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"content": "\u003cp>Last week I went on an aerial tour of the San Francisco Bay. David Lewis, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, narrated. Bill Rush, a volunteer pilot with \u003ca href=\"http://www.lighthawk.org/\">LightHawk\u003c/a>, flew the plane. We saw tidal marsh and salt ponds; the cities, highways and industry that ring the Bay; and a good amount of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was my first time in such a small plane, and I was surprised at how different it was from approaching SFO in a 747.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I kind of felt like I was playing hooky, even though it was for work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/The_Bay_From_the_Air_slideshow/_files/iframe.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want more details on the places in the photos? Here are a few notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cargill's Development Plans\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKQED Science reporter Lauren Sommer did a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning/\">story\u003c/a> about the proposed Saltworks project last year. Right now the project is on hold, while the developer \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcsaltworks.com/\">DMB Associates\u003c/a> revises its plans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ravenswood Salt Pond\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill sold it to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/desfbay/\">Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>. It's now part of the biggest wetland restoration effort on the West Coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oracle and SFO\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you want to see how sea level rise will affect low-lying shoreline areas, try \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central's interactive map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fog\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWatch a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog/\">video from Quest\u003c/a> about the science of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rock Quarry\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHere it is \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=213807471835276999612.0004cb42a116d93f06caf&msa=0&ll=37.993051,-122.475929&spn=0.103492,0.154324\">on a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highway 37\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/novato/ci_21437499/is-highway-37-destined-become-new-waterway\">article in the Marin I-J\u003c/a> from last month, which includes the notable quote, \"how not to have everyone commuting by gondola,\" says that though Caltrans is aware of the threat from sea level rise, there's currently no money to do anything about it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill had salt ponds in the North bay, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/wa/region3/nsmwa/goals.html\">Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/a> now belongs to the California Department of Fish and game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Refinery\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCurious about where all the oil refineries are in the Bay Area and California? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/powerplants/refinery_locations.html\">California Energy Commission has a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salt Ponds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill does still \u003ca href=\"http://www.cargill.com/corporate-responsibility/environmental-sustainability/san-francisco-bay-salt/environmental-renaissance/salt-pioneer-industry/index.jsp\">harvest salt\u003c/a> here. If you want to explore former salt ponds in the Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/\">here's a guide\u003c/a>. (Plus, there's great birding there -- and we're just getting to the season for it.)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cargill's Development Plans\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKQED Science reporter Lauren Sommer did a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning/\">story\u003c/a> about the proposed Saltworks project last year. Right now the project is on hold, while the developer \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcsaltworks.com/\">DMB Associates\u003c/a> revises its plans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ravenswood Salt Pond\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill sold it to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/desfbay/\">Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>. It's now part of the biggest wetland restoration effort on the West Coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oracle and SFO\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you want to see how sea level rise will affect low-lying shoreline areas, try \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central's interactive map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fog\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWatch a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog/\">video from Quest\u003c/a> about the science of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rock Quarry\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHere it is \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=213807471835276999612.0004cb42a116d93f06caf&msa=0&ll=37.993051,-122.475929&spn=0.103492,0.154324\">on a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highway 37\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/novato/ci_21437499/is-highway-37-destined-become-new-waterway\">article in the Marin I-J\u003c/a> from last month, which includes the notable quote, \"how not to have everyone commuting by gondola,\" says that though Caltrans is aware of the threat from sea level rise, there's currently no money to do anything about it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill had salt ponds in the North bay, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/wa/region3/nsmwa/goals.html\">Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/a> now belongs to the California Department of Fish and game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Refinery\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCurious about where all the oil refineries are in the Bay Area and California? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/powerplants/refinery_locations.html\">California Energy Commission has a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salt Ponds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill does still \u003ca href=\"http://www.cargill.com/corporate-responsibility/environmental-sustainability/san-francisco-bay-salt/environmental-renaissance/salt-pioneer-industry/index.jsp\">harvest salt\u003c/a> here. If you want to explore former salt ponds in the Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/\">here's a guide\u003c/a>. (Plus, there's great birding there -- and we're just getting to the season for it.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/breast_cancer_awareness_263497131/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Breast_Cancer_Awareness_263497131-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"breast cancer awareness ribbon\" title=\"Breast_Cancer_Awareness ribbon\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45412\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant pink ribbon on the corner of 5th and Market, downtown Louisville, KY. (Jason Meredith)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just a generation ago, October belonged to the colors of fall, when “every green thing loves to die in bright colors,” as Henry Ward Beecher said. (Growing up back East, you read a lot of odes to fall foliage in school.) For years after moving to the Bay Area from Pennsylvania, I felt a twinge of melancholy when October rolled around, knowing the once-demure woodlands would let loose in a fleeting blaze of brash reds and orange-tinged yellows without me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, of course, October belongs to all things pink, as high-profile outfits from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nfl.com/pink\">the NFL\u003c/a> to Ace Hardware set aside 31 days to raise awareness and money for \u003ca href=\"http://makingstrides.acsevents.org/site/PageServer?pagename=MSABC_FY13_National_Corporate_Supporters\">Breast Cancer Awareness Month\u003c/a>. (National Breast Cancer \u003ca href=\"http://www.panerabread.com/pinkribbonbagel/\">\u003c/a>Awareness Month was launched in 1985 by CancerCare, a nonprofit cancer support group, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/199909/cancer.asp\">cancer-drug maker AstraZeneca.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as women’s health advocate Dr. Susan Love says, awareness of the disease isn’t the issue. “When the NFL is wearing pink gloves, I think you can say we’re aware,” \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/video/army-women-breast-cancer-14658777\">she said last year.\u003c/a> “But the awareness isn’t enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even raising money isn’t enough. You have to ask \u003ca href=\"http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/news/breast-cancer-business-scams\">where that money is going.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a message that gets lost in an ocean of pink-ribbon products (from bagels and teddy bears to vodka and wine glasses), even though critics like the San Francisco-based nonprofit Breast Cancer Action have warned about “pinkwashing” for years, urging people to look behind the feel-good messages to see who’s really benefiting from the commercialization of cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast Cancer Action’s Think Before You Pink—Raise a Stink! campaign encourages consumers to think critically about pink products and \u003ca href=\"http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/?page_id=13\">ask four simple questions\u003c/a> to find out what proportion of proceeds go to breast cancer programs and whether the products sold are safe. The group has especially targeted cosmetics companies for marketing pink merchandise even as they sell products with toxic ingredients. (For more information, download the \u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2012-Think-Before-You-Pink-Toolkit.pdf\">group’s 30-page “toolkit”\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group also urges companies to be more transparent and has long called out those it believes use a good cause to increase their bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Eureka, which donated a dollar for every vacuum cleaner sold in its “Clean for the Cure” campaign. Or American Express, which donated a penny per transaction in its “Charge for the Cure.” Both companies bowed out of the pink sweepstakes after Breast Cancer Action asked just how breast cancer patients were benefiting from the campaigns in a \u003ca href=\"http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/NYTimesAd_cleaning4.pdf\">2002 ad in the New York Times. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45488\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/bca5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45488\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/BCA5-450x193.jpg\" alt=\"Breast Cancer Action ad \" title=\"BCA breast cancer action new york times ad\" width=\"450\" height=\"193\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-45488\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In October 2000, the San Francisco-based advocacy group Breast Cancer Action ran a full page ad in the New York Times West Coast Edition with text (not shown) inviting readers to participate in its ”Stop Cancer Where It Starts” Campaign. The campaign criticized breast cancer awareness campaigns for pushing early detection and mammograms (without acknowledging their limitations) while ignoring prevention. (Image: Courtesy Breast Cancer Action)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others, like KFC with its 2010 “Buckets for the Cure” campaign, climb on the pink bandwagon to peddle decidedly unhealthy products. \u003ca href=\"http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/308102/april-29-2010/tip-wag---scientists---kfc\">Stephen Colbert’s take\u003c/a> on the “pink bucket dilemma” shows just how ludicrous cause marketing has become. (Forward to 1:13.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even when money goes to breast cancer programs and not corporate coffers, is it going to the right place? Love (and several advocacy groups) has said for years that we need to shift our focus from cures to causes—and prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can develop a vaccine for cervical cancer, says Love, why not for breast cancer? Early results of a clinical trial show promising results for a \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/vaccine-targeting-her2-breast-cancer-shows-early-promise/story?id=16362507#.UGZz0o5iYRw\">vaccine designed to prevent recurrence\u003c/a> of one form of breast cancer. (The data were \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancernetwork.com/conference-reports/asco2012/breast-cancer/content/article/10165/2081997\">presented at a meeting\u003c/a> and have not yet gone through peer review.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/16/making-women-partners-in-breast-cancer-research/\">I wrote in May\u003c/a>, Love’s Research Foundation is looking for volunteers in her online Army of Women to identify potential causes in order to eradicate the disease. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.armyofwomen.org/getinvolved\">Anyone can sign up.\u003c/a>) \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45450\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 411px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/art-rage-us-cropped/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45450\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped.jpg\" alt=\"art.rage.us art and breast cancer\" title=\"art.rage.us. \" width=\"411\" height=\"475\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped.jpg 411w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped-400x462.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the late 1990s, The Breast Cancer Fund, the American Cancer Society, and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation invited American artists and writers to submit work about their breast cancer experiences. The resulting exhibit (and book)—Art.Rage.Us.—opened in 1998 at San Francisco’s Main Library. At the time, project coordinator and Breast Cancer Action Co-founder Susan Claymon said, “Art.Rage.Us. presents deeply moving and beautiful expressions from women with breast cancer, along with intensely personal statements that provide a window into their hearts and minds.” Claymon died of breast cancer in 2000. She was 61.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prevention is also a primary concern for the Athena Breast Health Network, a partnership of the five University of California medical centers that collects personalized data on breast cancer patients to optimize treatment and ultimately figure out how to stop cancer before it starts. The site also includes a comprehensive \u003ca href=\"http://athenacarenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Quick_Links-Risk-Assessment-Talking-Points.pdf\">list of breast cancer risk factors.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research suggests that the biology behind one of the listed risk factors, dense breast tissue, may be more complicated than previously thought. Earlier studies found that women with dense breasts had a higher risk of developing breast cancer. (And this finding led to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.patientpov.org/breast-cancer/are-dense-breast-right-to-know-laws-helpful\">“right to know” legislation\u003c/a> that Gov. Brown recently signed, requiring doctors to tell women if their mammograms show they have dense breasts.) But a recent study in the \u003ca href=\"http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/16/NP.7.full\">Journal of the National Cancer Institute\u003c/a> suggests that women with denser breasts are not more likely to die of breast cancer. The greatest risk was found for women who had the fattiest breast tissue, a condition linked to obesity. This suggests that if you have dense breast tissue, you may be more likely to get cancer—but not die of it. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.dslrf.org/?p=589\">Love’s blog\u003c/a> explained the significance of the findings:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The recent study on breast density showed us, yet again, that women who are obese when they are diagnosed with breast cancer are more likely to die of breast cancer than women who are not obese. Doctors need to do more than tell women about their breast density or remind them to get a mammogram. They need to be teaching women the importance of exercising, losing weight (if necessary) and eating a well-balanced diet—both before and after a breast cancer diagnosis.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45405\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/rubens_peter_paul_-_the_three_graces_detail/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45405\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Rubens_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces_detail.jpeg\" alt=\"breast cancer in Rubens\" title=\"Rubens,_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces_detail\" width=\"398\" height=\"419\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 2001 paper in the journal Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, argues that several paintings by the Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens, including The Three Graces, Diana and Her Nymphs Pursued by Satyrs, and Orpheus and Euridice, show signs of breast cancer. In The Three Graces (above), the authors argue, “the model on the right has an open ulcer with reddening of the skin, nipple retraction, reduction of breast volume as well as axilar lymph nodes. This is a visual aspect of a locally advanced breast cancer.”\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As companies outdo each other trying to hitch their products to breast cancer, it’s worth remembering that more women die of heart disease than breast cancer. (And more women die of lung cancer than of breast cancer.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also worth remembering when you see all those pink ribbons that there’s a difference between being a “survivor” and being cured. If you’re alive five years after a diagnosis, you’re considered a survivor. It’s a useful time frame for clinicians to compare the effectiveness of different therapies. But that doesn’t mean you’re cured. And as \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=192788\">a 2000 JAMA study points out\u003c/a>, when five-year-survival rates increase, it might be because more cases are being diagnosed, not because treatments are saving more lives. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast cancer death rates in the United States have declined over the past 20 years, though African American women still face a greater risk of death than any other group. It’s still the most common cancer among women. It’s still \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/women.htm\">one of the leading causes of cancer death\u003c/a> among women. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/educational/hearttruth/about/fear-doubled.htm\">it’s still the disease women fear most.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 40,000 women are expected to die of breast cancer this year, about 3,000 fewer than died in 1991—the year my mom got her diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wore a little pink ribbon pin for a while. But after about five years, she grew weary of the pink propaganda. And though she’d never say so, she also grew weary of the seemingly endless rounds of tests, procedures, surgeries, and chemo. I know she grew tired of the pain. Ten years ago—a little more than five years after she was officially a “survivor”—she died of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, when October rolls around, I feel no wistful melancholy for spectacles missed. I’ve got a much deeper loss to consider. And it makes me angry. I’m sick of the pink ribbons and the suggestion that bright colors can bathe cancer in a cheery, comforting glow. There’s nothing cheery about breast cancer. There’s a lot of pain, suffering, and fear. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When pink stands for taking real action against breast cancer, I might start to see October in a whole new light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources/Further Reading\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://athenacarenetwork.org/\">Athena Breast Health Network\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/\">Breast Cancer Action.\u003c/a> Its latest campaign (“It’s an Epidemic, Stupid!”) \u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/the-2012-breast-cancer-action-mandate-for-government-action/\">calls on elected officials\u003c/a> to develop a series of actions against breast cancer, including developing tougher regulations on potential carcinogens and supporting research into root causes as well as less toxic therapies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.caring.com/articles/cancer-symptoms-in-women\">Breast Cancer Symptoms You’re Most Likely to Ignore\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.barbaraehrenreich.com/cancerland.htm\">Welcome to Cancerland,\u003c/a> author and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich’s devastating account of her experience with breast cancer and the breast cancer “marketplace.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=J2xY2cxto1M\">Pink Ribbons, Inc.\u003c/a> a feature documentary on breast cancer marketing campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Every October, high-profile outlets from Ace Hardware to the NFL sell pink products to raise awareness and money for Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Critics of \"pinkwashing\" urge consumers to ask just how much of that money goes to support breast cancer programs--and challenge us to move beyond awareness to action.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/breast_cancer_awareness_263497131/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Breast_Cancer_Awareness_263497131-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"breast cancer awareness ribbon\" title=\"Breast_Cancer_Awareness ribbon\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45412\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant pink ribbon on the corner of 5th and Market, downtown Louisville, KY. (Jason Meredith)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just a generation ago, October belonged to the colors of fall, when “every green thing loves to die in bright colors,” as Henry Ward Beecher said. (Growing up back East, you read a lot of odes to fall foliage in school.) For years after moving to the Bay Area from Pennsylvania, I felt a twinge of melancholy when October rolled around, knowing the once-demure woodlands would let loose in a fleeting blaze of brash reds and orange-tinged yellows without me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, of course, October belongs to all things pink, as high-profile outfits from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nfl.com/pink\">the NFL\u003c/a> to Ace Hardware set aside 31 days to raise awareness and money for \u003ca href=\"http://makingstrides.acsevents.org/site/PageServer?pagename=MSABC_FY13_National_Corporate_Supporters\">Breast Cancer Awareness Month\u003c/a>. (National Breast Cancer \u003ca href=\"http://www.panerabread.com/pinkribbonbagel/\">\u003c/a>Awareness Month was launched in 1985 by CancerCare, a nonprofit cancer support group, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/199909/cancer.asp\">cancer-drug maker AstraZeneca.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as women’s health advocate Dr. Susan Love says, awareness of the disease isn’t the issue. “When the NFL is wearing pink gloves, I think you can say we’re aware,” \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/video/army-women-breast-cancer-14658777\">she said last year.\u003c/a> “But the awareness isn’t enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even raising money isn’t enough. You have to ask \u003ca href=\"http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/news/breast-cancer-business-scams\">where that money is going.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a message that gets lost in an ocean of pink-ribbon products (from bagels and teddy bears to vodka and wine glasses), even though critics like the San Francisco-based nonprofit Breast Cancer Action have warned about “pinkwashing” for years, urging people to look behind the feel-good messages to see who’s really benefiting from the commercialization of cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast Cancer Action’s Think Before You Pink—Raise a Stink! campaign encourages consumers to think critically about pink products and \u003ca href=\"http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/?page_id=13\">ask four simple questions\u003c/a> to find out what proportion of proceeds go to breast cancer programs and whether the products sold are safe. The group has especially targeted cosmetics companies for marketing pink merchandise even as they sell products with toxic ingredients. (For more information, download the \u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2012-Think-Before-You-Pink-Toolkit.pdf\">group’s 30-page “toolkit”\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group also urges companies to be more transparent and has long called out those it believes use a good cause to increase their bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Eureka, which donated a dollar for every vacuum cleaner sold in its “Clean for the Cure” campaign. Or American Express, which donated a penny per transaction in its “Charge for the Cure.” Both companies bowed out of the pink sweepstakes after Breast Cancer Action asked just how breast cancer patients were benefiting from the campaigns in a \u003ca href=\"http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/NYTimesAd_cleaning4.pdf\">2002 ad in the New York Times. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45488\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/bca5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45488\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/BCA5-450x193.jpg\" alt=\"Breast Cancer Action ad \" title=\"BCA breast cancer action new york times ad\" width=\"450\" height=\"193\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-45488\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In October 2000, the San Francisco-based advocacy group Breast Cancer Action ran a full page ad in the New York Times West Coast Edition with text (not shown) inviting readers to participate in its ”Stop Cancer Where It Starts” Campaign. The campaign criticized breast cancer awareness campaigns for pushing early detection and mammograms (without acknowledging their limitations) while ignoring prevention. (Image: Courtesy Breast Cancer Action)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others, like KFC with its 2010 “Buckets for the Cure” campaign, climb on the pink bandwagon to peddle decidedly unhealthy products. \u003ca href=\"http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/308102/april-29-2010/tip-wag---scientists---kfc\">Stephen Colbert’s take\u003c/a> on the “pink bucket dilemma” shows just how ludicrous cause marketing has become. (Forward to 1:13.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even when money goes to breast cancer programs and not corporate coffers, is it going to the right place? Love (and several advocacy groups) has said for years that we need to shift our focus from cures to causes—and prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can develop a vaccine for cervical cancer, says Love, why not for breast cancer? Early results of a clinical trial show promising results for a \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/vaccine-targeting-her2-breast-cancer-shows-early-promise/story?id=16362507#.UGZz0o5iYRw\">vaccine designed to prevent recurrence\u003c/a> of one form of breast cancer. (The data were \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancernetwork.com/conference-reports/asco2012/breast-cancer/content/article/10165/2081997\">presented at a meeting\u003c/a> and have not yet gone through peer review.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/16/making-women-partners-in-breast-cancer-research/\">I wrote in May\u003c/a>, Love’s Research Foundation is looking for volunteers in her online Army of Women to identify potential causes in order to eradicate the disease. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.armyofwomen.org/getinvolved\">Anyone can sign up.\u003c/a>) \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45450\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 411px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/art-rage-us-cropped/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45450\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped.jpg\" alt=\"art.rage.us art and breast cancer\" title=\"art.rage.us. \" width=\"411\" height=\"475\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped.jpg 411w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped-400x462.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the late 1990s, The Breast Cancer Fund, the American Cancer Society, and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation invited American artists and writers to submit work about their breast cancer experiences. The resulting exhibit (and book)—Art.Rage.Us.—opened in 1998 at San Francisco’s Main Library. At the time, project coordinator and Breast Cancer Action Co-founder Susan Claymon said, “Art.Rage.Us. presents deeply moving and beautiful expressions from women with breast cancer, along with intensely personal statements that provide a window into their hearts and minds.” Claymon died of breast cancer in 2000. She was 61.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prevention is also a primary concern for the Athena Breast Health Network, a partnership of the five University of California medical centers that collects personalized data on breast cancer patients to optimize treatment and ultimately figure out how to stop cancer before it starts. The site also includes a comprehensive \u003ca href=\"http://athenacarenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Quick_Links-Risk-Assessment-Talking-Points.pdf\">list of breast cancer risk factors.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research suggests that the biology behind one of the listed risk factors, dense breast tissue, may be more complicated than previously thought. Earlier studies found that women with dense breasts had a higher risk of developing breast cancer. (And this finding led to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.patientpov.org/breast-cancer/are-dense-breast-right-to-know-laws-helpful\">“right to know” legislation\u003c/a> that Gov. Brown recently signed, requiring doctors to tell women if their mammograms show they have dense breasts.) But a recent study in the \u003ca href=\"http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/16/NP.7.full\">Journal of the National Cancer Institute\u003c/a> suggests that women with denser breasts are not more likely to die of breast cancer. The greatest risk was found for women who had the fattiest breast tissue, a condition linked to obesity. This suggests that if you have dense breast tissue, you may be more likely to get cancer—but not die of it. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.dslrf.org/?p=589\">Love’s blog\u003c/a> explained the significance of the findings:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The recent study on breast density showed us, yet again, that women who are obese when they are diagnosed with breast cancer are more likely to die of breast cancer than women who are not obese. Doctors need to do more than tell women about their breast density or remind them to get a mammogram. They need to be teaching women the importance of exercising, losing weight (if necessary) and eating a well-balanced diet—both before and after a breast cancer diagnosis.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45405\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/rubens_peter_paul_-_the_three_graces_detail/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45405\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Rubens_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces_detail.jpeg\" alt=\"breast cancer in Rubens\" title=\"Rubens,_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces_detail\" width=\"398\" height=\"419\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 2001 paper in the journal Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, argues that several paintings by the Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens, including The Three Graces, Diana and Her Nymphs Pursued by Satyrs, and Orpheus and Euridice, show signs of breast cancer. In The Three Graces (above), the authors argue, “the model on the right has an open ulcer with reddening of the skin, nipple retraction, reduction of breast volume as well as axilar lymph nodes. This is a visual aspect of a locally advanced breast cancer.”\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As companies outdo each other trying to hitch their products to breast cancer, it’s worth remembering that more women die of heart disease than breast cancer. (And more women die of lung cancer than of breast cancer.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also worth remembering when you see all those pink ribbons that there’s a difference between being a “survivor” and being cured. If you’re alive five years after a diagnosis, you’re considered a survivor. It’s a useful time frame for clinicians to compare the effectiveness of different therapies. But that doesn’t mean you’re cured. And as \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=192788\">a 2000 JAMA study points out\u003c/a>, when five-year-survival rates increase, it might be because more cases are being diagnosed, not because treatments are saving more lives. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast cancer death rates in the United States have declined over the past 20 years, though African American women still face a greater risk of death than any other group. It’s still the most common cancer among women. It’s still \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/women.htm\">one of the leading causes of cancer death\u003c/a> among women. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/educational/hearttruth/about/fear-doubled.htm\">it’s still the disease women fear most.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 40,000 women are expected to die of breast cancer this year, about 3,000 fewer than died in 1991—the year my mom got her diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wore a little pink ribbon pin for a while. But after about five years, she grew weary of the pink propaganda. And though she’d never say so, she also grew weary of the seemingly endless rounds of tests, procedures, surgeries, and chemo. I know she grew tired of the pain. Ten years ago—a little more than five years after she was officially a “survivor”—she died of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, when October rolls around, I feel no wistful melancholy for spectacles missed. I’ve got a much deeper loss to consider. And it makes me angry. I’m sick of the pink ribbons and the suggestion that bright colors can bathe cancer in a cheery, comforting glow. There’s nothing cheery about breast cancer. There’s a lot of pain, suffering, and fear. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When pink stands for taking real action against breast cancer, I might start to see October in a whole new light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources/Further Reading\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://athenacarenetwork.org/\">Athena Breast Health Network\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/\">Breast Cancer Action.\u003c/a> Its latest campaign (“It’s an Epidemic, Stupid!”) \u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/the-2012-breast-cancer-action-mandate-for-government-action/\">calls on elected officials\u003c/a> to develop a series of actions against breast cancer, including developing tougher regulations on potential carcinogens and supporting research into root causes as well as less toxic therapies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.caring.com/articles/cancer-symptoms-in-women\">Breast Cancer Symptoms You’re Most Likely to Ignore\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.barbaraehrenreich.com/cancerland.htm\">Welcome to Cancerland,\u003c/a> author and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich’s devastating account of her experience with breast cancer and the breast cancer “marketplace.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_eyes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45505\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg\" alt=\"Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\" title=\"AKB_eyes\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scifx.com/\" title=\"Allison Bruce Portfolio\">Allison Bruce\u003c/a> has a wonderful job: she spends all day making pictures for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce started out in science herself, earning a chemistry degree from UC Davis. After college, she worked in an environmental lab, but she didn't enjoy it and turned to art classes \"to keep from losing my mind,\" she says. She'd always drawn, but never pursued it as a career until a friend suggested she apply for a temporary position as an artist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/gene/index.jsp\" title=\"Genentech, Inc.\">Genentech\u003c/a>, the bay area's biotech behemoth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/gdc-0941-illustration-nocallouts-mockup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_CancerCellCover-282x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cancer Cell cover - cartoon cell\" title=\"GDC-0941 Illustration NoCallouts Mockup\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration of breast-cancer drug trastuzumab - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was 18 years ago, and now Bruce is a Senior Graphics Specialist at Genentech. \"It's a lot of fun,\" she says. \"It's really cutting-edge what they do here.\" She gets to learn about research before it's even published, translating brand-new knowledge about the world from words into pictures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detail can be exquisite, as in an illustration of the eye's blood vessel growth (above), which shuttled back and forth many times between Bruce and the researcher to make sure each line was accurate. The result is an eerily beautiful representation of sickness and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce's favorite projects, though, are journal covers, because they offer more flexibility to play around. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(09)X0005-X#\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Trastuzumab cover\">illustrate the action of trastuzumab\u003c/a>, a breast-cancer drug, she enlisted her nephew's help to cartoonify a cell, complete with classic ZAP! and POW!.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce also helps researchers with presentations, animations, and web design, and is constantly learning new tools. \"It's an unusual job, but there's a lot of demand for it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45563\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/bonemarrow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bonemarrow-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bone marrow image from Kevin Ang\" title=\"bonemarrow\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storyboard image of bone marrow - Kevin Ang\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, there's enough demand that Genentech sometimes hires freelancers, such as self-described \"gun-for-hire\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.bingkoland.com/\" title=\"Kevin Ang Portfolio\">Kevin Ang\u003c/a> (\"Wacom-tablet-for-hire\" might be slightly more accurate). Ang has also worked for Bayer, Intuit, and Google, among others. \"Around here, it's all either pharma or tech,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ang's art jobs range from graphic recording (a bit like \u003ca href=\"http://www.thersa.org/events/rsaanimate\" title=\"RSAnimate\">RSAnimate\u003c/a>, but done in real time during a meeting) to commercial storyboarding. He particularly enjoys illustrating sequences that depict drug delivery because, he says, \"There's a very cinematic aspect to the things that happen at that scale in our bodies. I think of it as something from \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060397/\" title=\"IMDB - Fantastic Voyage\">Fantastic Voyage\u003c/a>.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_persephone-cell-cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45511\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_Persephone-Cell-Cover-282x360.jpg\" alt='Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"' title=\"AKB_Persephone Cell Cover\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike Bruce, Ang started out in art school. On his way to a BFA from UC Santa Cruz, his imagination was captured by a few natural science illustration courses. \"It was great to be surrounded by scientists,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce, too, loves working with and learning from scientists--perhaps in part because they often have their own idiosyncratic ideas. One of Bruce’s cover illustrations sprang from a researcher's suggestion that Persephone, Greek goddess of spring and the underworld, could \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(10)X0005-8\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Persephone cover\">represent a self-renewing cell line\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even that wasn't Bruce's strangest project. Once she was asked to create a life-size Ronald McDonald bearing the face of a researcher, to welcome him back from sabbatical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing for scientists: never a dull moment.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_eyes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45505\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg\" alt=\"Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\" title=\"AKB_eyes\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scifx.com/\" title=\"Allison Bruce Portfolio\">Allison Bruce\u003c/a> has a wonderful job: she spends all day making pictures for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce started out in science herself, earning a chemistry degree from UC Davis. After college, she worked in an environmental lab, but she didn't enjoy it and turned to art classes \"to keep from losing my mind,\" she says. She'd always drawn, but never pursued it as a career until a friend suggested she apply for a temporary position as an artist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/gene/index.jsp\" title=\"Genentech, Inc.\">Genentech\u003c/a>, the bay area's biotech behemoth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/gdc-0941-illustration-nocallouts-mockup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_CancerCellCover-282x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cancer Cell cover - cartoon cell\" title=\"GDC-0941 Illustration NoCallouts Mockup\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration of breast-cancer drug trastuzumab - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was 18 years ago, and now Bruce is a Senior Graphics Specialist at Genentech. \"It's a lot of fun,\" she says. \"It's really cutting-edge what they do here.\" She gets to learn about research before it's even published, translating brand-new knowledge about the world from words into pictures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detail can be exquisite, as in an illustration of the eye's blood vessel growth (above), which shuttled back and forth many times between Bruce and the researcher to make sure each line was accurate. The result is an eerily beautiful representation of sickness and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce's favorite projects, though, are journal covers, because they offer more flexibility to play around. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(09)X0005-X#\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Trastuzumab cover\">illustrate the action of trastuzumab\u003c/a>, a breast-cancer drug, she enlisted her nephew's help to cartoonify a cell, complete with classic ZAP! and POW!.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce also helps researchers with presentations, animations, and web design, and is constantly learning new tools. \"It's an unusual job, but there's a lot of demand for it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45563\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/bonemarrow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bonemarrow-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bone marrow image from Kevin Ang\" title=\"bonemarrow\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storyboard image of bone marrow - Kevin Ang\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, there's enough demand that Genentech sometimes hires freelancers, such as self-described \"gun-for-hire\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.bingkoland.com/\" title=\"Kevin Ang Portfolio\">Kevin Ang\u003c/a> (\"Wacom-tablet-for-hire\" might be slightly more accurate). Ang has also worked for Bayer, Intuit, and Google, among others. \"Around here, it's all either pharma or tech,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ang's art jobs range from graphic recording (a bit like \u003ca href=\"http://www.thersa.org/events/rsaanimate\" title=\"RSAnimate\">RSAnimate\u003c/a>, but done in real time during a meeting) to commercial storyboarding. He particularly enjoys illustrating sequences that depict drug delivery because, he says, \"There's a very cinematic aspect to the things that happen at that scale in our bodies. I think of it as something from \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060397/\" title=\"IMDB - Fantastic Voyage\">Fantastic Voyage\u003c/a>.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_persephone-cell-cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45511\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_Persephone-Cell-Cover-282x360.jpg\" alt='Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"' title=\"AKB_Persephone Cell Cover\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike Bruce, Ang started out in art school. On his way to a BFA from UC Santa Cruz, his imagination was captured by a few natural science illustration courses. \"It was great to be surrounded by scientists,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce, too, loves working with and learning from scientists--perhaps in part because they often have their own idiosyncratic ideas. One of Bruce’s cover illustrations sprang from a researcher's suggestion that Persephone, Greek goddess of spring and the underworld, could \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(10)X0005-8\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Persephone cover\">represent a self-renewing cell line\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even that wasn't Bruce's strangest project. Once she was asked to create a life-size Ronald McDonald bearing the face of a researcher, to welcome him back from sabbatical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing for scientists: never a dull moment.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Counting Climate-Challenged Pikas",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/10/2012-10-01-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American pika is a squeaky little animal that lives at high elevations in mountains in the West. It could one day have a huge influence on America’s battles over climate change. And a new program is enlisting students to help scientists learn more about the critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the Pika\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45257\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45257 \" title=\"pika640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American pika lives at high elevations in the American West. Photo: Doug Von Gausig/Naturesongs.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a campground near Lake Tahoe, a group of seventh and eighth graders from West Oakland Middle School are sitting around a campfire, getting to know ecologist Joseph Stewart. And he's introducing them to his work. Stewart works with the California Department of Fish and Game and is a grad student at the University of Nevada-Reno, where he studies pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a picture of a pika,\" Stewart says. He pulls out a photo and the campers click on their flashlights to see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ooh, they're cute,\" says seventh-grader Anisa Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas are related to rabbits. They're about the size of hamsters, with no tails and round Mickey Mouse ears. They live in rock piles at high elevations, and are adapted to cold temperatures. When it gets too hot, they hide out under the rocks. So Stewart is trying to figure out if pikas don't do well in the heat, what will happen to them as the climate continues to warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act because of climate change,\" he explains to the students. \"But when the Fish and Wildlife Service reviewed that petition, they pretty much said that we don't know enough about how pikas are doing. We need more data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, the Obama administration decided \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/americanpika/\">not to protect pikas as endangered\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/CPC/\">California is still considering it\u003c/a>. If the state does decide to add them to its endangered species list, pikas would become the first species here to be listed as threatened primarily because of climate change. If the state starts protecting animals because of climate change, things that affect the climate, like new fossil-fuel power plants or clearcut logging projects, could be slowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students are here with Howard Nathel, who volunteers at their school and organized the project. They'll survey likely pika habitat, to help figure out where pikas still live, and in what locations they once lived, but don't anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the Wilderness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45290\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45290\" title=\"IMG_4146\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4146-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fredrikka Lake at the border of Desolation Wilderness. Photo: Molly Samuel\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get to pika habitat, the students have to hike. Lake Tahoe isn't high enough for the cold-loving creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're heading to Tamarack Lake, a bright blue lake surrounded by granite and pine trees in the Desolation Wilderness near South Lake Tahoe. At about 7800 feet in elevation, it's in prime pika territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, Anton Jackson and Joe Green get their first glimpse of a pika as it scurries across the rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You guys see that?\" Stewart points it out to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yeah,\" Jackson says. \"It's right there. It's really small. It's on that little rock.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's hecka small,\" says Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group that's leading this trip is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adventureandscience.org/\">Adventurers and Scientists for Conservation\u003c/a> (ASC), a Montana-based non-profit. Usually the organization puts outdoor athletes -- hikers, climbers, kayakers -- in touch with scientists who study plants and animals in hard-to-reach places, like Mt. Everest, the Australian Outback or the Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first trip the group has organized for students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's such a cool way for them to have fun, to grow a lot, and to be excited about what it is to be a scientist,\" says Gregg Treinish, the founder of ASC. \"And to have that idea in their heads that, 'Hey I can be a scientist. Hey, I can do this.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students learn to take down the data they need: where they are, what time it is, and whether or not they found pikas. Stewart explains the best way to figure out if a pika lives -- or has lived -- in the area is by looking for pika pellets, which look like brown-green peppercorns. De'Jon Banks quickly finds some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45285\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45285\" title=\"IMG_4168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4168-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(From left to right) Brendan Weiner, Howard Nathel, De'Jon Banks, Fredrick Lake, Joseph Stewart, Anton Jackson and Joe Green look for pikas. Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Oh, this pika poop right here?\" He asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's see. Looks like it. Looks like you found some,\" Stewart says. \"So I'll write down that we found some...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old pika poop,\" Banks offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data will go into \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a>, a website where citizen scientists can upload their observations for scientists to use. This is the first time anyone's surveyed the area around Tamarack Lake for pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treinish says, this project isn’t just good for science, it’s also good for the students, who are going beyond pre-set lab experiments, and learning to do actual field work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're in 7th grade from West Oakland, and they're going to be part of science, they're part of our scientific understanding of the world. And that's a really cool thing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pikas in the Past, Present and Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the day, Stewart takes me to one of the sites he's studied. As it starts to cool off around dusk, the pikas emerge from under the rocks and begin calling. Their chirps bounce off the granite boulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think there will be pikas here in 50 years,\" Stewart tells me. \"Right now it seems like there's tons, but if you change the climate, if it's on average a couple degrees Celsius warmer here, it's not going to be climaticly suitable for pikas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas have been moving uphill since the last ice age, to keep up with the cooler temperatures they've evolved to live in. As part of his research, Stewart searches for spots that would be good pika habitat if they were higher and cooler. When he finds pika pellets in those locations, he can tell they once lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate continues to warm, their range will get even smaller. Stewart says anthropogenic climate change means, they may disappear from Northern California entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pika Policy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more scientists know about their numbers, the better informed government leaders will be when deciding whether to classify them as endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Fish and Game is expected to recommend whether or not to list the pika as threatened later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A group of West Oakland students treks up to the Sierra to try to help a small mammal that may be threatened by climate change. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/10/2012-10-01-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American pika is a squeaky little animal that lives at high elevations in mountains in the West. It could one day have a huge influence on America’s battles over climate change. And a new program is enlisting students to help scientists learn more about the critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the Pika\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45257\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45257 \" title=\"pika640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American pika lives at high elevations in the American West. Photo: Doug Von Gausig/Naturesongs.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a campground near Lake Tahoe, a group of seventh and eighth graders from West Oakland Middle School are sitting around a campfire, getting to know ecologist Joseph Stewart. And he's introducing them to his work. Stewart works with the California Department of Fish and Game and is a grad student at the University of Nevada-Reno, where he studies pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a picture of a pika,\" Stewart says. He pulls out a photo and the campers click on their flashlights to see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ooh, they're cute,\" says seventh-grader Anisa Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas are related to rabbits. They're about the size of hamsters, with no tails and round Mickey Mouse ears. They live in rock piles at high elevations, and are adapted to cold temperatures. When it gets too hot, they hide out under the rocks. So Stewart is trying to figure out if pikas don't do well in the heat, what will happen to them as the climate continues to warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act because of climate change,\" he explains to the students. \"But when the Fish and Wildlife Service reviewed that petition, they pretty much said that we don't know enough about how pikas are doing. We need more data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, the Obama administration decided \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/americanpika/\">not to protect pikas as endangered\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/CPC/\">California is still considering it\u003c/a>. If the state does decide to add them to its endangered species list, pikas would become the first species here to be listed as threatened primarily because of climate change. If the state starts protecting animals because of climate change, things that affect the climate, like new fossil-fuel power plants or clearcut logging projects, could be slowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students are here with Howard Nathel, who volunteers at their school and organized the project. They'll survey likely pika habitat, to help figure out where pikas still live, and in what locations they once lived, but don't anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the Wilderness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45290\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45290\" title=\"IMG_4146\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4146-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fredrikka Lake at the border of Desolation Wilderness. Photo: Molly Samuel\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get to pika habitat, the students have to hike. Lake Tahoe isn't high enough for the cold-loving creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're heading to Tamarack Lake, a bright blue lake surrounded by granite and pine trees in the Desolation Wilderness near South Lake Tahoe. At about 7800 feet in elevation, it's in prime pika territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, Anton Jackson and Joe Green get their first glimpse of a pika as it scurries across the rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You guys see that?\" Stewart points it out to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yeah,\" Jackson says. \"It's right there. It's really small. It's on that little rock.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's hecka small,\" says Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group that's leading this trip is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adventureandscience.org/\">Adventurers and Scientists for Conservation\u003c/a> (ASC), a Montana-based non-profit. Usually the organization puts outdoor athletes -- hikers, climbers, kayakers -- in touch with scientists who study plants and animals in hard-to-reach places, like Mt. Everest, the Australian Outback or the Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first trip the group has organized for students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's such a cool way for them to have fun, to grow a lot, and to be excited about what it is to be a scientist,\" says Gregg Treinish, the founder of ASC. \"And to have that idea in their heads that, 'Hey I can be a scientist. Hey, I can do this.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students learn to take down the data they need: where they are, what time it is, and whether or not they found pikas. Stewart explains the best way to figure out if a pika lives -- or has lived -- in the area is by looking for pika pellets, which look like brown-green peppercorns. De'Jon Banks quickly finds some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45285\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45285\" title=\"IMG_4168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4168-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(From left to right) Brendan Weiner, Howard Nathel, De'Jon Banks, Fredrick Lake, Joseph Stewart, Anton Jackson and Joe Green look for pikas. Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Oh, this pika poop right here?\" He asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's see. Looks like it. Looks like you found some,\" Stewart says. \"So I'll write down that we found some...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old pika poop,\" Banks offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data will go into \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a>, a website where citizen scientists can upload their observations for scientists to use. This is the first time anyone's surveyed the area around Tamarack Lake for pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treinish says, this project isn’t just good for science, it’s also good for the students, who are going beyond pre-set lab experiments, and learning to do actual field work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're in 7th grade from West Oakland, and they're going to be part of science, they're part of our scientific understanding of the world. And that's a really cool thing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pikas in the Past, Present and Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the day, Stewart takes me to one of the sites he's studied. As it starts to cool off around dusk, the pikas emerge from under the rocks and begin calling. Their chirps bounce off the granite boulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think there will be pikas here in 50 years,\" Stewart tells me. \"Right now it seems like there's tons, but if you change the climate, if it's on average a couple degrees Celsius warmer here, it's not going to be climaticly suitable for pikas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas have been moving uphill since the last ice age, to keep up with the cooler temperatures they've evolved to live in. As part of his research, Stewart searches for spots that would be good pika habitat if they were higher and cooler. When he finds pika pellets in those locations, he can tell they once lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate continues to warm, their range will get even smaller. Stewart says anthropogenic climate change means, they may disappear from Northern California entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pika Policy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more scientists know about their numbers, the better informed government leaders will be when deciding whether to classify them as endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Fish and Game is expected to recommend whether or not to list the pika as threatened later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Get Your Binoculars, It's Raptor Viewing Time",
"title": "Get Your Binoculars, It's Raptor Viewing Time",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45330\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/h/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45330\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45330\" title=\"GGRO Hawk Watch Volunteers\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721-400x268.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers from the Golden Gate Raptor Observatory collect data on Hawk Hill in the Marin Headlands. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The raptor migration over the Marin Headlands is one of fall’s best, limited-engagement spectacles. Every September a highly-trained cadre of volunteers from the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\" href=\"http://www.ggro.org/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\u003c/a> (GGRO) mounts Hawk Hill with binoculars and spotting scopes to document the passage of raptors as they gather to ride the rising warm air over the headlands before gliding across the mouth of the Bay. Reluctant to waste energy flying over open water, they “kettle” in flocks of mixed raptors of every kind to rise high in the air. While they’re rising in lazy circles, the hawk watchers busily identify as many as they can and count individuals. Some of the \u003ca title=\"Hawk Watch Daily Counts GGRO\" href=\"http://www.ggro.org/events/hawkwatchToday.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">daily hawk counts\u003c/a> from dawn to dusk (or inundation by thick fog) reach over 700 individuals. Their work has contributed so much knowledge about the ecology of raptors. Similar counts take place around the US with famous spots on the \u003ca title=\"North American Hawk Migration Association\" href=\"http://www.hmana.org/sitesel.php?PHPSESSID=6824727e3aad9be2fb63302500008689\" target=\"_blank\">East Coast and in Texas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45335\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/c/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45335\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45335\" title=\"Hawk Banding\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Hawk-Banding-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cooper's hawk is captured and banded before being released for future tracking. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>GGRO volunteers also capture individual birds to tag or attach radio transmitters to track their migration path. A \u003ca title=\"Cornell University, All About Birds website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Broad-winged_Hawk/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">broad-winged hawk\u003c/a> merited special attention this year. The individual, which the team named named Marathon, is unusual. The species is primarily found across Canada and throughout the eastern US during the breeding season, then most of them travel south to the tropical forests in Central and South America averaging 7,000 miles at 100 miles per day. They’re rarely seen on the West Coast, but regularly show up over Hawk Hill in small numbers during fall migration. You can track Marathon’s southward migration flight on \u003ca title=\"GGRO Telemetry team blog\" href=\"http://www.ggrotelemetry.blogspot.com/\">GGRO’s blog\u003c/a>. The other long-distance migrants seen in eastern Contra Costa County and the Central Valley are \u003ca title=\"Cornell University, All About Birds website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Swainsons_Hawk/id\" target=\"_blank\">Swainson’s hawks\u003c/a>. Their long-distance migration range spans from northern Canada to Argentina, averaging about 14,000 miles accomplished over the course of two months each way in spring and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next week or two should still be good for raptor viewing at Hawk Hill. Volunteers will be available to help you view and identify hawks overhead (with the exception of Oct. 6th and 7th during Fleet Week when even the volunteers won't brave the crowds!). If you’re interested in year-round raptor viewing and would like to be part of a team, you can also join EBRPD naturalist Mike Moran in eastern Contra Costa County. His fourth \u003ca title=\"EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">Thursday morning “Raptor Baseline” program\u003c/a> counts and tracks raptors in this rich habitat area. No previous experience is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/r/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45336\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45336 \" title=\"Kettle of raptors with San Francisco in view\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Raptor-Kettle-with-SF-View-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small \"kettle\" of raptors rises on thermals near San Francisco. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45330\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/h/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45330\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45330\" title=\"GGRO Hawk Watch Volunteers\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721-400x268.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers from the Golden Gate Raptor Observatory collect data on Hawk Hill in the Marin Headlands. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The raptor migration over the Marin Headlands is one of fall’s best, limited-engagement spectacles. Every September a highly-trained cadre of volunteers from the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\" href=\"http://www.ggro.org/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\u003c/a> (GGRO) mounts Hawk Hill with binoculars and spotting scopes to document the passage of raptors as they gather to ride the rising warm air over the headlands before gliding across the mouth of the Bay. Reluctant to waste energy flying over open water, they “kettle” in flocks of mixed raptors of every kind to rise high in the air. While they’re rising in lazy circles, the hawk watchers busily identify as many as they can and count individuals. Some of the \u003ca title=\"Hawk Watch Daily Counts GGRO\" href=\"http://www.ggro.org/events/hawkwatchToday.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">daily hawk counts\u003c/a> from dawn to dusk (or inundation by thick fog) reach over 700 individuals. Their work has contributed so much knowledge about the ecology of raptors. Similar counts take place around the US with famous spots on the \u003ca title=\"North American Hawk Migration Association\" href=\"http://www.hmana.org/sitesel.php?PHPSESSID=6824727e3aad9be2fb63302500008689\" target=\"_blank\">East Coast and in Texas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45335\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/c/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45335\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45335\" title=\"Hawk Banding\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Hawk-Banding-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cooper's hawk is captured and banded before being released for future tracking. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>GGRO volunteers also capture individual birds to tag or attach radio transmitters to track their migration path. A \u003ca title=\"Cornell University, All About Birds website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Broad-winged_Hawk/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">broad-winged hawk\u003c/a> merited special attention this year. The individual, which the team named named Marathon, is unusual. The species is primarily found across Canada and throughout the eastern US during the breeding season, then most of them travel south to the tropical forests in Central and South America averaging 7,000 miles at 100 miles per day. They’re rarely seen on the West Coast, but regularly show up over Hawk Hill in small numbers during fall migration. You can track Marathon’s southward migration flight on \u003ca title=\"GGRO Telemetry team blog\" href=\"http://www.ggrotelemetry.blogspot.com/\">GGRO’s blog\u003c/a>. The other long-distance migrants seen in eastern Contra Costa County and the Central Valley are \u003ca title=\"Cornell University, All About Birds website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Swainsons_Hawk/id\" target=\"_blank\">Swainson’s hawks\u003c/a>. Their long-distance migration range spans from northern Canada to Argentina, averaging about 14,000 miles accomplished over the course of two months each way in spring and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next week or two should still be good for raptor viewing at Hawk Hill. Volunteers will be available to help you view and identify hawks overhead (with the exception of Oct. 6th and 7th during Fleet Week when even the volunteers won't brave the crowds!). If you’re interested in year-round raptor viewing and would like to be part of a team, you can also join EBRPD naturalist Mike Moran in eastern Contra Costa County. His fourth \u003ca title=\"EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">Thursday morning “Raptor Baseline” program\u003c/a> counts and tracks raptors in this rich habitat area. No previous experience is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/r/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45336\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45336 \" title=\"Kettle of raptors with San Francisco in view\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Raptor-Kettle-with-SF-View-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small \"kettle\" of raptors rises on thermals near San Francisco. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Creative Use of a Cancer Mutation May Improve Nylon Production",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/26/creative-use-of-a-cancer-mutation-may-improve-nylon-production/nylon-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44992\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/nylon-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"nylon\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44992\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A cancer-caused mutation in a protein provides clues to improving the production of a chemical used to make nylon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invented in 1935, nylon found its first use replacing silk in stockings. Supplies of nylon dwindled during World War II as the material was funneled towards making rope, parachutes and mosquito netting. Once the war ended, ladies formed long lines – \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/threaded/2012/09/stocking-series-part-1-wartime-rationing-and-nylon-riots/\">“nylon riots”\u003c/a> -- at local stores hoping to purchase easy-care nylon stockings once again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now nylon is so common, in things from rope to zippers, that it’s hard to imagine supplies were ever low. It’s easy to make too: Mix two particular liquids and nylon strands form where the liquids touch. The synthesis of nylon is a common chemistry demonstration:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxkpctjDTr8]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those liquid precursors to nylon, including something called adipic acid, typically come from petroleum processing. Some chemical companies want to create environmentally friendly sources of these chemicals, starting from sugar instead of fossil fuels. These companies hijack and rework the metabolism of bacteria and yeast so the microbes convert sugar into commodity chemicals. Hopefully the final products will be cheaper than their petroleum-derived counterparts, as well as “greener” in terms of releasing less greenhouse gases during production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One company in California, \u003ca href=\"http://www.verdezyne.com/verdezyne/index.cfm\">Verdezyne\u003c/a>, has a pilot plant challenging engineered yeast to make adipic acid on a small industrial scale. Meanwhile, researchers look for other microbial metabolic pathways that could be altered to create the 6-carbon adipic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Germany cobbled together one \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi1020056\">potential pathway\u003c/a> using proteins from several different bacteria. But this pathway is incomplete: one of the proteins works best using a molecule with five carbon atoms, instead of the six-carbon precursor needed to make adipic acid. Altering the preference of this protein with genetic engineering might make this pathway a viable bio-based route to adipic acid. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists redesign proteins using educated guesses, computer models and time-consuming rounds of evolution. While studying genetic mutations that turn normal cells into cancer, Hai Yan, at Duke University Medical Center, and his colleagues found clues that might help streamline the protein redesign for adipic acid production. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes those genetic mutations in cancer cells alter metabolic proteins like those scientists tweak for chemical production. In 2008 and 2009, Duke researchers identified an altered protein in cancer cells where the mutation created the reaction needed for the adipic acid pathway. But this cancer protein prefers five-carbon compounds, so the researchers couldn’t insert it directly into the catalytic pathway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they identified a structurally similar protein in yeast that preferred six-carbon compounds and mutated it to resemble the change in the cancer cell protein. The altered yeast protein performed the reaction they wanted using a six-carbon molecule, thus completing the biochemical production pathway. The scientists even applied similar logic to redesigning a protein from bacteria, though this protein was less selective than its yeast relative. (\u003cem>Nature Chemical Biology\u003c/em>, DOI:\u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1065\">10.1038/nchembio.1065\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this redesigned protein to make adipic acid in microbes is still a large challenge, as scientists would have to tinker with the microbe’s metabolism to increase adipic acid production. The big lesson from this work is in the design. Cancer-caused mutations that alter a protein’s function, though extremely rare, might be a useful source of information to guide other protein redesigns, the researchers write. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, this story is just reminder that science, like many aspects of life, is a creative process. You never know where you’ll find inspiration to solve a problem.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Chemists want to reengineer metabolic proteins and pathways in microbes so they can convert sugar into commodity chemicals. Now a mutant protein found in cancer cells provides clues to help scientists improve a protein that could help microbes create a precursor to nylon. In science, as in so much of life, inspiration can come from unusual places.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/26/creative-use-of-a-cancer-mutation-may-improve-nylon-production/nylon-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44992\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/nylon-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"nylon\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44992\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A cancer-caused mutation in a protein provides clues to improving the production of a chemical used to make nylon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invented in 1935, nylon found its first use replacing silk in stockings. Supplies of nylon dwindled during World War II as the material was funneled towards making rope, parachutes and mosquito netting. Once the war ended, ladies formed long lines – \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/threaded/2012/09/stocking-series-part-1-wartime-rationing-and-nylon-riots/\">“nylon riots”\u003c/a> -- at local stores hoping to purchase easy-care nylon stockings once again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now nylon is so common, in things from rope to zippers, that it’s hard to imagine supplies were ever low. It’s easy to make too: Mix two particular liquids and nylon strands form where the liquids touch. The synthesis of nylon is a common chemistry demonstration:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/KxkpctjDTr8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/KxkpctjDTr8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those liquid precursors to nylon, including something called adipic acid, typically come from petroleum processing. Some chemical companies want to create environmentally friendly sources of these chemicals, starting from sugar instead of fossil fuels. These companies hijack and rework the metabolism of bacteria and yeast so the microbes convert sugar into commodity chemicals. Hopefully the final products will be cheaper than their petroleum-derived counterparts, as well as “greener” in terms of releasing less greenhouse gases during production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One company in California, \u003ca href=\"http://www.verdezyne.com/verdezyne/index.cfm\">Verdezyne\u003c/a>, has a pilot plant challenging engineered yeast to make adipic acid on a small industrial scale. Meanwhile, researchers look for other microbial metabolic pathways that could be altered to create the 6-carbon adipic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Germany cobbled together one \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi1020056\">potential pathway\u003c/a> using proteins from several different bacteria. But this pathway is incomplete: one of the proteins works best using a molecule with five carbon atoms, instead of the six-carbon precursor needed to make adipic acid. Altering the preference of this protein with genetic engineering might make this pathway a viable bio-based route to adipic acid. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists redesign proteins using educated guesses, computer models and time-consuming rounds of evolution. While studying genetic mutations that turn normal cells into cancer, Hai Yan, at Duke University Medical Center, and his colleagues found clues that might help streamline the protein redesign for adipic acid production. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes those genetic mutations in cancer cells alter metabolic proteins like those scientists tweak for chemical production. In 2008 and 2009, Duke researchers identified an altered protein in cancer cells where the mutation created the reaction needed for the adipic acid pathway. But this cancer protein prefers five-carbon compounds, so the researchers couldn’t insert it directly into the catalytic pathway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they identified a structurally similar protein in yeast that preferred six-carbon compounds and mutated it to resemble the change in the cancer cell protein. The altered yeast protein performed the reaction they wanted using a six-carbon molecule, thus completing the biochemical production pathway. The scientists even applied similar logic to redesigning a protein from bacteria, though this protein was less selective than its yeast relative. (\u003cem>Nature Chemical Biology\u003c/em>, DOI:\u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1065\">10.1038/nchembio.1065\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this redesigned protein to make adipic acid in microbes is still a large challenge, as scientists would have to tinker with the microbe’s metabolism to increase adipic acid production. The big lesson from this work is in the design. Cancer-caused mutations that alter a protein’s function, though extremely rare, might be a useful source of information to guide other protein redesigns, the researchers write. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, this story is just reminder that science, like many aspects of life, is a creative process. You never know where you’ll find inspiration to solve a problem.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As a science journalist, I receive multiple press releases every day. Their topics can range from food recalls from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to the launch of a new camera that detects dark energy to new genetic research about how a rare cheetah got its stripes. Some catch my attention and others are easily deleted. Some, I'm afraid, get missed completely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, this was not the case with an innocent-looking press release sent from the Stanford News Service to our KQED Science News inbox back in early June, 2012. The header was, \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/june/jasper-ridge-cameras-060112.html\">\"Caught on tape: The nightlife of animals at Stanford's Jasper Ridge preserve\"\u003c/a>. I was intrigued. Ever since I had the chance to track mountain lions in the Santa Cruz mountains with researcher \u003ca href=\"http://people.ucsc.edu/~cwilmers/projects.html\">Chris Wilmers\u003c/a> who employs motion-activated cameras to \"trap\" his elusive prey, I've been interested in this technology. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"coyote x2\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44697\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pair of coyotes walk by one of the camera traps at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The solar-powered cameras at Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve – a 1,200 acre research site located in the Santa Cruz Mountains, 3 miles west of the Stanford campus- automatically record video or photographs when a creature is in the vicinity; night vision means the scientists never miss a moment. The researchers have an opportunity to observe animals going about their usual business, away from the world of human disturbance.The animals seem so comfortable walking around in the shroud of darkness and with the possible exception of the curious deer, so completely unaware that they are being watched by a bunch of scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44752\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Deer eye\" width=\"640\" height=\"375\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44752\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye-400x234.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A curious deer inspects the motion-activated camera at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The video press release, produced by Steve Fyffe of the Stanford News Service, gives us a sense of the great diversity of wildlife at Jasper Ridge through secret footage of bobcats, deer, mountain lions, hummingbirds, skunks, coyotes, opossum, jackrabbits and several others. It's fun to think about all these wild animals roaming around a few miles away from the Stanford campus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fyffe has also interviewed the researchers who are using the camera traps to learn more about the behavior of the creatures of interest to them. Assistant Professor Tadashi Fukami studies hummingbirds. The cameras have allowed his team to make subtle observations they had missed before. \"By using the cameras we realized that hummingbirds like to go to the unopened flowers,\" Fukami said. \"We used to assume that they waited for the flowers to bloom, but they like to poke into unopened flowers to get fresh nectar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44731\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hummingbird_2 turn_scale\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hummingbird feeds on nectar at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Videos and photos are instantaneously uploaded, thanks to a new wireless network infrastructure that covers almost the entire preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jasper Ridge Data Manager, Trevor Hebert says the cameras and wireless infrastructure have been invaluable to researchers. \"The video cameras are actually giving us a kind of view of a world that is close by, but that we just don’t see.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44809\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Bobcat\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44809\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat triggers a motion-activated camera at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a science journalist, I receive multiple press releases every day. Their topics can range from food recalls from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to the launch of a new camera that detects dark energy to new genetic research about how a rare cheetah got its stripes. Some catch my attention and others are easily deleted. Some, I'm afraid, get missed completely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, this was not the case with an innocent-looking press release sent from the Stanford News Service to our KQED Science News inbox back in early June, 2012. The header was, \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/june/jasper-ridge-cameras-060112.html\">\"Caught on tape: The nightlife of animals at Stanford's Jasper Ridge preserve\"\u003c/a>. I was intrigued. Ever since I had the chance to track mountain lions in the Santa Cruz mountains with researcher \u003ca href=\"http://people.ucsc.edu/~cwilmers/projects.html\">Chris Wilmers\u003c/a> who employs motion-activated cameras to \"trap\" his elusive prey, I've been interested in this technology. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"coyote x2\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44697\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pair of coyotes walk by one of the camera traps at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The solar-powered cameras at Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve – a 1,200 acre research site located in the Santa Cruz Mountains, 3 miles west of the Stanford campus- automatically record video or photographs when a creature is in the vicinity; night vision means the scientists never miss a moment. The researchers have an opportunity to observe animals going about their usual business, away from the world of human disturbance.The animals seem so comfortable walking around in the shroud of darkness and with the possible exception of the curious deer, so completely unaware that they are being watched by a bunch of scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44752\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Deer eye\" width=\"640\" height=\"375\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44752\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye-400x234.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A curious deer inspects the motion-activated camera at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The video press release, produced by Steve Fyffe of the Stanford News Service, gives us a sense of the great diversity of wildlife at Jasper Ridge through secret footage of bobcats, deer, mountain lions, hummingbirds, skunks, coyotes, opossum, jackrabbits and several others. It's fun to think about all these wild animals roaming around a few miles away from the Stanford campus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fyffe has also interviewed the researchers who are using the camera traps to learn more about the behavior of the creatures of interest to them. Assistant Professor Tadashi Fukami studies hummingbirds. The cameras have allowed his team to make subtle observations they had missed before. \"By using the cameras we realized that hummingbirds like to go to the unopened flowers,\" Fukami said. \"We used to assume that they waited for the flowers to bloom, but they like to poke into unopened flowers to get fresh nectar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44731\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hummingbird_2 turn_scale\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hummingbird feeds on nectar at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Videos and photos are instantaneously uploaded, thanks to a new wireless network infrastructure that covers almost the entire preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jasper Ridge Data Manager, Trevor Hebert says the cameras and wireless infrastructure have been invaluable to researchers. \"The video cameras are actually giving us a kind of view of a world that is close by, but that we just don’t see.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44809\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Bobcat\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44809\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat triggers a motion-activated camera at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "West Coast a Test Bed for Ocean Acidification",
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"content": "\u003cp>This week, scientists from around the world are \u003ca href=\"http://www.highco2-iii.org/main.cfm?cid=2259\">meeting\u003c/a> in Monterey to discuss what they call the “other” climate change problem: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">oceans are becoming more acidic\u003c/a>. It happens as oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say it can be bad news for ocean animals with shells like oysters, mussels and others that are key to the marine food web. How bad? Some scientists are hoping that ocean conditions off the California coast will help them find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oyster Farms Face Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to go far to see the impacts that acidification is already having. At \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a>, just outside Point Reyes, co-owner Terry Sawyer is seeing the effects in his supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters grow up in big, mesh bags that sit out in Tomales Bay, but Sawyer gets the oysters when they’re small, “the size of your little fingernail,” he says. He orders them from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Sawyer started getting calls from those suppliers. They couldn’t fill his orders.\u003cbr>\n“They would have tens of thousands of gallons of tanks that were absolutely full of larvae. They would have the entire system die or crash,” says Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44938\" title=\"Oysters\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of oysters being sorted at Hog Island Oyster Farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hatcheries were \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/12/study-links-raised-carbon-dioxide-levels-to-oyster-die-offs/\">filling their tanks with seawater\u003c/a> that was becoming more acidic. Scientists say the oceans are 30 percent more acidic since the start of the Industrial Revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more acidic the water, the harder it is for animals like oysters to build their shells. Their shells are weaker and they grow more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer is raising his own oyster larvae now so he’ll have a more predictable supply. But he says there’s no question that climate change is affecting his bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if we’re going to be able to survive the very real trending that is going on out there,\" he says. It’s a trend that could affect the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acidification on the California Coast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see here, this is a mussel bed that’s made up of lots of California mussels,” says Eric Sanford, an ecologist with UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocky point we’re standing on is covered in tightly packed, purplish mussels – what he calls the “foundation species” of the California coast. “One that really defines the whole ecosystem, sort of the way corals define a coral reef,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussels are a key part of the food web and so are a lot of animals with shells, says oceanographer Tessa Hill. “Probably most people like the fact that we have things like whales and salmon off along our coast. Those organisms are likely to be impacted because their food source will be impacted,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question is: will animals with shells be able to adapt to a more acidic future – where, in a hundred years, the oceans could be more than twice as acidic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44940\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Sanford at a mussel bed near Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These California mussels could help answer that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re facing the most acidic water that you’d see in the open ocean today,” says Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hill explains, acidic water from the deep ocean rises to the surface on the West Coast in the spring and summer, when the wind is blowing. This upwelling makes the waters off California some of the most acidic in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of \u003ca href=\"http://omegas.science.oregonstate.edu/?q=node/3\">OMEGAS\u003c/a>, a new project linking universities up and down the West Coast, researchers are asking: if organisms here have been blasted with more acidic water for generations, have they adapted to handle it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside their lab, Hill and Sanford show me jars full of young mussels, almost too small to see. Each jar is from a different part of the West Coast from Oregon to Santa Barbara. They’re being grown in water that reflects conditions in 2100, says Eric Sanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The issue we’re looking at is whether there might be genetic differences among different populations along the coast in their ability to cope with ocean acidification,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFinding Genetic Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found they have lucky genes,” says Steve Palumbi, biology professor at Stanford University who is also working on the OMEGAS project. He studied populations of another shelled animal on the West Coast - sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of genes like a set of tools, he says. “If you happen to have bad plumbing, you will have more plumbing tools in your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been lots of plumbing problems on the West Coast, so to speak, in the form of acidic water. “And so all these populations, urchins anyway, have had to get the toolset to deal with it,” says Palumbi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper still in review, Palumbi says they found a segment of the urchin population that had around 100 genes that make them better adapted to more acidic water. That makes them more likely to survive and reproduce. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcDqULXDOE&feature=share&list=UUbf-eynjiFxUKGLFMt8KNoQ\">Check out this microdoc video\u003c/a> for more on their research).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is good news,” he says, “because these organisms have the capacity to deal with more acidification. But it’s not good news forever because all it does is give us a little breathing room. The trouble is right now, the rate at which the ocean is acidifying is way faster than it ever has before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organisms will evolve, he says, but probably not fast enough to keep up. In the meantime, Palumbi and other scientists are mapping where the genetically resilient mussels and urchins are on the West Coast, so policymakers can look at protecting them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, scientists from around the world are \u003ca href=\"http://www.highco2-iii.org/main.cfm?cid=2259\">meeting\u003c/a> in Monterey to discuss what they call the “other” climate change problem: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">oceans are becoming more acidic\u003c/a>. It happens as oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say it can be bad news for ocean animals with shells like oysters, mussels and others that are key to the marine food web. How bad? Some scientists are hoping that ocean conditions off the California coast will help them find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oyster Farms Face Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to go far to see the impacts that acidification is already having. At \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a>, just outside Point Reyes, co-owner Terry Sawyer is seeing the effects in his supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters grow up in big, mesh bags that sit out in Tomales Bay, but Sawyer gets the oysters when they’re small, “the size of your little fingernail,” he says. He orders them from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Sawyer started getting calls from those suppliers. They couldn’t fill his orders.\u003cbr>\n“They would have tens of thousands of gallons of tanks that were absolutely full of larvae. They would have the entire system die or crash,” says Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44938\" title=\"Oysters\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/oysters.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of oysters being sorted at Hog Island Oyster Farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hatcheries were \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/12/study-links-raised-carbon-dioxide-levels-to-oyster-die-offs/\">filling their tanks with seawater\u003c/a> that was becoming more acidic. Scientists say the oceans are 30 percent more acidic since the start of the Industrial Revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more acidic the water, the harder it is for animals like oysters to build their shells. Their shells are weaker and they grow more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer is raising his own oyster larvae now so he’ll have a more predictable supply. But he says there’s no question that climate change is affecting his bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if we’re going to be able to survive the very real trending that is going on out there,\" he says. It’s a trend that could affect the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acidification on the California Coast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see here, this is a mussel bed that’s made up of lots of California mussels,” says Eric Sanford, an ecologist with UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocky point we’re standing on is covered in tightly packed, purplish mussels – what he calls the “foundation species” of the California coast. “One that really defines the whole ecosystem, sort of the way corals define a coral reef,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussels are a key part of the food web and so are a lot of animals with shells, says oceanographer Tessa Hill. “Probably most people like the fact that we have things like whales and salmon off along our coast. Those organisms are likely to be impacted because their food source will be impacted,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question is: will animals with shells be able to adapt to a more acidic future – where, in a hundred years, the oceans could be more than twice as acidic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44940\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sanford.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Sanford at a mussel bed near Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These California mussels could help answer that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re facing the most acidic water that you’d see in the open ocean today,” says Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hill explains, acidic water from the deep ocean rises to the surface on the West Coast in the spring and summer, when the wind is blowing. This upwelling makes the waters off California some of the most acidic in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of \u003ca href=\"http://omegas.science.oregonstate.edu/?q=node/3\">OMEGAS\u003c/a>, a new project linking universities up and down the West Coast, researchers are asking: if organisms here have been blasted with more acidic water for generations, have they adapted to handle it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside their lab, Hill and Sanford show me jars full of young mussels, almost too small to see. Each jar is from a different part of the West Coast from Oregon to Santa Barbara. They’re being grown in water that reflects conditions in 2100, says Eric Sanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The issue we’re looking at is whether there might be genetic differences among different populations along the coast in their ability to cope with ocean acidification,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFinding Genetic Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found they have lucky genes,” says Steve Palumbi, biology professor at Stanford University who is also working on the OMEGAS project. He studied populations of another shelled animal on the West Coast - sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of genes like a set of tools, he says. “If you happen to have bad plumbing, you will have more plumbing tools in your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been lots of plumbing problems on the West Coast, so to speak, in the form of acidic water. “And so all these populations, urchins anyway, have had to get the toolset to deal with it,” says Palumbi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper still in review, Palumbi says they found a segment of the urchin population that had around 100 genes that make them better adapted to more acidic water. That makes them more likely to survive and reproduce. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcDqULXDOE&feature=share&list=UUbf-eynjiFxUKGLFMt8KNoQ\">Check out this microdoc video\u003c/a> for more on their research).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is good news,” he says, “because these organisms have the capacity to deal with more acidification. But it’s not good news forever because all it does is give us a little breathing room. The trouble is right now, the rate at which the ocean is acidifying is way faster than it ever has before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organisms will evolve, he says, but probably not fast enough to keep up. In the meantime, Palumbi and other scientists are mapping where the genetically resilient mussels and urchins are on the West Coast, so policymakers can look at protecting them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44973\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/bernt_notke_danse_macabre/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44973\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre.jpg\" alt=\"Bernt Notke's Danse Macabre\" title=\"Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44973\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bernt Notke's Danse Macabre\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first sniffles of flu season are upon us: a friend of mine was struck down, and couldn't join me in attending a science dialogue on Sunday night. This was darkly humorous, as the topic of the evening was pandemics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Provocatively titled \"\u003ca href=\"http://wonderfest.org/most-effective-bioterrorist/\" title=\"Wonderfest - Bioterrorism\">Is Nature or Man the Most Effective Bioterrorist?\u003c/a>\", the free event was co-hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://wonderfest.org/\" title=\"wonderfest\">Wonderfest\u003c/a> (The Bay Area Beacon of Science) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.askascientistsf.com/\" title=\"Ask A Scientist SF\">Ask A Scientist\u003c/a> (a lecture series for curious humans). The speakers hailed from Stanford: two-time Nobel nominee \u003ca href=\"http://cmgm.stanford.edu/micro/fac/falkow.html\" title=\"Stanford - Falkow\">Stanley Falkow\u003c/a>, professor of microbiology and immunology, and \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/site/davidrelmanlab/people-2/david-relman\" title=\"David Relman\">David Relman\u003c/a>, professor of medicine and chair of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iom.edu/Activities/PublicHealth/MicrobialThreats.aspx\" title=\"Forum on Microbial Threats\">Forum on Microbial Threats\u003c/a> (really!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falkow opened by summarizing the natural history of human-microbe interactions, from chronic \"heritage diseases\" like herpes--with us since hunter-gatherer days--to acute \"crowd diseases\" like measles that cropped up (see what I did there?) when people began to settle in larger populations to farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 391px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/1918fluvictimsstlouis/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44970\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/1918FluVictimsStLouis-391x253.jpg\" alt=\"1918 flu victim and members of the American Red Cross\" title=\"1918FluVictimsStLouis\" width=\"391\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-44970\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1918 flu victim and members of the American Red Cross\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Human history has seen some pretty scary pandemics, from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death\" title=\"Black Death - Wikipedia\">Black Death\u003c/a> in Europe to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Human_history\" title=\"Smallpox - Wikipedia\">smallpox in the New World\u003c/a>. But we survived long enough to invent vaccines and antibiotics, and mortality due to infectious disease has plummeted. The \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic#Epidemiology\" title=\"2009 flu mortality - Wikipedia\">2009 flu pandemic\u003c/a> was a ghost of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic#Mortality\" title=\"Wikipedia - 1918 flu mortality\">1918\u003c/a>. Does nature even have a chance anymore of winning \"most effective bioterrorist\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might. We live in an ever more crowded, ever more connected world, and pathogens adapt to human behavior--right down to evolving antibiotic resistance. In 2007, says Falkow, \"I thought nature had done a hell of a good job, and it was going to be hard to beat.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he changed his mind when he realized that human genetic engineers can do something nature can't: keep the losers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound so worrisome, until you realize that hypervirulent pathogens are usually losers. If you kill your hosts off too quickly, you don't get a chance to multiply and spread, and you end up knocking yourself out of the gene pool. Some naturally occurring pathogens have actually evolved control genes that keep their infections mild. Curious scientists have knocked out these genes--and created deadly bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/h1n1_navbox/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44969\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/H1N1_navbox-386x253.jpg\" alt=\"H1N1 viruses\" title=\"H1N1_navbox\" width=\"386\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-44969\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aww, look at the cute little flu viruses! (photo by Cybercobra at en.wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that was even before all the recent excitement over H5N1, a.k.a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004522/\" title=\"Avian influenza - NIH\">bird flu\u003c/a>. H5N1 is surprisingly virulent in humans, with a 50-60% mortality rate--but you can't catch it from another human. You have to catch it from a bird. A couple of different scientists wondered if this virus could ever be capable of mammal-to-mammal transmission, and a bit of genetic engineering \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7403/full/nature10831.html\" title=\"Nature - H5N1\">provided\u003c/a> an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6088/1534.abstract\" title=\"Science - H5N1\">answer\u003c/a>: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relman presented their research with a kind of restrained horror. Are there some experiments, he asked, that simply shouldn't be done? If so, how do you keep people from doing them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulation is one choice. But Relman says, \"I think it's a lost cause--and counterproductive. [Regulation] makes it difficult to evolve and adapt to very fast-moving science.\" Falkow suggests that the real solution will come from improved dialogue between scientists and the public. \"I believe science has a contract with society,\" he says. \"It's a question of whether the public agrees their money should be invested and whether it's safe.\" Later, he added, \"I think one of the great failures of science is the inability to communicate with the public.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evening's discussion was certainly one step toward turning that failure into success.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44973\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/bernt_notke_danse_macabre/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44973\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre.jpg\" alt=\"Bernt Notke's Danse Macabre\" title=\"Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44973\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bernt Notke's Danse Macabre\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first sniffles of flu season are upon us: a friend of mine was struck down, and couldn't join me in attending a science dialogue on Sunday night. This was darkly humorous, as the topic of the evening was pandemics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Provocatively titled \"\u003ca href=\"http://wonderfest.org/most-effective-bioterrorist/\" title=\"Wonderfest - Bioterrorism\">Is Nature or Man the Most Effective Bioterrorist?\u003c/a>\", the free event was co-hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://wonderfest.org/\" title=\"wonderfest\">Wonderfest\u003c/a> (The Bay Area Beacon of Science) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.askascientistsf.com/\" title=\"Ask A Scientist SF\">Ask A Scientist\u003c/a> (a lecture series for curious humans). The speakers hailed from Stanford: two-time Nobel nominee \u003ca href=\"http://cmgm.stanford.edu/micro/fac/falkow.html\" title=\"Stanford - Falkow\">Stanley Falkow\u003c/a>, professor of microbiology and immunology, and \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/site/davidrelmanlab/people-2/david-relman\" title=\"David Relman\">David Relman\u003c/a>, professor of medicine and chair of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iom.edu/Activities/PublicHealth/MicrobialThreats.aspx\" title=\"Forum on Microbial Threats\">Forum on Microbial Threats\u003c/a> (really!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falkow opened by summarizing the natural history of human-microbe interactions, from chronic \"heritage diseases\" like herpes--with us since hunter-gatherer days--to acute \"crowd diseases\" like measles that cropped up (see what I did there?) when people began to settle in larger populations to farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 391px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/1918fluvictimsstlouis/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44970\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/1918FluVictimsStLouis-391x253.jpg\" alt=\"1918 flu victim and members of the American Red Cross\" title=\"1918FluVictimsStLouis\" width=\"391\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-44970\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1918 flu victim and members of the American Red Cross\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Human history has seen some pretty scary pandemics, from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death\" title=\"Black Death - Wikipedia\">Black Death\u003c/a> in Europe to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Human_history\" title=\"Smallpox - Wikipedia\">smallpox in the New World\u003c/a>. But we survived long enough to invent vaccines and antibiotics, and mortality due to infectious disease has plummeted. The \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic#Epidemiology\" title=\"2009 flu mortality - Wikipedia\">2009 flu pandemic\u003c/a> was a ghost of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic#Mortality\" title=\"Wikipedia - 1918 flu mortality\">1918\u003c/a>. Does nature even have a chance anymore of winning \"most effective bioterrorist\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might. We live in an ever more crowded, ever more connected world, and pathogens adapt to human behavior--right down to evolving antibiotic resistance. In 2007, says Falkow, \"I thought nature had done a hell of a good job, and it was going to be hard to beat.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he changed his mind when he realized that human genetic engineers can do something nature can't: keep the losers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound so worrisome, until you realize that hypervirulent pathogens are usually losers. If you kill your hosts off too quickly, you don't get a chance to multiply and spread, and you end up knocking yourself out of the gene pool. Some naturally occurring pathogens have actually evolved control genes that keep their infections mild. Curious scientists have knocked out these genes--and created deadly bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/h1n1_navbox/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44969\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/H1N1_navbox-386x253.jpg\" alt=\"H1N1 viruses\" title=\"H1N1_navbox\" width=\"386\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-44969\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aww, look at the cute little flu viruses! (photo by Cybercobra at en.wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that was even before all the recent excitement over H5N1, a.k.a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004522/\" title=\"Avian influenza - NIH\">bird flu\u003c/a>. H5N1 is surprisingly virulent in humans, with a 50-60% mortality rate--but you can't catch it from another human. You have to catch it from a bird. A couple of different scientists wondered if this virus could ever be capable of mammal-to-mammal transmission, and a bit of genetic engineering \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7403/full/nature10831.html\" title=\"Nature - H5N1\">provided\u003c/a> an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6088/1534.abstract\" title=\"Science - H5N1\">answer\u003c/a>: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relman presented their research with a kind of restrained horror. Are there some experiments, he asked, that simply shouldn't be done? If so, how do you keep people from doing them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulation is one choice. But Relman says, \"I think it's a lost cause--and counterproductive. [Regulation] makes it difficult to evolve and adapt to very fast-moving science.\" Falkow suggests that the real solution will come from improved dialogue between scientists and the public. \"I believe science has a contract with society,\" he says. \"It's a question of whether the public agrees their money should be invested and whether it's safe.\" Later, he added, \"I think one of the great failures of science is the inability to communicate with the public.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evening's discussion was certainly one step toward turning that failure into success.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44240\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/oasis/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44240\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44240\" title=\"Oasis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis-400x227.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genes are not embedded in a vast expanse of junk DNA. Over 80% of our DNA appears to be doing something, somewhere, some time.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/full/489052a.html\">research\u003c/a> is making us rethink how our DNA works. Again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a barren landscape dotted with the occasional gene, we now have a lush forest dotted with the occasional gene. This is the next step in our continuing evolution away from the idea that genes determine who we are to the determining factor being how we use the genes we have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new work from the ENCODE projects suggests that over 80% of our DNA is doing something even though only about 2% is genes. A lot of that something appears to be controlling when genes are turned on and to what level. At least that is what we think now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows what our new understanding will be once we come up with new ways to investigate what is going on in our DNA. And once we come up with the right questions to ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44245\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/bacteria/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44245\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44245\" title=\"bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/bacteria.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"168\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not surprisingly, we use our DNA differently than a bacterium uses its DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 1.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the beginning, there were genes. From work mostly in bacteria, scientists believed that these pieces of DNA were the key to who we were. And that what made us more complex than a bacterium or a water bug was that we had more genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This wasn’t crazy or anything. Given what they knew, genes seemed like the obvious candidates for making us who we are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, genes are just the instructions for proteins and proteins are the molecules that do the heavy lifting in our cells. The idea was that more complex creatures would do more things and so would need more proteins and so have more genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists figured we’d be a bit like the bacteria they were studying. The thinking was that since by and large bacterial genomes are mostly genes, ours should be too. But once we managed to develop the technology to sequence the human genome, we saw that we don’t resemble bacteria nearly as much as we thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists sequenced the human genome. To everyone’s surprise there were only something like 20,000 – 25,000 genes. Most scientists expected 100,000 or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44246\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/waterflea/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44246\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44246\" title=\"waterFlea\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea.jpg 250w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">She has more genes than you do.\u003cbr>Courtesy PLOS Genetics.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The genome appeared to be long stretches of not-genes interspersed with the occasional gene. Given our still \u003cem>gene-ocentric\u003c/em> way of thinking, we called all the DNA that wasn’t a gene “junk” DNA. We figured it was the flotsam and jetsam of billions of years of evolution cluttering up our genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more and more organisms were sequenced, scientists kept getting the same result. Ten to thirty thousand genes spread across vast stretches of what looked like junk DNA. And to make matters worse, gene number didn’t appear to relate to complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a water flea has around \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/earth/winner-for-largest-number-of-genes-in-any-animal-known-so-far-a-water-flea\">8,000 more genes than you do\u003c/a>. A mouse, roundworm and a flowering plant called \u003cem>Arabadopsis \u003c/em>has the same number as you. At least a fruit fly only has 14,000 or so! Clearly there isn’t a lot of correlation between complexity and gene number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current theory for what is going on is that the key factor in making us complex is how we use the genes we have. A mouse uses its 23,000 genes one way, roundworms another and humans a third way. Or more accurately, each uses its genes in lots of different ways depending on cell type, DNA sequence, environment and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project appears to support this idea and to show that a lot of that junk DNA is actually involved in controlling genes. One man’s junk is another man’s treasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 3.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project set out to figure out how genes are controlled. They focused on proteins called transcription factors (TFs) because scientists already had a pretty good handle on how these things work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/tbp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44251\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44251\" title=\"TBP\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/TBP.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transcription factors like this one are proteins that bind DNA and control how much a gene is turned on.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TFs stick to certain bits of DNA and control genes from there. So one might like the DNA sequence AAGCTT and another might like TATAAA. Each TF then sticks to any of its preferred sites that are accessible and the level of gene expression is determined by which factors are bound where for how long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project found way more of these TF binding sites than they thought they would. And while they matched up half a million to nearby genes, this still left millions that were without a gene. They are almost certainly controlling genes, we just don’t yet understand how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way they are probably controlling genes is through some sort of long distance control. Scientists already knew of many cases where DNA far from a gene can influence its expression. (And when I say far, I mean far. Our chromosome 1 is over 3 inches long on its own. That is massive in the microscopic world. If the nucleus where the DNA is stored was the size of a baseball, the DNA of chromsome 1 would be over 100 miles long. That is quite a bat!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way this long distance control is thought to happen has to do with the fact that this long molecule isn’t stretched out. Instead it is packaged in an ordered clump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So even though those TFs I talked about are arranged along these long molecules sort of like beads on a string, pieces that are far away on the DNA can be close in 3D space. Members of the ENCODE project identified and analyzed over 1000 of these DNA loops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to influence gene expression is by affecting the accessibility of the TF binding sites on the DNA. If a site is hidden, it can’t be bound by a TF and so can’t affect any genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accessibility is controlled by that packaging (chromatin) I talked about earlier. Some DNA is in parts of the clump that the TFs can get to and some isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44269\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 100px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/chromatin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44269\" title=\"chromatin\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/chromatin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"246\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">TFs have to get to the DNA to have an effect.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another ENCODE group determined how the pattern of accessibility is different in different cell types and firmed up the idea that TF binding can be like an avalanche. One TF binds which opens the DNA up allowing more to bind which opens up more DNA and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its many contributions, the ENCODE data provides us with the start of a cataloging of what parts of our DNA are important and, to a lesser extent, which parts interact with each other. This data is already starting to bear fruit in that it is providing us with clues to how certain genetic differences can affect a person’s chances for developing genetic diseases. In particular, certain findings with regard to Crohn’s disease are becoming more understandable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results I’ve described so far aren’t really a paradigm shift except in terms of the percentage of DNA being used. It is things any molecular biologist knew before just spread out over more of our DNA and described in much more detail. This is not true of all of the results though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another big finding of the ENCODE project is that over 75% of our DNA is copied into RNA in one cell or another. This was unexpected and might one day push us to \u003cem>Genome 4.0\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may remember that genes are copied into RNA before they are translated into proteins. Given that only 2% of our DNA is genes, all this RNA is not being translated into proteins. Which given what we’ve learned over the past few years, isn’t unexpected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had been finding lots of different RNAs involved in, you guessed it, controlling gene expression levels. But no one expected there was this much untranslated RNA. There is so much of it that it is unlikely it is all contributing to controlling genes in the ways we’ve identified so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, there are still lots of things to find out and when they figure out what this RNA is doing, we’ll learn more about our genomes. And I can’t wait to see what else they find as they’re figuring it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://modencode.sciencemag.org\">An educational site about the related modENCODE project (still at the beta stage)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "New research is making us rethink how our DNA works - again.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44240\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/oasis/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44240\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44240\" title=\"Oasis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis-400x227.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genes are not embedded in a vast expanse of junk DNA. Over 80% of our DNA appears to be doing something, somewhere, some time.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/full/489052a.html\">research\u003c/a> is making us rethink how our DNA works. Again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a barren landscape dotted with the occasional gene, we now have a lush forest dotted with the occasional gene. This is the next step in our continuing evolution away from the idea that genes determine who we are to the determining factor being how we use the genes we have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new work from the ENCODE projects suggests that over 80% of our DNA is doing something even though only about 2% is genes. A lot of that something appears to be controlling when genes are turned on and to what level. At least that is what we think now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows what our new understanding will be once we come up with new ways to investigate what is going on in our DNA. And once we come up with the right questions to ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44245\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/bacteria/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44245\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44245\" title=\"bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/bacteria.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"168\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not surprisingly, we use our DNA differently than a bacterium uses its DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 1.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the beginning, there were genes. From work mostly in bacteria, scientists believed that these pieces of DNA were the key to who we were. And that what made us more complex than a bacterium or a water bug was that we had more genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This wasn’t crazy or anything. Given what they knew, genes seemed like the obvious candidates for making us who we are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, genes are just the instructions for proteins and proteins are the molecules that do the heavy lifting in our cells. The idea was that more complex creatures would do more things and so would need more proteins and so have more genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists figured we’d be a bit like the bacteria they were studying. The thinking was that since by and large bacterial genomes are mostly genes, ours should be too. But once we managed to develop the technology to sequence the human genome, we saw that we don’t resemble bacteria nearly as much as we thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists sequenced the human genome. To everyone’s surprise there were only something like 20,000 – 25,000 genes. Most scientists expected 100,000 or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44246\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/waterflea/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44246\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44246\" title=\"waterFlea\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea.jpg 250w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">She has more genes than you do.\u003cbr>Courtesy PLOS Genetics.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The genome appeared to be long stretches of not-genes interspersed with the occasional gene. Given our still \u003cem>gene-ocentric\u003c/em> way of thinking, we called all the DNA that wasn’t a gene “junk” DNA. We figured it was the flotsam and jetsam of billions of years of evolution cluttering up our genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more and more organisms were sequenced, scientists kept getting the same result. Ten to thirty thousand genes spread across vast stretches of what looked like junk DNA. And to make matters worse, gene number didn’t appear to relate to complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a water flea has around \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/earth/winner-for-largest-number-of-genes-in-any-animal-known-so-far-a-water-flea\">8,000 more genes than you do\u003c/a>. A mouse, roundworm and a flowering plant called \u003cem>Arabadopsis \u003c/em>has the same number as you. At least a fruit fly only has 14,000 or so! Clearly there isn’t a lot of correlation between complexity and gene number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current theory for what is going on is that the key factor in making us complex is how we use the genes we have. A mouse uses its 23,000 genes one way, roundworms another and humans a third way. Or more accurately, each uses its genes in lots of different ways depending on cell type, DNA sequence, environment and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project appears to support this idea and to show that a lot of that junk DNA is actually involved in controlling genes. One man’s junk is another man’s treasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 3.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project set out to figure out how genes are controlled. They focused on proteins called transcription factors (TFs) because scientists already had a pretty good handle on how these things work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/tbp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44251\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44251\" title=\"TBP\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/TBP.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transcription factors like this one are proteins that bind DNA and control how much a gene is turned on.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TFs stick to certain bits of DNA and control genes from there. So one might like the DNA sequence AAGCTT and another might like TATAAA. Each TF then sticks to any of its preferred sites that are accessible and the level of gene expression is determined by which factors are bound where for how long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project found way more of these TF binding sites than they thought they would. And while they matched up half a million to nearby genes, this still left millions that were without a gene. They are almost certainly controlling genes, we just don’t yet understand how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way they are probably controlling genes is through some sort of long distance control. Scientists already knew of many cases where DNA far from a gene can influence its expression. (And when I say far, I mean far. Our chromosome 1 is over 3 inches long on its own. That is massive in the microscopic world. If the nucleus where the DNA is stored was the size of a baseball, the DNA of chromsome 1 would be over 100 miles long. That is quite a bat!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way this long distance control is thought to happen has to do with the fact that this long molecule isn’t stretched out. Instead it is packaged in an ordered clump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So even though those TFs I talked about are arranged along these long molecules sort of like beads on a string, pieces that are far away on the DNA can be close in 3D space. Members of the ENCODE project identified and analyzed over 1000 of these DNA loops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to influence gene expression is by affecting the accessibility of the TF binding sites on the DNA. If a site is hidden, it can’t be bound by a TF and so can’t affect any genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accessibility is controlled by that packaging (chromatin) I talked about earlier. Some DNA is in parts of the clump that the TFs can get to and some isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44269\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 100px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/chromatin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44269\" title=\"chromatin\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/chromatin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"246\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">TFs have to get to the DNA to have an effect.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another ENCODE group determined how the pattern of accessibility is different in different cell types and firmed up the idea that TF binding can be like an avalanche. One TF binds which opens the DNA up allowing more to bind which opens up more DNA and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its many contributions, the ENCODE data provides us with the start of a cataloging of what parts of our DNA are important and, to a lesser extent, which parts interact with each other. This data is already starting to bear fruit in that it is providing us with clues to how certain genetic differences can affect a person’s chances for developing genetic diseases. In particular, certain findings with regard to Crohn’s disease are becoming more understandable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results I’ve described so far aren’t really a paradigm shift except in terms of the percentage of DNA being used. It is things any molecular biologist knew before just spread out over more of our DNA and described in much more detail. This is not true of all of the results though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another big finding of the ENCODE project is that over 75% of our DNA is copied into RNA in one cell or another. This was unexpected and might one day push us to \u003cem>Genome 4.0\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may remember that genes are copied into RNA before they are translated into proteins. Given that only 2% of our DNA is genes, all this RNA is not being translated into proteins. Which given what we’ve learned over the past few years, isn’t unexpected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had been finding lots of different RNAs involved in, you guessed it, controlling gene expression levels. But no one expected there was this much untranslated RNA. There is so much of it that it is unlikely it is all contributing to controlling genes in the ways we’ve identified so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, there are still lots of things to find out and when they figure out what this RNA is doing, we’ll learn more about our genomes. And I can’t wait to see what else they find as they’re figuring it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://modencode.sciencemag.org\">An educational site about the related modENCODE project (still at the beta stage)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Black Holes: Ultimate Trash Compactors of the Universe",
"title": "Black Holes: Ultimate Trash Compactors of the Universe",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/21/black-holes-ultimate-trash-compactors-of-the-universe/blackhole/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44489\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" title=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44489\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever hear the one \"Black holes are out of sight\"? Or how about, \"Two protons walk into a black hole\" (end of joke)? How about the definition, \"Black holes are what you get in black socks\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All joking aside (though I may not hold myself to that), the black hole has been deeply entrenched in human imagination as well as popular culture for about as long as it has been an idea, theory, or studied object in science. The first scientific ideas on regions of gravity so strong that light cannot escape were kicked about in the 18th Century. In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild brought the idea into the realm of mathematics, and almost 50 years after that the first observational evidence for the existence of a black hole was discovered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1964, a rocket-born probe peaking at space from just outside of Earth's atmosphere detected intense X-ray emissions coming from a spot in the constellation Cygnus. Designated Cygnus X-1, this location earned the distinction of being the first probable detection a black hole. The X-rays were explained as coming from the gases of a nearby companion star being pulled off and swallowed up, heating up to a searing X-ray glow before disappearing into the black hole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This indirect detection of the black hole's theorized presence set the character for future detections of black holes. Since light cannot escape from such a beast, we cannot see the black hole directly but must infer its presence through the effects on its surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone once likened a black hole to the Cheshire Cat from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: the original star has vanished from sight, and all that is left is its grinning gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, a black hole like Cygnus X-1 is formed when a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, the core collapsing under its own powerful gravity and the outer shell blown away as a supernova explosion. The collapsing core crushes itself to a mere point in space that contains all of its mass—the ultimate in trash compactors. Infinitely dense and with such intense gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape from the region surrounding it, the \"singularity\" formed by the collapse becomes one of the most mind-warping and thought-twisting things in existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, many other black hole candidates have been detected. In the case of Cygnus X-1, observations have shown that it has a mass 14.8 times that of our Sun, and has a \"light trapping\" reach of about 16 miles—the black hole's \"event horizon.\" To all things--light, matter, and a heroic astronaut caught up in an epic science fiction adventure—the event horizon is the ultimate point of no return. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The equations that showed how an object like the Cygnus X-1 black hole could, or even should, exist in nature also told scientists something that really opened up the imagination: there should be no limit on the size, or mass, of a black hole. As difficult as it may be to imagine the mass of ten, twenty, or thirty Suns crushed to a point in space, the math promised that black holes with millions or even billions of solar masses could exist, which pointed scientists to the cores of galaxies, regions known to contain a lot of material from which such supermassive black holes might form. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is believed that the core of every major galaxy probably contains a supermassive black hole. Our own Milky Way is believed to contain a 4.3 million solar mass black hole at its core—and that's thought to be at the lower end in size for galactic supermassive black holes. The Milky Way's \"dark heart\" has been inferred from the motions of a number of stars in the galactic core, which have trajectories indicating that they are orbiting something quite massive (like, 4.3 million solar masses), yet unseen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, observations are showing us that black holes may be quite common in the Universe. Data from satellite observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20120829.html\" title=\"NASA WISE\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's WISE\u003c/a> spacecraft have shown the probable presence of millions of candidates. And soon we should be seeing the highest resolution X-ray results yet from NASA's recently launched \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/nustar/main/index.html\" title=\"NASA NuSTAR\" target=\"_blank\">NuSTAR \u003c/a>spacecraft. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nao.ac.jp/E/release/2012/07/20/seeds-of-massive-black-holes-found-at-the-center-of-the-milky-way-galaxy.html\" title=\"Intermediate Mass Black Holes\" target=\"_blank\">evidence for the existence of the long-sought \"Intermediate Mass Black Hole\"\u003c/a> (the Jan Bradys of black holes, maybe?)—objects with masses in the range of thousands or tens of thousands of solar masses--has been acquired, shedding even more light on this family of objects—the Black Hole Bunch. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we know with probable certainty: What happens in a black hole\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/21/black-holes-ultimate-trash-compactors-of-the-universe/blackhole/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44489\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" title=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44489\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever hear the one \"Black holes are out of sight\"? Or how about, \"Two protons walk into a black hole\" (end of joke)? How about the definition, \"Black holes are what you get in black socks\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All joking aside (though I may not hold myself to that), the black hole has been deeply entrenched in human imagination as well as popular culture for about as long as it has been an idea, theory, or studied object in science. The first scientific ideas on regions of gravity so strong that light cannot escape were kicked about in the 18th Century. In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild brought the idea into the realm of mathematics, and almost 50 years after that the first observational evidence for the existence of a black hole was discovered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1964, a rocket-born probe peaking at space from just outside of Earth's atmosphere detected intense X-ray emissions coming from a spot in the constellation Cygnus. Designated Cygnus X-1, this location earned the distinction of being the first probable detection a black hole. The X-rays were explained as coming from the gases of a nearby companion star being pulled off and swallowed up, heating up to a searing X-ray glow before disappearing into the black hole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This indirect detection of the black hole's theorized presence set the character for future detections of black holes. Since light cannot escape from such a beast, we cannot see the black hole directly but must infer its presence through the effects on its surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone once likened a black hole to the Cheshire Cat from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: the original star has vanished from sight, and all that is left is its grinning gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, a black hole like Cygnus X-1 is formed when a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, the core collapsing under its own powerful gravity and the outer shell blown away as a supernova explosion. The collapsing core crushes itself to a mere point in space that contains all of its mass—the ultimate in trash compactors. Infinitely dense and with such intense gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape from the region surrounding it, the \"singularity\" formed by the collapse becomes one of the most mind-warping and thought-twisting things in existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, many other black hole candidates have been detected. In the case of Cygnus X-1, observations have shown that it has a mass 14.8 times that of our Sun, and has a \"light trapping\" reach of about 16 miles—the black hole's \"event horizon.\" To all things--light, matter, and a heroic astronaut caught up in an epic science fiction adventure—the event horizon is the ultimate point of no return. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The equations that showed how an object like the Cygnus X-1 black hole could, or even should, exist in nature also told scientists something that really opened up the imagination: there should be no limit on the size, or mass, of a black hole. As difficult as it may be to imagine the mass of ten, twenty, or thirty Suns crushed to a point in space, the math promised that black holes with millions or even billions of solar masses could exist, which pointed scientists to the cores of galaxies, regions known to contain a lot of material from which such supermassive black holes might form. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is believed that the core of every major galaxy probably contains a supermassive black hole. Our own Milky Way is believed to contain a 4.3 million solar mass black hole at its core—and that's thought to be at the lower end in size for galactic supermassive black holes. The Milky Way's \"dark heart\" has been inferred from the motions of a number of stars in the galactic core, which have trajectories indicating that they are orbiting something quite massive (like, 4.3 million solar masses), yet unseen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, observations are showing us that black holes may be quite common in the Universe. Data from satellite observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20120829.html\" title=\"NASA WISE\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's WISE\u003c/a> spacecraft have shown the probable presence of millions of candidates. And soon we should be seeing the highest resolution X-ray results yet from NASA's recently launched \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/nustar/main/index.html\" title=\"NASA NuSTAR\" target=\"_blank\">NuSTAR \u003c/a>spacecraft. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nao.ac.jp/E/release/2012/07/20/seeds-of-massive-black-holes-found-at-the-center-of-the-milky-way-galaxy.html\" title=\"Intermediate Mass Black Holes\" target=\"_blank\">evidence for the existence of the long-sought \"Intermediate Mass Black Hole\"\u003c/a> (the Jan Bradys of black holes, maybe?)—objects with masses in the range of thousands or tens of thousands of solar masses--has been acquired, shedding even more light on this family of objects—the Black Hole Bunch. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we know with probable certainty: What happens in a black hole\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Culture Clash: Of Cats, Birds and Conservation",
"title": "Culture Clash: Of Cats, Birds and Conservation",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44120\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/kumatongue/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44120\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44120\" title=\"kuma\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/kumatongue.jpg\" alt=\"domestic house cat\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Domestic bliss: Born under a bush in Guerneville, this once feral cat now enjoys the comforts of home. Patience, dedication, and gentle handling can transform a frightened, suspicious feral cat into a trusting, loving companion. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We humans have an uneasy relationship with nature. Lest you doubt it, consider that the 1964 Wilderness Act defines wilderness as “an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion that people live apart from nature might explain our sometimes skewed views of wildlife—Americans keep as many as \u003ca href=\"http://bigcatrescue.org/2012/big-cats-and-public-safety-protection-hr-4122\">20,000 tigers, cheetahs, and other big cats\u003c/a> as pets—and our seemingly unique capacity for \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/too_many_people_too_much_consumption/2041/\">destroying natural resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By recent estimates, we’re using resources 50 percent faster than they can recover. Despite mounting evidence linking human well-being to healthy ecosystems, we seem constitutionally \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000330\">incapable of changing our behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation biologists try to inspire people to act in environmentally-friendly ways, but often inspire emotional confrontations instead. That’s why some biologists are looking to social psychologists for advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conservation Psychology\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s no surprise that conflicts arise when two groups view the facts of a situation through a different lens. But the hope is that understanding the social roots of conservation conflicts—how people’s values and beliefs shape their behavior—will suggest strategies for resolving them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044616\">study published earlier this month\u003c/a> researchers led by Nils Peterson at North Carolina State University applied this approach to a particularly contentious issue: feral cats and their impacts on birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feral cats are simply house cats that, without the care and love of an owner, behave like a wild animal. And it’s hard to imagine a group more emotionally invested in an issue than the women who take care of feral cats. (I should know. I once looked after a mini-colony in the backyard of my Sunset District rental.) As several studies show, cat colony caretakers tend to be women, many of whom also have tame cats at home, see their feral charges as pets, and often cite sympathy, ethical concerns, and \u003ca href=\"http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.2002.220.1627?journalCode=javma\">love of animals as their main motivators\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/rsgranne_-_cats_cats_cats_arrow_rock_missouri_20050703_03_by-sa/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44296\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44296\" title=\"Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats!_(Arrow_Rock,_Missouri,_20050703)_03_(by-sa)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats_Arrow_Rock_Missouri_20050703_03_by-sa-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"feral cat colony\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This feral cat colony lives in an Arrow Rock, Missouri, backyard and neighboring grounds. (Photo: Scott Granneman, St. Louis, MO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No one knows how many feral cats live in the U.S., though the American Veterinary Medical Association suspects the number rivals that of cats living as pets, estimated at 86 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By most accounts, feral cats face a miserable life. \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1399.pdf\">One study looking at reproductive rates\u003c/a> in feral cats found that 75% of kittens died or disappeared within six months. Most were either run over by cars or killed by stray dogs. Feral cats have twice the rate of FIV of house cats and significantly higher rates of bacterial and parasitic infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s understandable why kind-hearted people take care of cats left to fend for themselves. Unfortunately, these natural-born killers are doing what comes naturally. And wildlife populations, including species common and rare, are paying for our good intentions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study after study documents the toll feral cats take on wildlife. Most experts think the \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1377.pdf\">cats kill hundreds of millions\u003c/a> of native birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish in the U.S. each year. Wildlife rehabilitation specialists at Walnut Creek’s Lindsey Museum handled more than 1,000 birds with cat-related injuries in 2003 alone. Of course, no one knows how many birds died in backyards or wound up in cats’ bellies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some advocates say feeding cats controls their predatory instincts, but the evidence suggests otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.tws-west.org/transactions/Hawkins%20Grant%20Longnecker.pdf\">A 1999 study of two East Bay parks\u003c/a> found that in sites with regularly fed cat colonies, “native birds were markedly less abundant and less likely to nest, and ground-foraging species such as California quail and thrasher were entirely absent.” Feral cats also endanger native raptors by depleting their prey base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polarized Views\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAgainst this background, Peterson and his team polled 338 cat colony caretakers and 239 bird conservation professionals (from the Audubon Society, American Bird Conservancy, and similar groups) about their views of feral felines, the cats’ impacts on wildlife, and strategies to control their populations. Many feral cat advocates promote the use of trap-neuter-and-return programs to control colonies, though studies fail to support their effectiveness. That’s probably partly because people abandon their animals faster than caretakers can sterilize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the two groups held opposite views on nearly every question. “Bird people” viewed feral cats as “pests” and considered “euthanasia” an appropriate management strategy. Just 20% of “cat people” thought feral cats endanger native birds and just 6% thought feral cats carry disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/africanwildcat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44109\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44109\" title=\"AfricanWildCat\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/AfricanWildCat-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"African wildcat\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetic studies trace the origins of the house cat to at least five wildcat species (\u003cem>Felis silvestris\u003c/em>), originating in the Near East. The African Wild Cat (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), above, is the house cat's most recent ancestor in the history of domestication. (Photo: Sonelle, Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the record, feral cats can transmit rabies and numerous other diseases to wildlife, either indirectly—for example, when feces-borne parasites enter the watershed and infect otters and other marine life—or directly, by spreading FIV to mountain lions and critically endangered Florida panthers who prey on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A surprising 59% of caretakers thought feral cats play a natural role as predators. That was true \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/suppl.1/9971.full\">for their progenitors, Near East wildcats\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), which started hanging around farmers and their rodent-infested grain silos in the Fertile Crescent some 10,000 years ago. (Experts think, given the cat's notorious independent nature, domestication happened as cats adopted people rather than vice versa.) But domestication released these felines from the constraints of natural selection and paved the way for a new species, \u003cem>Felis catus\u003c/em>, thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Path to Compromise\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith little common ground between bird people and cat lovers, whose positions are so tied to personal views of the problem, public education campaigns probably won’t work, the researchers say. Feral cat advocates care passionately about the welfare of individual cats while bird conservation workers (and wildlife biologists) care about the long-term prospects of wildlife populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44135\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/injuredphoebe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44135\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44135\" title=\"injuredphoebe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/injuredphoebe-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"kitty cam and injured bird\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"kitty cam\" outfitted on a house cat as part of a research project shows an injured phoebe. Sixty pet cats in Athens-Clarke County, Georgia, wore cameras for 7 to 10 days on their outdoor adventures. The research is a joint project of the University of Georgia and National Geographic. (Photo: University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What might help is engaging cat caretakers in research on feral cat behavior—it’s hard to deny what you see with our own eyes—as well as in programs to protect wildlife. Plus, as other studies show, the best solutions will likely be site specific. Where birds and other wildlife populations are in decline, a more aggressive control strategy might be called for. But in healthier ecosystems or areas that harbor smaller colonies, trap-neuter-and-return might be a reasonable solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some think an even better solution might be housing cats in enclosed sanctuaries, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.belleglensanctuary.com/\">Belleglen Sanctuary in Chico\u003c/a>, which protects wildlife while keeping feral cats safe from disease and injury. But such shelters \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=54039&root=54039\">quickly fill to capacity.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the survey found highly polarized opinions, it also showed that both groups share a love of animals—many “bird people” owned cats and many “cat people” said they love birds too. What’s more, caretakers were optimistic that they could work with biologists to find better ways to manage feral cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/state\">one in eight bird species threatened with extinction\u003c/a>, this is an opportunity for collaboration we can’t afford to squander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one thing no one disputes. The kind souls who take care of feral cats didn’t create the problem. People who abandon the animals that depend on them did. It’s illegal to abandon your pet in most states, including California, but enforcement is notoriously difficult. Clearly, we need new strategies to stop this cruel and inhumane behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the cats I’ve ever adopted were once stray or feral. It takes time, effort, and patience to socialize a feral cat, but there’s nothing like watching mistrust turn to affection. I love to watch the vestigial gestures of wild felids in my house cats, but I know they didn’t evolve as natural predators on the American landscape. They depend on us for food, shelter, and safety. Animal shelters take in 6 million to 8 million cats and dogs each year and euthanize about half of them. We have an ethical duty to take better care of our animals—domesticated and wild—and learn to tell the difference.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Feral cats threaten native wildlife, from reptiles to birds, and often lead a miserable life. By better understanding the concerns of cat colony caretakers, wildlife biologists hope to find enough common ground to benefit both cats and wildlife.",
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"description": "Feral cats threaten native wildlife, from reptiles to birds, and often lead a miserable life. By better understanding the concerns of cat colony caretakers, wildlife biologists hope to find enough common ground to benefit both cats and wildlife.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44120\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/kumatongue/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44120\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44120\" title=\"kuma\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/kumatongue.jpg\" alt=\"domestic house cat\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Domestic bliss: Born under a bush in Guerneville, this once feral cat now enjoys the comforts of home. Patience, dedication, and gentle handling can transform a frightened, suspicious feral cat into a trusting, loving companion. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We humans have an uneasy relationship with nature. Lest you doubt it, consider that the 1964 Wilderness Act defines wilderness as “an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion that people live apart from nature might explain our sometimes skewed views of wildlife—Americans keep as many as \u003ca href=\"http://bigcatrescue.org/2012/big-cats-and-public-safety-protection-hr-4122\">20,000 tigers, cheetahs, and other big cats\u003c/a> as pets—and our seemingly unique capacity for \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/too_many_people_too_much_consumption/2041/\">destroying natural resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By recent estimates, we’re using resources 50 percent faster than they can recover. Despite mounting evidence linking human well-being to healthy ecosystems, we seem constitutionally \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000330\">incapable of changing our behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation biologists try to inspire people to act in environmentally-friendly ways, but often inspire emotional confrontations instead. That’s why some biologists are looking to social psychologists for advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conservation Psychology\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s no surprise that conflicts arise when two groups view the facts of a situation through a different lens. But the hope is that understanding the social roots of conservation conflicts—how people’s values and beliefs shape their behavior—will suggest strategies for resolving them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044616\">study published earlier this month\u003c/a> researchers led by Nils Peterson at North Carolina State University applied this approach to a particularly contentious issue: feral cats and their impacts on birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feral cats are simply house cats that, without the care and love of an owner, behave like a wild animal. And it’s hard to imagine a group more emotionally invested in an issue than the women who take care of feral cats. (I should know. I once looked after a mini-colony in the backyard of my Sunset District rental.) As several studies show, cat colony caretakers tend to be women, many of whom also have tame cats at home, see their feral charges as pets, and often cite sympathy, ethical concerns, and \u003ca href=\"http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.2002.220.1627?journalCode=javma\">love of animals as their main motivators\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/rsgranne_-_cats_cats_cats_arrow_rock_missouri_20050703_03_by-sa/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44296\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44296\" title=\"Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats!_(Arrow_Rock,_Missouri,_20050703)_03_(by-sa)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats_Arrow_Rock_Missouri_20050703_03_by-sa-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"feral cat colony\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This feral cat colony lives in an Arrow Rock, Missouri, backyard and neighboring grounds. (Photo: Scott Granneman, St. Louis, MO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No one knows how many feral cats live in the U.S., though the American Veterinary Medical Association suspects the number rivals that of cats living as pets, estimated at 86 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By most accounts, feral cats face a miserable life. \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1399.pdf\">One study looking at reproductive rates\u003c/a> in feral cats found that 75% of kittens died or disappeared within six months. Most were either run over by cars or killed by stray dogs. Feral cats have twice the rate of FIV of house cats and significantly higher rates of bacterial and parasitic infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s understandable why kind-hearted people take care of cats left to fend for themselves. Unfortunately, these natural-born killers are doing what comes naturally. And wildlife populations, including species common and rare, are paying for our good intentions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study after study documents the toll feral cats take on wildlife. Most experts think the \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1377.pdf\">cats kill hundreds of millions\u003c/a> of native birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish in the U.S. each year. Wildlife rehabilitation specialists at Walnut Creek’s Lindsey Museum handled more than 1,000 birds with cat-related injuries in 2003 alone. Of course, no one knows how many birds died in backyards or wound up in cats’ bellies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some advocates say feeding cats controls their predatory instincts, but the evidence suggests otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.tws-west.org/transactions/Hawkins%20Grant%20Longnecker.pdf\">A 1999 study of two East Bay parks\u003c/a> found that in sites with regularly fed cat colonies, “native birds were markedly less abundant and less likely to nest, and ground-foraging species such as California quail and thrasher were entirely absent.” Feral cats also endanger native raptors by depleting their prey base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polarized Views\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAgainst this background, Peterson and his team polled 338 cat colony caretakers and 239 bird conservation professionals (from the Audubon Society, American Bird Conservancy, and similar groups) about their views of feral felines, the cats’ impacts on wildlife, and strategies to control their populations. Many feral cat advocates promote the use of trap-neuter-and-return programs to control colonies, though studies fail to support their effectiveness. That’s probably partly because people abandon their animals faster than caretakers can sterilize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the two groups held opposite views on nearly every question. “Bird people” viewed feral cats as “pests” and considered “euthanasia” an appropriate management strategy. Just 20% of “cat people” thought feral cats endanger native birds and just 6% thought feral cats carry disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/africanwildcat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44109\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44109\" title=\"AfricanWildCat\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/AfricanWildCat-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"African wildcat\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetic studies trace the origins of the house cat to at least five wildcat species (\u003cem>Felis silvestris\u003c/em>), originating in the Near East. The African Wild Cat (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), above, is the house cat's most recent ancestor in the history of domestication. (Photo: Sonelle, Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the record, feral cats can transmit rabies and numerous other diseases to wildlife, either indirectly—for example, when feces-borne parasites enter the watershed and infect otters and other marine life—or directly, by spreading FIV to mountain lions and critically endangered Florida panthers who prey on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A surprising 59% of caretakers thought feral cats play a natural role as predators. That was true \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/suppl.1/9971.full\">for their progenitors, Near East wildcats\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), which started hanging around farmers and their rodent-infested grain silos in the Fertile Crescent some 10,000 years ago. (Experts think, given the cat's notorious independent nature, domestication happened as cats adopted people rather than vice versa.) But domestication released these felines from the constraints of natural selection and paved the way for a new species, \u003cem>Felis catus\u003c/em>, thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Path to Compromise\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith little common ground between bird people and cat lovers, whose positions are so tied to personal views of the problem, public education campaigns probably won’t work, the researchers say. Feral cat advocates care passionately about the welfare of individual cats while bird conservation workers (and wildlife biologists) care about the long-term prospects of wildlife populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44135\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/injuredphoebe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44135\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44135\" title=\"injuredphoebe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/injuredphoebe-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"kitty cam and injured bird\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"kitty cam\" outfitted on a house cat as part of a research project shows an injured phoebe. Sixty pet cats in Athens-Clarke County, Georgia, wore cameras for 7 to 10 days on their outdoor adventures. The research is a joint project of the University of Georgia and National Geographic. (Photo: University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What might help is engaging cat caretakers in research on feral cat behavior—it’s hard to deny what you see with our own eyes—as well as in programs to protect wildlife. Plus, as other studies show, the best solutions will likely be site specific. Where birds and other wildlife populations are in decline, a more aggressive control strategy might be called for. But in healthier ecosystems or areas that harbor smaller colonies, trap-neuter-and-return might be a reasonable solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some think an even better solution might be housing cats in enclosed sanctuaries, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.belleglensanctuary.com/\">Belleglen Sanctuary in Chico\u003c/a>, which protects wildlife while keeping feral cats safe from disease and injury. But such shelters \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=54039&root=54039\">quickly fill to capacity.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the survey found highly polarized opinions, it also showed that both groups share a love of animals—many “bird people” owned cats and many “cat people” said they love birds too. What’s more, caretakers were optimistic that they could work with biologists to find better ways to manage feral cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/state\">one in eight bird species threatened with extinction\u003c/a>, this is an opportunity for collaboration we can’t afford to squander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one thing no one disputes. The kind souls who take care of feral cats didn’t create the problem. People who abandon the animals that depend on them did. It’s illegal to abandon your pet in most states, including California, but enforcement is notoriously difficult. Clearly, we need new strategies to stop this cruel and inhumane behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the cats I’ve ever adopted were once stray or feral. It takes time, effort, and patience to socialize a feral cat, but there’s nothing like watching mistrust turn to affection. I love to watch the vestigial gestures of wild felids in my house cats, but I know they didn’t evolve as natural predators on the American landscape. They depend on us for food, shelter, and safety. Animal shelters take in 6 million to 8 million cats and dogs each year and euthanize about half of them. We have an ethical duty to take better care of our animals—domesticated and wild—and learn to tell the difference.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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