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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/blog_snowboard.jpg\">\u003cem>Julien Guy: supernova cosmologist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I'm sitting in the airport right now, passing time as I wait for my flight back to SFO. Looking at the clock now, I see that my jet lag future does not bode well. I awoke at 5:00 AM here and nearly 11 hours later feel like the day is over, yet it is only 7:50 AM in CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent the last week at a conference in the Italian Alps with about 200 skier/cosmologists. Mornings were spent in the conference hall watching 15 or 25 minute presentations. Afternoons were for the slopes. Evenings were back in the conference hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference started with supernova talks - I was fourth on the list. Being in the field, I had heard most of the results that were presented in the other talks. Ditto the other attendees' perspectives on my talk. However, there were some new and very promising results from the \u003ca href=\"http://snfactory.lbl.gov/\">Supernova Factory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova factory is a LBNL-based research group that focuses on \"nearby supernovae\". By nearby, I mean only a few hundred million light years away. These supernovae occur in galaxies that are distant enough to be free of the gravity of the Milky Way and our neighboring galaxies but close enough to observe with smaller telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae observed by the SN factory are very bright compared to the supernovae I observe with the Hubble Space Telescope. The supernovae are bright enough to make very precise measurements at each wavelength of the supernova spectrum. Just like my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">earlier post on spectroscopy\u003c/a>, the supernova light is imaged after passing through a prism. These images provide very detailed information about the molecules and atoms that are present in the supernova explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spectroscopic observations also tell us how one supernova may differ from another. The small variations in \u003ca href=\"http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/1998/AAS_winter-sn/pr.html\">type Ia supernovae\u003c/a> have been a mystery for quite some time. If we can learn the causes of these variations, these supernovae could be come even more useful for measuring distances in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several models and theories to explain the differences, but none has been extensively tested. A large number of bright nearby supernovae is required to test these models. Hopefully, a project like the supernova factory will provide that sample. In this conference, they only showed a handful of supernovae. All but one of these supernovae was well-behaved, fitting our current models. The last one differed enormously from the others, but the detailed spectroscopic observations lent evidence as to why this may be the case. The data is still being examined, but I am encouraged by the progress necessary if supernovae are to be used to explain the cosmology of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presentations over the next five days covered a very large range of topics. Some conference attendees presented ideas that had never occurred to me. One that I found very interesting was an experiment to model the orbital paths of stars around the black hole at the center of the Milky Way. For those patient enough to watch these stars for 15 years, it should be possible to measure the properties of gravity and the black hole itself by looking for deviations in the stars orbits from our current models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the talks were very interesting and well-attended, I can't help but comment on the other important side of this conference. That would of course be the skiing. The Europeans really have it right - they chose the site and the schedule with the perfect balance for leisure time. We were only ten miles from the tallest mountain in Europe, within site of the Matterhorn, had perfect snow all week, and had just enough time to enjoy it. I even had a chance to practice my amateur photography on the slopes. Now the next challenge will be to organize a conference in Tahiti!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/blog_snowboard.jpg\">\u003cem>Julien Guy: supernova cosmologist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I'm sitting in the airport right now, passing time as I wait for my flight back to SFO. Looking at the clock now, I see that my jet lag future does not bode well. I awoke at 5:00 AM here and nearly 11 hours later feel like the day is over, yet it is only 7:50 AM in CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent the last week at a conference in the Italian Alps with about 200 skier/cosmologists. Mornings were spent in the conference hall watching 15 or 25 minute presentations. Afternoons were for the slopes. Evenings were back in the conference hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference started with supernova talks - I was fourth on the list. Being in the field, I had heard most of the results that were presented in the other talks. Ditto the other attendees' perspectives on my talk. However, there were some new and very promising results from the \u003ca href=\"http://snfactory.lbl.gov/\">Supernova Factory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova factory is a LBNL-based research group that focuses on \"nearby supernovae\". By nearby, I mean only a few hundred million light years away. These supernovae occur in galaxies that are distant enough to be free of the gravity of the Milky Way and our neighboring galaxies but close enough to observe with smaller telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae observed by the SN factory are very bright compared to the supernovae I observe with the Hubble Space Telescope. The supernovae are bright enough to make very precise measurements at each wavelength of the supernova spectrum. Just like my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/09/catching-rainbows-from-distant-galaxies/\">earlier post on spectroscopy\u003c/a>, the supernova light is imaged after passing through a prism. These images provide very detailed information about the molecules and atoms that are present in the supernova explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spectroscopic observations also tell us how one supernova may differ from another. The small variations in \u003ca href=\"http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/1998/AAS_winter-sn/pr.html\">type Ia supernovae\u003c/a> have been a mystery for quite some time. If we can learn the causes of these variations, these supernovae could be come even more useful for measuring distances in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several models and theories to explain the differences, but none has been extensively tested. A large number of bright nearby supernovae is required to test these models. Hopefully, a project like the supernova factory will provide that sample. In this conference, they only showed a handful of supernovae. All but one of these supernovae was well-behaved, fitting our current models. The last one differed enormously from the others, but the detailed spectroscopic observations lent evidence as to why this may be the case. The data is still being examined, but I am encouraged by the progress necessary if supernovae are to be used to explain the cosmology of our universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presentations over the next five days covered a very large range of topics. Some conference attendees presented ideas that had never occurred to me. One that I found very interesting was an experiment to model the orbital paths of stars around the black hole at the center of the Milky Way. For those patient enough to watch these stars for 15 years, it should be possible to measure the properties of gravity and the black hole itself by looking for deviations in the stars orbits from our current models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the talks were very interesting and well-attended, I can't help but comment on the other important side of this conference. That would of course be the skiing. The Europeans really have it right - they chose the site and the schedule with the perfect balance for leisure time. We were only ten miles from the tallest mountain in Europe, within site of the Matterhorn, had perfect snow all week, and had just enough time to enjoy it. I even had a chance to practice my amateur photography on the slopes. Now the next challenge will be to organize a conference in Tahiti!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's approaching that time of year again: Spring Equinox. The blaze in my home's interior hallway has been signaling this for the last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/blog_chabot_equinox_clock.jpg\">\u003cem>The shadow of Chabot's \"solar clock\" at noon\u003cbr>\non the equinox produces a pattern of solid green\u003cbr>\nstraddling the gnomon\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I noticed late in the afternoon a couple days ago that the windowless hallway where we hang all of our family photos was afire in a shaft of bright sunlight, entering a window in the adjacent bedroom. Only around \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/the_universe/uts/equinox.html\">Equinox\u003c/a> (Spring or Fall), when the Sun sets about directly west, does this happen in my house. The rest of the year the Sun sets too far north or south for this window-and-hallway alignment to take place. It's a striking event because for only a few days of the year my normally dark hallway explodes with radiance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ancient cultures all around the world made use of the changing rise and set position of the Sun to track the seasons, and either observed \u003ca href=\"http://space.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn11281\">special alignments of sunlight and shadow\u003c/a> with geographical features, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.spirasolaris.ca/sbb4g1.html\">built structures that made the special alignments\u003c/a>. Stonehenge is one famous example, but there are plenty of \u003ca href=\"http://www.delange.org/Xochicalco_o/Xochicalco_o.htm\">other seasonal observatories\u003c/a> in just about every part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the more distant stars in the sky, which always rise and set at the same points on the horizon, the Sun (a star too, of course) wanders northward and southward in the sky throughout the year, and so its rise and set points migrate. On the Equinoxes the Sun rises directly at the east point on the horizon and sets directly at the west point-but at Summer Solstice in the Bay Area it rises a full 30 degrees to the north, and at Winter Solstice 30 degrees to the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for the Sun's annual wandering comes from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/celsph.html\">tilt of Earth's rotational axis with its orbit around the Sun\u003c/a>. At our (Northern Hemisphere) Summer Solstice, our hemisphere is tipped toward the Sun and the Sun appears at its most northerly point in the sky; we receive more hours of sunlight and more direct rays from the Sun-so it's warmer. Winter Solstice is opposite, with our hemisphere tipped away and the Sun and the Sun farthest to the south, making for shorter hours of daylight and less direct solar rays--and so it's colder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equinox is a middle point between solstices: the Sun is poised between the northern and southern extreme points of the solstices-positioned directly over Earth's equator-and the hours of daylight and night are about equal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does \u003cem>your\u003c/em> home or place of work function as a solar seasonal calendar, as mine does? Is there a special time of year when you notice a striking pattern of light and shadow, a special alignment of walls, windows, doors, or other features? From the location of Chabot Space & Science Center, at equinox the Sun sets directly on the Golden Gate Bridge... .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have noticed something like this, then you've experienced what many ancient peoples noticed about the seasonal changing of the Sun. Their observations led them to understanding, or at least making use of, the cycle of the Earth revolving about the Sun to establish the earliest calendar systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look and see what you notice, especially around Equinox (March 19, Pacific Time-March 20 GMT).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's approaching that time of year again: Spring Equinox. The blaze in my home's interior hallway has been signaling this for the last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/blog_chabot_equinox_clock.jpg\">\u003cem>The shadow of Chabot's \"solar clock\" at noon\u003cbr>\non the equinox produces a pattern of solid green\u003cbr>\nstraddling the gnomon\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I noticed late in the afternoon a couple days ago that the windowless hallway where we hang all of our family photos was afire in a shaft of bright sunlight, entering a window in the adjacent bedroom. Only around \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/the_universe/uts/equinox.html\">Equinox\u003c/a> (Spring or Fall), when the Sun sets about directly west, does this happen in my house. The rest of the year the Sun sets too far north or south for this window-and-hallway alignment to take place. It's a striking event because for only a few days of the year my normally dark hallway explodes with radiance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ancient cultures all around the world made use of the changing rise and set position of the Sun to track the seasons, and either observed \u003ca href=\"http://space.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn11281\">special alignments of sunlight and shadow\u003c/a> with geographical features, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.spirasolaris.ca/sbb4g1.html\">built structures that made the special alignments\u003c/a>. Stonehenge is one famous example, but there are plenty of \u003ca href=\"http://www.delange.org/Xochicalco_o/Xochicalco_o.htm\">other seasonal observatories\u003c/a> in just about every part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the more distant stars in the sky, which always rise and set at the same points on the horizon, the Sun (a star too, of course) wanders northward and southward in the sky throughout the year, and so its rise and set points migrate. On the Equinoxes the Sun rises directly at the east point on the horizon and sets directly at the west point-but at Summer Solstice in the Bay Area it rises a full 30 degrees to the north, and at Winter Solstice 30 degrees to the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for the Sun's annual wandering comes from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/celsph.html\">tilt of Earth's rotational axis with its orbit around the Sun\u003c/a>. At our (Northern Hemisphere) Summer Solstice, our hemisphere is tipped toward the Sun and the Sun appears at its most northerly point in the sky; we receive more hours of sunlight and more direct rays from the Sun-so it's warmer. Winter Solstice is opposite, with our hemisphere tipped away and the Sun and the Sun farthest to the south, making for shorter hours of daylight and less direct solar rays--and so it's colder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equinox is a middle point between solstices: the Sun is poised between the northern and southern extreme points of the solstices-positioned directly over Earth's equator-and the hours of daylight and night are about equal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does \u003cem>your\u003c/em> home or place of work function as a solar seasonal calendar, as mine does? Is there a special time of year when you notice a striking pattern of light and shadow, a special alignment of walls, windows, doors, or other features? From the location of Chabot Space & Science Center, at equinox the Sun sets directly on the Golden Gate Bridge... .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have noticed something like this, then you've experienced what many ancient peoples noticed about the seasonal changing of the Sun. Their observations led them to understanding, or at least making use of, the cycle of the Earth revolving about the Sun to establish the earliest calendar systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look and see what you notice, especially around Equinox (March 19, Pacific Time-March 20 GMT).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "H-R: Not just for “Human Resources” Anymore",
"title": "H-R: Not just for “Human Resources” Anymore",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/hrdiagram.jpg\">\u003cem>H-R diagram of 47 Tucanae\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I started off my last \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/25/star-clusters-in-the-milky-way/\">post\u003c/a> talking about the well-known properties of globular clusters, but I chose not to dive into the details of the stars inside the clusters. The stars really deserve an article all to themselves. Now is the time for that article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically all of the stars in a globular cluster have the same age and formed under the same conditions. Observations of a globular cluster are a snapshot of one point along the evolutionary track of all these stars. Each star will have well defined properties depending on its mass and the age of the cluster. In the early 1900's, Ejnar Herstzprung and Henry Norris Russell made the first observations of this age and mass relation, thus earning the honor of having the model named after them. Not to be confused with more common corporate acronym, we now refer to the model describing the brightness and color of stars as the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, or \u003ca href=\"http://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/labs/star_life/hr_diagram.html\">H-R diagram\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The H-R diagram shows the relationship between the brightness of a star and its color. In the figure at the top of this page, the y-axis shows the brightness of the stars in the cluster. The brightest stars are represented by the dots at the top of the figure. The faintest stars are near the bottom. The x-axis shows the color of these stars – red stars are on the right and blue stars are on the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All stars start on the \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/stars.html\">main sequence\u003c/a>, regardless of their mass. A star on the main sequence is burning hydrogen in its core. The more massive main sequence stars burn much more hydrogen, making them hotter, bluer, and brighter than the lower mass stars. The main sequence stars can be seen as the dots below the objects labeled “subgiant branch” in the H-R diagram at the top of the page. You should be able to see the bluer-brighter relationship that describes the main sequence stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive stars also consume all of the hydrogen in their cores very quickly, causing them to evolve off the main sequence much sooner than the lower mass stars. The stars that have just evolved off the main sequence are the “subgiant branch”. These stars still burn hydrogen but only in regions away from the core. They mark the turn-off from the main sequence and are used to determine the age of a globular cluster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more massive a star is, the further it has evolved from the main sequence in an old cluster. The more massive stars can be seen as the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_giant\">red giant\u003c/a> branch, the horizontal branch (burning helium in the core), and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr03/sb0307.html\">asymptotic giant branch\u003c/a>. These stars are all still burning their material through fusion, but appear much different in color, size, and brightness than stars on the main sequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there are some stars that have made a huge jump from the top right hand corner of the H-R diagram to the bottom left. These are the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1995/32\">white dwarf\u003c/a> stars, seen as the faintest and bluest objects in globular clusters. These stars have burned the last of their available fuel and change from big, cool, and red to very small, hot, and blue very quickly when they purge their outer layers. They no longer burn any material in their cores and are simply radiating the last of their energy left from a lifetime of fusion into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I found many good examples of the H-R diagram on the web and you’ll need to run Java on your computer to see my \u003ca href=\"http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/applets/Hr/frame.html\">favorite\u003c/a>. This is a really cool program that allows you to simulate the evolution of stars. Just give it a mass and watch it go. You can see how it changes brightness, color, and size as it grows old. Check it out!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8769\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.247\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/hrdiagram.jpg\">\u003cem>H-R diagram of 47 Tucanae\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I started off my last \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/25/star-clusters-in-the-milky-way/\">post\u003c/a> talking about the well-known properties of globular clusters, but I chose not to dive into the details of the stars inside the clusters. The stars really deserve an article all to themselves. Now is the time for that article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically all of the stars in a globular cluster have the same age and formed under the same conditions. Observations of a globular cluster are a snapshot of one point along the evolutionary track of all these stars. Each star will have well defined properties depending on its mass and the age of the cluster. In the early 1900's, Ejnar Herstzprung and Henry Norris Russell made the first observations of this age and mass relation, thus earning the honor of having the model named after them. Not to be confused with more common corporate acronym, we now refer to the model describing the brightness and color of stars as the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, or \u003ca href=\"http://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/labs/star_life/hr_diagram.html\">H-R diagram\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The H-R diagram shows the relationship between the brightness of a star and its color. In the figure at the top of this page, the y-axis shows the brightness of the stars in the cluster. The brightest stars are represented by the dots at the top of the figure. The faintest stars are near the bottom. The x-axis shows the color of these stars – red stars are on the right and blue stars are on the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All stars start on the \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/stars.html\">main sequence\u003c/a>, regardless of their mass. A star on the main sequence is burning hydrogen in its core. The more massive main sequence stars burn much more hydrogen, making them hotter, bluer, and brighter than the lower mass stars. The main sequence stars can be seen as the dots below the objects labeled “subgiant branch” in the H-R diagram at the top of the page. You should be able to see the bluer-brighter relationship that describes the main sequence stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive stars also consume all of the hydrogen in their cores very quickly, causing them to evolve off the main sequence much sooner than the lower mass stars. The stars that have just evolved off the main sequence are the “subgiant branch”. These stars still burn hydrogen but only in regions away from the core. They mark the turn-off from the main sequence and are used to determine the age of a globular cluster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more massive a star is, the further it has evolved from the main sequence in an old cluster. The more massive stars can be seen as the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_giant\">red giant\u003c/a> branch, the horizontal branch (burning helium in the core), and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr03/sb0307.html\">asymptotic giant branch\u003c/a>. These stars are all still burning their material through fusion, but appear much different in color, size, and brightness than stars on the main sequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there are some stars that have made a huge jump from the top right hand corner of the H-R diagram to the bottom left. These are the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1995/32\">white dwarf\u003c/a> stars, seen as the faintest and bluest objects in globular clusters. These stars have burned the last of their available fuel and change from big, cool, and red to very small, hot, and blue very quickly when they purge their outer layers. They no longer burn any material in their cores and are simply radiating the last of their energy left from a lifetime of fusion into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I found many good examples of the H-R diagram on the web and you’ll need to run Java on your computer to see my \u003ca href=\"http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/applets/Hr/frame.html\">favorite\u003c/a>. This is a really cool program that allows you to simulate the evolution of stars. Just give it a mass and watch it go. You can see how it changes brightness, color, and size as it grows old. Check it out!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8769\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.247\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/south-pole.jpg\">\u003cem>Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the sun shines and the air warms in the Bay Area, take a moment to consider a place where it's always cold--the South Pole. Thanks to some local folk, we can get a taste of the science at the bottom of the earth without leaving balmy San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley graduate student Michaelangelo D'Agostino \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/daily/diary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10711348\">blogs\u003c/a> about his trip south for the Economist. D'Agostino chronicles the stages of his journey, from New Zealand to the station, and what day-to-day life is like at -24 degrees Celsius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SF's own Exploratorium brings Antarctic scientists, live, to your computer monitor. In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/poles/index.php\">webcasts\u003c/a>, archived so you can watch any time,\u003cbr>\nscientists explain their research on everything from penguins and glaciers to neutrinos. The also have \u003ca href=\"http://icestories.exploratorium.edu/dispatches/\">dispatches\u003c/a>, updates from the scientists as they go about their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_adance.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amber Dance\u003c/strong> is the Quest Intern and a \u003ca href=\"http://scicom.ucsc.edu/\">science communication\u003c/a> student at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cem>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">\u003cem>latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">-90\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">0\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/03/south-pole.jpg\">\u003cem>Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the sun shines and the air warms in the Bay Area, take a moment to consider a place where it's always cold--the South Pole. Thanks to some local folk, we can get a taste of the science at the bottom of the earth without leaving balmy San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley graduate student Michaelangelo D'Agostino \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/daily/diary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10711348\">blogs\u003c/a> about his trip south for the Economist. D'Agostino chronicles the stages of his journey, from New Zealand to the station, and what day-to-day life is like at -24 degrees Celsius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SF's own Exploratorium brings Antarctic scientists, live, to your computer monitor. In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/poles/index.php\">webcasts\u003c/a>, archived so you can watch any time,\u003cbr>\nscientists explain their research on everything from penguins and glaciers to neutrinos. The also have \u003ca href=\"http://icestories.exploratorium.edu/dispatches/\">dispatches\u003c/a>, updates from the scientists as they go about their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_adance.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amber Dance\u003c/strong> is the Quest Intern and a \u003ca href=\"http://scicom.ucsc.edu/\">science communication\u003c/a> student at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/oakland_observatory_1880s1.jpg\">\u003cem>The original Oakland Observatory in the 1880’s,\u003cbr>\nat Lafayette Square in Oakland. Credit: Chabot Space\u003cbr>\n& Science Center archives.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This year marks an anniversary for the astronomical heritage of Oakland and the San Francisco Bay Area: Chabot Observatory turns 125!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally established as \u003ca href=\"http://www.brainyhistory.com/years/1883.html\" target=\"_blank\">the Oakland Observatory\u003c/a> in 1883, the facility was a unique creature from the very beginning. Conceived by then Oakland Public Schools Superintendent Jewett Gilson, who was inspired by a school observatory he saw in Philadelphia, the observatory was created for use by Oakland schools and the general public at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilson looked for, and eventually found, a donor to fund the observatory project: \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Chabot\" target=\"_blank\">Anthony Chabot\u003c/a>, a wealthy entrepreneur and philanthropist who made his fortune building municipal water systems in the Bay Area-- including Lake Temescal and Lake Chabot. Anthony Chabot stipulated as part of his original $3,000 gift that the telescope shall forever be available for public observation at not cost-- a tradition that continues today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot didn't want the observatory to be named for him, so in its earliest years it was called the Oakland Observatory. The public, as the story goes, insisted on calling it Chabot Observatory in gratitude for the gift-- and eventually the name was made official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original location for the observatory and its 8-inch Alvan Clarke and Sons telescope (\"Leah\") was close to downtown Oakland in Lafayette Square-- which today remains a square block of parkland, at 10th and 11th Streets and Martin Luther King Junior Way and Jefferson Street. In those days, 10 or so visitors on any given night would climb the tower-like structure to the telescope dome and peer at the heavens through the high quality instrument. Reservations had to be made in advance-- sometimes as long as a month or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Oakland grew, and particularly as it converted its street lighting from gas-powered lamps to electric lights, the necessity of moving the observatory to a darker spot grew. The observatory’s first director, Charles Burckhalter (who is said to have been the first person in Oakland with an astronomical telescope, set up in a backyard observatory at his home on Chester Street), arranged for the relocation. A number of different sites were considered-- including a spot near Redwood Peak, the current location of the observatory-- but a small hill next to the Mills College campus was finally adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1915, Chabot Observatory opened at its new site, along with a new 20-inch Warner and Swasey telescope (\"Rachel\"), and continued to wow the public with the astronomical vistas it conveyed. In 1923 the directorship passed to Earle Linsley, a Mills College professor, who expanded the reach of the observatory to the public through outreach to schools and the establishment of an amateur astronomy group (today the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayastro.org/index/history/history01.htm%5D\" target=\"_blank\">Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having visited this Chabot Observatory as a child in the 1960s, I now appreciate how long and distinguished a career those two telescopes spanned. At the time, I had no idea that Leah, even in 1968, was 85 years old-older than my grandparents! Then the observatory was run by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/09/BAGTGQT9J51.DTL&hw=kingsley&sn=001&sc=1000\" target=\"_blank\">the beloved Kingsley Wightman\u003c/a> -- \"Mr. Science\" to a generation or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took the moving Earth to relocate the observatory a second time-- literally. Because of Chabot Observatory’s location almost directly on top of the Hayward Fault, and the fact that the aging buildings were not quake-- safe in the first place, another site had to be found: the present location of Chabot Space & Science Center, adjacent to Redwood Peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy 125th to Oakland’s special connection with the stars!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/oakland_observatory_1880s1.jpg\">\u003cem>The original Oakland Observatory in the 1880’s,\u003cbr>\nat Lafayette Square in Oakland. Credit: Chabot Space\u003cbr>\n& Science Center archives.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This year marks an anniversary for the astronomical heritage of Oakland and the San Francisco Bay Area: Chabot Observatory turns 125!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally established as \u003ca href=\"http://www.brainyhistory.com/years/1883.html\" target=\"_blank\">the Oakland Observatory\u003c/a> in 1883, the facility was a unique creature from the very beginning. Conceived by then Oakland Public Schools Superintendent Jewett Gilson, who was inspired by a school observatory he saw in Philadelphia, the observatory was created for use by Oakland schools and the general public at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilson looked for, and eventually found, a donor to fund the observatory project: \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Chabot\" target=\"_blank\">Anthony Chabot\u003c/a>, a wealthy entrepreneur and philanthropist who made his fortune building municipal water systems in the Bay Area-- including Lake Temescal and Lake Chabot. Anthony Chabot stipulated as part of his original $3,000 gift that the telescope shall forever be available for public observation at not cost-- a tradition that continues today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot didn't want the observatory to be named for him, so in its earliest years it was called the Oakland Observatory. The public, as the story goes, insisted on calling it Chabot Observatory in gratitude for the gift-- and eventually the name was made official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original location for the observatory and its 8-inch Alvan Clarke and Sons telescope (\"Leah\") was close to downtown Oakland in Lafayette Square-- which today remains a square block of parkland, at 10th and 11th Streets and Martin Luther King Junior Way and Jefferson Street. In those days, 10 or so visitors on any given night would climb the tower-like structure to the telescope dome and peer at the heavens through the high quality instrument. Reservations had to be made in advance-- sometimes as long as a month or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Oakland grew, and particularly as it converted its street lighting from gas-powered lamps to electric lights, the necessity of moving the observatory to a darker spot grew. The observatory’s first director, Charles Burckhalter (who is said to have been the first person in Oakland with an astronomical telescope, set up in a backyard observatory at his home on Chester Street), arranged for the relocation. A number of different sites were considered-- including a spot near Redwood Peak, the current location of the observatory-- but a small hill next to the Mills College campus was finally adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1915, Chabot Observatory opened at its new site, along with a new 20-inch Warner and Swasey telescope (\"Rachel\"), and continued to wow the public with the astronomical vistas it conveyed. In 1923 the directorship passed to Earle Linsley, a Mills College professor, who expanded the reach of the observatory to the public through outreach to schools and the establishment of an amateur astronomy group (today the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayastro.org/index/history/history01.htm%5D\" target=\"_blank\">Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having visited this Chabot Observatory as a child in the 1960s, I now appreciate how long and distinguished a career those two telescopes spanned. At the time, I had no idea that Leah, even in 1968, was 85 years old-older than my grandparents! Then the observatory was run by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/09/BAGTGQT9J51.DTL&hw=kingsley&sn=001&sc=1000\" target=\"_blank\">the beloved Kingsley Wightman\u003c/a> -- \"Mr. Science\" to a generation or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took the moving Earth to relocate the observatory a second time-- literally. Because of Chabot Observatory’s location almost directly on top of the Hayward Fault, and the fact that the aging buildings were not quake-- safe in the first place, another site had to be found: the present location of Chabot Space & Science Center, adjacent to Redwood Peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy 125th to Oakland’s special connection with the stars!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/47tuc1.jpeg\">\u003cem>47 Tucunae\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My research group has temporarily stepped away from the distant universe to focus on the stars that are actually inside our galaxy. We’re looking at these stars because they are so bright and so well understood that we can use them to test the calibration of the telescopes we use to study the most distant \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/02/supernovae-in-aspen/\">supernovae\u003c/a>. The other day my co-worker showed the results of the analysis and my jaw dropped. I had forgotten how amazing certain observations of nearby stars can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are looking at stars in a very specific environment known as a \u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/MESSIER/glob.html\">globular cluster\u003c/a>. For those of you lucky enough to find yourself in Chile or Australia, this particular globular cluster is visible to the naked eye. It is known as \u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/MESSIER/xtra/ngc/n0104.html\">47 Tucanae\u003c/a>. The stars in this and all globular clusters formed at roughly the same time and under the same conditions. All the known globular clusters in our galaxy are more than 10 billion years old, almost as old as the galaxy and the Universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/pleiades1.jpeg\" align=\"right\">\u003cem>Pleiades\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to globular clusters are groups of stars known as \u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/MESSIER/open.html\">open clusters\u003c/a>. Probably the best known open cluster is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m045.html\">Pleiades\u003c/a>. The Pleiades are extremely close--the brightest stars are discernible to the naked eye and inspired the logo of the Subaru motor company. These stars are so bright because they are blue, massive, and most importantly--young. Pleiades was giving birth to its first stars just as our Earthling dinosaurs were bracing themselves for the killer asteroid!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several differences between globular clusters and open clusters, but the most important is the difference in density and mass. Globular clusters form in much denser environments and remain gravitationally bound. It is very rare for a star to escape from a globular cluster. Open clusters are not nearly as dense and are not gravitationally bound. Stars escape much more quickly from open clusters than they do from globular clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because globular clusters and open clusters are so spectacular and bright, they are some of the best targets for viewing with smaller telescopes available to the public. If you are interested in seeing a few for yourself, you should ping my fellow QUEST astronomy blogger, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">Ben Burress\u003c/a>. I’m sure he or another astronomer can point the \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/\">Chabot\u003c/a> telescope at some of the best looking clusters in the Bay Area sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8769\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.247\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/47tuc1.jpeg\">\u003cem>47 Tucunae\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My research group has temporarily stepped away from the distant universe to focus on the stars that are actually inside our galaxy. We’re looking at these stars because they are so bright and so well understood that we can use them to test the calibration of the telescopes we use to study the most distant \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/02/supernovae-in-aspen/\">supernovae\u003c/a>. The other day my co-worker showed the results of the analysis and my jaw dropped. I had forgotten how amazing certain observations of nearby stars can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are looking at stars in a very specific environment known as a \u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/MESSIER/glob.html\">globular cluster\u003c/a>. For those of you lucky enough to find yourself in Chile or Australia, this particular globular cluster is visible to the naked eye. It is known as \u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/MESSIER/xtra/ngc/n0104.html\">47 Tucanae\u003c/a>. The stars in this and all globular clusters formed at roughly the same time and under the same conditions. All the known globular clusters in our galaxy are more than 10 billion years old, almost as old as the galaxy and the Universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/pleiades1.jpeg\" align=\"right\">\u003cem>Pleiades\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to globular clusters are groups of stars known as \u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/MESSIER/open.html\">open clusters\u003c/a>. Probably the best known open cluster is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m045.html\">Pleiades\u003c/a>. The Pleiades are extremely close--the brightest stars are discernible to the naked eye and inspired the logo of the Subaru motor company. These stars are so bright because they are blue, massive, and most importantly--young. Pleiades was giving birth to its first stars just as our Earthling dinosaurs were bracing themselves for the killer asteroid!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several differences between globular clusters and open clusters, but the most important is the difference in density and mass. Globular clusters form in much denser environments and remain gravitationally bound. It is very rare for a star to escape from a globular cluster. Open clusters are not nearly as dense and are not gravitationally bound. Stars escape much more quickly from open clusters than they do from globular clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because globular clusters and open clusters are so spectacular and bright, they are some of the best targets for viewing with smaller telescopes available to the public. If you are interested in seeing a few for yourself, you should ping my fellow QUEST astronomy blogger, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">Ben Burress\u003c/a>. I’m sure he or another astronomer can point the \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/\">Chabot\u003c/a> telescope at some of the best looking clusters in the Bay Area sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8769\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.247\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_hinode_sun.jpg\">\u003cem>Extreme close-up of the Sun's visible surface,\u003cbr>\nshowing 'bubbling' cells of convecting gas--each the size of\u003cbr>\nNorthern California. credit: Hinode JAXA/NASA/PPARC\u003c/em>\u003c/span>By all accounts, a new cycle-\u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/10jan_solarcycle24.htm\">Cycle 24\u003c/a>-in solar activity has begun... something you probably didn't notice since the beginning of a solar cycle is quite subtle....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First things first: what is a solar cycle, and why is this one number 24? You've probably heard of sunspots and solar flares and disturbances in radio communications caused by solar activity, but had you noticed NOT hearing much about these things in the last two or three years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun exhibits a \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\">cyclic rise and fall in its level of magnetic activity\u003c/a>. Being an enormous ball of roiling, circulating plasma (electrically charged gas), the \u003ca href=\"http://bizarrelabs.com/mag.htm\">Sun generates powerful magnetic fields\u003c/a> in a way similar to how the circulating electricity in an electromagnet creates one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of a solar cycle, the intensity and amount of magnetism generated by the Sun increases, like soup warming up on the stove, reaching a violent climax in which twisting, tangling magnetic fields break loose and release their energy in the form of \u003ca href=\"http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm\">solar flare explosions\u003c/a>, coronal mass ejections, and tremendous heating of the solar atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/sunspots.html\">Sunspots\u003c/a> are surface features formed by the presence of strong magnetic fields, and in general the number of sunspots that can be seen and counted indicate the level of magnetic activity on the Sun. For 400 years, since Galileo first started counting sunspots through his telescope, observers have kept track of sunspot counts, and over time a pattern in their number emerged. On average, the number of sunspot activity peaks every 11 years at a time called solar maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember when I first started working at Chabot Space & Science Center, back in 1999/2000, during the last solar maximum. Using our Sunspotter telescopes on public observing days, in teacher workshops, and in my solar summer camp, we could easily count many sunspots-sometimes as many as 20 or more! Those were the days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two or three summers, however, it's a lucky week to spot just a single sunspot! Most of the time, the Sun's face has been a bland disk with few discernible surface features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That status quo should start to change, now that we have allegedly reached solar minimum and are stepping onto the uphill slope toward the next maximum, which should happen sometime around 2011 or 2012. If you want to keep tabs on the rising solar activity, and you like lots of graphs and numbers and stuff like that, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarcycle24.com/\">Solar Cycle 24 website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, why is this Cycle 24? A 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Century astronomer who studied the then newly discovered sunspot cycle, Rudolf Wolf, established the cycle that spanned 1755 to 1766 as Cycle 1...and they've been counting up ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even in this \"nap time\" of the Sun, today's modern solar observatories and spacecraft, with their arrays of high-tech cameras and sensors, see plenty on the Sun to keep them busy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan's \u003cem>Hinode\u003c/em> spacecraft, launched in 2006, has returned libraries of \u003ca href=\"http://sot.lmsal.com/pod?cmd=view-gallery\">amazing pictures and movies of solar flares, activity around sunspots, circulating hot gases\u003c/a>, fine details of the life and times of magnetic fields...and all of this during solar minimum! I can't wait until the Sun really gets going and Hinode becomes like a camera-happy tourist in Tahiti....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember when I first started working at Chabot Space & Science Center, back in 1999/2000, during the last solar maximum. Using our Sunspotter telescopes on public observing days, in teacher workshops, and in my solar summer camp, we could easily count many sunspots-sometimes as many as 20 or more! Those were the days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two or three summers, however, it's a lucky week to spot just a single sunspot! Most of the time, the Sun's face has been a bland disk with few discernible surface features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That status quo should start to change, now that we have allegedly reached solar minimum and are stepping onto the uphill slope toward the next maximum, which should happen sometime around 2011 or 2012. If you want to keep tabs on the rising solar activity, and you like lots of graphs and numbers and stuff like that, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarcycle24.com/\">Solar Cycle 24 website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, why is this Cycle 24? A 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Century astronomer who studied the then newly discovered sunspot cycle, Rudolf Wolf, established the cycle that spanned 1755 to 1766 as Cycle 1...and they've been counting up ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even in this \"nap time\" of the Sun, today's modern solar observatories and spacecraft, with their arrays of high-tech cameras and sensors, see plenty on the Sun to keep them busy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan's \u003cem>Hinode\u003c/em> spacecraft, launched in 2006, has returned libraries of \u003ca href=\"http://sot.lmsal.com/pod?cmd=view-gallery\">amazing pictures and movies of solar flares, activity around sunspots, circulating hot gases\u003c/a>, fine details of the life and times of magnetic fields...and all of this during solar minimum! I can't wait until the Sun really gets going and Hinode becomes like a camera-happy tourist in Tahiti....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_isabel.jpg\">\u003c/span>I had the privilege this week of interviewing Isabel Hawkins, an astronomer and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Science Education at Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory\u003c/a>. We talked about how people use evidence in science, how it is that we know what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins isn't your ordinary astronomer. She began her career in an ordinary way: Ph. D. in Astronomy from UCLA, using mathematical models and computer simulations to give meaning to her observations. Along the way, she began to learn about how ancient people studied the sky. She's worked with us on our Ancient Observatories website, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/HTML/webcast.html)\">hosted an equinox webcast\u003c/a> from the top of the Mayan pyramid in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/index.html\">ancient astronomical site of Chichen Itza\u003c/a>. And she's devoted a considerable amount of time and energy to understanding and appreciating how the knowledge of ancient people complements what modern scientists study today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientists today don't learn much about ancient knowledge. Observations such as measurements of the sun's movement across glyph-crusted temples don't usually meet the rigorous criteria of the scientific process: observe, create hypothesis, test, reproduce results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some instances, ancient people followed similar practices that were very similar to those used by modern scientists, observing things systematically and trying to devise explanations that will result in correct predictions. And sometimes the knowledge they gathered was, in fact, so \"scientific\" that modern researchers use it in their work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the knowledge of the Aymara Indians in Peru. The well-being of these adept weather-watchers was dependent on knowing how to time the planting of their vital potato crop with the arrival of the season's first rains sometime between October and December. They did this by making observations like meteorologists might today. They watched the Pleiades, or Seven Sisters constellation rise each night, and noted how fuzzy or clear it looked in the sky. Fuzziness caused by cirrus clouds high in the sky, meant rains were a ways off, and potato planting should be postponed. A clearly visible set of Sisters meant rains would come soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, Ben Orlove an environmental scientist at UC Davis, published a paper about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6765/full/403068a0.html\">accuracy of the Aymara's observations of the Pleiades\u003c/a>. It turned out that these ancient observations could be used by modern scientists to discern El Nino patterns in the past. Fascinating, since these measurements were taken long before there was a formal science of meteorology. Ancient knowledge becomes data points in modern research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins cited another example: Ruth Ludwin, a seismologist at the University of Washington, has \u003ca href=\"http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/thunder02.shtml\">used generations-old folk tales of the Coast Salish Indians\u003c/a> to help inform her computer modeling of earthquakes. The tales recount a serpent that knew where and when an earthquake would strike. By adapting location information from the stories into her computer models, Ludwin has found several small faults in the Seattle area that may have been active hundreds of years ago when the stories were created and may still pose a risk to local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's interesting that what we call evidence can come in many forms,\" Hawkins says. \"It might be part of a song, or a glyph writing or an artistic piece or a story.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes the records we keep and the stories we tell have more meaning than we can imagine when we create them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_isabel.jpg\">\u003c/span>I had the privilege this week of interviewing Isabel Hawkins, an astronomer and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Science Education at Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory\u003c/a>. We talked about how people use evidence in science, how it is that we know what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins isn't your ordinary astronomer. She began her career in an ordinary way: Ph. D. in Astronomy from UCLA, using mathematical models and computer simulations to give meaning to her observations. Along the way, she began to learn about how ancient people studied the sky. She's worked with us on our Ancient Observatories website, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/HTML/webcast.html)\">hosted an equinox webcast\u003c/a> from the top of the Mayan pyramid in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/index.html\">ancient astronomical site of Chichen Itza\u003c/a>. And she's devoted a considerable amount of time and energy to understanding and appreciating how the knowledge of ancient people complements what modern scientists study today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientists today don't learn much about ancient knowledge. Observations such as measurements of the sun's movement across glyph-crusted temples don't usually meet the rigorous criteria of the scientific process: observe, create hypothesis, test, reproduce results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some instances, ancient people followed similar practices that were very similar to those used by modern scientists, observing things systematically and trying to devise explanations that will result in correct predictions. And sometimes the knowledge they gathered was, in fact, so \"scientific\" that modern researchers use it in their work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the knowledge of the Aymara Indians in Peru. The well-being of these adept weather-watchers was dependent on knowing how to time the planting of their vital potato crop with the arrival of the season's first rains sometime between October and December. They did this by making observations like meteorologists might today. They watched the Pleiades, or Seven Sisters constellation rise each night, and noted how fuzzy or clear it looked in the sky. Fuzziness caused by cirrus clouds high in the sky, meant rains were a ways off, and potato planting should be postponed. A clearly visible set of Sisters meant rains would come soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, Ben Orlove an environmental scientist at UC Davis, published a paper about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6765/full/403068a0.html\">accuracy of the Aymara's observations of the Pleiades\u003c/a>. It turned out that these ancient observations could be used by modern scientists to discern El Nino patterns in the past. Fascinating, since these measurements were taken long before there was a formal science of meteorology. Ancient knowledge becomes data points in modern research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins cited another example: Ruth Ludwin, a seismologist at the University of Washington, has \u003ca href=\"http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/thunder02.shtml\">used generations-old folk tales of the Coast Salish Indians\u003c/a> to help inform her computer modeling of earthquakes. The tales recount a serpent that knew where and when an earthquake would strike. By adapting location information from the stories into her computer models, Ludwin has found several small faults in the Seattle area that may have been active hundreds of years ago when the stories were created and may still pose a risk to local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's interesting that what we call evidence can come in many forms,\" Hawkins says. \"It might be part of a song, or a glyph writing or an artistic piece or a story.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes the records we keep and the stories we tell have more meaning than we can imagine when we create them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Do you love photographing science, environment and nature in Northern California? Would you like to collaborate on a 2-minute \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">QUEST\u003c/a> TV short about your photography for an audience of over 100,000 viewers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're launching a call for submissions for our new series of TV shorts, \"YPOQ: Your Photos on QUEST.\" These are broadcast alongside our feature stories. Our pilot YPOQ broadcast in Season 1 featured local photographer \u003ca href=\"http://blog.flickr.net/en/2007/09/11/russ-morris-on-kqeds-quest-tonight/\">Russ Morris\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're looking for more than stunning nature photography. We seek to collaborate with a local photographer who is inspired by science, environment and nature in Northern California, and uses innovative approaches to express their unique vision of our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Key Dates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Submissions due: \u003cstrong>February 27th, 2008\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSelection announcenment: \u003cstrong>March 3rd, 2008.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTV Broadcast : \u003cstrong>May 20, 2008.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we can only broadcast one photographer's work on the air on May 20, we also plan to feature selected submissions here on the KQED QUEST Community Science Blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are running this call through \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com\">Flickr\u003c/a>, a website for sharing photos and much more. It's free to join and participate. \u003cstrong>See our \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/groups/kqedquest/discuss/72157603906050491/\">discussion topic on Flickr for details\u003c/a>!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Craig Rosa is the \u003cstrong>Interactive Producer for QUEST\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/cassini.jpg\">\u003cem>Saturn's moon Epimetheus from the Cassini spacecraft.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA\u003cbr>\nand APOD.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the bus in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/dena/\">Denali National Park\u003c/a> a few years ago, I found myself sitting next a couple from the East Bay. If you’ve ever been on the Denali bus, you know that it’s a long ride and it was just a matter of time before we struck up a conversation. As often happens, we wound up talking about work and then about astronomy research. Both of them were very interested in the field but were unsure of where to find good information on the web. At the time, I hadn’t really thought about that and wasn’t much help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that I’m writing for QUEST, I am much better suited to answer them. I spend a lot of time surfing the web for images and links to websites to provide the full details for readers who want to follow up on my posts. Over the course of a year or so, I’ve discovered quite a few resources and have settled on a few favorites. Of course, being a Berkeley and Cornell grad, I have a few biases…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, it is common for a university astronomy department to organize a public outreach campaign. I won’t bother with the obvious disclaimers and instead will just say that two of my favorites are “\u003ca href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/\">Ask an Astronomer\u003c/a>” at Cornell University and the \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/\">Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two sites are quite different. As the name implies, the Cornell site encourages questions and suggestions from readers. The content of the site is therefore governed by the public, covering a wide variety of topics in fairly brief, straightforward language. The Berkeley site is much more structured. They cover the history of cosmology and outline the history of our universe with all the appropriate \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/cosmology.html\">links\u003c/a> (scroll down to see the links). This provides a very detailed and organized explanation of a specific field of astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to universities, there are quite a few NASA missions that maintain excellent public relations. Almost everyone knows the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Mars Rovers\u003c/a>. Both sites are updated almost daily with galleries, discoveries, and recent news. NASA also has several other large missions at other wavelengths that are probably not as well known. Three examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/pub.html\">Chandra\u003c/a> X-ray observatory, the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WMAP\u003c/a> mission, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer\u003c/a> infrared observatory. Like the Hubble and Rover sites, these space-based observatories perform ground-breaking science and do an excellent job explaining their discoveries to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides QUEST, there are also quite a few other excellent blogs out there. Each site has a different approach and finds its own balance between astronomy coverage, opinion, and discussion of general science. One of the most popular is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.badastronomy.com/\">Bad Astro\u003c/a> site--we even have a link on the right hand side of the QUEST blog web page. You can also check out About.com's \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/computerresources/tp/blogsastrospace.htm\">top ten space and astronomy blogs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, one obvious place to learn about astronomy is from journalists. Two websites that do a very good job of covering the field are \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/\">Space.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/home.ns\">New Scientist\u003c/a> (some content requires subscription).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, if you enjoy beautiful images of the sky, a great place to look is the “\u003ca href=\"http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html\">Astronomy Picture of the Day\u003c/a>.\" This is where I got my image for today. If you look tomorrow you’re guaranteed to find something just as exciting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/cassini.jpg\">\u003cem>Saturn's moon Epimetheus from the Cassini spacecraft.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA\u003cbr>\nand APOD.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the bus in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/dena/\">Denali National Park\u003c/a> a few years ago, I found myself sitting next a couple from the East Bay. If you’ve ever been on the Denali bus, you know that it’s a long ride and it was just a matter of time before we struck up a conversation. As often happens, we wound up talking about work and then about astronomy research. Both of them were very interested in the field but were unsure of where to find good information on the web. At the time, I hadn’t really thought about that and wasn’t much help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that I’m writing for QUEST, I am much better suited to answer them. I spend a lot of time surfing the web for images and links to websites to provide the full details for readers who want to follow up on my posts. Over the course of a year or so, I’ve discovered quite a few resources and have settled on a few favorites. Of course, being a Berkeley and Cornell grad, I have a few biases…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, it is common for a university astronomy department to organize a public outreach campaign. I won’t bother with the obvious disclaimers and instead will just say that two of my favorites are “\u003ca href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/\">Ask an Astronomer\u003c/a>” at Cornell University and the \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/\">Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two sites are quite different. As the name implies, the Cornell site encourages questions and suggestions from readers. The content of the site is therefore governed by the public, covering a wide variety of topics in fairly brief, straightforward language. The Berkeley site is much more structured. They cover the history of cosmology and outline the history of our universe with all the appropriate \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/cosmology.html\">links\u003c/a> (scroll down to see the links). This provides a very detailed and organized explanation of a specific field of astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to universities, there are quite a few NASA missions that maintain excellent public relations. Almost everyone knows the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Mars Rovers\u003c/a>. Both sites are updated almost daily with galleries, discoveries, and recent news. NASA also has several other large missions at other wavelengths that are probably not as well known. Three examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/pub.html\">Chandra\u003c/a> X-ray observatory, the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WMAP\u003c/a> mission, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer\u003c/a> infrared observatory. Like the Hubble and Rover sites, these space-based observatories perform ground-breaking science and do an excellent job explaining their discoveries to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides QUEST, there are also quite a few other excellent blogs out there. Each site has a different approach and finds its own balance between astronomy coverage, opinion, and discussion of general science. One of the most popular is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.badastronomy.com/\">Bad Astro\u003c/a> site--we even have a link on the right hand side of the QUEST blog web page. You can also check out About.com's \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/computerresources/tp/blogsastrospace.htm\">top ten space and astronomy blogs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, one obvious place to learn about astronomy is from journalists. Two websites that do a very good job of covering the field are \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/\">Space.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/home.ns\">New Scientist\u003c/a> (some content requires subscription).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, if you enjoy beautiful images of the sky, a great place to look is the “\u003ca href=\"http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html\">Astronomy Picture of the Day\u003c/a>.\" This is where I got my image for today. If you look tomorrow you’re guaranteed to find something just as exciting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_orion1.jpg\">\u003cem>More than meets the eye: The constellation Orion\u003cbr>\nin visible light (left) and infrared (right)\u003cbr>\nVisible light image: Akira Fujii;\u003cbr>\nInfrared image: Infrared Astronomical Satellite\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Some months ago my blog, \"SOFIA: Fly By Night,\" talked about the up-and-coming astronomy ace of the night skies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/\">SOFIA: the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy\u003c/a>--a 2.5 meter infrared telescope built into a Boeing 747 airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOFIA's been flying, and is gearing up to begin its first science flights in the not so distant future. SOFIA even put in an appearance in Bay Area skies a couple of weeks ago with a quick visit to NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View--then it was off again to its base of operations in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having worked on SOFIA's predecessor, the \u003ca href=\"http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/lfs/people/burress.html\">Gerard P. Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, in the last seven years of its operation, I thought I'd focus a bit on the science of airborne infrared astronomy, touching a bit on science done on the KAO over its 21-year career at NASA/Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/lfs/lfs_tour/telescope/telescope.html\">Why put a telescope on an airplane\u003c/a>? Earth's atmosphere, while transparent to the visible light the human eye can detect, is less so to many other wavelengths of light, including most infrared light. In fact, the water vapor in our atmosphere is pretty much opaque to a wide range of infrared wavelengths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KAO flew at and altitude of 41,000 feet to get above as much as 99% of Earth's atmospheric water vapor, giving astronomers a view of the infrared emissions from objects in space almost as if the telescope was out in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's so interesting about looking at infrared light? Aren't visible light images taken from ground-based observatories enough?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently not. Visible light is only a tiny fraction of the overall spectrum of \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\">electromagnetic radiation\u003c/a> (the general term for \"light\" of all types--including gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves and radio waves). There is a wealth of information contained in the entire electromagnetic spectrum that is only hinted at in the visible portion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visible light in our universe comes mostly from the photospheres of stars, either directly or by being reflected by objects such as dust, planets, comets, and the like; all of the light you see in the sky is starlight, either first hand or second hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/univ_index.html\">Infrared light\u003c/a>, however, is a lower energy form of electromagnetic radiation, and is emitted by any object or substance that is even slightly warm. So, interstellar clouds of molecules, rings of dust surrounding stars, atmospheres of planets--just about anything, in fact--emits its own infrared light, and observing the infrared emissions from these objects reveals a great deal about them: their chemical composition, their temperatures and densities, their velocities and structure--and a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One KAO astronomer observed the atmosphere of Venus to measure the relative abundance of hydrogen and deuterium (heavy hydrogen), looking for evidence of past oceans. Another observed Mars, looking for telltales of limestone (a mineral left behind by marine organisms) as evidence of past life on Mars. Others created detailed maps of clouds of complex molecules, probing the composition of the cooler material in our galaxy, as well as other galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list goes on, as there's plenty more cold matter in the universe than hot matter. Cooler matter can be more interesting, too, since complex molecules, like organic compounds and even life, don't form in the sterile heat of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where KAO blazed an infrared contrail in the night skies, SOFIA may now follow and carry on the torch of astronomy, on the wing....\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "More than meets the eye: The constellation Orion in visible light (left) and infrared (right) Visible light image: Akira Fujii; Infrared image: Infrared Astronomical SatelliteSome months ago my blog, "SOFIA: Fly By Night," talked about the up-and-coming astronomy ace of the night skies, SOFIA: the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy--a 2.5 meter infrared telescope built",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_orion1.jpg\">\u003cem>More than meets the eye: The constellation Orion\u003cbr>\nin visible light (left) and infrared (right)\u003cbr>\nVisible light image: Akira Fujii;\u003cbr>\nInfrared image: Infrared Astronomical Satellite\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Some months ago my blog, \"SOFIA: Fly By Night,\" talked about the up-and-coming astronomy ace of the night skies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/\">SOFIA: the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy\u003c/a>--a 2.5 meter infrared telescope built into a Boeing 747 airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOFIA's been flying, and is gearing up to begin its first science flights in the not so distant future. SOFIA even put in an appearance in Bay Area skies a couple of weeks ago with a quick visit to NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View--then it was off again to its base of operations in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having worked on SOFIA's predecessor, the \u003ca href=\"http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/lfs/people/burress.html\">Gerard P. Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, in the last seven years of its operation, I thought I'd focus a bit on the science of airborne infrared astronomy, touching a bit on science done on the KAO over its 21-year career at NASA/Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/lfs/lfs_tour/telescope/telescope.html\">Why put a telescope on an airplane\u003c/a>? Earth's atmosphere, while transparent to the visible light the human eye can detect, is less so to many other wavelengths of light, including most infrared light. In fact, the water vapor in our atmosphere is pretty much opaque to a wide range of infrared wavelengths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KAO flew at and altitude of 41,000 feet to get above as much as 99% of Earth's atmospheric water vapor, giving astronomers a view of the infrared emissions from objects in space almost as if the telescope was out in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's so interesting about looking at infrared light? Aren't visible light images taken from ground-based observatories enough?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently not. Visible light is only a tiny fraction of the overall spectrum of \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\">electromagnetic radiation\u003c/a> (the general term for \"light\" of all types--including gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves and radio waves). There is a wealth of information contained in the entire electromagnetic spectrum that is only hinted at in the visible portion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visible light in our universe comes mostly from the photospheres of stars, either directly or by being reflected by objects such as dust, planets, comets, and the like; all of the light you see in the sky is starlight, either first hand or second hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/univ_index.html\">Infrared light\u003c/a>, however, is a lower energy form of electromagnetic radiation, and is emitted by any object or substance that is even slightly warm. So, interstellar clouds of molecules, rings of dust surrounding stars, atmospheres of planets--just about anything, in fact--emits its own infrared light, and observing the infrared emissions from these objects reveals a great deal about them: their chemical composition, their temperatures and densities, their velocities and structure--and a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One KAO astronomer observed the atmosphere of Venus to measure the relative abundance of hydrogen and deuterium (heavy hydrogen), looking for evidence of past oceans. Another observed Mars, looking for telltales of limestone (a mineral left behind by marine organisms) as evidence of past life on Mars. Others created detailed maps of clouds of complex molecules, probing the composition of the cooler material in our galaxy, as well as other galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list goes on, as there's plenty more cold matter in the universe than hot matter. Cooler matter can be more interesting, too, since complex molecules, like organic compounds and even life, don't form in the sterile heat of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where KAO blazed an infrared contrail in the night skies, SOFIA may now follow and carry on the torch of astronomy, on the wing....\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Converting the Comets Back into Stars",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_streak1.gif\">\u003cem>Star or Comet?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Yesterday was a very long day at work. I was stuck in meetings with our collaborators for over 6 hours! To make it worse, we spent the entire time discussing a single topic. I even wrote my last paper on it. What could possibly be so captivating, you ask?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember the \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/12/18/winds-of-change-the-climate-of-the-solar-system/\">I wrote about\u003c/a> a few weeks ago? This stream of protons does more than create comet tails and aurora, it also destroys all of those fancy electronics we work so hard to put into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protons streaming from the sun carry a lot of energy, and they leave a lot of this energy behind as they pass through satellites and astronauts that don’t have the Earth’s atmosphere to protect them. The energy released wrecks havoc on the system, throwing electrons and atoms around like a game of ping-pong. This is one form of radiation damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_comet21.jpg\">\u003cem>Definitely a comet!\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nThis radiation damage is harmless over short periods of time, much like an occasional X-ray at the dentist. However the solar wind becomes a problem for something like the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> or our proposed satellite \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/10/22/beyond-edwins-wildest-dreams/\">SNAP\u003c/a> which are exposed for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how a telescope degrades from exposure to radiation, let me give an extremely quick explanation of how we gather astronomical images. A telescope is very similar to a camera you buy in the store. The large mirror is equivalent to the lens on your camera. The part that suffers the most radiation damage is the Charge Coupled Device, also known as a \u003ca href=\"http://wfc3.gsfc.nasa.gov/MARCONI/basic-device.html\">CCD\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CCD is essentially the same as the 8-megapixel chip in your digital camera. This serves as an electronic version of film, recording the image through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/photoelectric.html\">photoelectric effect\u003c/a> rather than through a chemical reaction. If you can still remember how photography was in the days of film, I'm sure you can appreciate the relief of going digital. Astronomers realized this early on and were pioneers in the use of CCDs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photons from the subject of the photograph collide with electrons in the silicon of a CCD, knocking them free from their parent atom. The free electrons are then collected in a well near the site of the collision. Once the exposure is complete, charge is moved one well (or pixel) at a time toward a transistor which then reports the number of electrons found. This process is usually described through the analogy of a bucket brigade passing buckets of water from a reservoir to a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the CCD is brand new, the bucket brigade performs almost perfectly. If I want to observe a star, the image comes out crystal clear. However, after enough time in space and in the solar wind, the CCD begins to show its wear. The bucket brigade gets sloppy at work and has to contend with an increasingly difficult obstacle course, spilling a little bit of water (or electrons) during each transfer. That same star now leaves a trail of charge behind and begins to look more like a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if I am observing a star, I want my image to look like a star, not like a comet. Is that really too much to ask? Unfortunately, the CCD will inevitably deteriorate in space and astronomers have to find ways to predict and correct for this deterioration. This is what we spent yesterday discussing. We passed around some pretty good ideas but still have a bit of work to do before we can prove a new method for correcting the images. I just hope we it figured out before our satellite launches in 2015!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: 37.8768\u003cspan class=\"latitude\">\u003c/span>, longitude: -122.251\u003cspan class=\"longitude\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_streak1.gif\">\u003cem>Star or Comet?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Yesterday was a very long day at work. I was stuck in meetings with our collaborators for over 6 hours! To make it worse, we spent the entire time discussing a single topic. I even wrote my last paper on it. What could possibly be so captivating, you ask?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember the \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/12/18/winds-of-change-the-climate-of-the-solar-system/\">I wrote about\u003c/a> a few weeks ago? This stream of protons does more than create comet tails and aurora, it also destroys all of those fancy electronics we work so hard to put into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protons streaming from the sun carry a lot of energy, and they leave a lot of this energy behind as they pass through satellites and astronauts that don’t have the Earth’s atmosphere to protect them. The energy released wrecks havoc on the system, throwing electrons and atoms around like a game of ping-pong. This is one form of radiation damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_comet21.jpg\">\u003cem>Definitely a comet!\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nThis radiation damage is harmless over short periods of time, much like an occasional X-ray at the dentist. However the solar wind becomes a problem for something like the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> or our proposed satellite \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/10/22/beyond-edwins-wildest-dreams/\">SNAP\u003c/a> which are exposed for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how a telescope degrades from exposure to radiation, let me give an extremely quick explanation of how we gather astronomical images. A telescope is very similar to a camera you buy in the store. The large mirror is equivalent to the lens on your camera. The part that suffers the most radiation damage is the Charge Coupled Device, also known as a \u003ca href=\"http://wfc3.gsfc.nasa.gov/MARCONI/basic-device.html\">CCD\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CCD is essentially the same as the 8-megapixel chip in your digital camera. This serves as an electronic version of film, recording the image through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/photoelectric.html\">photoelectric effect\u003c/a> rather than through a chemical reaction. If you can still remember how photography was in the days of film, I'm sure you can appreciate the relief of going digital. Astronomers realized this early on and were pioneers in the use of CCDs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photons from the subject of the photograph collide with electrons in the silicon of a CCD, knocking them free from their parent atom. The free electrons are then collected in a well near the site of the collision. Once the exposure is complete, charge is moved one well (or pixel) at a time toward a transistor which then reports the number of electrons found. This process is usually described through the analogy of a bucket brigade passing buckets of water from a reservoir to a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the CCD is brand new, the bucket brigade performs almost perfectly. If I want to observe a star, the image comes out crystal clear. However, after enough time in space and in the solar wind, the CCD begins to show its wear. The bucket brigade gets sloppy at work and has to contend with an increasingly difficult obstacle course, spilling a little bit of water (or electrons) during each transfer. That same star now leaves a trail of charge behind and begins to look more like a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if I am observing a star, I want my image to look like a star, not like a comet. Is that really too much to ask? Unfortunately, the CCD will inevitably deteriorate in space and astronomers have to find ways to predict and correct for this deterioration. This is what we spent yesterday discussing. We passed around some pretty good ideas but still have a bit of work to do before we can prove a new method for correcting the images. I just hope we it figured out before our satellite launches in 2015!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: 37.8768\u003cspan class=\"latitude\">\u003c/span>, longitude: -122.251\u003cspan class=\"longitude\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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