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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/marsrover.jpg\">\u003cem>Forward camera view from Opportunity as the rover attempts to\u003cbr>climb up a slope toward the wall of Victoria Crater.\u003cbr>Photo by NASA/MER/Opportunity.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Is there life on Mars? Well, that investigation is still ongoing--but from a cybernetic perspective, the surface of Mars is literally crawling with it: in the form of robots!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years after their planned three-month tour of duty began, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/spotlight/\">Mars Exploration Rovers\u003c/a> (MER) Spirit and Opportunity roll doggedly on like a pair of aged, dusty desert prospectors looking for gold. In this case the \"gold\" is evidence for past water on Mars, and signs of that seem to abound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What sparked this blog for me was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080826-mars-rover-climb.html\">announcement\u003c/a> of the plan to send Opportunity out of the depths of Victoria Crater, the half-mile impact crater that the rover has been exploring for almost a year now. Last September, when it was decided to send Opportunity into Victoria to get a close-up view of the sedimentary rock layers exposed in the crater walls, there was a lot of talk about this expedition possibly being the rover's last--it almost sounded like the robot was being sent into its own grave, its final resting place on Mars. After all, the rover had already operated ten times longer than what it was designed for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did Opportunity's year-long sojourn yield? By examining the multitude of exposed sedimentary layers, it is believed that those layers were probably originally laid down by wind (not a surprise on Mars, which even today is a world of wind-blown dust: dust devils, sand dunes, planet-wide dust storms). But there are also clues written in the rocks that the layers of sediment have been modified by the action of water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One particular thing Opportunity has discovered are rock features dubbed \"\u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/spotlight/20080416_Opportunity.html\">fins\u003c/a>.\" These fins are raised edges around rock boundaries that are rich in the mineral hematite--a mineral that often forms in the presence of water. Opportunity found hematite on Mars early in its exploration, which supports the speculation that at least that rover’s region on Mars (Meridiani Planum) may have harbored at least shallow and intermittent bodies of water in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"fins\" may have been formed when water dissolved away areas of sediment and then \"filled in the holes\" with deposited minerals--forming a kind of \"fossil\" of what was once an empty space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I lived in Northern Arizona, I remember driving across the plains east of Flagstaff and finding long, wide ridges of what looked like sandstone, snaking across the dusty desert like enormous gopher trails. I learned that these were the fossil remnants of what were stream beds: the streams formed deposits of sand and mud in their bed, which over time hardened into sandstone and mudstone. Later, the softer surrounding soils and sands eroded away, leaving the hardened stream beds as raised ridges of rock--dry evidence in a dry desert of past liquid water action. Though this is not the same process that formed the fins on Mars, it is analogous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now Opportunity's mission in Victoria Crater is done, and NASA is making plans to have the robot crawl back up the slope and exit the crater at the same place it entered last September. It will continue its mission by examining \"cobbles\"--small, loose stones on the surrounding planes, some of which were probably ejected by meteorite impacts in Mars' distant past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spirit, on the other side of the planet in Gusev Crater, is also still alive, and is making ready to do a bit more roving after a Martian winter of relative inactivity. With one of its six wheels no longer functioning, Spirit will limp along and continue prospecting--next stop: some white, silica-rich material that may have formed in hot water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/marsrover.jpg\">\u003cem>Forward camera view from Opportunity as the rover attempts to\u003cbr>climb up a slope toward the wall of Victoria Crater.\u003cbr>Photo by NASA/MER/Opportunity.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Is there life on Mars? Well, that investigation is still ongoing--but from a cybernetic perspective, the surface of Mars is literally crawling with it: in the form of robots!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years after their planned three-month tour of duty began, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/spotlight/\">Mars Exploration Rovers\u003c/a> (MER) Spirit and Opportunity roll doggedly on like a pair of aged, dusty desert prospectors looking for gold. In this case the \"gold\" is evidence for past water on Mars, and signs of that seem to abound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What sparked this blog for me was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080826-mars-rover-climb.html\">announcement\u003c/a> of the plan to send Opportunity out of the depths of Victoria Crater, the half-mile impact crater that the rover has been exploring for almost a year now. Last September, when it was decided to send Opportunity into Victoria to get a close-up view of the sedimentary rock layers exposed in the crater walls, there was a lot of talk about this expedition possibly being the rover's last--it almost sounded like the robot was being sent into its own grave, its final resting place on Mars. After all, the rover had already operated ten times longer than what it was designed for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did Opportunity's year-long sojourn yield? By examining the multitude of exposed sedimentary layers, it is believed that those layers were probably originally laid down by wind (not a surprise on Mars, which even today is a world of wind-blown dust: dust devils, sand dunes, planet-wide dust storms). But there are also clues written in the rocks that the layers of sediment have been modified by the action of water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One particular thing Opportunity has discovered are rock features dubbed \"\u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/spotlight/20080416_Opportunity.html\">fins\u003c/a>.\" These fins are raised edges around rock boundaries that are rich in the mineral hematite--a mineral that often forms in the presence of water. Opportunity found hematite on Mars early in its exploration, which supports the speculation that at least that rover’s region on Mars (Meridiani Planum) may have harbored at least shallow and intermittent bodies of water in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"fins\" may have been formed when water dissolved away areas of sediment and then \"filled in the holes\" with deposited minerals--forming a kind of \"fossil\" of what was once an empty space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I lived in Northern Arizona, I remember driving across the plains east of Flagstaff and finding long, wide ridges of what looked like sandstone, snaking across the dusty desert like enormous gopher trails. I learned that these were the fossil remnants of what were stream beds: the streams formed deposits of sand and mud in their bed, which over time hardened into sandstone and mudstone. Later, the softer surrounding soils and sands eroded away, leaving the hardened stream beds as raised ridges of rock--dry evidence in a dry desert of past liquid water action. Though this is not the same process that formed the fins on Mars, it is analogous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now Opportunity's mission in Victoria Crater is done, and NASA is making plans to have the robot crawl back up the slope and exit the crater at the same place it entered last September. It will continue its mission by examining \"cobbles\"--small, loose stones on the surrounding planes, some of which were probably ejected by meteorite impacts in Mars' distant past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spirit, on the other side of the planet in Gusev Crater, is also still alive, and is making ready to do a bit more roving after a Martian winter of relative inactivity. With one of its six wheels no longer functioning, Spirit will limp along and continue prospecting--next stop: some white, silica-rich material that may have formed in hot water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/snowwhite.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The ‘Snow White' excavation trench, after rasping\u003cbr>and digging by Phoenix. Credit: \"NASA/Mars Phoenix\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since witnessing the historic landing of NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander on May 25, I've been holding my breath to learn if Phoenix has made the discovery it set out to make: whether it landed on a vast deposit of water ice near Mars' northern polar cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several weeks after landing for the declaration to finally be made-and without further ado, YES, definitely, water ice was found by \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080620-phoenix-ice-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>. But even now, in August, it seems the declaration of Phoenix's great discovery is still in the process of unfolding, one careful and tantalizing announcement after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a lay point of view one might think, why did it take weeks for Phoenix scientists to announce that, yes, the white stuff scraped up by the lander's instruments, from under a thin topping of soil, is water ice? And why do there seem to be unanswered questions about the nature of that ice even now, three months after landing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those familiar with how a remote robot probe like Phoenix makes its investigation, this is not surprising at all. In fact, serious scientific measurements by Phoenix didn't happen immediately after landing. The mission team had a lot of work to do to make sure the spacecraft was healthy and undamaged, ready to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the team worked Phoenix's robot arm and soil scooper to dig, scrape, and eventually scoop up soil and bits of the white substance and drop it into Phoenix's onboard laboratory compartments. At first, there wasn't much of the white substance included in the scooped up samples. Then, the sample stuck to the scoop. So, just getting an adequate sample into the spacecraft where it could be analyzed wasn't a simple \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080809.html\" target=\"_blank\">matter of scoop and dump\u003c/a>....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, though, the white substance was identified as water ice. The first clue came when the white substance was exposed to the air and sunlight after being dug up, when it began to slowly disappear: it sublimated (went directly from its solid state to a gaseous state, without passing through a liquid state, without passing Go and collecting $200...). If the white substance were, say, a type of salt, it wouldn't have done that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside Phoenix's chemical laboratories, more definitive tests were performed. One instrument is essentially a small oven in which a sample is slowly heated and any gases that boil off (excuse me: sublimate) are identified by a gas analyzer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there were still plot complications! One is the possible detection of the chemical \"perchlorate\" in the ice sample: an oxidizing ion (a compound of chlorine and oxygen) which, if it does turn out to exist in the Martian ice, will give scientists new food for thought on Martian chemistry and the implications for possible Martian life. It wouldn't rule out the possibility of life (past or present), but is an \u003ca href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/technology/sns-ap-phoenix-mars,0,2390849.story\" target=\"_blank\">additional factor in the equation.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the search for \u003cem>life\u003c/em> on Mars-the big-picture-reason we've been looking for water there-goes on. We have to keep in view the fact that finding microbial life, or fossils thereof, on Mars isn't as simple a matter as snapping a picture and looking for plants and animals; it's more like a 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Century story I heard of where a race of mile-high beings from Jupiter land on Earth, and at first don't realize there is life \u003cem>here\u003c/em>, under their feet....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/snowwhite.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The ‘Snow White' excavation trench, after rasping\u003cbr>and digging by Phoenix. Credit: \"NASA/Mars Phoenix\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since witnessing the historic landing of NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander on May 25, I've been holding my breath to learn if Phoenix has made the discovery it set out to make: whether it landed on a vast deposit of water ice near Mars' northern polar cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several weeks after landing for the declaration to finally be made-and without further ado, YES, definitely, water ice was found by \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080620-phoenix-ice-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>. But even now, in August, it seems the declaration of Phoenix's great discovery is still in the process of unfolding, one careful and tantalizing announcement after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a lay point of view one might think, why did it take weeks for Phoenix scientists to announce that, yes, the white stuff scraped up by the lander's instruments, from under a thin topping of soil, is water ice? And why do there seem to be unanswered questions about the nature of that ice even now, three months after landing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those familiar with how a remote robot probe like Phoenix makes its investigation, this is not surprising at all. In fact, serious scientific measurements by Phoenix didn't happen immediately after landing. The mission team had a lot of work to do to make sure the spacecraft was healthy and undamaged, ready to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the team worked Phoenix's robot arm and soil scooper to dig, scrape, and eventually scoop up soil and bits of the white substance and drop it into Phoenix's onboard laboratory compartments. At first, there wasn't much of the white substance included in the scooped up samples. Then, the sample stuck to the scoop. So, just getting an adequate sample into the spacecraft where it could be analyzed wasn't a simple \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080809.html\" target=\"_blank\">matter of scoop and dump\u003c/a>....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, though, the white substance was identified as water ice. The first clue came when the white substance was exposed to the air and sunlight after being dug up, when it began to slowly disappear: it sublimated (went directly from its solid state to a gaseous state, without passing through a liquid state, without passing Go and collecting $200...). If the white substance were, say, a type of salt, it wouldn't have done that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside Phoenix's chemical laboratories, more definitive tests were performed. One instrument is essentially a small oven in which a sample is slowly heated and any gases that boil off (excuse me: sublimate) are identified by a gas analyzer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there were still plot complications! One is the possible detection of the chemical \"perchlorate\" in the ice sample: an oxidizing ion (a compound of chlorine and oxygen) which, if it does turn out to exist in the Martian ice, will give scientists new food for thought on Martian chemistry and the implications for possible Martian life. It wouldn't rule out the possibility of life (past or present), but is an \u003ca href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/technology/sns-ap-phoenix-mars,0,2390849.story\" target=\"_blank\">additional factor in the equation.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the search for \u003cem>life\u003c/em> on Mars-the big-picture-reason we've been looking for water there-goes on. We have to keep in view the fact that finding microbial life, or fossils thereof, on Mars isn't as simple a matter as snapping a picture and looking for plants and animals; it's more like a 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Century story I heard of where a race of mile-high beings from Jupiter land on Earth, and at first don't realize there is life \u003cem>here\u003c/em>, under their feet....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/merc_horizon21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A limb shot of Mercury's horizon taken by the\u003cbr>\nMESSENGER spacecraft on January 14, 2008.\u003cbr>\nPhoto Credit \"NASA/MESSENGER\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can take a name like \"Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging\" and craft it into a neat acronym like MESSENGER, then you may have a future working with NASA....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no, this blog isn't about NASA acronymizations, but rather the heat-resistant robot behind one of them. \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> is the space probe that NASA sent to Mercury to give the Solar System's innermost planet the first up-close look since 1975, when Mariner 10 flew by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though MESSENGER's main mission will begin in earnest when it returns to Mercury and finally settles into an orbit around the planet, on March 18th 2011, we were given a tantalizing peak last January 14th when the probe made its \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/encountersactual/index.php?autorefresh=false&time=1200332520×tep=5\" target=\"_blank\">initial flyby\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did this quick, on the fly snapshot tell us that we didn't know before? Well-a lot, considering Mercury has been one of the least understood planets in the Solar System, and was for a long time thought to be similar in character to our own Moon. Mercury is shaping up to be a lot less like Earth's Moon than its gray, cratered, airless appearance would mislead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key difference: density-how much material is packed into the planet; or how heavy a standard sized chunk of it would be. \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s2.htm\">Our Moon\u003c/a> is a lightweight on this score, with an average density of only 3.4 grams per cubic centimeter, while Mercury weighs in at a hefty 5.427 g/cc-almost as dense as Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key difference: \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfie.html\" target=\"_blank\">magnetic field\u003c/a>. Planets like Earth and the Gas Giant worlds (Jupiter et al) generate respectable magnetic force fields, useful for everything from deflecting plasma flowing from the Sun (the \"solar wind\") to properly directing magnetic compass needles. Venus, Mars, and our Moon do not possess magnetic fields worth mentioning, as it turns out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury, on the other hand, does. Planetary magnetic fields are believed to be generated by currents in a planet's liquid outer core-like how the electric current in the wire coil of an electromagnet generates a magnetic field. Mercury's magnetic field suggests it still has some activity in its core-molten metals circulating in currents as the core slowly cools off. And speaking of Mercury's core, it appears to comprise 60% of the planet's mass-about twice what is \"typical\" for Terrestrial (solid) planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've often imagined Mercury to be a cosmic goldmine, with its apparent richness in metals and its density. I wonder if an astronaut could just walk along and pick up chunks of gold from its surface....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another interesting find by MESSENGER is that some of the flat plains on Mercury may have been formed by volcanoes, long ago. In particular, MESSENGER imaged a number of\u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?gallery_id=2&image_id=192\" target=\"_blank\"> volcanoes\u003c/a> along the edge of the Caloris Basin, a large impact basin-one of the largest in the Solar System, at 1550 kilometers across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news coming out of the innermost region of the Solar System makes me giddy. Too bad I have to wait until 2011 for my next look at Mercury. These things take time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/merc_horizon21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A limb shot of Mercury's horizon taken by the\u003cbr>\nMESSENGER spacecraft on January 14, 2008.\u003cbr>\nPhoto Credit \"NASA/MESSENGER\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can take a name like \"Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging\" and craft it into a neat acronym like MESSENGER, then you may have a future working with NASA....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no, this blog isn't about NASA acronymizations, but rather the heat-resistant robot behind one of them. \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> is the space probe that NASA sent to Mercury to give the Solar System's innermost planet the first up-close look since 1975, when Mariner 10 flew by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though MESSENGER's main mission will begin in earnest when it returns to Mercury and finally settles into an orbit around the planet, on March 18th 2011, we were given a tantalizing peak last January 14th when the probe made its \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/encountersactual/index.php?autorefresh=false&time=1200332520×tep=5\" target=\"_blank\">initial flyby\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did this quick, on the fly snapshot tell us that we didn't know before? Well-a lot, considering Mercury has been one of the least understood planets in the Solar System, and was for a long time thought to be similar in character to our own Moon. Mercury is shaping up to be a lot less like Earth's Moon than its gray, cratered, airless appearance would mislead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key difference: density-how much material is packed into the planet; or how heavy a standard sized chunk of it would be. \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s2.htm\">Our Moon\u003c/a> is a lightweight on this score, with an average density of only 3.4 grams per cubic centimeter, while Mercury weighs in at a hefty 5.427 g/cc-almost as dense as Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key difference: \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfie.html\" target=\"_blank\">magnetic field\u003c/a>. Planets like Earth and the Gas Giant worlds (Jupiter et al) generate respectable magnetic force fields, useful for everything from deflecting plasma flowing from the Sun (the \"solar wind\") to properly directing magnetic compass needles. Venus, Mars, and our Moon do not possess magnetic fields worth mentioning, as it turns out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury, on the other hand, does. Planetary magnetic fields are believed to be generated by currents in a planet's liquid outer core-like how the electric current in the wire coil of an electromagnet generates a magnetic field. Mercury's magnetic field suggests it still has some activity in its core-molten metals circulating in currents as the core slowly cools off. And speaking of Mercury's core, it appears to comprise 60% of the planet's mass-about twice what is \"typical\" for Terrestrial (solid) planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've often imagined Mercury to be a cosmic goldmine, with its apparent richness in metals and its density. I wonder if an astronaut could just walk along and pick up chunks of gold from its surface....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another interesting find by MESSENGER is that some of the flat plains on Mercury may have been formed by volcanoes, long ago. In particular, MESSENGER imaged a number of\u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?gallery_id=2&image_id=192\" target=\"_blank\"> volcanoes\u003c/a> along the edge of the Caloris Basin, a large impact basin-one of the largest in the Solar System, at 1550 kilometers across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news coming out of the innermost region of the Solar System makes me giddy. Too bad I have to wait until 2011 for my next look at Mercury. These things take time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/210a_dark_energy30011.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting in a small, non-descript room in the basement of the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab in Berkeley, physics graduate student Hannah Swift and physicist Saul Perlmutter are searching for supernovae, stars destroyed in huge explosions millions or billions of years ago. (They're looking for ones that exploded billions of years ago). Through a computer hooked up to \u003ca href=\"https://www.keckobservatory.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Hawaii's Keck 2 telescope\u003c/a> -– one of the largest in the world –- they are able to follow along as UC Berkeley post-doc Rahman Amanullah, a team member who had traveled to Hawaii a few days earlier, supervises the night's observation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their goal is to use a device called a spectrograph to get a spectra of five to eight supernovae. This spectrum is a \"photograph\" of the light emitted by the supernova and it allows scientists to determine whether they are the \u003ca href=\"http://supernova.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">type Ia supernovae\u003c/a> that are useful for their research. By figuring out how far away these type Ia supernovae are (or \"were,\" since by the time their light reaches us, they have long since vanished) and observing how much the light traveling towards the Earth has shifted towards red wavelengths, they can determine how long ago the star exploded. With this information, they're building a history of the expansion of the universe. The weather in Hawaii is good, and the researchers are forecasting a good \"seeing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's encouraging and moving to see how young these researchers are. Swift is a twenty-something from Kansas. She's so young that she has always understood the universe to be accelerating, that is, expanding faster and faster. She has never thought that the universe is decelerating, which is what the scientific community believed before 1998, when Perlmutter's team at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and another team simultaneously \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=discovering-a-dark-universe\" target=\"_blank\">reported their findings that the universe is accelerating\u003c/a>. When this announcement was made, Swift was in the 8th grade. Perlmutter himself is only in his 40s. When he started his post-doc, he and his colleagues had to beg for time on the big telescopes. That wasn't that long ago: our understanding of the universe has shifted very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few days later, Swift invites us back to the lab to show us some of the data the researchers gathered during the observation. They obtained spectra for five supernovae – a good night's work. Swift is now in the process of figuring out which of the supernovae are type Ia's. To do this, she's comparing their spectrograms to the spectra of a standard type Ia. Light is a very useful tool because different elements emit light of different wavelengths. Swift shows me the spectrogram for a standard type Ia. It has telltale peaks and valleys that reveal what exploding type Ia supernovae eject when they explode – silicon and cobalt, among other elements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wonder what big changes in the way we understand our universe will be commonplace when my one-year-old niece is in her 20s. What new discoveries will we use as points of reference in the coming decades? (Assuming we're hip enough to use astronomical discoveries as points of reference!) Will scientists know by then the nature of dark energy, the now-mysterious \"something\" that is making the universe accelerate, pushing its fabric apart? Will I be able to preface a comment to my niece with, \"When you were little, before we knew what dark energy is…\"? And will she be able to reply, \"Aunt Gabi, you're so ooold!\" I suspect she'll do the latter no matter what.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/tv_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Watch the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy\">\"Dark Energy\" TV Story \u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources. Also don't miss our \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157606318771842/\">online photo set\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.872222 -122.268403\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/210a_dark_energy30011.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting in a small, non-descript room in the basement of the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab in Berkeley, physics graduate student Hannah Swift and physicist Saul Perlmutter are searching for supernovae, stars destroyed in huge explosions millions or billions of years ago. (They're looking for ones that exploded billions of years ago). Through a computer hooked up to \u003ca href=\"https://www.keckobservatory.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Hawaii's Keck 2 telescope\u003c/a> -– one of the largest in the world –- they are able to follow along as UC Berkeley post-doc Rahman Amanullah, a team member who had traveled to Hawaii a few days earlier, supervises the night's observation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their goal is to use a device called a spectrograph to get a spectra of five to eight supernovae. This spectrum is a \"photograph\" of the light emitted by the supernova and it allows scientists to determine whether they are the \u003ca href=\"http://supernova.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">type Ia supernovae\u003c/a> that are useful for their research. By figuring out how far away these type Ia supernovae are (or \"were,\" since by the time their light reaches us, they have long since vanished) and observing how much the light traveling towards the Earth has shifted towards red wavelengths, they can determine how long ago the star exploded. With this information, they're building a history of the expansion of the universe. The weather in Hawaii is good, and the researchers are forecasting a good \"seeing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's encouraging and moving to see how young these researchers are. Swift is a twenty-something from Kansas. She's so young that she has always understood the universe to be accelerating, that is, expanding faster and faster. She has never thought that the universe is decelerating, which is what the scientific community believed before 1998, when Perlmutter's team at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and another team simultaneously \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=discovering-a-dark-universe\" target=\"_blank\">reported their findings that the universe is accelerating\u003c/a>. When this announcement was made, Swift was in the 8th grade. Perlmutter himself is only in his 40s. When he started his post-doc, he and his colleagues had to beg for time on the big telescopes. That wasn't that long ago: our understanding of the universe has shifted very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few days later, Swift invites us back to the lab to show us some of the data the researchers gathered during the observation. They obtained spectra for five supernovae – a good night's work. Swift is now in the process of figuring out which of the supernovae are type Ia's. To do this, she's comparing their spectrograms to the spectra of a standard type Ia. Light is a very useful tool because different elements emit light of different wavelengths. Swift shows me the spectrogram for a standard type Ia. It has telltale peaks and valleys that reveal what exploding type Ia supernovae eject when they explode – silicon and cobalt, among other elements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wonder what big changes in the way we understand our universe will be commonplace when my one-year-old niece is in her 20s. What new discoveries will we use as points of reference in the coming decades? (Assuming we're hip enough to use astronomical discoveries as points of reference!) Will scientists know by then the nature of dark energy, the now-mysterious \"something\" that is making the universe accelerate, pushing its fabric apart? Will I be able to preface a comment to my niece with, \"When you were little, before we knew what dark energy is…\"? And will she be able to reply, \"Aunt Gabi, you're so ooold!\" I suspect she'll do the latter no matter what.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/tv_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Watch the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy\">\"Dark Energy\" TV Story \u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources. Also don't miss our \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157606318771842/\">online photo set\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.872222 -122.268403\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Asteroid Hunters",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/asteroid-35107.asp\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/nellie1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Asteroid 35107, captured on Chabot Space\u003cbr>\n& Science Center’s telescope.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Photo By Conrad Jung and Gerald McKeegan\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cem>You must be very quiet; we are hunting...asteroids!\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 14th, 2008, an almost Hollywood-like drama took place in space nearby: a \"double,\" or binary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/2008/07/14/binary-asteroid-glides-past-earth/\" target=\"_blank\">asteroid whizzed past Earth\u003c/a>, grazing by at a distance of only 1.4 million miles. One of the rocks is over 200 meters across, the other a whopping 600 meters-about half the size of Half Dome in Yosemite!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.4 million miles may sound like a large distance, but by the standard of big rocks flying by the Earth, that's breathtakingly close. Discovered only last January, this pair of asteroids went from being completely unknown to blasting by Earth's doorstep in only months. Had they actually hit the Earth, they would have caused major devastation at and near the impact site, with very little warning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there are programs to search for and track these flying mountains-also called \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Near Earth Objects\"\u003c/a> (NEOs)-and I'm very pleased to announce that Chabot Space & Science Center (specifically our 36-inch reflecting telescope, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/default.asp\" target=\"_blank\">\"Nellie\"\u003c/a>) has very recently become an official contributor to the NEO search program of the \u003ca href=\"http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/mpc.html\" target=\"_blank\">International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center\u003c/a> (MPC)! Nellie is designated by the MPC as Observatory G58.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this MPC program, observatories around the world contribute by searching for and \u003ca href=\"http://szyzyg.arm.ac.uk/~spm/\" target=\"_blank\">tracking NEOs\u003c/a>: asteroids, and comets, whose orbits can carry them close to Earth and which are large enough to cause catastrophic damage should they hit us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to take part in the NEO program, Chabot observers Conrad Jung (on the Chabot staff) and Gerald McKeegan (of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayastro.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/a>) conducted a four-month program to develop and hone the necessary skills and data processing techniques, as well as to configure telescope equipment, to meet MPC qualifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, they observed a set of known asteroids-some NEO's and some \u003ca href=\"http://www.solstation.com/stars/asteroid.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Main Belt\" asteroids\u003c/a>. (One of these Main Belt asteroids, \"Carter 10683,\" was named for former Chabot board member and president of the Eastbay Astronomical Society, Carter Roberts, who, sadly, passed away earlier this year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot's asteroid hunters will begin their tenure of official asteroid observation by verifying the orbits of recently discovered NEOs and reporting the additional observations to the MPC, where it will be used to refine our knowledge of the NEOs' orbits. The next step in the program will ultimately be to hunt for currently undiscovered asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process for finding, tracking, and reporting NEO observations goes something like this. With a digital (CCD) camera attached to the telescope, a section of the sky is imaged three or four times in a half-hour period. The images are processed and compared, and any star-like dots that are found to move between one image and the next become suspect asteroids. (The word \"asteroid,\" by the way, literally means \"star-like\"-so named because through most telescopes asteroids are too far away and too small to appear as anything more than points of light.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coordinates of any moving dots are calculated for all of the images they are in, and this information is sent to the MPC to be added to the data from other NEO hunting observatories. From the combined observations of all the observatories, a precision database of the orbits of near-Earth rocks is maintained, and with it NEOs that may pose a threat to the Earth may be identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hunting NEOs may be like searching for needles in a really big haystack-but in jobs like this, the more eyes on the problem the better. Nellie is now one more eye on lookout duty...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/asteroid-35107.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Click here \u003c/a>for a closer view of the asteroid shown above.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there are programs to search for and track these flying mountains-also called \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Near Earth Objects\"\u003c/a> (NEOs)-and I'm very pleased to announce that Chabot Space & Science Center (specifically our 36-inch reflecting telescope, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/default.asp\" target=\"_blank\">\"Nellie\"\u003c/a>) has very recently become an official contributor to the NEO search program of the \u003ca href=\"http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/mpc.html\" target=\"_blank\">International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center\u003c/a> (MPC)! Nellie is designated by the MPC as Observatory G58.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this MPC program, observatories around the world contribute by searching for and \u003ca href=\"http://szyzyg.arm.ac.uk/~spm/\" target=\"_blank\">tracking NEOs\u003c/a>: asteroids, and comets, whose orbits can carry them close to Earth and which are large enough to cause catastrophic damage should they hit us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to take part in the NEO program, Chabot observers Conrad Jung (on the Chabot staff) and Gerald McKeegan (of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayastro.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/a>) conducted a four-month program to develop and hone the necessary skills and data processing techniques, as well as to configure telescope equipment, to meet MPC qualifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, they observed a set of known asteroids-some NEO's and some \u003ca href=\"http://www.solstation.com/stars/asteroid.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Main Belt\" asteroids\u003c/a>. (One of these Main Belt asteroids, \"Carter 10683,\" was named for former Chabot board member and president of the Eastbay Astronomical Society, Carter Roberts, who, sadly, passed away earlier this year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot's asteroid hunters will begin their tenure of official asteroid observation by verifying the orbits of recently discovered NEOs and reporting the additional observations to the MPC, where it will be used to refine our knowledge of the NEOs' orbits. The next step in the program will ultimately be to hunt for currently undiscovered asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process for finding, tracking, and reporting NEO observations goes something like this. With a digital (CCD) camera attached to the telescope, a section of the sky is imaged three or four times in a half-hour period. The images are processed and compared, and any star-like dots that are found to move between one image and the next become suspect asteroids. (The word \"asteroid,\" by the way, literally means \"star-like\"-so named because through most telescopes asteroids are too far away and too small to appear as anything more than points of light.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coordinates of any moving dots are calculated for all of the images they are in, and this information is sent to the MPC to be added to the data from other NEO hunting observatories. From the combined observations of all the observatories, a precision database of the orbits of near-Earth rocks is maintained, and with it NEOs that may pose a threat to the Earth may be identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hunting NEOs may be like searching for needles in a really big haystack-but in jobs like this, the more eyes on the problem the better. Nellie is now one more eye on lookout duty...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/asteroid-35107.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Click here \u003c/a>for a closer view of the asteroid shown above.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/space11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo by: NASA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been waiting for the \"whole story\" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current active robotic exploration of planets going on around the Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting my scope to only planetary spacecraft, the list is still respectable. In no particular order, here's the round-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324800,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">Spirit\u003c/a>: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's activities on the Martian surface have been reduced to save on power, but the robot remains alive. With the arrival of Martian winter, Spirit spends more power running heaters to keep key electronic and power equipment healthy. Spirit remains in the giant Gusev Crater, where it will spend its entire life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=2831\" target=\"_blank\">Opportunity\u003c/a>: Exploring a much smaller crater of its own, Victoria Crater-Spirit's twin, Opportunity, continues its investigation of the rock layers of Mars' geological history. As of June 10, Opportunity has clocked in at 7.26 miles of total \"roving\" on Mars, since its landing back in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080628-phoenix-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>: The brand-spankin'-new Mars Phoenix lander has been digging into one of Mars' greatest scientific mysteries: water. Detailed chemical analysis of samples taken at Phoenix's site near the northern polar ice cap is underway, but the big question-- is Phoenix standing on frozen Martian water-- has been answered: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080526155742.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The newest orbiter in the Martian fleet continues to send back its extreme-high-resolution imagery and its revealing chemical measurements, as well as to serve as a high-speed data and communication relay for other Mars-exploring robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars 2001 Odyssey\u003c/a>: Credited with detecting the massive amounts of frozen water in Mars' northern hemisphere-the same ice that the Phoenix lander is now scraping at, Mars 2001 Odyssey continues its surveillance of Mars' chemistry and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMAWQ1YUFF_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: The European orbiter that launched the ill-fated Beagle II lander has continued on a respectable career of exploration in its own right. Mars Express also helped support the landing of the Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini\u003c/a>: Saturn's first robot-in-residence, Cassini, has concluded its initial 4-year mission and is now continuing on an extended mission. Cassini has given us unprecedented close-up images and measurements of many of Saturn's stunning moons, its complicated ring system, and the swirling, aurora-touched cloud formations of Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/space/multimedia/2008/01/gallery_messenger_photos\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a>: The first spacecraft to visit the little-understood Mercury since 1975 made its first flyby of that planet last January, and will settle into a permanent orbit in March 2011. Even the few pics it snapped as it hurled by gave us far more detailed images of Mercury than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/060808.htm\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a>: Launched a couple years ago on its outward bound, meteoric flight to Pluto, New Horizons has already performed some exploration duty, capturing images and data of Jupiter, Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and Jupiter's long magnetic \"tail.\" Now in \"cruise mode,\" this little robot will fly past Pluto (dwarf planet; king of the Plutoids) in July 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>: Do you remember the remarkable voyages of discovery made by the Voyager spacecraft, both launched in 1977? Since completing their primary missions of flying by the Gas Giant planets (Voyager 1 at Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 at all four), these two veterans have continued to operate and send information back to Earth, and are now about 3 times more distant from the Sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the wrap. If I missed anyone, my apologies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/space11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury-artist concept.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo by: NASA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been waiting for the \"whole story\" on Martian ice at the Phoenix lander site to unfold more completely, but the chemical analyses have not yet run their full courses-so I've decided to widen the focus on this blog to give a status report on current active robotic exploration of planets going on around the Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting my scope to only planetary spacecraft, the list is still respectable. In no particular order, here's the round-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324800,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">Spirit\u003c/a>: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's activities on the Martian surface have been reduced to save on power, but the robot remains alive. With the arrival of Martian winter, Spirit spends more power running heaters to keep key electronic and power equipment healthy. Spirit remains in the giant Gusev Crater, where it will spend its entire life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=2831\" target=\"_blank\">Opportunity\u003c/a>: Exploring a much smaller crater of its own, Victoria Crater-Spirit's twin, Opportunity, continues its investigation of the rock layers of Mars' geological history. As of June 10, Opportunity has clocked in at 7.26 miles of total \"roving\" on Mars, since its landing back in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080628-phoenix-update.html\" target=\"_blank\">Phoenix\u003c/a>: The brand-spankin'-new Mars Phoenix lander has been digging into one of Mars' greatest scientific mysteries: water. Detailed chemical analysis of samples taken at Phoenix's site near the northern polar ice cap is underway, but the big question-- is Phoenix standing on frozen Martian water-- has been answered: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080526155742.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The newest orbiter in the Martian fleet continues to send back its extreme-high-resolution imagery and its revealing chemical measurements, as well as to serve as a high-speed data and communication relay for other Mars-exploring robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars 2001 Odyssey\u003c/a>: Credited with detecting the massive amounts of frozen water in Mars' northern hemisphere-the same ice that the Phoenix lander is now scraping at, Mars 2001 Odyssey continues its surveillance of Mars' chemistry and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMAWQ1YUFF_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: The European orbiter that launched the ill-fated Beagle II lander has continued on a respectable career of exploration in its own right. Mars Express also helped support the landing of the Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini\u003c/a>: Saturn's first robot-in-residence, Cassini, has concluded its initial 4-year mission and is now continuing on an extended mission. Cassini has given us unprecedented close-up images and measurements of many of Saturn's stunning moons, its complicated ring system, and the swirling, aurora-touched cloud formations of Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/science/space/multimedia/2008/01/gallery_messenger_photos\" target=\"_blank\">MESSENGER\u003c/a>: The first spacecraft to visit the little-understood Mercury since 1975 made its first flyby of that planet last January, and will settle into a permanent orbit in March 2011. Even the few pics it snapped as it hurled by gave us far more detailed images of Mercury than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/060808.htm\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a>: Launched a couple years ago on its outward bound, meteoric flight to Pluto, New Horizons has already performed some exploration duty, capturing images and data of Jupiter, Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and Jupiter's long magnetic \"tail.\" Now in \"cruise mode,\" this little robot will fly past Pluto (dwarf planet; king of the Plutoids) in July 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>: Do you remember the remarkable voyages of discovery made by the Voyager spacecraft, both launched in 1977? Since completing their primary missions of flying by the Gas Giant planets (Voyager 1 at Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 at all four), these two veterans have continued to operate and send information back to Earth, and are now about 3 times more distant from the Sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the wrap. If I missed anyone, my apologies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Come Together, Bright Planets, Over Me....",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/fivestars1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Depiction of a major alignment of\u003cbr>\nthe five visible planets in 1059 BCE.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo By Ben Burress\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some pretty good \"lineups\" coming soon to skies above you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, \"lineups,\" or alignments, go on in the heavens all the time, though most often they are alignments of objects too faint to easily notice, if at all. With that said, this summer holds some significant alignments of some of the brightest objects in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First on my hit list is the upcoming Saturn-Mars \"near-miss\". Though these two planets are not coming \u003cem>physically\u003c/em> close to each other (the closest actual distance they come to each other is about 750 million miles), they will align so closely along the same line of sight that on July 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> they will appear only ¾ of a degree apart-that's not much greater than the width of a Full Moon. The best time to see this pairing is after sunset on the evenings of July 10, 11, and 12, over the western horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big ticket alignment is \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">on August 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>\u003c/a>, when the Moon and the Sun occupy the same spot in the sky-the event we call a \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">Total Solar Eclipse\u003c/a>. As it happens, we won't be able to see this eclipse directly from the United States, as it will only be visible in Asia. However, NASA will be broadcasting live coverage of the eclipse from Northern China. We'll be showing NASA's broadcast in our planetarium at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>, in case you'd care to come up and enjoy the spectacle. Don't let the fact that the live event goes on around 4:00 AM keep you away...it's worth getting up for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit further out on the calendar is the September alignment of three planets: Venus, Mars, and Mercury. In the dusky twilight of mid-September evenings the three will be gathering. The closest grouping of the trio is on September 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>, when they will be within about three degrees of each other-close enough that you can just about cover all three with your thumb. Mercury and Mars won't be very bright in the twilight-but Venus, bright enough to spot easily, can help guide your eye to the other two. Using a pair of binoculars will help a lot-but make sure you don't point them that way until after the Sun sets....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In ancient times (and in some cases not so ancient times), different cultures around the world have viewed alignments like these in different ways. Eclipses-both solar and lunar-were regarded by many cultures as bad omens, or bad occurrences (such as the Sun being devoured by a celestial animal-dragon, dog or other-in the case of a solar eclipse).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/planet_conjunction_000504.html\" target=\"_blank\">Planetary alignments\u003c/a> were also given special consideration, sometimes being regarded as auspicious (for good or bad-usually the latter). One major alignment of the five visible planets (February 26, 1953 BCE) was believed to have \"mandated\" the creation of the Hsia Dynasty in China-the first great Chinese Dynasty. (Then, four centuries later, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn apparently conspired to bring down that same dynasty-at least, their alignment on December 20, 1576 BCE was interpreted as an indicator of the dynasty's corruption, and it was overthrown by a revolt of believers...).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However you regard the lining up of celestial bodies (astronomically, astrologically, or aesthetically), these alignments are pleasing to watch, and times to reflect upon the constant and cyclic movement among the heavens. Enjoy....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Depiction of a major alignment of the five visible planets in 1059 BCE. Photo By Ben Burress There are some pretty good "lineups" coming soon to skies above you. First of all, "lineups," or alignments, go on in the heavens all the time, though most often they are alignments of objects too faint to easily",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/fivestars1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Depiction of a major alignment of\u003cbr>\nthe five visible planets in 1059 BCE.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photo By Ben Burress\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some pretty good \"lineups\" coming soon to skies above you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, \"lineups,\" or alignments, go on in the heavens all the time, though most often they are alignments of objects too faint to easily notice, if at all. With that said, this summer holds some significant alignments of some of the brightest objects in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First on my hit list is the upcoming Saturn-Mars \"near-miss\". Though these two planets are not coming \u003cem>physically\u003c/em> close to each other (the closest actual distance they come to each other is about 750 million miles), they will align so closely along the same line of sight that on July 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> they will appear only ¾ of a degree apart-that's not much greater than the width of a Full Moon. The best time to see this pairing is after sunset on the evenings of July 10, 11, and 12, over the western horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big ticket alignment is \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">on August 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>\u003c/a>, when the Moon and the Sun occupy the same spot in the sky-the event we call a \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmono/TSE2008/TSE2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">Total Solar Eclipse\u003c/a>. As it happens, we won't be able to see this eclipse directly from the United States, as it will only be visible in Asia. However, NASA will be broadcasting live coverage of the eclipse from Northern China. We'll be showing NASA's broadcast in our planetarium at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>, in case you'd care to come up and enjoy the spectacle. Don't let the fact that the live event goes on around 4:00 AM keep you away...it's worth getting up for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit further out on the calendar is the September alignment of three planets: Venus, Mars, and Mercury. In the dusky twilight of mid-September evenings the three will be gathering. The closest grouping of the trio is on September 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>, when they will be within about three degrees of each other-close enough that you can just about cover all three with your thumb. Mercury and Mars won't be very bright in the twilight-but Venus, bright enough to spot easily, can help guide your eye to the other two. Using a pair of binoculars will help a lot-but make sure you don't point them that way until after the Sun sets....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In ancient times (and in some cases not so ancient times), different cultures around the world have viewed alignments like these in different ways. Eclipses-both solar and lunar-were regarded by many cultures as bad omens, or bad occurrences (such as the Sun being devoured by a celestial animal-dragon, dog or other-in the case of a solar eclipse).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/planet_conjunction_000504.html\" target=\"_blank\">Planetary alignments\u003c/a> were also given special consideration, sometimes being regarded as auspicious (for good or bad-usually the latter). One major alignment of the five visible planets (February 26, 1953 BCE) was believed to have \"mandated\" the creation of the Hsia Dynasty in China-the first great Chinese Dynasty. (Then, four centuries later, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn apparently conspired to bring down that same dynasty-at least, their alignment on December 20, 1576 BCE was interpreted as an indicator of the dynasty's corruption, and it was overthrown by a revolt of believers...).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However you regard the lining up of celestial bodies (astronomically, astrologically, or aesthetically), these alignments are pleasing to watch, and times to reflect upon the constant and cyclic movement among the heavens. Enjoy....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two blogs ago I wrote about the then upcoming landing of the Phoenix spacecraft on Mars, near the Northern polar ice cap (\u003ca title=\"KQED - Probing the Martian Pole\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/09/probing-the-martian-pole/\" target=\"_self\">Probing the Martian Pole\u003c/a>). The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice-ice we know is up there in great abundance, as detected by orbiting spacecraft (\u003ca title=\"NASA - Mars Odyssey\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/28may_marsice.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, frozen under the surface dust layers, is a vast deposit of ice-\"enough to fill Lake Michigan twice.\" So Phoenix was sent to actually land there and scrape up surface samples of the soil, and hopefully ice. The question was, would the layer of dust covering the ice be thin enough for Phoenix to reach the ice with its robotic arm and shovel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landing occurred on May 25th-a successful landing. NASA broadcast the drama live on NASA TV, which we shared with several hundred Chabot visitors via planetarium, theater, and closed-circuit TV. There were no actual images coming from Phoenix during the landing-after all, it was cooped up in its protective shell for much of the descent-but the excitement of the real-time drama and the nervous faces of NASA/JPL were enough to enthrall our audience. Pictures wouldn't come form Phoenix until later that night at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pictures did come in over the days following. At first they looked much like images from other Mars landers (Viking, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity), only flatter. Rusty red soil, low flat horizon, a scattering of \u003ca title=\"Space Reference\" href=\"http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=28113\" target=\"_blank\">pebbles and rocks\u003c/a>. The landscape itself appeared less interesting to me than other landing sites-but if you measure Phoenix's success by the beauty of the scenery, you're missing the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix is pretty much all about the ice, and what chemicals are frozen and preserved in it. The questions asked by the Phoenix mission are: did life ever arise on Mars, is the current climate on Mars suitable to support life, and what is Mars' geological makeup? If the vast ice deposits of the flat northern hemisphere lowlands are the frozen leftovers of what was once a liquid sea, then are there chemical clues of past conditions-even past life-locked up and preserved there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, do we have answers to these questions yet? Is there ice under Phoenix within reach of its scooper? At the time of my writing this the answer is: maybe. During the first week of testing Phoenix's systems to get it ready for full-on prospecting, a picture of the ground underneath the lander was taken using the camera attached to the \u003ca title=\"NASA - Phoenix\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080530.html\" target=\"_blank\">robotic arm\u003c/a>. This picture revealed a patch of solid substance that seems to have been exposed by the blast of Phoenix's landing rockets. It looks like it could be ice, but until a sample is analyzed we won't know for sure (because, it could be solid rock, too).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sample scoop of soil dug up by Phoenix's shovel was placed in a bucket on board the lander and examined by camera, before being carefully dumped into a designated sample waste location (Mars' first land fill). The picture revealed some white substance in the reddish soil-which could be ice, or \u003ca title=\"NASA\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080602.html\" target=\"_blank\">possible salt.\u003c/a>...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned in the coming days and weeks for hot news from the ice as Phoenix conducts its investigations in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two blogs ago I wrote about the then upcoming landing of the Phoenix spacecraft on Mars, near the Northern polar ice cap (\u003ca title=\"KQED - Probing the Martian Pole\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/09/probing-the-martian-pole/\" target=\"_self\">Probing the Martian Pole\u003c/a>). The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice-ice we know is up there in great abundance, as detected by orbiting spacecraft (\u003ca title=\"NASA - Mars Odyssey\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/28may_marsice.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, frozen under the surface dust layers, is a vast deposit of ice-\"enough to fill Lake Michigan twice.\" So Phoenix was sent to actually land there and scrape up surface samples of the soil, and hopefully ice. The question was, would the layer of dust covering the ice be thin enough for Phoenix to reach the ice with its robotic arm and shovel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landing occurred on May 25th-a successful landing. NASA broadcast the drama live on NASA TV, which we shared with several hundred Chabot visitors via planetarium, theater, and closed-circuit TV. There were no actual images coming from Phoenix during the landing-after all, it was cooped up in its protective shell for much of the descent-but the excitement of the real-time drama and the nervous faces of NASA/JPL were enough to enthrall our audience. Pictures wouldn't come form Phoenix until later that night at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pictures did come in over the days following. At first they looked much like images from other Mars landers (Viking, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity), only flatter. Rusty red soil, low flat horizon, a scattering of \u003ca title=\"Space Reference\" href=\"http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=28113\" target=\"_blank\">pebbles and rocks\u003c/a>. The landscape itself appeared less interesting to me than other landing sites-but if you measure Phoenix's success by the beauty of the scenery, you're missing the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix is pretty much all about the ice, and what chemicals are frozen and preserved in it. The questions asked by the Phoenix mission are: did life ever arise on Mars, is the current climate on Mars suitable to support life, and what is Mars' geological makeup? If the vast ice deposits of the flat northern hemisphere lowlands are the frozen leftovers of what was once a liquid sea, then are there chemical clues of past conditions-even past life-locked up and preserved there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, do we have answers to these questions yet? Is there ice under Phoenix within reach of its scooper? At the time of my writing this the answer is: maybe. During the first week of testing Phoenix's systems to get it ready for full-on prospecting, a picture of the ground underneath the lander was taken using the camera attached to the \u003ca title=\"NASA - Phoenix\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080530.html\" target=\"_blank\">robotic arm\u003c/a>. This picture revealed a patch of solid substance that seems to have been exposed by the blast of Phoenix's landing rockets. It looks like it could be ice, but until a sample is analyzed we won't know for sure (because, it could be solid rock, too).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sample scoop of soil dug up by Phoenix's shovel was placed in a bucket on board the lander and examined by camera, before being carefully dumped into a designated sample waste location (Mars' first land fill). The picture revealed some white substance in the reddish soil-which could be ice, or \u003ca title=\"NASA\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080602.html\" target=\"_blank\">possible salt.\u003c/a>...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned in the coming days and weeks for hot news from the ice as Phoenix conducts its investigations in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/radio2-34_expolanets3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artistic rendition of exoplanet Gilese 436 b, created in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shatters.net/celestia/\">Celestia\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nIn the past fifteen years, the search for other Earths-- and possibly life-- outside our own solar system has taken off. As of May 2008, 293 \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> have been confirmed. Most of these planets are big, gas giants like our own Jupiter but new technology is helping astronomers get closer to finding earth sized planets. To find an extrasolar planet scientists first identify a star and then, using different methods, look to see if there is a planet, or planets, orbiting the star. It’s estimated that at least 10% of sun-like stars have planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once astronomers have found an extrasolar planet, also called an exoplanet, they look to see if it is in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldilocks_zone#Goldilocks_phenomenon\">Goldilocks zone\u003c/a>. This is an area of space in which a planet is just the right distance from its' parent star so that the surface is neither too hot nor too cold. A habitable temperature means that the planet could possibly host liquid water, an ingredient for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of exoplanet findings have come from \u003ca href=\"http://obswww.unige.ch/~udry/planet/planet.html\">astronomy teams in Switzerland\u003c/a> and near San Jose at \u003ca href=\"http://mthamilton.ucolick.org/\">Lick Observatory\u003c/a>. Astronomers at Lick made news in the fall of 2007 when they discovered \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Cancri\">55 Cancri\u003c/a>. The discovery of the five-planet system came after nearly 20 years of observations. Also in 2007, astronomers with the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program discovered \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581_c\">the most earth-like planet ever found\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581_c\">Gilese 581 c\u003c/a> lies in the Goldilocks Zone, it's surface temperature ranges from an estimated 32 degrees Fahrenheit to 102 degrees Fahrenheit. The research team that discovered the new planet believes it may have a developed atmosphere and be covered with oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curious to see how astronomers hunt for extrasolar planets, I took the trip up the long, windy road to the top of Mt. Hamilton. It is a beautiful drive up to the observatory and it's wise to take your time so that you can enjoy the ideal California landscape of rolling hills dotted with oak trees and wildflowers. The 365 sharp curves along the 19 mile road will also slow you down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top of Mt. Hamilton are several white domes dotting the 4,200-foot crestline. From Lick Observatory you can see forever-- not just across the vast northern California landscape but out into our own galaxy and beyond. By coincidence, the night I was there astronomer Debra Fischer confirmed five new planets outside our solar system. The discovery was the culmination of five years of watching these specific planets from Lick's 3-meter Shane Telescope. Fischer and her colleague Geoff Marcy will publish their findings soon. These two astronomers are obsessed with looking for exoplanets, they just returned from the Andes mountains in Chile, where they spent day and night for several weeks hunting for planets. But Fischer and Marcy are not the only ones who have caught the exoplanet bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at NASA are nearly ready to launch a bus-sized telescope into space. \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Kepler Telescope\u003c/a> which will orbit our sun, will be trained on a hundred thousand stars at a time. It may be our best chance yet for finding new life in outer space. The telescope is scheduled to launch in February. Kepler will find planets by looking for tiny dips in the brightness of a star caused by planetary transits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Make sure to check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157605331314187/\">our photo set on Flickr\u003c/a> which includes: photos of Lick Observatory; the Kepler testbed at NASA Ames in Mountain View; the Kepler spacecraft assembly in Boulder, Colorado; and artists' renditions of exoplanets discussed in this report.You can also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets\">hear our radio story on the search for exoplanets\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">watch the Planet Hunters TV story\u003c/a> online and find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.34661 -121.63106\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/radio2-34_expolanets3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artistic rendition of exoplanet Gilese 436 b, created in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shatters.net/celestia/\">Celestia\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nIn the past fifteen years, the search for other Earths-- and possibly life-- outside our own solar system has taken off. As of May 2008, 293 \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> have been confirmed. Most of these planets are big, gas giants like our own Jupiter but new technology is helping astronomers get closer to finding earth sized planets. To find an extrasolar planet scientists first identify a star and then, using different methods, look to see if there is a planet, or planets, orbiting the star. It’s estimated that at least 10% of sun-like stars have planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once astronomers have found an extrasolar planet, also called an exoplanet, they look to see if it is in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldilocks_zone#Goldilocks_phenomenon\">Goldilocks zone\u003c/a>. This is an area of space in which a planet is just the right distance from its' parent star so that the surface is neither too hot nor too cold. A habitable temperature means that the planet could possibly host liquid water, an ingredient for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of exoplanet findings have come from \u003ca href=\"http://obswww.unige.ch/~udry/planet/planet.html\">astronomy teams in Switzerland\u003c/a> and near San Jose at \u003ca href=\"http://mthamilton.ucolick.org/\">Lick Observatory\u003c/a>. Astronomers at Lick made news in the fall of 2007 when they discovered \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Cancri\">55 Cancri\u003c/a>. The discovery of the five-planet system came after nearly 20 years of observations. Also in 2007, astronomers with the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program discovered \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581_c\">the most earth-like planet ever found\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581_c\">Gilese 581 c\u003c/a> lies in the Goldilocks Zone, it's surface temperature ranges from an estimated 32 degrees Fahrenheit to 102 degrees Fahrenheit. The research team that discovered the new planet believes it may have a developed atmosphere and be covered with oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curious to see how astronomers hunt for extrasolar planets, I took the trip up the long, windy road to the top of Mt. Hamilton. It is a beautiful drive up to the observatory and it's wise to take your time so that you can enjoy the ideal California landscape of rolling hills dotted with oak trees and wildflowers. The 365 sharp curves along the 19 mile road will also slow you down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top of Mt. Hamilton are several white domes dotting the 4,200-foot crestline. From Lick Observatory you can see forever-- not just across the vast northern California landscape but out into our own galaxy and beyond. By coincidence, the night I was there astronomer Debra Fischer confirmed five new planets outside our solar system. The discovery was the culmination of five years of watching these specific planets from Lick's 3-meter Shane Telescope. Fischer and her colleague Geoff Marcy will publish their findings soon. These two astronomers are obsessed with looking for exoplanets, they just returned from the Andes mountains in Chile, where they spent day and night for several weeks hunting for planets. But Fischer and Marcy are not the only ones who have caught the exoplanet bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at NASA are nearly ready to launch a bus-sized telescope into space. \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Kepler Telescope\u003c/a> which will orbit our sun, will be trained on a hundred thousand stars at a time. It may be our best chance yet for finding new life in outer space. The telescope is scheduled to launch in February. Kepler will find planets by looking for tiny dips in the brightness of a star caused by planetary transits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Make sure to check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157605331314187/\">our photo set on Flickr\u003c/a> which includes: photos of Lick Observatory; the Kepler testbed at NASA Ames in Mountain View; the Kepler spacecraft assembly in Boulder, Colorado; and artists' renditions of exoplanets discussed in this report.You can also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets\">hear our radio story on the search for exoplanets\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">watch the Planet Hunters TV story\u003c/a> online and find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.34661 -121.63106\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/chabot_kids.jpg\">\u003cem>School groups tour the Oakland Schools Science Fair\u003cbr>\nprojects at Chabot. Ben Burress, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It's the time of year again that I get a chance to peruse what our scientific-minded youth are thinking on questions of the physical world and universe around us: \u003ca href=\"http://science.ousd.k12.ca.us/sciencefair.htm\">Oakland Unified School District Science Fair\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-179081293.html\">science projects of students\u003c/a> from a range of schools in Oakland are on display at Chabot Space & Science Center for a couple of days-a long-time tradition I know, because when I was in elementary school (Glenview Elementary in Oakland) I participated in the Science Fair every year and wound up with my First Grade project (\u003cem>Which Straw Works Best\u003c/em>-longer or shorter?) on display at Chabot Observatory on Mountain Blvd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I went out into our halls to browse the rows of free-standing cardboard displays (all pre-fabbed display boards; in \u003cem>my\u003c/em> day we'd make our own from boxes, staples, and glue!) to see what today's young minds are thinking about science. In particular, I was looking for any that dealt with astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As usual, I saw a range of science topics, presentations styles, decoration, and grade levels. I saw the \u003ca href=\"http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/\">cadre of \"standard\" science projects\u003c/a> that get done every year (the tabletop volcano, the floating egg, the electric potato, and the like).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also saw some that I'd not seen before. There was one where the question asked was who has more germs, boys or girls? The experimenter took swab samples from behind the ears and from the hands of the students in her fourth grade class and grew germ cultures, which were all displayed before the presentation board in little plastic Petri dishes. What was the result? Do you want to know? Well, by this experiment at least, the girls won over the boys in having more germs from both sample sites....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what of the astronomy? In all of the couple hundred project displays, only three of them were astronomy projects. This doesn't surprise me too much, since astronomy is for the most part an observational, not experimental, science and doesn't lend itself to the kinds of things kids like to get their hands into. And of my own elementary school science fair projects, not one of them dealt with astronomy, so I really can't complain!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What were they? One dealt with \u003ca href=\"http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/moon_phases/\">observations of Moon phases\u003c/a>, asking the question is there a pattern to the way in which the Moon's shape changes from day to day. One asked why do the planets of the Solar System take different periods of time to \u003ca href=\"http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/flashlets/kepler6.htm\">orbit the Sun\u003c/a>, and why do they have different temperatures. Finally, one asked the ultimate Inconvenient Truth sort of question: What would happen to Earth if the Sun suddenly turned off? (That \u003cem>would\u003c/em> be inconvenient!) The answer to that one was, not long, since just about everything we do requires energy derived ultimately from the Sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of my own observation project, walking down the halls of Chabot and seeing what's up in the minds of our youth, was a happy success: the curiosity and scientific enthusiasm of our budding scientists appears to be alive and well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what of the astronomy? In all of the couple hundred project displays, only three of them were astronomy projects. This doesn't surprise me too much, since astronomy is for the most part an observational, not experimental, science and doesn't lend itself to the kinds of things kids like to get their hands into. And of my own elementary school science fair projects, not one of them dealt with astronomy, so I really can't complain!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What were they? One dealt with \u003ca href=\"http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/moon_phases/\">observations of Moon phases\u003c/a>, asking the question is there a pattern to the way in which the Moon's shape changes from day to day. One asked why do the planets of the Solar System take different periods of time to \u003ca href=\"http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/flashlets/kepler6.htm\">orbit the Sun\u003c/a>, and why do they have different temperatures. Finally, one asked the ultimate Inconvenient Truth sort of question: What would happen to Earth if the Sun suddenly turned off? (That \u003cem>would\u003c/em> be inconvenient!) The answer to that one was, not long, since just about everything we do requires energy derived ultimately from the Sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of my own observation project, walking down the halls of Chabot and seeing what's up in the minds of our youth, was a happy success: the curiosity and scientific enthusiasm of our budding scientists appears to be alive and well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/phoenix-rcom-dv.jpg\">\u003cem>Mockup of Phoenix (top) and 'Robinson Crusoe on Mars'\u003cbr>\n(bottom)—both set in Death Valley National Park…\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA (top), Paramount Pictures (bottom)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It's that time of the Martian year again: when a flying saucer from Earth appears in the skies of Mars. Imagine if there actually were Martians up there: what's science fiction here on Earth would pass for reality on the Red Planet—and a routine occurrence at that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time the flavor of the day is the \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/\">Phoenix Lander\u003c/a>, courtesy of NASA, scheduled to land on May 25th at about 4:38 PM PDT. We'll be watching live NASA coverage of the landing at Chabot Space & Science Center that afternoon, if you'd care to join us…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following somewhat in the footsteps of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/\">Viking landers\u003c/a> of the 1970s, Phoenix's primary mission is to look for evidence of life, or at least the chemical conditions that might be suitable for life to exist. The two Viking landers carried small chemical laboratories that analyzed soil samples scooped up from the surface, as does Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While its mission parallels that of Viking, one big difference from Phoenix is its destination: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Mars/MarsThePlanet/MarsIce.html\">Northern Polar Ice Cap of Mars\u003c/a>. The Vikings landed much farther south in the mid latitudes. Phoenix is targeting the ices of Mars' arctic region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, one of my favorite sci-fi films was \u003ca href=\"http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/42/robcrusoe.htm\">Robinson Crusoe on Mars\u003c/a>. Made in 1964, the same year that Mariner 4, the first space probe to Mars, was launched, RCOM made a descent stab at imagining what it was like. So what if the main character walked around in apparent t-shirt weather and with sufficient atmospheric pressure to keep his blood from boilin--he still wore a respirator that doled out oxygen from an ever-dwindling supply tank, a nod to Mars' thin atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of other things our astronaut Robinson Crusoe found on that fictional Mars that we are now looking for on the real one: liquid water and life…Our hero found small caches of water (with the help of a monkey) in grottos between the rocks, and, lo and behold, living in that water was a vine-like life form with edible fruit or tubers. He even took a foot-trek, along with his guy Friday, to the polar ice cap…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(I also loved the film because some of its \"Martian terrain\" scenes were shot in my favorite spot on Earth, Death Valley…)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though evidence of past liquid water action seems to be all about the planet, Phoenix certainly won't find any brooks or pools or grottos of spring water, owing at least in part to the frigid arctic region it will set feet on--an arctic zone on a world where the warmest temperatures in the tropics might reach levels of the coldest climates on Earth. What's important about landing on Mars' ice cap is that Phoenix is almost certain to dig up some water--albeit frozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it is the chemical compounds either locked up in that ice or preserved by its proximity that Phoenix is interested in. (Similarly, climatologists on Earth study ice cores from Antarctica to analyze the trapped and preserved gases of Earth's atmosphere of past millennia.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wish Phoenix a happy landing, and look forward to the first images and discoveries from the Martian North Pole. And I'm fairly confident the epic polar adventure ahead won't resemble in the least another \"great\" film of 1964: Santa Claus Conquers the Martians….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of other things our astronaut Robinson Crusoe found on that fictional Mars that we are now looking for on the real one: liquid water and life…Our hero found small caches of water (with the help of a monkey) in grottos between the rocks, and, lo and behold, living in that water was a vine-like life form with edible fruit or tubers. He even took a foot-trek, along with his guy Friday, to the polar ice cap…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(I also loved the film because some of its \"Martian terrain\" scenes were shot in my favorite spot on Earth, Death Valley…)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though evidence of past liquid water action seems to be all about the planet, Phoenix certainly won't find any brooks or pools or grottos of spring water, owing at least in part to the frigid arctic region it will set feet on--an arctic zone on a world where the warmest temperatures in the tropics might reach levels of the coldest climates on Earth. What's important about landing on Mars' ice cap is that Phoenix is almost certain to dig up some water--albeit frozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it is the chemical compounds either locked up in that ice or preserved by its proximity that Phoenix is interested in. (Similarly, climatologists on Earth study ice cores from Antarctica to analyze the trapped and preserved gases of Earth's atmosphere of past millennia.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wish Phoenix a happy landing, and look forward to the first images and discoveries from the Martian North Pole. And I'm fairly confident the epic polar adventure ahead won't resemble in the least another \"great\" film of 1964: Santa Claus Conquers the Martians….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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"info": "",
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"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
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"ted-radio-hour": {
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"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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