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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_mro300.jpg\">\u003cem>Light-colored mineral deposits\u003cbr>\nin Candor Chasma that may be evidence\u003cbr>\nof past underground fluid flows on Mars.\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>One of the most profound, and as yet unanswered questions about our universe is, does life exist elsewhere than on Earth? To attempt to answer this question, scientists are looking to places within the reach of our ability to explore--within our Solar System--that may harbor environments, past or present, suitable for life as we know it-- life dependent on the presence of liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two key developments in recent years have elevated the possibility of actually finding extraterrestrial life: the unearthing of so-called \"extremophile\" life forms on Earth that thrive in conditions of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity--under polar ice, around geothermal hot springs, and in the dark depths of the ocean around volcanic vents--and the discovery of liquid water beyond Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, NASA’s latest robotic spacecraft to reach Mars--\u003cem>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/em>-- sent back an image that may contain \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/newsroom/pressreleases/20070215a.html\" target=\"_blank\">evidence that liquid water once flowed\u003c/a> there. The image revealed light-colored, slightly elevated veins and steaks in the canyon named \u003cem>Candor Chasma\u003c/em>--evidence, scientists believe, that fluid may have flowed there underground, leaving behind deposits of hardened, lighter colored minerals now exposed by eons of erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On reading about these exposed, raised deposits, I recalled stumbling upon a possible analog here on Earth. In the deserts of Northern Arizona I found long, meandering ridges of stone, rising a foot or two above the sandy plains. These were, my guide to local geology stated, \"fossil\" stream beds where sandy sediment once built up and ultimately became compacted into hard sandstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many scientists suspected that Mars had liquid water on its surface sometime in the remote past, but it wasn’t until data sent back by such spacecraft as \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Odyssey\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Global Surveyor\u003c/a>\u003c/em> not only confirmed that suspicion, but more excitingly produced evidence that liquid water may exist on Mars \u003cem>today\u003c/em>, flowing through underground aquifers and erupting occasionally from the sides of crater walls and cliffs in brief, though violent flash floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just Mars. For several years scientists have strongly suspected that \u003ca href=\"http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/moons/europa.html\" target=\"_blank\">Jupiter's moon Europa\u003c/a> probably harbors a deep, global \u003cem>ocean\u003c/em>--containing more water than in all of Earth’s oceans--under its outer crust of ice, making Europa one of the best places in the Solar System to look for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=639\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, in orbit around Saturn, has spotted eruptions of water, in the form of geysers, or \"cold water volcanoes, from the moon Enceladus, more or less proving the existence of pockets of liquid water near the moon’s icy surface, probably made liquid from heat generated by tidal forces from Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are exciting times. When I think about the state of Solar System exploration around the time I was born--1962--I'm more than a little blown away by how much has transpired since then. It wasn’t until I was three years old that the first robot probe reached another planet--Mars, by Mariner 4--sending back a few pictures that suggested Mars was merely a cratered desert, a lot like our Moon with a thin shroud of atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when I was in my \u003cem>early teens\u003c/em>, I remember marveling over the best pictures in existence of the large moons of Jupiter (Europa included): fuzzy disks with some vague mottling of light and dark marks. Little could anyone know, back then, that in the simple, almost featureless blur of Europa’s face was hidden an entire ocean, perhaps an ocean thriving with life….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_solar300.jpg\">\u003c/span>Whenever I talk about my astronomy research, I realize that for most people, the fascination begins with star-gazing. I can't say that I know much about the constellations (I do recognize the Big Dipper and Orion, and that’s about it) but it is a constant reminder of how little most people know what they are missing with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really understand where our small planet fits in, it’s helpful to look at the hierarchy of systems that are found in the universe. I think of this hierarchy in terms of size, running from small to enormous collections of objects. On the small end are solar systems, where a series of planets orbits around a central star. Galaxies like the Milky Way define the mid-range. Galaxy clusters, which are collections of thousands of galaxies, are the largest in this hierarchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org\" target=\"_blank\">solar system everyone recognizes\u003c/a> is our own, with nine... I mean eight... planets orbiting around the Sun. When I was in elementary school, they taught us “My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles” as a reminder of the planets in our solar system. With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060824_planet_definition.html\" target=\"_blank\">recent demotion of Pluto\u003c/a>, I guess it's now \"My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it turns out that we are not alone, or at least our solar system is not alone. There are now over 200 known solar systems in the Milky Way. These solar systems are very hard to find, since the planets that make the system do not emit light or \"shine.\" Typically, these solar systems are identified through very careful observations of the central star. A central star, analogous to the Sun, displays a subtle wiggle or change in brightness with the passing of large planets in its system. These planets are known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet\" target=\"_blank\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One person in the Bay Area community who is making serious headway in this research is Geoff Marcy at UC-Berkeley as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org\" target=\"_blank\">California and Carnegie Planet Search\u003c/a>. Their team has discovered more than 100 extrasolar planets around nearby stars. No one really knows how many of these planets are out there. For all we know, every sun-sized star has its own solar system. It’s just going to take some time to find them all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting back to the hierarchy, these solar systems are just a small component of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. The Milky Way is just one of many hundreds of millions of known galaxies, many of which lie in even larger systems called galaxy clusters. I'll come back to these topics in later posts as I build the backbone essential to understanding the principles of current cosmology and astrophysics research happening in the Bay Area. In the meanwhile, please tell your friends and family that Pluto really never was a planet. I swear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_solar300.jpg\">\u003c/span>Whenever I talk about my astronomy research, I realize that for most people, the fascination begins with star-gazing. I can't say that I know much about the constellations (I do recognize the Big Dipper and Orion, and that’s about it) but it is a constant reminder of how little most people know what they are missing with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really understand where our small planet fits in, it’s helpful to look at the hierarchy of systems that are found in the universe. I think of this hierarchy in terms of size, running from small to enormous collections of objects. On the small end are solar systems, where a series of planets orbits around a central star. Galaxies like the Milky Way define the mid-range. Galaxy clusters, which are collections of thousands of galaxies, are the largest in this hierarchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org\" target=\"_blank\">solar system everyone recognizes\u003c/a> is our own, with nine... I mean eight... planets orbiting around the Sun. When I was in elementary school, they taught us “My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles” as a reminder of the planets in our solar system. With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060824_planet_definition.html\" target=\"_blank\">recent demotion of Pluto\u003c/a>, I guess it's now \"My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it turns out that we are not alone, or at least our solar system is not alone. There are now over 200 known solar systems in the Milky Way. These solar systems are very hard to find, since the planets that make the system do not emit light or \"shine.\" Typically, these solar systems are identified through very careful observations of the central star. A central star, analogous to the Sun, displays a subtle wiggle or change in brightness with the passing of large planets in its system. These planets are known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet\" target=\"_blank\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One person in the Bay Area community who is making serious headway in this research is Geoff Marcy at UC-Berkeley as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org\" target=\"_blank\">California and Carnegie Planet Search\u003c/a>. Their team has discovered more than 100 extrasolar planets around nearby stars. No one really knows how many of these planets are out there. For all we know, every sun-sized star has its own solar system. It’s just going to take some time to find them all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_pluto300.jpg\">\u003cem>Pluto (center, largest) and its moons Charon, Nix,\u003cbr>\nand Hydra captured by the Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In the past year, the quiet and unassuming Pluto has been having its moments of fame. First was the attention brought by the launch of \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">NASA’s \u003cem>New Horizons\u003c/em> spacecraft\u003c/a>, the robot that, when it arrives at Pluto nearly a decade from now, will give us our first up-close look at this cold, distant, and tiny world. Myself, I can hardly wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then last August, the astronomers of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iau.org/\" target=\"_blank\">International Astronomical Union\u003c/a> (IAU) got together to debate and vote on a scientific definition for the word planet (because that’s what the IAU does, among other things). Alas for Pluto, the ratified scientific definition of \u003cem>planet\u003c/em> was a standard that Pluto didn’t quite measure up to, and our Solar System suddenly had eight official planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personally, I've made my peace with this--and I like the way my daughter put it: \"Dad, I’m sad because, guess what? Pluto isn't a planet anymore. But guess what? It's now a \u003cem>dwarf\u003c/em> planet! Cool!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However Pluto may have been treated by the IAU, an upcoming astronomical event serves as a reminder that this far-flung, icy \u003cem>dwarf planet\u003c/em> has gone on with its life, serenely unaffected by human debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 18, close to 4:00 AM Pacific Daylight Time (yes, Daylight Savings Time starts early this year), Pluto will pass in front of a star—a star about as bright as Pluto itself—casting a faint shadow onto the Earth in a much less showy version of a solar eclipse, when the Moon passes in front of the Sun. This type of event is called an \u003cem>occultation\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an uncommon event for Pluto to occult a star bright enough to be of use to astronomers, but the March 18 event is even more rare because of where it will be visible from: the Western United States, a region densely populated with professional and amateur astronomers and telescopes both large and small—and you can bet that a lot of them will be up all night getting ready to observe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Occultations are important events for astronomers. By measuring the brightness and the colors in the light of the star being occulted by a planet, astronomers can learn a number of things about the \u003cem>planet\u003c/em> that would not be forthcoming through ordinary, direct observation. The object's size, speed, and even the structure and composition of its atmosphere, if it has one, can be gleaned by observing the effects on the occulted star's light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, astronomers have learned a lot about Pluto's thin, chilly methane atmosphere by observing occultations. The rings of Uranus were discovered accidentally by astronomers observing an occultation of a star by that planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Chabot Space & Science Center, observers who normally spend their nights hunting for occultations of stars by their \u003cem>own\u003c/em> planets-- extra-solar planets, or \u003cem>exoplanets\u003c/em>-- will attempt to capture the Pluto occultation using the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/default.asp\" target=\"_blank\">antique 20-inch refracting telescope named Rachel\u003c/a> and a modern digital CCD camera. Now, if only we have clear skies on this dark March morning...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_hubble300.jpg\" height=\"290\" width=\"300\">\u003c/span>Not for a lack of competition from a certain astronaut who shall not be named, the biggest news of the last couple weeks in the astronomy community has been the tragic loss of the Advanced Camera for Surveys on Hubble Space Telescope. For those of you who haven't heard, the most important camera on the telescope blew a fuse and is out of commission. At least we're left with one saving grace: Next to the description of the failure on \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org\" target=\"_blank\">NASA’s Hubble web site\u003c/a> is another article on repairs and new instruments planned for the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/servicing_mission_4\" target=\"_blank\">next servicing mission\u003c/a> – 18 months from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For my research group in Berkeley, the timing couldn't have been more ironic or more frustrating. We had spent the last two weeks putting together a very large proposal to use this instrument. We were applying for time on the telescope to look for distant supernovae. The proposal was due Friday, Jan. 26, and the very next day \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/acs/\" target=\"_blank\">the camera had a short circuit\u003c/a>. We all decided to then head for happy hour to drown our tears at Triple Rock Brewery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Advanced Camera for Surveys was the most widely used of three cameras on Hubble. This camera was used to observe faint distant objects with very high resolution in the same wavelengths that are visible to the eye. The entire image from the camera covered 3 arcminutes on a side, which is about the size of a baseball when viewed from the far end of a football field. This camera served as an upgrade to the still functional camera referred to as WFC2 (affectionately known as wiff-pic), which is much older technology, smaller in size, and significantly degraded since being installed in 1994. The third camera is NICMOS, which takes images of objects in infrared wavelengths, kind of like night-vision goggles. This camera has served as a nice, albeit smaller, complement to the Advanced Camera for Surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emotions at the lab ran high last week, and I know it’s hard to get physicists to show their emotion, period. It is unfortunate that there are many projects that will have to now go on hold, and others that we can now look to as the trophies of good science data of an instrument that once was. Here’s just a few I know about from my colleagues and neighbors just in Northern California (there are hundreds of examples out there…):\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Weidong Li – UC Berkeley, Imaging of relatively nearby (few hundred million light years away!) supernovae and the environments of the host galaxies\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Adam Stanford – UC Davis, obtaining colors and shapes of very distant clustered galaxies to study the way the largest structures formed almost ten billion years ago\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Paul Kalas – UC Berkeley, imaging scattered light around nearby stars from disks of debris which may contain underlying planetary systems\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>These projects are nearly impossible with any instruments available from the ground. At this point, researchers will have to settle for less ambitious science goals and swallow the bitter pill that this camera is in fact gone forever. And its replacement is very far off on the horizon (18 months is many more than 10 dog years up at the Lab). So until then, we will make the best of the data we have, and hope that our community can avoid any more \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17086419/site/newsweek/\" target=\"_blank\">news about diapers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/101b_nasa_300.jpg\" alt=\"LCROSS Moon mission\" height=\"200\" width=\"300\">\u003c/span>It may sound like Buck Rogers fantasy, but it's real. Scientists at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View are developing a spacecraft they will deliberately crash into the moon as part of an attempt to find water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early lunar missions found hydrogen, and scientists have speculated that there may be ice in the craters on the south side of the moon. If there is, it would provide a prime spot for astronauts to build a moon base. So, in 2008 NASA will launch a rocket toward the moon to look for it. One craft will break off and circle the moon. The other will smash into the moon's surface at 5,600 miles per hour, sending a plume of debris 40 miles high. At that point, the other craft will fly through the plume, taking measurements from infrared cameras to find the hydrogen. The plume will be so big that amateur astronomers should be able to see it with their telescopes from earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robotic Moon missions are the first steps in NASA's plans to return astronauts to the Moon by 2018 as a steppingstone to going on to Mars. That's interesting. Equally interesting: who are these people and how do you get to be a demolition derby astrophysicist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\"Sea Otter Mystery and NASA's Rocket to the Moon\"\u003c/strong> (episode #101) airs tonight on QUEST at 7:30pm on KQED 9, and KQED HD, Comcast 709. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/programs/tv/program-landing.jsp?progID=15151\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"QUEST Full Schedule\">full schedule\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You may also \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/26\" title=\"'NASA Ames Rocket to the Moon\" target=\"_blank\">view the entire NASA Ames Rocket to the Moon segment online\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Chris Bauer\u003c/strong> is a Segment Producer on QUEST TV, and is the producer for this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/01/goose_lake_meteorite_006.jpg\" alt=\"Recovery of the Great Goose Lake Meteorite in Modoc County, California\">\u003c/span>Think you have a rock from space? Lately, a flurry of people have come to me with a rock or chunk of metal they hope is a meteorite. Whether by the circumstances of the finding or the appearance of the rock or its magnetic properties, the finders thought they might have something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple in Castro Valley even found their specimen next to broken tiles in their backyard--evidence of a meteorite fall? (It turns out their grandson had taken a real meteorite off their mantelpiece and tried breaking it apart against the tiles with impacts of his own....). Another guy wanted to buy a quarter million dollars of insurance on his very unusual \"splash\" of metal, and won a speeding ticket taking it to the analyst I referred him to...and, alas, it wasn't a meteorite....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the rocks brought to me turned out to be meteorites: an oddly shaped scrape of iron, a large (and beautiful) chunk of galena or titanium, a simple Earth stone with an unusual appearance. Don't let this discourage you if you think you have something special. Though meteorite finds are uncommon, they happen, and they can happen anywhere; the sky doesn't discriminate when dropping rocks on us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it's estimated that only three or four meteorites hit the Earth every day, if you do the math you can figure out how many should be lying around from centuries of accumulation (after figuring in that three quarters of them would have fallen into the ocean).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the largest meteorite ever found in California was stumbled upon by locals: three hunters from Oakland. It was 1938, and they were hunting animals, not space rocks, but one of the men had learned enough about the subject from Chabot Observatory to identify the 2700 pound chunk of nickel-iron as a meteorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think you have a rock from space? \u003ca href=\"mailto:BBurress@ChabotSpace.org\">We'll take a look at it\u003c/a>, or refer you to a local expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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