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"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Water from the Delta has been fought over for more than a half century. Reporter Lauren Sommer sat down with \u003cstrong>Jason Peltier\u003c/strong>, the Deputy General Manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a> to discuss the future of the Delta and California’s water supply. The Westlands Water District is a 600,000 acre agricultural district on the west side of the San Joaquin valley. It’s part of the 3 million acres of farmland that’s served by water that’s moved from the Delta. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For another viewpoint, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-barry-nelson-nrdc/\">Q&A with Barry Nelson\u003c/a> of the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/em> or see the rest of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37003\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 160px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37003\" title=\"Jason-Head-shot160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg\" alt=\"Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where does the water for Westlands agriculture come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through our history, California has accomplished great engineering feats with a system of dams and reservoirs. Those dams, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/ncao/shasta/\">Shasta\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom\u003c/a>, allow us to store water and move it through time. In other words, from wet season to dry season. And the aqueducts allow us to move the water from place to place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How has the allocation of water changed over the years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, our farmers have seen dramatic swings in their water supply, mostly on the downside. We’ve experienced 40%, 60%, up to 90% reductions in deliveries out of the Delta. In some cases there were dry years, but mostly it’s driven by environmental laws, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/Fisheries/CAMP-Program/CVPIA/fisheries_camp-program_cvpia.htm\">Central Valley Project Improvement Act\u003c/a>. They’ve had a rough couple of decades dealing with uncertainty, unpredictability. You can’t get a loan to farm unless you can show the banker what water you have. And they don’t have a lot of confidence in going to their bankers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, people were astonished by it. Now they are learning how to cope with it to some extent. The district has purchased 100,000 acres of farmland and taken it out of irrigated agriculture. Our farmers have shifted their crops to higher value, permanent crops, so they can afford to buy water on the market when the projects can’t deliver water. 80% of the district is on drip irrigation today. We’ve seen our water rates go up tremendously -- our cheapest water is $100 an acre foot. Sometimes on the market, farmers are paying $400 an acre-foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where do those fluctuations come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Part of these 20 years of water supply uncertainty has been driven primarily by environmental laws and restrictions. The restrictions that emanate out of the Endangered Species Act in the form of the biological opinions issued by the federal agencies have been kind of an added wrinkle of complexity for us. We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see. It’s very frustrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Something Westlands has sued over--\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, yes, there’s been a lot of litigation and I’m sure there will be going forth because the stakes are so high. We’re quite happy to use the third branch of government to help to decide some of these huge differences we have with the administration. You know, we lose more than we win. But you know, it helps, even losing creates some certainty that, in the big picture, is of great value to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now, there’s a new planning effort underway to create more certainty, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the stakeholders kind of came together and said you know, what we’re living, this status quo is unacceptable for all of our interests. So we’ve got to try and find a new approach, a new way to address and resolve the conflicts between water project operations and our fisheries and our ecosystem. And that’s what gave rise to the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/BDCPPlanningProcess/AboutTheBDCP.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Planning\u003c/a> effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That plan, the Bay Delta Conservation Plan, calls for a large tunnel or canal to take water around the Delta, instead of through it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been recognized for decades that the location of the export pumps in the southern end of the Delta is a real problem for water quality issues, for vulnerability to earthquakes, for fish on some levels. So, we’re kind of trying to figure out how can we relocate those intakes up to the Sacramento River? We would be able to positively screen for fish, because we’d have a river flowing by. So there’s the alternative conveyance, probably cost $12 billion. And we think, you know, it is expensive. But it’s not because we have such a huge population base to spread our costs over. There’s a huge part of the economy of California that is at-risk today. And we shouldn’t accept that. We shouldn’t live with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The plan also calls for a lot of habitat restoration. Who should pay for that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current planning target for recreation of intertidal habitat is about 60,000 acres. It’s to be determined how that’s going to be paid for. But in our minds, most of that is a public investment. That land was at one time fully in contact with water. With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/cadastral/Manual/73man/id286_m.htm\">Swamp and Overflow Act\u003c/a> in the mid-1800s, islands were created, levees were built, and that water-land contact was lost. We can’t go back and find the people that built the levees in the 1800s, but we can recognize that there’s a broad public value for increasing intertidal habitat and trying to recreate some of the food conditions. Creating better habitat creates more food for the lower-end of the food chain, which then hopefully will work its way up to help the native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fish recovery is good for everybody, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is not dying - it’s a healthy and vibrant place. But there are those that think that the system is over-subscribed. We hear, “we don’t have enough water in California; we’ve got too many people, too many demands.” Some years, that’s the case. But there are also a lot of years when we have absolutely plenty of water in the system to meet the reasonable needs that are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plenty of water to meet the needs of both water users and the species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the beneficial uses. The average through the years is at about 80% of the water that flows into the Delta goes out to the ocean. And after a new conveyance is built, we’ll still be at about 80%. If somebody could tell me specifically where additional water is needed, when it’s needed and what good it’s going to do, we could have a conversation. As it is, it’s kind of a bumper sticker kind of a debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Right, fish vs. farms.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and fishermen have a heck of a lot more in common than they have dividing them. One of the saddest things for me right now is that we can’t work together more constructively: they want healthy fishery to sustain their fishing, and we want a healthy fishery to sustain our ability to export water. And we have an identity of interest. It’s just how we come at the problem.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Water from the Delta has been fought over for more than a half century. Reporter Lauren Sommer sat down with \u003cstrong>Jason Peltier\u003c/strong>, the Deputy General Manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a> to discuss the future of the Delta and California’s water supply. The Westlands Water District is a 600,000 acre agricultural district on the west side of the San Joaquin valley. It’s part of the 3 million acres of farmland that’s served by water that’s moved from the Delta. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For another viewpoint, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-barry-nelson-nrdc/\">Q&A with Barry Nelson\u003c/a> of the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/em> or see the rest of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37003\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 160px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37003\" title=\"Jason-Head-shot160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg\" alt=\"Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where does the water for Westlands agriculture come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through our history, California has accomplished great engineering feats with a system of dams and reservoirs. Those dams, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/ncao/shasta/\">Shasta\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom\u003c/a>, allow us to store water and move it through time. In other words, from wet season to dry season. And the aqueducts allow us to move the water from place to place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How has the allocation of water changed over the years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, our farmers have seen dramatic swings in their water supply, mostly on the downside. We’ve experienced 40%, 60%, up to 90% reductions in deliveries out of the Delta. In some cases there were dry years, but mostly it’s driven by environmental laws, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/Fisheries/CAMP-Program/CVPIA/fisheries_camp-program_cvpia.htm\">Central Valley Project Improvement Act\u003c/a>. They’ve had a rough couple of decades dealing with uncertainty, unpredictability. You can’t get a loan to farm unless you can show the banker what water you have. And they don’t have a lot of confidence in going to their bankers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, people were astonished by it. Now they are learning how to cope with it to some extent. The district has purchased 100,000 acres of farmland and taken it out of irrigated agriculture. Our farmers have shifted their crops to higher value, permanent crops, so they can afford to buy water on the market when the projects can’t deliver water. 80% of the district is on drip irrigation today. We’ve seen our water rates go up tremendously -- our cheapest water is $100 an acre foot. Sometimes on the market, farmers are paying $400 an acre-foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where do those fluctuations come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Part of these 20 years of water supply uncertainty has been driven primarily by environmental laws and restrictions. The restrictions that emanate out of the Endangered Species Act in the form of the biological opinions issued by the federal agencies have been kind of an added wrinkle of complexity for us. We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see. It’s very frustrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Something Westlands has sued over--\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, yes, there’s been a lot of litigation and I’m sure there will be going forth because the stakes are so high. We’re quite happy to use the third branch of government to help to decide some of these huge differences we have with the administration. You know, we lose more than we win. But you know, it helps, even losing creates some certainty that, in the big picture, is of great value to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now, there’s a new planning effort underway to create more certainty, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the stakeholders kind of came together and said you know, what we’re living, this status quo is unacceptable for all of our interests. So we’ve got to try and find a new approach, a new way to address and resolve the conflicts between water project operations and our fisheries and our ecosystem. And that’s what gave rise to the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/BDCPPlanningProcess/AboutTheBDCP.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Planning\u003c/a> effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That plan, the Bay Delta Conservation Plan, calls for a large tunnel or canal to take water around the Delta, instead of through it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been recognized for decades that the location of the export pumps in the southern end of the Delta is a real problem for water quality issues, for vulnerability to earthquakes, for fish on some levels. So, we’re kind of trying to figure out how can we relocate those intakes up to the Sacramento River? We would be able to positively screen for fish, because we’d have a river flowing by. So there’s the alternative conveyance, probably cost $12 billion. And we think, you know, it is expensive. But it’s not because we have such a huge population base to spread our costs over. There’s a huge part of the economy of California that is at-risk today. And we shouldn’t accept that. We shouldn’t live with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The plan also calls for a lot of habitat restoration. Who should pay for that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current planning target for recreation of intertidal habitat is about 60,000 acres. It’s to be determined how that’s going to be paid for. But in our minds, most of that is a public investment. That land was at one time fully in contact with water. With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/cadastral/Manual/73man/id286_m.htm\">Swamp and Overflow Act\u003c/a> in the mid-1800s, islands were created, levees were built, and that water-land contact was lost. We can’t go back and find the people that built the levees in the 1800s, but we can recognize that there’s a broad public value for increasing intertidal habitat and trying to recreate some of the food conditions. Creating better habitat creates more food for the lower-end of the food chain, which then hopefully will work its way up to help the native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fish recovery is good for everybody, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is not dying - it’s a healthy and vibrant place. But there are those that think that the system is over-subscribed. We hear, “we don’t have enough water in California; we’ve got too many people, too many demands.” Some years, that’s the case. But there are also a lot of years when we have absolutely plenty of water in the system to meet the reasonable needs that are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plenty of water to meet the needs of both water users and the species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the beneficial uses. The average through the years is at about 80% of the water that flows into the Delta goes out to the ocean. And after a new conveyance is built, we’ll still be at about 80%. If somebody could tell me specifically where additional water is needed, when it’s needed and what good it’s going to do, we could have a conversation. As it is, it’s kind of a bumper sticker kind of a debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Right, fish vs. farms.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and fishermen have a heck of a lot more in common than they have dividing them. One of the saddest things for me right now is that we can’t work together more constructively: they want healthy fishery to sustain their fishing, and we want a healthy fishery to sustain our ability to export water. And we have an identity of interest. It’s just how we come at the problem.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Different Deltas: Q&A with Barry Nelson of the Natural Resources Defense Council",
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"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Water from the Delta has been fought over for more than a half century. Reporter Lauren Sommer sat down with \u003cstrong>Barry Nelson\u003c/strong>, the Senior Policy Analyst for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> to discuss the future of the Delta and California’s water supply. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For another viewpoint, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd/\">Q&A with Jason Peltier\u003c/a> of the Westlands Water District\u003c/em> or see the rest of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37011\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 160px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37011\" title=\"Barry-Head-shot160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601.jpg\" alt=\"Barry Nelson, Senior Policy Analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barry Nelson, Senior Policy Analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When were the first signs that the Delta ecosystem was in trouble?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1960s, we’ve seen a steadily growing trend of diversions from the Delta. If you look at long-term averages, you filter out the impacts of droughts and wet years, we’ve taken more and more and more water from the Delta pretty steadily for the last 50 years, and that really hit a crisis point in the ‘90s. That’s the point at which we started seeing the winter-run salmon and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/fish/Delta_smelt/index.html\">Delta smelt\u003c/a> being protected under the state and federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And ten years ago, things really changed dramatically. Starting in 2000, suddenly we started taking a lot more water out of the Delta for a lot of reasons. It was an enormous increase, about a 20% increase on average. And the ecosystem crashed. It was called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/pod/pod_index.html\">pelagic organism decline\u003c/a>.” But what it meant was pretty simple: that everything swimming in the Delta was in deep trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now we’ve got half a dozen species in deep trouble in the estuary and a fishing industry that’s honestly fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What caused their decline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of work has been done looking at this catastrophic, across-the-board, collapse of the Bay Delta ecosystem. And the bottom line was recognition that, while there are lots of stressors, there are pollution problems in the ecosystem. We do have invasive species like clams that have come from overseas. But the core problem is the amount of water we pump out of that system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a huge fight in the courts over this issue. And ultimately, the courts and then the agencies imposed a new set of rules that really have returned us to the level of pumping we saw for about 30 years prior to the 2000’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And what were those rules on pumping?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Starting in 2000, suddenly we started taking a lot more water out of the Delta for a lot of reasons. It was an enormous increase, about a 20% increase on average. And the ecosystem crashed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Delta’s a complicated ecosystem. As water flows through it, it flows through it in a complicated pattern. Fish have evolved to survive with that pattern; water coming through at certain times of year, and flowing through those Delta channels into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, the federal rules control two things: the amount of water that flows all the way through the ecosystem into the Bay in order to maintain a healthy ecosystem and the extent to which some of the channels within the Delta flow backwards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pumps in the south Delta are so powerful that they literally reverse the direction of flow in these Delta channels. And if you’re a young migrating salmon swimming downstream towards the ocean as Mother Nature programmed you, when the Delta channels are flowing the wrong direction, it’s very easy for those fish to follow that water and get sucked right into the pumps. And that’s why those pumps have killed in the last decade or so not a million fish, not tens of millions of fish, but over a hundred million young fish killed just at the pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So if you could design your ideal plan for the Delta, what would that look like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, we know we need to see some real habitat restoration in the Delta. We’ve converted almost every scrap of habitat in the Delta to farmland, and in order to restore a healthy Delta, we need to return some of that to habitat. And actually I think that’s something where there’s a fair amount of agreement. How you do that is not trivial, but I think there’s a fair amount of agreement around that. And given the challenge of maintaining all of the existing levees in perpetuity, the question is: are we going to do it in a planned and thoughtful way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, we really don’t have a choice but to maintain a lot of our Delta levees for a couple of decades. It’s going to take a long time to make major changes in the Delta. And there is so much infrastructure, the Delta communities, Delta farming, and water supply that depend on Delta levees today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third, from our perspective, the challenge we face in terms of exporting water from the Delta is first figuring out how much water we can safely pump from the Delta. And then designing a facility around that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’re talking about the “peripheral canal,” right? A canal or tunnel that would take water around the Delta?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there are two conflicting visions for a facility in the Delta. One is the old plan. Fifty years ago, the state of California was planning to build a peripheral canal around the Delta, an enormous facility that would allow those pumps in the south Delta to take water from the north Delta and pump it around the Delta rather than through Delta channels. And that was really a simple proposal to simply take more water from the ecosystem. We know now that that, the amount of water that that would have taken would have been devastating to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the old version of the canal. But there’s a new version out there. And that is a proposal to deal with earthquake risks in the Delta. It’s to deal with the fact that there really are earthquake risks in the Delta that represent significant threats to water supply. And a facility could provide a lifeline in case the Delta was to temporarily fail. What we’re struggling with right now is that we have competing interests in California advancing two different visions for what the problem is in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>With such a long history of disagreement, what are the chances of agreeing on a plan? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a reason that the discussion on the Delta is so politically heated that people don’t usually talk about. And that is California is out of rivers. If you look around the state of California at the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River\">Colorado River\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_River\">Klamath River\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_River_%28California%29\">Trinity River\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_River\">Owens River\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/restoration-of-the-san-joaquin-river/\">San Joaquin\u003c/a>, on and on, we’ve really started to hit real hard physical limits in the amount of water we can take out of all of those rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago we weren’t paying enough attention to sea level rise impacts. We weren’t really thinking about earthquake risks in, in the Delta. So there really is a sense that we need to figure this problem out this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what makes the Delta debate so compelling. The Delta is an incredibly important ecosystem. It’s an incredibly important place for a quarter million people who live there. And it’s a tremendously important water supply for the state of California. There are a lot of reasons why our planning efforts today could fail, but it’s so important to the future of the state. It’s so important to the health of the Bay and the Bay Area, it’s so important to the future of the salmon industry, to the residents of the Delta. We can’t let that effort fail.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Water from the Delta has been fought over for more than a half century. Reporter Lauren Sommer sat down with \u003cstrong>Barry Nelson\u003c/strong>, the Senior Policy Analyst for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> to discuss the future of the Delta and California’s water supply. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For another viewpoint, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd/\">Q&A with Jason Peltier\u003c/a> of the Westlands Water District\u003c/em> or see the rest of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37011\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 160px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37011\" title=\"Barry-Head-shot160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601.jpg\" alt=\"Barry Nelson, Senior Policy Analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barry Nelson, Senior Policy Analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When were the first signs that the Delta ecosystem was in trouble?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1960s, we’ve seen a steadily growing trend of diversions from the Delta. If you look at long-term averages, you filter out the impacts of droughts and wet years, we’ve taken more and more and more water from the Delta pretty steadily for the last 50 years, and that really hit a crisis point in the ‘90s. That’s the point at which we started seeing the winter-run salmon and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/fish/Delta_smelt/index.html\">Delta smelt\u003c/a> being protected under the state and federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And ten years ago, things really changed dramatically. Starting in 2000, suddenly we started taking a lot more water out of the Delta for a lot of reasons. It was an enormous increase, about a 20% increase on average. And the ecosystem crashed. It was called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/pod/pod_index.html\">pelagic organism decline\u003c/a>.” But what it meant was pretty simple: that everything swimming in the Delta was in deep trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now we’ve got half a dozen species in deep trouble in the estuary and a fishing industry that’s honestly fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What caused their decline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of work has been done looking at this catastrophic, across-the-board, collapse of the Bay Delta ecosystem. And the bottom line was recognition that, while there are lots of stressors, there are pollution problems in the ecosystem. We do have invasive species like clams that have come from overseas. But the core problem is the amount of water we pump out of that system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a huge fight in the courts over this issue. And ultimately, the courts and then the agencies imposed a new set of rules that really have returned us to the level of pumping we saw for about 30 years prior to the 2000’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And what were those rules on pumping?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Starting in 2000, suddenly we started taking a lot more water out of the Delta for a lot of reasons. It was an enormous increase, about a 20% increase on average. And the ecosystem crashed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Delta’s a complicated ecosystem. As water flows through it, it flows through it in a complicated pattern. Fish have evolved to survive with that pattern; water coming through at certain times of year, and flowing through those Delta channels into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, the federal rules control two things: the amount of water that flows all the way through the ecosystem into the Bay in order to maintain a healthy ecosystem and the extent to which some of the channels within the Delta flow backwards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pumps in the south Delta are so powerful that they literally reverse the direction of flow in these Delta channels. And if you’re a young migrating salmon swimming downstream towards the ocean as Mother Nature programmed you, when the Delta channels are flowing the wrong direction, it’s very easy for those fish to follow that water and get sucked right into the pumps. And that’s why those pumps have killed in the last decade or so not a million fish, not tens of millions of fish, but over a hundred million young fish killed just at the pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So if you could design your ideal plan for the Delta, what would that look like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, we know we need to see some real habitat restoration in the Delta. We’ve converted almost every scrap of habitat in the Delta to farmland, and in order to restore a healthy Delta, we need to return some of that to habitat. And actually I think that’s something where there’s a fair amount of agreement. How you do that is not trivial, but I think there’s a fair amount of agreement around that. And given the challenge of maintaining all of the existing levees in perpetuity, the question is: are we going to do it in a planned and thoughtful way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, we really don’t have a choice but to maintain a lot of our Delta levees for a couple of decades. It’s going to take a long time to make major changes in the Delta. And there is so much infrastructure, the Delta communities, Delta farming, and water supply that depend on Delta levees today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third, from our perspective, the challenge we face in terms of exporting water from the Delta is first figuring out how much water we can safely pump from the Delta. And then designing a facility around that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’re talking about the “peripheral canal,” right? A canal or tunnel that would take water around the Delta?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there are two conflicting visions for a facility in the Delta. One is the old plan. Fifty years ago, the state of California was planning to build a peripheral canal around the Delta, an enormous facility that would allow those pumps in the south Delta to take water from the north Delta and pump it around the Delta rather than through Delta channels. And that was really a simple proposal to simply take more water from the ecosystem. We know now that that, the amount of water that that would have taken would have been devastating to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the old version of the canal. But there’s a new version out there. And that is a proposal to deal with earthquake risks in the Delta. It’s to deal with the fact that there really are earthquake risks in the Delta that represent significant threats to water supply. And a facility could provide a lifeline in case the Delta was to temporarily fail. 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If you look around the state of California at the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River\">Colorado River\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_River\">Klamath River\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_River_%28California%29\">Trinity River\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_River\">Owens River\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/restoration-of-the-san-joaquin-river/\">San Joaquin\u003c/a>, on and on, we’ve really started to hit real hard physical limits in the amount of water we can take out of all of those rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago we weren’t paying enough attention to sea level rise impacts. We weren’t really thinking about earthquake risks in, in the Delta. So there really is a sense that we need to figure this problem out this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what makes the Delta debate so compelling. The Delta is an incredibly important ecosystem. It’s an incredibly important place for a quarter million people who live there. And it’s a tremendously important water supply for the state of California. There are a lot of reasons why our planning efforts today could fail, but it’s so important to the future of the state. It’s so important to the health of the Bay and the Bay Area, it’s so important to the future of the salmon industry, to the residents of the Delta. We can’t let that effort fail.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Associate Media Producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Joshua Cassidy\u003c/a> co-produced this video story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re like most Californians, you’ve probably never heard of the Delta or why it’s important to the state’s economy and wildlife. In three minutes, we’ll explain how the Delta is a key part of California’s water supply and why it’s been the focus of a decades-long water battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/journal-pbio640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36715\" title=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/journal.pbio640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi lives around hydrocarbon-releasing ocean floor seeps in the Gulf ofMexico. It gets the sulfide it needs to survive from amenagerie of bacteria and archaea that live in the sedimentssurrounding the vent. (Credit: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The impulse to classify life seems hard-wired in our species, a relic perhaps of an ancient need to forage in landscapes rife with poisonous roots, fruits, shoots and fungi. Not that the need has disappeared. You get just once chance to mistake \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>—aka the “death cap”—for the delectable paddy straw mushroom \u003cem>(Volvariella volvacea).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linnaeus’ \u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nintroduced the modern framework for classification, helping scientists categorize life as a first step to understanding it. Taxonomists have now described roughly 1.5 million species, just a fraction of the true measure of the planet’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges. A recent census effort, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGomnF\">published last summer,\u003c/a> placed the estimate at around 8.7 million species on land and sea, with the vast majority still awaiting description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper raised a stir, not least because its estimate of microbial diversity was so low (for bacteria, about 10,000 species), to the consternation of many, including \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGpebS\">UC Davis professor Jonathan Eisen,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist and microbe ambassador. But I’ll return to that in a moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking stock of the number of species on the planet helps biologists predict how losing them might impact ecosystems. But we’re losing species faster than biologists can discover and describe them, let alone identify the conditions they need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Butchart%20et%20al%20Global%20biodiversity%20declines%20Science.pdf\">somber report published a few years ago\u003c/a> made clear, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s push to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 has largely failed. Several categories of animals skirt the brink of extinction while threats to ecosystem health, from nitrogen pollution to overfishing, continue unabated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy, \u003ca href=\"http://breakthroughjournal.org/content/authors/peter-kareiva-robert-lalasz-an-1/conservation-in-the-anthropoce.shtml\">described our failure in an essay: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity on Earth continues its rapid decline. We continue to lose forests in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are so few wild tigers and apes that they will be lost forever if current trends continue. Simply put, we are losing many more special places and species than we're saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kareiva’s point was not that we should all hang our heads in defeat, or dig in our heels and fence off more and more land from our ever-expanding ecological footprint. He suggested something more radical: recognize the resilience of nature—not “nature” with a capital “N” but nature as a complex system of physical forces and chemical processes—and our place in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace your inner microbe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where microbes come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: by the numbers, you’re more microbe than human. Microbes outnumber you by at least 10 to 1. Your eyelashes, hair, saliva and skin offer prime habitat to a multitude of microorganisms. What looks like a body part to you looks like a niche to microbes. When you type, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/news/knight20100315.html\">leave a unique microbial fingerprint on your keyboard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real action takes place in your gut, Microbe Megalopolis, population 100 trillion, give or take a few. And here’s where it gets interesting. Your gut microflora and mine differ. And these variations can spell the difference between health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a Stanford microbiologist and “microbiome” pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JACQbY\">told a reporter\u003c/a> that the diversity and individual variation of our gut microbial communities suggests that “one of the most important ecosystems on the planet might be the human body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36708\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/cover_art1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36708\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-36708\" title=\"gut microbe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gutmicrobe-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"gut microbe\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B. thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gutbacterium, and the intestine. (Image: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have now implicated the microbiome in allergies, autoimmune disease, obesity, and a variety of other conditions. And it all started with one study that showed that when you transplant a microbial community from one mouse to another, the phenotype--traits associated with that community, in this case, obesity--goes with it, explains Eisen. “That changed everything. Until that paper came along no one had shown that microbes played that big a role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know microbes are the most abundant life form on Earth. But that doesn’t mean we can take them for granted. Many of their natural habitats—both landscapes and organisms—are disappearing. When host organisms disappear, the microbes will go with them. The reverse could also be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most captive breeding programs to restore endangered species to the wild concentrate on genetic diversity as the key to survival. “But no one’s really saying we need to worry about their microbes too,” says Eisen. “No one’s focusing on whatever we need to do to make sure they have the right microbial community with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An improbable field guide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6,000 to 8,000 species of bacteria have been described so far, but biologists like Eisen think there may be hundreds of thousands or even billions of niches to exploit. Trying to count microbe species is a losing proposition, he thinks. But trying to characterize microbe diversity by thinking in terms of niches isn’t. Microbes exploit different niches just like any other organism, from Darwin’s finches to Arctic foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “bird nerd” since he was 7 years old, Eisen thinks the best way to get a handle on the seemingly intractable diversity of microbial life on the planet is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoD6Fs5yRdU\">think in terms of field guides\u003c/a>. Document everything you know about different types of microbes, their niches, range, biology, genetics and ways to identify them. That becomes both a reference and an organizational framework for gathering and making sense of the mountains of data, mostly genetic, gathered from the places microbes live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “metagenomic” tools, scientists sift through reams of genetic material extracted from environmental samples by matching gene sequences to known organisms or, if nothing matches, to something roughly similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is obviously different from skeletons, bones and fossils, Eisen says, but the classification, clustering and taxonomy methods are no different from what ecologists, archeologists and paleontologists have been doing for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the microbe field guide is a tad more ambitious than any field guide to birds. The enormity of the task was perhaps best expressed by metagenomic pioneer Julian Davies in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/espm131/readings/gewin2006.pdf\">quote beloved by microbe hunters:\u003c/a> “Once the diversity of the microbial world is catalogued, it will make astronomy look like a pitiful science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to overstate microbes’ importance to the planet. They drive the global carbon and nitrogen cycles that make life possible, regulate climate, purify groundwater and detoxify waste. If it weren’t for the ancient forebears of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JBGTVx\">ocean-dwelling cyanobacteria,\u003c/a> which pumped oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere after emerging some 3.5 billion years ago, we probably wouldn’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/journal-pbio640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36715\" title=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/journal.pbio640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi lives around hydrocarbon-releasing ocean floor seeps in the Gulf ofMexico. It gets the sulfide it needs to survive from amenagerie of bacteria and archaea that live in the sedimentssurrounding the vent. (Credit: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The impulse to classify life seems hard-wired in our species, a relic perhaps of an ancient need to forage in landscapes rife with poisonous roots, fruits, shoots and fungi. Not that the need has disappeared. You get just once chance to mistake \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>—aka the “death cap”—for the delectable paddy straw mushroom \u003cem>(Volvariella volvacea).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linnaeus’ \u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nintroduced the modern framework for classification, helping scientists categorize life as a first step to understanding it. Taxonomists have now described roughly 1.5 million species, just a fraction of the true measure of the planet’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges. A recent census effort, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGomnF\">published last summer,\u003c/a> placed the estimate at around 8.7 million species on land and sea, with the vast majority still awaiting description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper raised a stir, not least because its estimate of microbial diversity was so low (for bacteria, about 10,000 species), to the consternation of many, including \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGpebS\">UC Davis professor Jonathan Eisen,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist and microbe ambassador. But I’ll return to that in a moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking stock of the number of species on the planet helps biologists predict how losing them might impact ecosystems. But we’re losing species faster than biologists can discover and describe them, let alone identify the conditions they need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Butchart%20et%20al%20Global%20biodiversity%20declines%20Science.pdf\">somber report published a few years ago\u003c/a> made clear, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s push to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 has largely failed. Several categories of animals skirt the brink of extinction while threats to ecosystem health, from nitrogen pollution to overfishing, continue unabated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy, \u003ca href=\"http://breakthroughjournal.org/content/authors/peter-kareiva-robert-lalasz-an-1/conservation-in-the-anthropoce.shtml\">described our failure in an essay: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity on Earth continues its rapid decline. We continue to lose forests in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are so few wild tigers and apes that they will be lost forever if current trends continue. Simply put, we are losing many more special places and species than we're saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kareiva’s point was not that we should all hang our heads in defeat, or dig in our heels and fence off more and more land from our ever-expanding ecological footprint. He suggested something more radical: recognize the resilience of nature—not “nature” with a capital “N” but nature as a complex system of physical forces and chemical processes—and our place in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace your inner microbe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where microbes come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: by the numbers, you’re more microbe than human. Microbes outnumber you by at least 10 to 1. Your eyelashes, hair, saliva and skin offer prime habitat to a multitude of microorganisms. What looks like a body part to you looks like a niche to microbes. When you type, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/news/knight20100315.html\">leave a unique microbial fingerprint on your keyboard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real action takes place in your gut, Microbe Megalopolis, population 100 trillion, give or take a few. And here’s where it gets interesting. Your gut microflora and mine differ. And these variations can spell the difference between health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a Stanford microbiologist and “microbiome” pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JACQbY\">told a reporter\u003c/a> that the diversity and individual variation of our gut microbial communities suggests that “one of the most important ecosystems on the planet might be the human body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36708\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/cover_art1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36708\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-36708\" title=\"gut microbe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gutmicrobe-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"gut microbe\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B. thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gutbacterium, and the intestine. 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The reverse could also be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most captive breeding programs to restore endangered species to the wild concentrate on genetic diversity as the key to survival. “But no one’s really saying we need to worry about their microbes too,” says Eisen. “No one’s focusing on whatever we need to do to make sure they have the right microbial community with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An improbable field guide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6,000 to 8,000 species of bacteria have been described so far, but biologists like Eisen think there may be hundreds of thousands or even billions of niches to exploit. Trying to count microbe species is a losing proposition, he thinks. But trying to characterize microbe diversity by thinking in terms of niches isn’t. Microbes exploit different niches just like any other organism, from Darwin’s finches to Arctic foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “bird nerd” since he was 7 years old, Eisen thinks the best way to get a handle on the seemingly intractable diversity of microbial life on the planet is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoD6Fs5yRdU\">think in terms of field guides\u003c/a>. Document everything you know about different types of microbes, their niches, range, biology, genetics and ways to identify them. 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36676\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/01/can-ancient-fish-art-inform-modern-fish-science/grouper_mosaic/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36676\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic.jpg\" alt=\"Dusky grouper swallowing a person in a Roman mosaic; Bardo Museum, Tunisia\" title=\"grouper_mosaic\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36676\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dusky grouper swallowing a person in a Roman mosaic; Bardo Museum, Tunisia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Groupers are enormous fish. Some species grow over two meters long and weigh hundreds of kilograms. Unfortunately for groupers, they are also delicious fish. Since prehistoric times, humans have been devouring all kinds of grouper species all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such long-term fishing pressure tends to reduce fish size, as well as reducing the number of fish in the sea. Certain species, like the dusky grouper in the Mediterranean, have been fished for so long that we don't even know what a pristine population would look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for groupers and for the scientists studying them, these fish are aesthetically appealing as well as huge and tasty. Dusky groupers can be recognized in Etruscan, Greek, and Roman artwork dating back thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dolphinbiology.org/people/paolo_guidetti.htm\" title=\"Paolo Guidetti\">Paolo Guidetti\u003c/a> of the University of Salento in Italy and \u003ca href=\"http://micheli.stanford.edu/micheli.html\" title=\"Fio Micheli\">Fiorenza Micheli\u003c/a> of Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station studied this ancient art for biological clues. Frequent depictions of enormous fish in shallow water, including one swallowing a person, \u003ca href=\"http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ecological-society-of-america/ancient-art-serving-marine-conservation-BeIt72ailX\" title=\"Ancient Art Serving Marine Conservation\">led them to conclude\u003c/a> that today's small, deep-water dusky groupers are not the species' natural state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36677\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 368px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/01/can-ancient-fish-art-inform-modern-fish-science/800px-atlanticgoliathgrouper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36677\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/800px-AtlanticGoliathGrouper-368x253.jpg\" alt=\"goliath grouper\" title=\"800px-AtlanticGoliathGrouper\" width=\"368\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-36677\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a goliath grouper; dusky groupers may have been this big a couple thousand years ago. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, as the authors point out, \"there are no known instances of dusky groupers attacking human swimmers.\" Could the size of the fish have been similarly fabricated? \u003ca href=\"http://ento.psu.edu/directory/stb13\" title=\"Simon Blanford\">Simon Blanford\u003c/a> of Penn State University and \u003ca href=\"http://www.denison.edu/academics/departments/biology/stoehr_andrew.html\" title=\"Andrew Stoehr\">Andrew Stoehr\u003c/a> of Denison University \u003ca href=\"http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ecological-society-of-america/artistic-license-exploited-by-fishermen-vjx5gc0biq\" title=\"Artistic License Exploited by Fishermen?\">took up this question\u003c/a> with humorous gusto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Like Giudetti and Micheli, we too are biologists; however, the two of us additionally participate in a seamier pastime whose nature often involves--how can we put this?--a certain economy with the truth. We are fishermen.\" Having thus coyly introduced themselves, they express their concerns with the source material. \"One can easily imagine a Roman painter, suffering from a bit of artist's block as he sits behind the virginal surface of a new amphora, slipping away from his garrett in the Bohemian district of Neapolis to do a bit of on-the-spot research . . . should the docks be barren, he would have been told he should have been there yesterday, when the quayside was so full of large fish they had to walk over them just to get about.\" They go on to cite \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe1a1wHxTyo\" title=\"Monty Python - Four Yorkshiremen\">Monty Python\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Men_in_a_Boat\" title=\"Three Men In A Boat\">Three Men In a Boat\u003c/a>--it's far more amusing than I usually expect from a peer-reviewed journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Micheli and Guidetti currently have the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/12.WB.010\" title=\"From arts to marine conservation\">last word\u003c/a>, having published a response in the most recent \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-05-01T20:25:34+00:00\">episode\u003c/del> issue of the \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-05-01T20:25:34+00:00\">reality show\u003c/del> journal \u003cem>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/em>. They point out that historical records and archaeology agree with the artistic evidence that dusky groupers were once larger and shallower. And while ancient art depicts many different kinds of fish, \"when Roman artists wanted to represent a big fish (including a 'sea monster'), they frequently selected groupers as the subject.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the end of the matter, but if not, I certainly look forward to the next installment.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36676\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/01/can-ancient-fish-art-inform-modern-fish-science/grouper_mosaic/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36676\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic.jpg\" alt=\"Dusky grouper swallowing a person in a Roman mosaic; Bardo Museum, Tunisia\" title=\"grouper_mosaic\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36676\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dusky grouper swallowing a person in a Roman mosaic; Bardo Museum, Tunisia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Groupers are enormous fish. Some species grow over two meters long and weigh hundreds of kilograms. Unfortunately for groupers, they are also delicious fish. Since prehistoric times, humans have been devouring all kinds of grouper species all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such long-term fishing pressure tends to reduce fish size, as well as reducing the number of fish in the sea. Certain species, like the dusky grouper in the Mediterranean, have been fished for so long that we don't even know what a pristine population would look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for groupers and for the scientists studying them, these fish are aesthetically appealing as well as huge and tasty. Dusky groupers can be recognized in Etruscan, Greek, and Roman artwork dating back thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dolphinbiology.org/people/paolo_guidetti.htm\" title=\"Paolo Guidetti\">Paolo Guidetti\u003c/a> of the University of Salento in Italy and \u003ca href=\"http://micheli.stanford.edu/micheli.html\" title=\"Fio Micheli\">Fiorenza Micheli\u003c/a> of Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station studied this ancient art for biological clues. Frequent depictions of enormous fish in shallow water, including one swallowing a person, \u003ca href=\"http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ecological-society-of-america/ancient-art-serving-marine-conservation-BeIt72ailX\" title=\"Ancient Art Serving Marine Conservation\">led them to conclude\u003c/a> that today's small, deep-water dusky groupers are not the species' natural state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36677\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 368px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/01/can-ancient-fish-art-inform-modern-fish-science/800px-atlanticgoliathgrouper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36677\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/800px-AtlanticGoliathGrouper-368x253.jpg\" alt=\"goliath grouper\" title=\"800px-AtlanticGoliathGrouper\" width=\"368\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-36677\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a goliath grouper; dusky groupers may have been this big a couple thousand years ago. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, as the authors point out, \"there are no known instances of dusky groupers attacking human swimmers.\" Could the size of the fish have been similarly fabricated? \u003ca href=\"http://ento.psu.edu/directory/stb13\" title=\"Simon Blanford\">Simon Blanford\u003c/a> of Penn State University and \u003ca href=\"http://www.denison.edu/academics/departments/biology/stoehr_andrew.html\" title=\"Andrew Stoehr\">Andrew Stoehr\u003c/a> of Denison University \u003ca href=\"http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ecological-society-of-america/artistic-license-exploited-by-fishermen-vjx5gc0biq\" title=\"Artistic License Exploited by Fishermen?\">took up this question\u003c/a> with humorous gusto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Like Giudetti and Micheli, we too are biologists; however, the two of us additionally participate in a seamier pastime whose nature often involves--how can we put this?--a certain economy with the truth. We are fishermen.\" Having thus coyly introduced themselves, they express their concerns with the source material. \"One can easily imagine a Roman painter, suffering from a bit of artist's block as he sits behind the virginal surface of a new amphora, slipping away from his garrett in the Bohemian district of Neapolis to do a bit of on-the-spot research . . . should the docks be barren, he would have been told he should have been there yesterday, when the quayside was so full of large fish they had to walk over them just to get about.\" They go on to cite \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe1a1wHxTyo\" title=\"Monty Python - Four Yorkshiremen\">Monty Python\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Men_in_a_Boat\" title=\"Three Men In A Boat\">Three Men In a Boat\u003c/a>--it's far more amusing than I usually expect from a peer-reviewed journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Micheli and Guidetti currently have the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/12.WB.010\" title=\"From arts to marine conservation\">last word\u003c/a>, having published a response in the most recent \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-05-01T20:25:34+00:00\">episode\u003c/del> issue of the \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-05-01T20:25:34+00:00\">reality show\u003c/del> journal \u003cem>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/em>. They point out that historical records and archaeology agree with the artistic evidence that dusky groupers were once larger and shallower. And while ancient art depicts many different kinds of fish, \"when Roman artists wanted to represent a big fish (including a 'sea monster'), they frequently selected groupers as the subject.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the end of the matter, but if not, I certainly look forward to the next installment.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Desperately Seeking Autism Genes",
"title": "Desperately Seeking Autism Genes",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/30/desperately-seeking-autism-genes/xychrom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36281\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/XYchrom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"XYchrom\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/XYchrom.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/XYchrom-400x244.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brand new mutations are helping scientists figure out what is going on in autism.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Autism is incredibly frustrating from a genetic point of view. Every study clearly shows that genetics plays an important role in this disease. But when these studies try to find a cause, they keep coming up short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this isn’t because scientists aren’t trying hard. They are. In most of the recent studies they are comparing thousands of people’s DNA at millions of different spots. If there was a simple explanation, they would have found it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing they have managed to find from all of these studies is that a minority of cases result from \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=49\">brand new mutations\u003c/a> that most likely happen in either the sperm or the egg before fertilization. While these are not going to be that useful as a diagnostic test, they may prove useful as a way of figuring out which genes to focus on. And maybe even for coming up with new ways to treat autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, a whole slew of researchers set out to find more of these sorts of \u003cem>de novo\u003c/em> mutations (as they are called). They reported their findings in the following three back to back to back reports in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11011.html\">Study 1\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10989.html\">Study 2\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10945.html\">Study 3\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These researchers took on the herculean task of looking at every letter of every gene of over two thousand people. Basically they compared the genes of parents to the genes of their autistic children (and a few of their unaffected siblings). They were able to confirm that some previously identified genes were important in autism and they identified a few new ones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were also able to confirm that older dads pass on more of these sorts of mutations than younger dads or moms of any age. Which makes sense if you think about sperm production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each time a sperm is made, its DNA needs to get copied. And each time DNA is copied, there is a chance for a mistake to creep in. So it makes sense that the older the dad, the more mutations he’ll have in his sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frustratingly, this was the most solid finding in the study. But fret not. They also learned some important things about how autism happens too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important thing they found was that many children with autism shared mutations in related genes. Their mutations affected different genes that all impacted the same or related biochemical pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36297\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/30/desperately-seeking-autism-genes/autisticbrain2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36297\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/autisticBrain2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"autisticBrain2\" width=\"250\" height=\"158\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An fMRI scan of an autistic brain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is what we might expect from something as complicated as brain development. To pull off something like this, various genes are going to need to fire off at the right time in the right order. If any one of the genes in a similar pathway misfires, you can end up with similar problems. And this is undoubtedly happening in some cases of autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a very important finding for identifying where to focus research so new treatments can be found for this disease. Isolated genes can be hard to target because sometimes scientists don’t know what they are doing or how they fit into the grand scheme of things. But researchers can identify a pathway, then they can identify chemicals that can tweak that pathway that can one day become medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These studies also highlight yet again what a hideously complex disease autism is. Your risk depends on what versions of lots of different genes you have. Some versions will increase your risk and some will decrease it. Your chances are a summation of all of these risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if this wasn’t complicated enough, autism is more than genes. Something \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/18/autism-more-than-genes/\">in the environment\u003c/a> has to trigger the disease and we know very little about these triggers (except that vaccines aren’t one). Now add to this the fact that different genetic combinations are going to be susceptible to different triggers and you begin to see why this has been such a challenge to geneticists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out why a particular person ended up with autism is really hard. But even if we can’t figure it out for a particular person, these studies are important for finding what is happening in the brains of people with autism. And hopefully by knowing that, we can find new treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MM-x25z-i7w]\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nA long video about the biology of autism. Well worth your time.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/30/desperately-seeking-autism-genes/xychrom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36281\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/XYchrom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"XYchrom\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/XYchrom.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/XYchrom-400x244.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brand new mutations are helping scientists figure out what is going on in autism.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Autism is incredibly frustrating from a genetic point of view. Every study clearly shows that genetics plays an important role in this disease. But when these studies try to find a cause, they keep coming up short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this isn’t because scientists aren’t trying hard. They are. In most of the recent studies they are comparing thousands of people’s DNA at millions of different spots. If there was a simple explanation, they would have found it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing they have managed to find from all of these studies is that a minority of cases result from \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=49\">brand new mutations\u003c/a> that most likely happen in either the sperm or the egg before fertilization. While these are not going to be that useful as a diagnostic test, they may prove useful as a way of figuring out which genes to focus on. And maybe even for coming up with new ways to treat autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, a whole slew of researchers set out to find more of these sorts of \u003cem>de novo\u003c/em> mutations (as they are called). They reported their findings in the following three back to back to back reports in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11011.html\">Study 1\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10989.html\">Study 2\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10945.html\">Study 3\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These researchers took on the herculean task of looking at every letter of every gene of over two thousand people. Basically they compared the genes of parents to the genes of their autistic children (and a few of their unaffected siblings). They were able to confirm that some previously identified genes were important in autism and they identified a few new ones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were also able to confirm that older dads pass on more of these sorts of mutations than younger dads or moms of any age. Which makes sense if you think about sperm production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each time a sperm is made, its DNA needs to get copied. And each time DNA is copied, there is a chance for a mistake to creep in. So it makes sense that the older the dad, the more mutations he’ll have in his sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frustratingly, this was the most solid finding in the study. But fret not. They also learned some important things about how autism happens too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important thing they found was that many children with autism shared mutations in related genes. Their mutations affected different genes that all impacted the same or related biochemical pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36297\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/30/desperately-seeking-autism-genes/autisticbrain2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36297\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/autisticBrain2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"autisticBrain2\" width=\"250\" height=\"158\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An fMRI scan of an autistic brain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is what we might expect from something as complicated as brain development. To pull off something like this, various genes are going to need to fire off at the right time in the right order. If any one of the genes in a similar pathway misfires, you can end up with similar problems. And this is undoubtedly happening in some cases of autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a very important finding for identifying where to focus research so new treatments can be found for this disease. Isolated genes can be hard to target because sometimes scientists don’t know what they are doing or how they fit into the grand scheme of things. But researchers can identify a pathway, then they can identify chemicals that can tweak that pathway that can one day become medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These studies also highlight yet again what a hideously complex disease autism is. Your risk depends on what versions of lots of different genes you have. Some versions will increase your risk and some will decrease it. Your chances are a summation of all of these risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if this wasn’t complicated enough, autism is more than genes. Something \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/18/autism-more-than-genes/\">in the environment\u003c/a> has to trigger the disease and we know very little about these triggers (except that vaccines aren’t one). Now add to this the fact that different genetic combinations are going to be susceptible to different triggers and you begin to see why this has been such a challenge to geneticists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out why a particular person ended up with autism is really hard. But even if we can’t figure it out for a particular person, these studies are important for finding what is happening in the brains of people with autism. And hopefully by knowing that, we can find new treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/MM-x25z-i7w'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/MM-x25z-i7w'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nA long video about the biology of autism. Well worth your time.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Salmon Runs, Grizzly Bear Dreams ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/grizzly_bear640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35562\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Grizzly_bear640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Grizzly_bear \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35562\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear in British Columbia. Its California cousin, Ursus horribilis californicus, is long extinct. (Photo: Charlesjsharp)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California’s beleaguered salmon fishing industry finally got a break. After the catastrophic collapse of Central Valley’s fall Chinook run in 2008-2009, hundreds of thousands of fish may be on their way back to Sacramento riverbeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a forecast of 820,000 Chinook now at sea, commercial salmon boats, rendered irrelevant for two straight seasons and set loose for just eight days in 2010, can return to business as usual this summer. And though the apparent rebound is good news for salmon, the fall Chinook’s future is far from secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disheartening run of 2008 followed a lean spawning year (which biologists call “escapement,” after the number of fish that elude fishermen to reproduce), with just under 88,000 survivors returning to streams or hatcheries in 2007. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has four seasonal salmon runs, each with distinct behavioral and genetic traits. Conservation biologists like to compare genetic diversity to a diversified stock portfolio. More diversity means a better chance of weathering tough times. (See, for example, \"Irish potato famine.\") And while the National Marine Fisheries Service cited poor ocean conditions as the “proximate cause” for the dismal runs (because freshwater habitat, though degraded, was no worse than usual), the agency also noted several other factors, including heavy reliance on hatchery fish, which homogenized the fall Chinook’s historically diverse genetic portfolio. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall Chinook once thrived in every major river in the Central Valley. Biologists suspect the runs rivaled the storied San Joaquin spring runs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjrdotmdl.org/concept_model/phys-chem_model/documents/300001740.pdf\">Documents from 1870 unearthed by historian Paul Vandor\u003c/a> described salmon returning in “such shoals” that “restful sleep was disturbed because myriads of them can be heard nightly splashing over the sand bars in the river opposite town.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35567\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/chinook/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35567\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chinook-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"chinook\" title=\"chinook\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook Salmon on the Lower Stanislaus River. (Photo: USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spring run Chinook are long gone from the San Joaquin watershed. Just 3,802 fish made the Sacramento run in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific fisheries managers monitor Chinook take to allow 122,000-180,000 fish to escape capture and swim upriver. In 2008, just 66,000 fish made it back. Fewer than 40,000 returned in 2009 (close to 54,000 counting hatchery fish), the worst run on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The runs in 2010 barely made it above the minimum target, with close to 40,000 returning to hatcheries and about 86,000 returning to wild streams.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season’s good news notwithstanding, the grim returns of the past few years didn’t affect just fishermen and salmon consumers. Biologists have long known that ecosystems suffer when managers value economics over ecosystems and allow overfishing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cutting back on harvests to let more salmon spawn in rivers and creeks will not only help safeguard their ecological role, argues a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HIs8gx\">study published last week in PLoS Biology\u003c/a>, but will help commercial fishers and consumers by ensuring a future for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When salmon thrive, so does everything else, says Taal Levi, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, who led the study. “Abundance matters in ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study supports a growing literature linking abundant salmon to positive ecological effects, Levi says. “It suggests we should be letting more salmon into rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/griz-with-salmon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35572\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/griz-with-salmon-250x253.png\" alt=\"grizzly with salmon\" title=\"grizzly with salmon\" width=\"250\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35572\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Letting more salmon return to coastal streams to spawn will benefit bears, ecosystems, and eventually the offshore salmon catch. (Photo: Jennifer Allen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are the ultimate mobile nutrient-delivery system. They spread the wealth wherever they go, from streams to sea and back again. Healthy salmon runs boost primary productivity in coastal lakes (by providing nutrients for algae), fuel vegetative growth along streams, creating better habitat for salmon hatchlings and leading to higher densities of \u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u4183m54576wq127/fulltext.html\">diverse insects\u003c/a> and songbirds. They also feed all manner of predators and scavengers, from orcas to raptors and—in the places they still exist—grizzly bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of thousands of salmon once injected massive seasonal pulses of nutrients from the sea to Pacific coastal and riparian ecosystems. Commercial harvests deprive ecosystems of this historic recharge. But restricting harvests cuts into fishery profits. Levi and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HAGkMV\">developed a model\u003c/a> to help fishery managers weigh the costs and benefits to commercial fishers and ecosystems of allowing more spawning, using grizzly bears as a proxy for salmon’s ecosystem benefits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IkmX7A\">spawning and dead salmon are the single most important fall resource\u003c/a> to grizzlies preparing for hibernation and cub-rearing on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. In this study, the authors show that grizzlies are good indicators of salmon’s ecosystem services because bear densities are so closely tied to salmon abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors used fishing records to model increased escapement across various management options for six sockeye salmon stocks in Alaska and British Columbia to determine how bear numbers and income from fishing change with the number of fish harvested. For each stock, more spawning meant more bears. And for sockeye stocks that breed in streams alongside other salmon species, both long-term fishing yields and bears benefited from higher escapement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation and economic interests conflicted only where grizzlies are threatened and eat primarily sockeye, because reducing harvests would cut into profits. But the tradeoffs would be clear, and managers could estimate the costs of protecting salmon runs and endangered bears. It’s conceivable that managers could even find ways to help fisheries recoup their losses in the name of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishing industry in California doesn’t dominate the state economy as it does in Alaska. But Levi argues that having more salmon in streams would also have economic benefits from better wildlife viewing opportunities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased salmon abundance would surely help California’s bald eagles. “We don’t have abundant bald eagle populations anymore but we have a nesting pair at Pinto Lake in Watsonville,” Levi says. (There’s another pair in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sequoia-audubon.org/\">San Mateo\u003c/a> now.) More salmon would be a boon to the state’s recovering eagle population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More salmon would also increase black bear populations, he says, which is good for both hunters and wildlife observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black bears often move in when grizzlies go extinct, serving a similar ecological role. In fact, biologists say, black bears eat more salmon than grizzlies because they’re more widely distributed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s no reason that restoring California’s salmon runs couldn’t go hand in hand with restoring the state’s grizzly population, Levi says: California and Oregon have millions of acres of contiguous protected land, more than enough to support grizzlies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, grizzlies survived on only 4 million acres in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, he points out. Protected areas in six national forests from Klamath to Mendocino provide nearly 9 million acres of contiguous habitat, not counting available habitat along the coast range from Humboldt down to Point Reyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35652\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/salmon_grizz-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35652\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/salmon_grizz1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear\" title=\"Grizzly bear\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35652\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzly bear (Photo: Eric Sambol/www.raincoast.org)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzlies once inhabited nearly every part of the state. In the 1800s, there were so many in the Santa Cruz Mountains where Levi lives that a Spanish missionary said they prowled about “in herds like hogs on a farm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as late as the 1850s, grizzlies roamed San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties. By the 1870s, they were gone because, as legendary naturalist Joseph Grinnell wrote, “Great numbers of people…have been alert to seize any and every opportunity to \u003cem>kill\u003c/em> bears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi admits the prospect for reintroducing grizzlies could be “politically insurmountable,” but adds wistfully, “this would be ambitious wildlife conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not at all crazy to think that grizzlies could have a viable population in California,\" he says. \"The question is just whether we want them back.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Using grizzly bears in the Pacific Northwest as a proxy for the benefits salmon deliver to ecological communities, a new study argues that letting more salmon migrate into coastal streams will lead to downstream improvements for the ecosystem and eventually the offshore salmon catch. ",
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"description": "Using grizzly bears in the Pacific Northwest as a proxy for the benefits salmon deliver to ecological communities, a new study argues that letting more salmon migrate into coastal streams will lead to downstream improvements for the ecosystem and eventually the offshore salmon catch. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/grizzly_bear640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35562\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Grizzly_bear640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Grizzly_bear \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35562\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear in British Columbia. Its California cousin, Ursus horribilis californicus, is long extinct. (Photo: Charlesjsharp)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California’s beleaguered salmon fishing industry finally got a break. After the catastrophic collapse of Central Valley’s fall Chinook run in 2008-2009, hundreds of thousands of fish may be on their way back to Sacramento riverbeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a forecast of 820,000 Chinook now at sea, commercial salmon boats, rendered irrelevant for two straight seasons and set loose for just eight days in 2010, can return to business as usual this summer. And though the apparent rebound is good news for salmon, the fall Chinook’s future is far from secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disheartening run of 2008 followed a lean spawning year (which biologists call “escapement,” after the number of fish that elude fishermen to reproduce), with just under 88,000 survivors returning to streams or hatcheries in 2007. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has four seasonal salmon runs, each with distinct behavioral and genetic traits. Conservation biologists like to compare genetic diversity to a diversified stock portfolio. More diversity means a better chance of weathering tough times. (See, for example, \"Irish potato famine.\") And while the National Marine Fisheries Service cited poor ocean conditions as the “proximate cause” for the dismal runs (because freshwater habitat, though degraded, was no worse than usual), the agency also noted several other factors, including heavy reliance on hatchery fish, which homogenized the fall Chinook’s historically diverse genetic portfolio. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall Chinook once thrived in every major river in the Central Valley. Biologists suspect the runs rivaled the storied San Joaquin spring runs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjrdotmdl.org/concept_model/phys-chem_model/documents/300001740.pdf\">Documents from 1870 unearthed by historian Paul Vandor\u003c/a> described salmon returning in “such shoals” that “restful sleep was disturbed because myriads of them can be heard nightly splashing over the sand bars in the river opposite town.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35567\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/chinook/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35567\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chinook-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"chinook\" title=\"chinook\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook Salmon on the Lower Stanislaus River. (Photo: USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spring run Chinook are long gone from the San Joaquin watershed. Just 3,802 fish made the Sacramento run in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific fisheries managers monitor Chinook take to allow 122,000-180,000 fish to escape capture and swim upriver. In 2008, just 66,000 fish made it back. Fewer than 40,000 returned in 2009 (close to 54,000 counting hatchery fish), the worst run on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The runs in 2010 barely made it above the minimum target, with close to 40,000 returning to hatcheries and about 86,000 returning to wild streams.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season’s good news notwithstanding, the grim returns of the past few years didn’t affect just fishermen and salmon consumers. Biologists have long known that ecosystems suffer when managers value economics over ecosystems and allow overfishing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cutting back on harvests to let more salmon spawn in rivers and creeks will not only help safeguard their ecological role, argues a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HIs8gx\">study published last week in PLoS Biology\u003c/a>, but will help commercial fishers and consumers by ensuring a future for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When salmon thrive, so does everything else, says Taal Levi, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, who led the study. “Abundance matters in ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study supports a growing literature linking abundant salmon to positive ecological effects, Levi says. “It suggests we should be letting more salmon into rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/griz-with-salmon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35572\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/griz-with-salmon-250x253.png\" alt=\"grizzly with salmon\" title=\"grizzly with salmon\" width=\"250\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35572\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Letting more salmon return to coastal streams to spawn will benefit bears, ecosystems, and eventually the offshore salmon catch. (Photo: Jennifer Allen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are the ultimate mobile nutrient-delivery system. They spread the wealth wherever they go, from streams to sea and back again. Healthy salmon runs boost primary productivity in coastal lakes (by providing nutrients for algae), fuel vegetative growth along streams, creating better habitat for salmon hatchlings and leading to higher densities of \u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u4183m54576wq127/fulltext.html\">diverse insects\u003c/a> and songbirds. They also feed all manner of predators and scavengers, from orcas to raptors and—in the places they still exist—grizzly bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of thousands of salmon once injected massive seasonal pulses of nutrients from the sea to Pacific coastal and riparian ecosystems. Commercial harvests deprive ecosystems of this historic recharge. But restricting harvests cuts into fishery profits. Levi and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HAGkMV\">developed a model\u003c/a> to help fishery managers weigh the costs and benefits to commercial fishers and ecosystems of allowing more spawning, using grizzly bears as a proxy for salmon’s ecosystem benefits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IkmX7A\">spawning and dead salmon are the single most important fall resource\u003c/a> to grizzlies preparing for hibernation and cub-rearing on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. In this study, the authors show that grizzlies are good indicators of salmon’s ecosystem services because bear densities are so closely tied to salmon abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors used fishing records to model increased escapement across various management options for six sockeye salmon stocks in Alaska and British Columbia to determine how bear numbers and income from fishing change with the number of fish harvested. For each stock, more spawning meant more bears. And for sockeye stocks that breed in streams alongside other salmon species, both long-term fishing yields and bears benefited from higher escapement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation and economic interests conflicted only where grizzlies are threatened and eat primarily sockeye, because reducing harvests would cut into profits. But the tradeoffs would be clear, and managers could estimate the costs of protecting salmon runs and endangered bears. It’s conceivable that managers could even find ways to help fisheries recoup their losses in the name of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishing industry in California doesn’t dominate the state economy as it does in Alaska. But Levi argues that having more salmon in streams would also have economic benefits from better wildlife viewing opportunities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased salmon abundance would surely help California’s bald eagles. “We don’t have abundant bald eagle populations anymore but we have a nesting pair at Pinto Lake in Watsonville,” Levi says. (There’s another pair in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sequoia-audubon.org/\">San Mateo\u003c/a> now.) More salmon would be a boon to the state’s recovering eagle population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More salmon would also increase black bear populations, he says, which is good for both hunters and wildlife observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black bears often move in when grizzlies go extinct, serving a similar ecological role. In fact, biologists say, black bears eat more salmon than grizzlies because they’re more widely distributed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s no reason that restoring California’s salmon runs couldn’t go hand in hand with restoring the state’s grizzly population, Levi says: California and Oregon have millions of acres of contiguous protected land, more than enough to support grizzlies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, grizzlies survived on only 4 million acres in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, he points out. Protected areas in six national forests from Klamath to Mendocino provide nearly 9 million acres of contiguous habitat, not counting available habitat along the coast range from Humboldt down to Point Reyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35652\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/salmon_grizz-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35652\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/salmon_grizz1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear\" title=\"Grizzly bear\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35652\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzly bear (Photo: Eric Sambol/www.raincoast.org)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzlies once inhabited nearly every part of the state. In the 1800s, there were so many in the Santa Cruz Mountains where Levi lives that a Spanish missionary said they prowled about “in herds like hogs on a farm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as late as the 1850s, grizzlies roamed San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties. By the 1870s, they were gone because, as legendary naturalist Joseph Grinnell wrote, “Great numbers of people…have been alert to seize any and every opportunity to \u003cem>kill\u003c/em> bears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi admits the prospect for reintroducing grizzlies could be “politically insurmountable,” but adds wistfully, “this would be ambitious wildlife conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not at all crazy to think that grizzlies could have a viable population in California,\" he says. \"The question is just whether we want them back.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: New Hope for Heart Repair",
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"content": "\u003cp>More than 5 million people in the United States live with damaged hearts that make it difficult to walk and carry out other simple daily tasks. Pacemakers and drugs can help, but they don’t repair the heart muscle that has died as a result of a heart attack or clogged arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists in San Francisco say a more effective treatment might be on the way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35476\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Research mouse\" title=\"602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35476\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three months after being injected with three genes, the hearts of mice that had suffered a heart attack pumped as much blood as a normal heart. Credit: Gabriela Quirós, QUEST \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\" title=\"The Gladstone Institutes\" target=\"_blank\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, affiliated with the University of California-San Francisco, reported today that using a new genetic technique, they have succeeded for the first time in repairing, from within, the hearts of mice weakened by heart attacks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a variety of approaches we use right now to help people who are left with damaged hearts,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/srivastava/\" title=\"Dr. Deepak Srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a>, senior author of the paper and director of cardiovascular research at the Gladstone Institutes, “but none of them actually get to the root of the problem, which is replacing that damaged heart muscle. And that’s where our focus has been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists injected three genes into the hearts of research mice that had been given mild heart attacks. Within three months, the genes transformed non-beating cells in the heart into cells that looked and acted just like beating heart muscle cells. These new beating cells restored the heart’s ability to pump blood to the rest of the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human hearts have billions of non-beating cells, which support the beating cells by forming the heart’s structure, Srivastava said. Mice have millions of these support cells too. When a heart attack happens, the support cells rush to the site of the damage and form scar tissue, which preserves the heart’s structure, but doesn’t help it pump blood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve found a way to take these support cells that should normally never become muscle, and convert them into new muscle cells that actually integrate with the rest of the heart, contribute to the force that it generates, and allow us to regenerate the heart from within the organ itself,” said Srivastava.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35482\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mouse heart muscle cells created by Gladstone Institutes researchers.\" title=\"yellow induced muscle cells with sarcomere structure_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35482\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Non-beating heart cells became beating heart cells like these. Credit: Li Qian, Gladstone Institutes \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new research appears in the April 18 online edition of the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html\" title=\"Journal Nature\" target=\"_blank\">Nature\u003c/a> and was led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/publicaffairs/content/1/736\" title=\"Li Qian wins prestigious award\" target=\"_blank\">Li Qian\u003c/a>, also from the Gladstone Institutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heart attacks and other heart disease kill 600,000 people each year. Many more survive, yet lead diminished lives. Some 5.7 million people live with damaged hearts that pump less blood, making it difficult for them to climb a flight of stairs or walk across a parking lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a heart attack, clots block one or several coronary arteries and cut off blood flow. By rushing patients to the operating table and unclogging their arteries with catheters and stents, doctors are able to save all but 5 percent of victims who make it to the hospital. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we’ve been doing better at saving lives, each time we save a life the patient still loses some of their muscle,” Srivastava said. “So the number of people who are left with damaged hearts is actually growing, even though the number of people who die from heart attacks is getting smaller.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments for humans could be six to seven years away, he added. The next step will be to test the treatment on pigs. Scientists still need to figure out if cell reprogramming is safe for humans; how to deliver the genes into the heart, and how to produce enough new beating heart cells to repair a human – rather than a mouse – heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More in our Series\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/childhood-obesity-kids-fight-back/\">Childhood Obesity: Kids Fight Back\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/pump-it-up-heart-health-special-report/\">Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/rushing-to-save-heart-attack-patients/\">Rushing to Save Heart Attack Patients\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the research is drawing the attention of other heart researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a major discovery and certainly suggests a new approach to treat injury that previously had been thought to be irreversible,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Bios---Physician/H-O/Eduardo-Marban-MD.aspx\" title=\"Dr. Eduardo Marban\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Eduardo Marbán\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Heart-Institute/\" title=\"Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\" target=\"_blank\">Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\u003c/a> in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marbán said it’s been “a long-held dogma” that once scar tissue has formed in the heart, it can’t change into heart muscle. This finding in mice, and recent research by Marbán’s team on a small group of human patients, challenge that belief, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the cell reprogramming research doesn’t involve stem cells, the Gladstone scientists used techniques that were discovered through stem cell research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists said their work was inspired by the discovery in 2007 that a few genes can transform an adult skin cell into a cell with the properties of a human embryonic stem cell. Researchers have been intensely interested in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" title=\"QUEST TV segment about stem cell research in California\" target=\"_blank\">embryonic stem cells\u003c/a> as a possible source of treatments for diseases like Parkinson’s because they can be coaxed to turn into virtually any type of cell in the body. But because embryonic stem cells are plucked from embryos left over from fertility treatments, and require the destruction of these embryos, their study has been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alternative to embryonic stem cells came with the skin cell breakthrough five years ago. Then, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/yamanaka/\" title=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\u003c/a>, of the Gladstone Institutes and Kyoto University in Japan, inserted four genes that are present in embryonic stem cells into adult skin cells. The four genes \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/06/11/turning-skin-cells-into-embryonic-stem-cells/\" title=\"QUEST blog post about induced pluripotent stem cells\" target=\"_blank\">reprogrammed the skin cells to become embryonic-like stem cells\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led scientists to look for a way to transform one type of adult cell into another type of adult cell without the need to create stem cells at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yamanaka opened up the idea that adult cells weren’t permanently fixed,” said Srivastava. “That led us to ask whether or not we could convert one of these heart support cells into a heart muscle cell.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bypassing the creation of stem cells has several advantages. Though stem cells are versatile, when they’re introduced into the body they can behave as cancer cells and form tumors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a dramatic and heady possibility that vindicates for the first time the idea that we might be able to harness truly regenerative medicine,” Marbán said. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than 5 million people in the United States live with damaged hearts that make it difficult to walk and carry out other simple daily tasks. Pacemakers and drugs can help, but they don’t repair the heart muscle that has died as a result of a heart attack or clogged arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists in San Francisco say a more effective treatment might be on the way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35476\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Research mouse\" title=\"602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35476\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three months after being injected with three genes, the hearts of mice that had suffered a heart attack pumped as much blood as a normal heart. Credit: Gabriela Quirós, QUEST \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\" title=\"The Gladstone Institutes\" target=\"_blank\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, affiliated with the University of California-San Francisco, reported today that using a new genetic technique, they have succeeded for the first time in repairing, from within, the hearts of mice weakened by heart attacks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a variety of approaches we use right now to help people who are left with damaged hearts,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/srivastava/\" title=\"Dr. Deepak Srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a>, senior author of the paper and director of cardiovascular research at the Gladstone Institutes, “but none of them actually get to the root of the problem, which is replacing that damaged heart muscle. And that’s where our focus has been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists injected three genes into the hearts of research mice that had been given mild heart attacks. Within three months, the genes transformed non-beating cells in the heart into cells that looked and acted just like beating heart muscle cells. These new beating cells restored the heart’s ability to pump blood to the rest of the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human hearts have billions of non-beating cells, which support the beating cells by forming the heart’s structure, Srivastava said. Mice have millions of these support cells too. When a heart attack happens, the support cells rush to the site of the damage and form scar tissue, which preserves the heart’s structure, but doesn’t help it pump blood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve found a way to take these support cells that should normally never become muscle, and convert them into new muscle cells that actually integrate with the rest of the heart, contribute to the force that it generates, and allow us to regenerate the heart from within the organ itself,” said Srivastava.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35482\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mouse heart muscle cells created by Gladstone Institutes researchers.\" title=\"yellow induced muscle cells with sarcomere structure_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35482\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Non-beating heart cells became beating heart cells like these. Credit: Li Qian, Gladstone Institutes \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new research appears in the April 18 online edition of the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html\" title=\"Journal Nature\" target=\"_blank\">Nature\u003c/a> and was led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/publicaffairs/content/1/736\" title=\"Li Qian wins prestigious award\" target=\"_blank\">Li Qian\u003c/a>, also from the Gladstone Institutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heart attacks and other heart disease kill 600,000 people each year. Many more survive, yet lead diminished lives. Some 5.7 million people live with damaged hearts that pump less blood, making it difficult for them to climb a flight of stairs or walk across a parking lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a heart attack, clots block one or several coronary arteries and cut off blood flow. By rushing patients to the operating table and unclogging their arteries with catheters and stents, doctors are able to save all but 5 percent of victims who make it to the hospital. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we’ve been doing better at saving lives, each time we save a life the patient still loses some of their muscle,” Srivastava said. “So the number of people who are left with damaged hearts is actually growing, even though the number of people who die from heart attacks is getting smaller.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments for humans could be six to seven years away, he added. The next step will be to test the treatment on pigs. Scientists still need to figure out if cell reprogramming is safe for humans; how to deliver the genes into the heart, and how to produce enough new beating heart cells to repair a human – rather than a mouse – heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More in our Series\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/childhood-obesity-kids-fight-back/\">Childhood Obesity: Kids Fight Back\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/pump-it-up-heart-health-special-report/\">Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/rushing-to-save-heart-attack-patients/\">Rushing to Save Heart Attack Patients\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the research is drawing the attention of other heart researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a major discovery and certainly suggests a new approach to treat injury that previously had been thought to be irreversible,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Bios---Physician/H-O/Eduardo-Marban-MD.aspx\" title=\"Dr. Eduardo Marban\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Eduardo Marbán\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Heart-Institute/\" title=\"Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\" target=\"_blank\">Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\u003c/a> in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marbán said it’s been “a long-held dogma” that once scar tissue has formed in the heart, it can’t change into heart muscle. This finding in mice, and recent research by Marbán’s team on a small group of human patients, challenge that belief, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the cell reprogramming research doesn’t involve stem cells, the Gladstone scientists used techniques that were discovered through stem cell research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists said their work was inspired by the discovery in 2007 that a few genes can transform an adult skin cell into a cell with the properties of a human embryonic stem cell. Researchers have been intensely interested in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" title=\"QUEST TV segment about stem cell research in California\" target=\"_blank\">embryonic stem cells\u003c/a> as a possible source of treatments for diseases like Parkinson’s because they can be coaxed to turn into virtually any type of cell in the body. But because embryonic stem cells are plucked from embryos left over from fertility treatments, and require the destruction of these embryos, their study has been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alternative to embryonic stem cells came with the skin cell breakthrough five years ago. Then, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/yamanaka/\" title=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\u003c/a>, of the Gladstone Institutes and Kyoto University in Japan, inserted four genes that are present in embryonic stem cells into adult skin cells. The four genes \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/06/11/turning-skin-cells-into-embryonic-stem-cells/\" title=\"QUEST blog post about induced pluripotent stem cells\" target=\"_blank\">reprogrammed the skin cells to become embryonic-like stem cells\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led scientists to look for a way to transform one type of adult cell into another type of adult cell without the need to create stem cells at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yamanaka opened up the idea that adult cells weren’t permanently fixed,” said Srivastava. “That led us to ask whether or not we could convert one of these heart support cells into a heart muscle cell.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bypassing the creation of stem cells has several advantages. Though stem cells are versatile, when they’re introduced into the body they can behave as cancer cells and form tumors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a dramatic and heady possibility that vindicates for the first time the idea that we might be able to harness truly regenerative medicine,” Marbán said. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35412\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/rio_forty/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg\" alt=\"Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti\" title=\"Rio_Forty\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti (ecologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A painting of a cherry tree in full blossom adorns one wall. On a table beneath it, ceramic fingers reach from a blue-glazed ceramic basket. Opposite these hangs an intricately decorated guitar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35415\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/cake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35415\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Cake-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\" title=\"Cake\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35415\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The third annual Hopkins Marine Station Amateur Art Show was held this past weekend in Monterey, California. \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins\u003c/a> is Stanford University's marine biology satellite campus, next door to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, home to a tight-knit community of ocean-obsessed weirdos. (I've been one.) The overlap between colleagues, roommates, and friends is so thorough that you tend to share grocery lists and pipette tips with the same people. It’s hard to stop talking about science, even at bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought an art party would really foster conversations outside of this normal routine,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~jtladner/Jason_T_Ladner/Welcome.html\" title=\"Jason Ladner\">Jason Ladner\u003c/a>, who did his graduate work on coral genetics at Hopkins. Around year four, he got sick of thinking about science all the time and found an escape in art. \"I figured there were probably other people that could use a similar escape\"--and in 2010 the first Amateur Art Show and Garden Party was born. Ladner wrote in his invitation, \"This is a very low-key event where the term 'amateur' is stressed and the term 'art' is very loosely interpreted.\" It was a hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 194px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tiger-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35414\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tiger-194x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tiger\" width=\"194\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35414\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the party's third incarnation on April 14, 2012, scientists mingled over cups of sangria and reveled in their conversational freedom. Ladner has moved on to post-doctoral work and this party was hosted at the home of \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~jpungor/home/Site_3/About_Me.html\" title=\"Judit Pungor\">Judit Pungor\u003c/a>, a graduate student studying octopus vision. One partygoer observed with wonder that very little of the art has a scientific theme. In addition to the guitar and the slightly disturbing ceramics, displays included hand-sewn clothing and a rainbow knitted blanket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all scientists can suppress their nerdiness just because they're making art. Squid student Hannah Rosen (yes, she's in my \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" title=\"the Gilly Lab\">old lab\u003c/a>) painted an octopus tap dancing, with a squid on the piano. When asked, \"Why not a tap-dancing \u003cem>squid\u003c/em> and a piano-playing \u003cem>octopus\u003c/em>?\" Rosen answered, \"The idea of a tap-dancing octopus just spoke to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the airy certainty of an artist's statement quickly devolved into a scientific assessment of habitat and behavior. Since octopuses can \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X00tmxswLNk\" title=\"Octopus Walking on Land\">crawl on land\u003c/a> but squid can't, the octopus is the logical choice for the tap-dancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tap_octopus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tap_octopus-260x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tap_octopus\" width=\"260\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35413\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As if that weren't enough, Jupiter hangs in the night sky behind the theatrical cephalopods. \"Are they on Europa?\" I asked Rosen. She confirmed that, indeed, the scene takes place on Jupiter's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)\" title=\"Europa\">frozen ocean moon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Art by scientists, it turns out, can be everything that art by non-scientists can be: whimsical or solemn, accessible or obscure, technical or conceptual. And scientists are just as surprised as anyone to find that out. The best thing that you hear at these parties, over and over again, is: \"I didn't even know she did that!\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35412\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/rio_forty/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg\" alt=\"Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti\" title=\"Rio_Forty\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti (ecologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A painting of a cherry tree in full blossom adorns one wall. On a table beneath it, ceramic fingers reach from a blue-glazed ceramic basket. Opposite these hangs an intricately decorated guitar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35415\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/cake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35415\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Cake-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\" title=\"Cake\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35415\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The third annual Hopkins Marine Station Amateur Art Show was held this past weekend in Monterey, California. \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins\u003c/a> is Stanford University's marine biology satellite campus, next door to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, home to a tight-knit community of ocean-obsessed weirdos. (I've been one.) The overlap between colleagues, roommates, and friends is so thorough that you tend to share grocery lists and pipette tips with the same people. It’s hard to stop talking about science, even at bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought an art party would really foster conversations outside of this normal routine,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~jtladner/Jason_T_Ladner/Welcome.html\" title=\"Jason Ladner\">Jason Ladner\u003c/a>, who did his graduate work on coral genetics at Hopkins. Around year four, he got sick of thinking about science all the time and found an escape in art. \"I figured there were probably other people that could use a similar escape\"--and in 2010 the first Amateur Art Show and Garden Party was born. Ladner wrote in his invitation, \"This is a very low-key event where the term 'amateur' is stressed and the term 'art' is very loosely interpreted.\" It was a hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 194px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tiger-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35414\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tiger-194x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tiger\" width=\"194\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35414\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the party's third incarnation on April 14, 2012, scientists mingled over cups of sangria and reveled in their conversational freedom. Ladner has moved on to post-doctoral work and this party was hosted at the home of \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~jpungor/home/Site_3/About_Me.html\" title=\"Judit Pungor\">Judit Pungor\u003c/a>, a graduate student studying octopus vision. One partygoer observed with wonder that very little of the art has a scientific theme. In addition to the guitar and the slightly disturbing ceramics, displays included hand-sewn clothing and a rainbow knitted blanket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all scientists can suppress their nerdiness just because they're making art. Squid student Hannah Rosen (yes, she's in my \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" title=\"the Gilly Lab\">old lab\u003c/a>) painted an octopus tap dancing, with a squid on the piano. When asked, \"Why not a tap-dancing \u003cem>squid\u003c/em> and a piano-playing \u003cem>octopus\u003c/em>?\" Rosen answered, \"The idea of a tap-dancing octopus just spoke to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the airy certainty of an artist's statement quickly devolved into a scientific assessment of habitat and behavior. Since octopuses can \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X00tmxswLNk\" title=\"Octopus Walking on Land\">crawl on land\u003c/a> but squid can't, the octopus is the logical choice for the tap-dancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tap_octopus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tap_octopus-260x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tap_octopus\" width=\"260\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35413\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As if that weren't enough, Jupiter hangs in the night sky behind the theatrical cephalopods. \"Are they on Europa?\" I asked Rosen. She confirmed that, indeed, the scene takes place on Jupiter's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)\" title=\"Europa\">frozen ocean moon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Art by scientists, it turns out, can be everything that art by non-scientists can be: whimsical or solemn, accessible or obscure, technical or conceptual. And scientists are just as surprised as anyone to find that out. The best thing that you hear at these parties, over and over again, is: \"I didn't even know she did that!\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34895\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/16/divining-human-history-with-dna/twocows/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34895\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TwoCows\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cow DNA tells us domestication is an incredibly difficult undertaking.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows about how genetics is changing how we look at and treat human disease. But what may be less appreciated is what it can tell us about human history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From studying human genetics, we know that all humans \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/03/tracing-the-travels-of-the-human-race/\">started out in Africa\u003c/a>. We also know that early humans interbred with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=128\">Neanderthals \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=136\">Denisovans \u003c/a>before wiping them out. Now a \u003ca href=\"http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/14/molbev.mss092.abstract?sid=daaf90dc-65de-4981-a7a7-d92b1115b0b6\">new study\u003c/a> looking at cow DNA is teaching us about our agricultural history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists compared DNA from 8,000 year old cow bones to 20 or so different modern cow breeds from all over the world. When they plugged their data into various computer models, the one that made the most sense had modern cows coming from about 80 wild founders around 10,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only does this help explain why cows all look so much alike, it also tells us that our ancestors only managed to domesticate cows once. This is despite the fact that ancient, wild cows (called aurochs) were wandering all over Africa, Asia, and Europe at the time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious conclusion is that domesticating a cow is really hard. And this makes sense if you think about the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean placid Bessie out in the pasture. Ancient cows were huge, ornery creatures that would have been hard to capture alive and hard to breed. Archeological evidence suggests it took hundreds of years or more of breeding to get animals that were smaller and more docile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archeological evidence also helps us pinpoint where the first domestication probably happened – the Middle East. But because archeological data is often incomplete, it can’t tell us whether this was the only cattle domestication event in human history. We need genetics to confirm this (or at least to confirm that modern cows came from a single domestication event).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics is providing insight into human history that we could not have gotten in any other way. We can see that humans \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/levin/bio311d/articles/WhyHumansAndFur081903.pdf\">lost their fur and gained darker skin\u003c/a> around 1.2 million years ago. And we can see that our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=330\">original pale skin\u003c/a> from back when we were hairy came back into fashion in Europe about 6000-12,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cows aren’t the first animal’s DNA to tell us something about ourselves either. By looking at \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/08/science/la-sci-lice-clothing-20110108\">lice DNA\u003c/a>, scientists think that humans first started wearing clothes about 170,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amazing what we can learn about our history from looking at the DNA of ourselves and our associated creatures. Soon we’ll learn even more. As the price of deciphering our DNA goes down, the number of questions we can answer will go up dramatically. The only thing that will keep us back is figuring out the best questions to ask. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34895\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/16/divining-human-history-with-dna/twocows/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34895\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TwoCows\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cow DNA tells us domestication is an incredibly difficult undertaking.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows about how genetics is changing how we look at and treat human disease. But what may be less appreciated is what it can tell us about human history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From studying human genetics, we know that all humans \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/03/tracing-the-travels-of-the-human-race/\">started out in Africa\u003c/a>. We also know that early humans interbred with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=128\">Neanderthals \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=136\">Denisovans \u003c/a>before wiping them out. Now a \u003ca href=\"http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/14/molbev.mss092.abstract?sid=daaf90dc-65de-4981-a7a7-d92b1115b0b6\">new study\u003c/a> looking at cow DNA is teaching us about our agricultural history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists compared DNA from 8,000 year old cow bones to 20 or so different modern cow breeds from all over the world. When they plugged their data into various computer models, the one that made the most sense had modern cows coming from about 80 wild founders around 10,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only does this help explain why cows all look so much alike, it also tells us that our ancestors only managed to domesticate cows once. This is despite the fact that ancient, wild cows (called aurochs) were wandering all over Africa, Asia, and Europe at the time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious conclusion is that domesticating a cow is really hard. And this makes sense if you think about the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean placid Bessie out in the pasture. Ancient cows were huge, ornery creatures that would have been hard to capture alive and hard to breed. Archeological evidence suggests it took hundreds of years or more of breeding to get animals that were smaller and more docile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archeological evidence also helps us pinpoint where the first domestication probably happened – the Middle East. But because archeological data is often incomplete, it can’t tell us whether this was the only cattle domestication event in human history. We need genetics to confirm this (or at least to confirm that modern cows came from a single domestication event).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics is providing insight into human history that we could not have gotten in any other way. We can see that humans \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/levin/bio311d/articles/WhyHumansAndFur081903.pdf\">lost their fur and gained darker skin\u003c/a> around 1.2 million years ago. And we can see that our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=330\">original pale skin\u003c/a> from back when we were hairy came back into fashion in Europe about 6000-12,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cows aren’t the first animal’s DNA to tell us something about ourselves either. By looking at \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/08/science/la-sci-lice-clothing-20110108\">lice DNA\u003c/a>, scientists think that humans first started wearing clothes about 170,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amazing what we can learn about our history from looking at the DNA of ourselves and our associated creatures. Soon we’ll learn even more. As the price of deciphering our DNA goes down, the number of questions we can answer will go up dramatically. The only thing that will keep us back is figuring out the best questions to ask. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 537px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/poppy-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35235\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-35235 \" title=\"poppy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/poppy2-537x360.jpg\" alt=\"California poppies by Samuel Embry\" width=\"537\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California poppies at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Beauty and seduction, I believe, is nature’s tool for survival, because we will protect what we fall in love with.” (Louie Schwartzberg)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around San Francisco Bay this time of year, the open hills and valleys are a rich green velvet. Lengthening days and spring rains are coaxing the grasses and wildflowers to life. Each spring I’m drawn to the hills to search out the beautiful colors and finely wrought forms of our local wildflowers. On a recent hike to Little Yosemite at \u003ca title=\"Sunol Regional Wilderness website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\" target=\"_blank\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, the wildflowers stood out like jewels among the grasses and hazed the hillsides with golden hues. Poppies, blue-eyed grass, buttercups, fiddlenecks, and lupine are blooming now. I was searching for some of my favorites: shooting stars, goldfields, Chinese houses. Maybe they’ll be out in a week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 203px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/dsc_0126-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35236\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-35236\" title=\"DSC_0126\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_01261-203x253.jpg\" alt=\"Blue-eyed grass at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\" width=\"203\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue-eyed grass at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Little jewels shining in the spring sunshine, each flower has a story and myriad connections to its ecosystem. Beauty -- in wildflower terms -- is a by-product. Attracting pollinators and setting seeds for the next generation of flowers are of top importance in their short lifespans. In return they provide sustenance, nectar and pollen, for bees, moths, butterflies, flies, and other insects, along with some birds and bats. Flowers are an integral part of the dance of life. Here’s a video excerpt from \u003ca title='TED Talks Louie Schwartzberg \"The Hidden Beauty of Pollination\"' href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/louie_schwartzberg_the_hidden_beauty_of_pollination.html\" target=\"_blank\">Louie Schwartzberg’s high-speed film of pollinators at work\u003c/a>. The images of honeybees swarming against a blue sky, thousands of monarch butterflies, and bats pollinating cactus at night are inspiring and memorable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0123.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35232\" title=\"DSC_0123\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0123-252x169.jpg\" alt='Brodiaea \"blue dicks\" wildflowers' width=\"252\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brodiaea \"blue dicks\" wildflowers at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can join the Wildflower Festival at Sunol Regional Wilderness this Sat., 4/14/12 from 11am-4pm to learn more about our local wildflowers with fun activities and guided walks. Or download one of the \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Park District wildflower guide download\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/stewardship/plants\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Regional Park wildflower guides\u003c/a> and take a hike to discover them for yourself. There are also some great websites like the \u003ca title=\"Celebrate Wildflowers, US Forest Service website\" href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/\" target=\"_blank\">US Forest Service's Celebrate Wildflowers\u003c/a> and a searchable \u003ca title=\"California Flora searchable website\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/\" target=\"_blank\">website of California Flora\u003c/a> that can help identify wildflower species. Regardless of where you go to enjoy them, remember that wildflowers need to be left to grow and set seed for future flowers, to feed pollinators, and to take their place in the cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"California Native Plant Society Chapters links\" href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/chapters/\" target=\"_blank\">California Native Plant Society Chapters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/angel-island-exploration/\" target=\"_blank\">Angel Island Quest Exploration\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bonus:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identify the mystery flower below using one of the field guides or websites listed above and leave your guess in the comments section below. Hint: they were found at Sunol Regional Wilderness and are less than 1/8 inch across and are about 2 inches tall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35269\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/dsc_0050/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-35269\" title=\"DSC_0050\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0050-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mystery flowers\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mystery flowers at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 537px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/poppy-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35235\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-35235 \" title=\"poppy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/poppy2-537x360.jpg\" alt=\"California poppies by Samuel Embry\" width=\"537\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California poppies at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Beauty and seduction, I believe, is nature’s tool for survival, because we will protect what we fall in love with.” (Louie Schwartzberg)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around San Francisco Bay this time of year, the open hills and valleys are a rich green velvet. Lengthening days and spring rains are coaxing the grasses and wildflowers to life. Each spring I’m drawn to the hills to search out the beautiful colors and finely wrought forms of our local wildflowers. On a recent hike to Little Yosemite at \u003ca title=\"Sunol Regional Wilderness website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\" target=\"_blank\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, the wildflowers stood out like jewels among the grasses and hazed the hillsides with golden hues. Poppies, blue-eyed grass, buttercups, fiddlenecks, and lupine are blooming now. I was searching for some of my favorites: shooting stars, goldfields, Chinese houses. Maybe they’ll be out in a week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 203px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/dsc_0126-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35236\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-35236\" title=\"DSC_0126\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_01261-203x253.jpg\" alt=\"Blue-eyed grass at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\" width=\"203\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue-eyed grass at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Little jewels shining in the spring sunshine, each flower has a story and myriad connections to its ecosystem. Beauty -- in wildflower terms -- is a by-product. Attracting pollinators and setting seeds for the next generation of flowers are of top importance in their short lifespans. In return they provide sustenance, nectar and pollen, for bees, moths, butterflies, flies, and other insects, along with some birds and bats. Flowers are an integral part of the dance of life. Here’s a video excerpt from \u003ca title='TED Talks Louie Schwartzberg \"The Hidden Beauty of Pollination\"' href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/louie_schwartzberg_the_hidden_beauty_of_pollination.html\" target=\"_blank\">Louie Schwartzberg’s high-speed film of pollinators at work\u003c/a>. The images of honeybees swarming against a blue sky, thousands of monarch butterflies, and bats pollinating cactus at night are inspiring and memorable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0123.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35232\" title=\"DSC_0123\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0123-252x169.jpg\" alt='Brodiaea \"blue dicks\" wildflowers' width=\"252\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brodiaea \"blue dicks\" wildflowers at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can join the Wildflower Festival at Sunol Regional Wilderness this Sat., 4/14/12 from 11am-4pm to learn more about our local wildflowers with fun activities and guided walks. Or download one of the \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Park District wildflower guide download\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/stewardship/plants\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Regional Park wildflower guides\u003c/a> and take a hike to discover them for yourself. There are also some great websites like the \u003ca title=\"Celebrate Wildflowers, US Forest Service website\" href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/\" target=\"_blank\">US Forest Service's Celebrate Wildflowers\u003c/a> and a searchable \u003ca title=\"California Flora searchable website\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/\" target=\"_blank\">website of California Flora\u003c/a> that can help identify wildflower species. Regardless of where you go to enjoy them, remember that wildflowers need to be left to grow and set seed for future flowers, to feed pollinators, and to take their place in the cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Monday was the 182nd birthday of Eadward Muybridge, the moving picture pioneer who first answered the question: do all four feet of a galloping horse leave the ground at once?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muybridge took his famous horse photographs at the Palo Alto Stock Farm, 14 years before it would become Stanford University. Leland Stanford himself, former California governor and race horse owner, had hired the photographer simply to satisfy his curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35148\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/the_horse_in_motion/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35148\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion.jpg\" alt=\"The Horse in Motion - Eadward Muybridge\" title=\"The_Horse_in_Motion\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35148\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yep, all four feet off the ground. You're welcome, Mr. Stanford!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Muybridge had bigger ideas. He created a device called the \u003cem>zoopraxiscope\u003c/em> that projected still images from a spinning disc, creating the illusion of motion. (I'm disappointed that history nixed \"zoopraxiscope\" in favor of \"film projector.\" BORING.) In 1880, Muybridge presented a public screening of his running horse that was probably the world's first movie, though no one called it that at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Muybridge's remarkable contributions to film often overshadow his instrumental role in kickstarting the science of biomechanics. He was fascinated with locomotion, and moved on from horses to study a variety of other animals. The field has blossomed since Muybridge's time: modern high-speed cameras can record \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/11/dry-hummingbirds/\" title=\"Wired - How Hummingbirds Stay Dry\">hummingbird wings\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oberlin.edu/news-info/05may/expflower.html\" title=\"Oberlin College - World's Fastest Flower\">world's fastest flower\u003c/a> (!). I've even used high-speed video combined with a microscope to study the locomotion of baby squid--which brings us to the next curious character in this tale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anyone who's seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0970179/\" title=\"Hugo (IMBD)\">\u003cem>Hugo\u003c/em>\u003c/a> knows, the French picked up where Muybridge left off and began to make all kinds of marvelous films. You may have heard of the Lumière brothers (\u003cem>The Arrival of a Train at La Ciolat Station\u003c/em>, 1885) and Georges Méliès (\u003cem>A Trip to the Moon\u003c/em>, 1902), but what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0656860/\" title=\"Jean Painlevé (IMDB)\">Jean Painlevé\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35153\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/800px-jean_painleve1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35153\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/800px-Jean_painleve1-640x360.png\" alt=\"Jean Painlevé\" title=\"800px-Jean_painleve1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35153\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jean Painlevé - from \"Science is Fiction: 23 Films by Jean Painlevé\" Producer: Kate Elmore\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Painlevé was a French artist and scientist who loved marine animals and film. The first underwater camera housing, which he helped develop, let him combine his passions. His early films (with names like \u003cem>The Stickleback's Egg\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The Devilfish\u003c/em>) amazed audiences from the 1920's through today with their meticulous scientific detail. Yet Painlevé's interest in a surrealist aesthetic brought anthropomorphism and metaphor into what might otherwise have been simple educational movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://player.vimeo.com/video/28884147\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea urchins look to many people like uncomfortably sharp plants, but in Painlevé's movie their animal nature is obvious. They dig. They crawl. At 3:45, a charming illustration explains how an urchin's tube foot (\u003cem>ventouse\u003c/em>) works. Then the entire animal rotates itself with the concerted effort of a hundred tube feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With videos like this, Painlevé followed in Muybridge's footsteps, studying animal locomotion in a way that hadn't been possible before film. The development of cinema may have given rise to a multi-billion dollar entertainment industry--but it should also be celebrated for science's sake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>H/t to the \u003ca href=\"http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/2012/04/amazing-black-and-white-sea-urchin.html\" title=\"Echinoblog\">Echinoblog\u003c/a> for bringing Jean Painlevé to my attention.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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