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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/encel640-ben-blog1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.\u003cbr>\nCredit: David Seal.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Back when I was young...\u003c/em>okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, \u003cem>\"…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…\"\u003c/em> But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html\">moons of Saturn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the '70s and '80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth's own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and \u003cem>ice ice ice!\u003c/em> were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth--the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>--arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060728103452.htm\">surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan\u003c/a>, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane--the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene--but take a dip in those \"waters\" and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan's frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus' snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=827\">an enormous \"geyser.\"\u003c/a> Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus' surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors \"sniffed\" more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \"water find\" was that of a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=826\">possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan\u003c/a>--similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Unexpected \"drift\" in the locations of landmarks on Titan's surface is what suggests a liquid ocean--water with perhaps some ammonia--that the frozen crust may be floating on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, \"lively…\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/encel640-ben-blog1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.\u003cbr>\nCredit: David Seal.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Back when I was young...\u003c/em>okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, \u003cem>\"…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…\"\u003c/em> But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html\">moons of Saturn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the '70s and '80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth's own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and \u003cem>ice ice ice!\u003c/em> were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth--the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>--arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060728103452.htm\">surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan\u003c/a>, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane--the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene--but take a dip in those \"waters\" and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan's frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus' snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=827\">an enormous \"geyser.\"\u003c/a> Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus' surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors \"sniffed\" more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \"water find\" was that of a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=826\">possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan\u003c/a>--similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Unexpected \"drift\" in the locations of landmarks on Titan's surface is what suggests a liquid ocean--water with perhaps some ammonia--that the frozen crust may be floating on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, \"lively…\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Every Photon Count\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/tube_telescope_eng.jpg\">\u003c/span>Last week I went to a talk given by the leader of \u003ca href=\"http://snfactory.lbl.gov/\">the Supernova Factory\u003c/a> collaboration at LBNL. What is SN factory? This is an ambitious project to study supernovae like never before. I mentioned this project briefly in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/24/excellent-conditions-for-skiing-and-supernovae/\">previous post\u003c/a> , now that they are so close to releasing their results I want to discuss it a bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main idea of this project is to study several hundred nearby supernovae using an instrument known as the Supernova Integral Field Spectrograph, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/Phys-SNIFS.html\">SNIFS\u003c/a>. This type of instrument is essentially \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">a blend between a traditional imaging camera and a spectrograph\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resolution in an integral field spectrograph is defined in \u003cem>spaxels \u003c/em>instead of the pixels that have become all too familiar with the advent of digital cameras. A spaxel is quite similar to a pixel, there aren't nearly as many and each one carries at least \u003cem>a 1000 times as much information\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In your digital camera, the light passes through the lens and directly onto the CCD. Each pixel on the CCD counts the number of photons in the red, the blue, and the green. Typically, there are millions of pixels, each counting photons from a slightly different region of the subject of your photograph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine that instead of just counting red, green, and blue, that each pixel counts the entire rainbow of light from your subject. Now you have a spaxel. In an intregral field unit, the light passes through an array of microlenses and prisms before landing on the detector. We would call each set of microlenses and prisms a spaxel. The resulting image carries information about every wavelength of light from every region of your target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/sn2204ca_spectrum.jpg\">\u003cem>Spectrum of the first SN observed with SNIFS\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The advantage to an integral field spectrograph like SNIFS is that you gain a lot more information than either an imager or spectrograph alone. With an integral field spectrograph you can basically identify and organize every photon that reaches the telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically designed to observe supernovae, SNIFS is being operated at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/88inch/\">88-inch telescope on Mauna Kea\u003c/a>. Spaxels are quite expensive - this particular instrument has only 225. However, this is more than enough to observe the entirety of a galaxy, a supernova, and the background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The members of the SN Factory have now observed over 100 SNe using this new camera. Last Thursday, I saw the data from the first 25 well-calibrated supernovae and was very impressed. The data showed the evolution of each supernova and the properties of the host galaxy in great detail. I'm sure the supernova community will be equally impressed when they first see these new results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all' /></p> <p><span class=\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine that instead of just counting red, green, and blue, that each pixel counts the entire rainbow of light from your subject. Now you have a spaxel. In an intregral field unit, the light passes through an array of microlenses and prisms before landing on the detector. We would call each set of microlenses and prisms a spaxel. The resulting image carries information about every wavelength of light from every region of your target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/sn2204ca_spectrum.jpg\">\u003cem>Spectrum of the first SN observed with SNIFS\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The advantage to an integral field spectrograph like SNIFS is that you gain a lot more information than either an imager or spectrograph alone. With an integral field spectrograph you can basically identify and organize every photon that reaches the telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically designed to observe supernovae, SNIFS is being operated at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/88inch/\">88-inch telescope on Mauna Kea\u003c/a>. Spaxels are quite expensive - this particular instrument has only 225. However, this is more than enough to observe the entirety of a galaxy, a supernova, and the background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The members of the SN Factory have now observed over 100 SNe using this new camera. Last Thursday, I saw the data from the first 25 well-calibrated supernovae and was very impressed. The data showed the evolution of each supernova and the properties of the host galaxy in great detail. I'm sure the supernova community will be equally impressed when they first see these new results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all' /></p> <p><span class=\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Last Hoorah for Solar Cycle 23?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/burress_blog_mdi_mag_resize.jpg\">\u003cem>Magnetic activity on March 27th; white indicates N\u003cbr>\nmagnetic poles, black S. Credit: ESA/SOHO/NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few blogs back I wrote about the 11-year cycle of ups and downs in solar activity--the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/15/nap-time-for-the-sun-solar-cycles/\">Solar Cycle \u003c/a>--and how over the last year or so the baton was supposedly passed from Cycle 23 to Cycle 24. But there has been an occurrence on the Sun that suggests we may be in somewhat of a gray zone….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past two or three years, the Sun has been downright boring. We set up our Sunspotter telescopes for visitors and try very hard to make what we see seem interesting--\"See that perfectly blank circle of light? That’s the Sun! Really it is!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a week ago, the tedium was suddenly broken by a train of sunspots that rotated into view on Sun’s disk. Five--count'em-- five sunspots! Finally, something to actually look at! And in the eyepiece of \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/visit/solarviewing.asp\">our Coronado Hydrogen-Alpha filter telescope \u003c/a>there were filaments and plage! What are \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/feature2.shtml\">filaments and plage\u003c/a>? Exactly! People wanted to know….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then came the weird part: these were not Cycle 24 sunspots \u003cem>(I am not the Dread Pirate Roberts…)\u003c/em>; they were refugees from the supposedly defunct Cycle 23. While the distinction may be a fine point that doesn’t worry most of our visitors, it can still be a good talking point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why were these five sunspots fingered as \u003ca href=\"http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2008/03/27/new-sunspot-but-still-a-solar-cycle-23-spot/\">old solar trekkers rather than members of the next generation\u003c/a>? It all comes back to what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/sun/activity/solar_cycle.html\">solar cycle\u003c/a> is--and sunspots, flares, prominences, and plage are merely details: manifestations of the Sun's magnetic convulsions. The Sun, like the Earth, generates an \u003ca href=\"http://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/hjenning/TourSolarCycle.html\">enveloping magnetic field\u003c/a>--a big donut with a north and a south magnetic pole. On smaller scales there are plenty of twists and swirls and knots in the field caused by local \"hot spots\" of magnetic activity--which are what produce features like sunspots in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At solar maximum--the peak of activity of a solar cycle--the Sun's magnetic poles flip over, or reverse. In fact, it's this reversal that really lets us know when a solar maximum has arrived. (Earth's magnetic field also reverses polarity periodically--although this only happens every 200,000 years, on average.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of a solar cycle, new sunspot activity can be found at high solar latitudes, and as the cycle progresses, activity migrates toward the equator. On a finer nuance, the magnetic polarity of sunspots--which can be N or S, and are usually paired up, \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/sun/atmosphere/sunspot_magnetism.html&edu=high\">like the two ends of a bar magnet \u003c/a>--are typically oriented east-to-west on the Sun's surface, one leading to the other as the Sun rotates. Which type of pole (N or S) leads and which trails depends on the overall magnetic \"flip\" state of the Sun's magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To round out this report, the five surprise sunspots of yesterweek were lined up close to the Sun's equator, and the orientation of their magnetic poles bespoke their affiliation with the outgoing magnetic administration (Cycle 23). So far, only a single, high-latitude, reverse-polarity sunspot observed last January \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2008/20080104_sunspot.html\">has signaled Cycle 24 \u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows? Maybe the magnetic candidates of Cycle 24 are still holding primaries, caucuses, and debates and have yet to begin some serious campaigning…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/burress_blog_mdi_mag_resize.jpg\">\u003cem>Magnetic activity on March 27th; white indicates N\u003cbr>\nmagnetic poles, black S. Credit: ESA/SOHO/NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few blogs back I wrote about the 11-year cycle of ups and downs in solar activity--the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/15/nap-time-for-the-sun-solar-cycles/\">Solar Cycle \u003c/a>--and how over the last year or so the baton was supposedly passed from Cycle 23 to Cycle 24. But there has been an occurrence on the Sun that suggests we may be in somewhat of a gray zone….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past two or three years, the Sun has been downright boring. We set up our Sunspotter telescopes for visitors and try very hard to make what we see seem interesting--\"See that perfectly blank circle of light? That’s the Sun! Really it is!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a week ago, the tedium was suddenly broken by a train of sunspots that rotated into view on Sun’s disk. Five--count'em-- five sunspots! Finally, something to actually look at! And in the eyepiece of \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/visit/solarviewing.asp\">our Coronado Hydrogen-Alpha filter telescope \u003c/a>there were filaments and plage! What are \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/feature2.shtml\">filaments and plage\u003c/a>? Exactly! People wanted to know….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then came the weird part: these were not Cycle 24 sunspots \u003cem>(I am not the Dread Pirate Roberts…)\u003c/em>; they were refugees from the supposedly defunct Cycle 23. While the distinction may be a fine point that doesn’t worry most of our visitors, it can still be a good talking point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why were these five sunspots fingered as \u003ca href=\"http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2008/03/27/new-sunspot-but-still-a-solar-cycle-23-spot/\">old solar trekkers rather than members of the next generation\u003c/a>? It all comes back to what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/sun/activity/solar_cycle.html\">solar cycle\u003c/a> is--and sunspots, flares, prominences, and plage are merely details: manifestations of the Sun's magnetic convulsions. The Sun, like the Earth, generates an \u003ca href=\"http://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/hjenning/TourSolarCycle.html\">enveloping magnetic field\u003c/a>--a big donut with a north and a south magnetic pole. On smaller scales there are plenty of twists and swirls and knots in the field caused by local \"hot spots\" of magnetic activity--which are what produce features like sunspots in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At solar maximum--the peak of activity of a solar cycle--the Sun's magnetic poles flip over, or reverse. In fact, it's this reversal that really lets us know when a solar maximum has arrived. (Earth's magnetic field also reverses polarity periodically--although this only happens every 200,000 years, on average.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of a solar cycle, new sunspot activity can be found at high solar latitudes, and as the cycle progresses, activity migrates toward the equator. On a finer nuance, the magnetic polarity of sunspots--which can be N or S, and are usually paired up, \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/sun/atmosphere/sunspot_magnetism.html&edu=high\">like the two ends of a bar magnet \u003c/a>--are typically oriented east-to-west on the Sun's surface, one leading to the other as the Sun rotates. Which type of pole (N or S) leads and which trails depends on the overall magnetic \"flip\" state of the Sun's magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To round out this report, the five surprise sunspots of yesterweek were lined up close to the Sun's equator, and the orientation of their magnetic poles bespoke their affiliation with the outgoing magnetic administration (Cycle 23). So far, only a single, high-latitude, reverse-polarity sunspot observed last January \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2008/20080104_sunspot.html\">has signaled Cycle 24 \u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows? Maybe the magnetic candidates of Cycle 24 are still holding primaries, caucuses, and debates and have yet to begin some serious campaigning…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/blog_nova_blue.jpg\">\u003c/span>Last night we completed our observations for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/SNLS/\">Supernova Legacy Survey\u003c/a>. This was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/02/supernovae-in-aspen/\">five year program to study supernovae\u003c/a> using a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/\">4-meter telescope in Hawaii\u003c/a> in combination with several of the largest optical telescopes in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project was headed by a group at a university in Toronto and a group at a university in Paris. Canada and France sponsor the 4-meter telescope that is used to discover and observe the supernovae from the point of explosion to the final days when the supernova fades from view. We call this the imaging part of the program. This data constrains the apparent brightness and life cycle of the supernova, and eventually the absolute distance to the supernova.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our contribution to the project was primarily through our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/11/07/whose-telescope-is-it-anyway/\">affiliation with Keck Observatory\u003c/a>. We were typically awarded four nights a year to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">observe recently discovered supernovae spectroscopically\u003c/a>. The data is used to determine the \u003ca href=\"http://en.allexperts.com/q/Astronomy-1360/Red-shift-Blue-Shift-1.htm\">redshift\u003c/a> and the kind of supernova explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae are used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/10/the-expanding-universe/\">rate of expansion of the universe\u003c/a>. It was this type of experiment that was first used to discover that the universe is actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/23/why-does-it-matter-part-ii/\">dominated by dark energy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one really suspected the presence of dark energy for almost the entirety of the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century. Now, we not only know it exists but are actually trying to understand it in the same way we understand gravity, protons, and electrons. That is where projects like the Supernova Legacy Survey come in. With projects like this, we work to collect enormous samples of well-studied supernovae that can improve our understanding of dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We use a certain type of supernova as yardsticks to measure distances in the universe. We then model the affects of dark energy on the expansion history of the universe by comparing distances and rates of expansion. This comparison is typically represented in a \u003ca href=\"http://cas.sdss.org/dr6/en/proj/advanced/hubble/\">Hubble Diagram\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/blog_hubble_diagram.jpg\">\u003c/span>The Supernova Legacy Survey has been very successful in its attempts thus far. On the right, I show the Hubble Diagram from the first year of data. This is less than 20% of the full sample. The dotted line outlines the expectations of the 1990's cosmology crowd. The solid line shows the prediction from the more sophisticated cosmologists of the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century. As you can see, the original expectations were pretty far off the mark - the supernovae just don't lie on top of the dotted line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that this program is finishing up, we should be seeing similar figures that are teeming with supernovae. Future programs should do an even better job of making these measurements. Someday we may actually understand this dark energy thing, it may turn out to be something else completely new and unexpected!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/blog_nova_blue.jpg\">\u003c/span>Last night we completed our observations for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/SNLS/\">Supernova Legacy Survey\u003c/a>. This was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/02/supernovae-in-aspen/\">five year program to study supernovae\u003c/a> using a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/\">4-meter telescope in Hawaii\u003c/a> in combination with several of the largest optical telescopes in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project was headed by a group at a university in Toronto and a group at a university in Paris. Canada and France sponsor the 4-meter telescope that is used to discover and observe the supernovae from the point of explosion to the final days when the supernova fades from view. We call this the imaging part of the program. This data constrains the apparent brightness and life cycle of the supernova, and eventually the absolute distance to the supernova.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our contribution to the project was primarily through our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/11/07/whose-telescope-is-it-anyway/\">affiliation with Keck Observatory\u003c/a>. We were typically awarded four nights a year to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">observe recently discovered supernovae spectroscopically\u003c/a>. The data is used to determine the \u003ca href=\"http://en.allexperts.com/q/Astronomy-1360/Red-shift-Blue-Shift-1.htm\">redshift\u003c/a> and the kind of supernova explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae are used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/10/the-expanding-universe/\">rate of expansion of the universe\u003c/a>. It was this type of experiment that was first used to discover that the universe is actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/23/why-does-it-matter-part-ii/\">dominated by dark energy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one really suspected the presence of dark energy for almost the entirety of the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century. Now, we not only know it exists but are actually trying to understand it in the same way we understand gravity, protons, and electrons. That is where projects like the Supernova Legacy Survey come in. With projects like this, we work to collect enormous samples of well-studied supernovae that can improve our understanding of dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When I first began to work on Quest's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/775\">\u003cem>SETI: The Search for ET\u003c/em>\u003c/a> segment, I have to admit that my initial reaction was \"\u003cem>are we still looking for ET?\u003c/em>\" Of course, humans have been gazing up to the heavens for millennia, asking ourselves that interminable question \"are we alone?\" And of course, there's been a long line of increasingly sophisticated radio telescopes searching the skies for cosmic signs of intelligence. But hey, don't we at some point have to call it a day? Though I think most of us don't actually believe we're alone, the universe is really, really big. What chance do we have of finding ET?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it turns out our chances are much better than I thought. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Reber\">Grote Reber\u003c/a> began conducting sky surveys in the radio frequencies with his newly invented radio telescope in 1937, and detected the first signals from outer space in 1938. In the seven decades since then, we've seen a multitude of radio telescope designs pop up all over the world, but we still haven't gotten signals from any little green men. What I didn't understand, until I spoke to Jill Tarter and Seth Shostak at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">the SETI Institute\u003c/a>, is that in all that time, we've hardly looked at any space at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since SETI's first experiment in 1960 by Dr. Frank Drake, and until very recently, they've only looked at a thousand stars out of about 400 billion stars in \u003cem>our \u003c/em>galaxy, and there are 100 billion other galaxies to look at! There are two reasons for this: 1) The radio telescopes they've been using can only look at narrow swaths of the sky, and 2) they've had to RENT time on other people's telescopes, which constrains their search and budget. Now, the new Allen Telescope Array is being built just for them, and with it they'll be able to capture millions of frequencies from multiple star systems simultaneously. It will be the biggest and fastest tool in the world for seeking signs of ET!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn why scientists use radio frequencies in the hunt for intelligent life, and to learn more about the history & future of the search, watch our story \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/775\">\u003cem>SETI: The Search for ET\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. You can also watch our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/815\">extended interview with Astronomer Jill Tarter\u003c/a>. And hey folks, the SETI Institute is a non-profit organization, so if you'd like to help them out with the search, consider adopting a scientist like Jill Tarter or Seth Shostak. Go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/AdoptAScientist/\">Adopt-a-Scientist\u003c/a>, or join Jill's team and become a TeamSETI member at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/support-us/teamseti.php\">Join TeamSETI. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, check out U.C. Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/\">SETI@home\u003c/a> page and turn your home computer into a tool that downloads and analyzes radio telescope data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/solarinteraction.jpg\">\u003cem>Illustration of a blast of solar wind impacting\u003cbr>\nEarth's protective magnetic field. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Breathe in, exhale. Feel the air in your mouth, windpipe, and lungs. That's a sample of Earth's atmosphere: the thin layer of gases enveloping our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know that the \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/heliosph.html\">Sun also has an atmosphere\u003c/a>, and that the Earth is inside it? In fact, the Sun's envelope of gases extends well beyond the orbit of Pluto, out to the regions of the solar system where the 3-decade-old Voyager spacecraft are only now reaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Space weather\u003c/a>\" refers to the conditions in space caused by the outflow of electrically charged gases (plasma) coming from the Sun—what we call the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/sun/wind_character.html\" target=\"_blank\">solar wind\u003c/a>.\" The term \"space weather\" may conjure images of cosmic tornadoes, astral lightning bursts, and some Star Trek version of a galactic hurricane-- but actual space weather is nothing so Earthly and familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, the \"air\" in space is nothing like the atmosphere we draw our breath from. \u003ca href=\"http://scipp.ucsc.edu/outreach/balloon/atmos/The%20Earth.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Earth air\u003c/a>, at the surface, is made of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other trace elements, and is relatively dense. \"Space air\" is mostly hydrogen-- \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/ionization.html\" target=\"_blank\">ionized hydrogen\u003c/a> at that (meaning stripped of its electrons and so electrically charged; the separated electrons are also blowing along in the solar wind).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the gases of the solar wind are extremely rarified. Despite the talk of a solar atmosphere, solar wind, and space weather, space within the solar system is still almost a complete vacuum. At Earth's distance from the Sun, the average density of the solar wind is somewhere between 6 and 9 atoms (mostly hydrogen) per cubic centimeter. If you spread out the gas contained in an ordinary party balloon to this same thinness, it would fill a volume of space over 10 miles across!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third, the solar wind, for all its sparseness, blows fast! Depending on conditions of space weather, the flow of solar wind past the Earth can speed along anywhere from 200 to 900 kilometers per second! Earth's fastest winds slug along at only a few hundred kilometers per HOUR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does space weather—the changing conditions of the solar wind—affect us on Earth? How might you, personally, have experienced, directly or indirectly, the effects of the Sun's gentle breeze?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most familiar phenomenon caused by space weather is \u003ca href=\"http://www.geo.mtu.edu/weather/aurora/\">Earth's beautiful auroras\u003c/a> —the northern and southern lights. Interactions between the solar wind and Earth's magnetic field and electrically charged particles trapped in it excite atoms in the upper atmosphere to emit light. And it's not just a softly glowing night light: the most powerful auroras can generate up to a trillion Watts of power!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar wind \"storms\" can not only produce more active auroras, but can cause fluctuations in Earth's magnetic field whose effects can be felt on the ground. These \"geomagnetic storms\" usually pass unnoticed, perhaps causing a tiny change in the direction that compass needles point-- but have also been known to overload electrical power grids and cause blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the space around Earth, solar storms have been known to damage or disable satellites, and can put unprotected astronauts at risk. Space walks on the International Space Station are scheduled for times when space weather is - so to speak -\"sunny and calm.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thinking about space weather on Earth might seem like worrying over Atlantic hurricanes here in the Bay Area—but with more and more human activity taking place beyond the confines of our atmosphere, this is a very real and vital concern, and is taken very seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Illustration of a blast of solar wind impacting Earth's protective magnetic field. Credit: NASABreathe in, exhale. Feel the air in your mouth, windpipe, and lungs. That's a sample of Earth's atmosphere: the thin layer of gases enveloping our planet. Did you know that the Sun also has an atmosphere, and that the Earth is inside",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/solarinteraction.jpg\">\u003cem>Illustration of a blast of solar wind impacting\u003cbr>\nEarth's protective magnetic field. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Breathe in, exhale. Feel the air in your mouth, windpipe, and lungs. That's a sample of Earth's atmosphere: the thin layer of gases enveloping our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know that the \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/heliosph.html\">Sun also has an atmosphere\u003c/a>, and that the Earth is inside it? In fact, the Sun's envelope of gases extends well beyond the orbit of Pluto, out to the regions of the solar system where the 3-decade-old Voyager spacecraft are only now reaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Space weather\u003c/a>\" refers to the conditions in space caused by the outflow of electrically charged gases (plasma) coming from the Sun—what we call the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/sun/wind_character.html\" target=\"_blank\">solar wind\u003c/a>.\" The term \"space weather\" may conjure images of cosmic tornadoes, astral lightning bursts, and some Star Trek version of a galactic hurricane-- but actual space weather is nothing so Earthly and familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, the \"air\" in space is nothing like the atmosphere we draw our breath from. \u003ca href=\"http://scipp.ucsc.edu/outreach/balloon/atmos/The%20Earth.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Earth air\u003c/a>, at the surface, is made of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other trace elements, and is relatively dense. \"Space air\" is mostly hydrogen-- \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/ionization.html\" target=\"_blank\">ionized hydrogen\u003c/a> at that (meaning stripped of its electrons and so electrically charged; the separated electrons are also blowing along in the solar wind).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the gases of the solar wind are extremely rarified. Despite the talk of a solar atmosphere, solar wind, and space weather, space within the solar system is still almost a complete vacuum. At Earth's distance from the Sun, the average density of the solar wind is somewhere between 6 and 9 atoms (mostly hydrogen) per cubic centimeter. If you spread out the gas contained in an ordinary party balloon to this same thinness, it would fill a volume of space over 10 miles across!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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