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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35087\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/09/what-makes-it-so-easy-to-be-green-in-nature/leaf_insect/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35087\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/leaf_insect-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Leaf insect camouflage\" title=\"leaf_insect\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35087\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camouflage is just one of many reasons for greenness in the natural world. Leaf insect photo by R. Straatman, California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Green\" events, companies, buildings and advocates are enjoying a spotlight as Earth Day approaches, but what about green itself—you know, the color from which the sustainability movement gets its nickname? Lest green be shortchanged this month, I've investigated a selection of plants and animals and their green properties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a fundamental level, green objects look green because they reflect green wavelengths of light back to our eyes, while absorbing red and yellow. But organisms have evolved to be green for a wide variety of reasons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorophyll comes to mind first, as the pigment which makes most plants green. I’m going to focus on \u003cstrong>green algae\u003c/strong> here because it’s the granddaddy of all the green plants we know today. While red and brown algae are more common in today’s oceans, it’s \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/06/0604_wirealgae.html\">green algae that colonized terrestrial environments\u003c/a>. From pond scum to swimming pools and aquarium tanks, it is still found in land-locked freshwater systems. Like the \"higher plants\" which evolved from it, green algae gets its color from chlorophyll, turning sunlight into food, and expelling oxygen into the atmosphere. It thrives in water with easy access to sunlight, places like shallow pools and even the fur of slow-moving sloths. In return for providing an algae-friendly habitat, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.helsinki.fi/research/news/2010/week15.html\">sloth gains a green tint\u003c/a>, helping it blend into its surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next up: \u003cstrong>unripe fruit\u003c/strong>. Bananas, strawberries, peaches and tomatoes are all tart, mealy and green when unripe. Then there are green grapes and green apples; although ripe, they tend to be more tart than their red counterparts. Is green just a sour-puss? Not of its own accord, but it is tied to the chemical process of fruit ripening. Once a fruit has reached its optimal size, a burst of ethylene causes new enzymes to be produced. In addition to breaking down starch and pectin (making fruit softer and sweeter), ethylene breaks down the chlorophyll which helps it grow and appear green. To propagate, these plants need their fruit to be eaten by animals who will go on to drop the seeds across the landscape. Since animals enjoy their fruit soft and sweet -- rather than hard and tart (sound familiar?) -- as chlorophyll breaks down many fruits, the production of brighter yellow and red pigments as a form of advertisement to passing animals. Even those with monochromatic vision can tell the difference between green fruit and fruit that’s ready to eat. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=origin-of-fruit-ripening\">\u003cem>Scientific American\u003c/em> has a great article with more on fruit's ripening process\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the animal world, coloration can serve a multitude of purposes. Muddy-green \u003cstrong>American alligators\u003c/strong> enjoy great camouflage in their swampy homes, allowing them to sneak up on their prey. But camouflage works in both directions. At the opposite end of the food chain, bright green \u003cstrong>leaf insects\u003c/strong> use it to evade detection by predators amongst the trees. Then there's Claude, the albino alligator at the California Academy of Sciences, who lacks pigment, but has been known to grow a mean coat of algae on his back. It's a start, but I don't expect him to blend into his surroundings anytime soon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to popular belief, \u003cstrong>chameleons \u003c/strong>change color not for the purpose of camouflage but in response to changes in their environment and as a means of communication. Color changes occur based on temperature, lighting, time of day, and the individual’s mood. Chameleons get their eye-catching coloration from melanin and chromatophore cells, lying just under a transparent outer layer of skin. Cells near the surface contain red or yellow pigment, and the lower layers contain blue or white. When the pigment shifts within the cells, different colors appear more (or less) intense, showing a range of colors that is unique to each species. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For \u003cstrong>green and black poison dart frogs\u003c/strong> in South America, coloration serves as a visual warning sign to predators that they are poisonous, and should be avoided. But it’s not quite that simple. \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/17138-poison-frogs-color-evolution.html\">Poison dart frogs' coloration and patterns evolve on a hyper-local scale\u003c/a>, giving local frogs a hometown advantage when it comes to scaring off predators. Color can range from pale yellow to electric blue or green. In its home turf, predators will recognize a green striped frog as poisonous, but should that frog wander into territory full of yellow spotted frogs of the same species, his warning coloration would not protect him. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35087\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/09/what-makes-it-so-easy-to-be-green-in-nature/leaf_insect/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35087\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/leaf_insect-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Leaf insect camouflage\" title=\"leaf_insect\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35087\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camouflage is just one of many reasons for greenness in the natural world. Leaf insect photo by R. Straatman, California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Green\" events, companies, buildings and advocates are enjoying a spotlight as Earth Day approaches, but what about green itself—you know, the color from which the sustainability movement gets its nickname? Lest green be shortchanged this month, I've investigated a selection of plants and animals and their green properties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a fundamental level, green objects look green because they reflect green wavelengths of light back to our eyes, while absorbing red and yellow. But organisms have evolved to be green for a wide variety of reasons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorophyll comes to mind first, as the pigment which makes most plants green. I’m going to focus on \u003cstrong>green algae\u003c/strong> here because it’s the granddaddy of all the green plants we know today. While red and brown algae are more common in today’s oceans, it’s \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/06/0604_wirealgae.html\">green algae that colonized terrestrial environments\u003c/a>. From pond scum to swimming pools and aquarium tanks, it is still found in land-locked freshwater systems. Like the \"higher plants\" which evolved from it, green algae gets its color from chlorophyll, turning sunlight into food, and expelling oxygen into the atmosphere. It thrives in water with easy access to sunlight, places like shallow pools and even the fur of slow-moving sloths. In return for providing an algae-friendly habitat, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.helsinki.fi/research/news/2010/week15.html\">sloth gains a green tint\u003c/a>, helping it blend into its surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next up: \u003cstrong>unripe fruit\u003c/strong>. Bananas, strawberries, peaches and tomatoes are all tart, mealy and green when unripe. Then there are green grapes and green apples; although ripe, they tend to be more tart than their red counterparts. Is green just a sour-puss? Not of its own accord, but it is tied to the chemical process of fruit ripening. Once a fruit has reached its optimal size, a burst of ethylene causes new enzymes to be produced. In addition to breaking down starch and pectin (making fruit softer and sweeter), ethylene breaks down the chlorophyll which helps it grow and appear green. To propagate, these plants need their fruit to be eaten by animals who will go on to drop the seeds across the landscape. Since animals enjoy their fruit soft and sweet -- rather than hard and tart (sound familiar?) -- as chlorophyll breaks down many fruits, the production of brighter yellow and red pigments as a form of advertisement to passing animals. Even those with monochromatic vision can tell the difference between green fruit and fruit that’s ready to eat. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=origin-of-fruit-ripening\">\u003cem>Scientific American\u003c/em> has a great article with more on fruit's ripening process\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the animal world, coloration can serve a multitude of purposes. Muddy-green \u003cstrong>American alligators\u003c/strong> enjoy great camouflage in their swampy homes, allowing them to sneak up on their prey. But camouflage works in both directions. At the opposite end of the food chain, bright green \u003cstrong>leaf insects\u003c/strong> use it to evade detection by predators amongst the trees. Then there's Claude, the albino alligator at the California Academy of Sciences, who lacks pigment, but has been known to grow a mean coat of algae on his back. It's a start, but I don't expect him to blend into his surroundings anytime soon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to popular belief, \u003cstrong>chameleons \u003c/strong>change color not for the purpose of camouflage but in response to changes in their environment and as a means of communication. Color changes occur based on temperature, lighting, time of day, and the individual’s mood. Chameleons get their eye-catching coloration from melanin and chromatophore cells, lying just under a transparent outer layer of skin. Cells near the surface contain red or yellow pigment, and the lower layers contain blue or white. When the pigment shifts within the cells, different colors appear more (or less) intense, showing a range of colors that is unique to each species. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For \u003cstrong>green and black poison dart frogs\u003c/strong> in South America, coloration serves as a visual warning sign to predators that they are poisonous, and should be avoided. But it’s not quite that simple. \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/17138-poison-frogs-color-evolution.html\">Poison dart frogs' coloration and patterns evolve on a hyper-local scale\u003c/a>, giving local frogs a hometown advantage when it comes to scaring off predators. Color can range from pale yellow to electric blue or green. In its home turf, predators will recognize a green striped frog as poisonous, but should that frog wander into territory full of yellow spotted frogs of the same species, his warning coloration would not protect him. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bugs normally don’t garner much adoration from people, but monarch butterflies (\u003cstrong>Danaus plexippus\u003c/strong>) are an exception. Monarch butterflies are arguably the most beloved and instantly identifiable insect in the United Sates. Perhaps nowhere else does an insect receive higher regard than in Pacific Grove, CA, which has gone so far as to adopt the moniker Butterfly Town, USA. Stu Weiss, Chief Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.creeksidescience.com/\">Creekside Center for Earth Observation\u003c/a>, has been studying monarch butterflies for over two decades. “They represent the insect world, which is the most diverse order of life on Planet Earth.” said Weiss “And they’re good ambassadors because they’re beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34638\" title=\"Monarchs pic12\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic123-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stu Weiss uses hemispherical photography to analyse the forest canopy in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, Paicific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weiss uses a technique called hemispherical photography to analyze monarch butterfly overwintering habitat. While facing north, he aims his digital camera directly up towards the forest canopy. The camera is affixed with a 180° fish-eye lens that produces an image of the sky partially blocked by the trees. Weiss takes a series of these images at specific locations corresponding to a grid. With the help of some special software, he is able to map out how much sunlight and wind is able to penetrate the forest at specific locations. This information is important because overwintering monarchs prefer microhabitats that provide both plenty of sunlight, but are protected from the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the information gleaned from his hemispherical photography, Weiss is able to characterize the monarch habitat and provide guidance on the long-term management of the major monarch overwintering sites. The City of Pacific Grove placed Weiss in charge of developing the habitat restoration and management plan for the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and he has overseen the planting of additional Eucalyptus trees to improve wind protection for the monarchs. While small in size, the Sanctuary is a vital destination for monarchs and a major tourist attraction boasting visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their pleasing appearance, monarch butterflies are famous for their extended migrations. The type of lengthy annual north-south migration undergone by monarchs is more commonly associated with birds. Monarchs spent most of the year in close proximity to their host plant, milkweed. Each fall, as the days grow shorter and the milkweed recedes, monarchs journey to their overwintering grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34400\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34400\" title=\"Monarch Watch_migration-map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarch-Watch_migration-map1-336x253.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rocky Mountains split monarch Butterflies into Eastern and Western populations. Image: {link url=\"http://www.monarchwatch.org/\"}Monarch Watch{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Rocky Mountains split the monarchs into two populations. Those butterflies that spend their summers east of the Rocky Mountains descent upon forests located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Pine-Oak Forests not far from Mexico City. The monarchs that spend their summers west of the Rockies wait out the winter months in forests along the California Coast. Overwintering monarch populations return to the same forests year after year, even though none of the individual butterflies have ever been to these locations before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the climatic conditions, monarch butterflies have three or four generations per year. How the butterfly’s great-grandchildren are able to find the same specific forests year after year remains a mystery. New \u003ca href=\"http://scientopia.org/blogs/thisscientificlife/2010/01/26/migratory-monarch-butterflies-see-earths-geomagnetic-field/\">research \u003c/a> indicates that monarch butterflies possess photosensitive proteins called Cryptochromes that allow them to set an internal circadian clock. When exposed to UV light, Cryptochromes are also sensitive to magnetism. This allows the monarchs to follow patterns in the Earth’s magnetic field which guide them in their far-reaching travels. Monarch butterflies may also return to specific groves because the overwintering conditions at those particular spots are similarly attractive year after year. As Weiss explained, “The presence of other monarchs is a really good indicator it’s a good place to be a monarch, kind of crowd sourcing. So if a butterfly’s flying around looking for a place to land, if there are other monarchs there, it’s a good indicator that hey, that’s a good place to land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34501\" title=\"Monarchs pic6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic6-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarch butterflies form a cluster on a Monterey Pine branch. Image: Joshua Cssidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, the monarchs go into a mating frenzy, and then they depart from there overwintering spots to find the emerging milkweed throughout their range. Female monarchs lay hundreds of eggs on milkweed plants. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars gorge on the host plant. As the caterpillars grow, they sequester compounds called cardiac glycosides which make them distasteful – even toxic - to predators. During the pupae life stage the caterpillars transform into butterflies within the solitude of their chrysalises. As flying adults they feed on sugary nectar from milkweeds and other plants with their long tube-like proboscises. This cycle of reproduction repeats throughout the spring and summer as the monarchs disperse, filling out their geographic range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because monarch butterflies are intimately tied to milkweed, they are especially vulnerable to habitat loss from development and agriculture. Monarchs also need to find dependable overwintering sites, and both the eastern and western overwintering populations experience threats to these locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34514\" title=\"CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Krygsman counts monarch butterflies at the Monarch Sanctuary Grove in Pacific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monarchs do have one advantage, which is that humans find them beautiful. Enticed by the monarch butterfly’s beauty, people have gone to great lengths to study them and provide for their needs. Erica Krygsman, \u003ca href=\"http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/\">Monarch Alert\u003c/a> Monterey Co. Field Coordinator is one of those people. She has the colossal task of counting the overwintering monarchs. So how does someone count thousands of fidgeting butterflies as they hang from a tree?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well you don’t count them individually”, Krygsman said. “Basically you count the butterflies when they are in clusters in the trees, and you go by each group and you count…you count a small group and extrapolate to the rest of the cluster.” For the Monarch Grove Sanctuary location, Krygsman’s counts for the winter 2011-2012 hover around 10,000 butterflies. The detailed counts made by Monarch Alert help the scientific community trace the fluctuations in the western monarch butterfly population size and demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34704\" title=\"IMG_7731\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/IMG_77313-e1333660119663-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors to the Monarch Grove Sanctuary. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Weiss, “monarch butterflies are listed as an endangered phenomenon, because of the mass of the migration, the length of the migration, and the concentration of butterflies in relatively few overwintering sites. They’re actually vulnerable. You could cut down 20 groves of trees in coastal California and pretty much kill off the overwintering monarchs in California, they’re that concentrated. In Mexico, they occupy maybe a few dozen hectares of high elevation fir forests that are under extreme pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit the overwintering monarchs during the winter months at the Pacific Grove Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and take a tour of the Monarch Sanctuary offered by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgmuseum.org/category/topics-interest/butterflies\">Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>. Other good places to find overwintering monarchs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=571\">Pt. Lobos Nature Preserve\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Monarch butterflies migrate from all over the western United States to overwinter along the California coast. Conservation Biologist Stu Weiss uses specialized photographic equipment to study what makes good monarch overwintering habitat.",
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"description": "Monarch butterflies migrate from all over the western United States to overwinter along the California coast. Conservation Biologist Stu Weiss uses specialized photographic equipment to study what makes good monarch overwintering habitat.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bugs normally don’t garner much adoration from people, but monarch butterflies (\u003cstrong>Danaus plexippus\u003c/strong>) are an exception. Monarch butterflies are arguably the most beloved and instantly identifiable insect in the United Sates. Perhaps nowhere else does an insect receive higher regard than in Pacific Grove, CA, which has gone so far as to adopt the moniker Butterfly Town, USA. Stu Weiss, Chief Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.creeksidescience.com/\">Creekside Center for Earth Observation\u003c/a>, has been studying monarch butterflies for over two decades. “They represent the insect world, which is the most diverse order of life on Planet Earth.” said Weiss “And they’re good ambassadors because they’re beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34638\" title=\"Monarchs pic12\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic123-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stu Weiss uses hemispherical photography to analyse the forest canopy in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, Paicific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weiss uses a technique called hemispherical photography to analyze monarch butterfly overwintering habitat. While facing north, he aims his digital camera directly up towards the forest canopy. The camera is affixed with a 180° fish-eye lens that produces an image of the sky partially blocked by the trees. Weiss takes a series of these images at specific locations corresponding to a grid. With the help of some special software, he is able to map out how much sunlight and wind is able to penetrate the forest at specific locations. This information is important because overwintering monarchs prefer microhabitats that provide both plenty of sunlight, but are protected from the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the information gleaned from his hemispherical photography, Weiss is able to characterize the monarch habitat and provide guidance on the long-term management of the major monarch overwintering sites. The City of Pacific Grove placed Weiss in charge of developing the habitat restoration and management plan for the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and he has overseen the planting of additional Eucalyptus trees to improve wind protection for the monarchs. While small in size, the Sanctuary is a vital destination for monarchs and a major tourist attraction boasting visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their pleasing appearance, monarch butterflies are famous for their extended migrations. The type of lengthy annual north-south migration undergone by monarchs is more commonly associated with birds. Monarchs spent most of the year in close proximity to their host plant, milkweed. Each fall, as the days grow shorter and the milkweed recedes, monarchs journey to their overwintering grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34400\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34400\" title=\"Monarch Watch_migration-map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarch-Watch_migration-map1-336x253.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rocky Mountains split monarch Butterflies into Eastern and Western populations. Image: {link url=\"http://www.monarchwatch.org/\"}Monarch Watch{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Rocky Mountains split the monarchs into two populations. Those butterflies that spend their summers east of the Rocky Mountains descent upon forests located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Pine-Oak Forests not far from Mexico City. The monarchs that spend their summers west of the Rockies wait out the winter months in forests along the California Coast. Overwintering monarch populations return to the same forests year after year, even though none of the individual butterflies have ever been to these locations before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the climatic conditions, monarch butterflies have three or four generations per year. How the butterfly’s great-grandchildren are able to find the same specific forests year after year remains a mystery. New \u003ca href=\"http://scientopia.org/blogs/thisscientificlife/2010/01/26/migratory-monarch-butterflies-see-earths-geomagnetic-field/\">research \u003c/a> indicates that monarch butterflies possess photosensitive proteins called Cryptochromes that allow them to set an internal circadian clock. When exposed to UV light, Cryptochromes are also sensitive to magnetism. This allows the monarchs to follow patterns in the Earth’s magnetic field which guide them in their far-reaching travels. Monarch butterflies may also return to specific groves because the overwintering conditions at those particular spots are similarly attractive year after year. As Weiss explained, “The presence of other monarchs is a really good indicator it’s a good place to be a monarch, kind of crowd sourcing. So if a butterfly’s flying around looking for a place to land, if there are other monarchs there, it’s a good indicator that hey, that’s a good place to land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34501\" title=\"Monarchs pic6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic6-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarch butterflies form a cluster on a Monterey Pine branch. Image: Joshua Cssidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, the monarchs go into a mating frenzy, and then they depart from there overwintering spots to find the emerging milkweed throughout their range. Female monarchs lay hundreds of eggs on milkweed plants. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars gorge on the host plant. As the caterpillars grow, they sequester compounds called cardiac glycosides which make them distasteful – even toxic - to predators. During the pupae life stage the caterpillars transform into butterflies within the solitude of their chrysalises. As flying adults they feed on sugary nectar from milkweeds and other plants with their long tube-like proboscises. This cycle of reproduction repeats throughout the spring and summer as the monarchs disperse, filling out their geographic range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because monarch butterflies are intimately tied to milkweed, they are especially vulnerable to habitat loss from development and agriculture. Monarchs also need to find dependable overwintering sites, and both the eastern and western overwintering populations experience threats to these locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34514\" title=\"CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Krygsman counts monarch butterflies at the Monarch Sanctuary Grove in Pacific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monarchs do have one advantage, which is that humans find them beautiful. Enticed by the monarch butterfly’s beauty, people have gone to great lengths to study them and provide for their needs. Erica Krygsman, \u003ca href=\"http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/\">Monarch Alert\u003c/a> Monterey Co. Field Coordinator is one of those people. She has the colossal task of counting the overwintering monarchs. So how does someone count thousands of fidgeting butterflies as they hang from a tree?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well you don’t count them individually”, Krygsman said. “Basically you count the butterflies when they are in clusters in the trees, and you go by each group and you count…you count a small group and extrapolate to the rest of the cluster.” For the Monarch Grove Sanctuary location, Krygsman’s counts for the winter 2011-2012 hover around 10,000 butterflies. The detailed counts made by Monarch Alert help the scientific community trace the fluctuations in the western monarch butterfly population size and demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34704\" title=\"IMG_7731\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/IMG_77313-e1333660119663-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors to the Monarch Grove Sanctuary. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Weiss, “monarch butterflies are listed as an endangered phenomenon, because of the mass of the migration, the length of the migration, and the concentration of butterflies in relatively few overwintering sites. They’re actually vulnerable. You could cut down 20 groves of trees in coastal California and pretty much kill off the overwintering monarchs in California, they’re that concentrated. In Mexico, they occupy maybe a few dozen hectares of high elevation fir forests that are under extreme pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit the overwintering monarchs during the winter months at the Pacific Grove Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and take a tour of the Monarch Sanctuary offered by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgmuseum.org/category/topics-interest/butterflies\">Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>. Other good places to find overwintering monarchs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=571\">Pt. Lobos Nature Preserve\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy",
"title": "Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34463\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/puma640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34463\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34463\" title=\"mountain lion\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/puma6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kyla, a female mountain lion rescued as a kitten afterpoachers killed her mother, now lives at Sonoma CountyWildlife Rescue in Petaluma. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Should the head of an agency charged with regulating California’s natural resources stay on after flaunting his delight in killing one of the state’s most iconic species? That’s the question on many minds since a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4q9FA\">photo surfaced\u003c/a> showing California Fish and Game Commission President Dan Richards grinning ear to ear, clutching a massive, lifeless mountain lion against his chest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that the hunt itself was illegal. Hunting mountain lions, or cougars as they’re commonly known, is legal in Idaho, where Richards bagged his trophy, as it is in every other state where they're found—except California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards killed the lion, a 115-pound, three-year-old male, after an eight-hour hound hunt left the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4Elfh\">weary animal stranded\u003c/a>, an easy target, in the tall reaches of a Douglas fir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunt happened on the Flying B Ranch, which charges $6,800 for the privilege. But Richards didn’t pay $6,800. A manager on the ranch told the \u003ca href=\"http://nyti.ms/H6ywTc\">Associated Press\u003c/a> that the commissioner paid $3,200 to hunt birds. California law bars officials from accepting gifts exceeding $420 in one year, and now Richards faces an ethics complaint, filed with the Fair Political Practices Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting aside the question of how shooting a trapped animal constitutes “sport,” lions are “a specially protected mammal” in California. It’s illegal to “take, injure, possess, transport, import, or sell any mountain lion,” unless you can prove possession on June 6, 1990, the day after voters prohibited lion hunting. That means Richards couldn’t legally bring the carcass back into the state. A moot point, anyway, since he says he ate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of lions in California follows the sorry story of large carnivores across the country. Early (non-indigenous) residents considered predators unacceptable threats to livestock and game and, in 1907, the state hired bounty hunters to exterminate them. There’s no doubt extermination was the goal: Females commanded a higher price. By the time the bounty ended in 1963, more than \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=vpc8\">25,000 lions were dead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As public attitudes softened, the state reclassified the lion, first as a non-protected mammal in 1963, and then again as a game animal in 1969. But it wasn’t until the early ’70s, when Napa Democrat John Dunlap, backed by 52 conservation groups and thousands of concerned voters, managed to pass a four-year moratorium on trophy hunting, with the goal of conservation, not killing, in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap’s moratorium was extended until 1986, when then-Gov. Deukmejian vetoed reauthorization, placing lions legally in hunters’ sights once again. But public outcry, followed by legal action, upheld the moratorium, which became permanent in 1990, when voters approved Prop. 117, the California Wildlife Protection Act. (It’s still legal to kill lions considered a threat to life or livestock.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last major push to repeal the ban was rejected in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/mountain-lion-fws/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34423\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34423\" title=\"mountain lion FWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/mountain-lion-FWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lions are notoriously shy and prefer to avoid humans if possible. (Photo: US FWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, campaigns to reinstate hunting continue, most recently led by farmers and ranchers in San Benito County asserting (\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wwksyA\">without basis\u003c/a>) that a growing lion population places residents and livestock in jeopardy. Wildlife biologists, meanwhile, worry that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wyMP7Q\">humans pose the bigger threat\u003c/a>, by developing prime lion habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s against this backdrop that Richards, a San Bernardino County commercial real estate developer and National Rifle Association life member, traveled to Idaho, killed the young lion, sent his celebratory photo to a hunting web site, and then fired off a defiant \u003ca href=\"http://sd28.senate.ca.gov/sites/sd28.senate.ca.gov/files/02-29-12%20RichardsF&Gltr.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> to California Assemblyman Ben Hueso, one of 40 legislators asking him to resign, essentially telling him to bug off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards then took his case to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kfiam640.com/pages/jk2010.html?article=9839787\">talk radio\u003c/a>, calling his critics “well-funded enviro terrorists” and “lawsuit machines,” singling out the Humane Society as the “primary culprit in this deal.” He charged the society, and environmental groups, with trying “to infiltrate the department” to stifle debate. “Not only do I challenge them on a daily basis,” Richards asserted, “but it’s more insidious than that, because if they can get a toehold in there…they have the long-term handle. We’ve just done some of that with this MLPA process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards was referring to the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPoJhs\">Marine Life Protection Act\u003c/a>, a landmark science-based initiative to conserve ocean life and habitat that some sport fishers view as a threat to jobs and fishing rights. The radio show host said the Legislature would be “pretty sick” to pursue Richards’ ouster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to prevent that, the NRA and Keep America Fishing urged their members to support their ally in Riverside when the Fish and Game Commission met on March 7. In a press release, Keep America Fishing thanked the commissioner for “being a voice of reason throughout the Marine Life Protection initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \"reason,\" they meant Richards’ votes against implementing the MLPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards also voted against renewed efforts to protect California condors from lead ammunition, despite solid \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPytbq\">evidence\u003c/a> that it’s poisoning the critically endangered birds. In 2011 alone, Richards voted against moves to protect several native species, including the black-backed woodpecker, Cedars buckwheat, American pika, and steelhead salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/or11_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34414\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34414\" title=\"OR11_odfw\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/OR11_odfw-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"OR11 ODFW\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR-11, a male pup (born spring 2011) from the Walla Walla pack in Oregon, waking up from anesthesia after being radio-collared on Oct. 25, 2011. (Photo: ODFW )\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I won’t guess how he’ll vote on a petition before the commission to list the gray wolf under the California Endangered Species Act, sparked by the appearance of OR-7, the dispersing male from Oregon. Gray wolves receive protection under the federal ESA, except in Idaho (and Montana) after a surprise move by Congress last year. When Idaho’s Fish and Game Commission met in March, its wolf management plan considered five ways to kill them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yes, Flying B Ranch offers wolf hunts, which you can learn about on the Idaho commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://1.usa.gov/HbyQwc\">web site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given Richards’ background, his actions shouldn’t be surprising. Officials, says the commission’s web site, have “expertise in various wildlife-related fields,” though it’s unclear how real estate qualifies as a wildlife-related field. But then only one of the five commissioners, all political appointees, has a background in biology. All the rest have careers in business, labor and farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research over the past decade suggests that predators help maintain plant communities by regulating herbivores. Reintroducing wolves in Yellowstone in the mid-1990s, led to a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/Ha3ebV\">rebound of cottonwoods\u003c/a>, willows and other riparian species by keeping elk numbers down, and provided more habitat for songbirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions, it seems, offer a similar service. A \u003ca href=\"//1.usa.gov/Ha4X0S\">2008 study\u003c/a> showed that after lions disappeared from Yosemite in the 1920s, mule deer populations expanded only to decimate black oak stands by eating up all the tasty shoots before they could take hold, paving the way for other species like pines and firs to fill the void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are also finding evidence that hunting can drive \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4L5tw\">evolutionary changes \u003c/a>in target species, selecting for smaller body size and earlier sexual maturity. But it’s unlikely the current commission would care about these studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no wonder that hunters and sport fishers want the commission to protect their interests. Their license fees pay the bulk of state wildlife agency budgets. If the commission is serious about \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPHqkY\">deflecting charges\u003c/a> that it favors the interests of hunters and fishers and is concerned only with \u003cem>consuming\u003c/em> wildlife resources, why not appoint biologists, rather than businessmen, as wildlife officials?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prop. 117 allocated $30 million a year to protect, restore and acquire habitat for lions and other native species. If Californians really want to protect our wild heritage, we’ll have to do better than that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Trophy hunting mountain lions is legal in every Western state except California. When the head of the state’s Fish and Wildlife Commission, a life member of the NRA, killed a young lion in Idaho, state legislators and environmental and animal welfare groups called for his resignation. What should Californians expect of state officials in charge of setting wildlife policy?\r\n",
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"description": "Trophy hunting mountain lions is legal in every Western state except California. When the head of the state’s Fish and Wildlife Commission, a life member of the NRA, killed a young lion in Idaho, state legislators and environmental and animal welfare groups called for his resignation. What should Californians expect of state officials in charge of setting wildlife policy?\r\n",
"title": "Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy | KQED",
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"headline": "Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34463\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/puma640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34463\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34463\" title=\"mountain lion\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/puma6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kyla, a female mountain lion rescued as a kitten afterpoachers killed her mother, now lives at Sonoma CountyWildlife Rescue in Petaluma. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Should the head of an agency charged with regulating California’s natural resources stay on after flaunting his delight in killing one of the state’s most iconic species? That’s the question on many minds since a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4q9FA\">photo surfaced\u003c/a> showing California Fish and Game Commission President Dan Richards grinning ear to ear, clutching a massive, lifeless mountain lion against his chest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that the hunt itself was illegal. Hunting mountain lions, or cougars as they’re commonly known, is legal in Idaho, where Richards bagged his trophy, as it is in every other state where they're found—except California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards killed the lion, a 115-pound, three-year-old male, after an eight-hour hound hunt left the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4Elfh\">weary animal stranded\u003c/a>, an easy target, in the tall reaches of a Douglas fir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunt happened on the Flying B Ranch, which charges $6,800 for the privilege. But Richards didn’t pay $6,800. A manager on the ranch told the \u003ca href=\"http://nyti.ms/H6ywTc\">Associated Press\u003c/a> that the commissioner paid $3,200 to hunt birds. California law bars officials from accepting gifts exceeding $420 in one year, and now Richards faces an ethics complaint, filed with the Fair Political Practices Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting aside the question of how shooting a trapped animal constitutes “sport,” lions are “a specially protected mammal” in California. It’s illegal to “take, injure, possess, transport, import, or sell any mountain lion,” unless you can prove possession on June 6, 1990, the day after voters prohibited lion hunting. That means Richards couldn’t legally bring the carcass back into the state. A moot point, anyway, since he says he ate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of lions in California follows the sorry story of large carnivores across the country. Early (non-indigenous) residents considered predators unacceptable threats to livestock and game and, in 1907, the state hired bounty hunters to exterminate them. There’s no doubt extermination was the goal: Females commanded a higher price. By the time the bounty ended in 1963, more than \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=vpc8\">25,000 lions were dead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As public attitudes softened, the state reclassified the lion, first as a non-protected mammal in 1963, and then again as a game animal in 1969. But it wasn’t until the early ’70s, when Napa Democrat John Dunlap, backed by 52 conservation groups and thousands of concerned voters, managed to pass a four-year moratorium on trophy hunting, with the goal of conservation, not killing, in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap’s moratorium was extended until 1986, when then-Gov. Deukmejian vetoed reauthorization, placing lions legally in hunters’ sights once again. But public outcry, followed by legal action, upheld the moratorium, which became permanent in 1990, when voters approved Prop. 117, the California Wildlife Protection Act. (It’s still legal to kill lions considered a threat to life or livestock.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last major push to repeal the ban was rejected in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/mountain-lion-fws/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34423\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34423\" title=\"mountain lion FWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/mountain-lion-FWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lions are notoriously shy and prefer to avoid humans if possible. (Photo: US FWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, campaigns to reinstate hunting continue, most recently led by farmers and ranchers in San Benito County asserting (\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wwksyA\">without basis\u003c/a>) that a growing lion population places residents and livestock in jeopardy. Wildlife biologists, meanwhile, worry that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wyMP7Q\">humans pose the bigger threat\u003c/a>, by developing prime lion habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s against this backdrop that Richards, a San Bernardino County commercial real estate developer and National Rifle Association life member, traveled to Idaho, killed the young lion, sent his celebratory photo to a hunting web site, and then fired off a defiant \u003ca href=\"http://sd28.senate.ca.gov/sites/sd28.senate.ca.gov/files/02-29-12%20RichardsF&Gltr.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> to California Assemblyman Ben Hueso, one of 40 legislators asking him to resign, essentially telling him to bug off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards then took his case to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kfiam640.com/pages/jk2010.html?article=9839787\">talk radio\u003c/a>, calling his critics “well-funded enviro terrorists” and “lawsuit machines,” singling out the Humane Society as the “primary culprit in this deal.” He charged the society, and environmental groups, with trying “to infiltrate the department” to stifle debate. “Not only do I challenge them on a daily basis,” Richards asserted, “but it’s more insidious than that, because if they can get a toehold in there…they have the long-term handle. We’ve just done some of that with this MLPA process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards was referring to the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPoJhs\">Marine Life Protection Act\u003c/a>, a landmark science-based initiative to conserve ocean life and habitat that some sport fishers view as a threat to jobs and fishing rights. The radio show host said the Legislature would be “pretty sick” to pursue Richards’ ouster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to prevent that, the NRA and Keep America Fishing urged their members to support their ally in Riverside when the Fish and Game Commission met on March 7. In a press release, Keep America Fishing thanked the commissioner for “being a voice of reason throughout the Marine Life Protection initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \"reason,\" they meant Richards’ votes against implementing the MLPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards also voted against renewed efforts to protect California condors from lead ammunition, despite solid \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPytbq\">evidence\u003c/a> that it’s poisoning the critically endangered birds. In 2011 alone, Richards voted against moves to protect several native species, including the black-backed woodpecker, Cedars buckwheat, American pika, and steelhead salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/or11_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34414\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34414\" title=\"OR11_odfw\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/OR11_odfw-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"OR11 ODFW\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR-11, a male pup (born spring 2011) from the Walla Walla pack in Oregon, waking up from anesthesia after being radio-collared on Oct. 25, 2011. (Photo: ODFW )\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I won’t guess how he’ll vote on a petition before the commission to list the gray wolf under the California Endangered Species Act, sparked by the appearance of OR-7, the dispersing male from Oregon. Gray wolves receive protection under the federal ESA, except in Idaho (and Montana) after a surprise move by Congress last year. When Idaho’s Fish and Game Commission met in March, its wolf management plan considered five ways to kill them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yes, Flying B Ranch offers wolf hunts, which you can learn about on the Idaho commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://1.usa.gov/HbyQwc\">web site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given Richards’ background, his actions shouldn’t be surprising. Officials, says the commission’s web site, have “expertise in various wildlife-related fields,” though it’s unclear how real estate qualifies as a wildlife-related field. But then only one of the five commissioners, all political appointees, has a background in biology. All the rest have careers in business, labor and farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research over the past decade suggests that predators help maintain plant communities by regulating herbivores. Reintroducing wolves in Yellowstone in the mid-1990s, led to a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/Ha3ebV\">rebound of cottonwoods\u003c/a>, willows and other riparian species by keeping elk numbers down, and provided more habitat for songbirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions, it seems, offer a similar service. A \u003ca href=\"//1.usa.gov/Ha4X0S\">2008 study\u003c/a> showed that after lions disappeared from Yosemite in the 1920s, mule deer populations expanded only to decimate black oak stands by eating up all the tasty shoots before they could take hold, paving the way for other species like pines and firs to fill the void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are also finding evidence that hunting can drive \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4L5tw\">evolutionary changes \u003c/a>in target species, selecting for smaller body size and earlier sexual maturity. But it’s unlikely the current commission would care about these studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no wonder that hunters and sport fishers want the commission to protect their interests. Their license fees pay the bulk of state wildlife agency budgets. If the commission is serious about \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPHqkY\">deflecting charges\u003c/a> that it favors the interests of hunters and fishers and is concerned only with \u003cem>consuming\u003c/em> wildlife resources, why not appoint biologists, rather than businessmen, as wildlife officials?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prop. 117 allocated $30 million a year to protect, restore and acquire habitat for lions and other native species. If Californians really want to protect our wild heritage, we’ll have to do better than that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geneticists Solve Van Gogh's Mutant Sunflowers After 125 Years",
"title": "Geneticists Solve Van Gogh's Mutant Sunflowers After 125 Years",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34235\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/vincent_van_gogh_-_zonnebloemen_-_google_art_project/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34235\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" alt=\"Vincent van Gogh - Sunflowers - 1889\" title=\"Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vincent van Gogh's Sunflowers (1889)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most admirers of van Gogh's iconic \"Sunflower\" paintings gaze upon the golden inflorescences without any awareness of the scientific conundrum they pose. But researchers from the University of Georgia have finally cracked the case with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002628\" title=\"Chapman et al. PLoS Genetics\">paper published in PLoS Genetics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34214\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 169px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/californiabuttercup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34214\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Californiabuttercup-169x169.jpg\" alt=\"California buttercup\" title=\"Californiabuttercup\" width=\"169\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buttercup taken at Tilden Park in Berkeley, California by Calibas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34219\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/orchid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Orchid-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Orchid\" title=\"Orchid\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34219\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orchid taken by Alex Tievsky SaveThePoint\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The puzzle begins with the fact that all flowers are either \u003cem>radially\u003c/em> or \u003cem>bilaterally\u003c/em> symmetrical. A buttercup is an example of radial symmetry; it looks the same no matter how you rotate it. An orchid, on the other hand, has bilateral symmetry, like a human face--the left and right sides look the same, but you can tell whether it's right side up or upside down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the sneaky thing: a lot of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(botany)\" title=\"flower head - wikipedia\">seemingly radially symmetrical flowers\u003c/a> are actually \u003cem>clusters\u003c/em> of tiny bilaterally symmetrical flowers, or \u003cem>florets\u003c/em>. In fact, this is true of one of the biggest flower families, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae\" title=\"Wikipedia - Asteraceae\">Asteraceae\u003c/a>, which includes such familiar friends as dandelions, daisies and, yes, sunflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the sunflower makes things extra complicated by building its cluster out of \u003cem>two\u003c/em> kinds of florets: bilaterally symmetrical \u003cem>ray florets\u003c/em>, and radially symmetrical \u003cem>disk florets\u003c/em>. This may sound confusing, but it's obvious as soon as you look for it: the classic sunflower is a ring of petals (ray florets) surrounding a big disk that will become filled with seeds (fertilized disk florets). The ray florets are infertile--they're just there to help attract pollinators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/800px-helianthus_annuus1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34228\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/800px-Helianthus_annuus1-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)\" title=\"800px-Helianthus_annuus1\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-34228\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at last we can consider van Gogh, and his double-flowered sunflowers. They're \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men\" title=\"Wikipedia - X-Men\">mutants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003cem>double-flowered mutant\u003c/em> has no true disk florets, only concentric rings of ray florets--a profusion of petals. Consequently, the plant loses a lot of its fertility. You might wonder, can the opposite occur? Indeed, in \u003cem>tubular-rayed mutants\u003c/em> ray florets are replaced with radialized, fertile disk florets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Chapman and his colleagues have just discovered that one particular gene, called \u003cem>HaCYC2c\u003c/em>, causes both mutations. If \u003cem>HaCYC2c\u003c/em> is over-expressed, it creates double-flowered van Goghs. If the gene's function is lost, however, you get tubular-rayed flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I particularly love this study because at least the first part of their methods is totally accessible to anyone who's studied Mendelian crosses in high school biology. See:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/sunflower_fig2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sunflower_Fig2-478x360.png\" alt=\"Van Gogh's Sunflowers - Figure 2\" title=\"sunflower_Fig2\" width=\"478\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-34212\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, maybe it's a bit tricky. If you want to puzzle it out but you're rusty on Mendel, here's a \u003ca href=\"http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/transgenetics/monohybrid1.html\" title=\"Mendelian Genetics Primer\">primer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, you don't need to understand Mendelian crosses--or the super-sophisticated genetic mapping that Chapman et al. use later--to appreciate van Gogh's art. Nor do you need to be an Impressionist fan to appreciate sunflower genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think we can \u003cem>all\u003c/em> appreciate that it's not often a famous painting is included in Figure 1 of a scientific paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34213\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/sunflower_fig1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34213\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sunflower_Fig1-640x266.png\" alt=\"Van Gogh's Sunflowers - Figure 1\" title=\"sunflower_Fig1\" width=\"640\" height=\"266\" class=\"size-large wp-image-34213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Entire inflorescences (A, C, E) and individual florets (B, D, F) from wildtype (A, B), double-flowered (C, D) and tubular (E, F) sunflower individuals. Florets are arranged left to right from the inner florets to the outer florets. (G) “Sunflowers (Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers)” by Vincent van Gogh (1888) with double-flowered heads pointed out with arrows. Panel G was obtained from Steve Dorrington on flickr (available at http://flic.kr/p/8SsPYb) and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) License.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Most admirers of Vincent van Gogh's iconic \"Sunflower\" paintings gaze upon the golden inflorescences without any awareness of the scientific conundrum they pose. But researchers from the University of Georgia have finally cracked the case with a paper published in PLoS Genetics.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34235\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/vincent_van_gogh_-_zonnebloemen_-_google_art_project/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34235\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" alt=\"Vincent van Gogh - Sunflowers - 1889\" title=\"Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vincent van Gogh's Sunflowers (1889)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most admirers of van Gogh's iconic \"Sunflower\" paintings gaze upon the golden inflorescences without any awareness of the scientific conundrum they pose. But researchers from the University of Georgia have finally cracked the case with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002628\" title=\"Chapman et al. PLoS Genetics\">paper published in PLoS Genetics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34214\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 169px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/californiabuttercup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34214\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Californiabuttercup-169x169.jpg\" alt=\"California buttercup\" title=\"Californiabuttercup\" width=\"169\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buttercup taken at Tilden Park in Berkeley, California by Calibas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34219\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/orchid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Orchid-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Orchid\" title=\"Orchid\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34219\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orchid taken by Alex Tievsky SaveThePoint\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The puzzle begins with the fact that all flowers are either \u003cem>radially\u003c/em> or \u003cem>bilaterally\u003c/em> symmetrical. A buttercup is an example of radial symmetry; it looks the same no matter how you rotate it. An orchid, on the other hand, has bilateral symmetry, like a human face--the left and right sides look the same, but you can tell whether it's right side up or upside down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the sneaky thing: a lot of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(botany)\" title=\"flower head - wikipedia\">seemingly radially symmetrical flowers\u003c/a> are actually \u003cem>clusters\u003c/em> of tiny bilaterally symmetrical flowers, or \u003cem>florets\u003c/em>. In fact, this is true of one of the biggest flower families, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae\" title=\"Wikipedia - Asteraceae\">Asteraceae\u003c/a>, which includes such familiar friends as dandelions, daisies and, yes, sunflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the sunflower makes things extra complicated by building its cluster out of \u003cem>two\u003c/em> kinds of florets: bilaterally symmetrical \u003cem>ray florets\u003c/em>, and radially symmetrical \u003cem>disk florets\u003c/em>. This may sound confusing, but it's obvious as soon as you look for it: the classic sunflower is a ring of petals (ray florets) surrounding a big disk that will become filled with seeds (fertilized disk florets). The ray florets are infertile--they're just there to help attract pollinators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/800px-helianthus_annuus1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34228\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/800px-Helianthus_annuus1-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)\" title=\"800px-Helianthus_annuus1\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-34228\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at last we can consider van Gogh, and his double-flowered sunflowers. They're \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men\" title=\"Wikipedia - X-Men\">mutants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003cem>double-flowered mutant\u003c/em> has no true disk florets, only concentric rings of ray florets--a profusion of petals. Consequently, the plant loses a lot of its fertility. You might wonder, can the opposite occur? Indeed, in \u003cem>tubular-rayed mutants\u003c/em> ray florets are replaced with radialized, fertile disk florets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Chapman and his colleagues have just discovered that one particular gene, called \u003cem>HaCYC2c\u003c/em>, causes both mutations. If \u003cem>HaCYC2c\u003c/em> is over-expressed, it creates double-flowered van Goghs. If the gene's function is lost, however, you get tubular-rayed flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I particularly love this study because at least the first part of their methods is totally accessible to anyone who's studied Mendelian crosses in high school biology. See:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/sunflower_fig2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sunflower_Fig2-478x360.png\" alt=\"Van Gogh's Sunflowers - Figure 2\" title=\"sunflower_Fig2\" width=\"478\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-34212\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, maybe it's a bit tricky. If you want to puzzle it out but you're rusty on Mendel, here's a \u003ca href=\"http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/transgenetics/monohybrid1.html\" title=\"Mendelian Genetics Primer\">primer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, you don't need to understand Mendelian crosses--or the super-sophisticated genetic mapping that Chapman et al. use later--to appreciate van Gogh's art. Nor do you need to be an Impressionist fan to appreciate sunflower genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think we can \u003cem>all\u003c/em> appreciate that it's not often a famous painting is included in Figure 1 of a scientific paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34213\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/sunflower_fig1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34213\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sunflower_Fig1-640x266.png\" alt=\"Van Gogh's Sunflowers - Figure 1\" title=\"sunflower_Fig1\" width=\"640\" height=\"266\" class=\"size-large wp-image-34213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Entire inflorescences (A, C, E) and individual florets (B, D, F) from wildtype (A, B), double-flowered (C, D) and tubular (E, F) sunflower individuals. Florets are arranged left to right from the inner florets to the outer florets. (G) “Sunflowers (Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers)” by Vincent van Gogh (1888) with double-flowered heads pointed out with arrows. Panel G was obtained from Steve Dorrington on flickr (available at http://flic.kr/p/8SsPYb) and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) License.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Prop 71: Stem Cell Funding Was Overhyped But Worth It",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/02/prop-71-overhyped-but-worth-it/esc/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34060\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ESC.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ESC\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34060\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ESC.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ESC-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember back in 2004 that big debate about whether California voters should fund embryonic stem (ES) cell research? It passed and now 8 years later, people are starting to ask what we have to show for it. It's more than you might think...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, though, there are no cures using ES cells in the offing. The money spent so far has gone into recruiting, setting up labs, basic research, and so on. This has laid the foundation from where eventual cures can come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, before going any further, it is important to reflect a bit on what was happening in 2004. President Bush had restricted ES cell research to the point where very little meaningful research could go on here in the U.S. And researchers were starting to vote with their feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key stem cell researchers in the U.S. began to talk about going to places like England and Singapore where they could do their research. There was a real worry the U.S. would be left behind and that this would keep U.S. researchers away from the forefront of biological research for the first time in our history. It was a frustrating, scary time for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course it was an awful time for people suffering from awful incurable diseases too. They were worried that cures involving ES cells would not come in time for them unless research was done in a big way here in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In swooped Proposition 71 to save the day. It provided 3 billion dollars of funding for ES cell research here in California. At a minimum it provided stopgap funding to keep ES cell research alive and well here in the U.S. until President Obama re-opened the spigots again in 2009. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if this is all Proposition 71 accomplished, I would argue it was worth it. Eventual cures using these cells are 5-6 years closer than they would be without the money spent by California voters. This is a big deal to patients suffering from all those life threatening diseases we always hear about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately this probably isn’t what Californians voted for. If media reports from then and now are to be believed, they expected cures not basic research. They wanted the paralyzed to walk, Alzheimer’s patients to remember and Michael J. Fox to return to being Alex P. Keaton or Marty McFly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These were unrealistic expectations then and they still are today. There was no way something as new and complex as ES cells was going to generate a cure in just a few years or even a decade. (Of course one thing is certain, without research ES cells would never cure anything.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can remember back in 2004 thinking proponents were overselling this proposition. I spoke with a lot of scientists at the time and they all agreed. But what I don’t remember and am having trouble reconstructing is who did the overselling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ads like this one don’t seem to overpromise, they just talk about what we might be able to get out of ES cell research:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzpEccZP6JM]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason for these inflated expectations, scientists everywhere are going to have to deal with the fallout of a disappointed voting public. They are going to either have to come up with cures fast (unlikely at least with ES cells) or explain why expectations have not been met. And this isn’t just a concern for stem cell researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has the potential to impact lots of science research as unfulfilled promises causes an \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/conservatives-losing-trust-science-study-finds-114401347.html\">increasingly skeptical public\u003c/a> to become more so. Scientists will need to show that they did not overhype this or explain why they oversold it in the first place. Neither sounds too enticing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Information:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_MED_CALIFORNIA_STEM_CELL?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-03-18-14-59-48\">California's stem cell agency ponders its future\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/07/opinion/la-oe-lehrman-20100607\">\u003cbr>\nCalifornia stem cell research: Were voters duped?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/\">California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geron both pulls out of the first clinical trial of embryonic stem cells and the entire research area\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Remember back in 2004 that big debate about whether California voters should fund embryonic stem (ES) cell research? Well it passed and now 8 years later, people are starting to ask what we have to show for it. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/02/prop-71-overhyped-but-worth-it/esc/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34060\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ESC.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ESC\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34060\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ESC.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ESC-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember back in 2004 that big debate about whether California voters should fund embryonic stem (ES) cell research? It passed and now 8 years later, people are starting to ask what we have to show for it. It's more than you might think...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, though, there are no cures using ES cells in the offing. The money spent so far has gone into recruiting, setting up labs, basic research, and so on. This has laid the foundation from where eventual cures can come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, before going any further, it is important to reflect a bit on what was happening in 2004. President Bush had restricted ES cell research to the point where very little meaningful research could go on here in the U.S. And researchers were starting to vote with their feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key stem cell researchers in the U.S. began to talk about going to places like England and Singapore where they could do their research. There was a real worry the U.S. would be left behind and that this would keep U.S. researchers away from the forefront of biological research for the first time in our history. It was a frustrating, scary time for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course it was an awful time for people suffering from awful incurable diseases too. They were worried that cures involving ES cells would not come in time for them unless research was done in a big way here in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In swooped Proposition 71 to save the day. It provided 3 billion dollars of funding for ES cell research here in California. At a minimum it provided stopgap funding to keep ES cell research alive and well here in the U.S. until President Obama re-opened the spigots again in 2009. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if this is all Proposition 71 accomplished, I would argue it was worth it. Eventual cures using these cells are 5-6 years closer than they would be without the money spent by California voters. This is a big deal to patients suffering from all those life threatening diseases we always hear about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately this probably isn’t what Californians voted for. If media reports from then and now are to be believed, they expected cures not basic research. They wanted the paralyzed to walk, Alzheimer’s patients to remember and Michael J. Fox to return to being Alex P. Keaton or Marty McFly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These were unrealistic expectations then and they still are today. There was no way something as new and complex as ES cells was going to generate a cure in just a few years or even a decade. (Of course one thing is certain, without research ES cells would never cure anything.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can remember back in 2004 thinking proponents were overselling this proposition. I spoke with a lot of scientists at the time and they all agreed. But what I don’t remember and am having trouble reconstructing is who did the overselling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ads like this one don’t seem to overpromise, they just talk about what we might be able to get out of ES cell research:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/uzpEccZP6JM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/uzpEccZP6JM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason for these inflated expectations, scientists everywhere are going to have to deal with the fallout of a disappointed voting public. They are going to either have to come up with cures fast (unlikely at least with ES cells) or explain why expectations have not been met. And this isn’t just a concern for stem cell researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has the potential to impact lots of science research as unfulfilled promises causes an \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/conservatives-losing-trust-science-study-finds-114401347.html\">increasingly skeptical public\u003c/a> to become more so. Scientists will need to show that they did not overhype this or explain why they oversold it in the first place. Neither sounds too enticing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Information:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_MED_CALIFORNIA_STEM_CELL?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-03-18-14-59-48\">California's stem cell agency ponders its future\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/07/opinion/la-oe-lehrman-20100607\">\u003cbr>\nCalifornia stem cell research: Were voters duped?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/\">California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geron both pulls out of the first clinical trial of embryonic stem cells and the entire research area\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/california_newt/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33854\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-33854\" title=\"California_Newt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt-400x303.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>California newts are migrating from land to water. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/\">Yostkr\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last couple of weeks I've visited the seasonal ponds in the East Bay at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Preserve\u003c/a> and small creeks at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\">Briones Regional Park\u003c/a> and found California newts engaging in their spring rituals of courtship and mating. The long, dry winter and late, sporadic rains have likely made this less than a banner year for amphibians. Newts spend the Bay Area’s dry months of summer and fall “estivating,” holed up in underground burrows, gopher holes, or under logs and rocks, waiting for the rain. Wet weather calls them to action. Leaving their upland burrows, newts migrate, one slow, tiny step at a time, braving roads and other dangers. They gather in their natal ponds and streams to mate and lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33857\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-ball-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33857\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33857 \" title=\"Newt Cluster Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Ball-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multiple males and females mating in a cluster at Sibley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their courtship rituals are ancient and complex. Drawn to the water, both males and females enter and begin the search for that special someone, or two, or many. Males undergo a physical transformation with their tails changing shape to allow for faster swimming and their front feet develop thickened, rough pads for grasping slippery females. When a male finds a willing female he grabs her from above. They glide around underwater together for hours or even days, surfacing to breathe and swimming through cattail and grassy forests. He rubs her forehead with his chin, waiting for her lift her head. If she’s not interested, she keeps her head down. Some newts play the numbers game and come together in clusters with multiple males and females.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-courtship-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33858\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33858 \" title=\"Newt Courtship Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Courtship-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male newt courting a female at Sibley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mating success occurs when the male guides the female to the bottom of the pond where he deposits his sperm packet. It looks like a small, fantastic sculpture with the vital genetic material poised like an apostrophe at the top. She takes it into her body and holds it for some time before fertilizing eggs as she lays them. She may mate with multiple males. The female finds underwater plant stems to lay her clusters of eggs upon, encasing them in a gelatinous mass. She may lay as many as 300 eggs in a mating season. The embryos develop underwater until they're ready to hatch. Once mating is completed, most adults head back to their upland feeding and hibernation areas, leaving the young to fend for themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33859\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-egg-case-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33859\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33859\" title=\"Newt Egg Mass at Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Egg-Case-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt egg mass on plant stem at Sibley pond\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The perpetuation of the California newt species hangs in the balance with many hazards. A dry winter can create a host of problems. Egg masses can become exposed as the pond evaporates and the young may not make it. After hatching, young newts breathe water through their gills before they transform into air-breathing adults. If their ponds dry up too soon, they’re out of luck. Predators abound in the ponds, too. Garter snakes have a long history with newts and have developed immunity to their toxic skin. Some years the ponds are full of both garter snakes and newts. Introduced animals like crayfish and mosquito fish, and a new \u003ca title=\"hybrid salamander eating native species from Discover Magazine blog\" href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/06/30/invasive-salamander-carries-on-endangered-genes-while-killing-off-natives/\" target=\"_blank\">\"super hybrid\" species of salamander\u003c/a> eat young newts. The adult's trek from their burrows to ponds and streams can be fatal with cars, bikes, and cattle claiming the lives of some of these tiny travelers. Even toxic skin can’t save them from being small, easy to overlook, and dependent on seasonal water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Briones Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\" target=\"_blank\">Briones Regional Park website\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Sibley Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\" target=\"_blank\">Sibley Regional Park website\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Newt photos and illustrations from the Oregon State University website\" href=\"http://people.oregonstate.edu/~arnoldst/NEWT%20WORLD.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Newt photos and illustrations\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED QUEST Science Hike at Briones \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/california_newt/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33854\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-33854\" title=\"California_Newt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/California_Newt-400x303.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>California newts are migrating from land to water. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/\">Yostkr\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last couple of weeks I've visited the seasonal ponds in the East Bay at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley\">Sibley Volcanic Preserve\u003c/a> and small creeks at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/briones\">Briones Regional Park\u003c/a> and found California newts engaging in their spring rituals of courtship and mating. The long, dry winter and late, sporadic rains have likely made this less than a banner year for amphibians. Newts spend the Bay Area’s dry months of summer and fall “estivating,” holed up in underground burrows, gopher holes, or under logs and rocks, waiting for the rain. Wet weather calls them to action. Leaving their upland burrows, newts migrate, one slow, tiny step at a time, braving roads and other dangers. They gather in their natal ponds and streams to mate and lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33857\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-ball-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33857\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33857 \" title=\"Newt Cluster Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Ball-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multiple males and females mating in a cluster at Sibley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their courtship rituals are ancient and complex. Drawn to the water, both males and females enter and begin the search for that special someone, or two, or many. Males undergo a physical transformation with their tails changing shape to allow for faster swimming and their front feet develop thickened, rough pads for grasping slippery females. When a male finds a willing female he grabs her from above. They glide around underwater together for hours or even days, surfacing to breathe and swimming through cattail and grassy forests. He rubs her forehead with his chin, waiting for her lift her head. If she’s not interested, she keeps her head down. Some newts play the numbers game and come together in clusters with multiple males and females.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-courtship-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33858\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33858 \" title=\"Newt Courtship Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Courtship-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male newt courting a female at Sibley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mating success occurs when the male guides the female to the bottom of the pond where he deposits his sperm packet. It looks like a small, fantastic sculpture with the vital genetic material poised like an apostrophe at the top. She takes it into her body and holds it for some time before fertilizing eggs as she lays them. She may mate with multiple males. The female finds underwater plant stems to lay her clusters of eggs upon, encasing them in a gelatinous mass. She may lay as many as 300 eggs in a mating season. The embryos develop underwater until they're ready to hatch. Once mating is completed, most adults head back to their upland feeding and hibernation areas, leaving the young to fend for themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33859\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/life-aquatic-and-terrestrial-california-newts/newt-egg-case-sibley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33859\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33859\" title=\"Newt Egg Mass at Sibley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Newt-Egg-Case-Sibley-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt egg mass on plant stem at Sibley pond\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The perpetuation of the California newt species hangs in the balance with many hazards. A dry winter can create a host of problems. Egg masses can become exposed as the pond evaporates and the young may not make it. After hatching, young newts breathe water through their gills before they transform into air-breathing adults. If their ponds dry up too soon, they’re out of luck. Predators abound in the ponds, too. Garter snakes have a long history with newts and have developed immunity to their toxic skin. Some years the ponds are full of both garter snakes and newts. Introduced animals like crayfish and mosquito fish, and a new \u003ca title=\"hybrid salamander eating native species from Discover Magazine blog\" href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/06/30/invasive-salamander-carries-on-endangered-genes-while-killing-off-natives/\" target=\"_blank\">\"super hybrid\" species of salamander\u003c/a> eat young newts. The adult's trek from their burrows to ponds and streams can be fatal with cars, bikes, and cattle claiming the lives of some of these tiny travelers. Even toxic skin can’t save them from being small, easy to overlook, and dependent on seasonal water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/27/the-circus-of-evolution/cirque-du-soleil-totem/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33877\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem.jpg\" alt=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\" title=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33877\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cirque du Soleil - Totem - Red-Eyed and Reticulate Poison Dart Frogs\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was super-excited to see \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/shows/totem/default.aspx\" title=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\">Totem\u003c/a> because A) a friend who saw it in San Francisco \u003cem>raved\u003c/em> about it, and B) it's about evolution! How cool is that? Cirque du Soleil says of their latest touring show, \"TOTEM traces the fascinating journey of the human species from its original amphibian state to its ultimate desire to fly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Amphibians?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, humans (and dogs and horses and birds) evolved from amphibians. But our amphibian ancestors in turn evolved from fish, so you might just as well talk about our \"original fish state.\" And the fish evolved from some kind of worm, which in turn evolved from something like an amoeba . . . \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know what? Let's just start with the origin of life on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. Pedantic scientist that I am, if I were to design a circus show about human evolution, I'd open with \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis\" title=\"Abiogenesis\">primordial soup\u003c/a>. Perhaps a human ladder would construct itself from nucleic acids and proteins. Then there would be an aerial \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis#Cyanobacteria_and_the_evolution_of_photosynthesis\" title=\"Evolution of Photosynthesis\">photosynthesis\u003c/a> act (2.4 billion years ago) in which \"light rays\" swing down from above and pass their energy to \"cells.\" The show's first climax would be an acrobatic act that grew ever more intricate as more and more performers joined in--the evolution of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/yeast-suggests-speedy-start-for-multicellular-life-1.9810\" title=\"Origin of Multicellularity - Nature News\">multicellularity\u003c/a> (600 million years ago).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creators of Totem decided to skip all this and start \u003cem>in media res\u003c/em>, with amphibians--who evolved a scant 300 million years ago. However, I'm not exactly complaining, because the amphibian gymnastics are thrilling and their costumes spectacular. I went to the show with a friend who breeds frogs, and she instantly recognized the artists as \u003ca href=\"http://allaboutfrogs.org/info/species/redeye.html\" title=\"Red Eye Tree Frogs\">red-eyed tree frogs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.poisondartfrog.co.uk/reticulatus.php\" title=\"Reticulated Poison Dart Frogs\">reticulated poison dart frogs\u003c/a>. Score one for anatomical accuracy--but for the sake of \u003cem>evolutionary\u003c/em> accuracy, I must point out that these are modern frog species, just as \"evolved\" as modern humans. They were not around 300 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By starting with amphibians, though, and returning to the water theme throughout the show, Totem pays appropriate homage to our aquatic origins. Just a few seconds of beautifully orchestrated sound and background video place the audience beside a rushing river in one scene, a quiet pond in the next. And the ocean, ancient mother of all life, is not forgotten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show is hardly an evolutionary textbook, but who could ask it to be? Totem is a tribute to the transcendence of human imagination and hard work--Cirque du Soleil at its best. It'll be in San Jose until April 15. Go see the magic that science can inspire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/27/the-circus-of-evolution/crystal_man/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33883\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man.jpg\" alt=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem - Crystal Man\" title=\"crystal_man\" width=\"490\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33883\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man.jpg 490w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "I was super-excited to see Totem because A) a friend who saw it in San Francisco raved about it, and B) it's about evolution! How cool is that? Cirque du Soleil says of their latest touring show, \"TOTEM traces the fascinating journey of the human species from its original amphibian state to its ultimate desire to fly.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/27/the-circus-of-evolution/cirque-du-soleil-totem/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33877\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem.jpg\" alt=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\" title=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33877\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cirque-du-Soleil-Totem-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cirque du Soleil - Totem - Red-Eyed and Reticulate Poison Dart Frogs\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was super-excited to see \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/shows/totem/default.aspx\" title=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem\">Totem\u003c/a> because A) a friend who saw it in San Francisco \u003cem>raved\u003c/em> about it, and B) it's about evolution! How cool is that? Cirque du Soleil says of their latest touring show, \"TOTEM traces the fascinating journey of the human species from its original amphibian state to its ultimate desire to fly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Amphibians?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, humans (and dogs and horses and birds) evolved from amphibians. But our amphibian ancestors in turn evolved from fish, so you might just as well talk about our \"original fish state.\" And the fish evolved from some kind of worm, which in turn evolved from something like an amoeba . . . \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know what? Let's just start with the origin of life on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. Pedantic scientist that I am, if I were to design a circus show about human evolution, I'd open with \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis\" title=\"Abiogenesis\">primordial soup\u003c/a>. Perhaps a human ladder would construct itself from nucleic acids and proteins. Then there would be an aerial \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis#Cyanobacteria_and_the_evolution_of_photosynthesis\" title=\"Evolution of Photosynthesis\">photosynthesis\u003c/a> act (2.4 billion years ago) in which \"light rays\" swing down from above and pass their energy to \"cells.\" The show's first climax would be an acrobatic act that grew ever more intricate as more and more performers joined in--the evolution of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/yeast-suggests-speedy-start-for-multicellular-life-1.9810\" title=\"Origin of Multicellularity - Nature News\">multicellularity\u003c/a> (600 million years ago).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creators of Totem decided to skip all this and start \u003cem>in media res\u003c/em>, with amphibians--who evolved a scant 300 million years ago. However, I'm not exactly complaining, because the amphibian gymnastics are thrilling and their costumes spectacular. I went to the show with a friend who breeds frogs, and she instantly recognized the artists as \u003ca href=\"http://allaboutfrogs.org/info/species/redeye.html\" title=\"Red Eye Tree Frogs\">red-eyed tree frogs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.poisondartfrog.co.uk/reticulatus.php\" title=\"Reticulated Poison Dart Frogs\">reticulated poison dart frogs\u003c/a>. Score one for anatomical accuracy--but for the sake of \u003cem>evolutionary\u003c/em> accuracy, I must point out that these are modern frog species, just as \"evolved\" as modern humans. They were not around 300 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By starting with amphibians, though, and returning to the water theme throughout the show, Totem pays appropriate homage to our aquatic origins. Just a few seconds of beautifully orchestrated sound and background video place the audience beside a rushing river in one scene, a quiet pond in the next. And the ocean, ancient mother of all life, is not forgotten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show is hardly an evolutionary textbook, but who could ask it to be? Totem is a tribute to the transcendence of human imagination and hard work--Cirque du Soleil at its best. It'll be in San Jose until April 15. Go see the magic that science can inspire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/27/the-circus-of-evolution/crystal_man/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33883\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man.jpg\" alt=\"Cirque du Soleil - Totem - Crystal Man\" title=\"crystal_man\" width=\"490\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33883\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man.jpg 490w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crystal_man-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Salmon are Back! (But Why?) ",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33824\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33824\" title=\"Salmon_FandW_scaled\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook salmon on the Lower Tuolumne River in California's Central Valley. Photo courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Fisherman's Wharf, in San Francisco, what brings in the crowds are crabs. There's the Crab House. Crab Station. Crab Shack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry \"Duck\" Collins is president of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, based at the wharf. But even though he makes his living, or part of it, fishing crab, that's not because he likes doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Salmon fishing’s fun,\" says Collins. \"Crabbing’s not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabbing, he says, is like factory work. Pull up the traps, empty them out, drop them back down. Salmon? Now that's real fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use single, barbless hooks, catch them one at a time,\" he says. \"It’s pretty exciting when you get a 40-pound salmon on the end of a piece of 90-pound mono and you haul it in, gaff off the head. It’s a lot of fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Collins is poised to do more salmon fishing than he’s done in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists say more than 800,000 Sacramento chinook are off the coast right now. It’s the biggest number they've seen since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Pacific Fishery Management Council, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/background/\">sets guidelines\u003c/a> for commercial and sport fisheries, announced earlier this month that it’s considering \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/current-season-management/#adopted\">three options\u003c/a> for a 2012 salmon season, all of which would give anglers a chance to catch more fish than they have in years. The final decision will be announced in early April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A much-needed reprieve \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last few years have been brutal for commercial fishermen. Salmon is a $1.2 billion business in California, but habitat loss, water diversions, and pollution have taken their toll. Salmon populations dropped so low that no fishing was allowed in 2008 and 2009. For the last couple of years, salmon fishermen were allowed back onto the ocean for limited seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon, says Collins, are why people get into this business in the first place. When the industry collapsed, his friends started leaving, taking what he refers to as “land jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I started fishing there were 5,000 salmon boats” he says. \"Last year, I'd say, 400 or 500 boats fished. So we're at ten percent of where we used to be as an industry here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Great news, but will it last?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the big 2012 projections, it would seem that nature is on the mend, right? Well, not if you ask Jacob Katz, who studies salmon biology at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes if you put all your fish in one basket,\" he says, \"they all hatch.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz means this almost literally. He says one big reason there are so many returning salmon is that we humans have been producing tens of millions of the baby fish in breeding facilities called hatcheries. These aren’t GMO fish or farmed fish. They swim out to sea, grow in the ocean, return to spawn and are sold as wild salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's salmon hatcheries date back more than a hundred years and actually began as an attempt to transplant chinook to East Coast streams to save declining fisheries there (it didn't work). Later, dams on rivers up and down the Central Valley made it impossible for chinook to get to their spawning grounds, and the hatcheries were put to work maintaining native salmon runs. Adult salmon were artificially spawned, then young salmon were raised in tanks and released into rivers below the dams so they could migrate safely to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was improving on the inefficiencies of nature,\" says Katz. \"Look, we can do this in a bucket!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, researchers started noticing something else: In some parts of the state, hatchery fish had nearly replaced the native fish. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/02/hatchery-salmon.html\">study\u003c/a> released earlier this year found that only ten percent of the fall-run chinook salmon spawning in California's Mokelumne River had spawned naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The native salmon problem hasn’t been solved,\" says Katz. \"It’s just been papered over.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that you can sometimes make a lot of fish in a bucket has masked the fact that we've almost completely driven our wild fish to extinction,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why the Boom and Bust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question you should be asking now is this: If hatcheries have been around for a century, why are we seeing this sudden influx of fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: No one knows. It could have to do with good ocean conditions, or the fact that there was more rain in 2011, and a decrease in water diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some biologists, including Katz, say the influx has everything to do with the hatchery system. Because they're produced from a smaller stock, hatchery fish lack genetic diversity. They can’t adapt quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, when ocean conditions are good – with cooler temperatures and good upwelling, like last year -- the fish thrive. But the pendulum can easily swing the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to Larry Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Collins whether, if the salmon disappear again, he too could be forced to take a land job. He looks at me like I've just sprouted fins. He's been fishing for 29 years. There’s no going back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we leave the dock and go out there it’s a straight deal,” he says. “You fill your boat up, you get paid. There’s no boss. It’s a freedom thing that you get used to pretty quick when you start doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon season is expected to start in April and wrap up around October or November.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33824\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33824\" title=\"Salmon_FandW_scaled\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook salmon on the Lower Tuolumne River in California's Central Valley. Photo courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Fisherman's Wharf, in San Francisco, what brings in the crowds are crabs. There's the Crab House. Crab Station. Crab Shack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry \"Duck\" Collins is president of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, based at the wharf. But even though he makes his living, or part of it, fishing crab, that's not because he likes doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Salmon fishing’s fun,\" says Collins. \"Crabbing’s not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabbing, he says, is like factory work. Pull up the traps, empty them out, drop them back down. Salmon? Now that's real fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use single, barbless hooks, catch them one at a time,\" he says. \"It’s pretty exciting when you get a 40-pound salmon on the end of a piece of 90-pound mono and you haul it in, gaff off the head. It’s a lot of fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Collins is poised to do more salmon fishing than he’s done in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists say more than 800,000 Sacramento chinook are off the coast right now. It’s the biggest number they've seen since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Pacific Fishery Management Council, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/background/\">sets guidelines\u003c/a> for commercial and sport fisheries, announced earlier this month that it’s considering \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/current-season-management/#adopted\">three options\u003c/a> for a 2012 salmon season, all of which would give anglers a chance to catch more fish than they have in years. The final decision will be announced in early April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A much-needed reprieve \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last few years have been brutal for commercial fishermen. Salmon is a $1.2 billion business in California, but habitat loss, water diversions, and pollution have taken their toll. Salmon populations dropped so low that no fishing was allowed in 2008 and 2009. For the last couple of years, salmon fishermen were allowed back onto the ocean for limited seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon, says Collins, are why people get into this business in the first place. When the industry collapsed, his friends started leaving, taking what he refers to as “land jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I started fishing there were 5,000 salmon boats” he says. \"Last year, I'd say, 400 or 500 boats fished. So we're at ten percent of where we used to be as an industry here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Great news, but will it last?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the big 2012 projections, it would seem that nature is on the mend, right? Well, not if you ask Jacob Katz, who studies salmon biology at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes if you put all your fish in one basket,\" he says, \"they all hatch.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz means this almost literally. He says one big reason there are so many returning salmon is that we humans have been producing tens of millions of the baby fish in breeding facilities called hatcheries. These aren’t GMO fish or farmed fish. They swim out to sea, grow in the ocean, return to spawn and are sold as wild salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's salmon hatcheries date back more than a hundred years and actually began as an attempt to transplant chinook to East Coast streams to save declining fisheries there (it didn't work). Later, dams on rivers up and down the Central Valley made it impossible for chinook to get to their spawning grounds, and the hatcheries were put to work maintaining native salmon runs. Adult salmon were artificially spawned, then young salmon were raised in tanks and released into rivers below the dams so they could migrate safely to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was improving on the inefficiencies of nature,\" says Katz. \"Look, we can do this in a bucket!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, researchers started noticing something else: In some parts of the state, hatchery fish had nearly replaced the native fish. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/02/hatchery-salmon.html\">study\u003c/a> released earlier this year found that only ten percent of the fall-run chinook salmon spawning in California's Mokelumne River had spawned naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The native salmon problem hasn’t been solved,\" says Katz. \"It’s just been papered over.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that you can sometimes make a lot of fish in a bucket has masked the fact that we've almost completely driven our wild fish to extinction,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why the Boom and Bust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question you should be asking now is this: If hatcheries have been around for a century, why are we seeing this sudden influx of fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: No one knows. It could have to do with good ocean conditions, or the fact that there was more rain in 2011, and a decrease in water diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some biologists, including Katz, say the influx has everything to do with the hatchery system. Because they're produced from a smaller stock, hatchery fish lack genetic diversity. They can’t adapt quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, when ocean conditions are good – with cooler temperatures and good upwelling, like last year -- the fish thrive. But the pendulum can easily swing the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to Larry Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Collins whether, if the salmon disappear again, he too could be forced to take a land job. He looks at me like I've just sprouted fins. He's been fishing for 29 years. There’s no going back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we leave the dock and go out there it’s a straight deal,” he says. “You fill your boat up, you get paid. There’s no boss. It’s a freedom thing that you get used to pretty quick when you start doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon season is expected to start in April and wrap up around October or November.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche ",
"title": "Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche ",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/lizard-for-carousel-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33560\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lizard-for-carousel1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? Why do some taxa grow smaller and smaller, while others grow larger and larger, as if they’d tumbled down the rabbit hole with Alice and devoured all the curious potions and cakes she found there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question endures in large part because body size affects nearly every aspect of an organism’s existence, from physiology (temperature regulation and metabolism) to ecology (life history and foraging strategies) and evolution (reproductive success over time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a century, biologists thought evolutionary taxa, or lineages, grew larger and larger over time, a phenomenon known as \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GzpiPe\">Cope’s Rule\u003c/a>, illustrated most often by horse evolution. Modern equids, scientists believe, evolved from the diminutive \u003ca href=\"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/fhc/hyraco1.htm\">\u003cem>Hyracotherium\u003c/em> \u003c/a>(commonly known as eohippus, or “dawn horse”), which appeared in the fossil record some 55 million years ago. Many textbooks mistakenly liken \u003cem>Hydracotherium\u003c/em> to a fox terrier (think Asta of \u003cem>The Thin Man\u003c/em> movies), but the ancestral horse was more Lassie than Asta, as Stephen Jay Gould famously explained in his essay \"The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/hyracotheriumvasacciensislikehorse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33551\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33551\" title=\"Hyracotherium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse-343x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hyracotherium, ancestral horse\" width=\"343\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica skeleton of Hydracotherium vasacciensis, the putative ancestral horse, at the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. (Photo: Jeff Kubina)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1997, though, David Jablonski showed that (as usual) biology rarely follows hard and fast rules. In a 10-year review of fossils covering 16 million years and 1,000 species from 191 lineages of bivalves (clams and scallops) and gastropods (snails and slugs), Jablonski found that just as many taxa \u003ca href=\"http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970123/jablonski.shtml\">decreased in body size\u003c/a> over time as increased. And even the horse example has come under fire. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~wayner/Principles%20of%20Ecology%20course/island%20morphological%20adaptation.pdf\">2004 study\u003c/a> analyzed horse fossils in light of recently resolved relationships among evolutionary groups and showed that while the lineage that gave rise to the modern horse grew larger, others shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, examples of lineages evolving toward larger body size abound, with \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GBYvMe\">evidence \u003c/a> linking greater size to higher fitness (better survival and mating success for individuals). If you’re big (say, a lion or other large carnivore), it’s easier to catch prey, avoid predation (though elephants, like mammoths before them, may perish at the hands of human hunters), survive tough conditions, attract mates (silverback gorillas claim exclusive breeding rights to females), and claim more resources than your competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the advantages of size, one might think the tiny frog and chameleon are simply freaks, outliers among a field of giants. But the fossil record offers plenty of examples of large animals shrinking over millennia (known as “phyletic dwarfism”), often after winding up on islands or other restricted ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about 10,000 years ago, dwarf elephants inhabited Crete and other Mediterranean islands, which favored smaller, nimbler forms that could survive on less food and manage the rocky terrain. Even dwarf mammoths (the oxymoron notwithstanding), dinosaurs, and hominids (\u003cem>Homo floresiensis\u003c/em>) once inhabited isolated islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re small, you might reproduce quickly, offer too little reward for a predator’s effort, and maybe even prove too hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33552\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/paratype_of_paedophryne_amauensis_lsumz_95004/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33552\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33552\" title=\"Paedophryne amauensis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Paratype_of_Paedophryne_amauensis_LSUMZ_95004-253x253.png\" alt=\"Dwarf frog \" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paedophryne amauensis, a minute frog found in Papua New Guinea, may be the smallest vertebrate on Earth. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That seems to be the case for a pint-sized amphibian found, through no small effort, in the forests of Papua New Guinea, which its discoverers claimed as the “world’s smallest vertebrate.” Because the largest vertebrate, the blue whale, and (previously) smallest, a fish, are aquatic species, some biologists thought a water-based lifestyle may facilitate the evolution of extreme size. But, as the scientists argue in the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zgsaBs\">paper\u003c/a> describing the frog, this doesn’t explain how extreme miniaturization evolved at least 11 times in terrestrial frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-8 millimeter frog, named \u003cem>Paedophryne amauensis,\u003c/em> is active mostly at dawn and dusk, sounding more like a cricket than a frog when it calls out to potential mates from the leafy detritus of the forest floor. (The authors dubbed the species “amauensis” after the region near Amau Village where it was found.) Leaf litter in tropical forests stays moist throughout the year, keeping the minute amphibian safe from desiccation and likely explaining the evolution of its life history: offspring bypass the tadpole stage, emerging fully formed, though even tinier, avoiding fish, insects, and other aquatic predators. Of course, teeny adults would be at higher risk from predators if they lived in the water, too, which might explain why the species carved out a niche in upland areas with a lower diversity of such threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33573\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33573\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"281\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brookesia micra, one of four dwarf leaf chameleon species found in Madagascar. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And just last month, another group of researchers \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GFDRgN\">reported\u003c/a> their discovery of four new species of dwarf chameleons, one so small it can balance on the tip of a match head. The mini chameleon, \u003cem>Brookesia micra,\u003c/em> measures a smidgen over an inch from snout to tail, and seems restricted to Nosy Hara, a small (naturally) island off the coast of Madagascar. An extensive survey of Nosy Hara and adjacent islands in 2007 failed to spot the little lizard, which scampers around limestone rocks and dry forest leaf litter during the day and roosts on low-lying branches a few inches above the ground at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their amphibian counterparts, the minuscule reptiles inhabit relatively dry tropical areas. Because small body size carries a higher risk of desiccation from the proportionally higher body surface area, it’s surprising the lizards live in a dry environment, the scientists explain in their report. It’s possible they’ve adapted to certain features of the landscape that retain moisture, like leaf-filled fissures in limestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frog and chameleons may or may not win the title for smallest of their kind, but the distinction is beside the point. The discovery of these new species offers a rare ray of hope amid ongoing reports of devastating declines in amphibian and reptile populations around the world, mostly due to habitat destruction. These dwarf species have likely benefited from minimal space and resource requirements, and being too tiny to spot. And for me, it’s no small comfort to know that we can still find wonders, both beautiful and strange, on this side of the looking glass.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? They also provide a rare bright spot amid the relentless reports of endangered and disappearing amphibian and reptile species around the world.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/lizard-for-carousel-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33560\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lizard-for-carousel1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? Why do some taxa grow smaller and smaller, while others grow larger and larger, as if they’d tumbled down the rabbit hole with Alice and devoured all the curious potions and cakes she found there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question endures in large part because body size affects nearly every aspect of an organism’s existence, from physiology (temperature regulation and metabolism) to ecology (life history and foraging strategies) and evolution (reproductive success over time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a century, biologists thought evolutionary taxa, or lineages, grew larger and larger over time, a phenomenon known as \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GzpiPe\">Cope’s Rule\u003c/a>, illustrated most often by horse evolution. Modern equids, scientists believe, evolved from the diminutive \u003ca href=\"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/fhc/hyraco1.htm\">\u003cem>Hyracotherium\u003c/em> \u003c/a>(commonly known as eohippus, or “dawn horse”), which appeared in the fossil record some 55 million years ago. Many textbooks mistakenly liken \u003cem>Hydracotherium\u003c/em> to a fox terrier (think Asta of \u003cem>The Thin Man\u003c/em> movies), but the ancestral horse was more Lassie than Asta, as Stephen Jay Gould famously explained in his essay \"The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/hyracotheriumvasacciensislikehorse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33551\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33551\" title=\"Hyracotherium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse-343x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hyracotherium, ancestral horse\" width=\"343\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica skeleton of Hydracotherium vasacciensis, the putative ancestral horse, at the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. (Photo: Jeff Kubina)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1997, though, David Jablonski showed that (as usual) biology rarely follows hard and fast rules. In a 10-year review of fossils covering 16 million years and 1,000 species from 191 lineages of bivalves (clams and scallops) and gastropods (snails and slugs), Jablonski found that just as many taxa \u003ca href=\"http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970123/jablonski.shtml\">decreased in body size\u003c/a> over time as increased. And even the horse example has come under fire. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~wayner/Principles%20of%20Ecology%20course/island%20morphological%20adaptation.pdf\">2004 study\u003c/a> analyzed horse fossils in light of recently resolved relationships among evolutionary groups and showed that while the lineage that gave rise to the modern horse grew larger, others shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, examples of lineages evolving toward larger body size abound, with \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GBYvMe\">evidence \u003c/a> linking greater size to higher fitness (better survival and mating success for individuals). If you’re big (say, a lion or other large carnivore), it’s easier to catch prey, avoid predation (though elephants, like mammoths before them, may perish at the hands of human hunters), survive tough conditions, attract mates (silverback gorillas claim exclusive breeding rights to females), and claim more resources than your competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the advantages of size, one might think the tiny frog and chameleon are simply freaks, outliers among a field of giants. But the fossil record offers plenty of examples of large animals shrinking over millennia (known as “phyletic dwarfism”), often after winding up on islands or other restricted ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about 10,000 years ago, dwarf elephants inhabited Crete and other Mediterranean islands, which favored smaller, nimbler forms that could survive on less food and manage the rocky terrain. Even dwarf mammoths (the oxymoron notwithstanding), dinosaurs, and hominids (\u003cem>Homo floresiensis\u003c/em>) once inhabited isolated islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re small, you might reproduce quickly, offer too little reward for a predator’s effort, and maybe even prove too hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33552\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/paratype_of_paedophryne_amauensis_lsumz_95004/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33552\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33552\" title=\"Paedophryne amauensis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Paratype_of_Paedophryne_amauensis_LSUMZ_95004-253x253.png\" alt=\"Dwarf frog \" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paedophryne amauensis, a minute frog found in Papua New Guinea, may be the smallest vertebrate on Earth. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That seems to be the case for a pint-sized amphibian found, through no small effort, in the forests of Papua New Guinea, which its discoverers claimed as the “world’s smallest vertebrate.” Because the largest vertebrate, the blue whale, and (previously) smallest, a fish, are aquatic species, some biologists thought a water-based lifestyle may facilitate the evolution of extreme size. But, as the scientists argue in the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zgsaBs\">paper\u003c/a> describing the frog, this doesn’t explain how extreme miniaturization evolved at least 11 times in terrestrial frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-8 millimeter frog, named \u003cem>Paedophryne amauensis,\u003c/em> is active mostly at dawn and dusk, sounding more like a cricket than a frog when it calls out to potential mates from the leafy detritus of the forest floor. (The authors dubbed the species “amauensis” after the region near Amau Village where it was found.) Leaf litter in tropical forests stays moist throughout the year, keeping the minute amphibian safe from desiccation and likely explaining the evolution of its life history: offspring bypass the tadpole stage, emerging fully formed, though even tinier, avoiding fish, insects, and other aquatic predators. Of course, teeny adults would be at higher risk from predators if they lived in the water, too, which might explain why the species carved out a niche in upland areas with a lower diversity of such threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33573\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33573\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"281\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brookesia micra, one of four dwarf leaf chameleon species found in Madagascar. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And just last month, another group of researchers \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GFDRgN\">reported\u003c/a> their discovery of four new species of dwarf chameleons, one so small it can balance on the tip of a match head. The mini chameleon, \u003cem>Brookesia micra,\u003c/em> measures a smidgen over an inch from snout to tail, and seems restricted to Nosy Hara, a small (naturally) island off the coast of Madagascar. An extensive survey of Nosy Hara and adjacent islands in 2007 failed to spot the little lizard, which scampers around limestone rocks and dry forest leaf litter during the day and roosts on low-lying branches a few inches above the ground at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their amphibian counterparts, the minuscule reptiles inhabit relatively dry tropical areas. Because small body size carries a higher risk of desiccation from the proportionally higher body surface area, it’s surprising the lizards live in a dry environment, the scientists explain in their report. It’s possible they’ve adapted to certain features of the landscape that retain moisture, like leaf-filled fissures in limestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frog and chameleons may or may not win the title for smallest of their kind, but the distinction is beside the point. The discovery of these new species offers a rare ray of hope amid ongoing reports of devastating declines in amphibian and reptile populations around the world, mostly due to habitat destruction. These dwarf species have likely benefited from minimal space and resource requirements, and being too tiny to spot. And for me, it’s no small comfort to know that we can still find wonders, both beautiful and strange, on this side of the looking glass.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/19/the-rise-of-the-superweed/cotton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33062\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cotton.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Cotton\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33062\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cotton.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cotton-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overuse of Round Up on GM crops like this cotton have led to Round Up-resistant weeds.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, this isn’t a story about a new Cheech and Chong movie. What I’m referring to are herbicide-resistant weeds. And in particular, weeds resistant to the herbicide every Green loves to hate, Round Up (or glyphosate).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got to thinking about this because of a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/03/07/147656157/farmers-face-tough-choice-on-ways-to-fight-new-strains-of-weeds?ft=1&f=1001\">story aired by NPR\u003c/a> on the rise of Round Up-resistant weeds. These things are getting to be a real pain for farmers growing crops genetically modified to be resistant to the herbicide Round Up (see the video below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-GMO folks were worried about this happening. They were concerned about something called horizontal gene transfer where an added gene moves from one plant to another. They were worried this Round Up-ready weed would then go on to become a dangerous pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were only partly right. The weeds are indeed resistant to Round Up but they aren’t Round Up ready. None of the weeds tested so far managed to get a hold of the added gene; it stayed put in the GM plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, these weeds became resistant the old-fashioned way: through natural selection. This is the same thing that makes bugs resistant to pesticides and cancers resistant to chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable align=\"right\">\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Pigweed.jpg\">\u003cbr>\u003cfont size=\"-1\" color=\"#999999\">This Pigweed didn't need outside\u003cbr>genes to be resistant to Round Up.\u003cbr>It pulled it off all on its own.\u003c/font>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>There were always a few individuals in the weed species that happened to be resistant to Round Up. Spraying lots of Round Up killed all the sensitive weeds leaving the resistant ones behind. These resistant ones were the only ones that went on to have seedlings so they essentially founded a new population. Now this species of weed is mostly Round Up resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But again, not because of horizontal gene transfer. These weeds managed to become resistant in other ways. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Round Up works by binding to a specific enzyme and keeping it from working. One way some of the weeds became resistant was to make lots of extra enzyme. The excess enzyme sopped up the Round Up leaving enough behind to do their job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to become resistant is to neutralize most of the Round Up. One way plants have managed this is by shuttling the herbicide to vacuoles where it is harmless. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other ways that I won’t go into. But none of them involve a gene traveling from crop to weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this is really just an everyday story about the ongoing battle between pest and farmer, doctor and disease and not one about the dangers of GM crops. If you overuse a pesticide, antibiotic, antiviral, medicine, etc., nature will find a way to get around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some anti-GMO folks should be a bit happy. Some people opposed these particular GM crops because they were worried about the safety of Round Up. Having weeds resistant to Round Up means that a whole lot less will get used. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this doesn’t help at all if you are against GM crops because they are GM. There are plenty of new GM crops in the pipeline, meaning more and more of them will probably be planted in the future. But at least there will be less Round Up sprayed (if that is what bothers you).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsu4WKQ9g18]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Definitely a hot topic in the farming world\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More Information:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/GWC/GWC-1.pdf\">Facts About Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jf203472s\">Vacuolar Glyphosate-Sequestration Correlates with Glyphosate Resistance in Ryegrass (Lolium spp.) from Australia, South America, and Europe: A 31P NMR Investigation\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.1539/abstract\">Weed species shifts in glyphosate-resistant crops\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As any biologist would have predicted, weeds are becoming resistant to the herbicide Round Up. But they aren't resistant because they took up a gene that had been added to the GM crops. They are resistant because that is what happens when you overuse an herbicide.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/19/the-rise-of-the-superweed/cotton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33062\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cotton.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Cotton\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33062\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cotton.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cotton-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overuse of Round Up on GM crops like this cotton have led to Round Up-resistant weeds.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, this isn’t a story about a new Cheech and Chong movie. What I’m referring to are herbicide-resistant weeds. And in particular, weeds resistant to the herbicide every Green loves to hate, Round Up (or glyphosate).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got to thinking about this because of a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/03/07/147656157/farmers-face-tough-choice-on-ways-to-fight-new-strains-of-weeds?ft=1&f=1001\">story aired by NPR\u003c/a> on the rise of Round Up-resistant weeds. These things are getting to be a real pain for farmers growing crops genetically modified to be resistant to the herbicide Round Up (see the video below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-GMO folks were worried about this happening. They were concerned about something called horizontal gene transfer where an added gene moves from one plant to another. They were worried this Round Up-ready weed would then go on to become a dangerous pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were only partly right. The weeds are indeed resistant to Round Up but they aren’t Round Up ready. None of the weeds tested so far managed to get a hold of the added gene; it stayed put in the GM plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, these weeds became resistant the old-fashioned way: through natural selection. This is the same thing that makes bugs resistant to pesticides and cancers resistant to chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable align=\"right\">\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Pigweed.jpg\">\u003cbr>\u003cfont size=\"-1\" color=\"#999999\">This Pigweed didn't need outside\u003cbr>genes to be resistant to Round Up.\u003cbr>It pulled it off all on its own.\u003c/font>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>There were always a few individuals in the weed species that happened to be resistant to Round Up. Spraying lots of Round Up killed all the sensitive weeds leaving the resistant ones behind. These resistant ones were the only ones that went on to have seedlings so they essentially founded a new population. Now this species of weed is mostly Round Up resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But again, not because of horizontal gene transfer. These weeds managed to become resistant in other ways. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Round Up works by binding to a specific enzyme and keeping it from working. One way some of the weeds became resistant was to make lots of extra enzyme. The excess enzyme sopped up the Round Up leaving enough behind to do their job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to become resistant is to neutralize most of the Round Up. One way plants have managed this is by shuttling the herbicide to vacuoles where it is harmless. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other ways that I won’t go into. But none of them involve a gene traveling from crop to weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this is really just an everyday story about the ongoing battle between pest and farmer, doctor and disease and not one about the dangers of GM crops. If you overuse a pesticide, antibiotic, antiviral, medicine, etc., nature will find a way to get around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some anti-GMO folks should be a bit happy. Some people opposed these particular GM crops because they were worried about the safety of Round Up. Having weeds resistant to Round Up means that a whole lot less will get used. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this doesn’t help at all if you are against GM crops because they are GM. There are plenty of new GM crops in the pipeline, meaning more and more of them will probably be planted in the future. But at least there will be less Round Up sprayed (if that is what bothers you).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/lsu4WKQ9g18'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/lsu4WKQ9g18'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Definitely a hot topic in the farming world\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More Information:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/GWC/GWC-1.pdf\">Facts About Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jf203472s\">Vacuolar Glyphosate-Sequestration Correlates with Glyphosate Resistance in Ryegrass (Lolium spp.) from Australia, South America, and Europe: A 31P NMR Investigation\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.1539/abstract\">Weed species shifts in glyphosate-resistant crops\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33252\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/316A_Algae-OriginOil_GQ_2-28-09-Still-Image-Originals-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33252\" title=\"Renewable Oil From Algae\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/316A_Algae-OriginOil_GQ_2-28-09-Still-Image-Originals-1-293x169.jpg\" alt=\"Renewable Oil From Algae\" width=\"293\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Renewable Oil From Algae\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As gas prices continue to rise, alternative fuels are getting renewed attention. And that’s where the government’s biggest incubator in clean energy comes in. Like \u003ca href=\"http://www.darpa.mil/\">DARPA\u003c/a> does for military technology, \"\u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/\">ARPA-E\u003c/a>\" funds early stage, high-risk research. It has a more cumbersome name, \"Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is looking for the next Google in clean technology and it may come from innovations such as \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/IMPACCT/CryogenicCarbonCapture.aspx\">cryogenic carbon capture for coal plants\u003c/a> or transportation fuels from algae. QUEST’s Andrea Kissack talks with Arun Majumdar, former deputy director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who now heads up ARPA-E, about the long path toward a clean energy future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Majumdar says ARPA-E is pre-venture, early research and describes some projects the agency is funding that show great promise, including advances in electric car battery research at two Bay Area start ups and promising biofuels research in Colorado. Majumdar is also the second man at the Department of Energy and credits the \u003ca href=\"http://www.recovery.gov/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx\">Recovery Act\u003c/a> for adding new jobs and helping jump start already existing technologies. The \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">DOE\u003c/a>, however, has been under attack since solar manufacturer Solyndra filed for bankrupcy. Majumdar talks about the federal loan guarantee program and also responds to possible trade sanctions on solar panels coming from China. Finally, he discusses the big breakthroughs needed to make cleaner energy viable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Gigantic Journeys: Humpback and Gray Whale Migration",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31014\" title=\"humpback barrelroll\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humpback Breaching by Samuel Embry. Calving grounds off the coast of Maui are active with humpback whales.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Look at a globe or photo of Earth from space and you can see our blue planet, with the continents surrounded by ever-circulating, briny waters of the sea. Perhaps no living thing has a better appreciation of the continuity of the seas than the largest animals in them: whales. From continent to continent, they travel between warm waters for birthing their young, then saunter endless miles to frigid polar seas that teem with arthropods and fish. Whales are one of our most amazing co-inhabitants of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Directly off our coast every spring, \u003ca title=\"gray whale species information NOAA website\" href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/graywhale.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> gray whales\u003c/a> parade past our shores in the longest migration of any mammal, about 10,000 miles round trip. Sometimes we can see them even closer to home when they occasionally enter the Bay, as a cow-calf pair did recently. For several years the grays seemed to be making more stops in the Bay, with fewer sightings in the last few years. The Oceanic Society collected data on them including what they were doing here (feeding, resting, or perhaps getting lost) and how toxins in Bay mud may affect them. They're planning to reinstate their data collection this year and next with the increase of whale visits in the Bay. (See their report at the \u003ca title=\"Oceanic Society report on gray whales in the Bay\" href=\"http://www.oceanicsociety.org/conservation/gray-whales-san-francisco-bay\" target=\"_blank\">Oceanic Society website\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33197\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 245px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/world.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33197\" title=\"Migration map for Humpbacks Whales. NOAA SPLASH\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/world-245x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SPLASH study mapped humpback whale populations and migration in the North Pacific\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray whales have made an amazing comeback from the brink of extinction. With international and federal government protection, their population has returned to levels estimated for their pre-hunting numbers. There are many opportunities between now and mid-April to view the gray whale migration for yourself either from a boat or from shore. For great views from shore, check out the \u003ca title=\"Whale Watching at Pt. Reyes National Seashore\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/planyourvisit/wildlife_viewing_whales.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a> and other \u003ca title=\"Whale Watching from Shore\" href=\"http://www.best-california-beach.com/california-whale-watching.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area shorelines\u003c/a>. I had an exciting view of a young gray whale breaching, launching itself out of the water repeatedly, from the Point Reyes lighthouse in early April one year. It really made the climb down and back up those 300 steps worthwhile!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"humpback whale species information NOAA website\" href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/humpbackwhale.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Humpback whales \u003c/a>are another species that traverse the vast Pacific, though in much smaller numbers than the gray whales. Humpbacks are an endangered species with both international and federal government protected status. Their population was monitored and mapped in the north Pacific. The study, conducted for four years, found a much more complex population movement and dispersion than scientists had expected. The Hawaiian Islands are largest calving grounds with the shallower seas around Maui designated as the Humpback Whale Sanctuary. You can watch humpback cows teaching their calves the finer points of breaching, fin and tail slapping, and hear male humpbacks singing underwater. Listen to a \u003ca title=\"humpback whale song recording\" href=\"http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/explore/sounds/whale_song.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">humpback whale song\u003c/a> from the NOAA website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33198\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Humpback-fluke.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33198\" title=\"Humpback fluke\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Humpback-fluke-252x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"252\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humpback fluke (tail) are highly individualized and can be used like fingerprints to identify each whale. Photo by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Food for thought: the majority of humpbacks swim through the\u003ca href=\"http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#4\"> Pacific Gyre\u003c/a>, an island of floating trash, mostly plastics, trapped by ocean currents and estimated to be the size of Texas. Akin to pushing a baby stroller through a garbage dump, swimming through this area could expose young humpbacks to toxins accumulating in the small plastic pellets - DDT, PCBs, and the like. Some steps we can take closer to home that'll help our ocean wildlife is to reduce the amount of plastics we use. Check out this blogger's account about going 30 days without using plastics and consider where you can cut down on the amount of single-use plastics in your life: \u003ca title=\"Modern Muse: 30 Days without Plastic Blog\" href=\"http://modernmuse.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.html\" target=\"_blank\">Modern Muse: 30 Days without Plastic\u003c/a> The whales and ocean wildlife will be better off for it, and so will we!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31014\" title=\"humpback barrelroll\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humpback Breaching by Samuel Embry. Calving grounds off the coast of Maui are active with humpback whales.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Look at a globe or photo of Earth from space and you can see our blue planet, with the continents surrounded by ever-circulating, briny waters of the sea. Perhaps no living thing has a better appreciation of the continuity of the seas than the largest animals in them: whales. From continent to continent, they travel between warm waters for birthing their young, then saunter endless miles to frigid polar seas that teem with arthropods and fish. Whales are one of our most amazing co-inhabitants of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Directly off our coast every spring, \u003ca title=\"gray whale species information NOAA website\" href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/graywhale.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> gray whales\u003c/a> parade past our shores in the longest migration of any mammal, about 10,000 miles round trip. Sometimes we can see them even closer to home when they occasionally enter the Bay, as a cow-calf pair did recently. For several years the grays seemed to be making more stops in the Bay, with fewer sightings in the last few years. The Oceanic Society collected data on them including what they were doing here (feeding, resting, or perhaps getting lost) and how toxins in Bay mud may affect them. They're planning to reinstate their data collection this year and next with the increase of whale visits in the Bay. (See their report at the \u003ca title=\"Oceanic Society report on gray whales in the Bay\" href=\"http://www.oceanicsociety.org/conservation/gray-whales-san-francisco-bay\" target=\"_blank\">Oceanic Society website\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33197\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 245px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/world.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33197\" title=\"Migration map for Humpbacks Whales. NOAA SPLASH\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/world-245x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SPLASH study mapped humpback whale populations and migration in the North Pacific\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray whales have made an amazing comeback from the brink of extinction. With international and federal government protection, their population has returned to levels estimated for their pre-hunting numbers. There are many opportunities between now and mid-April to view the gray whale migration for yourself either from a boat or from shore. For great views from shore, check out the \u003ca title=\"Whale Watching at Pt. Reyes National Seashore\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/planyourvisit/wildlife_viewing_whales.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a> and other \u003ca title=\"Whale Watching from Shore\" href=\"http://www.best-california-beach.com/california-whale-watching.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area shorelines\u003c/a>. I had an exciting view of a young gray whale breaching, launching itself out of the water repeatedly, from the Point Reyes lighthouse in early April one year. It really made the climb down and back up those 300 steps worthwhile!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"humpback whale species information NOAA website\" href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/humpbackwhale.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Humpback whales \u003c/a>are another species that traverse the vast Pacific, though in much smaller numbers than the gray whales. Humpbacks are an endangered species with both international and federal government protected status. Their population was monitored and mapped in the north Pacific. The study, conducted for four years, found a much more complex population movement and dispersion than scientists had expected. The Hawaiian Islands are largest calving grounds with the shallower seas around Maui designated as the Humpback Whale Sanctuary. You can watch humpback cows teaching their calves the finer points of breaching, fin and tail slapping, and hear male humpbacks singing underwater. Listen to a \u003ca title=\"humpback whale song recording\" href=\"http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/explore/sounds/whale_song.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">humpback whale song\u003c/a> from the NOAA website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33198\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Humpback-fluke.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33198\" title=\"Humpback fluke\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Humpback-fluke-252x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"252\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humpback fluke (tail) are highly individualized and can be used like fingerprints to identify each whale. Photo by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Food for thought: the majority of humpbacks swim through the\u003ca href=\"http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#4\"> Pacific Gyre\u003c/a>, an island of floating trash, mostly plastics, trapped by ocean currents and estimated to be the size of Texas. Akin to pushing a baby stroller through a garbage dump, swimming through this area could expose young humpbacks to toxins accumulating in the small plastic pellets - DDT, PCBs, and the like. Some steps we can take closer to home that'll help our ocean wildlife is to reduce the amount of plastics we use. Check out this blogger's account about going 30 days without using plastics and consider where you can cut down on the amount of single-use plastics in your life: \u003ca title=\"Modern Muse: 30 Days without Plastic Blog\" href=\"http://modernmuse.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.html\" target=\"_blank\">Modern Muse: 30 Days without Plastic\u003c/a> The whales and ocean wildlife will be better off for it, and so will we!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
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