern says will let researchers study their life cycle and social structure, as well as how they might react to big events like the upcoming America's Cup race. Overall, he says it's a good sign that the porpoises are here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's one of those very few good news environmental stories. And it's in our backyard. You know, there was the will to get the bay cleaner and we're now starting to see the effects of that. It gives one hope.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "USGS at the Forefront of Saving Bats From White-Nose Syndrome (WNS)",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27849\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-ice640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27849\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Standing in the entrance of a Vermont cave in March 2008, it was clear from the dead bats in the snow, another flying in the frigid cold and one clinging to an icicle that something was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m a Wildlife Disease Specialist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin. The Center’s mission is to safeguard wildlife and ecosystem health through dynamic partnerships and exceptional science. I was at the cave with two Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department biologists to learn more about white-nose syndrome (WNS), a new disease that was killing bats in New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut by the thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats are fascinating creatures that have evolved very specialized survival skills. One of these is their ability to hibernate to conserve energy by reducing their heart rate, temperature and other body functions to very low levels for extended periods. This allows bats to survive long winters using their stored body fat when their insect food source is unavailable. Although bats may briefly rouse out of hibernation to drink water or move to a different part of the cave, they typically stay deep in their hibernaculum or winter “roost site” until spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it was odd in winter 2007 when New York residents reported seeing bats flying during the day and finding them dead in the snow in their yards. Biologists following up on the reports were surprised to find a nearby cave littered with dead bats and a fuzzy white growth on the nose and wings of some of the live bats. The following winter, sick and dead bats were reported in multiple locations in New York as well as Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. The disease has now spread as far west as Kentucky, as far south as North Carolina, and to four Canadian provinces. It is estimated that over a million bats have died since 2007, making this the largest disease outbreak among mammals in modern times. WNS has spread very rapidly, by bats themselves, and likely also by people moving between \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/index.jsp\">affected and unaffected sites\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds-426x360.jpg\" alt=\"WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \" title=\"3-wns-map-2007-08-ds\" width=\"426\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Click on map for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">larger version.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navigating the icy rocks into the Vermont cave, dead bats were so numerous; stepping on them was sometimes unavoidable. A live little brown bat clinging to the rocks overhead didn’t have white nose fuzz but did have wing damage, which we now know, is one of the components of WNS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-white-nose-wing640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-white-nose-wing640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27858\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, scientists are collaborating to quickly learn as much as possible about this disease. One of my Center’s laboratories first isolated a cold-loving fungus from sick bats that they later named \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3015\">\u003cem>Geomyces destructans\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Additional studies determined that it is the cause of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10590.html\">WNS\u003c/a>. Other scientists studied the wing damage caused by the fungus and how the injury affects body temperature and hydration during hibernation. The caving community has helped efforts to prevent the accidental spread of the fungus to new areas on equipment and supplies. All involved hope to one-day find ways to slow or halt the spread of the disease and reduce bat deaths before WNS causes some bat species to become extinct.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27849\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-ice640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27849\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Standing in the entrance of a Vermont cave in March 2008, it was clear from the dead bats in the snow, another flying in the frigid cold and one clinging to an icicle that something was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m a Wildlife Disease Specialist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin. The Center’s mission is to safeguard wildlife and ecosystem health through dynamic partnerships and exceptional science. I was at the cave with two Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department biologists to learn more about white-nose syndrome (WNS), a new disease that was killing bats in New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut by the thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats are fascinating creatures that have evolved very specialized survival skills. One of these is their ability to hibernate to conserve energy by reducing their heart rate, temperature and other body functions to very low levels for extended periods. This allows bats to survive long winters using their stored body fat when their insect food source is unavailable. Although bats may briefly rouse out of hibernation to drink water or move to a different part of the cave, they typically stay deep in their hibernaculum or winter “roost site” until spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it was odd in winter 2007 when New York residents reported seeing bats flying during the day and finding them dead in the snow in their yards. Biologists following up on the reports were surprised to find a nearby cave littered with dead bats and a fuzzy white growth on the nose and wings of some of the live bats. The following winter, sick and dead bats were reported in multiple locations in New York as well as Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. The disease has now spread as far west as Kentucky, as far south as North Carolina, and to four Canadian provinces. It is estimated that over a million bats have died since 2007, making this the largest disease outbreak among mammals in modern times. WNS has spread very rapidly, by bats themselves, and likely also by people moving between \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/index.jsp\">affected and unaffected sites\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds-426x360.jpg\" alt=\"WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \" title=\"3-wns-map-2007-08-ds\" width=\"426\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Click on map for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">larger version.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navigating the icy rocks into the Vermont cave, dead bats were so numerous; stepping on them was sometimes unavoidable. A live little brown bat clinging to the rocks overhead didn’t have white nose fuzz but did have wing damage, which we now know, is one of the components of WNS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-white-nose-wing640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-white-nose-wing640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27858\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, scientists are collaborating to quickly learn as much as possible about this disease. One of my Center’s laboratories first isolated a cold-loving fungus from sick bats that they later named \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3015\">\u003cem>Geomyces destructans\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Additional studies determined that it is the cause of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10590.html\">WNS\u003c/a>. Other scientists studied the wing damage caused by the fungus and how the injury affects body temperature and hydration during hibernation. The caving community has helped efforts to prevent the accidental spread of the fungus to new areas on equipment and supplies. All involved hope to one-day find ways to slow or halt the spread of the disease and reduce bat deaths before WNS causes some bat species to become extinct.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" title=\"Jean O'Malley\" target=\"_blank\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carmen is a male two-toed sloth from South America and Jo is a four ton female elephant from Africa. They each have their own keepers who take care of them on a daily basis, but who do you call when they get sick? That’s Dr. Mike Selig’s job. As a staff veterinarian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.clemetzoo.com/\" title=\"Cleveland Metroparks Zoo\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Metroparks Zoo\u003c/a>, he oversees the health and well-being of more than 2,500 animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=greatjob&episode=zoo_vet\" style=\"width:512px;height:318px;border:0;overflow:hidden\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We visited the zoo on a cold, raw day in late February, the day after a swollen creek had flooded the lower lying areas. The zoo was closed to the public because of the mess left behind and while crews rushed around cleaning up, we were given the royal treatment, taken into the inner resources of some of the zoo’s buildings. We watched Dr. Selig perform Carmen’s examination from only a few feet away. I was able to touch Carmen’s fur (it feels quite coarse) while he was still asleep. We found that you have to step in pans of disinfectant as you move through every doorway in the zoo’s medical building so as to not spread any germs. We walked through the business side of a primate exhibit in the zoo’s Rain Forest so Dr. Selig could check on a patient – and it smelled pretty exotic on that side of the glass. Most fascinating of all, we got a close-up view of the elephant keeper and Dr. Selig as they worked through Jo’s exam – much closer than zoo visitors get as they walk through this brand new building in the zoo’s new African Elephant Crossing exhibit. We had to stay behind the red line, just out of trunk’s reach!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27872\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 358px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/29/a-day-with-zoo-veterinarian-mike-selig/gj-mike_selig/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27872\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gj-mike_selig-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"Great Job! Dr. Mike Selig\" title=\"gj-mike_selig\" width=\"358\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27872\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Mike Selig, Zoo Veterinarian, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\nWVIZ/PBS ideastream® developed “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/imagine\" title=\"Great Job\" target=\"_blank\">Great Job!\u003c/a>”, a video series for the 6th through 8th grade STEM curriculum (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), designed to raise student and community awareness of STEM careers and the education available through Ohio’s K-12 and University system. In his “Great Job!” profile, Dr. Selig talks about his job as a zoo veterinarian, his responsibilities and duties, as well as the training and formal education he received at the Ohio State University. He also tells us about all the different fields of science that come into play in his job. We follow the doctor through a “typical” day as he works with both keepers and veterinary assistants. Two of the highlights are a routine checkup of a sloth and a physical examination of an elephant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" title=\"Jean O'Malley\" target=\"_blank\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carmen is a male two-toed sloth from South America and Jo is a four ton female elephant from Africa. They each have their own keepers who take care of them on a daily basis, but who do you call when they get sick? That’s Dr. Mike Selig’s job. As a staff veterinarian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.clemetzoo.com/\" title=\"Cleveland Metroparks Zoo\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Metroparks Zoo\u003c/a>, he oversees the health and well-being of more than 2,500 animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=greatjob&episode=zoo_vet\" style=\"width:512px;height:318px;border:0;overflow:hidden\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We visited the zoo on a cold, raw day in late February, the day after a swollen creek had flooded the lower lying areas. The zoo was closed to the public because of the mess left behind and while crews rushed around cleaning up, we were given the royal treatment, taken into the inner resources of some of the zoo’s buildings. We watched Dr. Selig perform Carmen’s examination from only a few feet away. I was able to touch Carmen’s fur (it feels quite coarse) while he was still asleep. We found that you have to step in pans of disinfectant as you move through every doorway in the zoo’s medical building so as to not spread any germs. We walked through the business side of a primate exhibit in the zoo’s Rain Forest so Dr. Selig could check on a patient – and it smelled pretty exotic on that side of the glass. Most fascinating of all, we got a close-up view of the elephant keeper and Dr. Selig as they worked through Jo’s exam – much closer than zoo visitors get as they walk through this brand new building in the zoo’s new African Elephant Crossing exhibit. We had to stay behind the red line, just out of trunk’s reach!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27872\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 358px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/29/a-day-with-zoo-veterinarian-mike-selig/gj-mike_selig/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27872\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gj-mike_selig-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"Great Job! Dr. Mike Selig\" title=\"gj-mike_selig\" width=\"358\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27872\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Mike Selig, Zoo Veterinarian, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\nWVIZ/PBS ideastream® developed “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/imagine\" title=\"Great Job\" target=\"_blank\">Great Job!\u003c/a>”, a video series for the 6th through 8th grade STEM curriculum (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), designed to raise student and community awareness of STEM careers and the education available through Ohio’s K-12 and University system. In his “Great Job!” profile, Dr. Selig talks about his job as a zoo veterinarian, his responsibilities and duties, as well as the training and formal education he received at the Ohio State University. He also tells us about all the different fields of science that come into play in his job. We follow the doctor through a “typical” day as he works with both keepers and veterinary assistants. Two of the highlights are a routine checkup of a sloth and a physical examination of an elephant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Various Voyages of Sea Turtles ",
"title": "Various Voyages of Sea Turtles ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26678\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle.jpg\" alt=\"leatherbackturtle\" title=\"leatherbackturtle\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leatherback turtle offshore of Moss Landing, California. Photographed by Michael Sack, Sanctuary Cruises \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In October and November, three different species of sea turtles have been reported in Monterey Bay and the Gulf of the \u003ca title=\"Farallones\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\" target=\"_blank\">Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unusual for sea turtles to venture into temperate waters. Other species also visit when surface waters warm up, and this fall has been unusually warm with surface temperatures approaching 60 degrees F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, an olive ridley sea turtle beached itself in Pacific Grove. Riding along the warm counter currents, these turtles are sometimes “cold-stunned” when the warmer currents disappear, stranding the turtles in colder bay waters. The turtle is currently being cared for at the \u003ca title=\"monterey bay aquarium\" href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> until it can be returned to the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The olive ridley sea turtle are considered the most abundant of the seven species, yet globally they have declined by more than 30% from historic levels. These turtles are considered endangered because of the loss of nesting sites in the world. The eastern Pacific turtles have been found to range from Baja California, Mexico to Chile. The nests of Pacific olive ridley are located around Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the Northern Indian Ocean; the breeding colony in Mexico was listed as endangered in the U.S. on July 28, 1978.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early this month, a rare sighting of a green sea turtle was reported at the commercial wharf in Monterey. Local sea turtle experts positively identified a male green sea turtle from photos and videos. Green sea turtles are generally found south of San Diego, but have been sighted as far north as southern Alaska in the eastern Pacific. This turtle was outside of its normal range, and is a very rare sighting this far north and especially so close to the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The green turtle was listed under the Endangered Species Act on July 28, 1978. The breeding populations in Florida and the Pacific coast of Mexico are listed as endangered. In 2004, the \u003ca title=\"IUCN\" href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\" target=\"_blank\">International Union for Conservation of Nature\u003c/a> (IUCN) listed the green sea turtle as an endangered species, worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More common to our local waters is the giant eastern Pacific leatherback sea turtles. Leatherback sea turtles are the largest, deepest diving of all sea turtle species and are found swimming in all oceans across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leatherback sea turtles in the Pacific Ocean are in far greater danger of extinction than Atlantic Ocean populations due to greater commercial fishing, illegal poaching, ocean pollution, and nesting beach destruction in the Pacific. Leatherbacks in the Pacific can be divided into two primary populations: those that nest in the eastern Pacific and those that nest in the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leatherbacks in the eastern Pacific population primarily nest in Central America and spend most of their lives offshore of nesting beaches or migrating to foraging areas. The largest foraging area is off the shore of Chile in the southeastern Pacific. The corridor above the Cocos Ridge of seamounts is a migration area of critical importance to many species between Cocos Island and Easter Island. However, some nesting occurs in Mexico and foraging leatherbacks from the eastern Pacific population may venture into California waters to feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1990, the California State Legislature banned all longline fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to prevent the deaths of leatherbacks sea turtles. Then in 2008, the California Legislature passed Assembly Joint Resolution No. 62 (Leno) for west coast sea turtle protection, supporting efforts to preserve and recover Pacific leatherback populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin non-profit organization, \u003ca title=\"STRP\" href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Turtle Restoration Project\u003c/a>’s (STRP), is working to protect these and all species of endangered sea turtles. Their work has resulted in the National Marine Fisheries Service establishing critical habitats for the leatherback within much of the California, Oregon, and Washington EEZ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to enhance recovery prospects for the critically endangered Pacific leatherback sea turtle, they initiated a “citizen scientist” research program as part of its volunteer \u003cem>Leatherback Watch Program\u003c/em>. The program tracks sightings of leatherbacks off the northern California coast, coordinating with recreational sailors, whale watchers, and scientists. This region is an essential feeding area for leatherbacks that swim across the entire Pacific Ocean from nesting beaches to reach the abundant jellyfish blooms that occur each summer in the California Current marine ecosystem. This year, the \u003cem>Leatherback Watch Program\u003c/em> recorded over twenty sightings in our local waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can also follow a live green sea turtle tagged by the researchers from the Sea Turtle Restoration Project. The scientists capture sea turtles off Cocos Island, an island 400 miles off the coast of Costa Rica. Brought aboard the vessel, the scientists weigh, measure, take blood and tissue for DNA analysis and equip the turtles with special satellite tags. These tags send a radio signal to a satellite and relay the position back to a computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fillmore.gif\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fillmore-300x150.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"fillmore\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27840\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fillmore the Turtle by Jim Toomey. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Named Fillmore after cartoonist \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.slagoon.com/\" href=\"http://www.slagoon.com/\">Jim Toomey’s\u003c/a> comical creation, this real sea turtle’s wanderings can be followed on the STRP \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.seaturtles.org/fillmore\" href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/fillmore\">web site\u003c/a>. In the past week, Fillmore the Green sea turtle swam north then east, making it back into the protected \"No Take\" area 12 nautical miles around Cocos Island National Park. Let's hope Fillmore makes it east to the nesting beaches without encountering long lines or plastic bags. Data indicates that 80 percent of the debris on our beaches and shorelines comes from inland sources, traveling through our storm drains or creeks out to the beaches and oceans. When litter enters sea turtle feeding areas in the ocean, it can have deadly consequences for sea turtles that mistake the debris for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can help protect these and other sea turtles by \"\u003ca title=\"blocked::http://seaturtles.org/article.php?list=type&type=126\" href=\"http://seaturtles.org/article.php?list=type&type=126\">Bagging the Plastics\u003c/a>\" and taking action to reduce the plastic waste polluting sea turtle feeding areas in the ocean. \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/1723/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=7113\" href=\"http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/1723/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=7113\">Fillmore and other sea turtles can use your help\u003c/a> by sending a letter to the Costa Rican president asking for \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/1723/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=7113\" href=\"http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/1723/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=7113\">more protections at Cocos Island National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the battery on the radio transmitter dies, we can follow \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://seaturtles.org/article.php?id=2169\" href=\"http://seaturtles.org/article.php?id=2169\">Fillmore\u003c/a>’s voyage and his exploits. Maybe one day Fillmore’s counterparts will visit our Sanctuary in greater numbers in a conservation success story.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26678\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle.jpg\" alt=\"leatherbackturtle\" title=\"leatherbackturtle\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leatherback turtle offshore of Moss Landing, California. Photographed by Michael Sack, Sanctuary Cruises \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In October and November, three different species of sea turtles have been reported in Monterey Bay and the Gulf of the \u003ca title=\"Farallones\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\" target=\"_blank\">Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unusual for sea turtles to venture into temperate waters. Other species also visit when surface waters warm up, and this fall has been unusually warm with surface temperatures approaching 60 degrees F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, an olive ridley sea turtle beached itself in Pacific Grove. Riding along the warm counter currents, these turtles are sometimes “cold-stunned” when the warmer currents disappear, stranding the turtles in colder bay waters. The turtle is currently being cared for at the \u003ca title=\"monterey bay aquarium\" href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> until it can be returned to the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The olive ridley sea turtle are considered the most abundant of the seven species, yet globally they have declined by more than 30% from historic levels. These turtles are considered endangered because of the loss of nesting sites in the world. The eastern Pacific turtles have been found to range from Baja California, Mexico to Chile. The nests of Pacific olive ridley are located around Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the Northern Indian Ocean; the breeding colony in Mexico was listed as endangered in the U.S. on July 28, 1978.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early this month, a rare sighting of a green sea turtle was reported at the commercial wharf in Monterey. Local sea turtle experts positively identified a male green sea turtle from photos and videos. Green sea turtles are generally found south of San Diego, but have been sighted as far north as southern Alaska in the eastern Pacific. This turtle was outside of its normal range, and is a very rare sighting this far north and especially so close to the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The green turtle was listed under the Endangered Species Act on July 28, 1978. The breeding populations in Florida and the Pacific coast of Mexico are listed as endangered. In 2004, the \u003ca title=\"IUCN\" href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\" target=\"_blank\">International Union for Conservation of Nature\u003c/a> (IUCN) listed the green sea turtle as an endangered species, worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More common to our local waters is the giant eastern Pacific leatherback sea turtles. Leatherback sea turtles are the largest, deepest diving of all sea turtle species and are found swimming in all oceans across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leatherback sea turtles in the Pacific Ocean are in far greater danger of extinction than Atlantic Ocean populations due to greater commercial fishing, illegal poaching, ocean pollution, and nesting beach destruction in the Pacific. Leatherbacks in the Pacific can be divided into two primary populations: those that nest in the eastern Pacific and those that nest in the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leatherbacks in the eastern Pacific population primarily nest in Central America and spend most of their lives offshore of nesting beaches or migrating to foraging areas. The largest foraging area is off the shore of Chile in the southeastern Pacific. The corridor above the Cocos Ridge of seamounts is a migration area of critical importance to many species between Cocos Island and Easter Island. However, some nesting occurs in Mexico and foraging leatherbacks from the eastern Pacific population may venture into California waters to feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1990, the California State Legislature banned all longline fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to prevent the deaths of leatherbacks sea turtles. Then in 2008, the California Legislature passed Assembly Joint Resolution No. 62 (Leno) for west coast sea turtle protection, supporting efforts to preserve and recover Pacific leatherback populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin non-profit organization, \u003ca title=\"STRP\" href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Turtle Restoration Project\u003c/a>’s (STRP), is working to protect these and all species of endangered sea turtles. Their work has resulted in the National Marine Fisheries Service establishing critical habitats for the leatherback within much of the California, Oregon, and Washington EEZ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to enhance recovery prospects for the critically endangered Pacific leatherback sea turtle, they initiated a “citizen scientist” research program as part of its volunteer \u003cem>Leatherback Watch Program\u003c/em>. The program tracks sightings of leatherbacks off the northern California coast, coordinating with recreational sailors, whale watchers, and scientists. This region is an essential feeding area for leatherbacks that swim across the entire Pacific Ocean from nesting beaches to reach the abundant jellyfish blooms that occur each summer in the California Current marine ecosystem. This year, the \u003cem>Leatherback Watch Program\u003c/em> recorded over twenty sightings in our local waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can also follow a live green sea turtle tagged by the researchers from the Sea Turtle Restoration Project. The scientists capture sea turtles off Cocos Island, an island 400 miles off the coast of Costa Rica. Brought aboard the vessel, the scientists weigh, measure, take blood and tissue for DNA analysis and equip the turtles with special satellite tags. These tags send a radio signal to a satellite and relay the position back to a computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fillmore.gif\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fillmore-300x150.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"fillmore\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27840\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fillmore the Turtle by Jim Toomey. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Named Fillmore after cartoonist \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.slagoon.com/\" href=\"http://www.slagoon.com/\">Jim Toomey’s\u003c/a> comical creation, this real sea turtle’s wanderings can be followed on the STRP \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.seaturtles.org/fillmore\" href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/fillmore\">web site\u003c/a>. In the past week, Fillmore the Green sea turtle swam north then east, making it back into the protected \"No Take\" area 12 nautical miles around Cocos Island National Park. Let's hope Fillmore makes it east to the nesting beaches without encountering long lines or plastic bags. Data indicates that 80 percent of the debris on our beaches and shorelines comes from inland sources, traveling through our storm drains or creeks out to the beaches and oceans. When litter enters sea turtle feeding areas in the ocean, it can have deadly consequences for sea turtles that mistake the debris for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can help protect these and other sea turtles by \"\u003ca title=\"blocked::http://seaturtles.org/article.php?list=type&type=126\" href=\"http://seaturtles.org/article.php?list=type&type=126\">Bagging the Plastics\u003c/a>\" and taking action to reduce the plastic waste polluting sea turtle feeding areas in the ocean. \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/1723/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=7113\" href=\"http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/1723/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=7113\">Fillmore and other sea turtles can use your help\u003c/a> by sending a letter to the Costa Rican president asking for \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/1723/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=7113\" href=\"http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/1723/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=7113\">more protections at Cocos Island National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27482\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/living-longer/celegans/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27482\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Celegans.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Celegans\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27482\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Celegans.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Celegans-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By changing how a worm like this uses its genes, scientists have added the equivalent of 20 human years to their lifespans. And to their children and grandchildren's lifespans too.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the workhorses of longevity studies is a little flatworm called \u003cem>C. elegans\u003c/em>. Lots of scientists have come up with lots of ways to get these little guys to live longer than usual. With enough tinkering, they can live \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3209515.stm\">4 or 5 times\u003c/a> as long as their wild brethren. That's like a human living to be 500!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7373/pdf/nature10572.pdf\">Work \u003c/a>out of the Brunet lab at Stanford added another chapter to this story. They tinkered with how a worm uses its genes and found these worms lived around 25% longer than normal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s old news though. What is exciting is the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22012258\">study \u003c/a>that shows that the worms passed this trait down to their kids and their grandkids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These worms inherited the pattern of how their genes were used from the original parent. And now the kids and grandkids live longer than worms that have the exact same set of genes. All because of how an ancestor used its genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect is not forever though. The great grandkids live about as long as worms with the same set of genes. Apparently gene usage patterns reset to normal after three generations or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you’ve probably gathered, how our genes are used is as important as the genes we have. For example, every cell has the same set of genes. And yet, a blood cell is wildly different than a muscle cell. The difference comes from how each cell type uses the genes it has. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big part of how a gene gets used is determined by various chemical marks attached to either nearby DNA or to the spools around which the DNA is wrapped. In this case it has to do with chemical marks on one of the worm’s spools or histones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the marks on DNA and histones are wiped clean once they are packed into a sperm or egg. This allows the fertilized egg to develop into all the different cell types needed for an adult worm (or person). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The specific changes made in this study linger for awhile longer and take three or so generations to wipe out. We don’t exactly know why yet but we do know that this is what we often see with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=137\">epigenetic \u003c/a>changes like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epigenetics is a fancy way of saying something is passed down without a change in the gene itself. As scientists delve deeper and deeper into genetics, they are finding many traits that behave this way. Even in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=106\">people\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So is this going to make us live longer? Not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it does suggest that if we can one day mimic these effects with a chemical, we may end up living longer. And so will our kids even if they don’t pop the same pill. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5snTlCWqclY]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cynthia Kenyon talks about one particular long lived mutant.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27482\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/living-longer/celegans/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27482\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Celegans.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Celegans\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27482\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Celegans.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Celegans-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By changing how a worm like this uses its genes, scientists have added the equivalent of 20 human years to their lifespans. And to their children and grandchildren's lifespans too.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the workhorses of longevity studies is a little flatworm called \u003cem>C. elegans\u003c/em>. Lots of scientists have come up with lots of ways to get these little guys to live longer than usual. With enough tinkering, they can live \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3209515.stm\">4 or 5 times\u003c/a> as long as their wild brethren. That's like a human living to be 500!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7373/pdf/nature10572.pdf\">Work \u003c/a>out of the Brunet lab at Stanford added another chapter to this story. They tinkered with how a worm uses its genes and found these worms lived around 25% longer than normal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s old news though. What is exciting is the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22012258\">study \u003c/a>that shows that the worms passed this trait down to their kids and their grandkids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These worms inherited the pattern of how their genes were used from the original parent. And now the kids and grandkids live longer than worms that have the exact same set of genes. All because of how an ancestor used its genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect is not forever though. The great grandkids live about as long as worms with the same set of genes. Apparently gene usage patterns reset to normal after three generations or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you’ve probably gathered, how our genes are used is as important as the genes we have. For example, every cell has the same set of genes. And yet, a blood cell is wildly different than a muscle cell. The difference comes from how each cell type uses the genes it has. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big part of how a gene gets used is determined by various chemical marks attached to either nearby DNA or to the spools around which the DNA is wrapped. In this case it has to do with chemical marks on one of the worm’s spools or histones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the marks on DNA and histones are wiped clean once they are packed into a sperm or egg. This allows the fertilized egg to develop into all the different cell types needed for an adult worm (or person). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The specific changes made in this study linger for awhile longer and take three or so generations to wipe out. We don’t exactly know why yet but we do know that this is what we often see with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=137\">epigenetic \u003c/a>changes like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epigenetics is a fancy way of saying something is passed down without a change in the gene itself. As scientists delve deeper and deeper into genetics, they are finding many traits that behave this way. Even in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=106\">people\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So is this going to make us live longer? Not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it does suggest that if we can one day mimic these effects with a chemical, we may end up living longer. And so will our kids even if they don’t pop the same pill. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/5snTlCWqclY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/5snTlCWqclY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cynthia Kenyon talks about one particular long lived mutant.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Greene-Santiago-08-185x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Warner Greene\" title=\"Dr. Warner Greene\" width=\"185\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-27672\">Thursday, December 1st is \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldaidsday.org/\">World AIDS Day\u003c/a>, a time to remember those who have died from the disease and focus on efforts to defeat the virus. It’s been thirty years since the first cases of AIDS were identified. QUEST's Andrea Kissack recently spoke with \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/greene/\">Warner Greene\u003c/a>, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\">Gladstone Institute\u003c/a> of Virology and Immunology in San Francisco about the latest in HIV research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 60-million people are infected with HIV, worldwide, and more than 25 million have died of the virus according to Greene. While HIV has become more of a chronic disease in the U.S., thanks to progress in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiretroviral_drug\">antiretrovirals\u003c/a>, it still continues to expand across the globe. In Sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 25 million people are living with the disease. In fact, for every person put on antiretrovirals, two more become infected. Says Greene, “We do not yet have a winning strategy in Africa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene views HIV research now as three big unanswered questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n1) We need a vaccine for those that are not infected\n\u003cp>2) We need a cure for those that are infected\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) We need to understand why individuals who are on antiretrovirals, and doing well, are dying ten to fifteen years before their time.\u003c/p>\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>Greene says scientists at Gladstone, and around the world, are looking at promising research that could one day lead to a cure. “Right now people have to take the antiretroviral medicines for their entire life because there is a small set of cells that are harboring a latent or sleeping form of the virus which is not affected by antiretrovirals but once in a while it wakes up and spits out new virus. But if you remove antiretroviral therapy, after years of successful treatment, the slumbering virus can rekindle the entire fire and lead to a full blown infection within weeks. There are programs being funded by the federal government to attack these latent reservoirs,” says Greene who is working on the latency challenge at Gladstone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest breaks in HIV research, according to Greene, include identifying the HIV virus, the advancement of antiretroviral therapy and the discovery that circumcision could drastically reduce the spread of the virus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Greene, “HIV is like no other virus. On the one hand it acts like a guided missile that attacks the immune system and on the other it has this amazing ability to change its form. It is like the virus is always a step ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Greene-Santiago-08-185x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Warner Greene\" title=\"Dr. Warner Greene\" width=\"185\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-27672\">Thursday, December 1st is \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldaidsday.org/\">World AIDS Day\u003c/a>, a time to remember those who have died from the disease and focus on efforts to defeat the virus. It’s been thirty years since the first cases of AIDS were identified. QUEST's Andrea Kissack recently spoke with \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/greene/\">Warner Greene\u003c/a>, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\">Gladstone Institute\u003c/a> of Virology and Immunology in San Francisco about the latest in HIV research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 60-million people are infected with HIV, worldwide, and more than 25 million have died of the virus according to Greene. While HIV has become more of a chronic disease in the U.S., thanks to progress in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiretroviral_drug\">antiretrovirals\u003c/a>, it still continues to expand across the globe. In Sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 25 million people are living with the disease. In fact, for every person put on antiretrovirals, two more become infected. Says Greene, “We do not yet have a winning strategy in Africa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene views HIV research now as three big unanswered questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n1) We need a vaccine for those that are not infected\n\u003cp>2) We need a cure for those that are infected\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) We need to understand why individuals who are on antiretrovirals, and doing well, are dying ten to fifteen years before their time.\u003c/p>\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>Greene says scientists at Gladstone, and around the world, are looking at promising research that could one day lead to a cure. “Right now people have to take the antiretroviral medicines for their entire life because there is a small set of cells that are harboring a latent or sleeping form of the virus which is not affected by antiretrovirals but once in a while it wakes up and spits out new virus. But if you remove antiretroviral therapy, after years of successful treatment, the slumbering virus can rekindle the entire fire and lead to a full blown infection within weeks. There are programs being funded by the federal government to attack these latent reservoirs,” says Greene who is working on the latency challenge at Gladstone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The setting could almost pass for a peaceful wildlife refuge, but for the daily rumbling of the Fed-Ex truck on the winding gravel road. It’s the sylvan campus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The National Wildlife Health Center is sort of what it says. We're a national center and we receive carcasses from refuges and state management areas all around the country, usually from state biologists, federal biologists, tribal biologists,” says disease investigation chief \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/scott_wright.jsp\">Dr. Scott Wright\u003c/a>. Those carcasses shipped overnight to the center are most often samples taken from large animal die-offs. It’s the job of the center to determine the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like the CDC would do for human health, or the USDA would do for agricultural animals, for livestock and so forth, that's the role we play for wildlife,” says Wright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the center is a level 3 bio-safety lab where the animal samples are processed and examined through necropsy, the animal version of an autopsy. “Every case that comes in is a potential real challenge,” says veterinary pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/david_green.jsp\">Dr. David Green\u003c/a>. “I sit down and look at all of these different lab results; the toxicology, the poison tests, the virus cultures, the bacterial cultures. And I have to put all of these pieces of information together to determine why was that animal sick, why did that animal die or why did 500 birds die at this site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/us/04beebe.html\">5000 red winged blackbirds dying in a small Arkansas town\u003c/a> on New Year’s Eve 2010 that briefly thrust the work of the Center into the national spotlight. “Oh there were just all sorts of clever names applied to the event,” remembers Green. “'\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0107/Aflockalypse-now-Turns-out-mass-bird-deaths-are-quite-common\">Aflockolypse\u003c/a>' was, I think, the cleverest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbinger of the end times, covert military testing, magnetic disruption, all manner of strange theories were applied to the event. The intense interest surprised the NWHC staff, says Wright. “There were people calling me at my home at night, on weekends wanting to know what was going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of death, determined after numerous bird necropsies, was much more banal than the theories. “All of the tests and cultures that we did for infectious diseases and parasites and chemicals came back negative,” says Green. “Basically it came down to, we couldn't find anything other than physical injuries, what we call blunt force trauma in the birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those necropsy findings, combined with field reports of New Year’s fireworks, and the fact that blackbirds are terrible night flyers came together to paint a picture of startled birds flying into each other and stationary objects and succumbing to traumatic injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This most plausible explanation didn’t satisfy the most dedicated conspiracy-theorists according to Wright. “It really sort of floored us. We didn't expect that. We didn't expect to be not believed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that Dr. Wright, who is soon to retire from the Center, finds a troubling omen for the future of science and public understanding. “Science is not being believed,” he says. “That's not a good sign, because there's too much important stuff coming that we need to be stepping up and telling everybody, ‘This is what's going on.’ And they hopefully will believe us.” \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The setting could almost pass for a peaceful wildlife refuge, but for the daily rumbling of the Fed-Ex truck on the winding gravel road. It’s the sylvan campus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The National Wildlife Health Center is sort of what it says. We're a national center and we receive carcasses from refuges and state management areas all around the country, usually from state biologists, federal biologists, tribal biologists,” says disease investigation chief \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/scott_wright.jsp\">Dr. Scott Wright\u003c/a>. Those carcasses shipped overnight to the center are most often samples taken from large animal die-offs. It’s the job of the center to determine the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like the CDC would do for human health, or the USDA would do for agricultural animals, for livestock and so forth, that's the role we play for wildlife,” says Wright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the center is a level 3 bio-safety lab where the animal samples are processed and examined through necropsy, the animal version of an autopsy. “Every case that comes in is a potential real challenge,” says veterinary pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/david_green.jsp\">Dr. David Green\u003c/a>. “I sit down and look at all of these different lab results; the toxicology, the poison tests, the virus cultures, the bacterial cultures. And I have to put all of these pieces of information together to determine why was that animal sick, why did that animal die or why did 500 birds die at this site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/us/04beebe.html\">5000 red winged blackbirds dying in a small Arkansas town\u003c/a> on New Year’s Eve 2010 that briefly thrust the work of the Center into the national spotlight. “Oh there were just all sorts of clever names applied to the event,” remembers Green. “'\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0107/Aflockalypse-now-Turns-out-mass-bird-deaths-are-quite-common\">Aflockolypse\u003c/a>' was, I think, the cleverest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbinger of the end times, covert military testing, magnetic disruption, all manner of strange theories were applied to the event. The intense interest surprised the NWHC staff, says Wright. “There were people calling me at my home at night, on weekends wanting to know what was going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of death, determined after numerous bird necropsies, was much more banal than the theories. “All of the tests and cultures that we did for infectious diseases and parasites and chemicals came back negative,” says Green. “Basically it came down to, we couldn't find anything other than physical injuries, what we call blunt force trauma in the birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those necropsy findings, combined with field reports of New Year’s fireworks, and the fact that blackbirds are terrible night flyers came together to paint a picture of startled birds flying into each other and stationary objects and succumbing to traumatic injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This most plausible explanation didn’t satisfy the most dedicated conspiracy-theorists according to Wright. “It really sort of floored us. We didn't expect that. We didn't expect to be not believed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that Dr. Wright, who is soon to retire from the Center, finds a troubling omen for the future of science and public understanding. “Science is not being believed,” he says. “That's not a good sign, because there's too much important stuff coming that we need to be stepping up and telling everybody, ‘This is what's going on.’ And they hopefully will believe us.” \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Research into Disappearing Bees",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bees – for some reason – seem to fascinate many of us. Perhaps it’s their social structure: the queen, the workers, the drones, producing honey and baby bees and living their short lives in a super-organized way that would be the envy of any business. Like many an enterprise today, they even have guards outside the hives to sound the alarm if things get out of hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when five years ago the world learned that bees in America and Canada were dying in large numbers, and hives were becoming defunct, the agricultural community and the beekeepers and just plain people became alarmed. Hives were deserted, the bees gone, presumably dead, honey production stopped, and the bee industry crippled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, and it threatened California’s very profitable almond industry, which is dependent on bees to pollinate the trees and keep the nuts growing. And not just almonds: 130 crops in California alone depend on honey bees. Beekeepers from around the nation load their hives on trucks and bring them to California and rent them out to growers. As the disease, or whatever it is, spread, the price of renting ever-more-scarce bees went up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27537\" title=\"114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne (15)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Honey bee hive at UC Davis\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the news media started reporting heavily on the plight of the bees and the beekeepers, interest soared. Researchers at universities around the country started looking into the problem; money was donated to figure out what was killing the bees. Stories appeared frequently about the scientific efforts to figure out what was causing Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and what would cure it. With all that attention you’d think they would have solved the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what the scientists have discovered is that they really don’t know very much about bees. They don’t have a baseline of what goes on on the microscopic level in the hives. What viruses already exist in healthy colonies? You’ve got know that before you can start to understand if a virus is normal or abnormal and may be killing bees. Scientists like \u003ca href=\"http://derisilab.ucsf.edu/\">Joe DeRisi\u003c/a> at the University of California San Francisco say they’ve made great strides, even though they haven’t found a culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>DeRisi: “I think there’s been tremendous progress. One of the frustrating things with CCD is it doesn’t look like there’s any one single agent or culprit that you can point the finger to that’s causing all of these problems. It looks to be a confluence of things that is several different pathogens or situations or environmental conditions that are coming together to cause losses that are more than would be expected. And that’s what’s frustrating people. What has occurred because of the interest in honeybees and because of the large losses caused by CCD is people like myself and other researchers around the country applying new techniques and tools to honeybees which they normally would not have done so, and so we’ve learned an incredible amount about the ecosystem in the bee and around the bee. And what we now know is that there’s a whole host of pathogens no one knew anything about and that certain combinations of these appear to be associated with higher losses than would otherwise be expected during the season. “\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeRisi’s lab discovered four new viruses that exist in healthy hives they never knew existed before. But that didn’t solve the problem at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease remains a serious threat, with about a third of all bee colonies affected, and no cure in sight. But many among the other two-thirds of the beekeeping community think they have it under control, because their hives are doing well. They claim they take better care of their bees, feed them better, and use various medicines and techniques to keep the hives healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One technique some beekeepers swear by is splitting the hives every year or even more frequently. That means taking half the bees out, getting a new queen (you can buy queens!), and making two hives out of one. \u003ca href=\"http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/faculty/facpage.cfm?id=mussen\">Eric Mussen\u003c/a>, a university extension bee specialist at the University of California at Davis, thinks splitting works – up to a point:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mussen: “When you make these splits, you more or less take the pathogen load, all the problems, you kind of split it in half and then you’ve got these little colonies that have to build up really quickly and when that happens frequently they can outrun some of the parasites. They can outrun some of the disease problems for awhile, so those colonies get up and they make it and they’re, they’re good for a season. Okay, had you not split it, it seems like in many cases the microbes and the parasites become overwhelming and the colony dies, so my terminology is starting from packages, making splits, if you could keep your colonies forever young it looks like that’s a, a way that helps deal with the problem. Nothing’s perfect.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Q: Why hasn’t that completely eradicated this problem then? Why isn’t everybody splitting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mussen: Well, a number of people are splitting, either by default or some by design. They’ve, they’re now understanding what the problem is and, and how this helps. But the problem is that I think some of the equipment has or whatever the CCD problem is, is kind of innate in the equipment and so it really doesn’t matter what bees you put in and how you deal with them, it’s always right there, right on the edge ready to create a real problem. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bees – for some reason – seem to fascinate many of us. Perhaps it’s their social structure: the queen, the workers, the drones, producing honey and baby bees and living their short lives in a super-organized way that would be the envy of any business. Like many an enterprise today, they even have guards outside the hives to sound the alarm if things get out of hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when five years ago the world learned that bees in America and Canada were dying in large numbers, and hives were becoming defunct, the agricultural community and the beekeepers and just plain people became alarmed. Hives were deserted, the bees gone, presumably dead, honey production stopped, and the bee industry crippled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, and it threatened California’s very profitable almond industry, which is dependent on bees to pollinate the trees and keep the nuts growing. And not just almonds: 130 crops in California alone depend on honey bees. Beekeepers from around the nation load their hives on trucks and bring them to California and rent them out to growers. As the disease, or whatever it is, spread, the price of renting ever-more-scarce bees went up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27537\" title=\"114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne (15)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/114a_2007_05_22_Bees_SarahSkikne-15-e1321647984490-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Honey bee hive at UC Davis\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the news media started reporting heavily on the plight of the bees and the beekeepers, interest soared. Researchers at universities around the country started looking into the problem; money was donated to figure out what was killing the bees. Stories appeared frequently about the scientific efforts to figure out what was causing Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and what would cure it. With all that attention you’d think they would have solved the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what the scientists have discovered is that they really don’t know very much about bees. They don’t have a baseline of what goes on on the microscopic level in the hives. What viruses already exist in healthy colonies? You’ve got know that before you can start to understand if a virus is normal or abnormal and may be killing bees. Scientists like \u003ca href=\"http://derisilab.ucsf.edu/\">Joe DeRisi\u003c/a> at the University of California San Francisco say they’ve made great strides, even though they haven’t found a culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>DeRisi: “I think there’s been tremendous progress. One of the frustrating things with CCD is it doesn’t look like there’s any one single agent or culprit that you can point the finger to that’s causing all of these problems. It looks to be a confluence of things that is several different pathogens or situations or environmental conditions that are coming together to cause losses that are more than would be expected. And that’s what’s frustrating people. What has occurred because of the interest in honeybees and because of the large losses caused by CCD is people like myself and other researchers around the country applying new techniques and tools to honeybees which they normally would not have done so, and so we’ve learned an incredible amount about the ecosystem in the bee and around the bee. And what we now know is that there’s a whole host of pathogens no one knew anything about and that certain combinations of these appear to be associated with higher losses than would otherwise be expected during the season. “\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeRisi’s lab discovered four new viruses that exist in healthy hives they never knew existed before. But that didn’t solve the problem at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease remains a serious threat, with about a third of all bee colonies affected, and no cure in sight. But many among the other two-thirds of the beekeeping community think they have it under control, because their hives are doing well. They claim they take better care of their bees, feed them better, and use various medicines and techniques to keep the hives healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One technique some beekeepers swear by is splitting the hives every year or even more frequently. That means taking half the bees out, getting a new queen (you can buy queens!), and making two hives out of one. \u003ca href=\"http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/faculty/facpage.cfm?id=mussen\">Eric Mussen\u003c/a>, a university extension bee specialist at the University of California at Davis, thinks splitting works – up to a point:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mussen: “When you make these splits, you more or less take the pathogen load, all the problems, you kind of split it in half and then you’ve got these little colonies that have to build up really quickly and when that happens frequently they can outrun some of the parasites. They can outrun some of the disease problems for awhile, so those colonies get up and they make it and they’re, they’re good for a season. Okay, had you not split it, it seems like in many cases the microbes and the parasites become overwhelming and the colony dies, so my terminology is starting from packages, making splits, if you could keep your colonies forever young it looks like that’s a, a way that helps deal with the problem. Nothing’s perfect.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Q: Why hasn’t that completely eradicated this problem then? Why isn’t everybody splitting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mussen: Well, a number of people are splitting, either by default or some by design. They’ve, they’re now understanding what the problem is and, and how this helps. But the problem is that I think some of the equipment has or whatever the CCD problem is, is kind of innate in the equipment and so it really doesn’t matter what bees you put in and how you deal with them, it’s always right there, right on the edge ready to create a real problem. So you do the best that you can to try to just stay a little bit ahead of that.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/sweetpotatopie.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/sweetpotatopie-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sweetpotatopie\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27652\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you fill your grocery cart with food for Thanksgiving, pause for a minute and think about where that food came from. I don’t mean is it local or organic or hormone/pesticide /gluten-free—I mean is it Old World or New World? On what continent did that food evolve?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the age of exploration, Europe was called the Old World, along with its continental neighbors in the Eastern Hemisphere, Africa and Asia. The Americas, North and South, were the New World. Australia is sometimes lumped with the New World, too. This is a geographical and historical division. But the Old World/New World distinction also speaks to the biology of the regions. Organisms that originated on one continent are different from those that evolved halfway around the world. And for the most part, living things—animals, plants, microbes—didn’t travel from one hemisphere to the other without human help. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sweet potato/yam mash-up is my favorite example of an Old World/New World confusion. Sweet potatoes originated in Central or South America, and are the starch-filled roots of plants related to morning glories. Yams, however, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-23-a.html\" target=\"_blank\">completely different\u003c/a>. They originated in Africa, and are actually the stem tissue of a monocot plant. Most of what we see labeled as “yams” in our grocery stores are actually sweet potatoes. The common name confusion started centuries ago, when African slaves brought the name—but not the vegetable—to the Americas with them. Yams don’t grow in temperate North America; they need a tropical climate, like Africa, Asia, or the Caribbean (where they’ve been imported). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So let’s go through your grocery cart. Your soon-to-be-mashed potatoes? New World—they originated in South America. (And the Irish Potato Famine occurred long after potatoes were imported to Europe.) The corn in your cornmeal stuffing originated in the New World, too. Your turkey is from the New World, but the soy in your tofurkey is native to Asia. And the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/21/111121fa_fact_seabrook\" target=\"_blank\">apple\u003c/a> in your apple pie is not at all American—it originated in Europe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/zoofood/zoofoods.html\" target=\"_blank\">Many foods\u003c/a> have moved across the ocean. This mixing of culinary components and cultures is definitely something to be thankful for. (Invasive plants and animals—and diseases—that have crisscrossed continents are something else entirely.) This Thanksgiving weekend, I plan to read the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/1493-Uncovering-World-Columbus-Created/dp/0307265722/\" target=\"_blank\">1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created\u003c/a>. Author Charles C. Mann writes about the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Exchange\" target=\"_blank\">Columbian Exchange\u003c/a>—the movement of plants, animals, and people from one hemisphere to the other. I’ll read it while enjoying a cup of coffee (Old World—Africa) and some leftover pecan pie (New World—North America). \u003c/p>\n\n",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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